Geographic variation in marine invasions among large estuaries: effects of ships and time.

PubMed

Ruiz, Gregory M; Fofonoff, Paul W; Ashton, Gail; Minton, Mark S; Miller, A Whitman

2013-03-01

Coastal regions exhibit strong geographic patterns of nonnative species richness. Most invasions in marine ecosystems are known from bays and estuaries, where ship-mediated transfers (on hulls or in ballasted materials) have been a dominant vector of species introductions. Conspicuous spatial differences in nonnative species richness exist among bays, but the quantitative relationship between invasion magnitude and shipping activity across sites is largely unexplored. Using data on marine invasions (for invertebrates and algae) and commercial shipping across 16 large bays in the United States, we estimated (1) geographic variation in nonnative species richness attributed to ships, controlling for effects of salinity and other vectors, (2) changes through time in geographic variation of these ship-mediated invasions, and (3) effects of commercial ship traffic and ballast water discharge magnitude on nonnative species richness. For all nonnative species together (regardless of vector, salinity, or time period), species richness differed among U.S. coasts, being significantly greater for Pacific Coast bays than Atlantic or Gulf Coast bays. This difference also existed when considering only species attributed to shipping (or ballast water), controlling for time and salinity. Variation in nonnative species richness among Pacific Coast bays was strongly affected by these same criteria. San Francisco Bay, California, had over 200 documented nonnative species, more than twice that reported for other bays, but many species were associated with other (non-shipping) vectors or the extensive low-salinity habitats (unavailable in some bays). When considering only ship- or ballast-mediated introductions in high-salinity waters, the rate of newly detected invasions in San Francisco Bay has converged increasingly through time on that for other Pacific Coast bays, appearing no different since 1982. Considering all 16 bays together, there was no relationship between either (1) number of ship arrivals (from foreign ports) and number of introductions attributed to ships since 1982 or (2) volume of foreign ballast water discharge and number of species attributed to ballast water since 1982. These shipping measures are likely poor proxies for propagule supply, although they are sometimes used as such, highlighting a fundamental gap in data needed to evaluate invasion dynamics and management strategies.

46 CFR 56.15-1 - Pipe joining fittings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... for all Class I, I-L, and II-L systems receiving ship motion dynamic analysis and nondestructive examination. For Class I, I-L, or II-L systems not receiving ship motion dynamic analysis and nondestructive... COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) MARINE ENGINEERING PIPING SYSTEMS AND...

Assessing the impact of public health interventions on the transmission of pandemic H1N1 influenza a virus aboard a Peruvian navy ship

PubMed Central

Vera, Delphis M; Hora, Ricardo A; Murillo, Anarina; Wong, Juan F; Torre, Armando J; Wang, David; Boulay, Darbi; Hancock, Kathy; Katz, Jacqueline M; Ramos, Mariana; Loayza, Luis; Quispe, Jose; Reaves, Erik J; Bausch, Daniel G; Chowell, Gerardo; Montgomery, Joel M

2014-01-01

Background Limited data exist on transmission dynamics and effectiveness of control measures for influenza in confined settings. Objectives To investigate the transmission dynamics of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A outbreak aboard a Peruvian Navy ship and quantify the effectiveness of the implemented control measures. Methods We used surveillance data and a simple stochastic epidemic model to characterize and evaluate the effectiveness of control interventions implemented during an outbreak of 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza A aboard a Peruvian Navy ship. Results The serological attack rate for the outbreak was 49·1%, with younger cadets and low-ranking officers at greater risk of infection than older, higher-ranking officers. Our transmission model yielded a good fit to the daily time series of new influenza cases by date of symptom onset. We estimated a reduction of 54·4% in the reproduction number during the period of intense control interventions. Conclusion Our results indicate that the patient isolation strategy and other control measures put in place during the outbreak reduced the infectiousness of isolated individuals by 86·7%. Our findings support that early implementation of control interventions can limit the spread of influenza epidemics in confined settings. PMID:24506160

Moving characteristics of single file passengers considering the effect of ship trim and heeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Jinlu; Lu, Shouxiang; Lo, Siuming; Ma, Jian; Xie, Qimiao

2018-01-01

Ship listing and motion affects the movement pattern of passengers on board, thus pedestrian traffic and evacuation dynamics would be significantly different from those on level ground. To quantify the influence of ship listing and motion on passenger evacuation, we designed a ship corridor simulator, with which we performed single-file pedestrian movement experiments considering the effect of trim and heeling. Results indicated that density is not the only factor that affects pedestrian speed under ship trim or heeling conditions, for that both individual walking speed and group walking speed would be greatly attenuated due to the influence of the trim angles. However, heeling angles show less impact on speed when compared with trim angles. In addition, the speed correlation coefficient between the adjacent experimental subjects would be higher with larger angles and lower speed. Moreover, both female and male experimental subjects need similar distance headway for walking in different trim or heeling conditions. Furthermore, experimental subjects with lower individual walking speed need longer time headway to keep enough distance headway. This work will provide fundamental guidance to the development of evacuation models and the design of evacuation facilities on board.

Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Coupled Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berggren, Susan Anne Elizabeth

This research focuses on conducting an extensive computational investigation and mathematical analysis into the average voltage response of arrays of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). These arrays will serve as the basis for the development of a sensitive, low noise, significantly lower Size, Weight and Power (SWaP) antenna integrated with Low-Noise Amplifier (LNA) using the SQUID technology. The goal for this antenna is to be capable of meeting all requirements for Guided Missile Destroyers (DDG) 1000 class ships for Information Operations/Signals Intelligence (IO/SIGINT) applications in Very High Frequency/Ultra High Frequency (V/UHF) bands. The device will increase the listening capability of receivers by moving technology into a new regime of energy detection allowing wider band, smaller size, more sensitive, stealthier systems. The smaller size and greater sensitivity will allow for ships to be “de-cluttered” of their current large dishes and devices, replacing everything with fewer and smaller SQUID antenna devices. The fewer devices present on the deck of a ship, the more invisible the ship will be to enemy forces. We invent new arrays of SQUIDs, optimized for signal detection with very high dynamic range and excellent spur-free dynamic range, while maintaining extreme small size (and low radar cross section), wide bandwidth, and environmentally noise limited sensitivity, effectively shifting the bottle neck of receiver systems forever away from the antenna itself deeper into the receiver chain. To accomplish these goals we develop and validate mathematical models for different designs of SQUID arrays and use them to invent a new device and systems design. This design is capable of significantly exceeding, per size weight and power, state-of-the-art receiver system measures of performance, such as bandwidth, sensitivity, dynamic range, and spurious-free dynamic range.

Ozone production efficiency of a ship-plume: ITCT 2K2 case study.

PubMed

Kim, Hyun S; Kim, Yong H; Han, Kyung M; Kim, Jhoon; Song, Chul H

2016-01-01

Ozone production efficiency (OPE) of ship plume was first evaluated in this study, based on ship-plume photochemical/dynamic model simulations and the ship-plume composition data measured during the ITCT 2K2 (Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002) aircraft campaign. The averaged instantaneous OPEs (OPE(i)‾) estimated via the ship-plume photochemical/dynamic modeling for the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume ranged between 4.61 and 18.92, showing that the values vary with the extent of chemical evolution (or chemical stage) of the ship plume and the stability classes of the marine boundary layer (MBL). Together with OPE(i)‾, the equivalent OPEs (OPE(e)‾) for the entire ITCT 2K2 ship-plume were also estimated. The OPE(e)‾ values varied between 9.73 (for the stable MBL) and 12.73 (for the moderately stable MBL), which agreed well with the OPE(e)‾ of 12.85 estimated based on the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume observations. It was also found that both the model-simulated and observation-based OPE(e)‾ inside the ship-plume were 0.29-0.38 times smaller than the OPE(e)‾ calculated/measured outside the ITCT 2K2 ship-plume. Such low OPEs insides the ship plume were due to the high levels of NO and non-liner ship-plume photochemistry. Possible implications of this ship-plume OPE study in the global chemistry-transport modeling are also discussed. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

An improved CS-LSSVM algorithm-based fault pattern recognition of ship power equipments.

PubMed

Yang, Yifei; Tan, Minjia; Dai, Yuewei

2017-01-01

A ship power equipments' fault monitoring signal usually provides few samples and the data's feature is non-linear in practical situation. This paper adopts the method of the least squares support vector machine (LSSVM) to deal with the problem of fault pattern identification in the case of small sample data. Meanwhile, in order to avoid involving a local extremum and poor convergence precision which are induced by optimizing the kernel function parameter and penalty factor of LSSVM, an improved Cuckoo Search (CS) algorithm is proposed for the purpose of parameter optimization. Based on the dynamic adaptive strategy, the newly proposed algorithm improves the recognition probability and the searching step length, which can effectively solve the problems of slow searching speed and low calculation accuracy of the CS algorithm. A benchmark example demonstrates that the CS-LSSVM algorithm can accurately and effectively identify the fault pattern types of ship power equipments.

A new method of inshore ship detection in high-resolution optical remote sensing images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Qifeng; Du, Yaling; Jiang, Yunqiu; Ming, Delie

2015-10-01

Ship as an important military target and water transportation, of which the detection has great significance. In the military field, the automatic detection of ships can be used to monitor ship dynamic in the harbor and maritime of enemy, and then analyze the enemy naval power. In civilian field, the automatic detection of ships can be used in monitoring transportation of harbor and illegal behaviors such as illegal fishing, smuggling and pirates, etc. In recent years, research of ship detection is mainly concentrated in three categories: forward-looking infrared images, downward-looking SAR image, and optical remote sensing images with sea background. Little research has been done into ship detection of optical remote sensing images with harbor background, as the gray-scale and texture features of ships are similar to the coast in high-resolution optical remote sensing images. In this paper, we put forward an effective harbor ship target detection method. First of all, in order to overcome the shortage of the traditional difference method in obtaining histogram valley as the segmentation threshold, we propose an iterative histogram valley segmentation method which separates the harbor and ships from the water quite well. Secondly, as landing ships in optical remote sensing images usually lead to discontinuous harbor edges, we use Hough Transform method to extract harbor edges. First, lines are detected by Hough Transform. Then, lines that have similar slope are connected into a new line, thus we access continuous harbor edges. Secondary segmentation on the result of the land-and-sea separation, we eventually get the ships. At last, we calculate the aspect ratio of the ROIs, thereby remove those targets which are not ship. The experiment results show that our method has good robustness and can tolerate a certain degree of noise and occlusion.

Real-time maritime scene simulation for ladar sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christie, Chad L.; Gouthas, Efthimios; Swierkowski, Leszek; Williams, Owen M.

2011-06-01

Continuing interest exists in the development of cost-effective synthetic environments for testing Laser Detection and Ranging (ladar) sensors. In this paper we describe a PC-based system for real-time ladar scene simulation of ships and small boats in a dynamic maritime environment. In particular, we describe the techniques employed to generate range imagery accompanied by passive radiance imagery. Our ladar scene generation system is an evolutionary extension of the VIRSuite infrared scene simulation program and includes all previous features such as ocean wave simulation, the physically-realistic representation of boat and ship dynamics, wake generation and simulation of whitecaps, spray, wake trails and foam. A terrain simulation extension is also under development. In this paper we outline the development, capabilities and limitations of the VIRSuite extensions.

Analysis for the amplitude oscillatory movements of the ship in response to the incidence wave

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chiţu, M. G.; Zăgan, R.; Manea, E.

2015-11-01

Event of major accident navigation near offshore drilling rigs remains unacceptably high, known as the complications arising from the problematic of the general motions of the ship sailing under real sea. Dynamic positioning system is an effective instrument used on board of the ships operating in the extraction of oil and gas in the continental shelf of the seas and oceans, being essential that the personnel on board of the vessel can maintain position and operating point or imposed on a route with high precision. By the adoption of a strict safety in terms of handling and positioning of the vessel in the vicinity of the drilling platform, the risk of accidents can be reduced to a minimum. Possibilities in anticipation amplitudes of the oscillatory movements of the ships navigating in real sea, is a challenge for naval architects and OCTOPUS software is a tool used increasingly more in this respect, complementing navigational facilities offered by dynamic positioning systems. This paper presents a study on the amplitudes of the oscillations categories of supply vessels in severe hydro meteorological conditions of navigation. The study provides information on the RAO (Response Amplitude Operator) response operator of the ship, for the amplitude of the roll movements, in some incident wave systems, interpreted using the energy spectrum Jonswap and whose characteristics are known (significant height of the wave, wave period, pulsation of the wave). Ship responses are analyzed according to different positioning of the ship in relation to the wave front (incident angle ranging from 10 to 10 degree from 0 to 180), highlighting the value of the ship roll motion amplitude. For the study, was used, as a tool for modeling and simulation, the features offered by OCTOPUS software that allows the study of the computerized behavior of the ship on the waves, in the real conditions of navigation. Program library was used for both the vessel itself and navigation modeling environment, for regular waves as well for the irregular waves which was modeled using Jonswap energy spectrum.

A geometrically exact formulation for three-dimensional numerical simulation of the umbilical cable in a deep-sea ROV system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quan, Wei-cai; Zhang, Zhu-ying; Zhang, Ai-qun; Zhang, Qi-feng; Tian, Yu

2015-04-01

This paper proposes a geometrically exact formulation for three-dimensional static and dynamic analyses of the umbilical cable in a deep-sea remotely operated vehicle (ROV) system. The presented formulation takes account of the geometric nonlinearities of large displacement, effects of axial load and bending stiffness for modeling of slack cables. The resulting nonlinear second-order governing equations are discretized spatially by the finite element method and solved temporally by the generalized- α implicit time integration algorithm, which is adapted to the case of varying coefficient matrices. The ability to consider three-dimensional union action of ocean current and ship heave motion upon the umbilical cable is the key feature of this analysis. The presented formulation is firstly validated, and then three numerical examples for the umbilical cable in a deep-sea ROV system are demonstrated and discussed, including the steady configurations only under the action of depth-dependent ocean current, the dynamic responses in the case of the only ship heave motion, and in the case of the combined action of the ship heave motion and ocean current.

Development of ship structure health monitoring system based on IOT technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Sujun; Shi, Lei; Chen, Demin; Dong, Yuqing; Hu, Zhenyi

2017-06-01

It is very important to monitor the ship structure, because ships are affected by all kinds of wind wave and current environment factor. At the same time, internet of things (IOT) technology plays more and more important role of in the development of industrial process. In the paper, real-time online monitoring of the ship can be realized by means of IOT technology. Ship stress, vibration and dynamic parameters are measured. Meanwhile, data is transmitted to remote monitoring system through intelligent data gateway. Timely remote support can be realized for dangerous stage of ship. Safe navigation of ships is guaranteed through application of the system.

Undergraduate courses for enhancing design ability in naval architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, Kyu-Yeul; Ku, Namkug; Cha, Ju-Hwan

2013-09-01

Contemporary lectures in undergraduate engineering courses typically focus on teaching major technical knowledge-based theories in a limited time. Therefore, most lectures do not allow the students to gain understanding of how the theories are applied, especially in Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering departments. Shipyards require students to acquire practical ship design skills in undergraduate courses. To meet this requirement, two lectures are organized by the authors; namely, "Planning Procedure of Naval Architecture & Ocean Engineering" (PNAOE) and "Innovative Ship Design" (ISD). The concept of project-based and collaborative learning is applied in these two lectures. In the PNAOE lecture, sophomores receive instruction in the designing and building of model ships, and the students' work is evaluated in a model ship contest. This curriculum enables students to understand the concepts of ship design and production. In the ISD lecture, seniors learn how to develop their creative ideas about ship design and communicate with members of group. They are encouraged to cooperate with others and understand the ship design process. In the capstone design course, students receive guidance to facilitate understanding of how the knowledge from their sophomore or junior classes, such as fluid mechanics, statics, and dynamics, can be applied to practical ship design. Students are also encouraged to compete in the ship design contest organized by the Society of Naval Architects of Korea. Moreover, the effectiveness of project-based and collaborative learning for enhancing interest in the shipbuilding Industry and understanding the ship design process is demonstrated by citing the PNAOE and ISD lectures as examples.

Dynamic motifs in socio-economic networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xin; Shao, Shuai; Stanley, H. Eugene; Havlin, Shlomo

2014-12-01

Socio-economic networks are of central importance in economic life. We develop a method of identifying and studying motifs in socio-economic networks by focusing on “dynamic motifs,” i.e., evolutionary connection patterns that, because of “node acquaintances” in the network, occur much more frequently than random patterns. We examine two evolving bi-partite networks: i) the world-wide commercial ship chartering market and ii) the ship build-to-order market. We find similar dynamic motifs in both bipartite networks, even though they describe different economic activities. We also find that “influence” and “persistence” are strong factors in the interaction behavior of organizations. When two companies are doing business with the same customer, it is highly probable that another customer who currently only has business relationship with one of these two companies, will become customer of the second in the future. This is the effect of influence. Persistence means that companies with close business ties to customers tend to maintain their relationships over a long period of time.

Systemic risk and causality dynamics of the world international shipping market

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xin; Podobnik, Boris; Kenett, Dror Y.; Eugene Stanley, H.

2014-12-01

Various studies have reported that many economic systems have been exhibiting an increase in the correlation between different market sectors, a factor that exacerbates the level of systemic risk. We measure this systemic risk of three major world shipping markets, (i) the new ship market, (ii) the second-hand ship market, and (iii) the freight market, as well as the shipping stock market. Based on correlation networks during three time periods, that prior to the financial crisis, during the crisis, and after the crisis, minimal spanning trees (MSTs) and hierarchical trees (HTs) both exhibit complex dynamics, i.e., different market sectors tend to be more closely linked during financial crisis. Brownian distance correlation and Granger causality test both can be used to explore the directional interconnectedness of market sectors, while Brownian distance correlation captures more dependent relationships, which are not observed in the Granger causality test. These two measures can also identify and quantify market regression periods, implying that they contain predictive power for the current crisis.

Fault detection for piecewise affine systems with application to ship propulsion systems.

PubMed

Yang, Ying; Linlin, Li; Ding, Steven X; Qiu, Jianbin; Peng, Kaixiang

2017-09-09

In this paper, the design approach of non-synchronized diagnostic observer-based fault detection (FD) systems is investigated for piecewise affine processes via continuous piecewise Lyapunov functions. Considering that the dynamics of piecewise affine systems in different regions can be considerably different, the weighting matrices are used to weight the residual of each region, so as to optimize the fault detectability. A numerical example and a case study on a ship propulsion system are presented in the end to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed results. Copyright © 2017 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Debriefing of the medical team after emergencies on cruise ships.

PubMed

Dahl, Eilif

2017-01-01

Done to improve safety and patient outcome but not to lay blame, debriefings on cruise ships should preferably be conducted as standard practice in the medical facility immediately after all critical events aboard. The key questions to be asked are: What went well, what could have gone better and what must participants do to improve care? Post-debriefing the ship's doctor might have to deal with team members' mental stress resulting both from the event and from debriefing it. Required by most cruise companies, standardised advanced life support courses teach effective high-performance team dynamics. They provide the multinational medical staff with a clearer understanding of the rescue sequence, which again will reduce the risk of mistakes and simplify post-event debriefings. Their systematic approach to the chain of survival is also helpful for post-event debriefings if something went wrong.

Evaluating the damage process of dynamic target by high-energy laser in ocean environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jing; Ye, Demao

2013-12-01

The high-energy laser, as one of directed energy weapon, is famous for its unique advantage of speed-of-light response which was considered as an ideal weapon against anti-ship missile. This paper commits to evaluate the damage process of missile by high-energy laser weapon. We analyze the propagation properties which are susceptible to atmospheric attenuation effects, atmospheric turbulence effects, thermal blooming effects in sky-sea atmosphere firstly. Then because laser weapons attack one target at a time and it takes several seconds at a minimum for the target engaged, a model of calculating the required t ime for damaging the attack target was built . In the end effective evaluation methods of hot-ablated and high-energy laser weapon's damaging effectiveness are made, when the body or the optical elements of the missile is irradiated by the concatenation wave laser weapon. And one of the issues just as laser power, propagation distance is changed; the model can make different evaluation. The above model can provide the theoretical basis for the high-energy laser weapon intercept anti-ship missile and tactic deraign rationality for naval ship-borne laser weapons.

Analysis of Real Ship Rolling Dynamics under Wave Excitement Force Composed of Sums of Cosine Functions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhang, Y. S.; Cai, F.; Xu, W. M.

2011-09-28

The ship motion equation with a cosine wave excitement force describes the slip moments in regular waves. A new kind of wave excitement force model, with the form as sums of cosine functions was proposed to describe ship rolling in irregular waves. Ship rolling time series were obtained by solving the ship motion equation with the fourth-order-Runger-Kutta method. These rolling time series were synthetically analyzed with methods of phase-space track, power spectrum, primary component analysis, and the largest Lyapunove exponent. Simulation results show that ship rolling presents some chaotic characteristic when the wave excitement force was applied by sums ofmore » cosine functions. The result well explains the course of ship rolling's chaotic mechanism and is useful for ship hydrodynamic study.« less

Diatom community structure on in-service cruise ship hulls.

PubMed

Hunsucker, Kelli Zargiel; Koka, Abhishek; Lund, Geir; Swain, Geoffrey

2014-10-01

Diatoms are an important component of marine biofilms found on ship hulls. However, there are only a few published studies that describe the presence and abundance of diatoms on ships, and none that relate to modern ship hull coatings. This study investigated the diatom community structure on two in-service cruise ships with the same cruise cycles, one coated with an antifouling (AF) system (copper self-polishing copolymer) and the other coated with a silicone fouling-release (FR) system. Biofilm samples were collected during dry docking from representative areas of the ship and these provided information on the horizontal and vertical zonation of the hull, and intact and damaged coating and niche areas. Diatoms from the genera Achnanthes, Amphora and Navicula were the most common, regardless of horizontal ship zonation and coating type. Other genera were abundant, but their presence was more dependent on the ship zonation and coating type. Samples collected from damaged areas of the hull coating had a similar community composition to undamaged areas, but with higher diatom abundance. Diatom fouling on the niche areas differed from that of the surrounding ship hull and paralleled previous studies that investigated differences in diatom community structure on static and dynamically exposed coatings; niche areas were similar to static immersion and the hull to dynamic immersion. Additionally, diatom richness was greater on the ship with the FR coating, including the identification of several new genera to the biofouling literature, viz. Lampriscus and Thalassiophysa. These results are the first to describe diatom community composition on in-service ship hulls coated with a FR system. This class of coatings appears to have a larger diatom community compared to copper-based AF systems, with new diatom genera that have the ability to stick to ship hulls and withstand hydrodynamic forces, thus creating the potential for new problematic species in the biofilm.

High-Speed Sealift Technology. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-09-01

performance of high - speed commercial and military sealift ships , in advance of detailed design studies, in order to help define realistic future mission...Therefore, the viability of new High - Speed Sealift (HSS) ships (oceangoing cargo vessels capable of at least 40 kt that are able to onload and offload... propulsion power for dynamically supported concepts) VK = average ship speed for a voyage (i.e., sustained or service speed )

A Comprehensive Survey of China’s Dynamic Shipbuilding Industry: Commercial Development and Strategic Implications (China Maritime Study, Number 1)

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-01

A ’ S D Y N A M I C S H I P B U I L D I N G I N D U S T R Y 51 Acronyms and Definitions A AKR commercial cargo ship AO...growth could lead to a bifurcated global ship market, wherein China dominates low-complexity ship construction and South Korea dominates the high ...Efficiently integrating numerous mechanical, electrical, cargo , and habitability systems within the confined space of a ship has always been a

Navy LX(R) Amphibious Ship Program: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-08

and National Steel and Shipbuilding Company of General Dynamics (GD/NASSCO)—on the grounds that these are the only two shipbuilders that have the...LaGrone, “Navy Issues RFP for Oilers and LHA-8 to NASSCO, Ingalls,” USNI News, July 10, 2015; Valerie Insinna, “Navy Quietly Issues RFP for LHA-8...amphibious assault ship so that San Diego-based General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Co. (NASSCO) and the Huntington Ingalls Industries

Littoral Combat Ship and Frigate: Congress Faced with Critical Acquisition Decisions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

D.C.: Mar. 1, 2005). 3Lockheed Martin is the prime contractor for LCS 1 and the odd numbered seaframes. For LCS 2 and LCS 4, General Dynamics was...the prime contractor for the Austal USA built ships. General Dynamics and Austal USA ended their teaming arrangement in 2010. Austal USA is the...prime contractor for the remaining even-numbered seaframes. The Course of the LCS Program Has Changed Significantly over Time Page 3 GAO

Flow measurement around a model ship with propeller and rudder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van, S. H.; Kim, W. J.; Yoon, H. S.; Lee, Y. Y.; Park, I. R.

2006-04-01

For the design of hull forms with better resistance and propulsive performance, it is essential to understand flow characteristics, such as wave and wake development, around a ship. Experimental data detailing the local flow characteristics are invaluable for the validation of the physical and numerical modeling of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes, which are recently gaining attention as efficient tools for hull form evaluation. This paper describes velocity and wave profiles measured in the towing tank for the KRISO 138,000 m3 LNG carrier model with propeller and rudder. The effects of propeller and rudder on the wake and wave profiles in the stern region are clearly identified. The results contained in this paper can provide an opportunity to explore integrated flow phenomena around a model ship in the self-propelled condition, and can be added to the International Towing Tank Conference benchmark data for CFD validation as the previous KCS and KVLCC cases.

HF Surface Wave Radar Tests at the Eastern China Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Xiong Bin; Cheng, Feng; Wu, Shi Cai; Yang, Zi Jie; Wen, Biyang; Shi, Zhen Hua; Tian, Jiansheng; Ke, Hengyu; Gao, Huotao

2005-01-01

The HF surface wave radar system OSMAR2000 adopts Frequency Modulated Interrupted Continuous Waveform (FMICW) and its 120m-antenna array is transmitting/receiving co-used. MUSIC and MVM are applied to obtain sea echo's direction of arrival (DOA) when extracting currents information. Verification tests of OSMAR2000 ocean surface dynamics detection against in-situ measurements had been accomplished on Oct. 23~29, 2000. Ship detection test was carried out on Dec.24, 2001. It shows that OSMAR2000 is capable of detecting 1000 tons ships with a wide beam out to 70 km. This paper introduces the radar system and the applied DOA estimation methods in the first, and then presents ship detection results and some sea state measurement results of surface currents and waves. The results indicate the validity of the developed radar system and the effectiveness of the applied signal processing methods.

Response analysis of an automobile shipping container

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hua, L.; Lee, S. H.; Johnstone, B.

1973-01-01

The design and development of automobile shipping containers to reduce enroute damage are discussed. Vibration tests were conducted to determine the system structural integrity. A dynamic analysis was made using NASTRAN and the results of the test and the analysis are compared.

A new arrangement with nonlinear sidewalls for tanker ship storage panels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ketabdari, M. J.; Saghi, H.

2013-03-01

Sloshing phenomenon in a moving container is a complicated free surface flow problem. It has a wide range of engineering applications, especially in tanker ships and Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) carriers. When the tank in these vehicles is partially filled, it is essential to be able to evaluate the fluid dynamic loads on tank perimeter. Different geometric shapes such as rectangular, cylindrical, elliptical, spherical and circular conical have been suggested for ship storage tanks by previous researchers. In this paper a numerical model is developed based on incompressible and inviscid fluid motion for the liquid sloshing phenomenon. The coupled BEM-FEM is used to solve the governing equations and nonlinear free surface boundary conditions. The results are validated for rectangular container using data obtained for a horizontal periodic sway motion. Using the results of this model a new arrangement of trapezoidal shapes with quadratic sidewalls is suggested for tanker ship storage panels. The suggested geometric shape not only has a maximum surrounded tank volume to the constant available volume, but also reduces the sloshing effects more efficiently than the existing geometric shapes.

Structural basis for interdomain communication in SHIP2 providing high phosphatase activity.

PubMed

Le Coq, Johanne; Camacho-Artacho, Marta; Velázquez, José Vicente; Santiveri, Clara M; Gallego, Luis Heredia; Campos-Olivas, Ramón; Dölker, Nicole; Lietha, Daniel

2017-08-09

SH2-containing-inositol-5-phosphatases (SHIPs) dephosphorylate the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P 3 ) and play important roles in regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway in physiology and disease. Aiming to uncover interdomain regulatory mechanisms in SHIP2, we determined crystal structures containing the 5-phosphatase and a proximal region adopting a C2 fold. This reveals an extensive interface between the two domains, which results in significant structural changes in the phosphatase domain. Both the phosphatase and C2 domains bind phosphatidylserine lipids, which likely helps to position the active site towards its substrate. Although located distant to the active site, the C2 domain greatly enhances catalytic turnover. Employing molecular dynamics, mutagenesis and cell biology, we identify two distinct allosteric signaling pathways, emanating from hydrophobic or polar interdomain interactions, differentially affecting lipid chain or headgroup moieties of PI(3,4,5)P 3 . Together, this study reveals details of multilayered C2-mediated effects important for SHIP2 activity and points towards interesting new possibilities for therapeutic interventions.

Observational and Dynamical Wave Climatologies. VOS vs Satellite Data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grigorieva, Victoria; Badulin, Sergei; Chernyshova, Anna

2013-04-01

The understanding physics of wind-driven waves is crucially important for fundamental science and practical applications. This is why experimental efforts are targeted at both getting reliable information on sea state and elaborating effective tools of the sea wave forecasting. The global Visual Wave Observations and satellite data from the GLOBWAVE project of the European Space Agency are analyzed in the context of these two viewpoints. Within the first "observational" aspect we re-analyze conventional climatologies of all basic wave parameters for the last decades [5]. An alternative "dynamical" climatology is introduced as a tool of prediction of dynamical features of sea waves on global scales. The features of wave dynamics are studied in terms of one-parametric dependencies of wave heights on wave periods following the theoretical concept of self-similar wind-driven seas [3, 1, 4] and recently proposed approach to analysis of Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) data [2]. Traditional "observational" climatologies based on VOS and satellite data collections demonstrate extremely consistent pictures for significant wave heights and dominant periods. On the other hand, collocated satellite and VOS data show significant differences in wave heights, wind speeds and, especially, in wave periods. Uncertainties of visual wave observations can explain these differences only partially. We see the key reason of this inconsistency in the methods of satellite data processing which are based on formal application of data interpolation methods rather than on up-to-date physics of wind-driven waves. The problem is considered within the alternative climatology approach where dynamical criteria of wave height-to-period linkage are used for retrieving wave periods and constructing physically consistent dynamical climatology. The key dynamical parameter - exponent R of one-parametric dependence Hs ~ TR shows dramatically less pronounced latitudinal dependence as compared to observed Hs and T of conventional climatology in both satellite and VOS data collections. It can be treated as an effect of interaction of wind-driven seas and swell on global scales as it was stated in [2]. Further study combining the alternative and conventional climatologies can help to detail this important dynamical effect of global wave dynamics. The progress in satellite data processing and their physical interpretation is of great value for such study. The work was supported by Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant 11-05-01114-a and the Russian government contracts No.11.G34.31.0035, No.11.G34.31.0078. References [1] S. I. Badulin, A. V. Babanin, D. Resio, and V. Zakharov. Weakly turbulent laws of wind-wave growth. J. Fluid Mech., 591:339-378, 2007. [2] S. I. Badulin and Grigorieva V. G. On discriminating swell and wind-driven seas in voluntary observing ship data. J. Geophys. Res., 117(C00J29), 2012. [3] S. I. Badulin, A. N. Pushkarev, D. Resio, and V. E. Zakharov. Self-similarity of wind-driven seas. Nonl. Proc. Geophys., 12:891-946, 2005. [4] E. Gagnaire-Renou, M. Benoit, and S. I. Badulin. On weakly turbulent scaling of wind sea in simulations of fetch-limited growth. J. Fluid Mech., 669:178-213, 2011. [5] S. K. Gulev, V. Grigorieva, A. Sterl, and D. Woolf. Assessment for the reliability of wave observations from voluntary observing ships: insights from the validation of a global wind wave climatology based on voluntary observing ship data. J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans, 108(C7):3236, doi:10,1029/2002JC001437, 2003.

The effects of Navy ship ladder descent on the knee internal joint reaction forces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coulter, Jonathan D.; Weinhandl, Joshua T.; Bawab, Sebastian Y.; Ringleb, Stacie I.

2017-02-01

Military populations may be at risk for developing knee osteoarthritis and other knee problems when descending a Navy ship ladder, which differs from traditional stairs due to non-overlapping treads, a larger rise and a steeper inclination angle. The purpose of this study was to develop a forward dynamic model of the descent of a Navy ship ladder to determine how this motion affects the internal knee reaction forces and how altering the hamstring/quadriceps ratio affects the internal joint reaction forces in the knee. Kinematic and kinetic data were collected from three male sailors descending a replica of a Navy ship ladder and were used as input into a model constructed in OpenSim. The peak resultant joint reaction force was 6.6 × BW, which was greater than values reported in the literature in traditional stairs. Peak compressive and anterior joint reaction forces, 4.05 × BW and 5.46 × BW, respectively, were greater than reported values for a squat, a motion similar to descending a ship ladder. The average peak vertical and anterior internal joint reaction force at the knee were 4.05 × BW and 5.46 × BW, respectively. The resultant joint reaction forces calculated from the ladder descent were greater than stair descent and squatting. Little effects were found in the joint reaction forces after adjusting the quadriceps to hamstring muscle strength ratios, possibly because these ratios might change the distribution of the contact forces across the joint, not the resultant forces.

Assessment of destabilizing factor for automatic control systems in propulsion systems of mechatronic and maritime transport objects

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhilenkov, A. A.; Kapitonov, A. A.

2017-10-01

It is known that many of today’s ships and vessels have a shaft generator as a part of their power plants. Modern automatic control systems used in the world’s fleet do not enable their shaft generators to operate in parallel with the main diesel generators for long-term sustenance of the total load of the ship network. On the other hand, according to our calculations and experiments, a shaft generator operated in parallel with the main power plant helps save at least 10% of fuel while making the power system of the ship more efficient, reliable, and eco-friendly. The fouling and corrosion of the propeller as well as the weather conditions of navigation affect its modulus of resistance. It changes the free component of the transient process of shaft generator stress frequency changes in transient processes. While the shaft generator and the diesel generator of the ship power plant are paralleled, there emerges an angle between their EMF. This results in equalizing currents generated between them. The altering torque in the drive-shaft line—propeller system causes torsional fluctuations of the ship shaft line. To compensate for the effect of destabilizing factors and torsional fluctuations of the shaft line on the dynamic characteristics of the transient process that alters the RPM of the main engine, sliding mode controls can be used. To synthesize such a control, one has to evaluate the effect of destabilizing factors.

Shake, Rattle, and Roll: Nonlinear Dynamics in Mechanical Engineering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shaw, Steven

1997-03-01

This presentation will focus on three mechanical engineering applications in which methods from nonlinear dynamics have been applied with success. Each topic will be briefly surveyed by outlining the development of a mathematical model, providing a description of the analysis tools employed, and showing the main results obtained. The applications are: vibration reduction in internal combustion engines, impact dynamics of mechanical components, and the dynamics of ship capsize. The first topic demonstrates a novel arrangement of dynamic absorbers that can be used for attenuating torsional vibrations in rotating machinery. The operation of this device takes advantage of a purely nonlinear system response that results from a period doubling bifurcation. This configuration is more effective than existing absorbers and it cannot be imagined by using naive extensions of linear vibration theory. The second topic deals with the dynamics of mechanical systems in which components make intermittent contact with each another. Such dynamics are often the source of undesirable noise and wear in machinery and can be extremely complicated. Results obtained from simple predictive models and some application areas will be presented for these impacting systems. The final topic deals with the gross motions of seagoing vessels and their stability against capsize. Existing safety regulations for ship stability are based on purely static measures, whereas capsize is an inherently nonlinear dynamic event. An overview will be given that considers some basic modeling issues, dynamic analysis techniques (based on the concept of chaotic phase-space transport), and the resulting predictive tools that have been developed for this class of problems.

Dynamic Responses of Modular Hybrid Pier to Docking and Drifting Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-01

Utilities for ship “ hotel ” services are on the lower, “service” deck. This leaves the operations deck uncluttered for operation of mobile cranes...expand the simulation domain by adding a large outer basin around the core basin as shown in Figure 12 to allow proper propagation of the outbound ...accommodate larger distortions, implying a longer standoff distance once ship docking is completed, hamper cargo transfer and logistic operations

Health and Climate Impacts of Ocean-Going Vessels in East Asia

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Huan; Fu, Mingliang; Jin, Xinxin; Shang, Yi; Shindell, Drew; Faluvegi, Greg; Shindell, Cary; He, Kebin

2016-01-01

East Asia has the most rapidly growing shipping emissions of both CO2 and traditional air pollutants, but the least in-depth analysis. Full evaluation of all pollutants is needed to assess the impacts of shipping emissions. Here, using an advanced method based on detailed dynamic ship activity data, we show that shipping emissions in East Asia accounted for 16% of global shipping CO2 in 2013, compared to only 4-7% in 2002-2005. Increased emissions lead to large adverse health impacts, with 14,500-37,500 premature deaths per year. Global mean radiative forcing from East Asian shipping is initially negative, but would become positive after approximately eight years for constant current emissions. As a large fraction of vessels are registered elsewhere, joint efforts are necessary to reduce emissions and mitigate the climate and health impacts of shipping in the region.

Evaluation of Differentiation Strategy in Shipping Enterprises with Simulation Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vaxevanou, Anthi Z.; Ferfeli, Maria V.; Damianos, Sakas P.

2009-08-01

The present inquiring study aims at investigating the circumstances that prevail in the European Shipping Enterprises with special reference to the Greek ones. This investigation is held in order to explore the potential implementation of strategies so as to create a unique competitive advantage [1]. The Shipping sector is composed of enterprises that are mainly activated in the following three areas: the passenger, the commercial and the naval. The main target is to create a dynamic simulation model which, with reference to the STAIR strategic model, will evaluate the strategic differential choice that some of the shipping enterprises have.

A cellular automaton model for ship traffic flow in waterways

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qi, Le; Zheng, Zhongyi; Gang, Longhui

2017-04-01

With the development of marine traffic, waterways become congested and more complicated traffic phenomena in ship traffic flow are observed. It is important and necessary to build a ship traffic flow model based on cellular automata (CAs) to study the phenomena and improve marine transportation efficiency and safety. Spatial discretization rules for waterways and update rules for ship movement are two important issues that are very different from vehicle traffic. To solve these issues, a CA model for ship traffic flow, called a spatial-logical mapping (SLM) model, is presented. In this model, the spatial discretization rules are improved by adding a mapping rule. And the dynamic ship domain model is considered in the update rules to describe ships' interaction more exactly. Take the ship traffic flow in the Singapore Strait for example, some simulations were carried out and compared. The simulations show that the SLM model could avoid ship pseudo lane-change efficiently, which is caused by traditional spatial discretization rules. The ship velocity change in the SLM model is consistent with the measured data. At finally, from the fundamental diagram, the relationship between traffic ability and the lengths of ships is explored. The number of ships in the waterway declines when the proportion of large ships increases.

Analysis of Low Level Winds Measured by a Ship-Mounted, High Resolution Doppler Lidar during the Dynamics of the Madden Julian Oscillation (DYANMO) Experiment

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

order to understand its role in transporting moisture into the upper troposphere and effect on the initiation and propagation phases of the Madden...estimates of cloud base from ceilometer. The gray lines are composted insolation measurements to indicate day vs night conditions.

Dynamic Termination On Radiating Coaxial Cable

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lombardi, Robert; Stern, Jon; Rassweiler, George

1993-01-01

Radiation pattern dithered to reduce adverse effect of nulls. In improved system for radio communication between base station and portable units within building, tunnel, ship, or other large structure, radiating or "leaky" coaxial cable serves as base-station antenna, and radiation pattern of cable dithered by dithering impedance of termination at end of cable remote from base station.

Rogue waves: from nonlinear Schrödinger breather solutions to sea-keeping test.

PubMed

Onorato, Miguel; Proment, Davide; Clauss, Günther; Klein, Marco

2013-01-01

Under suitable assumptions, the nonlinear dynamics of surface gravity waves can be modeled by the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Besides traveling wave solutions like solitons, this model admits also breather solutions that are now considered as prototypes of rogue waves in ocean. We propose a novel technique to study the interaction between waves and ships/structures during extreme ocean conditions using such breather solutions. In particular, we discuss a state of the art sea-keeping test in a 90-meter long wave tank by creating a Peregrine breather solution hitting a scaled chemical tanker and we discuss its potential devastating effects on the ship.

Rogue Waves: From Nonlinear Schrödinger Breather Solutions to Sea-Keeping Test

PubMed Central

Onorato, Miguel; Proment, Davide; Clauss, Günther; Klein, Marco

2013-01-01

Under suitable assumptions, the nonlinear dynamics of surface gravity waves can be modeled by the one-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation. Besides traveling wave solutions like solitons, this model admits also breather solutions that are now considered as prototypes of rogue waves in ocean. We propose a novel technique to study the interaction between waves and ships/structures during extreme ocean conditions using such breather solutions. In particular, we discuss a state of the art sea-keeping test in a 90-meter long wave tank by creating a Peregrine breather solution hitting a scaled chemical tanker and we discuss its potential devastating effects on the ship. PMID:23405086

Ship dynamics for maritime ISAR imaging.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doerry, Armin Walter

2008-02-01

Demand is increasing for imaging ships at sea. Conventional SAR fails because the ships are usually in motion, both with a forward velocity, and other linear and angular motions that accompany sea travel. Because the target itself is moving, this becomes an Inverse- SAR, or ISAR problem. Developing useful ISAR techniques and algorithms is considerably aided by first understanding the nature and characteristics of ship motion. Consequently, a brief study of some principles of naval architecture sheds useful light on this problem. We attempt to do so here. Ship motions are analyzed for their impact on range-Doppler imaging using Inversemore » Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR). A framework for analysis is developed, and limitations of simple ISAR systems are discussed.« less

A dynamical systems perspective for a real-time response to a marine oil spill.

PubMed

García-Garrido, V J; Ramos, A; Mancho, A M; Coca, J; Wiggins, S

2016-11-15

This paper discusses the combined use of tools from dynamical systems theory and remote sensing techniques and shows how they are effective instruments which may greatly contribute to the decision making protocols of the emergency services for the real-time management of oil spills. This work presents the successful interplay of these techniques for a recent situation, the sinking of the Oleg Naydenov fishing ship that took place in Spain, close to the Canary Islands, in April 2015. Copyright © 2016. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Concept Design Report for a Low draft Stabilized - High Speed Connector (LDS-HSC) Vessel for the ONR High Speed Sea Lift (HSSL) Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-30

control of cushion air flow and, hence, control of cushion pressure fore and aft of the divider that provides significant dynamic control of ship pitch...fore and aft of the divider that provides significant dynamic control of ship pitch and heave in a seaway. All these modes of operation were tested by...Installed Power, SHP 402,306 Integrated Power System (IPS) featuring: * (6) 50 MW Rolls-Royce MT50 based Gensets Power Plant * Associated Conversion and

Disentangling invasion processes in a dynamic shipping-boating network.

PubMed

Lacoursière-Roussel, Anaïs; Bock, Dan G; Cristescu, Melania E; Guichard, Frédéric; Girard, Philippe; Legendre, Pierre; McKindsey, Christopher W

2012-09-01

The relative importance of multiple vectors to the initial establishment, spread and population dynamics of invasive species remains poorly understood. This study used molecular methods to clarify the roles of commercial shipping and recreational boating in the invasion by the cosmopolitan tunicate, Botryllus schlosseri. We evaluated (i) single vs. multiple introduction scenarios, (ii) the relative importance of shipping and boating to primary introductions, (iii) the interaction between these vectors for spread (i.e. the presence of a shipping-boating network) and (iv) the role of boating in determining population similarity. Tunicates were sampled from 26 populations along the Nova Scotia, Canada, coast that were exposed to either shipping (i.e. ports) or boating (i.e. marinas) activities. A total of 874 individuals (c. 30 per population) from five ports and 21 marinas was collected and analysed using both mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) and 10 nuclear microsatellite markers. The geographical location of multiple hotspot populations indicates that multiple invasions have occurred in Nova Scotia. A loss of genetic diversity from port to marina populations suggests a stronger influence of ships than recreational boats on primary coastal introductions. Population genetic similarity analysis reveals a dependence of marina populations on those that had been previously established in ports. Empirical data on marina connectivity because of boating better explains patterns in population similarities than does natural spread. We conclude that frequent primary introductions arise by ships and that secondary spread occurs gradually thereafter around individual ports, facilitated by recreational boating. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Navy DD(X), CG(X), and LCS Ship Acquisition Programs: Oversight Issues and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-04-21

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e . TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Congressional Research...between Northrop Grumman’s Ship System Division ( NGSS ) and General Dynamics’ Bath Iron Works (GD/BIW) for the right to build all DD(X)s. Several Members...premature” a Navy proposal to hold a one-time, winner-take-all competition between Northrop Grumman’s Ship System Division ( NGSS ) and General Dynamics

Coherent acoustic communication in a tidal estuary with busy shipping traffic.

PubMed

van Walree, Paul A; Neasham, Jeffrey A; Schrijver, Marco C

2007-12-01

High-rate acoustic communication experiments were conducted in a dynamic estuarine environment. Two current profilers deployed in a shipping lane were interfaced with acoustic modems, which modulated and transmitted the sensor readings every 200 s over a period of four days. QPSK modulation was employed at a raw data rate of 8 kbits on a 12-kHz carrier. Two 16-element hydrophone arrays, one horizontal and one vertical, were deployed near the shore. A multichannel decision-feedback equalizer was used to demodulate the modem signals received on both arrays. Long-term statistical analysis reveals the effects of the tidal cycle, subsea unit location, attenuation by the wake of passing vessels, and high levels of ship-generated noise on the fidelity of the communication links. The use of receiver arrays enables vast improvement in the overall reliability of data delivery compared with a single-receiver system, with performance depending strongly on array orientation. The vertical array offers the best performance overall, although the horizontal array proves more robust against shipping noise. Spatial coherence estimates, variation of array aperture, and inspection of array angular responses point to adaptive beamforming and coherent combining as the chief mechanisms of array gain.

Structural basis for interdomain communication in SHIP2 providing high phosphatase activity

PubMed Central

Le Coq, Johanne; Camacho-Artacho, Marta; Velázquez, José Vicente; Santiveri, Clara M; Gallego, Luis Heredia; Campos-Olivas, Ramón; Dölker, Nicole; Lietha, Daniel

2017-01-01

SH2-containing-inositol-5-phosphatases (SHIPs) dephosphorylate the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PI(3,4,5)P3) and play important roles in regulating the PI3K/Akt pathway in physiology and disease. Aiming to uncover interdomain regulatory mechanisms in SHIP2, we determined crystal structures containing the 5-phosphatase and a proximal region adopting a C2 fold. This reveals an extensive interface between the two domains, which results in significant structural changes in the phosphatase domain. Both the phosphatase and C2 domains bind phosphatidylserine lipids, which likely helps to position the active site towards its substrate. Although located distant to the active site, the C2 domain greatly enhances catalytic turnover. Employing molecular dynamics, mutagenesis and cell biology, we identify two distinct allosteric signaling pathways, emanating from hydrophobic or polar interdomain interactions, differentially affecting lipid chain or headgroup moieties of PI(3,4,5)P3. Together, this study reveals details of multilayered C2-mediated effects important for SHIP2 activity and points towards interesting new possibilities for therapeutic interventions. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.26640.001 PMID:28792888

Numerical study of ship airwake characteristics immersed in atmospheric boundary-layer flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thedin, Regis; Kinzel, Michael; Schmitz, Sven

2017-11-01

Helicopter pilot workload is known to increase substantially in the vicinity of a ship flight deck due to the unsteady flowfield past the superstructure. In this work, the influence of atmospheric turbulence on a ship airwake is investigated. A ship geometry representing the Simple Frigate Shape 2 is immersed into a Large-Eddy-Simulation-resolved Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL). Specifically, we aim in identifying the fundamental topology differences between a uniform-inflow model of the incoming wind and those representative of a neutral atmospheric stability state. Thus, airwake characteristics due to a shear-driven ABL are evaluated and compared. Differences in the energy content of the airwakes are identified and discussed. The framework being developed allows for future coupling of flight dynamic models of helicopters to investigate flight envelope testing. Hence, this work represents the first step towards the goal of identifying the effects a modified airwake due to the atmospheric turbulence imposes on the handling of a helicopter and pilot workload. This research was partially supported by the University Graduate Fellowship program at The Pennsylvania State University and by the Government under Agreement No. W911W6-17-2-0003.

46 CFR 111.01-19 - Inclination of the vessel.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inclination of the vessel. 111.01-19 Section 111.01-19 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRIC SYSTEMS...) 15 degrees static list, 22.5 degrees dynamic roll; and (2) 7.5 degrees static trim. (b) All emergency...

PI(3,4)P2 plays critical roles in the regulation of focal adhesion dynamics of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

PubMed

Fukumoto, Miki; Ijuin, Takeshi; Takenawa, Tadaomi

2017-05-01

Phosphoinositides play pivotal roles in the regulation of cancer cell phenotypes. Among them, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P 2 ) localizes to the invadopodia, and positively regulates tumor cell invasion. In this study, we examined the effect of PI(3,4)P 2 on focal adhesion dynamics in MDA-MB-231 basal breast cancer cells. Knockdown of SHIP2, a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphatase (PIP 3 ) 5-phosphatase that generates PI(3,4)P 2 , in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, induced the development of focal adhesions and cell spreading, leading to the suppression of invasion. In contrast, knockdown of PTEN, a 3-phosphatase that de-phosphorylates PIP 3 and PI(3,4)P 2 , induced cell shrinkage and increased cell invasion. Interestingly, additional knockdown of SHIP2 rescued these phenotypes. Overexpression of the TAPP1 PH domain, which binds to PI(3,4)P 2 , and knockdown of Lpd, a downstream effector of PI(3,4)P 2 , resulted in similar phenotypes to those induced by SHIP2 knockdown. Taken together, our results suggest that inhibition of PI(3,4)P 2 generation and/or downstream signaling could be useful for inhibiting breast cancer metastasis. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer Science published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Japanese Cancer Association.

SHIP-1 Increases Early Oxidative Burst and Regulates Phagosome Maturation in Macrophages1

PubMed Central

Kamen, Lynn A.; Levinsohn, Jonathan; Cadwallader, Amy; Tridandapani, Susheela; Swanson, Joel A.

2010-01-01

Although the inositol phosphatase SHIP-1 is generally thought to inhibit signaling for Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, the product of its activity, phosphatidylinositol 3,4 bisphosphate (PI(3,4)P2) has been implicated in activation of the NADPH oxidase. This suggests that SHIP-1 positively regulates generation of reactive oxygen species after phagocytosis. To examine how SHIP-1 activity contributes to Fc receptor-mediated phagocytosis, we measured and compared phospholipid dynamics, membrane trafficking and the oxidative burst in macrophages from SHIP-1-deficient and wild-type mice. SHIP-1-deficient macrophages showed significantly elevated ratios of PI(3,4,5) P3 to PI(3,4)P2 on phagosomal membranes. Imaging reactive oxygen intermediate activities in phagosomes revealed decreased early NADPH oxidase activity in SHIP-1-deficient macrophages. SHIP-1-deficiency also altered later stages of phagosome maturation, as indicated by the persistent elevation of PI(3)P and the early localization of Rab5a to phagosomes. These direct measurements of individual organelles indicate that phagosomal SHIP-1 enhances the early oxidative burst through localized alteration of the membrane 3′ phosphoinositide composition. PMID:18490750

46 CFR 154.409 - Dynamic loads from vessel motion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Equipment Cargo Containment Systems § 154.409 Dynamic loads from vessel motion. (a) For the calculation required under § 154.406 (a)(3) and (b), the dynamic loads must be determined from the long term... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Dynamic loads from vessel motion. 154.409 Section 154...

Nephrin Regulates Lamellipodia Formation by Assembling a Protein Complex That Includes Ship2, Filamin and Lamellipodin

PubMed Central

Venkatareddy, Madhusudan; Cook, Leslie; Abuarquob, Kamal; Verma, Rakesh; Garg, Puneet

2011-01-01

Actin dynamics has emerged at the forefront of podocyte biology. Slit diaphragm junctional adhesion protein Nephrin is necessary for development of the podocyte morphology and transduces phosphorylation-dependent signals that regulate cytoskeletal dynamics. The present study extends our understanding of Nephrin function by showing in cultured podocytes that Nephrin activation induced actin dynamics is necessary for lamellipodia formation. Upon activation Nephrin recruits and regulates a protein complex that includes Ship2 (SH2 domain containing 5′ inositol phosphatase), Filamin and Lamellipodin, proteins important in regulation of actin and focal adhesion dynamics, as well as lamellipodia formation. Using the previously described CD16-Nephrin clustering system, Nephrin ligation or activation resulted in phosphorylation of the actin crosslinking protein Filamin in a p21 activated kinase dependent manner. Nephrin activation in cell culture results in formation of lamellipodia, a process that requires specialized actin dynamics at the leading edge of the cell along with focal adhesion turnover. In the CD16-Nephrin clustering model, Nephrin ligation resulted in abnormal morphology of actin tails in human podocytes when Ship2, Filamin or Lamellipodin were individually knocked down. We also observed decreased lamellipodia formation and cell migration in these knock down cells. These data provide evidence that Nephrin not only initiates actin polymerization but also assembles a protein complex that is necessary to regulate the architecture of the generated actin filament network and focal adhesion dynamics. PMID:22194892

Nonlinear surge motions of a ship in bi-chromatic following waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Spyrou, Kostas J.; Themelis, Nikos; Kontolefas, Ioannis

2018-03-01

Unintended motions of a ship operating in steep and long following waves are investigated. A well-known such case is ;surf-riding; where a ship is carried forward by a single wave, an event invoking sometimes lateral instability and even capsize. The dynamics underlying this behavior has been clarified earlier for monochromatic waves. However, the unsteadiness of the phase space associated with ship behavior in a multichromatic sea, combined with the intrinsically strong system nonlinearity, pose new challenges. Here, current theory is extended to cover surging and surf-riding behavior in unidirectional bi-chromatic waves encountering a ship from the stern. Excitation is provided by two unidirectional harmonic wave components having their lengths comparable to the ship length and their frequencies in rational ratio. The techniques applied include (a) continuation analysis; (b) tracking of Lagrangian coherent structures in phase space, approximated through a finite-time Lyapunov exponents' calculation; and (c) large scale simulation. A profound feature of surf-riding in bi-chromatic waves is that it is turned oscillatory. Initially it appears as a frequency-locked motion, ruled by the harmonic wave component dominating the excitation. Transformations of oscillatory surf-riding are realized as the waves become steeper. In particular, heteroclinic tanglings are identified, governing abrupt transitions between qualitatively different motions. Chaotic transients, as well as long-term chaotic motions, exist near to these events. Some extraordinary patterns of ship motion are discovered. These include a counterintuitive low speed motion at very high wave excitation level; and a hybrid motion characterized by a wildly fluctuating velocity. Due to the quite generic nature of the core mathematical model of our investigation, the current results are believed to offer clues about the behavior of a class of nonlinear dynamical systems having in their modeling some analogy with a perturbed pendulum with bias.

The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection: Bringing Ocean Exploration Alive for Teachers and Students

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haynes, S.

2012-12-01

The NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, America's first Federal ship dedicated to ocean exploration, is envisioned as the ship upon which learners of all ages embark together on scientific voyages of exploration to poorly-known or unexplored areas of the global ocean. Through a combination of lessons, web pages, a ship tracker and dynamic imagery and video, learners participate as ocean explorers in breakthrough discoveries leading to increased scientific understanding and enhanced literacy about our ocean world. The Okeanos Explorer Education Materials Collection was developed to encourage educators and students to become personally involved with the ship's voyages and discoveries. This collection is presented in two volumes: Volume 1: Why Do We Explore? (modern reasons for ocean exploration - specifically, climate change, energy, human health and ocean health) and Volume 2: How Do We Explore? (21st Century strategies and tools for ocean exploration, including telepresence, sonar mapping, water column exploration and remotely operated vehicles). These volumes have been developed into full-day professional development opportunities provided at NOAA OER Alliance Partner sites nationwide and include lessons for grades 5-12 designed to support the evolving science education needs currently articulated in the K-12 Framework for Science Education. Together, the lessons, web pages, ship tracker and videos provide a dynamic education package for teachers to share modern ocean exploration in the classroom and inspire the next generation of explorers. This presentation will share these two Volumes, highlights from current explorations of the Okeanos Explorer and how they are used in ocean explorer lessons, and methods for accessing ocean explorer resources and following along with expeditions.;

Analyzing the Greek Marine Manpower in the Passenger and Cruise Markets Using System Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexopoulos, A. B.; Konstantopoulos, Nikolaos

2007-12-01

This The authors have applied the methodology of system dynamics modeling and simulation in the study of the depletion of the Greek maritime workforce with respect to parameters such as the flagging out rate from the Greek flag, the national maritime policy on the proportion of Greek and foreign seamen onboard Greek ships and the investment in seamen's life-long training, as well as in improving the safety and quality of Greek ships. This work is in progress and this paper presents an initial approach to the problem, as well as some first insights gained.

Shipboard Acoustic Current Profiling during the Coastal Ocean Dynamics Experiment,

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-01

average profile based on the bottori depth estimated from the ship’s posit ion. in the CODEU region. an efficient computer routine was developed for... forex ~and and( port ward comnport ent s of V. at conistant z ., the depth Iill ships coordi- nlatv (’S(Chap 2). The data cort- from I -mintIe

Numerical simulation and experimental research on wake field of ships under off-design conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Chun-yu; Wu, Tie-cheng; Zhang, Qi; Gong, Jie

2016-10-01

Different operating conditions (e.g. design and off-design) may lead to a significant difference in the hydrodynamics performance of a ship, especially in the total resistance and wake field of ships. This work investigated the hydrodynamic performance of the well-known KRISO 3600 TEU Container Ship (KCS) under three different operating conditions by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The comparison results show that the use of PIV to measure a ship's nominal wake field is an important method which has the advantages of being contactless and highly accurate. Acceptable agreements between the results obtained by the two different methods are achieved. Results indicate that the total resistances of the KCS model under two off-design conditions are 23.88% and 13.92% larger than that under the designed condition, respectively.

Investigation on coupling error characteristics in angular rate matching based ship deformation measurement approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Shuai; Wu, Wei; Wang, Xingshu; Xu, Zhiguang

2018-01-01

The coupling error in the measurement of ship hull deformation can significantly influence the attitude accuracy of the shipborne weapons and equipments. It is therefore important to study the characteristics of the coupling error. In this paper, an comprehensive investigation on the coupling error is reported, which has a potential of deducting the coupling error in the future. Firstly, the causes and characteristics of the coupling error are analyzed theoretically based on the basic theory of measuring ship deformation. Then, simulations are conducted for verifying the correctness of the theoretical analysis. Simulation results show that the cross-correlation between dynamic flexure and ship angular motion leads to the coupling error in measuring ship deformation, and coupling error increases with the correlation value between them. All the simulation results coincide with the theoretical analysis.

Using Dynamic Interface Modeling and Simulation to Develop a Launch and Recovery Flight Simulation for a UH-60A Blackhawk

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sweeney, Christopher; Bunnell, John; Chung, William; Giovannetti, Dean; Mikula, Julie; Nicholson, Bob; Roscoe, Mike

2001-01-01

Joint Shipboard Helicopter Integration Process (JSHIP) is a Joint Test and Evaluation (JT&E) program sponsored by the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD). Under the JSHDP program is a simulation effort referred to as the Dynamic Interface Modeling and Simulation System (DIMSS). The purpose of DIMSS is to develop and test the processes and mechanisms that facilitate ship-helicopter interface testing via man-in-the-loop ground-based flight simulators. Specifically, the DIMSS charter is to develop an accredited process for using a flight simulator to determine the wind-over-the-deck (WOD) launch and recovery flight envelope for the UH-60A ship/helicopter combination. DIMSS is a collaborative effort between the NASA Ames Research Center and OSD. OSD determines the T&E and warfighter training requirements, provides the programmatics and dynamic interface T&E experience, and conducts ship/aircraft interface tests for validating the simulation. NASA provides the research and development element, simulation facility, and simulation technical experience. This paper will highlight the benefits of the NASA/JSHIP collaboration and detail achievements of the project in terms of modeling and simulation. The Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at NASA Ames Research Center offers the capability to simulate a wide range of simulation cueing configurations, which include visual, aural, and body-force cueing devices. The system flexibility enables switching configurations io allow back-to-back evaluation and comparison of different levels of cueing fidelity in determining minimum training requirements. The investigation required development and integration of several major simulation system at the VMS. A new UH-60A BlackHawk interchangeable cab that provides an out-the-window (OTW) field-of-view (FOV) of 220 degrees in azimuth and 70 degrees in elevation was built. Modeling efforts involved integrating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) generated data of an LHA ship airwake and integrating a real-time ship motion model developed based on a batch model from Naval Surface Warfare Center. Engineering development and integration of a three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) dynamic seat to simulate high frequency rotor-dynamics dependent motion cues for use in conjunction with the large motion system was accomplished. The development of an LHA visual model in several different levels of resolution and an aural cueing system in which three separate fidelity levels could be selected were developed. VMS also integrated a PC-based E&S simFUSION system to investigate cost effective IG alternatives. The DIMSS project consists of three phases that follow an approved Validation, Verification and accreditation (VV&A) process. The first phase will support the accreditation of the individual subsystems and models. The second will follow the verification and validation of the integrated subsystems and models, and will address fidelity requirements of the integrated models and subsystems. The third and final phase will allow the verification and validation of the full system integration. This VV&A process will address the utility of the simulated WOD launch and recovery envelope. Simulations supporting the first two stages have been completed and the data is currently being reviewed and analyzed.

Ship Air Wake Detection Using a Small Fixed Wing Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phelps, David M.

A ship's air wake is dynamically detected using an airborne inertial measurement unit (IMU) and global positioning system (GPS) attached to a fixed wing unmanned aerial system. A fixed wing unmanned aerial system (UAS) was flown through the air wake created by an underway 108 ft (32.9m) long research vessel in pre designated flight paths. The instrumented aircraft was used to validate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulations of naval ship air wakes. Computer models of the research ship and the fixed wing UAS were generated and gridded using NASA's TetrUSS software. Simulations were run using Kestrel, a Department of Defense CFD software to validate the physical experimental data collection method. Air wake simulations were run at various relative wind angles and speeds. The fixed wing UAS was subjected to extensive wind tunnel testing to generate a table of aerodynamic coefficients as a function of control surface deflections, angle of attack and sideslip. The wind tunnel experimental data was compared against similarly structured CFD experiments to validate the grid and model of fixed wing UAS. Finally, a CFD simulation of the fixed wing UAV flying through the generated wake was completed. Forces on the instrumented aircraft were calculated from the data collected by the IMU. Comparison of experimental and simulation data showed that the fixed wing UAS could detect interactions with the ship air wake.

Observed aerosol effects on marine cloud nucleation and supersaturation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Russell, Lynn M.; Sorooshian, Armin; Seinfeld, John H.; Albrecht, Bruce A.; Nenes, Athanasios; Leaitch, W. Richard; Macdonald, Anne Marie; Ahlm, Lars; Chen, Yi-Chun; Coggon, Matthew; Corrigan, Ashley; Craven, Jill S.; Flagan, Richard C.; Frossard, Amanda A.; Hawkins, Lelia N.; Jonsson, Haflidi; Jung, Eunsil; Lin, Jack J.; Metcalf, Andrew R.; Modini, Robin; Mülmenstädt, Johannes; Roberts, Greg C.; Shingler, Taylor; Song, Siwon; Wang, Zhen; Wonaschütz, Anna

2013-05-01

Aerosol particles in the marine boundary layer include primary organic and salt particles from sea spray and combustion-derived particles from ships and coastal cities. These particle types serve as nuclei for marine cloud droplet activation, although the particles that activate depend on the particle size and composition as well as the supersaturation that results from cloud updraft velocities. The Eastern Pacific Emitted Aerosol Cloud Experiment (EPEACE) 2011 was a targeted aircraft campaign to assess how different particle types nucleate cloud droplets. As part of E-PEACE 2011, we studied the role of marine particles as cloud droplet nuclei and used emitted particle sources to separate particle-induced feedbacks from dynamical variability. The emitted particle sources included shipboard smoke-generated particles with 0.05-1 μm diameters (which produced tracks measured by satellite and had drop composition characteristic of organic smoke) and combustion particles from container ships with 0.05-0.2 μm diameters (which were measured in a variety of conditions with droplets containing both organic and sulfate components) [1]. Three central aspects of the collaborative E-PEACE results are: (1) the size and chemical composition of the emitted smoke particles compared to ship-track-forming cargo ship emissions as well as background marine particles, with particular attention to the role of organic particles, (2) the characteristics of cloud track formation for smoke and cargo ships, as well as the role of multi-layered low clouds, and (3) the implications of these findings for quantifying aerosol indirect effects. For comparison with the E-PEACE results, the preliminary results of the Stratocumulus Observations of Los-Angeles Emissions Derived Aerosol-Droplets (SOLEDAD) 2012 provided evidence of the cloud-nucleating roles of both marine organic particles and coastal urban pollution, with simultaneous measurements of the effective supersaturations of the clouds in the California coastal region.

Measurement of flows around modern commercial ship models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, W. J.; Van, S. H.; Kim, D. H.

To document the details of flow characteristics around modern commercial ships, global force, wave pattern, and local mean velocity components were measured in the towing tank. Three modern commercial hull models of a container ship (KRISO container ship = KCS) and of two very large crude-oil carriers (VLCCs) with the same forebody and slightly different afterbody (KVLCC and KVLCC2) having bow and stern bulbs were selected for the test. Uncertainty analysis was performed for the measured data using the procedure recommended by the ITTC. Obtained experimental data will provide a good opportunity to explore integrated flow phenomena around practical hull forms of today. Those can be also used as the validation data for the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code of both inviscid and viscous flow calculations.

Vibration control of a ship engine system using high-load magnetorheological mounts associated with a new indirect fuzzy sliding mode controller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Phu, Do Xuan; Choi, Seung-Bok

2015-02-01

In this work, a new high-load magnetorheological (MR) fluid mount system is devised and applied to control vibration in a ship engine. In the investigation of vibration-control performance, a new modified indirect fuzzy sliding mode controller is formulated and realized. The design of the proposed MR mount is based on the flow mode of MR fluid, and it includes two separated coils for generating a magnetic field. An optimization process is carried out to achieve maximal damping force under certain design constraints, such as the allowable height of the mount. As an actuating smart fluid, a new plate-like iron-particle-based MR fluid is used, instead of the conventional spherical iron-particle-based MR fluid. After evaluating the field-dependent yield stress of the MR fluid, the field-dependent damping force required to control unwanted vibration in the ship engine is determined. Subsequently, an appropriate-sized MR mount is manufactured and its damping characteristics are evaluated. After confirming the sufficient damping force level of the manufactured MR mount, a medium-sized ship engine mount system consisting of eight MR mounts is established, and its dynamic governing equations are derived. A new modified indirect fuzzy sliding mode controller is then formulated and applied to the engine mount system. The displacement and velocity responses show that the unwanted vibrations of the ship engine system can be effectively controlled in both the axial and radial directions by applying the proposed control methodology.

Energy behavior on side structure in event of ship collision subjected to external parameters.

PubMed

Prabowo, Aditya Rio; Bae, Dong Myung; Sohn, Jung Min; Cao, Bo

2016-11-01

The safety of ships in regards to collisions and groundings, as well as the navigational and structural aspects of ships, has been improved and developed up to this day by technical, administrative and nautical parties. The damage resulting from collisions could be reduced through several techniques such as designing appropriate hull structures, ensuring tightness of cargo tanks as well as observation and review on structural behaviors, whilst accounting for all involved parameters. The position during a collision can be influenced by the collisions' location and angle as these parts are included in the external dynamics of ship collisions. In this paper, the results of several collision analyses using the finite element method were used and reviewed regarding the effect of location and angle on energy characteristic. Firstly, the capabilities of the structure and its ability to resist destruction in a collision process were presented and comparisons were made to other collision cases. Three types of collisions were identified based on the relative location of contact points to each other. From the results, it was found that the estimation of internal energy by the damaged ships differed in range from 12%-24%. In the second stage, the results showed that a collision between 30 to 60 degrees produced higher level energy than a collision in the perpendicular position. Furthermore, it was concluded that striking and struck objects in collision contributed to energy and damage shape.

Lateral Stability of a Dynamic Ram Air Cushion Vehicle

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-08-01

The lateral stability derivatives of a dynamic ram air cushion vehicle in a rectangular guideway were measured using a ship model towing tank. Lift and pitching moment are also reported. The primary lateral derivatives are all stabilizing, with signi...

Towards Real-Time Pilot-in-the-Loop Simulation of Rotorcraft With Fully-Coupled CFD Solutions of Rotor / Terrain Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oruc, Ilker

This thesis presents the development of computationally efficient coupling of Navier-Stokes CFD with a helicopter flight dynamics model, with the ultimate goal of real-time simulation of fully coupled aerodynamic interactions between rotor flow and the surrounding terrain. A particular focus of the research is on coupled airwake effects in the helicopter / ship dynamic interface. A computationally efficient coupling interface was developed between the helicopter flight dynamics model, GENHEL-PSU and the Navier-Stokes solvers, CRUNCH/CRAFT-CFD using both FORTRAN and C/C++ programming languages. In order to achieve real-time execution speeds, the main rotor was modeled with a simplified actuator disk using unsteady momentum sources, instead of resolving the full blade geometry in the CFD. All the airframe components, including the fuselage are represented by single aerodynamic control points in the CFD calculations. The rotor downwash influence on the fuselage and empennage are calculated by using the CFD predicted local flow velocities at these aerodynamic control points defined on the helicopter airframe. In the coupled simulations, the flight dynamics model is free to move within a computational domain, where the main rotor forces are translated into source terms in the momentum equations of the Navier-Stokes equations. Simultaneously, the CFD calculates induced velocities those are fed back to the simulation and affect the aerodynamic loads in the flight dynamics. The CFD solver models the inflow, ground effect, and interactional aerodynamics in the flight dynamics simulation, and these calculations can be coupled with solution of the external flow (e.g. ship airwake effects). The developed framework was utilized for various investigations of hovering, forward flight and helicopter/terrain interaction simulations including standard ground effect, partial ground effect, sloped terrain, and acceleration in ground effect; and results compared with different flight and experimental data. In near ground cases, the fully-coupled flight dynamics and CFD simulations predicted roll oscillations due to interactions of the rotor downwash, ground plane, and the feedback controller, which are not predicted by the conventional simulation models. Fully coupled simulations of a helicopter accelerating near ground predicted flow formations similar to the recirculation and ground vortex flow regimes observed in experiments. The predictions of hover power reductions due to ground effect compared well to a recent experimental data and the results showed 22% power reduction for a hover flight z/R=0.55 above ground level. Fully coupled simulations performed for a helicopter hovering over and approaching to a ship flight deck and results compared with the standalone GENHEL-PSU simulations without ship airwake and one-way coupled simulations. The fully-coupled simulations showed higher pilot workload compared to the other two cases. In order to increase the execution speeds of the CFD calculations, several improvements were made on the CFD solver. First, the initial coupling approach File I/O was replaced with a more efficient method called Multiple Program Multiple Data MPI framework, where the two executables communicate with each other by MPI calls. Next, the unstructured solver (CRUNCH CFD), which is 2nd-order accurate in space, was replaced with the faster running structured solver (CRAFT CFD) that is 5th-order accurate in space. Other improvements including a more efficient k-d tree search algorithm and the bounding of the source term search space within a small region of the grid surrounding the rotor were made on the CFD solver. The final improvement was to parallelize the search task with the CFD solver tasks within the solver. To quantify the speed-up of the improvements to the coupling interface described above, a study was performed to demonstrate the speedup achieved from each of the interface improvements. The improvements made on the CFD solver showed more than 40 times speedup from the baseline file I/O and unstructured solver CRUNCH CFD. Using a structured CFD solver with 5th-order spacial accuracy provided the largest reductions in execution times. Disregarding the solver numeric, the total speedup of all of the interface improvements including the MPMD rotor point exchange, k-d tree search algorithm, bounded search space, and paralleled search task, was approximately 231%, more than a factor of 2. All these improvements provided the necessary speedup for approach real-time CFD. (Abstract shortened by ProQuest.).

Improved in vitro models for preclinical drug and formulation screening focusing on 2D and 3D skin and cornea constructs.

PubMed

Beißner, Nicole; Bolea Albero, Antonio; Füller, Jendrik; Kellner, Thomas; Lauterboeck, Lothar; Liang, Jinghu; Böl, Markus; Glasmacher, Birgit; Müller-Goymann, Christel C; Reichl, Stephan

2018-05-01

The present overview deals with current approaches for the improvement of in vitro models for preclinical drug and formulation screening which were elaborated in a joint project at the Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering of the TU Braunschweig. Within this project a special focus was laid on the enhancement of skin and cornea models. For this reason, first, a computation-based approach for in silico modeling of dermal cell proliferation and differentiation was developed. The simulation should for example enhance the understanding of the performed 2D in vitro tests on the antiproliferative effect of hyperforin. A second approach aimed at establishing in vivo-like dynamic conditions in in vitro drug absorption studies in contrast to the commonly used static conditions. The reported Dynamic Micro Tissue Engineering System (DynaMiTES) combines the advantages of in vitro cell culture models and microfluidic systems for the emulation of dynamic drug absorption at different physiological barriers and, later, for the investigation of dynamic culture conditions. Finally, cryopreserved shipping was investigated for a human hemicornea construct. As the implementation of a tissue-engineering laboratory is time-consuming and cost-intensive, commercial availability of advanced 3D human tissue is preferred from a variety of companies. However, for shipping purposes cryopreservation is a challenge to maintain the same quality and performance of the tissue in the laboratory of both, the provider and the customer. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Electric-Drive Propulsion for U.S. Navy Ships: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-07-31

over electric drive concerns electric motors. The five basic types in question – synchronous motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors , superconducting...drive technology for ships – synchronous motors, induction motors, permanent magnet motors , superconducting synchronous motors, and superconducting...synchronous motors and is also developing systems featuring induction and permanent magnet motors . ! an industry team led by General Dynamics Corporation

Manipulating ship fuel sulfur content and modeling the effects on air quality and climate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Partanen, Antti-Ilari; Laakso, Anton; Schmidt, Anja; Kokkola, Harri; Kuokkanen, Tuomas; Kerminen, Veli-Matti; Lehtinen, Kari E. J.; Laakso, Lauri; Korhonen, Hannele

2013-04-01

Aerosol emissions from international shipping are known to cause detrimental health effects on people mainly via increased lung cancer and cardiopulmonary diseases. On the other hand, the aerosol particles from the ship emissions modify the properties of clouds and are believed to have a significant cooling effect on the global climate. In recent years, aerosol emissions from shipping have been more strictly regulated in order to improve air quality and thus decrease the mortality due to ship emissions. Decreasing the aerosol emissions from shipping is projected to decrease their cooling effect, which would intensify the global warming even further. In this study, we use a global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5.5-HAM2 to test if continental air quality can be improved while still retaining the cooling effect from shipping. The model explicitly resolves emissions of aerosols and their pre-cursor gases. The model also calculates the interaction between aerosol particles and clouds, and can thus predict the changes in cloud properties due to aerosol emissions. We design and simulate a scenario where ship fuel sulfur content is strictly limited to 0.1% near all coastal regions, but doubled in the open oceans from the current global mean value of 2.7% (geo-ships). This scenario is compared to three other simulations: 1) No shipping emissions at all (no-ships), 2) present-day shipping emissions (std-ships) and 3) a future scenario where sulfur content is limited to 0.1% in the coastal zones and to 0.5% in the open ocean (future-ships). Global mean radiative flux perturbation (RFP) in std-ships compared to no-ships is calculated to be -0.4 W m-2, which is in the range of previous estimates for present-day shipping emissions. In the geo-ships simulation the corresponding global mean RFP is roughly equal, but RFP is spatially distributed more on the open oceans, as expected. In future-ships the decreased aerosol emissions provide weaker cooling effect of only -0.1 W m-2. In order to assess the health effects of different emission scenarios we diagnose PM2.5 concentrations from each simulation. Then, we use PM2.5 concentrations and C-R functions to calculate the changes in mortality related to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary diseases. Our preliminary analysis suggests that mortality in geo-ships would be lower than in std-ships. Strict sulfur content limits also in the open oceans (future-ships) would decrease the mortality even more. Idea of deliberately increasing fuel sulfur content in order to produce a cooling effect can be classified as one form of solar radiation management (SRM). There are several scientific, ethical and political problems associated with SRM technologies and a number of them would be applicable to the idea we present here. For example, there would be a conflict between the existing international treaties and the proposed increase in ship fuel sulfur content. However, our study is increasing the knowledge of air quality and climate trade-offs related to ship emission controls. If the cooling effect of ship traffic is considered too precious to lose, there might be ways to preserve it, while still notably increasing the continental air quality.

A Novel Ship-Tracking Method for GF-4 Satellite Sequential Images.

PubMed

Yao, Libo; Liu, Yong; He, You

2018-06-22

The geostationary remote sensing satellite has the capability of wide scanning, persistent observation and operational response, and has tremendous potential for maritime target surveillance. The GF-4 satellite is the first geostationary orbit (GEO) optical remote sensing satellite with medium resolution in China. In this paper, a novel ship-tracking method in GF-4 satellite sequential imagery is proposed. The algorithm has three stages. First, a local visual saliency map based on local peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is used to detect ships in a single frame of GF-4 satellite sequential images. Second, the accuracy positioning of each potential target is realized by a dynamic correction using the rational polynomial coefficients (RPCs) and automatic identification system (AIS) data of ships. Finally, an improved multiple hypotheses tracking (MHT) algorithm with amplitude information is used to track ships by further removing the false targets, and to estimate ships’ motion parameters. The algorithm has been tested using GF-4 sequential images and AIS data. The results of the experiment demonstrate that the algorithm achieves good tracking performance in GF-4 satellite sequential images and estimates the motion information of ships accurately.

Strength Analysis on Ship Ladder Using Finite Element Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Budianto; Wahyudi, M. T.; Dinata, U.; Ruddianto; Eko P., M. M.

2018-01-01

In designing the ship’s structure, it should refer to the rules in accordance with applicable classification standards. In this case, designing Ladder (Staircase) on a Ferry Ship which is set up, it must be reviewed based on the loads during ship operations, either during sailing or at port operations. The classification rules in ship design refer to the calculation of the structure components described in Classification calculation method and can be analysed using the Finite Element Method. Classification Regulations used in the design of Ferry Ships used BKI (Bureau of Classification Indonesia). So the rules for the provision of material composition in the mechanical properties of the material should refer to the classification of the used vessel. The analysis in this structure used program structure packages based on Finite Element Method. By using structural analysis on Ladder (Ladder), it obtained strength and simulation structure that can withstand load 140 kg both in static condition, dynamic, and impact. Therefore, the result of the analysis included values of safety factors in the ship is to keep the structure safe but the strength of the structure is not excessive.

THE EFFECT OF FORWARD SPEED ON DAMPING FOR A VARIETY OF SHIP TYPES AS CALCULATED BY THIN SHIP THEORY,

DTIC Science & Technology

Since the damping coefficients play a predominant role in the motion response of ships in pitch and heave at resonant frequencies in a seaway, use...was made of two computer programs recently developed at M. I. T. to calculate, by thin ship theory, the effect of ship speed on the damping coefficients...in pitch and heave for four diverse types of ship hulls--cargo ship, tanker, destroyer, and trawler. Results indicate that, for all four hull types

A Hierarchical and Dynamic Seascape Framework for Scaling and Comparing Ocean Biodiversity Observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kavanaugh, M.; Muller-Karger, F. E.; Montes, E.; Santora, J. A.; Chavez, F.; Messié, M.; Doney, S. C.

2016-02-01

The pelagic ocean is a complex system in which physical, chemical and biological processes interact to shape patterns on multiple spatial and temporal scales and levels of ecological organization. Monitoring and management of marine seascapes must consider a hierarchical and dynamic mosaic, where the boundaries, extent, and location of features change with time. As part of a Marine Biodiversity Observing Network demonstration project, we conducted a multiscale classification of dynamic coastal seascapes in the northeastern Pacific and Gulf of Mexico using multivariate satellite and modeled data. Synoptic patterns were validated using mooring and ship-based observations that spanned multiple trophic levels and were collected as part of several long-term monitoring programs, including the Monterey Bay and Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuaries. Seascape extent and habitat diversity varied as a function of both seasonal and interannual forcing. We discuss the patterns of in situ observations in the context of seascape dynamics and the effect on rarefaction, spatial patchiness, and tracking and comparing ecosystems through time. A seascape framework presents an effective means to translate local biodiversity measurements to broader spatiotemporal scales, scales relevant for modeling the effects of global change and enabling whole-ecosystem management in the dynamic ocean.

Microphysical and macrophysical responses of marine stratocumulus polluted by underlying ships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christensen, Matthew Wells

Multiple sensors flying in the A-train constellation of satellites were used to determine the extent to which aerosol plumes from ships passing below marine stratocumulus alter the microphysical and macrophysical properties of the clouds. Aerosol plumes generated by ships sometimes influence cloud microphysical properties (effective radius) and, to a largely undetermined extent, cloud macrophysical properties (liquid water path, coverage, depth, precipitation, and longevity). Aerosol indirect effects were brought into focus, using observations from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and the 94-GHZ radar onboard CloudSat. To assess local cloud scale responses to aerosol, the locations of over one thousand ship tracks coinciding with the radar were meticulously logged by hand from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imagery. MODIS imagery was used to distinguish ship tracks that were embedded in closed, open, and unclassifiable mesoscale cellular cloud structures. The impact of aerosol on the microphysical cloud properties in both the closed and open cell regimes were consistent with the changes predicted by the Twomey hypothesis. For the macrophysical changes, differences in the sign and magnitude of these properties were observed between cloud regimes. The results demonstrate that the spatial extent of rainfall (rain cover fraction) and intensity decrease in the clouds contaminated by the ship plume compared to the ambient pristine clouds. Although reductions of precipitation were common amongst the clouds with detectable rainfall (72% of cases), a substantial fraction of ship tracks (28% of cases) exhibited the opposite response. The sign and strength of the response was tied to the type of stratocumulus (e.g., closed vs open cells), depth of the boundary layer, and humidity in the free-troposphere. When closed cellular clouds were identified, liquid water path, drizzle rate, and rain cover fraction (an average relative decrease of 61%) was significantly smaller in the ship-contaminated clouds. Differences in drizzle rate resulted primarily from the reductions in rain cover fraction (i.e., fewer pixels were identified with rain in the clouds polluted by the ship). The opposite occurred in the open cell regime. Ship plumes ingested into this regime resulted in significantly deeper and brighter clouds with higher liquid water amounts and rain rates. Enhanced rain rates (average relative increase of 89%) were primarily due to the changes in intensity (i.e., rain rates on the 1.1 km pixel scale were higher in the ship contaminated clouds) and, to a lesser extent, rain cover fraction. One implication for these differences is that the local aerosol indirect radiative forcing was more than five times larger for ship tracks observed in the open cell regime (-59 W m-2) compared to those identified in the closed cell regime (-12 W m -2). The results presented here underline the need to consider the mesoscale structure of stratocumulus when examining the cloud dynamic response to changes in aerosol concentration. In the final part of the dissertation, the focus shifted to the climate scale to examine the impact of shipping on the Earth's radiation budget. Two studies were employed, in the first; changes to the radiative properties of boundary layer clouds (i.e., cloud top heights less than 3 km) were examined in response to the substantial decreases in ship traffic that resulted from the recent world economic recession in 2008. Differences in the annually averaged droplet effective radius and top of atmosphere outgoing shortwave radiative flux between 2007 and 2009 did not manifest as a clear response in the climate system and, was probably masked either due to competing aerosol cloud feedbacks or by interannual climate variability. In the second study, a method was developed to estimate the radiative forcing from shipping by convolving lanes of densely populated ships onto the global distributions of closed and open cell stratocumulus clouds. Closed cells were observed more than twice as often as open cells. Despite the smaller abundance of open cells, a significant portion of the radiaitve forcing from shipping was claimed by this regime. On the whole, the global radiative forcing from ship tracks was small (approximately -0.45 mW m-2) compared to the radiative forcing associated with the atmospheric buildup of anthropogenic CO2.

Countermeasure effectiveness against an intelligent imaging infrared anti-ship missile

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gray, Greer J.; Aouf, Nabil; Richardson, Mark; Butters, Brian; Walmsley, Roy

2013-02-01

Ship self defense against heat-seeking anti-ship missiles is of great concern to modern naval forces. One way of protecting ships against these threats is to use infrared (IR) offboard countermeasures. These decoys need precise placement to maximize their effectiveness, and simulation is an invaluable tool used in determining optimum deployment strategies. To perform useful simulations, high-fidelity models of missiles are required. We describe the development of an imaging IR anti-ship missile model for use in countermeasure effectiveness simulations. The missile model's tracking algorithm is based on a target recognition system that uses a neural network to discriminate between ships and decoys. The neural network is trained on shape- and intensity-based features extracted from simulated imagery. The missile model is then used within ship-decoy-missile engagement simulations, to determine how susceptible it is to the well-known walk-off seduction countermeasure technique. Finally, ship survivability is improved by adjusting the decoy model to increase its effectiveness against the tracker.

46 CFR 154.409 - Dynamic loads from vessel motion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Dynamic loads from vessel motion. 154.409 Section 154... reduced speed is used in the hull strength calculation under § 31.10-5(c) of this chapter. (b) If the... EC02FE91.086 (d) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid fatigue, the dynamic loads determined under paragraph...

46 CFR 154.409 - Dynamic loads from vessel motion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Dynamic loads from vessel motion. 154.409 Section 154... reduced speed is used in the hull strength calculation under § 31.10-5(c) of this chapter. (b) If the... EC02FE91.086 (d) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid fatigue, the dynamic loads determined under paragraph...

46 CFR 154.409 - Dynamic loads from vessel motion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Dynamic loads from vessel motion. 154.409 Section 154... reduced speed is used in the hull strength calculation under § 31.10-5(c) of this chapter. (b) If the... EC02FE91.086 (d) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid fatigue, the dynamic loads determined under paragraph...

46 CFR 154.409 - Dynamic loads from vessel motion.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Dynamic loads from vessel motion. 154.409 Section 154... reduced speed is used in the hull strength calculation under § 31.10-5(c) of this chapter. (b) If the... EC02FE91.086 (d) If a cargo tank is designed to avoid fatigue, the dynamic loads determined under paragraph...

A Survey of Ship Motion Reduction Devices

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

Bhattacharyya, R., Dynamics of Marine Vehicles, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1978) Chapter 14 - Motion Control. 24. Lewison , G. R. G. and J. M. Williams, "An...given in Miller et al." and Barr and Akudinov2 s . Lewison and Williams24 show the effectiveness of these tanks through case studies of commercial...fully understood. Rigorous derivations of the stabilized equations of motion tend to be non-linear with coefficients that are hard to define. Lewison 27

Course Keeping Control of an Autonomous Boat using Low Cost Sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Zhenyu; Bao, Xinping; Nonami, Kenzo

This paper discusses the course keeping control problem for a small autonomous boat using low cost sensors. Comparing with full scale ships, a small boat is more sensitive to the environmental disturbances because of its small size and low inertia. The sensors available in the boat are a low cost GPS and a rate gyro while the commonly used compass in ship control is absent. The combined effect from disturbance, poor accuracy and significant delay in GPS measurement makes it a challenging task to achieve good performance. In this paper, we propose a simple dynamic model for the boat's horizontal motion. The model is based on the Nomoto's model and can be seen as an extension to it. The model describes the dynamics between rudder deflection and the boat's velocity vector angle while Nomoto's model reveals that between rudder deflection and the boat's yaw angle. With the proposed model there is no need for a yaw sensor for control if the boat's moving direction can be measured. GPS is a convenient device for that job. Based on the derived model, we apply mixed H2/H∞ control method to design the controller. It can guarantee the robust stability, and as the same time it can optimize the performance in the sense of H2 norm. The experimental data show that the proposed approach is proved to be effective and useful.

Navy LX(R) Amphibious Ship Program: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-17

combined solicitation to two bidders—Ingalls Shipbuilding of Huntington Ingalls Industries (HII/Ingalls) and National Steel and Shipbuilding Company...RFP; see, for example, Sam LaGrone, “Navy Issues RFP for Oilers and LHA-8 to NASSCO, Ingalls,” USNI News, July 10, 2015; Valerie Insinna, “Navy...amphibious assault ship so that San Diego-based General Dynamics National Steel and Shipbuilding Co. (NASSCO) and the Huntington Ingalls Industries

Study on zigzag maneuver characteristics of V-U very large crude oil (VLCC) tankers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaswar, Maimun, A.; Wahid, M. A.; Priyanto, A.; Zamani, Pauzi, Saman

2012-06-01

The Department of Marine Technology at the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Teknologi Malaysia has recently developed an Ship Maneuverability tool which intends to upgrade student's level understanding the application of fluid dynamic on interaction between hull, propeller, and rudder during maneuvering. This paper discusses zigzag maneuver for conventional Very Large Crude Oil (VLCC) ships with the same principal dimensions but different stern flame shape. 10/10 zigzag maneuver characteristics of U and V types of VLCC ships are investigated. Simulation results for U-type show a good agreement with the experimental data, but V-type not good agreement with experimental one. Further study on zigzag maneuver characteristics are required.

Multi-Innovation Gradient Iterative Locally Weighted Learning Identification for A Nonlinear Ship Maneuvering System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bai, Wei-wei; Ren, Jun-sheng; Li, Tie-shan

2018-06-01

This paper explores a highly accurate identification modeling approach for the ship maneuvering motion with fullscale trial. A multi-innovation gradient iterative (MIGI) approach is proposed to optimize the distance metric of locally weighted learning (LWL), and a novel non-parametric modeling technique is developed for a nonlinear ship maneuvering system. This proposed method's advantages are as follows: first, it can avoid the unmodeled dynamics and multicollinearity inherent to the conventional parametric model; second, it eliminates the over-learning or underlearning and obtains the optimal distance metric; and third, the MIGI is not sensitive to the initial parameter value and requires less time during the training phase. These advantages result in a highly accurate mathematical modeling technique that can be conveniently implemented in applications. To verify the characteristics of this mathematical model, two examples are used as the model platforms to study the ship maneuvering.

VTOL controls for shipboard landing. M.S.Thesis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmuldroch, C. G.

1979-01-01

The problem of landing a VTOL aircraft on a small ship in rough seas using an automatic controller is examined. The controller design uses the linear quadratic Gaussian results of modern control theory. Linear time invariant dynamic models are developed for the aircraft, ship, and wave motions. A hover controller commands the aircraft to track position and orientation of the ship deck using only low levels of control power. Commands for this task are generated by the solution of the steady state linear quadratic gaussian regulator problem. Analytical performance and control requirement tradeoffs are obtained. A landing controller commands the aircraft from stationary hover along a smooth, low control effort trajectory, to a touchdown on a predicted crest of ship motion. The design problem is formulated and solved as an approximate finite-time linear quadratic stochastic regulator. Performance and control results are found by Monte Carlo simulations.

Controlling the Cost of C4I Upgrades on Naval Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

Dynamics Electric Boat and Northrop Grumman Newport News. To analyze cost drivers, variability within costs, and the accuracy of the Navy’s cost...design also features a zonal electricity grid that allows power to be directed throughout the ship where and when it is needed. C4I-Upgrade Issues...class for hull, mechanical, and electrical equip- ment and systems. However, because C4I technologies can change one or two times during the three

Supply of Soluble Iron from Combustion and Dust Sources to the Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ito, A.

2012-12-01

Bioavailable iron (Fe) from atmospheric particle is an essential nutrient for phytoplankton. Global models have been used to deduce atmospheric iron supply to the ocean, but uncertainty in the deposition flux remains large, which can influence the air-sea fluxes of carbon dioxide and thus radiative forcing significantly. Here, a global chemical transport model is used to investigate the effect of aerosol emissions from ship plumes on iron solubility in particles from the combustion and dust sources. The emission data sets for combustion-generated aerosols such as those from biomass and fossil fuel burnings are taken from the emission inventory. The iron from combustion sources such as biomass and fossil fuels burning is readily released into solutions in aerosols assuming constant iron solubility (i.e., the mass fraction of dissolved to total iron). In contrast, the emissions of dust are calculated on-line, based on the surface wind speed and soil wetness from the GMAO assimilated meteorological fields. Further, the iron solubility dynamically changes from that in the originally emitted dust aerosols (which is 0.45%) due to reactions with acidic species. The model results reveal that the oil combustion from shipping mainly contributes to high iron solubility at low mass concentration observed over the high latitude North Atlantic Ocean. The model results suggest that the combustion source from ships contributes to a significant deposition of soluble iron to the high latitude oceans in the Northern Hemisphere. Due to continuing growth in global shipping and no regulations regarding particles emissions, the input of bioavailable iron from ship plumes is likely to increase in a future warmer climate when oceanic primary production may be more dependent on the nutrient input from atmospheric aerosols.

Cost-effectiveness of reducing sulfur emissions from ships.

PubMed

Wang, Chengfeng; Corbett, James J; Winebrake, James J

2007-12-15

We model cost-effectiveness of control strategies for reducing SO2 emissions from U.S. foreign commerce ships traveling in existing European or hypothetical U.S. West Coast SO(x) Emission Control Areas (SECAs) under international maritime regulations. Variation among marginal costs of control for individual ships choosing between fuel-switching and aftertreatment reveals cost-saving potential of economic incentive instruments. Compared to regulations prescribing low sulfur fuels, a performance-based policy can save up to $260 million for these ships with 80% more emission reductions than required because least-cost options on some individual ships outperform standards. Optimal simulation of a market-based SO2 control policy for approximately 4,700 U.S. foreign commerce ships traveling in the SECAs in 2002 shows that SECA emissions control targets can be achieved by scrubbing exhaust gas of one out of ten ships with annual savings up to $480 million over performance-based policy. A market-based policy could save the fleet approximately $63 million annually under our best-estimate scenario. Spatial evaluation of ship emissions reductions shows that market-based instruments can reduce more SO2 closer to land while being more cost-effective for the fleet. Results suggest that combining performance requirements with market-based instruments can most effectively control SO2 emissions from ships.

Developing an acoustic method for reducing North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) ship strike mortality along the United States eastern seaboard

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mullen, Kaitlyn Allen

North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis ) are among the world's most endangered cetaceans. Although protected from commercial whaling since 1949, North Atlantic right whales exhibit little to no population growth. Ship strike mortality is the leading known cause of North Atlantic right whale mortality. North Atlantic right whales exhibit developed auditory systems, and vocalize in the frequency range that dominates ship acoustic signatures. With no behavioral audiogram published, current literature assumes these whales should be able to acoustically detect signals in the same frequencies they vocalize. Recorded ship acoustic signatures occur at intensities that are similar or higher to those recorded by vocalizing North Atlantic right whales. If North Atlantic right whales are capable of acoustically detecting oncoming ship, why are they susceptible to ship strike mortality? This thesis models potential acoustic impediments to North Atlantic right whale detection of oncoming ships, and concludes the presence of modeled and observed bow null effect acoustic shadow zones, located directly ahead of oncoming ships, are likely to impair the ability of North Atlantic right whales to detect and/or localize oncoming shipping traffic. This lack of detection and/or localization likely leads to a lack of ship strike avoidance, and thus contributes to the observed high rates of North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality. I propose that North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality reduction is possible via reducing and/or eliminating the presence of bow null effect acoustic shadow zones. This thesis develops and tests one method for bow null effect acoustic shadow zone reduction on five ships. Finally, I review current United States policy towards North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality in an effort to determine if the bow null effect acoustic shadow zone reduction method developed is a viable method for reducing North Atlantic right whale ship strike mortality within United States waters. I recommend that future work include additional prototype modifications and testing, application for a marine mammal scientific take authorization permit to test the modified prototype on multiple mysticete species, and continued interfacing of the prototype with evolving United States North Atlantic right whale ship strike reduction policies.

46 CFR 147.1 - Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. 147.1 Section 147.1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DANGEROUS CARGOES HAZARDOUS SHIPS' STORES General Provisions § 147.1 Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. (a) This part...

46 CFR 147.1 - Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. 147.1 Section 147.1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DANGEROUS CARGOES HAZARDOUS SHIPS' STORES General Provisions § 147.1 Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. (a) This part...

46 CFR 147.1 - Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. 147.1 Section 147.1 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) DANGEROUS CARGOES HAZARDOUS SHIPS' STORES General Provisions § 147.1 Purpose; applicability; preemptive effect. (a) This part...

The inositol phosphatase SHIP-2 down-regulates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis in murine macrophages independently of SHIP-1

PubMed Central

Ai, Jing; Maturu, Amita; Johnson, Wesley; Wang, Yijie; Marsh, Clay B.; Tridandapani, Susheela

2006-01-01

FcγR-mediated phagocytosis of IgG-coated particles is a complex process involving the activation of multiple signaling enzymes and is regulated by the inositol phosphatases PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10) and SHIP-1 (Src homology [SH2] domain-containing inositol phosphatase). In a recent study we have demonstrated that SHIP-2, an inositol phosphatase with high-level homology to SHIP-1, is involved in FcγR signaling. However, it is not known whether SHIP-2 plays a role in modulating phagocytosis. In this study we have analyzed the role of SHIP-2 in FcγR-mediated phagocytosis using independent cell models that allow for manipulation of SHIP-2 function without influencing the highly homologous SHIP-1. We present evidence that SHIP-2 translocates to the site of phagocytosis and down-regulates FcγR-mediated phagocytosis. Our data indicate that SHIP-2 must contain both the N-terminal SH2 domain and the C-terminal proline-rich domain to mediate its inhibitory effect. The effect of SHIP-2 is independent of SHIP-1, as overexpression of dominant-negative SHIP-2 in SHIP-1-deficient primary macrophages resulted in enhanced phagocytic efficiency. Likewise, specific knockdown of SHIP-2 expression using siRNA resulted in enhanced phagocytosis. Finally, analysis of the molecular mechanism of SHIP-2 down-regulation of phagocytosis revealed that SHIP-2 down-regulates upstream activation of Rac. Thus, we conclude that SHIP-2 is a novel negative regulator of FcγR-mediated phagocytosis independent of SHIP-1. (Blood. 2006;107:813-820) PMID:16179375

Effect of stern hull shape on turning circle of ships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jaswar, Maimun, A.; Wahid, M. A.; Priyanto, A.; Zamani, Pauzi, Saman

2012-06-01

Many factors such as: stern hull shape, length, draught, trim, propulsion system and external forces affecting the drift angle influence rate of turn and size of turning circle of ships. This paper discusses turning circle characteristics of U and V stern hull shape of Very Large Crude Oil Carrier (VLCC) ships. The ships have same principal dimension such as length, beam, and draught. The turning circle characteristics of the VLCC ships are simulated at 35 degree of rudder angle. In the analysis, firstly, turning circle performance of U-type VLCC ship is simulated. In the simulation, initial ship speed is determined using given power and rpm. Hydrodynamic derivatives coefficients are determined by including effect of fullness of aft run. Using the obtained, speed and hydrodynamic coefficients, force and moment acting on hull, force and moment induced by propeller, force and moment induced by rudder are determined. Finally, ship trajectory, ratio of speed, yaw angle and drift angle are determined. Results of simulation results of the VLCC ship are compared with the experimental one as validation. Using the same method, V-type VLCC is simulated and the simulation results are compared with U-type VLCC ship. Results shows the turning circle of U-type is larger than V-type due to effect stern hul results of simulation are.

Speckle noise reduction in SAR images ship detection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Ji; Wu, Bin; Yuan, Yuan; Huang, Qingqing; Chen, Jingbo; Ren, Lin

2012-09-01

At present, there are two types of method to detect ships in SAR images. One is a direct detection type, detecting ships directly. The other is an indirect detection type. That is, it firstly detects ship wakes, and then seeks ships around wakes. The two types all effect by speckle noise. In order to improve the accuracy of ship detection and get accurate ship and ship wakes parameters, such as ship length, ship width, ship area, the angle of ship wakes and ship outline from SAR images, it is extremely necessary to remove speckle noise in SAR images before data used in various SAR images ship detection. The use of speckle noise reduction filter depends on the specification for a particular application. Some common filters are widely used in speckle noise reduction, such as the mean filter, the median filter, the lee filter, the enhanced lee filter, the Kuan filter, the frost filter, the enhanced frost filter and gamma filter, but these filters represent some disadvantages in SAR image ship detection because of the various types of ship. Therefore, a mathematical function known as the wavelet transform and multi-resolution analysis were used to localize an SAR ocean image into different frequency components or useful subbands, and effectively reduce the speckle in the subbands according to the local statistics within the bands. Finally, the analysis of the statistical results are presented, which demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of using wavelet shrinkage techniques over standard speckle filters.

Littoral Combat Ship: Knowledge of Survivability and Lethality Capabilities Needed Prior to Making Major Funding Decisions

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

USS Port Royal hit a coral reef in order to provide an independent review of the damage the ship sustained. Our classified report discussed...explosion. Underwater explosions create a shock wave and a highly compressed gas bubble that expands and contracts. This can cause a type of vertical or...conditions also remains unknown. Due to the dynamic nature of waves , the Navy cannot rely on modeling and simulation alone to provide an accurate

A Steady State and Dynamic Analysis of a Mooring System.

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-03-25

drag on subsurface buoy Dx«, »y«» Dzs Cable drag eoaponants in esble coordinates *A Distance between calculated location and actual loca- tion of...ship Be Modulus of elasticity of esble fh Highest natural frequency of systea 0 Horizontal distance between snshor and ship -- MUIIM—laSHS...TQD Tension in esble fron ahlp st subsurface buoy TBB Tension in cable fron anchor at aubaurfaea buoy Ty" Tension In n’th esble segaent Hif|l

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sanfilippo, Antonio P.; Chikkagoudar, Satish

We describe an approach to analyzing trade data which uses clustering to detect similarities across shipping manifest records, classification to evaluate clustering results and categorize new unseen shipping data records, and visual analytics to provide to support situation awareness in dynamic decision making to monitor and warn against the movement of radiological threat materials through search, analysis and forecasting capabilities. The evaluation of clustering results through classification and systematic inspection of the clusters show the clusters have strong semantic cohesion and offer novel ways to detect transactions related to nuclear smuggling.

Ship Maintenance Processes with Collaborative Product Lifecycle Management and 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning Tools: Reducing Costs and Increasing Productivity

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-30

developed the Knowledge Value Added + Systems Dynamics + Integrated Risk Management (KVA+SD+IRM) valuation framework to address these issues. KVA+SD...SD+IRM framework is used to quantify process cost savings and the potential benefits of selecting collab-PLM+3D TLS technology in the ship SHIPMAIN...The first section of this paper explicates the KVA+SD+IRM framework . In section two, a description of the SHIPMAIN program is provided. The third

46 CFR 520.8 - Effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective dates. 520.8 Section 520.8 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AFFECTING OCEAN SHIPPING IN FOREIGN COMMERCE CARRIER AUTOMATED TARIFFS § 520.8 Effective dates. (a) General. (1) No new or initial rate, charge, or change in an existing rate...

46 CFR 520.8 - Effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective dates. 520.8 Section 520.8 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AFFECTING OCEAN SHIPPING IN FOREIGN COMMERCE CARRIER AUTOMATED TARIFFS § 520.8 Effective dates. (a) General. (1) No new or initial rate, charge, or change in an existing rate...

Minimizing the Total Service Time of Discrete Dynamic Berth Allocation Problem by an Iterated Greedy Heuristic

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Berth allocation is the forefront operation performed when ships arrive at a port and is a critical task in container port optimization. Minimizing the time ships spend at berths constitutes an important objective of berth allocation problems. This study focuses on the discrete dynamic berth allocation problem (discrete DBAP), which aims to minimize total service time, and proposes an iterated greedy (IG) algorithm to solve it. The proposed IG algorithm is tested on three benchmark problem sets. Experimental results show that the proposed IG algorithm can obtain optimal solutions for all test instances of the first and second problem sets and outperforms the best-known solutions for 35 out of 90 test instances of the third problem set. PMID:25295295

Impacts of Canadian and global black carbon shipping emissions on Arctic climate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shrestha, R.; von Salzen, K.

2017-12-01

Shipping activities have increased across the Arctic and are projected to continue to increase in the future. In this study we compare the climate impacts of Canadian and global shipping black carbon (BC) emissions on the Arctic using the Canadian Center for Climate Modelling and Analysis Earth System Model (CanESM4.1). The model simulations are performed with and without shipping emissions at T63 (128 x 64) spectral resolution. Results indicate that shipping activities enhance BC concentrations across the area close to the shipping emissions, which causes increased absorption of solar radiation (direct effect). An impact of shipping on temperatures is simulated across the entire Arctic, with maximum warming in fall and winter seasons. Although global mean temperature changes are very similar between the two simulations, increase in Canadian BC shipping emissions cause warmer Arctic land surface temperature in summer due to the direct radiative effects of aerosol.

32 CFR 700.872 - Ships and craft in drydock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Ships and craft in drydock. 700.872 Section 700... Special Circumstances/ships in Naval Stations and Shipyards § 700.872 Ships and craft in drydock. (a) The commanding officer of a ship in drydock shall be responsible for effecting adequate closure, during such...

32 CFR 700.872 - Ships and craft in drydock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Ships and craft in drydock. 700.872 Section 700... Special Circumstances/ships in Naval Stations and Shipyards § 700.872 Ships and craft in drydock. (a) The commanding officer of a ship in drydock shall be responsible for effecting adequate closure, during such...

32 CFR 700.872 - Ships and craft in drydock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Ships and craft in drydock. 700.872 Section 700... Special Circumstances/ships in Naval Stations and Shipyards § 700.872 Ships and craft in drydock. (a) The commanding officer of a ship in drydock shall be responsible for effecting adequate closure, during such...

32 CFR 700.872 - Ships and craft in drydock.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 5 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Ships and craft in drydock. 700.872 Section 700... Special Circumstances/ships in Naval Stations and Shipyards § 700.872 Ships and craft in drydock. (a) The commanding officer of a ship in drydock shall be responsible for effecting adequate closure, during such...

Practical solutions for reducing container ships' waiting times at ports using simulation model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheikholeslami, Abdorreza; Ilati, Gholamreza; Yeganeh, Yones Eftekhari

2013-12-01

The main challenge for container ports is the planning required for berthing container ships while docked in port. Growth of containerization is creating problems for ports and container terminals as they reach their capacity limits of various resources which increasingly leads to traffic and port congestion. Good planning and management of container terminal operations reduces waiting time for liner ships. Reducing the waiting time improves the terminal's productivity and decreases the port difficulties. Two important keys to reducing waiting time with berth allocation are determining suitable access channel depths and increasing the number of berths which in this paper are studied and analyzed as practical solutions. Simulation based analysis is the only way to understand how various resources interact with each other and how they are affected in the berthing time of ships. We used the Enterprise Dynamics software to produce simulation models due to the complexity and nature of the problems. We further present case study for berth allocation simulation of the biggest container terminal in Iran and the optimum access channel depth and the number of berths are obtained from simulation results. The results show a significant reduction in the waiting time for container ships and can be useful for major functions in operations and development of container ship terminals.

Characterization of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator

PubMed Central

Stenton, Grant R; Mackenzie, Patrick Tam, Lloyd F; Cross, Jennifer L; Harwig, Curtis; Raymond, Jeffrey; Toews, Judy; Wu, Joyce; Ogden, Nancy; MacRury, Thomas; Szabo, Csaba

2013-01-01

Background The SH2-containing inositol-5′-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) metabolizes PI(3,4,5)P3 to PI(3,4)P2. SHIP1-deficient mice exhibit progressive inflammation. Pharmacological activation of SHIP1 is emerging as a potential therapy for pulmonary inflammatory diseases. Here we characterize the efficacy of AQX-1125, a small-molecule SHIP1 activator currently in clinical development. Experimental Approach The effects of AQX-1125 were tested in several in vitro assays: on enzyme catalytic activity utilizing recombinant human SHIP1, on Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1-proficient and SHIP1-deficient cell lines, on cytokine release in murine splenocytes, on human leukocyte chemotaxis using modified Boyden chambers and on β-hexosaminidase release from murine mast cells. In addition, pharmacokinetic and drug distribution studies were performed in rats and dogs. Results AQX-1125 increased the catalytic activity of human recombinant SHIP1, an effect, which was absent after deletion of the C2 region. AQX-1125 inhibited Akt phosphorylation in SHIP1-proficient but not in SHIP1-deficient cells, reduced cytokine production in splenocytes, inhibited the activation of mast cells and inhibited human leukocyte chemotaxis. In vivo, AQX-1125 exhibited >80% oral bioavailability and >5 h terminal half-life. Conclusions Consistent with the role of SHIP1 in cell activation and chemotaxis, the SHIP1 activator AQX-1125 inhibits Akt phosphorylation, inflammatory mediator production and leukocyte chemotaxis in vitro. The in vitro effects and the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound make it a suitable candidate for in vivo testing in various models of inflammation. Linked Article This article is accompanied by Stenton et al., pp. 1519–1529 of this issue. To view this article visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.12038 PMID:23121445

Radiated noise from commercial ships in the Gulf of Maine: implications for whale/vessel collisions.

PubMed

Allen, J Kaitlyn; Peterson, Michael L; Sharrard, George V; Wright, Dana L; Todd, Sean K

2012-09-01

To understand mysticete acoustic-based detection of ships, radiated noise from high-speed craft, cruise ships, catamarans and fishing vessels was recorded June-September 2009. Calibrated acoustic data (<2500 Hz) from a vertical hydrophone array was combined with ship passage information. A cruise ship had the highest broadband source level, while a fishing vessel had the lowest. Ship noise radiated asymmetrically and varied with depth. Bow null-effect acoustic shadow zones were observed for all ship classes and were correlated with ship-length-to-draft-ratios. These shadow zones may reduce ship detection by near-surface mysticetes.

Effect of barnacle fouling on ship resistance and powering.

PubMed

Demirel, Yigit Kemal; Uzun, Dogancan; Zhang, Yansheng; Fang, Ho-Chun; Day, Alexander H; Turan, Osman

2017-11-01

Predictions of added resistance and the effective power of ships were made for varying barnacle fouling conditions. A series of towing tests was carried out using flat plates covered with artificial barnacles. The tests were designed to allow the examination of the effects of barnacle height and percentage coverage on the resistance and effective power of ships. The drag coefficients and roughness function values were evaluated for the flat plates. The roughness effects of the fouling conditions on the ships' frictional resistances were predicted. Added resistance diagrams were then plotted using these predictions, and powering penalties for these ships were calculated using the diagrams generated. The results indicate that the effect of barnacle size is significant, since a 10% coverage of barnacles each 5 mm in height caused a similar level of added power requirements to a 50% coverage of barnacles each 1.25 mm in height.

A Decision Mixture Model-Based Method for Inshore Ship Detection Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images

PubMed Central

Bi, Fukun; Chen, Jing; Zhuang, Yin; Bian, Mingming; Zhang, Qingjun

2017-01-01

With the rapid development of optical remote sensing satellites, ship detection and identification based on large-scale remote sensing images has become a significant maritime research topic. Compared with traditional ocean-going vessel detection, inshore ship detection has received increasing attention in harbor dynamic surveillance and maritime management. However, because the harbor environment is complex, gray information and texture features between docked ships and their connected dock regions are indistinguishable, most of the popular detection methods are limited by their calculation efficiency and detection accuracy. In this paper, a novel hierarchical method that combines an efficient candidate scanning strategy and an accurate candidate identification mixture model is presented for inshore ship detection in complex harbor areas. First, in the candidate region extraction phase, an omnidirectional intersected two-dimension scanning (OITDS) strategy is designed to rapidly extract candidate regions from the land-water segmented images. In the candidate region identification phase, a decision mixture model (DMM) is proposed to identify real ships from candidate objects. Specifically, to improve the robustness regarding the diversity of ships, a deformable part model (DPM) was employed to train a key part sub-model and a whole ship sub-model. Furthermore, to improve the identification accuracy, a surrounding correlation context sub-model is built. Finally, to increase the accuracy of candidate region identification, these three sub-models are integrated into the proposed DMM. Experiments were performed on numerous large-scale harbor remote sensing images, and the results showed that the proposed method has high detection accuracy and rapid computational efficiency. PMID:28640236

A Decision Mixture Model-Based Method for Inshore Ship Detection Using High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images.

PubMed

Bi, Fukun; Chen, Jing; Zhuang, Yin; Bian, Mingming; Zhang, Qingjun

2017-06-22

With the rapid development of optical remote sensing satellites, ship detection and identification based on large-scale remote sensing images has become a significant maritime research topic. Compared with traditional ocean-going vessel detection, inshore ship detection has received increasing attention in harbor dynamic surveillance and maritime management. However, because the harbor environment is complex, gray information and texture features between docked ships and their connected dock regions are indistinguishable, most of the popular detection methods are limited by their calculation efficiency and detection accuracy. In this paper, a novel hierarchical method that combines an efficient candidate scanning strategy and an accurate candidate identification mixture model is presented for inshore ship detection in complex harbor areas. First, in the candidate region extraction phase, an omnidirectional intersected two-dimension scanning (OITDS) strategy is designed to rapidly extract candidate regions from the land-water segmented images. In the candidate region identification phase, a decision mixture model (DMM) is proposed to identify real ships from candidate objects. Specifically, to improve the robustness regarding the diversity of ships, a deformable part model (DPM) was employed to train a key part sub-model and a whole ship sub-model. Furthermore, to improve the identification accuracy, a surrounding correlation context sub-model is built. Finally, to increase the accuracy of candidate region identification, these three sub-models are integrated into the proposed DMM. Experiments were performed on numerous large-scale harbor remote sensing images, and the results showed that the proposed method has high detection accuracy and rapid computational efficiency.

Shipping, Ships and Waterways: A Marine Education Infusion Unit. Northern New England Marine Education Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maine Univ., Orono. Coll. of Education.

This multidisciplinary unit is designed to increase familiarity with various types of ships and purposes for different varieties of marine vessels. It seeks to increase familiarity with routes of ocean shipping and the effect of ocean conditions such as currents upon shipping route patterns. A discussion treats the uses of various navigation…

Sea loads on ships and offshore structures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Faltinsen, O.

1990-01-01

The book introduces the theory of the structural loading on ships and offshore structures caused by wind, waves and currents, and goes on to describe the applications of this theory in terms of real structures. The main topics described are linear-wave induced motions, loads on floating structures, numerical methods for ascertaining wave induced motions and loads, viscous wave loads and damping, stationkeeping and water impact and entry. The applications of the theoretical principles are introduced with extensive use of exercises and examples. Applications covered include conventional ships, barges, high speed marine vehicles, semisubmersibles, tension leg platforms, moored or dynamic positionedmore » ships, risers, buoys, fishing nets, jacket structures and gravity platforms. One aim of the book is to provide a physical understanding through simplified mathematical models. In this way one can develop analytical tools to evaluate results from test models, full scale trials or computer simulation, and learns which parameters represent the major contributions and influences on sea loads.« less

A study for bank effect on ship traffic in narrow water channels using cellular automata

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Zhuo; Cong, Shuang; Pan, Junnan; Zheng, Jianfeng

2017-12-01

In narrow water channels, bank might affect nearby ships due to hydrodynamic forces (bank effect). To avoid accidents, different sailing rules (i.e., lane-changing, speed control) are required. In this paper, a two-lane cellular automata model is proposed to evaluate such phenomena. Numerical experiments show that ships will form a “slow-moving chunk” in the bank area, which will significantly block the flux. As further study demonstrated to alleviate bank effect, ship speed and bank length should be controlled.

Effect of Electromagnetic Stirring on Weld Pools.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-10-01

R136 71S EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNET1C STIRRING ON WELD POOL5(U) i/lD DAVID W TAYLOR NAVAL SH-IP RE5ERRCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER ANN. R DENRLE ET RL...COMMANDER TECHNICAL DIRECTOR 01 OFFICER-IN-CHARGE OFFICER-IN-CHARGE CARDEROCK ANNAPOLIS 06 04 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT 11 SHIP PERFORMANCE AVIATION AND...SHIP ACOUSTICS PROPULSION AND DEPARTMENT AUXILIARY SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT 19 27 SHIP MATERIALS CENTRAL ENGINEERING INSTRUMENTATION DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT28

An approach to high speed ship ride quality simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Malone, W. L.; Vickery, J. M.

1975-01-01

The high speeds attained by certain advanced surface ships result in a spectrum of motion which is higher in frequency than that of conventional ships. This fact along with the inclusion of advanced ride control features in the design of these ships resulted in an increased awareness of the need for ride criteria. Such criteria can be developed using data from actual ship operations in varied sea states or from clinical laboratory experiments. A third approach is to simulate ship conditions using measured or calculated ship motion data. Recent simulations have used data derived from a math model of Surface Effect Ship (SES) motion. The model in turn is based on equations of motion which have been refined with data from scale models and SES of up to 101 600-kg (100-ton) displacement. Employment of broad band motion emphasizes the use of the simulators as a design tool to evaluate a given ship configuration in several operational situations and also serves to provide data as to the overall effect of a given motion on crew performance and physiological status.

Evidence for ship noise impacts on humpback whale foraging behaviour.

PubMed

Blair, Hannah B; Merchant, Nathan D; Friedlaender, Ari S; Wiley, David N; Parks, Susan E

2016-08-01

Noise from shipping activity in North Atlantic coastal waters has been steadily increasing and is an area of growing conservation concern, as it has the potential to disrupt the behaviour of marine organisms. This study examines the impacts of ship noise on bottom foraging humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the western North Atlantic. Data were collected from 10 foraging whales using non-invasive archival tags that simultaneously recorded underwater movements and the acoustic environment at the whale. Using mixed models, we assess the effects of ship noise on seven parameters of their feeding behaviours. Independent variables included the presence or absence of ship noise and the received level of ship noise at the whale. We found significant effects on foraging, including slower descent rates and fewer side-roll feeding events per dive with increasing ship noise. During 5 of 18 ship passages, dives without side-rolls were observed. These findings indicate that humpback whales on Stellwagen Bank, an area with chronically elevated levels of shipping traffic, significantly change foraging activity when exposed to high levels of ship noise. This measureable reduction in within-dive foraging effort of individual whales could potentially lead to population-level impacts of shipping noise on baleen whale foraging success. © 2016 The Author(s).

Study on a PEFC propulsion system for surface ships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ono, Ryuta; Tsuchiyama, Syozo

1996-12-31

This Abstract summarizes a series of presentations to the present Seminar, covering various aspects of a 1,000 kW PEFC system envisaged as propulsion system to equip a 1,500 DWT Cargo vessel, reported under the following titles: (1) Performance Evaluation of 1kW PEFC (2) Performance of Catalysts for CO Removal by Methanation Reaction (3) Development of a Selective Oxidation CO Removal Reactor for Methanol Reformate Gas (4) Experimental Investigation on a Turbine Compressor for Air Supply System of a Fuel Cell (5) Dynamic Simulator for PEFC Propulsion Plant (6) Power Feature Required for PEFC Powered Electric Propulsion Ship The purpose ofmore » this study is to identify subjects requiring further development toward the realization of a practical fuel cell system to power ships.« less

a Floating Mobile Quay for Super Container Ships in a Hub Port

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chae, Jang-Won; Park, Woo-Sun

A floating mobile quay (FMQ), which is an innovative berth system, has functions of not only both side loading/unloading but also direct transshipment to feeder ships in a hub port. Applying the FMQ to a hub port such as the west terminal of Busan New Port of Korea, it is shown from a physical modeling and field model test that the quay is dynamically stable and workable in the prevailing wave condition and also safe in a design storm condition, respectively. The terminal productivity is increased by 30% comparing with the present land based berth. The B/C ratio of the new berth system is evaluated as 1.13 considering super-large container ships. It appears that the FMQ is a technically and economically feasible system in the hub port.

Wave cancellation small waterplane multihull ships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hsu, C.C.; Wilson, M.B.

1994-12-31

A new patented wave cancellation multihull ship concept (Hsu, 1993) is presented. Such ships consist of various arrangements of tapered hull elements. The tapered hull design provides a small waterplane area for enhanced seakeeping while producing smaller surface disturbances. In addition, proper arrangement of hull elements provides favorable wave interference effects. The saving in effective horsepower with a realistic wave cancellation tri-hull arrangement, was found to be about 30 percent compared to small waterplane area twin-hull ships. Power reductions of this magnitude translate to considerably fuel consumptions and improved range. Applications to several ship types, such as for fast ferries,more » cruise and container ships, appear promising, wherever good seakeeping, large deck space and high speed in the design.« less

A comparison of ship and Coastal Zone Color Scanner mapped distribution of phytoplankton in the southeastern Bering Sea

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcclain, C. R.; Sambrotto, R. N.; Ray, G. C.; Muller-Karger, F. E.

1990-01-01

Twenty-one Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS) images of the southeastern Bering Sea are examined in order to map the near-surface distribution of phytoplankton during 1979 and 1980. The information is compared with the mesoscale (100-1000 km) distribution of phytoplankton inferred from pooled ship sampling obtained during the Processes and Resources of the Bering Shelf (PROBES) intensive field study during the late 1970s and early 1980s. The imagery indicates that open-water phytoplankton blooms occur first in late April in coastal waters, peak in early May over the middle shelf, and decay rapidly afterwards, reaching concentration minima in June in both regions. These patterns show that the earlier ship observations are valid for most of the eastern Bering shelf. A very tight correlation is found between the PROBES surface chlorophyll a concentrations and mean mixed-layer chlorophyll concentrations. The significant discrepancies between CZCS and ship-based chlorophyll estimates may be due to aliasing in time by the CZCS. It is concluded that neither satellite nor ship alone can do an adequate job of characterizing the physics or biological dynamics of the ocean.

Mini-review: Assessing the drivers of ship biofouling management--aligning industry and biosecurity goals.

PubMed

Davidson, Ian; Scianni, Christopher; Hewitt, Chad; Everett, Richard; Holm, Eric; Tamburri, Mario; Ruiz, Gregory

2016-01-01

Biofouling exerts a frictional and cost penalty on ships and is a direct cause of invasion by marine species. These negative consequences provide a unifying purpose for the maritime industry and biosecurity managers to prevent biofouling accumulation and transfer, but important gaps exist between these sectors. This mini-review examines the approach to assessments of ship biofouling among sectors (industry, biosecurity and marine science) and the implications for existing and emerging management of biofouling. The primary distinctions between industry and biosecurity in assessment of vessels biofouling revolve around the resolution of biological information collected and the specific wetted surface areas of primary concern to each sector. The morphological characteristics of biofouling and their effects on propulsion dynamics are of primary concern to industry, with an almost exclusive focus on the vertical sides and flat bottom of hulls and an emphasis on antifouling and operational performance. In contrast, the identity, biogeography, and ecology of translocated organisms is of highest concern to invasion researchers and biosecurity managers and policymakers, especially as it relates to species with known histories of invasion elsewhere. Current management practices often provide adequate, although not complete, provision for hull surfaces, but niche areas are well known to enhance biosecurity risk. As regulations to prevent invasions emerge in this arena, there is a growing opportunity for industry, biosecurity and academic stakeholders to collaborate and harmonize efforts to assess and manage biofouling of ships that should lead to more comprehensive biofouling solutions that promote industry goals while reducing biosecurity risk and greenhouse gas emissions.

Integrated Study of the Dynamics of the Kuroshio Intrusion and Effects on Acoustic Propagation

DTIC Science & Technology

2018-08-03

runs that could then be evaluated against synoptic surveys collected using a ship-based towed, undulating profiler. ocean circulation; ocean...Revelle. Gliders were launched from R/V Melville in May. Data from the broad-scale hydrographic survey undertaken by OR2 and OR3 in Taiwan Strait...1.0 −0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 Salinity psu figure 1. plan views of the temperature and salinity fields from two broad-scale surveys from r/Vs Ocean Researcher 2

Aerodynamic Efficiency Analysis on Modified Drag Generator of Tanker-Ship Using Symmetrical Airfoil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moranova, Starida; Rahmat Hadiyatul A., S. T.; Indra Permana S., S. T.

2018-04-01

Time reduction of tanker ship spent in the sea should be applied for solving problems occured in oil and gas distribution, such as the unpunctuality of the distribution and oil spilling. The aerodynamic design for some parts that considered as drag generators is presumed to be one of the solution, utilizing our demand of the increasing speed. This paper suggests two examples of the more-aerodynamic design of a part in the tanker that is considered a drag generator, and reports the value of drag generated from the basic and the suggested aerodynamic designs. The new designs are made by adding the NACA airfoil to the cross section of the drag generator. The scenario is assumed with a 39 km/hour speed of tanker, neglecting the hydrodynamic effects occured in the tanker by cutting it at the waterline which separated the drag between air and water. The results of produced drag in each design are calculated by Computational Fluid Dynamic method.

MIMO H∞ control of three-axis ship-mounted mobile antenna systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuseyri, İ. Sina

2018-02-01

The need for on-line information in any environment has led to the development of mobile satellite communication terminals. These high data-rate terminals require inertial antenna pointing error tolerance within fractions of a degree. However, the base motion of the antenna platform in mobile applications complicates this pointing problem and must be accounted for. Gimbaled motorised pedestals are used to eliminate the effect of disturbance and maintain uninterrupted communication. In this paper, a three-axis ship-mounted antenna on a pedestal gimbal system is studied. Based on the derived dynamic model of the antenna pedestal multi input-multi output PID and H∞ linear controllers are designed to stabilise the antenna to keep its orientation unaltered towards the satellite while the sea waves disturb the antenna. Simulation results are presented to show the stabilisation performance of the system with the synthesised controllers. It is shown through performance comparison and analysis that the proposed H∞ control structure is preferable over PID controlled system in terms of system stability and the disturbance rejection.

Modeling the dynamic crush of impact mitigating materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Logan, R. W.; McMichael, L. D.

1995-05-01

Crushable materials are commonly utilized in the design of structural components to absorb energy and mitigate shock during the dynamic impact of a complex structure, such as an automobile chassis or drum-type shipping container. The development and application of several finite-element material models which have been developed at various times at LLNL for DYNA3D are discussed. Between the models, they are able to account for several of the predominant mechanisms which typically influence the dynamic mechanical behavior of crushable materials. One issue we addressed was that no single existing model would account for the entire gambit of constitutive features which are important for crushable materials. Thus, we describe the implementation and use of an additional material model which attempts to provide a more comprehensive model of the mechanics of crushable material behavior. This model combines features of the pre-existing DYNA models and incorporates some new features as well in an invariant large-strain formulation. In addition to examining the behavior of a unit cell in uniaxial compression, two cases were chosen to evaluate the capabilities and accuracy of the various material models in DYNA. In the first case, a model for foam filled box beams was developed and compared to test data from a four-point bend test. The model was subsequently used to study its effectiveness in energy absorption in an aluminum extrusion, spaceframe, vehicle chassis. The second case examined the response of the AT-400A shipping container and the performance of the overpack material during accident environments selected from 10CFR71 and IAEA regulations.

Analysis of ship maneuvering data from simulators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frette, V.; Kleppe, G.; Christensen, K.

2011-03-01

We analyze complex manuevering histories of ships obtained from training sessions on bridge simulators. Advanced ships are used in fields like offshore oil exploration: dive support vessels, supply vessels, anchor handling vessels, tugs, cable layers, and multi-purpose vessels. Due to high demands from the operations carried out, these ships need to have very high maneuverability. This is achieved through a propulsion system with several thrusters, water jets, and rudders in addition to standard propellers. For some operations, like subsea maintenance, it is crucial that the ship accurately keeps a fixed position. Therefore, bridge systems usually incorporate equipment for Dynamic Positioning (DP). DP is a method to keep ships and semi submersible rigs in a fixed position using the propulsion systems instead of anchors. It may also be used for sailing a vessel from one position to another along a predefined route. Like an autopilot on an airplane, DP may operate without human involvement. The method relies on accurate determination of position from external reference systems like GPS, as well as a continuously adjusted mathematical model of the ship and external forces from wind, waves and currents. In a specific simulator exercise for offshore crews, a ship is to be taken up to an installation consisting of three nearby oil platforms connected by bridges (Frigg field, North Sea), where a subsea inspection is to be carried out. Due to the many degrees of freedom during maneuvering, including partly or full use of DP, the chosen routes vary significantly. In this poster we report preliminary results on representations of the complex maneuvering histories; representations that allow comparison between crew groups, and, possibly, sorting of the different strategic choices behind.

Digging navigable waterways through lagoon tidal flats: which short and long-term impacts on groundwater dynamics and quality?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teatini, Pietro; Isotton, Giovanni; Nardean, Stefano; Ferronato, Massimiliano; Tosi, Luigi; Da Lio, Cristina; Zaggia, Luca; Bellafiore, Debora; Zecchin, Massimo; Baradello, Luca; Corami, Fabiana; Libralato, Giovanni; Morabito, Elisa; Broglia, Riccardo; Zaghi, Stefano

2017-04-01

Coastal lagoons are highly valued ephemeral habitats that have experienced in many cases the pressure of human activities since the development of urbanisation and economic activities within or around their boundaries. One typical intervention is dredging of canals to increase the exchange of water with the sea or for navigation purposes. In order to divert the route of large cruise liners from the historic center of Venice, Italy, the Venice Port Authority has recently proposed a project for the dredging of a new 3-km long and 10-m deep navigation canal (called Marghera-Venice Canal, MVC, in the sequel) through the shallows of the Venice Lagoon. The MVC will connect the passenger terminal located in the southwestern part of the historic center to a main channel that reaches the industrial area on the western lagoon margin. Can the new MVC facilitate saltwater intrusion below the lagoon bottom? Can the release into the lagoon of the chemicals detected in the groundwater around the industrial site be favoured by the MVC excavation? Can the depression waves generated by the ship transit (known as ship-wakes) along the MVC affect the flow and contaminant exchange between the subsurface and surficial systems? A response to these questions has been provided by the use of uncoupled and coupled density-dependent groundwater flow and transport simulators. The hydrogeological modelling has been supported by an in-depth characterization of the Venice lagoon subsurface along the MVC. Geophysical surveys, laboratory analyses on groundwater and sediment samples, in-situ measurements through piezometers and pressure sensors, and the outcome of 3D hydrodynamic and computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models have been used to set-up and calibrate the subsurface multi-model approach. The modelling results can be summarized as follows: i) the MVC has a negligible effect in relation to the propagation of the tidal regime into the subsoil; ii) the depression caused by the ship transit along the MVC is responsible of a groundwater efflux from the canal bottom into the lagoon ranging up to 100 m3 per ship; iii) ship-wakes enhance the release of anthropogenic contaminants (As, Se, Cd, Hg, Pb, Cu, Cr) from the subsoil into the lagoon over few years after the canal excavation; iv) the MVC excavation cut the over-consolidated clay layer marking the Holocene-Pleistocene limit, thus favouring a localized salt contamination of the almost fresh-water aquifers located in the uppermost part of the Pleistocene series.

49 CFR 171.14 - Transitional provisions for implementing certain requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Table in effect on September 30, 2001. (5) Proper shipping names that included the word “inhibited... shipping papers in place of the word “stabilized” until October 1, 2007. Proper shipping names that included the word “compressed” prior to the final rule published on July 31, 2003 and effective on October...

Parameter study of shipping conditions for the ready-to-use application of a 3D human hemicornea construct in drug absorption studies.

PubMed

Beißner, Nicole; Zorn-Kruppa, Michaela; Reichl, Stephan

2018-01-30

In this study, a shipping protocol for our 3D human hemicornea (HC) construct should be developed to provide quality-maintaining shipping conditions and to allow its ready-to-use application in drug absorption studies. First, the effects of single and multiple parameters, such as the type of shipping container, storage temperature and CO 2 supply, were investigated under controlled laboratory conditions by assessing cell viability via MTT dye reaction and epithelial barrier properties via transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements. These investigations showed that TEER is more susceptible to shipping parameters than cell viability. Furthermore, the results were used to determine the optimal shipping conditions and critical values for subsequent overnight, real-time shipping experiments. Epithelial barrier properties were then investigated via TEER and the permeation of sodium fluorescein for shipped and not shipped HC. The results underscore that acceleration forces and changes in position may have a great impact on the epithelial barrier of 3D models. Low acceleration values and short changes in position caused only minor impairments. However, combined or intensive separate effects resulted in considerably low yields after shipping. Consequently, barrier-maintaining shipping of 3D in vitro models seems to be challenging, as mechanical forces have to be reduced to a minimum. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of the Mesh Geometry Evolution on Gearbox Dynamics during Its Maintenance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dąbrowski, Z.; Dziurdź, J.; Klekot, G.

2017-12-01

Toothed gears constitute the necessary elements of power transmission systems. They are applied as stationary devices in drive systems of road vehicles, ships and crafts as well as airplanes and helicopters. One of the problems related to the toothed gears usage is the determination of their technical state or its evolutions. Assuming that the gear slippage velocity is attributed to vibrations and noises generated by cooperating toothed wheels, the application of a simple cooperation model of rolled wheels of skew teeth is proposed for the analysis of the mesh evolution influence on the gear dynamics. In addition, an example of utilising an ordinary coherence function for investigating evolutionary mesh changes related to the effects impossible to be described by means of the simple kinematic model is presented.

77 FR 39395 - Special Local Regulations; Ocean State Tall Ships Festival 2012, Narragansett Bay, RI

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-03

...-AA08 Special Local Regulations; Ocean State Tall Ships Festival 2012, Narragansett Bay, RI AGENCY... Tall Ships Festival 2012. DATES: This rule is effective from July 6, 2012 until July 10, 2012... ``Special Local Regulations: Ocean State Tall Ships Festival 2012, Narragansett Bay, RI'' in the Federal...

Construction of shipping channels in the Detroit River—History and environmental consequences

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bennion, David H.; Manny, Bruce A.

2011-01-01

The Detroit River is one of the most biologically diverse areas in the Great Lakes basin. It has been an important international shipping route since the 1820s and is one of the busiest navigation centers in the United States. Historically, it supported one of the most profitable Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes. Since 1874, the lower Detroit River has been systematically and extensively modified, by construction of deepwater channels, to facilitate commercial shipping. Large-scale dredging, disposal of dredge spoils, and construction of water-level compensating works has greatly altered channel morphology and flow dynamics of the river, disrupting ecological function and fishery productivity of the river and influencing Great Lakes water levels. From 1874 to 1968, major construction projects created 96.5 kilometers (60 miles) of shipping channels, removed over 46,200,000 m3 of material, covered 4,050 hectares (40.5 square kilometers) of river bottom with dredge spoils, and built 85 hectares of above-waterline compensating works at a total cost of US$283 million. Interest by industries and government agencies to develop the river further for shipping is high and increasing. Historically, as environmental protection agencies were created, construction impacts on natural resources were increasingly addressed during the planning process and, in some cases, assessments of these impacts greatly altered or halted proposed construction projects. Careful planning of future shipping-channel construction and maintenance projects, including a thorough analysis of the expected environmental impacts, could greatly reduce financial costs and ecological damages as compared to past shipping-channel construction projects.

An Investigation on the Effects of Ship Sourced Emissions in Izmir Port, Turkey

PubMed Central

Saraçoğlu, Halil; Kılıç, Alper

2013-01-01

Maritime transportation is a major source of climate change and air pollution. Shipping emissions cause severe impacts on health and environment. These effects of emissions are emerged especially in territorial waters, inland seas, canals, straits, bays, and port regions. In this paper, exhaust gas emissions from ships in Izmir Port, which is one of the main ports in Turkey, are calculated by the ship activity-based methodology. Total emissions from ships in the port is estimated as 1923 ton y−1 for NOx, 1405 ton y−1 for SO2, 82753 ton y−1 for CO2, ton y−1 for HC, and 165 ton y−1 for PM in the year 2007. These emissions are classified regarding operation modes and types of ships. The results are compared with the other studies including amounts of exhaust pollutants generated by ships. According to the findings, it is clear that the ships calling the Izmir Port are important air polluting causes of the Izmir city and its surroundings. PMID:24198720

Improved hybrid isolator with maglev actuator integrated in air spring for active-passive isolation of ship machinery vibration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Yan; He, Lin; Shuai, Chang-geng; Wang, Chun-yu

2017-10-01

A hybrid isolator consisting of maglev actuator and air spring is proposed and developed for application in active-passive vibration isolation system of ship machinery. The dynamic characteristics of this hybrid isolator are analyzed and tested. The stability and adaptability of this hybrid isolator to shock and swing in the marine environment are improved by a compliant gap protection technique and a disengageable suspended structure. The functions of these new engineering designs are proved by analytical verification and experimental validation of the designed stiffness of such a hybrid isolator, and also by shock adaptability testing of the hybrid isolator. Finally, such hybrid isolators are installed in an engineering mounting loaded with a 200-kW ship diesel generator, and the broadband and low-frequency sinusoidal isolation performance is tested.

Assessing the Operational Effectiveness of a Small Surface Combat Ship in an Anti-Surface Warfare Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

realistically representing the world in a simulation environment. A screenshot of the combat model used for this research is shown below. There are six...changes in use of technology (Ryan & Jons, 1992). Cost effectiveness and operational effectiveness are important, and it is extremely hard to achieve...effectiveness of ships using simulation and analytical models, to create a ship synthesis model, and most importantly, to develop decision making tools

Effects of ship-induced waves on aquatic ecosystems.

PubMed

Gabel, Friederike; Lorenz, Stefan; Stoll, Stefan

2017-12-01

Most larger water bodies worldwide are used for navigation, and the intensity of commercial and recreational navigation is expected to further increase. Navigation profoundly affects aquatic ecosystems. To facilitate navigation, rivers are trained and developed, and the direct effects of navigation include chemical and biological impacts (e.g., inputs of toxic substances and dispersal of non-native species, respectively). Furthermore, propagating ships create hydrodynamic alterations, often simply summarized as waves. Although ship-induced waves are recognized as influential stressors, knowledge on their effects is poorly synthesized. We present here a review on the effects of ship-induced waves on the structure, function and services of aquatic ecosystems based on more than 200 peer reviewed publications and technical reports. Ship-induced waves act at multiple organizational levels and different spatial and temporal scales. All the abiotic and biotic components of aquatic ecosystems are affected, from the sediment and nutrient budget to the planktonic, benthic and fish communities. We highlight how the effects of ship-induced waves cascade through ecosystems and how different effects interact and feed back into the ecosystem finally leading to altered ecosystem services and human health effects. Based on this synthesis of wave effects, we discuss strategies for mitigation. This may help to develop scientifically based and target-oriented management plans for navigational waters that optimize abiotic and biotic integrity and their ecosystem services and uses. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

An Evaluation of Pixel-Based Methods for the Detection of Floating Objects on the Sea Surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borghgraef, Alexander; Barnich, Olivier; Lapierre, Fabian; Van Droogenbroeck, Marc; Philips, Wilfried; Acheroy, Marc

2010-12-01

Ship-based automatic detection of small floating objects on an agitated sea surface remains a hard problem. Our main concern is the detection of floating mines, which proved a real threat to shipping in confined waterways during the first Gulf War, but applications include salvaging, search-and-rescue operation, perimeter, or harbour defense. Detection in infrared (IR) is challenging because a rough sea is seen as a dynamic background of moving objects with size order, shape, and temperature similar to those of the floating mine. In this paper we have applied a selection of background subtraction algorithms to the problem, and we show that the recent algorithms such as ViBe and behaviour subtraction, which take into account spatial and temporal correlations within the dynamic scene, significantly outperform the more conventional parametric techniques, with only little prior assumptions about the physical properties of the scene.

The Ship Movement Trajectory Prediction Algorithm Using Navigational Data Fusion.

PubMed

Borkowski, Piotr

2017-06-20

It is essential for the marine navigator conducting maneuvers of his ship at sea to know future positions of himself and target ships in a specific time span to effectively solve collision situations. This article presents an algorithm of ship movement trajectory prediction, which, through data fusion, takes into account measurements of the ship's current position from a number of doubled autonomous devices. This increases the reliability and accuracy of prediction. The algorithm has been implemented in NAVDEC, a navigation decision support system and practically used on board ships.

Wireless remote monitoring of toxic gases in shipbuilding.

PubMed

Pérez-Garrido, Carlos; González-Castaño, Francisco J; Chaves-Díeguez, David; Rodríguez-Hernández, Pedro S

2014-02-14

Large-scale wireless sensor networks have not achieved market impact, so far. Nevertheless, this technology may be applied successfully to small-scale niche markets. Shipyards are hazardous working environments with many potential risks to worker safety. Toxic gases generated in soldering processes in enclosed spaces (e.g., cargo holds) are one such risk. The dynamic environment of a ship under construction makes it very difficult to plan gas detection fixed infrastructures connected to external monitoring stations via wired links. While portable devices with gas level indicators exist, they require workers to monitor measurements, often in situations where they are focused on other tasks for relatively long periods. In this work, we present a wireless multihop remote gas monitoring system for shipyard environments that has been tested in a real ship under construction. Using this system, we validate IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee wireless networks as a suitable technology to connect gas detectors to control stations outside the ships. These networks have the added benefit that they reconfigure themselves dynamically in case of network failure or redeployment, for example when a relay is moved to a new location. Performance measurements include round trip time (which determines the alert response time for safety teams) and link quality indicator and packet error rate (which determine communication robustness).

Wireless Remote Monitoring of Toxic Gases in Shipbuilding

PubMed Central

Pérez-Garrido, Carlos; González-Castaño, Francisco J.; Chaves-Diéguez, David; Rodríguez-Hernández, Pedro S.

2014-01-01

Large-scale wireless sensor networks have not achieved market impact, so far. Nevertheless, this technology may be applied successfully to small-scale niche markets. Shipyards are hazardous working environments with many potential risks to worker safety. Toxic gases generated in soldering processes in enclosed spaces (e.g., cargo holds) are one such risk. The dynamic environment of a ship under construction makes it very difficult to plan gas detection fixed infrastructures connected to external monitoring stations via wired links. While portable devices with gas level indicators exist, they require workers to monitor measurements, often in situations where they are focused on other tasks for relatively long periods. In this work, we present a wireless multihop remote gas monitoring system for shipyard environments that has been tested in a real ship under construction. Using this system, we validate IEEE 802.15.4/Zigbee wireless networks as a suitable technology to connect gas detectors to control stations outside the ships. These networks have the added benefit that they reconfigure themselves dynamically in case of network failure or redeployment, for example when a relay is moved to a new location. Performance measurements include round trip time (which determines the alert response time for safety teams) and link quality indicator and packet error rate (which determine communication robustness). PMID:24534919

The Rim and the Ancient Mariner: The Nautical Horizon Affects Postural Sway in Older Adults

PubMed Central

Wade, Michael G.; Stergiou, Nick

2016-01-01

On land, the spatial magnitude of postural sway (i.e., the amount of sway) tends to be greater when participants look at the horizon than when they look at nearby targets. By contrast, on ships at sea, the spatial magnitude of postural sway in young adults has been greater when looking at nearby targets and less when looking at the horizon. Healthy aging is associated with changes in the movement patterns of the standing body sway, and these changes typically are interpreted in terms of age-related declines in the ability to control posture. To further elucidate the mechanisms associated with these changes we investigated control of posture in a setting that poses substantial postural challenges; standing on a ship at sea. In particular, we explored postural sway on a ship at sea when older adults looked at the horizon or at nearby targets. We evaluated the kinematics of the center of pressure in terms of spatial magnitude (i.e., the amount of sway) and multifractality (a measure of temporal dynamics). We found that looking at the horizon significantly affected the multifractality of standing body, but did not systematically influence the spatial magnitude of sway. We discuss the results in terms of age-related changes in the perception and control of dynamic body orientation. PMID:27973576

Gaussian mixture models-based ship target recognition algorithm in remote sensing infrared images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yao, Shoukui; Qin, Xiaojuan

2018-02-01

Since the resolution of remote sensing infrared images is low, the features of ship targets become unstable. The issue of how to recognize ships with fuzzy features is an open problem. In this paper, we propose a novel ship target recognition algorithm based on Gaussian mixture models (GMMs). In the proposed algorithm, there are mainly two steps. At the first step, the Hu moments of these ship target images are calculated, and the GMMs are trained on the moment features of ships. At the second step, the moment feature of each ship image is assigned to the trained GMMs for recognition. Because of the scale, rotation, translation invariance property of Hu moments and the power feature-space description ability of GMMs, the GMMs-based ship target recognition algorithm can recognize ship reliably. Experimental results of a large simulating image set show that our approach is effective in distinguishing different ship types, and obtains a satisfactory ship recognition performance.

Pollution control: utility ships adapt for spill cleanups

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-02-01

A practical and cost effective approach to oil spill cleanup is being undertaken by Dutch companies. The approach involves constructing and equipping multi-use ships for pollution control. Usually, these ships are maintained in another type of service and come into use for spill cleanup only when needed. The use of these ships in pollution control is discussed.

Real-Time Telemetry System for Monitoring Motion of Ships Based on Inertial Sensors.

PubMed

Núñez, José M; Araújo, Marta G; García-Tuñón, I

2017-04-25

A telemetry system for real-time monitoring of the motions, position, speed and course of a ship at sea is presented in this work. The system, conceived as a subsystem of a radar cross-section measurement unit, could also be used in other applications as ships dynamics characterization, on-board cranes, antenna stabilizers, etc. This system was designed to be stand-alone, reliable, easy to deploy, low-cost and free of requirements related to stabilization procedures. In order to achieve such a unique combination of functionalities, we have developed a telemetry system based on redundant inertial and magnetic sensors and GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements. It provides a proper data storage and also has real-time radio data transmission capabilities to an on-shore station. The output of the system can be used either for on-line or off-line processing. Additionally, the system uses dual technologies and COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) components. Motion-positioning measurements and radio data link tests were successfully carried out in several ships of the Spanish Navy, proving the compliance with the design targets and validating our telemetry system.

SES Multi-Purpose Ship Study. Transport Application. Volume 1. Technical Summary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

suitability for marine applications. Aluminum provides the lightest structure but the material cost is high, fabrication relatively difficult, the structure...and its application in Mili- tary Transportb and was prepared by the staff of the Navy’s Surface Effect Ship Acquisition Proje~~he study report...manu- facture of large surface effect craft, and a wealth of corporate knowledge and * expertise residing in the U.S. Navy Surface Effect Ships

Naval Survivability and Susceptibility Reduction Study-Surface Ship

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

the ship, causing damage. There are four properties affecting the susceptibility of a ship. The first property is the ease at which the ship can be...will affect how easily she can be detected. The second property is the ease at which the ship can be effective tracked, identified and classified by...being tracked by the active sensor after the she had been detected (PT|D). The third property is the ability to avoid being targeted. Again this is

Nonlinear Ship Dynamics

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-07-07

Engineering Science and Mechanics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA 24061 Cognizant ONR Scientific Officer: Edwin P...June 1-3, 1988. 22. A. H. Nayfeh, B. Balachandran, M. A. Colbert . and M. A. Nayfeh. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Complicated Responses

Scientific and economic potential of the SEASAT Program. [satellite system for global oceanographic data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mccandless, S. W.; Miller, B. P.

1974-01-01

The SEASAT satellite system is planned as a user-oriented system for timely monitoring of global ocean dynamics and mapping the global ocean geoid. The satellite instrumentation and modular concept are discussed. Operational data capabilities will include oceanographic data services, direct satellite read-out to users, and conversational retrieval and analysis of stored data. A case-study technique, generalized through physical and econometric modeling, indicates potential economic benefit from SEASAT to users in the following areas: ship routing, iceberg reconnaissance, arctic operations, Alaska pipeline ship link, and off-shore oil production.

Evaluation of Liquid Dynamic Loads in Slack LNG Cargo Tanks

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-01

Syjateno Cmwr.~ d U. S. Geohogioal Survey MW. W. N. HANNAN W. C. J. ITFSTCOhE Vio. Pr. dent Chief Engineer American Bu au of Shipping Mlitary SeaZift C...CDR J. C. CARD MR. T. V. CHAPMN CDRJ. A. SAZAL JR. MR. A. B. STAVOVY (Chaiman) CDR W. N. SItEPSOk. JR. MR. D . STEIN NAVAL SEA SYSTEMS COMMAND U. S...0. NAWR DR. D . I, DR. W. M4CLIAN MR. I. L. STIN MW. F. SEBOLD Mr. N. TOULA N40NAL ACADEfY OF SCIENCES INTURNATIONAL SHIr STRUCTURES CONGRESS SHIP

Preliminary Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Simulation of EIIB Push Barge in Shallow Water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beneš, Petr; Kollárik, Róbert

2011-12-01

This study presents preliminary CFD simulation of EIIb push barge in inland conditions using CFD software Ansys Fluent. The RANSE (Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equation) methods are used for the viscosity solution of turbulent flow around the ship hull. Different RANSE methods are used for the comparison of their results in ship resistance calculations, for selecting the appropriate and removing inappropriate methods. This study further familiarizes on the creation of geometrical model which considers exact water depth to vessel draft ratio in shallow water conditions, grid generation, setting mathematical model in Fluent and evaluation of the simulations results.

Proceedings of the Ship Control Systems Symposium (5th), Held at U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland on October 30 - November 3, 1978. Volume 2,

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-11-03

gas turbine m; E T3; ?V,S; ?T,S (dt; is necessary. Beneath Eq. (1) we use the fuel flow as the control variable mBr = f(t) (6), and further on T = f...Speed Configuration Applications General Electric 2400 kW1 Semi- Submerged T-64 1000 r.p.m. Platform "Kaimalino" AVCO Lycominq 2500 kW Amphibious Assault...important technology for hydrofoil ships with fukly submerged foil systems. These vehicles are inherently dynamically unstable and must often operate in an

Fuzzy-logic-based network for complex systems risk assessment: application to ship performance analysis.

PubMed

Abou, Seraphin C

2012-03-01

In this paper, a new interpretation of intuitionistic fuzzy sets in the advanced framework of the Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence is extended to monitor safety-critical systems' performance. Not only is the proposed approach more effective, but it also takes into account the fuzzy rules that deal with imperfect knowledge/information and, therefore, is different from the classical Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy system, which assumes that the rule (the knowledge) is perfect. We provide an analytical solution to the practical and important problem of the conceptual probabilistic approach for formal ship safety assessment using the fuzzy set theory that involves uncertainties associated with the reliability input data. Thus, the overall safety of the ship engine is investigated as an object of risk analysis using the fuzzy mapping structure, which considers uncertainty and partial truth in the input-output mapping. The proposed method integrates direct evidence of the frame of discernment and is demonstrated through references to examples where fuzzy set models are informative. These simple applications illustrate how to assess the conflict of sensor information fusion for a sufficient cooling power system of vessels under extreme operation conditions. It was found that propulsion engine safety systems are not only a function of many environmental and operation profiles but are also dynamic and complex. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The vulnerability of the global container shipping network to targeted link disruption

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Viljoen, Nadia M.; Joubert, Johan W.

2016-11-01

Using complex network theory to describe the relational geography of maritime networks has provided great insights regarding their hierarchy and evolution over the past two decades. Unlike applications in other transport fields, notably air transport, complex network theory has had limited application in studying the vulnerability of maritime networks. This study uses targeted link disruption to investigate the strategy specific vulnerability of the network. Although nodal infrastructure such as ports can render a network vulnerable as a result of labour strikes, trade embargoes or natural disasters, it is the shipping lines connecting the ports that are more probably disrupted, either from within the industry, or outside. In this paper, we apply and evaluate two link-based disruption strategies on the global container shipping network, one based on link betweenness, and the other on link salience, to emulate the impact of large-scale service reconfiguration affecting priority links. The results show that the network is by and large robust to such reconfiguration. Meanwhile the flexibility of the network is reduced by both strategies, but to a greater degree by betweenness, resulting in a reduction of transshipment and dynamic rerouting potential amongst the busiest port regions. The results further show that the salience strategy is highly effective in reducing the commonality of shortest path sets, thereby diminishing opportunities for freight consolidation and scale economies.

The instantaneous linear motion information measurement method based on inertial sensors for ships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xu; Huang, Jing; Gao, Chen; Quan, Wei; Li, Ming; Zhang, Yanshun

2018-05-01

Ship instantaneous line motion information is the important foundation for ship control, which needs to be measured accurately. For this purpose, an instantaneous line motion measurement method based on inertial sensors is put forward for ships. By introducing a half-fixed coordinate system to realize the separation between instantaneous line motion and ship master movement, the instantaneous line motion acceleration of ships can be obtained with higher accuracy. Then, the digital high-pass filter is applied to suppress the velocity error caused by the low frequency signal such as schuler period. Finally, the instantaneous linear motion displacement of ships can be measured accurately. Simulation experimental results show that the method is reliable and effective, and can realize the precise measurement of velocity and displacement of instantaneous line motion for ships.

Potential effects of shipping on submersed macrophytes in the St. Clair and Detroit Rivers of the Great Lakes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Schloesser, Donald W.; Manny, Bruce A.

1989-01-01

An extensive survey of submersed macrophytes in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers revealed statistically significant differences in the composition and density of macrophyte beds in shipping channels (used by commercial vessels passing between Lakes Huron and Erie) and non-shipping channels. Of nine common macrophyte taxa, four (Characae, Potamogeton richardsonii, Potamogeton spp. narrow-leaf forms, and Najas flexilis) were found more frequently and three (Myriophyllum spicatum, Elodea canadensis, and Heteranthera dubia) less frequently in shipping than in non-shipping channels. In general, macrophyte beds were less dense in shipping channels than in non-shipping channels. We postulate that disruption of the prevailing unidirectional current patterns and erosion of suitable substrate or breakage of plant stems by passing vessels caused the observed differences in the composition and density of macrophyte beds in shipping and non-shipping channels in the St. Clair and Detroit rivers.

Investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lubomir, Soukup; Jaroslav, Stigler; Abdellah, Kharicha

2016-03-01

The present article deals with investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder. One of the most important aspect for design of yachts are the symmetric conditions of all parts, which are located under water level and concentricity of the ship's screw, rudder and keel relative to the hull. These symmetric and concentricity conditions have a major impact on the resulting dynamic properties of the ships. They have either substantial impact on the overall efficiency of installed engine and ship's screw. As the result of poorly designed above mentioned parts, there can be an unsolicited additional torque on the yacht's rudder and higher consumption of the fuel. Last but not least of these problems leads to poor controllability and discomfort within steering. This article is focused on the investigation of possible causes of the additional torque on the yacht's rudder.

Feasibility analysis of system dynamics for inland maritime logistics.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-02-01

In the last decades, a number of factors have re-shaped the shipping industry, including the growth of international trade, the emergence of new markets, and the development of multimodal supply chains. This has led maritime transportation system, wh...

A proposed new generation of intact stability criteria for assessment of ship stability in longitudinal waves

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrei, C.

2017-08-01

Intact ship stability assessment to prevent stability failure in heavy weather conditions is of paramount importance on board vessel. The possibility of assessment the causes that can lead to loss of ship’s stability as well as the assessment of intact stability in heavy seas is a important problem and has attracted a huge interest of the national and international regulatory authorities. Despite the regulations in force, referring to intact ship stability, many ships continued to lose the stability and or capsize due to failure modes that presently are not covered by such regulations. Based on this aspect has been identified the necessity of modelling an updated criteria for assessment of ship’s stability taking into consideration actual possible situations for loss of stability in heavy seas as a measure of increasing she safety of ships. In this respect, the goal of this paper is to illustrate a possible criteria for assessment ship’s stability in heavy seas through a method of determination the possible problems in a form of dynamic stability criteria. A new intact stability criteria is proposed and developed based on separate levels for assessment of vulnerability and susceptibility of ships in situations of parametric rolling and pure loss of stability encountered in extreme sea conditions. Mathematical models correlated with ship’s construction particulars and weather conditions were developed for every separate level in order to assess the ship’s stability. The objective of the proposed criteria is to bring to officers on board ships the possibility of assessment the ship’s intact stability, as a measure of prevention and improvement of safety during the voyage.

Global emission projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.

2014-06-01

In this study, global emissions of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant Emission Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, a dynamic model that links the emitter population to its emission characteristics, is used to project emissions from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global emission estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable detail on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. Emissions from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The emission projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and B2). With global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector in the range of 128-171 EJ across the four scenarios, global emissions are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of non-methane total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM) in the year 2030. At the global level, a common feature of the emission scenarios is a projected decline in emissions during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent emission standards offset the growth in fuel use. Emissions increase slightly in some scenarios after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no emission standards in Africa and increasing emissions from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC emissions, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM emissions. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to global CO and THC emissions in the year 2010; this dominance shifts to Africa and South Asia in the future. By the year 2050, for CO and THC emissions, non-road engines contribute the greatest fraction in Asia and the former USSR, while on-road vehicles make the largest contribution in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East; for NOx and PM emissions, shipping controls the trend in most regions. These forecasts include a formal treatment of the factors that drive technology choices in the global vehicle sector and therefore represent a robust and plausible projection of what future emissions may be. These results have important implications for emissions of gases and aerosols that influence air quality, human health, and climate change.

Global emission projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.

2013-09-01

In this study, global emissions of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant Emission Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, a dynamic model that links the emitter population to its emission characteristics, is used to project emissions from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global emission estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable details on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. Emissions from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The emission projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and B2). We project that global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector will be in the range of 3.0-4.0 Gt across the four scenarios in the year 2030. Corresponding global emissions are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM). At the global level, a common feature of the emission scenarios is a projected decline in emissions during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent emission standards offset the growth in fuel use. Emissions increase slightly in some scenarios after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no emission standards in Africa and increasing emissions from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC emissions, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM emissions. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to global CO and THC emissions in the year 2010; this dominance shifts to Africa and South Asia in the future. By the year 2050, for CO and THC emissions, non-road engines contribute the greatest fraction in Asia and the Former USSR, while on-road vehicles make the largest contribution in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East; for NOx and PM emissions, shipping controls the trend in most regions. These forecasts include a formal treatment of the factors that drive technology choices in the global vehicle sector and therefore represent a more realistic projection of what future emissions are likely to be. These results have important implications for emissions of gases and aerosols that influence air quality, human health, and climate change.

Global emission projections for the transportation sector using dynamic technology modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, F.; Winijkul, E.; Streets, D. G.; Lu, Z.; Bond, T. C.; Zhang, Y.

2013-12-01

In this study, global emissions of gases and particles from the transportation sector are projected from the year 2010 to 2050. The Speciated Pollutant Emission Wizard (SPEW)-Trend model, a dynamic model that links the emitter population to its emission characteristics, is used to project emissions from on-road vehicles and non-road engines. Unlike previous models of global emission estimates, SPEW-Trend incorporates considerable details on the technology stock and builds explicit relationships between socioeconomic drivers and technological changes, such that the vehicle fleet and the vehicle technology shares change dynamically in response to economic development. Emissions from shipping, aviation, and rail are estimated based on other studies so that the final results encompass the entire transportation sector. The emission projections are driven by four commonly-used IPCC scenarios (A1B, A2, B1, and B2). We project that global fossil-fuel use (oil and coal) in the transportation sector will be in the range of 3.0-4.0 Gt across the four scenarios in the year 2030. Corresponding global emissions are projected to be 101-138 Tg of carbon monoxide (CO), 44-54 Tg of nitrogen oxides (NOx), 14-18 Tg of total hydrocarbons (THC), and 3.6-4.4 Tg of particulate matter (PM). At the global level, a common feature of the emission scenarios is a projected decline in emissions during the first one or two decades (2010-2030), because the effects of stringent emission standards offset the growth in fuel use. Emissions increase slightly in some scenarios after 2030, because of the fast growth of on-road vehicles with lax or no emission standards in Africa and increasing emissions from non-road gasoline engines and shipping. On-road vehicles and non-road engines contribute the most to global CO and THC emissions, while on-road vehicles and shipping contribute the most to NOx and PM emissions. At the regional level, Latin America and East Asia are the two largest contributors to global CO and THC emissions in the year 2010; this dominance shifts to Africa and South Asia in the future. By the year 2050, for CO and THC emissions, non-road engines contribute the greatest fraction in Asia and the Former USSR, while on-road vehicles make the largest contribution in Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East; for NOx and PM emissions, shipping controls the trend in most regions. These forecasts include a formal treatment of the factors that drive technology choices in the global vehicle sector and therefore represent a more realistic projection of what future emissions are likely to be. These results have important implications for emissions of gases and aerosols that influence air quality, human health, and climate change.

Fluid Dynamics for Physicists

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faber, T. E.

1995-08-01

This textbook provides an accessible and comprehensive account of fluid dynamics that emphasizes fundamental physical principles and stresses connections with other branches of physics. Beginning with a basic introduction, the book goes on to cover many topics not typically treated in texts, such as compressible flow and shock waves, sound attenuation and bulk viscosity, solitary waves and ship waves, thermal convection, instabilities, turbulence, and the behavior of anisotropic, non-Newtonian and quantum fluids. Undergraduate or graduate students in physics or engineering who are taking courses in fluid dynamics will find this book invaluable.

A Case Study of Ships Forming and Not Forming Tracks in Moderately Polluted Clouds.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noone, Kevin J.; Öström, Elisabeth; Ferek, Ronald J.; Garrett, Tim; Hobbs, Peter V.; Johnson, Doug W.; Taylor, Jonathan P.; Russell, Lynn M.; Flagan, Richard C.; Seinfeld, John H.; O'Dowd, Colin D.; Smith, Michael H.; Durkee, Philip A.; Nielsen, Kurt; Hudson, James G.; Pockalny, Robert A.; de Bock, Lieve; van Grieken, René E.; Gasparovic, Richard F.; Brooks, Ian

2000-08-01

The effects of anthropogenic particulate emissions from ships on the radiative, microphysical, and chemical properties of moderately polluted marine stratiform clouds are examined. A case study of two ships in the same air mass is presented where one of the vessels caused a discernible ship track while the other did not. In situ measurements of cloud droplet size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud radiative properties, as well as aerosol size distributions (outside cloud, interstitial, and cloud droplet residual particles) and aerosol chemistry, are presented. These are related to measurements of cloud radiative properties. The differences between the aerosol in the two ship plumes are discussed;these indicate that combustion-derived particles in the size range of about 0.03-0.3-m radius were those that caused the microphysical changes in the clouds that were responsible for the ship track.The authors examine the processes behind ship track formation in a moderately polluted marine boundary layer as an example of the effects that anthropogenic particulate pollution can have in the albedo of marine stratiform clouds.

Study on process design of partially-balanced, hydraulically lifting vertical ship lift

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Shen; Xiaofeng, Xu; Lu, Zhang; Bing, Zhu; Fei, Li

2017-11-01

The hub ship lift in Panjin is the first navigation structure in China for the link between the inland and open seas, which adopts a novel partially-balanced, hydraulically lifting ship lift; it can meet such requirements as fast and sharp water level change in open sea, large draft of a yacht, and launching of a ship reception chamber; its balancing weight system can effectively reduce the load of the primary lifting cylinder, and optimize the force distribution of the ship reception chamber. The paper provides an introduction to main equipment, basic principles, main features and system composition of a ship lift. The unique power system and balancing system of the completed ship lift has offered some experience for the construction of the tourism-type ship lifts with a lower lifting height.

Directionality and Maneuvering Effects on a Surface Ship Underwater Acoustic Signature

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-08-01

peaks are at 375 and 1175 Hz . Note that the determination of the effective source depth for a ship is not straightforward, as in reality a ship is a...contained buoys with GPS positioning, each recording two calibrated hydrophones with effective acoustic bandwidth from 150 Hz to 5 kHz. In straight, constant...footprints can extend significant distances, poten- tially of the order tens to hundreds of kilometers for LF 100 Hz signals. In the civilian domain

Spatial pattern analysis of cruise ship-humpback whale interactions in and near Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska.

PubMed

Harris, Karin; Gende, Scott M; Logsdon, Miles G; Klinger, Terrie

2012-01-01

Understanding interactions between large ships and large whales is important to estimate risks posed to whales by ships. The coastal waters of Alaska are a summer feeding area for humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) as well as a prominent destination for large cruise ships. Lethal collisions between cruise ships and humpback whales have occurred throughout Alaska, including in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP). Although the National Park Service (NPS) establishes quotas and operating requirements for cruise ships within GBNP in part to minimize ship-whale collisions, no study has quantified ship-whale interactions in the park or in state waters where ship traffic is unregulated. In 2008 and 2009, an observer was placed on ships during 49 different cruises that included entry into GBNP to record distance and bearing of whales that surfaced within 1 km of the ship's bow. A relative coordinate system was developed in ArcGIS to model the frequency of whale surface events using kernel density. A total of 514 whale surface events were recorded. Although ship-whale interactions were common within GBNP, whales frequently surfaced in front of the bow in waters immediately adjacent to the park (west Icy Strait) where cruise ship traffic is not regulated by the NPS. When ships transited at speeds >13 knots, whales frequently surfaced closer to the ship's midline and ship's bow in contrast to speeds slower than 13 knots. Our findings confirm that ship speed is an effective mitigation measure for protecting whales and should be applied to other areas where ship-whale interactions are common.

Spatial Pattern Analysis of Cruise Ship-Humpback Whale Interactions in and Near Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harris, Karin; Gende, Scott M.; Logsdon, Miles G.; Klinger, Terrie

2012-01-01

Understanding interactions between large ships and large whales is important to estimate risks posed to whales by ships. The coastal waters of Alaska are a summer feeding area for humpback whales ( Megaptera novaeangliae) as well as a prominent destination for large cruise ships. Lethal collisions between cruise ships and humpback whales have occurred throughout Alaska, including in Glacier Bay National Park (GBNP). Although the National Park Service (NPS) establishes quotas and operating requirements for cruise ships within GBNP in part to minimize ship-whale collisions, no study has quantified ship-whale interactions in the park or in state waters where ship traffic is unregulated. In 2008 and 2009, an observer was placed on ships during 49 different cruises that included entry into GBNP to record distance and bearing of whales that surfaced within 1 km of the ship's bow. A relative coordinate system was developed in ArcGIS to model the frequency of whale surface events using kernel density. A total of 514 whale surface events were recorded. Although ship-whale interactions were common within GBNP, whales frequently surfaced in front of the bow in waters immediately adjacent to the park (west Icy Strait) where cruise ship traffic is not regulated by the NPS. When ships transited at speeds >13 knots, whales frequently surfaced closer to the ship's midline and ship's bow in contrast to speeds slower than 13 knots. Our findings confirm that ship speed is an effective mitigation measure for protecting whales and should be applied to other areas where ship-whale interactions are common.

Criteria for design of integrated flight/propulsion control systems for STOVL fighter aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Franklin, James A.

1993-01-01

As part of NASA's program to develop technology for short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) fighter aircraft, control system designs have been developed for a conceptual STOVL aircraft. This aircraft is representative of the class of mixed-flow remote-lift concepts that was identified as the preferred design approach by the U.S./U.K. STOVL Joint Assessment and Ranking Team. The control system designs have been evaluated throughout the powered-lift flight envelope on the Vertical Motion Simulator (VMS) at Ames Research Center. Items assessed in the control system evaluation were: maximum control power used in transition and vertical flight, control system dynamic response associated with thrust transfer for attitude control, thrust margin in the presence of ground effect and hot-gas ingestion, and dynamic thrust response for the engine core. Effects of wind, turbulence, and ship airwake disturbances are incorporated in the evaluation. Results provide the basis for a reassessment of existing flying-qualities design criteria applied to STOVL aircraft.

Design criteria for integrated flight/propulsion control systems for STOVL fighter aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Franklin, James A.

1993-01-01

As part of NASA's program to develop technology for short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) fighter aircraft, control system designs have been developed for a conceptual STOVL aircraft. This aircraft is representative of the class of mixed-flow remote-lift concepts that was identified as the preferred design approach by the US/UK STOVL Joint Assessment and Ranking Team. The control system designs have been evaluated throughout the powered-lift flight envelope on Ames Research Center's Vertical Motion Simulator. Items assessed in the control system evaluation were: maximum control power used in transition and vertical flight, control system dynamic response associated with thrust transfer for attitude control, thrust margin in the presence of ground effect and hot gas ingestion, and dynamic thrust response for the engine core. Effects of wind, turbulence, and ship airwake disturbances are incorporated in the evaluation. Results provide the basis for a reassessment of existing flying qualities design criteria applied to STOVL aircraft.

Blast and Impact Resistant Composite Structures for Navy Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-15

Navy cargo ships, Air Force tactical shelters, Air Force runway matting, vehicular bridge decks, railcar floors and wind turbine blades. The US Army...bridge decks, railcar floors and wind turbine blades. NAVY RELEVANCE Producing stronger, safer and more cost-effective platforms for the new generation...floors and wind turbine blades. 32 NAVY RELEVANCE Producing stronger, safer and more cost-effective platforms for the new generation naval ships

The Ship Movement Trajectory Prediction Algorithm Using Navigational Data Fusion

PubMed Central

Borkowski, Piotr

2017-01-01

It is essential for the marine navigator conducting maneuvers of his ship at sea to know future positions of himself and target ships in a specific time span to effectively solve collision situations. This article presents an algorithm of ship movement trajectory prediction, which, through data fusion, takes into account measurements of the ship’s current position from a number of doubled autonomous devices. This increases the reliability and accuracy of prediction. The algorithm has been implemented in NAVDEC, a navigation decision support system and practically used on board ships. PMID:28632176

The Impact of Ship-Produced Aerosols on the Microstructure and Albedo of Warm Marine Stratocumulus Clouds: A Test of MAST Hypotheses 1i and 1ii.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Durkee, P. A.; Noone, K. J.; Ferek, R. J.; Johnson, D. W.; Taylor, J. P.; Garrett, T. J.; Hobbs, P. V.; Hudson, J. G.; Bretherton, C. S.; Innis, G.; Frick, G. M.; Hoppel, W. A.; O'Dowd, C. D.; Russell, L. M.; Gasparovic, R.; Nielsen, K. E.; Tessmer, S. A.; Öström, E.;  Osborne, S. R.;  Flagan, R. C.;  Seinfeld, J. H.;  Rand, H.

2000-08-01

Anomalously high reflectivity tracks in stratus and stratocumulus sheets associated with ships (known as ship tracks) are commonly seen in visible and near-infrared satellite imagery. Until now there have been only a limited number of in situ measurements made in ship tracks. The Monterey Area Ship Track (MAST) experiment, which was conducted off the coast of California in June 1994, provided a substantial dataset on ship emissions and their effects on boundary layer clouds. Several platforms, including the University of Washington C-131A aircraft, the Meteorological Research Flight C-130 aircraft, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ER-2 aircraft, the Naval Research Laboratory airship, the Research Vessel Glorita, and dedicated U.S. Navy ships, participated in MAST in order to study processes governing the formation and maintenance of ship tracks.This paper tests the hypotheses that the cloud microphysical changes that produce ship tracks are due to (a) particulate emission from the ship's stack and/or (b) sea-salt particles from the ship's wake. It was found that ships powered by diesel propulsion units that emitted high concentrations of aerosols in the accumulation mode produced ship tracks. Ships that produced few particles (such as nuclear ships), or ships that produced high concentrations of particles but at sizes too small to be activated as cloud drops in typical stratocumulus (such as gas turbine and some steam-powered ships), did not produce ship tracks. Statistics and case studies, combined with model simulations, show that provided a cloud layer is susceptible to an aerosol perturbation, and the atmospheric stability enables aerosol to be mixed throughout the boundary layer, the direct emissions of cloud condensation nuclei from the stack of a diesel-powered ship is the most likely, if not the only, cause of the formation of ship tracks. There was no evidence that salt particles from ship wakes cause ship tracks.

BAR Proteins PSTPIP1/2 Regulate Podosome Dynamics and the Resorption Activity of Osteoclasts

PubMed Central

Sztacho, Martin; Segeletz, Sandra; Sanchez-Fernandez, Maria Arantzazu; Czupalla, Cornelia; Niehage, Christian; Hoflack, Bernard

2016-01-01

Bone resorption in vertebrates relies on the ability of osteoclasts to assemble F-actin-rich podosomes that condense into podosomal belts, forming sealing zones. Sealing zones segregate bone-facing ruffled membranes from other membrane domains, and disassemble when osteoclasts migrate to new areas. How podosome/sealing zone dynamics is regulated remains unknown. We illustrate the essential role of the membrane scaffolding F-BAR-Proline-Serine-Threonine Phosphatase Interacting Proteins (PSTPIP) 1 and 2 in this process. Whereas PSTPIP2 regulates podosome assembly, PSTPIP1 regulates their disassembly. PSTPIP1 recruits, through its F-BAR domain, the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 6 (PTPN6) that de-phosphophorylates the phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphatases SHIP1/2 bound to the SH3 domain of PSTPIP1. Depletion of any component of this complex prevents sealing zone disassembly and increases osteoclast activity. Thus, our results illustrate the importance of BAR domain proteins in podosome structure and dynamics, and identify a new PSTPIP1/PTPN6/SHIP1/2-dependent negative feedback mechanism that counterbalances Src and PI(3,4,5)P3 signalling to control osteoclast cell polarity and activity during bone resorption. PMID:27760174

Direct numerical simulations of on-demand vortex generators: Mathematical formulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koumoutsakos, Petros

1994-01-01

The objective of the present research is the development and application of efficient adaptive numerical algorithms for the study, via direct numerical simulations, of active vortex generators. We are using innovative computational schemes to investigate flows past complex configurations undergoing arbitrary motions. Some of the questions we try to answer are: Can and how may we control the dynamics of the wake? What is the importance of body shape and motion in the active control of the flow? What is the effect of three-dimensionality in laboratory experiments? We are interested not only in coupling our results to ongoing, related experimental work, but furthermore to develop an extensive database relating the above mechanisms to the vortical wake structures with the long-range objective of developing feedback control mechanisms. This technology is very important to aircraft, ship, automotive, and other industries that require predictive capability for fluid mechanical problems. The results would have an impact in high angle of attack aerodynamics and help design ways to improve the efficiency of ships and submarines (maneuverability, vortex induced vibration, and noise).

The Analysis for Energy Consumption of Marine Air Conditioning System Based on VAV and VWV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Sai Feng; Yang, Xing Lin; Le, Zou Ying

2018-06-01

For ocean-going vessels sailing in different areas on the sea, the change of external environment factors will cause frequent changes in load, traditional ship air-conditioning system is usually designed with a fixed cooling capacity, this design method causes serious waste of resources. A new type of sea-based air conditioning system is proposed in this paper, which uses the sea-based source heat pump system, combined with variable air volume, variable water technology. The multifunctional cabins' dynamic loads for a ship navigating in a typical Eurasian route were calculated based on Simulink. The model can predict changes in full voyage load. Based on the simulation model, the effects of variable air volume and variable water volume on the energy consumption of the air-conditioning system are analyzed. The results show that: When the VAV is coupled with the VWV, the energy saving rate is 23.2%. Therefore, the application of variable air volume and variable water technology to marine air conditioning systems can achieve economical and energy saving advantages.

Direct numerical simulations of on-demand vortex generators: Mathematical formulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koumoutsakos, Petros

1994-12-01

The objective of the present research is the development and application of efficient adaptive numerical algorithms for the study, via direct numerical simulations, of active vortex generators. We are using innovative computational schemes to investigate flows past complex configurations undergoing arbitrary motions. Some of the questions we try to answer are: Can and how may we control the dynamics of the wake? What is the importance of body shape and motion in the active control of the flow? What is the effect of three-dimensionality in laboratory experiments? We are interested not only in coupling our results to ongoing, related experimental work, but furthermore to develop an extensive database relating the above mechanisms to the vortical wake structures with the long-range objective of developing feedback control mechanisms. This technology is very important to aircraft, ship, automotive, and other industries that require predictive capability for fluid mechanical problems. The results would have an impact in high angle of attack aerodynamics and help design ways to improve the efficiency of ships and submarines (maneuverability, vortex induced vibration, and noise).

Influence of Ship Emissions on Urban Air Quality: A Comprehensive Study Using Highly Time-Resolved Online Measurements and Numerical Simulation in Shanghai.

PubMed

Liu, Zhanmin; Lu, Xiaohui; Feng, Junlan; Fan, Qianzhu; Zhang, Yan; Yang, Xin

2017-01-03

Shanghai has become an international shipping center in the world. In this study, the multiyear measurements and the high resolution air quality model with hourly ship emission inventory were combined to determine the influence of ship emissions on urban Shanghai. The aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) measurements were carried out at an urban site from April 2009 to January 2013. During the entire sampling time, most of the half-hourly averaged number fractions of primary ship emitted particles varied between 1.0-10.0%. However, the number fraction could reach up to 50% during the ship plume cases. Ship-plume-influenced periods usually occurred in spring and summer. The simulation of Weather Research and Forecasting/Community Multiscale Air Quality model (WRF/CMAQ) with hourly ship emission inventory provided the highly time-resolved concentrations of ship-related air pollutants during a ship plume case. It showed ships could contribute 20-30% (2-7 μg/m 3 ) of the total PM 2.5 within tens of kilometers of coastal and riverside Shanghai during ship-plume-influenced periods. Our results showed that ship emissions have substantial contribution to the air pollution in urban Shanghai. The control measures of ship emission should be taken considering its negative environment and human health effects.

46 CFR 515.26 - Termination of financial responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Termination of financial responsibility. No license shall remain in effect unless valid proof of financial... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Termination of financial responsibility. 515.26 Section 515.26 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AFFECTING OCEAN SHIPPING IN FOREIGN COMMERCE...

46 CFR 515.26 - Termination of financial responsibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Termination of financial responsibility. No license shall remain in effect unless valid proof of financial... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Termination of financial responsibility. 515.26 Section 515.26 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AFFECTING OCEAN SHIPPING IN FOREIGN COMMERCE...

46 CFR 108.102 - Preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Preemptive effect. 108.102 Section 108.102 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT General § 108.102 Preemptive effect. The regulations in this part have preemptive effect over...

46 CFR 108.102 - Preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Preemptive effect. 108.102 Section 108.102 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT General § 108.102 Preemptive effect. The regulations in this part have preemptive effect over...

46 CFR 108.102 - Preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Preemptive effect. 108.102 Section 108.102 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT General § 108.102 Preemptive effect. The regulations in this part have preemptive effect over...

Effects of shipping on marine acoustic habitats in Canadian Arctic estimated via probabilistic modeling and mapping.

PubMed

Aulanier, Florian; Simard, Yvan; Roy, Nathalie; Gervaise, Cédric; Bandet, Marion

2017-12-15

Canadian Arctic and Subarctic regions experience a rapid decrease of sea ice accompanied with increasing shipping traffic. The resulting time-space changes in shipping noise are studied for four key regions of this pristine environment, for 2013 traffic conditions and a hypothetical tenfold traffic increase. A probabilistic modeling and mapping framework, called Ramdam, which integrates the intrinsic variability and uncertainties of shipping noise and its effects on marine habitats, is developed and applied. A substantial transformation of soundscapes is observed in areas where shipping noise changes from present occasional-transient contributor to a dominant noise source. Examination of impacts on low-frequency mammals within ecologically and biologically significant areas reveals that shipping noise has the potential to trigger behavioral responses and masking in the future, although no risk of temporary or permanent hearing threshold shifts is noted. Such probabilistic modeling and mapping is strategic in marine spatial planning of this emerging noise issues. Crown Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In situ measurements of ship tracks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Radke, Lawrence F.; Lyons, Jamie H.; Hobbs, Peter V.; Coakley, James E.

1990-01-01

It has long been known that cloud droplet concentrations are strongly influenced by cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and that anthropogenic sources of pollution can affect CCN concentrations. More recently it has been suggested that CCN may play an important role in climate through their effect on cloud albedo. A interesting example of the effect of anthropogenic CCN on cloud albedo is the so-called 'ship track' phenomenon. Ship tracks were first observed in satellite imagery when the ship's emissions were evidently needed for the formation of a visible cloud. However, they appear more frequently in satellite imagery as modifications to existing stratus and stratocumulus clouds. The tracks are seen most clearly in satellite imagery by comparing the radiance at 3.7 microns with that at 0.63 and 11 microns. To account for the observed change in radiance, droplet concentrations must be high, and the mean size of the droplets small, in ship tracks. Researchers describe what they believe to be the first in situ measurements in what appears to have been a ship track.

Ultimate Longitudinal Strength of Composite Ship Hulls

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Xiangming; Huang, Lingkai; Zhu, Libao; Tang, Yuhang; Wang, Anwen

2017-01-01

A simple analytical model to estimate the longitudinal strength of ship hulls in composite materials under buckling, material failure and ultimate collapse is presented in this paper. Ship hulls are regarded as assemblies of stiffened panels which idealized as group of plate-stiffener combinations. Ultimate strain of the plate-stiffener combination is predicted under buckling or material failure with composite beam-column theory. The effects of initial imperfection of ship hull and eccentricity of load are included. Corresponding longitudinal strengths of ship hull are derived in a straightforward method. A longitudinally framed ship hull made of symmetrically stacked unidirectional plies under sagging is analyzed. The results indicate that present analytical results have a good agreement with FEM method. The initial deflection of ship hull and eccentricity of load can dramatically reduce the bending capacity of ship hull. The proposed formulations provide a simple but useful tool for the longitudinal strength estimation in practical design.

Investigation of shipping accident injury severity and mortality.

PubMed

Weng, Jinxian; Yang, Dong

2015-03-01

Shipping movements are operated in a complex and high-risk environment. Fatal shipping accidents are the nightmares of seafarers. With ten years' worldwide ship accident data, this study develops a binary logistic regression model and a zero-truncated binomial regression model to predict the probability of fatal shipping accidents and corresponding mortalities. The model results show that both the probability of fatal accidents and mortalities are greater for collision, fire/explosion, contact, grounding, sinking accidents occurred in adverse weather conditions and darkness conditions. Sinking has the largest effects on the increment of fatal accident probability and mortalities. The results also show that the bigger number of mortalities is associated with shipping accidents occurred far away from the coastal area/harbor/port. In addition, cruise ships are found to have more mortalities than non-cruise ships. The results of this study are beneficial for policy-makers in proposing efficient strategies to prevent fatal shipping accidents. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Energy saving by using asymmetric aftbodies for merchant ships-design methodology, numerical simulation and validation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dang, Jie; Chen, Hao

2016-12-01

The methodology and procedures are discussed on designing merchant ships to achieve fully-integrated and optimized hull-propulsion systems by using asymmetric aftbodies. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has been used to evaluate the powering performance through massive calculations with automatic deformation algorisms for the hull forms and the propeller blades. Comparative model tests of the designs to the optimized symmetric hull forms have been carried out to verify the efficiency gain. More than 6% improvement on the propulsive efficiency of an oil tanker has been measured during the model tests. Dedicated sea-trials show good agreement with the predicted performance from the test results.

Infection control measures on ships and in ports during the early stage of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009.

PubMed

Schlaich, Clara; Gau, Bettina; Cohen, Nicole J; Kojima, Kazunobu; Marano, Nina; Menucci, Daniel

2012-01-01

Shipping companies were surveyed to evaluate the effect of public health measures during the influenza A (H1N1) pandemic of 2009 on ship and port operations. Of 31 companies that operated 960 cruise, cargo, and other ships, 32% experienced health-screening measures by port health authorities. Approximately a quarter of ports (26%) performed screening at embarkation and 77% of shipping companies changed procedures during the early stage of the pandemic. Four companies reported outbreaks of pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 on ships, which were ultimately stopped through infection control practices. Public health measures did not interfere substantially with port and ship operations with the exception of some port authorities that delayed embarking and disembarking procedures in a few ships. However, in the shipping companies' experience, measures were inconsistent between port health authorities. Access to antiviral drugs and pandemic vaccine was not provided in all ports. Current guidelines on medical care, hygiene, and emergency procedures on ships need to address pandemic influenza preparedness in future revisions.

Survival of ship biofouling assemblages during and after voyages to the Canadian Arctic.

PubMed

Chan, Farrah T; MacIsaac, Hugh J; Bailey, Sarah A

2016-01-01

Human-mediated vectors often inadvertently translocate species assemblages to new environments. Examining the dynamics of entrained species assemblages during transport can provide insights into the introduction risk associated with these vectors. Ship biofouling is a major transport vector of nonindigenous species in coastal ecosystems globally, yet its magnitude in the Arctic is poorly understood. To determine whether biofouling organisms on ships can survive passages in Arctic waters, we examined how biofouling assemblage structure changed before, during, and after eight round-trip military voyages from temperate to Arctic ports in Canada. Species richness first decreased (~70% loss) and then recovered (~27% loss compared to the original assemblages), as ships travelled to and from the Arctic, respectively, whereas total abundance typically declined over time (~55% total loss). Biofouling community structure differed significantly before and during Arctic transits as well as between those sampled during and after voyages. Assemblage structure varied across different parts of the hull; however, temporal changes were independent of hull location, suggesting that niche areas did not provide protection for biofouling organisms against adverse conditions in the Arctic. Biofouling algae appear to be more tolerant of transport conditions during Arctic voyages than are mobile, sessile, and sedentary invertebrates. Our results suggest that biofouling assemblages on ships generally have poor survivorship during Arctic voyages. Nonetheless, some potential for transporting nonindigenous species to the Arctic via ship biofouling remains, as at least six taxa new to the Canadian Arctic, including a nonindigenous cirripede, appeared to have survived transits from temperate to Arctic ports.

Towards the regulation of aerosol emissions by their potential health impact: Assessing adverse effects of aerosols from wood combustion and ship diesel engine emissions by combining comprehensive data on the chemical composition and their toxicological effects on human lung cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimmermann, R.; Streibel, T.; Dittmar, G.; Kanashova, T.; Buters, J.; Öder, S.; Paur, H. R.; Dilger, M.; Weiss, C.; Harndorf, H.; Stengel, B.; Hirvonen, M. R.; Jokiniemi, J.; Hiller, K.; Sapcariu, S.; Sippula, O.; Orasche, J.; Müller, L.; Rheda, A.; Passig, J.; Radischat, C.; Czech, H.; Tiita, P.; Jalava, P.; Kasurinen, S.; Schwemer, T.; Yli-Prilä, P.; Tissari, J.; Lamberg, H.; Schnelle-Kreis, J.

2014-12-01

Ship engine emissions are important regarding lung and cardiovascular diseases in coastal regions worldwide. Bio mass burning is made responsible for adverse health effects in many cities and rural regions. The Virtual Helmholtz Institute-HICE (www.hice-vi.eu) addresses chemical & physical properties and health effects of anthropogenic combustion emissions. Typical lung cell responses to combustion aerosols include inflammation and apoptosis, but a molecular link with the specific chemical composition in particular of ship emissions has not been established. Through an air-liquid interface exposure system (ALI), we exposed human lung cells at-site to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on common heavy fuel oil (HFO) and cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF) as well as to emissions of wood combustion compliances. A special field deployable ALI-exposition system and a mobile S2-biological laboratory were developed for this study. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 etc.) are ALI-exposed to fresh, diluted (1:40-1:100) combustion aerosols and subsequently were toxicologically and molecular-biologically characterized. Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling to characterise the cellular responses. The HFO ship emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds (transition metals, organic toxicants) and particle masses. The cellular responses included inflammation and oxidative stress. Surprisingly, the DF ship emissions, which predominantly contain rather "pure" carbonaceous soot and much less known toxicants, induced significantly broader biological effects, affecting essential cellular pathways (e.g., mitochondrial function and intracellular transport). Therefore the use of distillate fuels for shipping (this is the current emission reduction strategy of the IMO) appears insufficient for diminishing health effects. The study suggests rather reducing the particle emissions by secondary measures (filters) than shifting the fuel. In the case of wood combustion the reduction of soot and carcinogenic aromatic compounds is suggested. However, for both sources (wood and ship diesel) we found that effects of the gaseous pollutants (e.g. aldehydes) are potentially problematic.

Recreating the shading effects of ship wake induced turbidity to test acclimation responses in the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Browne, Nicola K.; Yaakub, Siti Maryam; Tay, Jason K. L.; Todd, Peter A.

2017-12-01

Elevated sediment delivery and resuspension in coastal waters from human activities such as shipping can have detrimental effects on seagrass health by limiting light penetration. Managing seagrasses requires knowledge of their light acclamatory abilities so guidelines for coastal activities (e.g. ship movements) that influence sediment dynamics can be created. Guidelines typically focus on ensuring that seagrasses are able to meet their minimal light requirements (MLR). MLRs can be achieved by different light regimes, but it remains unknown whether a chronically low yet stable light regime is less or more detrimental than a highly variable regime with periods of extreme low to no light. To test this, we compared the physiological and morphological responses of Thalassia hemprichii among three light regimes: an open control (30-40% ambient light), a shaded control with (11-15% ambient light), and a fluctuating shade (4-30% ambient light). The MLR for the T. hemprichii we studied was lower (4-10% ambient light) than previous reports (mean = 18%) illustrating enhanced light acclimation in Singapore's chronically turbid waters. Seagrass shoots in the shaded control, however, exhibited significantly more morphological stress symptoms, with reduced shoot growth and lower below ground biomass. These data suggest that for seagrass exposed to periods of acute light stress, energetic costs associated with photo-acclimation to more variable light regimes can be offset if the plant can meet its daily light requirements during periods of high light. Management of seagrass beds should incorporate regular light monitoring and move towards an adaptive feedback-based approach to ensure the long-term viability of these vulnerable ecosystems.

Ship diesel emission aerosols: A comprehensive study on the chemical composition, the physical properties and the molecular biological and toxicological effects on human lung cells of aerosols from a ship diesel engine operated with heavy or light diesel fuel oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zimmermann, R.; Buters, J.; Öder, S.; Dietmar, G.; Kanashova, T.; Paur, H.; Dilger, M.; Mülhopt, S.; Harndorf, H.; Stengel, B.; Rabe, R.; Hirvonen, M.; Jokiniemi, J.; Hiller, K.; Sapcariu, S.; Berube, K.; Sippula, O.; Streibel, T.; Karg, E.; Schnelle-Kreis, J.; Lintelmann, J.; Sklorz, M.; Arteaga Salas, M.; Orasche, J.; Müller, L.; Reda, A.; Passig, J.; Radischat, C.; Gröger, T.; Weiss, C.

2013-12-01

The Virtual Helmholtz Institute-HICE (www.hice-vi.eu) addresses chemical & physical properties, transformation processes and health effects of anthropogenic combustion emissions. This is performed by thorough comprehensive chemical and physical characterization of combustion aerosols (including application of advantageous on-line methods) and studying of biological effects on human lung cell-cultures. A new ALI air-liquid-interface (ALI) exposition system and a mobile S2-biological laboratory were developed for the HICE-measurements. Human alveolar basal epithelial cells (A549 etc.) are ALI-exposed to fresh, diluted (1:40-1:100) combustion aerosols and subsequently were toxicologically and molecular-biologically characterized (e.g. proteomics). By using stable isotope labeling technologies (13C-Glucose/metabolomics; 2H-Lysine/SILAC-proteomics), high sensitivity and accuracy for detection of molecular-biological effects is achievable even at sub-toxic effect dose levels. Aerosols from wood combustion and ship diesel engine (heavy/light fuel oil) have been investigated. The effect of wood combustion and ship diesel PM e.g. on the protein expression of ALI-exposed A549 cells was compared. Filtered aerosol is used as gas-reference for the isotope labeling based method (SILAC). Therefore the effects of wood combustion- and shipping diesel-PM can be directly compared. Ship diesel aerosol causes a broader distribution in the observed fold changes (log2), i.e. more proteins are significantly up-/down-regulated in case of shipping diesel PM-exposure. This corresponds to a stronger biological reaction if compared to wood combustion-PM exposure. The chemical analysis results on wood combustion- and ship diesel-PM depict more polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)/oxidized-PAH but less of some transition metals (V, Fe) in the wood combustion case. Interestingly, alkylated PAH are considerably more abundant in shipping PM, suggesting that PAH/Oxy-PAH may be less relevant for observed acute-toxic effects. The influence of transition metals and alkylated PAH is discussed in this context. Finally the differential biological effects of LFO- and HFO-ship emissions were investigated thoroughly. Here interesting observation were made. The chemical profile of the ship diesel engine operated with HFO and LFO is very different. Although the soot content of LFO exhaust is higher, the HFO-PM is showing considerably higher toxic- and biological-effects in the on-line cell exposure experiments. This higher particle toxicity is associated with larger aromatic structures and transition-metal contend in the PM. In addition to PM also the gas phase of the emission was investigated, e.g. by on-line photo ionization mass spectrometry and off-line techniques. Further results will be dis-cussed in the contribution. The massive differences of LFO and HFO emission are thoroughly discussed with respect to the chemical signature of gas and particulate phase. Furthermore concept and first results on a simulated aging are presented.

Coastal Change on Gulf Islands National Seashore during Hurricane Gustav: West Ship, East Ship, Horn, and Petit Bois Islands

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stockdon, Hilary F.; Doran, Kara S.; Serafin, Katherine A.

2010-01-01

INTRODUCTION Hurricane Gustav made landfall on September 1, 2008, near Cocodrie, Louisiana, as a category 2 storm, with maximum sustained winds near 170 km/hr. Hurricane-force winds, with speeds in excess of 119 km/hr, extended along 270 km of the Louisiana coastline, from Marsh Island to the central barrier islands. Tropical-storm-force winds (speeds > 63 km/hr) were felt across the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama. Within this area of high wind and associated storm surge and waves lie the Mississippi barrier islands of West Ship, East Ship, Horn, and Petit Bois, part of the National Park Service (NPS) Gulf Islands National Seashore (GUIS). These east-west trending islands form a barrier between the Mississippi Sound to the north and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. The islands are generally less than 1 km wide with dune elevations ranging generally between 2 and 3 m, but reaching 6 m on Horn Island. The interaction of waves and currents with the low, sandy beaches forces a range of dynamic responses, such as dune erosion, overwash deposition, spit elongation, and island breaching. The passage of strong hurricanes (such as Camille in 1969 and Katrina in 2005), combined with a background signal of long-term shoreline retreat, has caused significant coastal changes on the Mississippi barrier islands, presenting management challenges for State and Federal officials, including NPS resource managers. At the request of the NPS, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has processed, analyzed, and interpreted pre- and post-Hurricane-Gustav lidar topographic data for West Ship, East Ship, Horn, and Petit Bois. These data and analyses can be used to better assess the storm vulnerability of portions of GUIS by characterizing the magnitude and spatial variability of hurricane-induced coastal changes, such as shoreline retreat, dune erosion, and beach volume change. This information will provide park managers with a greater understanding of the long-term evolution of these islands, which are frequently impacted by coastal storms. The purpose of this report is to summarize the methods used and observations made during a study of the effects of Hurricane Gustav on the coastal morphology of four island in GUIS.

46 CFR 565.7 - Effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective dates. 565.7 Section 565.7 Shipping FEDERAL... CARRIERS § 565.7 Effective dates. (a) Generally. Except for service contracts, the rates, charges... permission, become effective sooner than the 30th day after the date of publication. (b) Open rates—(1...

Preliminary Results Of Hydrodynamic Responses To Ship Movements And Weather Conditions Along The Coastal Walls Of Shallow Areas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Acar, Dursun; Alpar, Bedri; Cagatay, Namık; Ozeren, Sinan; Sarı, Erol; Eris, Kadir; Vardar, Denizhan; Arslan, Tugce; Basegmez, Koray

2016-04-01

Water-level variations in coastal areas and shallow channels take place under the influence of more complex factors, compared to those in deeper areas. Atmospheric pressure, wind, and wave interactions with bottom morphological characteristics are some important natural features while human-induced factors are usually maritime traffic and manoeuvres the ships. While weather conditions cause long-term changes in water level, water level interactions in near shore areas, can occur very quickly depending on the ship manoeuvres and squat characteristics, and these rapid changes can lead to unpredictable water level lowering. Such rapid changes may cause various dangerous incidents and ship accidents, particularly in areas where rapid water oscillations occur. Improper calculations of propulsion power or orientation of the ship body, especially in the areas where geological and morphological characteristics permit fast water movements, are the most important additional causes of accidents due to sudden water level decreases. For an example, even though a 200-m-long vessel can complete its 35° rotation in a circular area with radius of 250 m, if it is calm and sufficiently deep, this diameter increases 5 times at the shallow waters also depending on the hydrodynamic flow conditions. In 2005, "Gerardus Mercator" has bumped into the inside bottom wall of the channel with a low speed (4 knots) turn of when she had just made a 200° turn. Seven years later the cruise ship "Costa Concordia" struck a rock, before she drifted and grounded, in the calm seas of the coast of Isola del Giglio in Italy, due to a combined effects of waves generated by side waves of ship manoeuvres, atmospheric pressure and squat specifications as well. The waves reflected from the seawalls complicate the navigation problems which should be examined in detail. Thus, three prototype models with various angular seawall features were prepared, simple in shape with perpendicular and sloped seawalls with flat bases. The spreading properties of water volumes together with the water level differences along the coastal walls were measured under the influence of a linear-turbine fan positioned above the model to simulate the dynamic wind pressure. The most severe water distributions and highest water-level losses have been observed on the model with +60° angular walls. Contrary, the model with reverse sloped (-60°) seawalls demonstrated the most oscillating level at the coast but has kept the water-level rather stable in the central part. This causes the waves to be reflected back to the wall as fast as it has been observed during the experiment. If compared to the other structures such a construction is quite costly to be made. However, the water depth in this model has been preserved at the shallow areas, since it is able to reflect the waves and its energy-absorbing feature is good with less "Ekman Condition" effect. Keywords: Shallow channel, coastal waters, atmospheric pressure, Ekman Condition, squat

Prediction of induced vibrations for a passenger - car ferry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Crudu, L.; Neculet, O.; Marcu, O.

2016-08-01

In order to evaluate the ship hull global vibrations, propeller excitation must be properly considered being mandatory to know enough accurate the magnitude of the induced hull pressure impulses. During the preliminary design stages, the pressures induced on the aft part of the ship by the operating propeller can be evaluated based on the guidelines given by the international standards or by the provisions of the Classification Societies. These approximate formulas are taking into account the wake field which, unfortunately, can be only estimated unless experimental towing tank tests are carried out. Another possibility is the numerical evaluation with different Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. However, CFD methods are not always easy to be used requiring an accurate description of the hull forms in the aft part of the ship. The present research underlines these aspects during the preliminary prediction of propeller induced vibrations for a double-ended passenger-car ferry propelled by two azimuth fixed pitch thrusters placed at both ends of the ship. The evaluation of the global forced vibration is performed considering the 3D global Finite Element (FE) model, with NX Nastran for Windows. Based on the presented results, the paper provides reliable information to be used during the preliminary design stages.

Ship electric propulsion simulator based on networking technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zheng, Huayao; Huang, Xuewu; Chen, Jutao; Lu, Binquan

2006-11-01

According the new ship building tense, a novel electric propulsion simulator (EPS) had been developed in Marine Simulation Center of SMU. The architecture, software function and FCS network technology of EPS and integrated power system (IPS) were described. In allusion to the POD propeller in ship, a special physical model was built. The POD power was supplied from the simulative 6.6 kV Medium Voltage Main Switchboard, its control could be realized in local or remote mode. Through LAN, the simulated feature information of EPS will pass to the physical POD model, which would reflect the real thruster working status in different sea conditions. The software includes vessel-propeller math module, thruster control system, distribution and emergency integrated management, double closed loop control system, vessel static water resistance and dynamic software; instructor main control software. The monitor and control system is realized by real time data collection system and CAN bus technology. During the construction, most devices such as monitor panels and intelligent meters, are developed in lab which were based on embedded microcomputer system with CAN interface to link the network. They had also successfully used in practice and would be suitable for the future demands of digitalization ship.

Real-Time Telemetry System for Monitoring Motion of Ships Based on Inertial Sensors

PubMed Central

Núñez, José M.; Araújo, Marta G.; García-Tuñón, I.

2017-01-01

A telemetry system for real-time monitoring of the motions, position, speed and course of a ship at sea is presented in this work. The system, conceived as a subsystem of a radar cross-section measurement unit, could also be used in other applications as ships dynamics characterization, on-board cranes, antenna stabilizers, etc. This system was designed to be stand-alone, reliable, easy to deploy, low-cost and free of requirements related to stabilization procedures. In order to achieve such a unique combination of functionalities, we have developed a telemetry system based on redundant inertial and magnetic sensors and GPS (Global Positioning System) measurements. It provides a proper data storage and also has real-time radio data transmission capabilities to an on-shore station. The output of the system can be used either for on-line or off-line processing. Additionally, the system uses dual technologies and COTS (Commercial Off-The-Shelf) components. Motion-positioning measurements and radio data link tests were successfully carried out in several ships of the Spanish Navy, proving the compliance with the design targets and validating our telemetry system. PMID:28441330

Ambient noise dynamics in a heavy shipping area.

PubMed

Kinda, G Bazile; Le Courtois, Florent; Stéphan, Yann

2017-11-15

The management of underwater noise within the European Union's waters is a significant component (Descriptor 11) of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). The indicator related to continuous noise, is the noise levels in two one-third octave bands centered at 63Hz and 125Hz. This paper presents an analysis of underwater noise in the Celtic Sea, a heavy shipping area which also hosts the seasonal Ushant thermal front. In addition to the MSFD recommended frequency bands, the analysis was extended to lower and upper frequency bands. Temporal and spatial variations as well as the influence of the properties of the water column on the noise levels were assessed. The noise levels in the area had a high dynamic range and generally exceeded 100dB re 1μPa. Finally, the results highlighted that oceanic mooring must be designed to minimize the pseudo-noise and consider the water column physical properties. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning.

PubMed

Schwemmer, Philipp; Mendel, Bettina; Sonntag, Nicole; Dierschke, Volker; Garthe, Stefan

2011-07-01

Most anthropogenic influences on marine ecosystems, except for river- or terrestrial-borne pollution, involve some sort of vessel activity. Increasing anthropogenic activities mean that many countries are being forced to develop spatial planning schemes, while at the same time implementing conservation sites for sensitive species at sea. The effects of ship traffic on seabirds sensitive to human disturbance are currently too poorly understood to allow for the development of proper planning and conservation guidelines. We therefore used aerial surveys and experimental disturbance to elucidate the effects of passing ships on the distribution patterns, habitat loss, and species-specific flight reactions of birds, as well as the potential for habituation. Loons (Gavia spp.) showed clear avoidance of areas with high shipping intensity. Flush distances of four sea duck species differed significantly, with the longest distances recorded for Common Scoters (Melanitta nigra) and the shortest for Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima). Flush distance was positively related to flock size. Among all the sea duck species studied, the duration of temporary habitat loss was longest for Common Scoters. We found indications of habituation in sea ducks within areas of channeled traffic. However, it is questionable if habituation to free-ranging ships is likely to occur, because of their unpredictable nature. We therefore recommend that spatial planning should aim to channel ship traffic wherever possible to avoid further habitat fragmentation and to allow for habituation, at least in some species. Information on the effects of shipping on other seabird species and during different periods of the year is urgently needed, together with information on the effects of different types of boats, including recreational and fishing vessels.

Disposition of Orange Herbicide by Incineration. Revised Draft Environmental Statement

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-04-01

a ship , the "Vulcanls," has beer equipped to carry certain hazardous liquid chemical cargoes ...dispersed. For this analyses the dispersion zone is based on a one knot wind speed , "crosswind" of the ship’s course, 10 knot speed for the ship during... shipping company; the wind speed and effective mixing height are very con- servative. For such a low wind speed , it is anticipated that the

Occurrence of lower cloud albedo in ship tracks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Y.-C.; Christensen, M. W.; Xue, L.; Sorooshian, A.; Stephens, G. L.; Rasmussen, R. M.; Seinfeld, J. H.

2012-09-01

The concept of geoengineering by marine cloud brightening is based on seeding marine stratocumulus clouds with sub-micrometer sea-salt particles to enhance the cloud droplet number concentration and cloud albedo, thereby producing a climate cooling effect. The efficacy of this as a strategy for global cooling rests on the extent to which aerosol-perturbed marine clouds will respond with increased albedo. Ship tracks, quasi-linear cloud features prevalent in oceanic regions impacted by ship exhaust, are a well-known manifestation of the effect of aerosol injection on marine clouds. We present here an analysis of the albedo responses in ship tracks, based on in situ aircraft measurements and three years of satellite observations of 589 individual ship tracks. It is found that the sign (increase or decrease) and magnitude of the albedo response in ship tracks depends on the mesoscale cloud structure, the free tropospheric humidity, and cloud top height. In a closed cell structure (cloud cells ringed by a perimeter of clear air), nearly 30% of ship tracks exhibited a decreased albedo. Detailed cloud responses must be accounted for in global studies of the potential efficacy of sea-spray geoengineering as a means to counteract global warming.

The Sam-Sam interaction between Ship2 and the EphA2 receptor: design and analysis of peptide inhibitors.

PubMed

Mercurio, Flavia Anna; Di Natale, Concetta; Pirone, Luciano; Iannitti, Roberta; Marasco, Daniela; Pedone, Emilia Maria; Palumbo, Rosanna; Leone, Marilisa

2017-12-12

The lipid phosphatase Ship2 represents a drug discovery target for the treatment of different diseases, including cancer. Its C-terminal sterile alpha motif domain (Ship2-Sam) associates with the Sam domain from the EphA2 receptor (EphA2-Sam). This interaction is expected to mainly induce pro-oncogenic effects in cells therefore, inhibition of the Ship2-Sam/EphA2-Sam complex may represent an innovative route to discover anti-cancer therapeutics. In the present work, we designed and analyzed several peptide sequences encompassing the interaction interface of EphA2-Sam for Ship2-Sam. Peptide conformational analyses and interaction assays with Ship2-Sam conducted through diverse techniques (CD, NMR, SPR and MST), identified a positively charged penta-amino acid native motif in EphA2-Sam, that once repeated three times in tandem, binds Ship2-Sam. NMR experiments show that the peptide targets the negatively charged binding site of Ship2-Sam for EphA2-Sam. Preliminary in vitro cell-based assays indicate that -at 50 µM concentration- it induces necrosis of PC-3 prostate cancer cells with more cytotoxic effect on cancer cells than on normal dermal fibroblasts. This work represents a pioneering study that opens further opportunities for the development of inhibitors of the Ship2-Sam/EphA2-Sam complex for therapeutic applications.

46 CFR 565.7 - Effective dates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective dates. 565.7 Section 565.7 Shipping FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION REGULATIONS AND ACTIONS TO ADDRESS RESTRICTIVE FOREIGN MARITIME PRACTICES CONTROLLED CARRIERS § 565.7 Effective dates. (a) Generally. Except for service contracts, the rates, charges...

Ship track observations of a reduced shortwave aerosol indirect effect in mixed-phase clouds

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christensen, M. W.; Suzuki, K.; Zambri, B.; Stephens, G. L.

2014-10-01

Aerosol influences on clouds are a major source of uncertainty to our understanding of forced climate change. Increased aerosol can enhance solar reflection from clouds countering greenhouse gas warming. Recently, this indirect effect has been extended from water droplet clouds to other types including mixed-phase clouds. Aerosol effects on mixed-phase clouds are important because of their fundamental role on sea ice loss and polar climate change, but very little is known about aerosol effects on these clouds. Here we provide the first analysis of the effects of aerosol emitted from ship stacks into mixed-phase clouds. Satellite observations of solar reflection in numerous ship tracks reveal that cloud albedo increases 5 times more in liquid clouds when polluted and persist 2 h longer than in mixed-phase clouds. These results suggest that seeding mixed-phase clouds via shipping aerosol is unlikely to provide any significant counterbalancing solar radiative cooling effects in warming polar regions.

76 FR 14284 - Domestic Shipping Services Product Launch of Parcel Select Regional Ground

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-16

... POSTAL SERVICE 39 CFR Part 111 Domestic Shipping Services Product Launch of Parcel Select Regional... competitive shipping option, Parcel Select Regional Ground \\TM\\ service. DATES: Effective Date: April 17, 2011... classification changes outlined by USPS[supreg] on the introduction of Parcel Select Regional Ground service...

Further Validation of Simulated Dynamic Interface Testing Techniques as a Tool in the Forecasting of Air Vehicle Deck Limits

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

UAV Autonomy program which includes intelligent reasoning for autonomy, technologies to enhance see and avoid capabilities, object identification ...along the ship’s base recovery course (BRC). The pilot then flies toward the stern of the ship, aligning his approach path with the ship’s lineup line...quiescent point identification . CONCLUSIONS The primary goal for conducting dynamic interface analysis is to expand existing operating envelopes and

The Role of Civic Engagement for Men’s Health and Well Being in Norway—A Contribution to Public Health

PubMed Central

Goth, Ursula S.; Småland, Erik

2014-01-01

Objectives: Using the example of older men volunteering on teams that restore historic ships, this article examines the effects of volunteering on the well-being of older adults. We consider particularly how volunteering impacts levels of social engagement and explore how the men’s reminiscences as they bond with their fellows in highly skilled work helps integrate their life experiences. Methods: Data are based on 14 in-depth interviews with volunteers working on historic vessels in Norway. Self-rated health, functional dependency, and well-being measures were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Volunteering in a context of skilled, group-bonded, culturally prestigious activity adds considerably to social capital among elderly men in Norway. Respondents explain their involvement in terms of prior relationships and current social benefits. They spoke of the value of maintaining past personal connections to a particular ship, shipping company, or local community. These were reinforced by current social benefits, such as the experience of companionship, unity, and the feeling of making an important contribution to the society. The group dynamics and strong collective aspect of these voluntary associations maintains internal cohesion, and members only leave when forced by increasing age, poor health, or insufficient financial resources. Conclusions: This article illuminates a case study of gender-specific engagement of older adults in volunteer roles returning high benefits both to participants and society, and adds knowledge to public-health programs and policies in the volunteer- and cultural-heritage sector. PMID:24945192

Ship recognition for improved persistent tracking with descriptor localization and compact representations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van den Broek, Sebastiaan P.; Bouma, Henri; den Hollander, Richard J. M.; Veerman, Henny E. T.; Benoist, Koen W.; Schwering, Piet B. W.

2014-10-01

For maritime situational awareness, it is important to identify currently observed ships as earlier encounters. For example, past location and behavior analysis are useful to determine whether a ship is of interest in case of piracy and smuggling. It is beneficial to verify this with cameras at a distance, to avoid the costs of bringing an own asset closer to the ship. The focus of this paper is on ship recognition from electro-optical imagery. The main contribution is an analysis of the effect of using the combination of descriptor localization and compact representations. An evaluation is performed to assess the usefulness in persistent tracking, especially for larger intervals (i.e. re-identification of ships). From the evaluation on recordings of imagery, it is estimated how well the system discriminates between different ships.

Structural analysis of a ship on global aspect using ANSYS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahman, M. Muzibur; Kamol, Rajia Sultana; Islam, Reyana

2017-12-01

Ship is a complex geometry which undergoes a combination of loadings such as hydrostatic, hydrodynamic, wind, wave etc. at sea and thus adequate strength in a ship has always been one of the most challenging tasks for the ship designers. International Maritime Organization (IMO) and classification societies are providing the standards to ensure the adequacy of strength for the ship against all demands throughout its service life. Thus, structural analysis is needed to assess the overall strength of hull, and the means in this regard are based on finite element method which may be applied either local or global aspect of the ship. This paper is an attempt to carry out the structural analysis of a ship in global aspect using ANSYS software to locate the most stress concentration and deformed area, which will have ultimate effect on fatigue fracture.

The Use of Generating Sets with ING Gas Engines in "Shore to Ship" Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarnapowicz, Dariusz; German-Galkin, Sergiej

2016-09-01

The main sources of air pollution in ports are ships, on which electrical energy is produced in the autonomous generating sets Diesel-Generator. The most effective way to reduce harmful exhaust emissions from ships is to exclude marine generating sets and provide the shore-side electricity in "Shore to Ship" system. The main problem in the implementation of power supply for ships from land is connected with matching parameters of voltage in onshore network with marine network. Currently, the recommended solution is to supply ships from the onshore electricity network with the use of power electronic converters. This article presents an analysis of the "Shore to Ship" system with the use of generating sets with LNG gas engines. It shows topologies with LNG - Generator sets, environmental benefits of such a solution, advantages and disadvantages.

46 CFR 151.01-30 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective date. 151.01-30 Section 151.01-30 Shipping... BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES General § 151.01-30 Effective date. (a) The regulations in this... effective ninety (90) days after the date of publication in the Federal Register unless the Commandant shall...

A Case Study of Ship Track Formation in a Polluted Marine Boundary Layer.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noone, Kevin J.; Johnson, Doug W.; Taylor, Jonathan P.; Ferek, Ronald J.; Garrett, Tim; Hobbs, Peter V.; Durkee, Philip A.; Nielsen, Kurt; Öström, Elisabeth; O'Dowd, Colin; Smith, Michael H.; Russell, Lynn M.; Flagan, Richard C.; Seinfeld, John H.; de Bock, Lieve; van Grieken, René E.; Hudson, James G.; Brooks, Ian;  Gasparovic, Richard F.;  Pockalny, Robert A.

2000-08-01

A case study of the effects of ship emissions on the microphysical, radiative, and chemical properties of polluted marine boundary layer clouds is presented. Two ship tracks are discussed in detail. In situ measurements of cloud drop size distributions, liquid water content, and cloud radiative properties, as well as aerosol size distributions (outside-cloud, interstitial, and cloud droplet residual particles) and aerosol chemistry, are presented. These are related to remotely sensed measurements of cloud radiative properties.The authors examine the processes behind ship track formation in a polluted marine boundary layer as an example of the effects of anthropogenic particulate pollution on the albedo of marine stratiform clouds.

Are ship tracks useful analogs for studying the aerosol indirect effect?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christensen, M.; Toll, V.; Stephens, G. L.

2017-12-01

Vessels transiting the ocean sometimes leave their mark on the clouds - leaving behind reflective cloud lines, known as ship tracks. Ship tracks have been looked upon by some as a possible Rosetta Stone connecting the effects of changing aerosol over the ocean and cloud albedo effects on climate (Porch et al. 1990, Atmos. Enviorn., 1051-1059). In this research, we establish whether ship tracks, and volcano tracks - a natural analog, can be used to relate these cloud-scale perturbations to the aerosol effects occurring at larger regional-scales. Two databases containing over 1,500 ship and 900 volcano tracks, all carefully hand-selected from satellite imagery, are utilized; showing that ship tracks exhibit very similar cloud albedo effect responses to that of volcano tracks. For comparison, our global dataset utilises over 7 million CloudSat profiles consisting of single-layer marine warm cloud in which the retrievals are co-located with the MODerate Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) product so that statistical relationships between aerosol and cloud can be computed over 4x4 degree regions. All datasets show the same key physical processes that govern the cloud-aerosol indirect effect, namely, the strong negative responses in cloud droplet size and the bidirectional responses in liquid water path and cloud albedo depending on the meteorological conditions. Finally, this analysis is extended to a comparison against several general circulation models where it is suggested that key processes such as cloud-top entrainment and evaporation that regulates against strong liquid water path responses are likely underrepresented in most models.

Design and reliability analysis of DP-3 dynamic positioning control architecture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Fang; Wan, Lei; Jiang, Da-Peng; Xu, Yu-Ru

2011-12-01

As the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas proliferate throughout deepwater area, the requirements on the reliability of dynamic positioning system become increasingly stringent. The control objective ensuring safety operation at deep water will not be met by a single controller for dynamic positioning. In order to increase the availability and reliability of dynamic positioning control system, the triple redundancy hardware and software control architectures were designed and developed according to the safe specifications of DP-3 classification notation for dynamically positioned ships and rigs. The hardware redundant configuration takes the form of triple-redundant hot standby configuration including three identical operator stations and three real-time control computers which connect each other through dual networks. The function of motion control and redundancy management of control computers were implemented by software on the real-time operating system VxWorks. The software realization of task loose synchronization, majority voting and fault detection were presented in details. A hierarchical software architecture was planed during the development of software, consisting of application layer, real-time layer and physical layer. The behavior of the DP-3 dynamic positioning control system was modeled by a Markov model to analyze its reliability. The effects of variation in parameters on the reliability measures were investigated. The time domain dynamic simulation was carried out on a deepwater drilling rig to prove the feasibility of the proposed control architecture.

Pegasus ICON Spacecraft Arrival Activites

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-01

NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), inside its shipping container, is moved inside Building 1555 on May 1, 2018, at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The explorer will launch on June 15, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (June 14 in the continental United States) on Orbital ATK's Pegasus XL rocket, which is attached to the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in Earth's atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The explorer will help determine the physics of Earth's space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.

Pegasus ICON Spacecraft Arrival Activites

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-01

NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) is uncrated from its shipping container on May 1, 2018, inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The explorer will launch on June 15, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (June 14 in the continental United States) on Orbital ATK's Pegasus XL rocket, which is attached to the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in Earth's atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The explorer will help determine the physics of Earth's space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.

Identifying Modeled Ship Noise Hotspots for Marine Mammals of Canada's Pacific Region

PubMed Central

Erbe, Christine; Williams, Rob; Sandilands, Doug; Ashe, Erin

2014-01-01

The inshore, continental shelf waters of British Columbia (BC), Canada are busy with ship traffic. South coast waters are heavily trafficked by ships using the ports of Vancouver and Seattle. North coast waters are less busy, but expected to get busier based on proposals for container port and liquefied natural gas development and expansion. Abundance estimates and density surface maps are available for 10 commonly seen marine mammals, including northern resident killer whales, fin whales, humpback whales, and other species with at-risk status under Canadian legislation. Ship noise is the dominant anthropogenic contributor to the marine soundscape of BC, and it is chronic. Underwater noise is now being considered in habitat quality assessments in some countries and in marine spatial planning. We modeled the propagation of underwater noise from ships and weighted the received levels by species-specific audiograms. We overlaid the audiogram-weighted maps of ship audibility with animal density maps. The result is a series of so-called “hotspot” maps of ship noise for all 10 marine mammal species, based on cumulative ship noise energy and average distribution in the boreal summer. South coast waters (Juan de Fuca and Haro Straits) are hotspots for all species that use the area, irrespective of their hearing sensitivity, simply due to ubiquitous ship traffic. Secondary hotspots were found on the central and north coasts (Johnstone Strait and the region around Prince Rupert). These maps can identify where anthropogenic noise is predicted to have above-average impact on species-specific habitat, and where mitigation measures may be most effective. This approach can guide effective mitigation without requiring fleet-wide modification in sites where no animals are present or where the area is used by species that are relatively insensitive to ship noise. PMID:24598866

Ship detection leveraging deep neural networks in WorldView-2 images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamamoto, T.; Kazama, Y.

2017-10-01

Interpretation of high-resolution satellite images has been so difficult that skilled interpreters must have checked the satellite images manually because of the following issues. One is the requirement of the high detection accuracy rate. The other is the variety of the target, taking ships for example, there are many kinds of ships, such as boat, cruise ship, cargo ship, aircraft carrier, and so on. Furthermore, there are similar appearance objects throughout the image; therefore, it is often difficult even for the skilled interpreters to distinguish what object the pixels really compose. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of object extraction leveraging deep learning with high-resolution satellite images, especially focusing on ship detection. We calculated the detection accuracy using the WorldView-2 images. First, we collected the training images labelled as "ship" and "not ship". After preparing the training data, we defined the deep neural network model to judge whether ships are existing or not, and trained them with about 50,000 training images for each label. Subsequently, we scanned the evaluation image with different resolution windows and extracted the "ship" images. Experimental result shows the effectiveness of the deep learning based object detection.

Examples of, reasons for, and consequences of the poor quality of wind data from ships for the marine boundary layer: Implications for remote sensing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pierson, W.J. Jr.

1990-08-15

Wind reports by data buoys are used to demonstrate that these reports have in the past provided useful values for the synoptic scale winds and that at present these reports provide very reliable values for the synoptic scale winds. Past studies of wind reports by ships have revealed that the data are of poor quality, but the causes for this poor quality are not identified. Examples of the poor quality of wind data from ships are obtained by comparing ship reports with buoy reports and comparing reports of different kinds of ships with each other. These comparisons identify many differentmore » reasons for the poor quality of wind data from ships. Suggestions are made for improving the quality of ship data. The consequences of the poor quality of ship winds are described in terms of the effects on weather and wave forecasts. The implications for remotely sensed winds are discussed.« less

Unitizing goods on pallets and slipsheets

Treesearch

J. F. Laundrie

1986-01-01

Packaging, handling, and shipping methods and facilities have changed drastically since World War II. Today, most products are individually packaged and then combined into unitized loads for more efficient handling, storage, and shipping. The purpose of this manual is to promote the most effective use of wood and wood fiber in current packaging and shipping practices...

Inter-annual trend of the primary contribution of ship emissions to PM2.5 concentrations in Venice (Italy): Efficiency of emissions mitigation strategies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Contini, Daniele; Gambaro, Andrea; Donateo, Antonio; Cescon, Paolo; Cesari, Daniela; Merico, Eva; Belosi, Franco; Citron, Marta

2015-02-01

Ships and harbour emissions are currently increasing, due to the increase of tourism and trade, with potential impact on global air pollution and climate. At local scale, in-port ship emissions influence air quality in coastal areas impacting on health of coastal communities. International legislations to reduce ship emissions, both at Worldwide and European levels, are mainly based on the use of low-sulphur content fuel. In this work an analysis of the inter-annual trends of primary contribution, ε, of tourist shipping to the atmospheric PM2.5 concentrations in the urban area of Venice has been performed. Measurements have been taken in the summer periods of 2007, 2009 and 2012. Results show a decrease of ε from 7% (±1%) in 2007 to 5% (±1%) in 2009 and to 3.5% (±1%) in 2012. The meteorological and micrometeorological conditions of the campaigns were similar. Tourist ship traffic during measurement campaigns increased, in terms of gross tonnage, of about 25.4% from 2007 to 2009 and of 17.6% from 2009 to 2012. The decrease of ε was associated to the effect of a voluntary agreement (Venice Blue Flag) for the use of low-sulphur content fuel enforced in the area between 2007 and 2009 and to the implementation of the 2005/33/CE Directive in 2010. Results show that the use of low-sulphur fuel could effectively reduce the impact of shipping to atmospheric primary particles at local scale. Further, voluntary agreement could also be effective in reducing the impact of shipping on local air quality in coastal areas.

Effects of Simulated Ship Motion on the Performance of Underway Officer of the Deck.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

BURI ’ AU MIROCOPY RESOLUI p. ( NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL N Monterey, California 00 I1ITIC iELECTiII THESIS EFFECTS OF SIMULATED SHIP MOTION ON THE...CODESj 16 SUBJECT TERMS (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) GROUP SUBGROUP,, ~~’A-’TSTS PAQ , Surface Warfare, Ship Motion...Analysis Questionnaire ( PAQ ) was used to analyze the duties of the 000, and the important areas so identified were tested using the Automated Portable Test

DES Prediction of Cavitation Erosion and Its Validation for a Ship Scale Propeller

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ponkratov, Dmitriy, Dr

2015-12-01

Lloyd's Register Technical Investigation Department (LR TID) have developed numerical functions for the prediction of cavitation erosion aggressiveness within Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. These functions were previously validated for a model scale hydrofoil and ship scale rudder [1]. For the current study the functions were applied to a cargo ship's full scale propeller, on which the severe cavitation erosion was reported. The performed Detach Eddy Simulation (DES) required a fine computational mesh (approximately 22 million cells), together with a very small time step (2.0E-4 s). As the cavitation for this type of vessel is primarily caused by a highly non-uniform wake, the hull was also included in the simulation. The applied method under predicted the cavitation extent and did not fully resolve the tip vortex; however, the areas of cavitation collapse were captured successfully. Consequently, the developed functions showed a very good prediction of erosion areas, as confirmed by comparison with underwater propeller inspection results.

R/V Maurice Ewing retires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diebold, John

2005-07-01

The R/V Maurice Ewing came into port for the last time on 10 March 2005, tying up at Quonset Point, R.I., astern of the ship slated to be her replacement (Figure 1). M/V Western Legend (Figure 1, left) will, during fall and winter of 2005-2006, be converted as R/V Marcus G. Langseth, and will replace the Maurice Ewing (Figure 1, right) as the primary seismic research vessel within the U.S. academic research vessel fleet.During its distinguished 15-year career, Ewing's operations added fundamentally to the knowledge and understanding of solid Earth dynamics and structure. Ewing began life as the M/V Bernier, and performed seismic offshore exploration for Petro Canada. In an innovative process, which included initialization provided by Columbia University, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) acquired Bernier in 1989, and the ship's title passed to NSF in 1990. Bernier was converted into R/V Ewing for a total expenditure (approximately $12 million) far below the cost of building and outfitting a new seismic research ship.

Total Quality Management in Dry-Bulk Shipping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alexopoulos, Aristotelis B.; Konstantopoulos, Nikolaos

2007-12-01

In this article we attempt a primary investigation of the total quality systems in shipping companies, as well as in ships. We investigate the vital points on which the total quality system can have a beneficial effect and redefine the way a shipping company functions with the purpose of increasing its competitiveness. The application of a quality system changes the way of relation management, either inside the company-interpersonal and intergroup relations- or outside the company-between company and customers or suppliers.

A Characterization of the Ship-Effect in a Maritime Environment and Special Nuclear Material Detection

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-18

fees and no tracking. 44 One of its great strengths is that it is designed to be customized to meet the needs of a specific program, mission or...moved on large vessels, detection is complicated. Additionally, the level of the radiation background on and in the immediate vicinity of the ship... on land and surrounding a ship on the water. (3) Simulating a radiation signature emitted from nuclear material aboard a ship using radiation

Coatings masking in near, medium, and far infrared used for ship camouflage

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Milewski, S.; Dulski, R.; Kastek, M.; Trzaskawka, P.; Barela, J.; Firmanty, K.

2011-11-01

The increasing range of naval engagements results in development of camouflages applied on warships that mask their signatures first in visible and next in and IR spectra. Camouflage applied on warships that mask their IR signatures is one of the most basic countermeasure methods against attacks by heat-seeking missiles. A set of special coatings applied to the ship's hull allows misidentification by enemies weapon and so make the ship harder to destroy. Thus the knowledge on actual thermal contrast between the ship and surrounding background is required in order to provide an effective antimissile defense. The paper presents selected aspects related to ship's camouflage realized by altering its thermal signature as well as the results of radiometric measurement of thermal radiation of IR-masking coatings. Measurements were performed using IR imaging spectrometers in near, medium and far infrared spectra. The presented measurement results constitute the basis for the assessment of the effectiveness of IR masking methods and additionally provide the opportunity to effectively simulate the properties of masking coatings and further to optimize their radiometric properties in the infrared range.

Ship Dynamics in the Surf Zone Model Testing

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-01

was implemented for ease of transportation and ease of assembly. Each module was 10 feet square consisting of oriented strand board ( OSB ) plywood with...frame, constructed of 2 inch by 4 inch by 10 feet pieces of wood, was measured, cut, laid, and screwed together for each module. Pieces of OSB

Spacebased Observation of Global Ocean Surface Wind Fields

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Polito, P. S.; Liu, W. T.

1997-01-01

The ocean and the atmosphere are dynamically coupled by the transport of momentum which is driven by the wind shear at the sea surface. However, in situ wind measurements are relatively sparse over most of the world's ocean and are largely limited to the locations of shipping routes.

Agile Port and High Speed Ship Technologies, Vol 1: FY05 Projects 3-6 and 8-10

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-07-02

Computational Fluid Dynamics DTMB - David Taylor Model Basin JVR - Jet Velocity Ratio NSWCCD - Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division SDD - Systems...immature current state of the technology employed for the reactor system (multiple closed Brayton Cycle, Helium Cooled Gas reactors); (iii) several

Developing a Theory for Dynamic Campaign Planning,

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-26

the future commander, or, more accurately, to guide him in his self education, not to accompany him to the battlefield." 4 Theory can then serve as an...the ship. These improvements drastically improved the support groups resposiveness and lethality and helped turn the tide against the U-boats. 7

Effects of Simulated Surface Effect Ship Motions on Crew Habitability. Phase II. Volume 5. Clinical Medical Effects on Volunteers

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-05-01

the 2000 ton surface effect ship (2000T-SES). Nine- teen volunteer human research subjects, selected at different times from 600 naval enlisted...bite, the status of each individual tooth and its root structure. This is required in order to determine that there is an adequate dental, gingival

Assessment of Ship Dynamics Programs for Possible Integration into the Integrated Ship Design System,

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-04-01

2- o o p. c 6- c Z.w s we It& 0 - % ol - 1. I "" td - 00 I !. 16•- ,. a zo0 0 IF,, C ,’+I , 1,,, " a’ 05 a c-h . ý 1 o U 00- 4c to : .- -a- - - W~ .0...C b,, b c C . (v •0 O IIII-:!*t _ - 4bD **.-D &IZal/ "a , -. ’. OaN c0 $aOZ ~U 0 - 0c V 0.C 06 x 0 c 0* 40f jat ) o I : to4a’ -" 0 c3 •-.1,- " c E, 1

Black carbon from ships: a review of the effects of ship speed, fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lack, D. A.; Corbett, J. J.

2012-01-01

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has moved to address the health and climate impact of the emissions from the combustion of low-quality residual fuels within the commercial shipping industry. Fuel sulfur content (FS) limits and an efficiency design index for future ships are examples of such IMO actions. The impacts of black carbon (BC) emissions from shipping are now under review by the IMO, with a particular focus on the potential impacts of future Arctic shipping. Recognizing that associating impacts with BC emissions requires both ambient and onboard observations, we provide recommendations for the measurement of BC. We also evaluate current insights regarding the effect of ship speed (engine load), fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing on BC emissions from ships. Observations demonstrate that BC emission factors (EFBC) increases 3 to 6 times at very low engine loads (<25% compared to EFBC at 85-100% load); absolute BC emissions (per nautical mile of travel) also increase up to 100% depending on engine load, even with reduced load fuel savings. If fleets were required to operate at lower maximum engine loads, presumably associated with reduced speeds, then engines could be re-tuned, which would reduce BC emissions. Ships operating in the Arctic are likely running at highly variable engine loads (25-100%) depending on ice conditions and ice breaking requirements. The ships operating at low load may be emitting up to 50% more BC than they would at their rated load. Such variable load conditions make it difficult to assess the likely emissions rate of BC. Current fuel sulfur regulations have the effect of reducing EFBC by an average of 30% and potentially up to 80% regardless of engine load; a removal rate similar to that of scrubbers. Uncertainties among current observations demonstrate there is a need for more information on (a) the impact of fuel quality on EFBC using robust measurement methods and (b) the efficacy of scrubbers for the removal of particulate matter by size and composition.

Black carbon from ships: a review of the effects of ship speed, fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lack, D. A.; Corbett, J. J.

2012-05-01

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has moved to address the health and climate impact of the emissions from the combustion of low-quality residual fuels within the commercial shipping industry. Fuel sulfur content (FS) limits and an efficiency design index for future ships are examples of such IMO actions. The impacts of black carbon (BC) emissions from shipping are now under review by the IMO, with a particular focus on the potential impacts of future Arctic shipping. Recognizing that associating impacts with BC emissions requires both ambient and onboard observations, we provide recommendations for the measurement of BC. We also evaluate current insights regarding the effect of ship speed (engine load), fuel quality and exhaust gas scrubbing on BC emissions from ships. Observations demonstrate that BC emission factors (EFBC) increases 3 to 6 times at very low engine loads (<25% compared to EFBC at 85-100% load); absolute BC emissions (per nautical mile of travel) also increase up to 100% depending on engine load, even with reduced load fuel savings. If fleets were required to operate at lower maximum engine loads, presumably associated with reduced speeds, then engines could be re-tuned, which would reduce BC emissions. Ships operating in the Arctic are likely running at highly variable engine loads (25-100%) depending on ice conditions and ice breaking requirements. The ships operating at low load may be emitting up to 50% more BC than they would at their rated load. Such variable load conditions make it difficult to assess the likely emissions rate of BC. Current fuel sulfur regulations have the effect of reducing EFBC by an average of 30% and potentially up to 80% regardless of engine load; a removal rate similar to that of scrubbers. Uncertainties among current observations demonstrate there is a need for more information on a) the impact of fuel quality on EFBC using robust measurement methods and b) the efficacy of scrubbers for the removal of particulate matter by size and composition.

The mortality effect of ship-related fine particulate matter in the Sydney greater metropolitan region of NSW, Australia.

PubMed

Broome, Richard A; Cope, Martin E; Goldsworthy, Brett; Goldsworthy, Laurie; Emmerson, Kathryn; Jegasothy, Edward; Morgan, Geoffrey G

2016-02-01

This study investigates the mortality effect of primary and secondary PM2.5 related to ship exhaust in the Sydney greater metropolitan region of Australia. A detailed inventory of ship exhaust emissions was used to model a) the 2010/11 concentration of ship-related PM2.5 across the region, and b) the reduction in PM2.5 concentration that would occur if ships used distillate fuel with a 0.1% sulfur content at berth or within 300 km of Sydney. The annual loss of life attributable to 2010/11 levels of ship-related PM2.5 and the improvement in survival associated with use of low-sulfur fuel were estimated from the modelled concentrations. In 2010/11, approximately 1.9% of the region-wide annual average population weighted-mean concentration of all natural and human-made PM2.5 was attributable to ship exhaust, and up to 9.4% at suburbs close to ports. An estimated 220 years of life were lost by people who died in 2010/11 as a result of ship exhaust-related exposure (95% CIβ: 140-290, where CIβ is the uncertainty in the concentration-response coefficient only). Use of 0.1% sulfur fuel at berth would reduce the population weighted-mean concentration of PM2.5 related to ship exhaust by 25% and result in a gain of 390 life-years over a twenty year period (95% CIβ: 260-520). Use of 0.1% sulfur fuel within 300 km of Sydney would reduce the concentration by 56% and result in a gain of 920 life-years over twenty years (95% CIβ: 600-1200). Ship exhaust is an important source of human exposure to PM2.5 in the Sydney greater metropolitan region. This assessment supports intervention to reduce ship emissions in the GMR. Local strategies to limit the sulfur content of fuel would reduce exposure and will become increasingly beneficial as the shipping industry expands. A requirement for use of 0.1% sulfur fuel by ships within 300 km of Sydney would provide more than twice the mortality benefit of a requirement for ships to use 0.1% sulfur fuel at berth. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 107.01 - Purpose; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Purpose; preemptive effect. 107.01 Section 107.01 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS... rules for the design, construction, equipment, inspection and operation of mobile offshore drilling...

46 CFR 107.01 - Purpose; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Purpose; preemptive effect. 107.01 Section 107.01 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS... rules for the design, construction, equipment, inspection and operation of mobile offshore drilling...

46 CFR 107.01 - Purpose; preemptive effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Purpose; preemptive effect. 107.01 Section 107.01 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS... rules for the design, construction, equipment, inspection and operation of mobile offshore drilling...

46 CFR 308.552 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Effective date. 308.552 Section 308.552 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk... Maritime Administrator finds that war risk cargo insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne...

46 CFR 308.552 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effective date. 308.552 Section 308.552 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk... Maritime Administrator finds that war risk cargo insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne...

46 CFR 308.552 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Effective date. 308.552 Section 308.552 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk... Maritime Administrator finds that war risk cargo insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne...

46 CFR 308.552 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective date. 308.552 Section 308.552 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk... Maritime Administrator finds that war risk cargo insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne...

46 CFR 308.552 - Effective date.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Effective date. 308.552 Section 308.552 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE War Risk... Maritime Administrator finds that war risk cargo insurance adequate for the needs of the waterborne...

Study on the adverse effects of hydropower development on international shipping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Changhong

2017-04-01

The Lancang - Mekong river is an important international waterway to Southeast Asia and South Asia, which has important strategic significance for promoting regional economic cooperation and safeguarding national economic and security interests. On the Mekong River, the main aim is to develop hydropower resources utilization and shipping. River Hydropower Stations are in Laos and designed by foreign enterprises according to the construction of BOT. In this study, on the basis of a lot of research work and extensive collection of relevant information, and, through in-depth analysis of research, it reveals that the upper Mekong River hydropower development have many adverse effects on international shipping, put forward related suggestions for the healthy and sustainable development of international shipping.

Integration of SAR and AIS for ship detection and identification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Chan-Su; Kim, Tae-Ho

2012-06-01

This abstract describes the preliminary design concept for an integration system of SAR and AIS data. SAR sensors are used to acquire image data over large coverage area either through the space borne or airborne platforms in UTC. AIS reports should also obtained on the same date as of the SAR acquisition for the purpose to perform integration test. Once both data reports are obtained, one need to match the timings of AIS data acquisition over the SAR image acquisition time with consideration of local time & boundary to extract the closest time signal from AIS report in order to know the AIS based ship positions, but still one cannot be able to distinguish which ships have the AIS transponder after projection of AIS based position onto the SAR image acquisition boundary. As far as integration is concerned, the ship dead-reckoning concept is most important forecasted position which provides the AIS based ship position at the time of SAR image acquisition and also provides the hints for azimuth shift which occurred in SAR image for the case of moving ships which moves in the direction perpendicular to the direction of flight path. Unknown ship's DR estimation is to be carried out based on the initial positions, speed and course over ground, which has already been shorted out from AIS reports, during the step of time matching. This DR based ship's position will be the candidate element for searching the SAR based ship targets for the purpose of identification & matching within the certain boundary around DR. The searching method is performed by means of estimation of minimum distance from ship's DR to SAR based ship position, and once it determines, so the candidate element will look for matching like ship size match of DR based ship's dimension wrt SAR based ship's edge, there may be some error during the matching with SAR based ship edges with actual ship's hull design as per the longitudinal and transverse axis size information obtained from the AIS reports due to blurring effect in SAR based ship signatures, once the conditions are satisfied, candidate element will move & shift over the SAR based ship signature target with the minimum displacement and it is known to be the azimuth shift compensation and this overall methodology are known to be integration of AIS report data over the SAR image acquisition boundary with assessment of time matching. The expected result may provide the good accuracy of the SAR and AIS contact position along with dimension and classification of ships over SAR image. There may be possibilities of matching speed and course from candidate element with SAR based ship signature, but still the challenges are presents in front of us that to estimation of speed and course by means of SAR data, if it may be possible so the expected final result may be more accurate as due to extra matching effects and the results may be used for the near real time performance for ship identification with help of integrated system design based on SAR and AIS data reports.

A new method for the evaluation of the direct effect of the ship traffic on PAHs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gregoris, Elena; De Pieri, Silvia; Barbaro, Elena; Piazza, Rossano; Gambaro, Andrea; Contini, Daniele

2015-04-01

Emissions of exhaust gases and particles from ships can affect significantly the chemical composition of the atmosphere, local and regional air quality and climate. These emissions might have harmful effects on human health, since Mediterranean harbors are often located near or within the cities. Moreover ships and harbours emissions are currently increasing, due to the grow of tourism and trade, further amplifying this issue. International legislation and local agreements are mainly based on the use of low-sulphur fuel content, but also other chemicals, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), play an important role. Because of their low reactivity PAHs can persist in the environment for a long time; moreover they bioaccumulate, causing adverse effect on human health, such as reproductive and immune effects, developmental anomalies and cancer. This work is linked to the POSEIDON project (POllution monitoring of Ship Emission: an IntegrateD approach fOr harbor of the Adriatic basiN), that aims to quantify the atmospheric pollution generated by ship traffic and harbor activities in four port-cities of the Adriatic Sea (Brindisi, Venice, Rijeka, Patras). Here, a new method for the evaluation of the direct effect of ship traffic and harbour activities on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is presented. In this method two high-volume samplers are operating: one of them collecting air from all directions; the other one is programmed to activate only when the wind is blowing from a specific sector (the harbour area). From the compared results, information about the effect of the harbour on the global PAHs concentration can be obtained. The method was applied in Venice in two summer sampling campaigns, in 2009 and 2012.

A Regulatory Role for Src Homology 2 Domain–Containing Inositol 5′-Phosphatase (Ship) in Phagocytosis Mediated by Fcγ Receptors and Complement Receptor 3 (αMβ2; Cd11b/Cd18)

PubMed Central

Cox, Dianne; Dale, Benjamin M.; Kashiwada, Masaki; Helgason, Cheryl D.; Greenberg, Steven

2001-01-01

The Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol 5′-phosphatase (SHIP) is recruited to immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)–containing proteins, thereby suppressing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)–dependent pathways. The role of SHIP in phagocytosis, a PI 3-kinase–dependent pathway, is unknown. Overexpression of SHIP in macrophages led to an inhibition of phagocytosis mediated by receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγRs). In contrast, macrophages expressing catalytically inactive SHIP or lacking SHIP expression demonstrated enhanced phagocytosis. To determine whether SHIP regulates phagocytosis mediated by receptors that are not known to recruit ITIMs, we determined the effect of SHIP expression on complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18; αMβ2)–dependent phagocytosis. Macrophages overexpressing SHIP demonstrated impaired CR3-mediated phagocytosis, whereas macrophages expressing catalytically inactive SHIP demonstrated enhanced phagocytosis. CR3-mediated phagocytosis in macrophages derived from SHIP−/− mice was up to 2.5 times as efficient as that observed in macrophages derived from littermate controls. SHIP was localized to FcγR- and CR3-containing phagocytic cups and was recruited to the cytoskeleton upon clustering of CR3. In a transfected COS cell model of activation-independent CR3-mediated phagocytosis, catalytically active but not inactive SHIP also inhibited phagocytosis. We conclude that PI 3-kinase(s) and SHIP regulate multiple forms of phagocytosis and that endogenous SHIP plays a role in modulating β2 integrin outside-in signaling. PMID:11136821

Ship emission inventory and its impact on the PM2.5 air pollution in Qingdao Port, North China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Dongsheng; Wang, Xiaotong; Nelson, Peter; Li, Yue; Zhao, Na; Zhao, Yuehua; Lang, Jianlei; Zhou, Ying; Guo, Xiurui

2017-10-01

In this study, a first high temporal-spatial ship emission inventory in Qingdao Port and its adjacent waters has been developed using a ;bottom-up; method based on Automatic Identification System (AIS) data. The total estimated ship emissions for SO2, NOX, PM10, PM2.5, HC and CO in 2014 are 3.32 × 104, 4.29 × 104, 4.54 × 103, 4.18 × 103, 1.85 × 103 and 3.66 × 103 tonnes, respectively. Emissions of SO2 and NOX from ships account for 9% and 13% of the anthropogenic totals in Qingdao, respectively. The main contributors to the ship emissions are containers, followed by fishing ships, oil tankers and bulk carriers. The inter-monthly ship emissions varied significantly due to two reasons: stopping of the fishing ship activities during the fishing moratorium and the reduction of freight volume around the Chinese New Year Festival. Emissions from transport vessels concentrated basically along the shipping routes, while fishing ships contributed to massive irregular spatial emissions in the sea. The impact of ship emissions on the ambient air quality was further investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) model. The results reveal that the contribution of ship emissions to the PM2.5 concentrations in Qingdao is the highest in summer (13.1%) and the lowest in winter (1.5%). The impact was more evident over densely populated urban areas, where the contributions from ship emissions could be over 20% in July due to their close range to the docks. These results indicated that the management and control of the ship emissions are highly demanded considering their remarkable influence on the air quality and potential negative effects on human health.

Ship Trim Optimization: Assessment of Influence of Trim on Resistance of MOERI Container Ship

PubMed Central

Duan, Wenyang

2014-01-01

Environmental issues and rising fuel prices necessitate better energy efficiency in all sectors. Shipping industry is a stakeholder in environmental issues. Shipping industry is responsible for approximately 3% of global CO2 emissions, 14-15% of global NOX emissions, and 16% of global SOX emissions. Ship trim optimization has gained enormous momentum in recent years being an effective operational measure for better energy efficiency to reduce emissions. Ship trim optimization analysis has traditionally been done through tow-tank testing for a specific hullform. Computational techniques are increasingly popular in ship hydrodynamics applications. The purpose of this study is to present MOERI container ship (KCS) hull trim optimization by employing computational methods. KCS hull total resistances and trim and sinkage computed values, in even keel condition, are compared with experimental values and found in reasonable agreement. The agreement validates that mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are correct. The same mesh, boundary conditions, and solution techniques are used to obtain resistance values in different trim conditions at Fn = 0.2274. Based on attained results, optimum trim is suggested. This research serves as foundation for employing computational techniques for ship trim optimization. PMID:24578649

SAR Image Simulation of Ship Targets Based on Multi-Path Scattering

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Y.; Wang, H.; Ma, H.; Li, K.; Xia, Z.; Hao, Y.; Guo, H.; Shi, H.; Liao, X.; Yue, H.

2018-04-01

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) plays an important role in the classification and recognition of ship targets because of its all-weather working ability and fine resolution. In SAR images, besides the sea clutter, the influence of the sea surface on the radar echo is also known as the so-called multipath effect. These multipath effects will generate some extra "pseudo images", which may cause the distortion of the target image and affect the estimation of the characteristic parameters. In this paper,the multipath effect of rough sea surface and its influence on the estimation of ship characteristic parameters are studied. The imaging of the first and the secondary reflection of sea surface is presented . The artifacts not only overlap with the image of the target itself, but may also appear in the sea near the target area. It is difficult to distinguish them, and this artifact has an effect on the length and width of the ship.

Ship Detection in Optical Satellite Image Based on RX Method and PCAnet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shao, Xiu; Li, Huali; Lin, Hui; Kang, Xudong; Lu, Ting

2017-12-01

In this paper, we present a novel method for ship detection in optical satellite image based on the ReedXiaoli (RX) method and the principal component analysis network (PCAnet). The proposed method consists of the following three steps. First, the spatially adjacent pixels in optical image are arranged into a vector, transforming the optical image into a 3D cube image. By taking this process, the contextual information of the spatially adjacent pixels can be integrated to magnify the discrimination between ship and background. Second, the RX anomaly detection method is adopted to preliminarily extract ship candidates from the produced 3D cube image. Finally, real ships are further confirmed among ship candidates by applying the PCAnet and the support vector machine (SVM). Specifically, the PCAnet is a simple deep learning network which is exploited to perform feature extraction, and the SVM is applied to achieve feature pooling and decision making. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is effective in discriminating between ships and false alarms, and has a good ship detection performance.

Low Altitude AVIRIS Data for Mapping Land Form Types on West Ship Island, Mississippi

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spruce, Joseph P.; Otvos, Ervin G.; Giardino, Marco J.

2002-01-01

Barrier islands help protect the southern and southeastern U.S. shoreline from hurricanes and severe storms. They are important for coastal resource management and geologic research, especially in studies that involve changes in island areas and surface environments, and they display a dynamically changing and diverse mix of landform and vegetative cover habitats. Many Gulf Coast barrier islands have undergone dramatic decreases in areal extent, often due to hurricane and severe storm damage. For example, Louisiana's barrier islands have lost 55 percent of their surface area over the past 100 years. Aerial photography and Landsat data have been used to monitor changes in barrier island areal extent, although neither data source is optimal for making maps of detailed landform types at site-specific scales. High spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery, such as that obtained from the high spatial resolution Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) sensor, may enable improved mapping of landform types, which would benefit studies of the dynamics of barrier island environments. During the summers of 2000 and 2001, a study was conducted to assess low-altitude AVIRIS data for mapping the landform types of West Ship Island, a barrier island in Harrison County, Mississippi. This study area was selected because of the availability of low-altitude AVIRIS data acquired on July 22, 1999, and because of the area's accessibility to the investigating team. West Ship Island is one of the six barrier islands that belong to the Gulf Shores National Seashore, which is managed by the National Park Service. This island contains an impressive range of landform categories. Surface types include beach, dune, and sand flat environments. West Ship Island also harbors Fort Massachusetts, a historic fort used during the Civil War. Because it is located near Stennis Space Center, the island is frequently imaged by NASA's airborne and spaceborne sensors.

Economic impact of ethanol production on U.S. livestock sector: A spatial analysis of corn and distillers grain shipment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

N'guessan, Yapo Genevier

2007-12-01

The production of corn-based ethanol in the U.S. has increased from 1,630 million gallons in 2000 to 4,855 million gallons in 2006, representing a 198% growth over the period considered. This growth is favored by the availability of more efficient technologies in the production process of ethanol and is sustained by the high prices of ethanol in the market. The industry is also supported by a favorable public policy, expressed in the form of laws, mandating an increase in the use of ethanol, and also in the form of tax incentives. The tremendous increase in the use of corn for the ethanol industry is made at the expense of the livestock industry that was the traditional destination for much of the U.S. corn grain. As the ethanol industry continues to expand, concerns are raised in regard to its impact as more and more corn is diverted from the livestock sector. This study investigates the economic impact of the ethanol industry on the U.S. livestock sector. Specifically, a shipping cost model is developed to simulate the impact of the ethanol industry on the shipping cost of corn at the national and individual state levels. The dynamics for major livestock producing states are also analyzed at the crop reporting district level. Different scenarios based on assumptions on the availability of corn and the production capacities of the ethanol industry are displayed. Results from the model indicate that nationwide there is a 5 to 22% increase in the shipping cost of corn for the livestock industry due to the ethanol industry, depending on the scenario involved. At the state level, there is an increase in the transportation cost for most of the states, with shipping cost doubling in some cases. Nevertheless, some states benefit from the dynamics created by the development of ethanol plants and are experiencing a reduction in their livestock industry corn transportation cost.

Ship Effect Measurements With Fiber Optic Neutron Detector

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

King, Kenneth L.; Dean, Rashe A.; Akbar, Shahzad

2010-08-10

The main objectives of this research project was to assemble, operate, test and characterize an innovatively designed scintillating fiber optic neutron radiation detector manufactured by Innovative American Technology with possible application to the Department of Homeland Security screening for potential radiological and nuclear threats at US borders (Kouzes 2004). One goal of this project was to make measurements of the neutron ship effect for several materials. The Virginia State University DOE FaST/NSF summer student-faculty team made measurements with the fiber optic radiation detector at PNNL above ground to characterize the ship effect from cosmic neutrons, and underground to characterize themore » muon contribution.« less

Basic aspects and contributions to the optimization of energy systems exploitation of a super tanker ship

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Faitar, C.; Novac, I.

2017-08-01

Today, the concept of energy efficiency or energy optimization in ships has become one of the main problems of engineers in the whole world. To increase the fiability of a crude oil super tanker ship it means, among other things, to improve the energy performance and optimize the fuel consumption of ship through the development of engines and propulsion system or using alternative energies. Also, the importance of having an effective and reliable Power Management System (PMS) in a vessel operating system means to reduce operational costs and maintain power system of machine parts working in minimum stress in all operating conditions. Studying the Energy Efficiency Design Index and Energy Efficiency Operational Indicator for a crude oil super tanker ship, it allows us to study the reconfiguration of ship power system introducing new generation systems.

Ship Detection Based on Multiple Features in Random Forest Model for Hyperspectral Images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, N.; Ding, L.; Zhao, H.; Shi, J.; Wang, D.; Gong, X.

2018-04-01

A novel method for detecting ships which aim to make full use of both the spatial and spectral information from hyperspectral images is proposed. Firstly, the band which is high signal-noise ratio in the range of near infrared or short-wave infrared spectrum, is used to segment land and sea on Otsu threshold segmentation method. Secondly, multiple features that include spectral and texture features are extracted from hyperspectral images. Principal components analysis (PCA) is used to extract spectral features, the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) is used to extract texture features. Finally, Random Forest (RF) model is introduced to detect ships based on the extracted features. To illustrate the effectiveness of the method, we carry out experiments over the EO-1 data by comparing single feature and different multiple features. Compared with the traditional single feature method and Support Vector Machine (SVM) model, the proposed method can stably achieve the target detection of ships under complex background and can effectively improve the detection accuracy of ships.

77 FR 12993 - Certifications and Exemptions Under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-05

...), pertaining to the location of the forward masthead light in the forward quarter of the ship, and the... its special function as a naval ship. The intended effect of this rule is to warn mariners in waters... provisions of 72 COLREGS without interfering with its special function as a naval ship: Annex I, paragraph 2...

Construction of monitoring model and algorithm design on passenger security during shipping based on improved Bayesian network.

PubMed

Wang, Jiali; Zhang, Qingnian; Ji, Wenfeng

2014-01-01

A large number of data is needed by the computation of the objective Bayesian network, but the data is hard to get in actual computation. The calculation method of Bayesian network was improved in this paper, and the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was obtained. Then, the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was used to reason Bayesian network model when the data is limited. The security of passengers during shipping is affected by various factors, and it is hard to predict and control. The index system that has the impact on the passenger safety during shipping was established on basis of the multifield coupling theory in this paper. Meanwhile, the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was applied to monitor the security of passengers in the shipping process. The model was applied to monitor the passenger safety during shipping of a shipping company in Hainan, and the effectiveness of this model was examined. This research work provides guidance for guaranteeing security of passengers during shipping.

Construction of Monitoring Model and Algorithm Design on Passenger Security during Shipping Based on Improved Bayesian Network

PubMed Central

Wang, Jiali; Zhang, Qingnian; Ji, Wenfeng

2014-01-01

A large number of data is needed by the computation of the objective Bayesian network, but the data is hard to get in actual computation. The calculation method of Bayesian network was improved in this paper, and the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was obtained. Then, the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was used to reason Bayesian network model when the data is limited. The security of passengers during shipping is affected by various factors, and it is hard to predict and control. The index system that has the impact on the passenger safety during shipping was established on basis of the multifield coupling theory in this paper. Meanwhile, the fuzzy-precise Bayesian network was applied to monitor the security of passengers in the shipping process. The model was applied to monitor the passenger safety during shipping of a shipping company in Hainan, and the effectiveness of this model was examined. This research work provides guidance for guaranteeing security of passengers during shipping. PMID:25254227

A new rational-based optimal design strategy of ship structure based on multi-level analysis and super-element modeling method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sun, Li; Wang, Deyu

2011-09-01

A new multi-level analysis method of introducing the super-element modeling method, derived from the multi-level analysis method first proposed by O. F. Hughes, has been proposed in this paper to solve the problem of high time cost in adopting a rational-based optimal design method for ship structural design. Furthermore, the method was verified by its effective application in optimization of the mid-ship section of a container ship. A full 3-D FEM model of a ship, suffering static and quasi-static loads, was used as the analyzing object for evaluating the structural performance of the mid-ship module, including static strength and buckling performance. Research results reveal that this new method could substantially reduce the computational cost of the rational-based optimization problem without decreasing its accuracy, which increases the feasibility and economic efficiency of using a rational-based optimal design method in ship structural design.

The Littoral Combat Ship: Is the US Navy Assuming Too Much Risk?

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-16

whereas the General Dynamics design will focus on an all- aluminum trimaran hull. Additional study of the pros and cons based on these two designs and......also important to understand that not all risk is bad. The SWOT analysis, which looks at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats

46 CFR 154.427 - Membrane tank system design.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Membrane tank system design. 154.427 Section 154.427... Membrane Tanks § 154.427 Membrane tank system design. A membrane tank system must be designed for: (a) Any static and dynamic loads with respect to plastic deformation and fatigue; (b) Combined strains from...

The Self-Managing School: A Matter of Being and of Becoming.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beavis, Allan K.

This paper explores possibilities within a paradigm that is an alternative to the reductionist, mechanistic paradigm of school-based management. The use of a "sporting team" concept (from a dynamic, holistic paradigm) rather than a "ship's crew" model (from a reductionist approach) is advocated. Using research on the governance…

Naval electronic warfare simulation for effectiveness assessment and softkill programmability facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lançon, F.

2011-06-01

The Anti-ship Missile (ASM) threat to be faced by ships will become more diverse and difficult. Intelligence, rules of engagement constraints, fast reaction-time for effective softkill solution require specific tools to design Electronic Warfare (EW) systems and to integrate it onboard ship. SAGEM Company provides decoy launcher system [1] and its associated Naval Electronic Warfare Simulation tool (NEWS) to permit softkill effectiveness analysis for anti-ship missile defence. NEWS tool generates virtual environment for missile-ship engagement and counter-measure simulator over a wide spectrum: RF, IR, EO. It integrates EW Command & Control (EWC2) process which is implemented in decoy launcher system and performs Monte-Carlo batch processing to evaluate softkill effectiveness in different engagement situations. NEWS is designed to allow immediate EWC2 process integration from simulation to real decoy launcher system. By design, it allows the final operator to be able to program, test and integrate its own EWC2 module and EW library onboard, so intelligence of each user is protected and evolution of threat can be taken into account through EW library update. The objectives of NEWS tool are also to define a methodology for trial definition and trial data reduction. Growth potential would permit to design new concept for EWC2 programmability and real time effectiveness estimation in EW system. This tool can also be used for operator training purpose. This paper presents the architecture design, the softkill programmability facility concept and the flexibility for onboard integration on ship. The concept of this operationally focused simulation, which is to use only one tool for design, development, trial validation and operational use, will be demonstrated.

An AIS-based high-resolution ship emission inventory and its uncertainty in Pearl River Delta region, China.

PubMed

Li, Cheng; Yuan, Zibing; Ou, Jiamin; Fan, Xiaoli; Ye, Siqi; Xiao, Teng; Shi, Yuqi; Huang, Zhijiong; Ng, Simon K W; Zhong, Zhuangmin; Zheng, Junyu

2016-12-15

Ship emissions contribute significantly to air pollution and impose health risks to residents along the coastal area. By using the refined data from the Automatic Identification System (AIS), this study developed a highly resolved ship emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, China, home to three of ten busiest ports in the world. The region-wide SO 2 , NO X , CO, PM 10 , PM 2.5 , and VOC emissions in 2013 were estimated to be 61,484, 103,717, 10,599, 7155, 6605, and 4195t, respectively. Ocean going vessels were the largest contributors of the total emissions, followed by coastal vessels and river vessels. In terms of ship type, container ship was the leading contributor, followed by conventional cargo ship, dry bulk carrier, fishing ship, and oil tanker. These five ship types accounted for >90% of total emissions. The spatial distributions of emissions revealed that the key emission hot spots all concentrated within the newly proposed emission control area (ECA) and ship emissions within ECA covered >80% of total ship emissions in the PRD, highlighting the importance of ECA in emissions reduction in the PRD. The uncertainties of emission estimates of pollutants were quantified, with lower bounds of -24.5% to -21.2% and upper bounds of 28.6% to 33.3% at 95% confidence intervals. The lower uncertainties in this study highlighted the powerfulness of AIS data in improving ship emission estimates. The AIS-based bottom-up methodology can be used for developing and upgrading ship emission inventory and formulating effective control measures on ship emissions in other port regions wherever possible. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

T cell-specific deletion of the inositol phosphatase SHIP reveals its role in regulating Th1/Th2 and cytotoxic responses

PubMed Central

Tarasenko, Tatyana; Kole, Hemanta K.; Chi, Anthony W.; Mentink-Kane, Margaret M.; Wynn, Thomas A.; Bolland, Silvia

2007-01-01

The 5′-phosphoinositol phosphatase SHIP negatively regulates signaling pathways triggered by antigen, cytokine and Fc receptors in both lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Mice with germ-line (null) deletion of SHIP develop a myeloproliferative-like syndrome that causes early lethality. Lymphocyte anomalies have been observed in SHIP-null mice, but it is unclear whether they are due to an intrinsic requirement of SHIP in these cells or a consequence of the severe myeloid pathology. To precisely address the function of SHIP in T cells, we have generated mice with T cell-specific deletion of SHIP. In the absence of SHIP, we found no differences in thymic selection or in the activation state and numbers of regulatory T cells in the periphery. In contrast, SHIP-deficient T cells do not skew efficiently to Th2 in vitro. Mice with T cell-specific deletion of SHIP show poor antibody responses on Alum/NP-CGG immunization and diminished Th2 cytokine production when challenged with Schistosoma mansoni eggs. The failure to skew to Th2 responses may be the consequence of increased basal levels of the Th1-associated transcriptional factor T-bet, resulting from enhanced sensitivity to cytokine-mediated T-bet induction. SHIP-deficient CD8+ cells show enhanced cytotoxic responses, consistent with elevated T-bet levels in these cells. Overall our experiments indicate that in T cells SHIP negatively regulates cytokine-mediated activation in a way that allows effective Th2 responses and limits T cell cytotoxicity. PMID:17585010

46 CFR 107.223 - Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect. 107.223 Section 107.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Inspection and Certification § 107.223 Temporary...

46 CFR 107.223 - Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect. 107.223 Section 107.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Inspection and Certification § 107.223 Temporary...

46 CFR 107.223 - Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect. 107.223 Section 107.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Inspection and Certification § 107.223 Temporary...

46 CFR 107.223 - Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect. 107.223 Section 107.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Inspection and Certification § 107.223 Temporary...

46 CFR 107.223 - Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Temporary Certificate of Inspection: Period in effect. 107.223 Section 107.223 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) A-MOBILE OFFSHORE DRILLING UNITS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION Inspection and Certification § 107.223 Temporary...

33 CFR 169.110 - When is the northeastern reporting system in effect?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reporting system in effect? 169.110 Section 169.110 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY SHIP REPORTING SYSTEMS Establishment of Two Mandatory Ship Reporting Systems for the Protection of Northern Right Whales § 169.110 When is the...

33 CFR 169.120 - When is the southeastern reporting system in effect?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... reporting system in effect? 169.120 Section 169.120 Navigation and Navigable Waters COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) PORTS AND WATERWAYS SAFETY SHIP REPORTING SYSTEMS Establishment of Two Mandatory Ship Reporting Systems for the Protection of Northern Right Whales § 169.120 When is the...

Pegasus ICON Spacecraft Arrival Activites

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-05-01

A technician operates a crane that lifts the shipping container up from NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) on May 1, 2018, inside Building 1555 at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The explorer will launch on June 15, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (June 14 in the continental United States) on Orbital ATK's Pegasus XL rocket, which is attached to the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in Earth's atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The explorer will help determine the physics of Earth's space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.

Simulation Study on the Deflection Response of the 921A Steel thin plate under Explosive Impact Load

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yu-Xiang; Chen, Fang; Han, Yan

2018-03-01

The Ship cabin would be subject to high-intensity shock wave load when it is attacked by anti-ship weapons, causing its side board damaged. The time course of the deflection of the thin plate made of 921A steel in different initial conditions under the impact load is researched by theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. According to the theory of elastic-plastic deformation of the thin plate, the dynamic response equation of the thin plate under the explosion impact load is established with the method of energy, and the theoretical calculation value is compared with the result from the simulation method. It proved that the theoretical calculation method has better reliability and accuracy in different boundary size.

How Will Aerosol-Cloud Interactions Change in an Ice-Free Arctic Summer?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilgen, Anina; Katty Huang, Wan Ting; Ickes, Luisa; Lohmann, Ulrike

2016-04-01

Future temperatures in the Arctic are expected to increase more than the global mean temperature, which will lead to a pronounced retreat in Arctic sea ice. Before mid-century, most sea ice will likely have vanished in late Arctic summers. This will allow ships to cruise in the Arctic Ocean, e.g. to shorten their transport passage or to extract oil. Since both ships and open water emit aerosol particles and precursors, Arctic clouds and radiation may be affected via aerosol-cloud and cloud-radiation interactions. The change in radiation feeds back on temperature and sea ice retreat. In addition to aerosol particles, also the temperature and the open ocean as a humidity source should have a strong effect on clouds. The main goal of this study is to assess the impact of sea ice retreat on the Arctic climate with focus on aerosol emissions and cloud properties. To this purpose, we conducted ensemble runs with the global climate model ECHAM6-HAM2 under present-day and future (2050) conditions. ECHAM6-HAM2 was coupled with a mixed layer ocean model, which includes a sea ice model. To estimate Arctic aerosol emissions from ships, we used an elaborated ship emission inventory (Peters et al. 2011); changes in aerosol emissions from the ocean are calculated online. Preliminary results show that the sea salt aerosol and the dimethyl sulfide burdens over the Arctic Ocean significantly increase. While the ice water path decreases, the total water path increases. Due to the decrease in surface albedo, the cooling effect of the Arctic clouds becomes more important in 2050. Enhanced Arctic shipping has only a very small impact. The increase in the aersol burden due to shipping is less pronounced than the increase due to natural emissions even if the ship emissions are increased by a factor of ten. Hence, there is hardly an effect on clouds and radiation caused by shipping. References Peters et al. (2011), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 5305-5320

Can we always ignore ship-generated food waste?

PubMed

Polglaze, John

2003-01-01

Considerable quantities of food waste can be generated at a rapid rate in ships, particularly those with large numbers of people onboard. By virtue of the amounts involved and its nature, food waste is potentially the most difficult to manage component of a ship's garbage stream, however, in most sea areas it may be dealt with by the simple expedient of direct discharge to sea. As a consequence, only minimal attention is paid to food waste management by many ship and port operators and advisory bodies, and there is a paucity of information in the available literature. The determination that management of ships' food waste is inconsequential is, however, incorrect in many circumstances. Disposal to sea is not always possible due to restrictions imposed by MARPOL 73/78 and other marine pollution control instruments. Effective management of food waste can be critical for ships that operate in areas where disposal is restricted or totally prohibited.

Infrared Ship Target Segmentation Based on Spatial Information Improved FCM.

PubMed

Bai, Xiangzhi; Chen, Zhiguo; Zhang, Yu; Liu, Zhaoying; Lu, Yi

2016-12-01

Segmentation of infrared (IR) ship images is always a challenging task, because of the intensity inhomogeneity and noise. The fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering is a classical method widely used in image segmentation. However, it has some shortcomings, like not considering the spatial information or being sensitive to noise. In this paper, an improved FCM method based on the spatial information is proposed for IR ship target segmentation. The improvements include two parts: 1) adding the nonlocal spatial information based on the ship target and 2) using the spatial shape information of the contour of the ship target to refine the local spatial constraint by Markov random field. In addition, the results of K -means are used to initialize the improved FCM method. Experimental results show that the improved method is effective and performs better than the existing methods, including the existing FCM methods, for segmentation of the IR ship images.

Improving the accuracy of wind speed observations from ships

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmstorf, Stefan

1989-08-01

Wind measurements from ships are troubled by the disturbance of the wind field caused by the ship's hull and superstructure. To minimize this problem we used an anemometer on a boom 10 m off the port side of R.V. Rapuhia (former Meteor). Calculations show that the effect of the ship's rolling motions is negligible in most circumstances. Calibration runs, accelerating and decelerating the ship, were conducted to compare the performance of the anemometer on the boom with a traditional installation on the foremast. Significant differences were found. Even larger differences showed up between routine wind reports prepared by the ship's officers from reading the mast anemometer, and careful measurements with the boom anemometer. The routine reports appear to be 30% too high in moderate to strong winds, and unreliable in low winds. The most accurate wind time series can be constru information collected with both anemometers.

CCN concentrations and BC warming influenced by maritime ship emitted aerosol plumes over southern Bay of Bengal.

PubMed

Ramana, M V; Devi, Archana

2016-08-02

Significant quantities of carbon soot aerosols are emitted into pristine parts of the atmosphere by marine shipping. Soot impacts the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere system by absorbing solar-terrestrial radiation and modifies the microphysical properties of clouds. Here we examined the impact of black carbon (BC) on net warming during monsoon season over southern Bay-of-Bengal, using surface and satellite measurements of aerosol plumes from shipping. Shipping plumes had enhanced the BC concentrations by a factor of four around the shipping lane and exerted a strong positive influence on net warming. Compiling all the data, we show that BC atmospheric heating rates for relatively-clean and polluted-shipping corridor locations to be 0.06 and 0.16 K/day respectively within the surface layer. Emissions from maritime ships had directly heated the lower troposphere by two-and-half times and created a gradient of around 0.1 K/day on either side of the shipping corridor. Furthermore, we show that ship emitted aerosol plumes were responsible for increase in the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) by an order of magnitude that of clean air. The effects seen here may have significant impact on the monsoonal activity over Bay-of-Bengal and implications for climate change mitigation strategies.

Emissions from Ships with respect to Their Effects on Clouds.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hobbs, Peter V.; Garrett, Timothy J.; Ferek, Ronald J.; Strader, Scott R.; Hegg, Dean A.; Frick, Glendon M.; Hoppel, William A.; Gasparovic, Richard F.; Russell, Lynn M.; Johnson, Douglas W.; O'Dowd, Colin; Durkee, Philip A.; Nielsen, Kurt E.; Innis, George

2000-08-01

Emissions of particles, gases, heat, and water vapor from ships are discussed with respect to their potential for changing the microstructure of marine stratiform clouds and producing the phenomenon known as `ship tracks.' Airborne measurements are used to derive emission factors of SO2 and NO from diesel-powered and steam turbine-powered ships, burning low-grade marine fuel oil (MFO); they were 15-89 and 2-25 g kg1 of fuel burned, respectively. By contrast a steam turbine-powered ship burning high-grade navy distillate fuel had an SO2 emission factor of 6 g kg1.Various types of ships, burning both MFO and navy distillate fuel, emitted from 4 × 1015 to 2 × 1016 total particles per kilogram of fuel burned (4 × 1015-1.5 × 1016 particles per second). However, diesel-powered ships burning MFO emitted particles with a larger mode radius (0.03-0.05 m) and larger maximum sizes than those powered by steam turbines burning navy distillate fuel (mode radius 0.02 m). Consequently, if the particles have similar chemical compositions, those emitted by diesel ships burning MFO will serve as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) at lower supersaturations (and will therefore be more likely to produce ship tracks) than the particles emitted by steam turbine ships burning distillate fuel. Since steam turbine-powered ships fueled by MFO emit particles with a mode radius similar to that of diesel-powered ships fueled by MFO, it appears that, for given ambient conditions, the type of fuel burned by a ship is more important than the type of ship engine in determining whether or not a ship will produce a ship track. However, more measurements are needed to test this hypothesis.The particles emitted from ships appear to be primarily organics, possibly combined with sulfuric acid produced by gas-to-particle conversion of SO2. Comparison of model results with measurements in ship tracks suggests that the particles from ships contain only about 10% water-soluble materials. Measurements of the total particles entering marine stratiform clouds from diesel-powered ships fueled by MFO, and increases in droplet concentrations produced by these particles, show that only about 12% of the particles serve as CCN.The fluxes of heat and water vapor from ships are estimated to be 2-22 MW and 0.5-1.5 kg s1, respectively. These emissions rarely produced measurable temperature perturbations, and never produced detectable perturbations in water vapor, in the plumes from ships. Nuclear-powered ships, which emit heat but negligible particles, do not produce ship tracks. Therefore, it is concluded that heat and water vapor emissions do not play a significant role in ship track formation and that particle emissions, particularly from those burning low-grade fuel oil, are responsible for ship track formation. Subsequent papers in this special issue discuss and test these hypotheses.

Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corbett, J. J.; Lack, D. A.; Winebrake, J. J.; Harder, S.; Silberman, J. A.; Gold, M.

2010-10-01

This paper presents 5 km×5 km Arctic emissions inventories of important greenhouse gases, black carbon and other pollutants under existing and future (2050) scenarios that account for growth of shipping in the region, potential diversion traffic through emerging routes, and possible emissions control measures. These high-resolution, geospatial emissions inventories for shipping can be used to evaluate Arctic climate sensitivity to black carbon (a short-lived climate forcing pollutant especially effective in accelerating the melting of ice and snow), aerosols, and gaseous emissions including carbon dioxide. We quantify ship emissions scenarios which are expected to increase as declining sea ice coverage due to climate change allows for increased shipping activity in the Arctic. A first-order calculation of global warming potential due to 2030 emissions in the high-growth scenario suggests that short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase global warming potential due to Arctic ships' CO2 emissions (~42 000 gigagrams) by some 17% to 78%. The paper also presents maximum feasible reduction scenarios for black carbon in particular. These emissions reduction scenarios will enable scientists and policymakers to evaluate the efficacy and benefits of technological controls for black carbon, and other pollutants from ships.

Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandes, R.; Braunschweig, F.; Lourenço, F.; Neves, R.

2015-07-01

The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable shoreline risk levels from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area - Portuguese Continental shelf - with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time. Shoreline risks can be computed in real-time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns, "hot spots" or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.

MeSMarT - Measurements of Shipping Emissions in the Marine Troposphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kattner, Lisa; Mathieu-Üffing, Barbara; Chirkov, Maksym; Burrows, John; Matthias, Volker; Richter, Andreas; Schmolke, Stefan; Theobald, Norbert; Weigelt-Krenz, Sieglinde; Wittrock, Folkard

2013-04-01

A new project called MeSMarT (Measurements of shipping emissions in the marine troposphere) to estimate the influence of ship emissions on the chemistry of the atmospheric boundary layer over the North Sea has been established in cooperation with the German Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency). Over the last years discussions about ship emissions have increased and grown in importance due to the increase of commercial shipping as well as studies about their dangerous health effects. While industrial and traffic air pollution from ashore is decreasing because of technological improvements and stronger political regulations the impact of ship emissions becomes more relevant, especially in coastal areas and harbor cities. The establishment of a Sulfur Emission Controlled Area (SECA) for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea has been a first step to control and reduce ship emissions by consecutively regulating the sulfur content of fuels. The project MeSMarT aims to monitor background concentration as well as elevated signals of gases and particles related to ship emissions with various physical and chemical methods to cover a wide range of relevant pollutants and their spatial and seasonal distribution. SO2, NO2, NO, CO2 and O3 are measured with in situ techniques, SO2 and NO2 as well by remote sensing applying the MAXDOAS-technique. The data will also be compared with satellite measurements and passive sampling in order to find a method to observe the long-term effect of regulations like SECA. High volume filter samples will be taken and analyzed especially for sulfate, nitrate, organics and elemental composition to investigate possible sources, sinks and conversion of ship emission derived compounds. Measurements and sampling take place during ship campaigns primarily in the North Sea and will be complemented with stationary measurements located on a coastal site close to the main shipping routes through the German Bight. Modeling of pollutants transport and chemical transformation taking into account the measured data will also be included in the MeSMarT project to improve the understanding of the relevance of ship emissions in coastal environments. Here we present a project outlook and first results of a campaign in late 2012 using both in situ and remote sensing techniques.

Liquid Sloshing Dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ibrahim, Raouf A.

2005-06-01

The problem of liquid sloshing in moving or stationary containers remains of great concern to aerospace, civil, and nuclear engineers; physicists; designers of road tankers and ship tankers; and mathematicians. Beginning with the fundamentals of liquid sloshing theory, this book takes the reader systematically from basic theory to advanced analytical and experimental results in a self-contained and coherent format. The book is divided into four sections. Part I deals with the theory of linear liquid sloshing dynamics; Part II addresses the nonlinear theory of liquid sloshing dynamics, Faraday waves, and sloshing impacts; Part III presents the problem of linear and nonlinear interaction of liquid sloshing dynamics with elastic containers and supported structures; and Part IV considers the fluid dynamics in spinning containers and microgravity sloshing. This book will be invaluable to researchers and graduate students in mechanical and aeronautical engineering, designers of liquid containers, and applied mathematicians.

The activity-based methodology to assess ship emissions - A review.

PubMed

Nunes, R A O; Alvim-Ferraz, M C M; Martins, F G; Sousa, S I V

2017-12-01

Several studies tried to estimate atmospheric emissions with origin in the maritime sector, concluding that it contributed to the global anthropogenic emissions through the emission of pollutants that have a strong impact on hu' health and also on climate change. Thus, this paper aimed to review published studies since 2010 that used activity-based methodology to estimate ship emissions, to provide a summary of the available input data. After exclusions, 26 articles were analysed and the main information were scanned and registered, namely technical information about ships, ships activity and movement information, engines, fuels, load and emission factors. The larger part of studies calculating in-port ship emissions concluded that the majority was emitted during hotelling and most of the authors allocating emissions by ship type concluded that containerships were the main pollutant emitters. To obtain technical information about ships the combined use of data from Lloyd's Register of Shipping database with other sources such as port authority's databases, engine manufactures and ship-owners seemed the best approach. The use of AIS data has been growing in recent years and seems to be the best method to report activities and movements of ships. To predict ship powers the Hollenbach (1998) method which estimates propelling power as a function of instantaneous speed based on total resistance and use of load balancing schemes for multi-engine installations seemed to be the best practices for more accurate ship emission estimations. For emission factors improvement, new on-board measurement campaigns or studies should be undertaken. Regardless of the effort that has been performed in the last years to obtain more accurate shipping emission inventories, more precise input data (technical information about ships, engines, load and emission factors) should be obtained to improve the methodology to develop global and universally accepted emission inventories for an effective environmental policy plan. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Inhibition of SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP2) ameliorates palmitate induced-apoptosis through regulating Akt/FOXO1 pathway and ROS production in HepG2 cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gorgani-Firuzjaee, Sattar; Adeli, Khosrow; Meshkani, Reza, E-mail: rmeshkani@tums.ac.ir

The serine–threonine kinase Akt regulates proliferation and survival by phosphorylating a network of protein substrates; however, the role of a negative regulator of the Akt pathway, the SH2-domain-containing inositol 5-phosphatase (SHIP2) in apoptosis of the hepatocytes, remains unknown. In the present study, we studied the molecular mechanisms linking SHIP2 expression to apoptosis using overexpression or suppression of SHIP2 gene in HepG2 cells exposed to palmitate (0.5 mM). Overexpression of the dominant negative mutant SHIP2 (SHIP2-DN) significantly reduced palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells, as these cells had increased cell viability, decreased apoptotic cell death and reduced the activity of caspase-3, cytochrome cmore » and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Overexpression of the wild-type SHIP2 gene led to a massive apoptosis in HepG2 cells. The protection from palmitate-induced apoptosis by SHIP2 inhibition was accompanied by a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, SHIP2 inhibition was accompanied by an increased Akt and FOXO-1 phosphorylation, whereas overexpression of the wild-type SHIP2 gene had the opposite effects. Taken together, these findings suggest that SHIP2 expression level is an important determinant of hepatic lipoapotosis and its inhibition can potentially be a target in treatment of hepatic lipoapoptosis in diabetic patients. - Highlights: • Lipoapoptosis is the major contributor to the development of NAFLD. • The PI3-K/Akt pathway regulates apoptosis in different cells. • The role of negative regulator of this pathway, SHIP2 in lipoapoptosis is unknown. • SHIP2 inhibition significantly reduces palmitate-induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells. • SHIP2 inhibition prevents palmitate induced-apoptosis by regulating Akt/FOXO1 pathway.« less

The influence of ship motion of manual control skills

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcleod, P.; Poulton, C.; Duross, H.; Lewis, W.

1981-01-01

The effects of ship motion on a range of typical manual control skills were examined on the Warren Spring ship motion simulator driven in heave, pitch, and roll by signals taken from the frigate HMS Avenger at 13 m/s (25 knots) into a force 4 wind. The motion produced a vertical r.m.s. acceleration of 0.024g, mostly between 0.1 and 0.3 Hz, with comparatively little pitch or roll. A task involving unsupported arm movements was seriously affected by the motion; a pursuit tracking task showed a reliable decrement although it was still performed reasonably well (pressure and free moving tracking controls were affected equally by the motion); a digit keying task requiring ballistic hand movements was unaffected. There was no evidence that these effects were caused by sea sickness. The differing response to motion of the different tasks, from virtual destruction to no effect, suggests that a major benefit could come from an attempt to design the man/control interface onboard ship around motion resistant tasks.

The physical work environment and end-user requirements: Investigating marine engineering officers' operational demands and ship design.

PubMed

Mallam, Steven C; Lundh, Monica

2016-08-12

Physical environments influence how individuals perceive a space and behave within it. Previous research has revealed deficiencies in ship engine department work environments, and their impact on crew productivity, health and wellbeing. Connect operational task demands to pragmatic physical design and layout solutions by implementing a user-centric perspective. Three focus groups, each consisting of three marine engineers participated in this study. Focus groups were divided into two sessions: first, to investigate the end-user's operational requirements and their relationship with ship physical design and layout. Second, criteria formulated from group discussions were applied to a ship design case study. All focus group sessions were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data were analyzed using Grounded Theory. Design choices made in a ships general arrangement were described to inherently influence how individuals and teams are able to function within the system. Participants detailed logistical relationships between key areas, stressing that the work environment and physical linkages must allow for flexibility of work organization and task execution. Traditional engine control paradigms do not allow effective mitigation of traditional engine department challenges. The influence of technology and modernization of ship systems can facilitate improvement of physical environments and work organization if effectively utilized.

Achievement of Joint Perception in a Computer Supported Collaborative Learning Environment: A Case Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Afacan Adanir, Gulgun

2017-01-01

The case study focuses on the interactional mechanisms through which online collaborative teams co-construct a shared understanding of an analytical geometry problem by using dynamic geometry representations. The collaborative study consisted of an assignment on which the learners worked together in groups to solve a ship navigation problem as…

Test and Evaluation of CGC POLAR STAR WAGB 10. Volume III. Background.

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-09-01

through Solid Ice," Problems of the Arctic and Antartic No. 5. Smith, N., (1969), "Determining the Dynamic Properties of Snow and Ice by Forced Valuation...Experiments," Thesis, Arctic and Antartic Institute, Leningrad. Voelker, R.P., and Koch, E., (1968), "The Design of a Ship’s Control Space in Polar Icebreakers

Numerical simulation of the wave-induced non-linear bending moment of ships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xia, J.; Wang, Z.; Gu, X.

1995-12-31

Ships traveling in moderate or rough seas may experience non-linear bending moments due to flare effect and slamming loads. The numerical simulation of the total wave-induced bending moment contributed from both the wave frequency component induced by wave forces and the high frequency whipping component induced by slamming actions is very important in predicting the responses and ensuring the safety of the ship in rough seas. The time simulation is also useful for the reliability analysis of ship girder strength. The present paper discusses four different methods of the numerical simulation of wave-induced non-linear vertical bending moment of ships recentlymore » developed in CSSRC, including the hydroelastic integral-differential method (HID), the hydroelastic differential analysis method (HDA), the combined seakeeping and structural forced vibration method (CSFV), and the modified CSFV method (MCSFV). Numerical predictions are compared with the experimental results obtained from the elastic ship model test of S-175 container ship in regular and irregular waves presented by Watanabe Ueno and Sawada (1989).« less

Ice and AIS: ship speed data and sea ice forecasts in the Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Löptien, U.; Axell, L.

2014-12-01

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice-covered marginal sea located in a densely populated area in northern Europe. Severe sea ice conditions have the potential to hinder the intense ship traffic considerably. Thus, sea ice fore- and nowcasts are regularly provided by the national weather services. Typically, the forecast comprises several ice properties that are distributed as prognostic variables, but their actual usefulness is difficult to measure, and the ship captains must determine their relative importance and relevance for optimal ship speed and safety ad hoc. The present study provides a more objective approach by comparing the ship speeds, obtained by the automatic identification system (AIS), with the respective forecasted ice conditions. We find that, despite an unavoidable random component, this information is useful to constrain and rate fore- and nowcasts. More precisely, 62-67% of ship speed variations can be explained by the forecasted ice properties when fitting a mixed-effect model. This statistical fit is based on a test region in the Bothnian Sea during the severe winter 2011 and employs 15 to 25 min averages of ship speed.

Ice and AIS: ship speed data and sea ice forecasts in the Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Löptien, U.; Axell, L.

2014-07-01

The Baltic Sea is a seasonally ice covered marginal sea located in a densely populated area in northern Europe. Severe sea ice conditions have the potential to hinder the intense ship traffic considerably. Thus, sea ice fore- and nowcasts are regularly provided by the national weather services. Typically, several ice properties are allocated, but their actual usefulness is difficult to measure and the ship captains must determine their relative importance and relevance for optimal ship speed and safety ad hoc. The present study provides a more objective approach by comparing the ship speeds, obtained by the Automatic Identification System (AIS), with the respective forecasted ice conditions. We find that, despite an unavoidable random component, this information is useful to constrain and rate fore- and nowcasts. More precisely, 62-67% of ship speed variations can be explained by the forecasted ice properties when fitting a mixed effect model. This statistical fit is based on a test region in the Bothnian Bay during the severe winter 2011 and employes 15 to 25 min averages of ship speed.

Three-Stage Decision-Making Model under Restricted Conditions for Emergency Response to Ships Not under Control.

PubMed

Wu, Bing; Yan, Xinping; Wang, Yang; Zhang, Di; Guedes Soares, C

2017-12-01

A ship that is not under control (NUC) is a typical incident that poses serious problems when in confined waters close to shore. The emergency response to NUC ships is to select the best risk control options, which is a challenge in restricted conditions (e.g., time limitation, resource constraint, and information asymmetry), particularly in inland waterway transportation. To enable a quick and effective response, this article develops a three-stage decision-making framework for NUC ship handling. The core of this method is (1) to propose feasible options for each involved entity (e.g., maritime safety administration, NUC ship, and ships passing by) under resource constraint in the first stage, (2) to select the most feasible options by comparing the similarity of the new case and existing cases in the second stage, and (3) to make decisions considering the cooperation between the involved organizations by using a developed Bayesian network in the third stage. Consequently, this work provides a useful tool to achieve well-organized management of NUC ships. © 2017 Society for Risk Analysis.

Estimation of shipping emissions in Candarli Gulf, Turkey.

PubMed

Deniz, Cengiz; Kilic, Alper; Civkaroglu, Gökhan

2010-12-01

Ships are significant air pollution sources as their high powered main engines often use heavy fuels. The major atmospheric components emitted are nitrogen oxides, particulate matter (PM), sulfur oxide gases, carbon oxides, and toxic air pollutants. Shipping emissions cause severe impacts on health and environment. These effects of emissions are emerged especially in territorial waters, inland seas, canals, straits, bays, and port regions. Candarli Gulf is one of the major industrial regions on the Aegean side of Turkey. The marine environment of the region is affected by emissions from ships calling to ten different ports. In this study, NO( x ), SO(2), CO(2), hydrocarbons (HC), and PM emissions from 7,520 ships are estimated during the year of 2007. These emissions are classified regarding operation modes and types of ships. Annual shipping emissions are estimated as 631.2 t year(-1) for NO(x), 573.6 t year(-1) for SO(2), 33,848.9 t year(-1) for CO(2), 32.3 t year(-1) for HC, and 57.4 t year(-1) for PM.

The National Shipbuilding Research Program. National Workshop (4th) on Human Resource Innovation in Shipbuilding and Ship Repair

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-11-01

SHIP PRODUCTION COMMITTEE FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS SURFACE PREPARATION AND COATINGS DESIGN/PRODUCTION INTEGRATION HUMAN RESOURCE...we’re all about. 2 Exhibit 1 NATIONAL SHIPBUILDING RESEARCH PROGRAM RESEARCH PANELS SP-1 Facilities and Environmental Effects SP-3 Surface... effectively compete in the international commercial shipbuilding market. On November 30,1993, President Clinton signed into law the National

Towards an integrated environmental risk assessment of emissions from ships' propulsion systems.

PubMed

Blasco, Julián; Durán-Grados, Vanesa; Hampel, Miriam; Moreno-Gutiérrez, Juan

2014-05-01

Large ships, particularly container ships, tankers, bulk carriers and cruise ships are significant individual contributors to air pollution. The European Environment Agency recognizes that air pollution in Europe is a local, regional and transborder problem caused by the emission of specific pollutants, which either directly or through chemical reactions lead to negative impacts, such as damage to human health and ecosystems. In the Marine Strategy Framework Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament emissions from ships are mentioned explicitly in the list of pressures and impacts that should be reduced or minimized to maintain or obtain a good ecological status. While SOx and NOx contribute mainly to ocean and soil acidification and climate change, PM (particularly ultrafine particles in the range of nanoparticles) has the potential to act more directly on human and ecosystem health. Thus, in terms of risk assessment, one of the most dangerous atmospheric aerosols for environmental and human health is in the size range of nanoparticles. To our knowledge, no study has been carried out on the effects of the fraction that ends up in the water column and to which aquatic and sediment-dwelling organisms are exposed. Therefore, an integrated environmental risk assessment of the effects of emissions from oceangoing ships including the aquatic compartment is necessary. Research should focus on the quantitative and qualitative determination of pollutant emissions from ships and their distribution and fate. This will include the in situ measurement of emissions in ships in order to derive realistic emission factors, and the application of atmospheric and oceanographic transportation and chemistry models. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Econometric analysis of the changing effects in wind strength and significant wave height on the probability of casualty in shipping.

PubMed

Knapp, Sabine; Kumar, Shashi; Sakurada, Yuri; Shen, Jiajun

2011-05-01

This study uses econometric models to measure the effect of significant wave height and wind strength on the probability of casualty and tests whether these effects changed. While both effects are in particular relevant for stability and strength calculations of vessels, it is also helpful for the development of ship construction standards in general to counteract increased risk resulting from changing oceanographic conditions. The authors analyzed a unique dataset of 3.2 million observations from 20,729 individual vessels in the North Atlantic and Arctic regions gathered during the period 1979-2007. The results show that although there is a seasonal pattern in the probability of casualty especially during the winter months, the effect of wind strength and significant wave height do not follow the same seasonal pattern. Additionally, over time, significant wave height shows an increasing effect in January, March, May and October while wind strength shows a decreasing effect, especially in January, March and May. The models can be used to simulate relationships and help understand the relationships. This is of particular interest to naval architects and ship designers as well as multilateral agencies such as the International Maritime Organization (IMO) that establish global standards in ship design and construction. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Indirect Effects and Potential Cumulative Impacts of Dredging in an Urbanized Estuary

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sommerfield, C. K.; Chen, J.; Ralston, D. K.; Geyer, W. R.

2016-02-01

For over two centuries, the Delaware River and Bay estuary has supported one of the most economically important ports in the United States. To accommodate ships of ever-increasing size, the 165-km axial shipping channel has been deepened to over twice the natural depth of the estuary. While it is known that the channel has modified tides and sedimentation patterns in the estuary, unknown are the impacts on the ecosystem as a whole. A concern is the influence of channelization on sediment movement to the tidal wetland coast, which is eroding at rates on the order of meters per year. Tidal wetlands frame the entire estuary and provide vital ecosystem services ranging from recreation to carbon sequestration. To identify shifts in baseline conditions, we are performing a retrospective analysis of estuarine dynamics using historical bathymetry, numerical modeling, and observational studies. The period of interest extends from 1848 (50 years prior to channel construction) to present. During this period the channel was progressively deepened from its natural depth of 5.5 m to the current depth of 14 m. Preliminary modeling results support independent evidence that the salt intrusion and zone of rapid sediment deposition migrated several 10s of kilometers up-estuary as an indirect effect of deepening. Ironically, the locus of intense deposition now falls squarely within the Wilmington-Philadelphia port complex; river sediment that initially settles in this area is removed by maintenance dredging before it can disperse seaward. Sediment budgetary analysis indicates that the mass of sediment dredged from the upper estuary on average exceeds the mass of the new sediment supplied from the drainage basin. Hence, a probable cumulative impact of dredging is a reduction in sediment delivery to the lower estuary and fringing wetlands. Connections among the shipping channel, wave-tide interactions, and marsh edge erosion are a topic of ongoing modeling and observational research.

Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eyring, Veronika; Isaksen, Ivar S. A.; Berntsen, Terje; Collins, William J.; Corbett, James J.; Endresen, Oyvind; Grainger, Roy G.; Moldanova, Jana; Schlager, Hans; Stevenson, David S.

2010-12-01

Emissions of exhaust gases and particles from oceangoing ships are a significant and growing contributor to the total emissions from the transportation sector. We present an assessment of the contribution of gaseous and particulate emissions from oceangoing shipping to anthropogenic emissions and air quality. We also assess the degradation in human health and climate change created by these emissions. Regulating ship emissions requires comprehensive knowledge of current fuel consumption and emissions, understanding of their impact on atmospheric composition and climate, and projections of potential future evolutions and mitigation options. Nearly 70% of ship emissions occur within 400 km of coastlines, causing air quality problems through the formation of ground-level ozone, sulphur emissions and particulate matter in coastal areas and harbours with heavy traffic. Furthermore, ozone and aerosol precursor emissions as well as their derivative species from ships may be transported in the atmosphere over several hundreds of kilometres, and thus contribute to air quality problems further inland, even though they are emitted at sea. In addition, ship emissions impact climate. Recent studies indicate that the cooling due to altered clouds far outweighs the warming effects from greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO 2) or ozone from shipping, overall causing a negative present-day radiative forcing (RF). Current efforts to reduce sulphur and other pollutants from shipping may modify this. However, given the short residence time of sulphate compared to CO 2, the climate response from sulphate is of the order decades while that of CO 2 is centuries. The climatic trade-off between positive and negative radiative forcing is still a topic of scientific research, but from what is currently known, a simple cancellation of global mean forcing components is potentially inappropriate and a more comprehensive assessment metric is required. The CO 2 equivalent emissions using the global temperature change potential (GTP) metric indicate that after 50 years the net global mean effect of current emissions is close to zero through cancellation of warming by CO 2 and cooling by sulphate and nitrogen oxides.

Nitrogen oxide emission calculation for post-Panamax container ships by using engine operation power probability as weighting factor: A slow-steaming case.

PubMed

Cheng, Chih-Wen; Hua, Jian; Hwang, Daw-Shang

2018-06-01

In this study, the nitrogen oxide (NO x ) emission factors and total NO x emissions of two groups of post-Panamax container ships operating on a long-term slow-steaming basis along Euro-Asian routes were calculated using both the probability density function of engine power levels and the NO x emission function. The main engines of the five sister ships in Group I satisfied the Tier I emission limit stipulated in MARPOL (International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships) Annex VI, and those in Group II satisfied the Tier II limit. The calculated NO x emission factors of the Group I and Group II ships were 14.73 and 17.85 g/kWhr, respectively. The total NO x emissions of the Group II ships were determined to be 4.4% greater than those of the Group I ships. When the Tier II certification value was used to calculate the average total NO x emissions of Group II engines, the result was lower than the actual value by 21.9%. Although fuel consumption and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions were increased by 1.76% because of slow steaming, the NO x emissions were markedly reduced by 17.2%. The proposed method is more effective and accurate than the NO x Technical Code 2008. Furthermore, it can be more appropriately applied to determine the NO x emissions of international shipping inventory. The usage of operating power probability density function of diesel engines as the weighting factor and the NO x emission function obtained from test bed for calculating NO x emissions is more accurate and practical. The proposed method is suitable for all types and purposes of diesel engines, irrespective of their operating power level. The method can be used to effectively determine the NO x emissions of international shipping and inventory applications and should be considered in determining the carbon tax to be imposed in the future.

Mother ship and physical agents collaboration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Stuart H.; Budulas, Peter P.; Emmerman, Philip J.

1999-07-01

This paper discusses ongoing research at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory that investigates the feasibility of developing a collaboration architecture between small physical agents and a mother ship. This incudes the distribution of planning, perception, mobility, processing and communications requirements between the mother ship and the agents. Small physical agents of the future will be virtually everywhere on the battlefield of the 21st century. A mother ship that is coupled to a team of small collaborating physical agents (conducting tasks such as Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA); logistics; sentry; and communications relay) will be used to build a completely effective and mission capable intelligent system. The mother ship must have long-range mobility to deploy the small, highly maneuverable agents that will operate in urban environments and more localized areas, and act as a logistics base for the smaller agents. The mother ship also establishes a robust communications network between the agents and is the primary information disseminating and receiving point to the external world. Because of its global knowledge and processing power, the mother ship does the high-level control and planning for the collaborative physical agents. This high level control and interaction between the mother ship and its agents (including inter agent collaboration) will be software agent architecture based. The mother ship incorporates multi-resolution battlefield visualization and analysis technology, which aids in mission planning and sensor fusion.

Processing and Analysis of Polarimetric Ship Signatures from MARSIE: Report on Results for Polar Epsilon

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-10-01

trial has provided a vast and valuable polarimetric data set that has and will be beneficial to the study of polarimetric signatures of ships. iv...following polarimetric issues are relevant to the Polar Epsilon CONOPS and will be studied further: • The effects of acquisition geometry, target...between minimum detectable ship size and area coverage rate. Therefore, vessel detection will be dependent upon beam mode selection. The vessel

Initial Ship Design Using a Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Artificial Intelligence Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moon, Byung Young; Kim, Soo Young; Kang, Gyung Ju

In this paper we analyzed correlation between geometrical character and resistance, and effective horse power by using Pearson correlation coefficient which is one of the data mining methods. Also we made input data to ship's geometrical character which has strong correlation with output data. We calculated effective horse power and resistance by using Neuro-Fuzzy system. To verify the calculation, 9 of 11 container ships' data were improved as data of Neuro-Fuzzy system and the others were improved as verification data. After analyzing rate of error between existing data and calculation data, we concluded that calculation data have sound agreement with existing data.

Analysis Of Resistance And Effective Wake Friction Due To Addition Of Stern Tunnels On Passenger Ship Using Cfd

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chrismianto, D.; Tuswan; Manik, P.

2018-03-01

In this study, the stern tunnel to improve the efficiency of ship propulsion system is analysed. Stern tunnels installed on the two sides of the ship stern. Analysis of ship resistance and wake friction of the ship using CFD are carried out. The stern tunnel height (Hw) and length (L) are implemented to find the better stern tunnel form of the ship. The result of analysis showed that model has a high stern tunnels (Hw) of 1,444 m or additional high stern tunnels ratio of 16% and stern long tunnels (L) about 7 m is a model that has the smallest resistance about 1.1137 N or able to make reduction of resistance amount 11.2582%. While, the model with the addition of height of 0.2 m and a length of 9 m of stern tunnel is a model that has the better advanced speed about 4,927% in increase, and better wake friction about 30.4% in reduce.

Contested Waterlines: The Wave-Line Theory and Shipbuilding in the Nineteenth Century.

PubMed

Ferreiro, Larrie D; Pollara, Alexander

2016-04-01

Ship hydrodynamics in the nineteenth century was dominated by John Scott Russell's wave-line theory. Russell, a prominent British shipbuilder and scientist, argued that wavemaking was the primary source of resistance for ships, and that by designing ships according to trigonometric curves and proportions (the wave line) this resistance could effectively be eliminated. From the 1840s to the 1880s, shipbuilders such as John Willis Griffiths, Donald McKay and George Steers designed their clipper ships (like Sea Witch and Flying Cloud) and yachts (America) with wave-line hulls, while authors like Jules Verne referenced Russell's theory. The wave line slowly faded after William Froude developed his laws of ship resistance. The article examines how Russell's theory became accepted by technical experts and the wider public to become the most widely known ship hydrodynamic theory of the 1800s-a reminder of how a persuasive idea can take hold of an entire profession, and even the public, for a long time.

Advanced Demonstration of Motion Correction for Ship-to-Ship Passive Inspections

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ziock, Klaus-Peter; Boehnen, Chris Bensing; Ernst, Joseph

2013-09-30

Passive radiation detection is a key tool for detecting illicit nuclear materials. In maritime applications it is most effective against small vessels where attenuation is of less concern. Passive imaging provides: discrimination between localized (threat) and distributed (non-threat) sources, removal of background fluctuations due to nearby shorelines and structures, source localization to an individual craft in crowded waters, and background subtracted spectra. Unfortunately, imaging methods cannot be easily applied in ship-to-ship inspections because relative motion of the vessels blurs the results over many pixels, significantly reducing sensitivity. This is particularly true for the smaller water craft where passive inspections aremore » most valuable. In this project we performed tests and improved the performance of an instrument (developed earlier under, “Motion Correction for Ship-to-Ship Passive Inspections”) that uses automated tracking of a target vessel in visible-light images to generate a 3D radiation map of the target vessel from data obtained using a gamma-ray imager.« less

Structural crashworthiness; International Symposium, 1st, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, England, September 14-16, 1983, Invited Lectures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, N.; Wierzbicki, T.

The application of solid, structural, and experimental mechanics to predict the crumpling behavior and energy absorption of thin-walled structures under quasi-static compression and various dynamic crash loadings is examined in reviews of current research. Both fundamental aspects and specific problems in the design of crashworthy aircraft, automobiles, railroad cars, ships, and offshore installations are considered. Topics discussed include laterally compressed metal tubes as impact-energy absorbers, crushing behavior of plate intersections, axial crushing of fiber-reinforced composite tubes, finite-element analysis of structural crashworthiness in the automotive and aerospace industries, crash behavior of aircraft fuselage structures, aircraft crash analysis, ship collisions, and structural damage in airship and rolling-stock collisions. Photographs, graphs, drawings, and diagrams are provided.

Transient chaos and crisis phenomena in butterfly valves driven by solenoid actuators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Naseradinmousavi, Peiman; Nataraj, C.

2012-11-01

Chilled water systems used in the industry and on board ships are critical for safe and reliable operation. It is hence important to understand the fundamental physics of these systems. This paper focuses in particular on a critical part of the automation system, namely, actuators and valves that are used in so-called "smart valve" systems. The system is strongly nonlinear, and necessitates a nonlinear dynamic analysis to be able to predict all critical phenomena that affect effective operation and efficient design. The derived mathematical model includes electromagnetics, fluid mechanics, and mechanical dynamics. Nondimensionalization has been carried out in order to reduce the large number of parameters to a few critical independent sets to help carry out a broad parametric analysis. The system stability analysis is then carried out with the aid of the tools from nonlinear dynamic analysis. This reveals that the system is unstable in a certain region of the parameter space. The system is also shown to exhibit crisis and transient chaotic responses; this is characterized using Lyapunov exponents and power spectra. Knowledge and avoidance of these dangerous regimes is necessary for successful and safe operation.

Research on theoretical optimization and experimental verification of minimum resistance hull form based on Rankine source method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bao-Ji; Zhang, Zhu-Xin

2015-09-01

To obtain low resistance and high efficiency energy-saving ship, minimum total resistance hull form design method is studied based on potential flow theory of wave-making resistance and considering the effects of tail viscous separation. With the sum of wave resistance and viscous resistance as objective functions and the parameters of B-Spline function as design variables, mathematical models are built using Nonlinear Programming Method (NLP) ensuring the basic limit of displacement and considering rear viscous separation. We develop ship lines optimization procedures with intellectual property rights. Series60 is used as parent ship in optimization design to obtain improved ship (Series60-1) theoretically. Then drag tests for the improved ship (Series60-1) is made to get the actual minimum total resistance hull form.

International trade and air pollution: estimating the economic costs of air emissions from waterborne commerce vessels in the United States.

PubMed

Gallagher, Kevin P

2005-10-01

Although there is a burgeoning literature on the effects of international trade on the environment, relatively little work has been done on where trade most directly effects the environment: the transportation sector. This article shows how international trade is affecting air pollution emissions in the United States' shipping sector. Recent work has shown that cargo ships have been long overlooked regarding their contribution to air pollution. Indeed, ship emissions have recently been deemed "the last unregulated source of traditional air pollutants". Air pollution from ships has a number of significant local, national, and global environmental effects. Building on past studies, we examine the economic costs of this increasing and unregulated form of environmental damage. We find that total emissions from ships are largely increasing due to the increase in foreign commerce (or international trade). The economic costs of SO2 pollution range from dollars 697 million to dollars 3.9 billion during the period examined, or dollars 77 to dollars 435 million on an annual basis. The bulk of the cost is from foreign commerce, where the annual costs average to dollars 42 to dollars 241 million. For NOx emissions the costs are dollars 3.7 billion over the entire period or dollars 412 million per year. Because foreign trade is driving the growth in US shipping, we also estimate the effect of the Uruguay Round on emissions. Separating out the effects of global trade agreements reveals that the trade agreement-led emissions amounted to dollars 96 to dollars 542 million for SO2 between 1993 and 2001, or dollars 10 to dollars 60 million per year. For NOx they were dollars 745 million for the whole period or dollars 82 million per year. Without adequate policy responses, we predict that these trends and costs will continue into the future.

Eddy Covariance Measurements of Turbulent Fluxes of Atmospheric Aerosols From a Moving Ship From the Sea of Okhotsk to the Arctic Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Griessbaum, F.; Narita, Y.; Held, A.; Klemm, O.; Uematsu, M.

2006-12-01

Recent studies of emission and deposition of atmospheric aerosols employing the eddy covariance technique (EC) have been conducted in the terrestrial and marine boundary layer, the latter mainly limited to fixed platforms in the coastal domain. The captioned approach enables us to study the sinks and sources of atmospheric aerosols and their impact on the sea/air exchange of materials and on the direct and indirect radiation effect in the marine boundary layer from moving platforms, such as vessels. Measurements of atmospheric parameters from a ship are challenging especially due to the flow distortion caused by the ship's superstructure and the vessel's motions. It is known from recent work employing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) on the geometry of vessels, that the most suitable place for undistorted measurements is at the very bow and the most elevated location, commonly the foremast. For this reason, the entire eddy covariance instrumentation was fixed at the very top of the foremast, consisting of: sonic anemometer, condensation particle counter (CPC, from 5 nm particle diameter), fog droplet spectrometer (2 to 50 μm droplet diameter), CO{_2}/H{_2}O Analyser and an inertial sensing system. In order to operate the CPC also while the vessel is underway or in rough sea conditions, the max tilt angle (rolling and pitching) of the CPC was technically improved from 10° up to over 30°. This EC-measurement was conducted over the high primary productive region with high frequency of sea fog appearance during the cruise MR06-4 on R/V Mirai from Hokkaido, Japan, to the Chukchi Sea in Arctic Ocean, lasting from August 2 through September 29, 2006. Initial results will be presented and discussed.

The Flettner Rotor Ship in the Light of the Kutta-Joukowski Theory and of Experimental Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rizzo, Frank

1925-01-01

In this paper the fundamental principles of the Flettner rotor ship (Reference I) are discussed in the light of the Kutta-Joukowski theory and available experimental information on the subject. A brief exposition of the Kutta-Joukowski theory is given and the speed of the rotor ship Buckau computed, first by using effective propulsive force obtained by the above theory, and then by direct application of wind tunnel data.

The Effect of Ship Inherent Controllability on Piloted Performance: The Simulator Experiment

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-01

planned analysis that would look for a dependence of the piloted maneuvers on the inherent controllability of the ships, the transit ccnditions and pilot...instructions were planned to sample the maneuvers needed in a narrow channel. Each run was initialized with the ship to the right of the channel...to Navigation Systems Design Manual for Restricted Waterways," (Smith et al., 1985). As of this writing this revision is planned for calendar year 1991

The Cost-Effectiveness of Nuclear Power for Navy Surface Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-01

shipbuilding plan. 1 All of the Navy’s aircraft car- riers (and submarines) are powered by nuclear reactors ; its other surface combatants are powered by...in whether the ships were powered by conventional systems that used petroleum-based fuels or by nuclear reactors . Estimates of the relative costs...would existing ships be retrofitted with nuclear reactors . 5. Those fuel -reduction findings are based on CBO’s analysis and on data provided to CBO by

Google Earth Visualizations of the Marine Automatic Identification System (AIS): Monitoring Ship Traffic in National Marine Sanctuaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schwehr, K.; Hatch, L.; Thompson, M.; Wiley, D.

2007-12-01

The Automatic Identification System (AIS) is a new technology that provides ship position reports with location, time, and identity information without human intervention from ships carrying the transponders to any receiver listening to the broadcasts. In collaboration with the USCG's Research and Development Center, NOAA's Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS) has installed 3 AIS receivers around Massachusetts Bay to monitor ship traffic transiting the sanctuary and surrounding waters. The SBNMS and the USCG also worked together propose the shifting the shipping lanes (termed the traffic separation scheme; TSS) that transit the sanctuary slightly to the north to reduce the probability of ship strikes of whales that frequent the sanctuary. Following approval by the United Nation's International Maritime Organization, AIS provided a means for NOAA to assess changes in the distribution of shipping traffic caused by formal change in the TSS effective July 1, 2007. However, there was no easy way to visualize this type of time series data. We have created a software package called noaadata-py to process the AIS ship reports and produce KML files for viewing in Google Earth. Ship tracks can be shown changing over time to allow the viewer to feel the motion of traffic through the sanctuary. The ship tracks can also be gridded to create ship traffic density reports for specified periods of time. The density is displayed as map draped on the sea surface or as vertical histogram columns. Additional visualizations such as bathymetry images, S57 nautical charts, and USCG Marine Information for Safety and Law Enforcement (MISLE) can be combined with the ship traffic visualizations to give a more complete picture of the maritime environment. AIS traffic analyses have the potential to give managers throughout NOAA's National Marine Sanctuaries an improved ability to assess the impacts of ship traffic on the marine resources they seek to protect. Viewing ship traffic data through Google Earth provides ease and efficiency for people not trained in GIS data processing.

The decision making process on public health measures related to passenger ships: the example of influenza pandemic 2009.

PubMed

Mouchtouri, V A; Bartlett, C L R; Jaremin, Bogdan; Nichols, G; Paux, T; Riemer, T; Black, N; Varela-Martinez, C; Swaan, C M; Schlaich, C; Rachiotis, G; Kremastinou, J; Hadjichristodoulou, C

2010-01-01

Public health measures at sea ports have posed a challenge for public health competent authorities, especially in the context of the influenza pandemic of 2009. This paper discusses the response of authorities to notifications of infectious diseases on passenger ships and the importance of assessing the risks related to cases of influenza. It further provides options for health measures and considerations for decision making during a pandemic such as the influenza pandemic of 2009. Prevention and control of influenza have included action taken by both competent port authorities and ships' crews. Assessing the public health risk of each event reported from ships to competent authorities at ports is important before advice is given on implementation of control measures. Public health risk assessment involves appraisal of threats to passengers and crew on board the ship as well as to the population in the community. Any public health measures taken should be necessary and proportional to the threat. Measures at ports cannot alone be effective in the prevention of the spread of a disease to the community since other means of transport play a major role. Measures taken on board ships can be effective in containing the disease. Consistent policy based on common protocols and carried out by competent authorities at local, national, European, or international levels are essential.

Forecasting the Risks of Pollution from Ships along the Portuguese Coast

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandes, Rodrigo; Neves, Ramiro; Lourenço, Filipe; Braunschweig, Frank

2013-04-01

Pollution risks in coastal and marine environments are in general based in a static approach, considering historical data, reference situations, and typical scenarios. This approach is quite important in a planning stage. However, an alternative approach can be studied, due to the latest implementation of several different real-time monitoring tools as well as faster performances in the generation of numerical forecasts for metocean properties and trajectories of pollutants spilt at sea or costal zones. These developments provide the possibility of developing an integrated support system for better decision-making in emergency or planning issues associated to pollution risks. An innovative methodology to dynamically produce quantified risks in real-time, integrating best available information from numerical forecasts and the existing monitoring tools, has been developed and applied to the Portuguese Coast. The developed system provides coastal pollution risk levels associated to potential (or real) oil spill incidents from ship collision, grounding or foundering, taking into account regional statistic information on vessel accidents and coastal sensitivity indexes, real-time vessel information (positioning, cargo type, speed and vessel type) obtained from AIS, best-available metocean numerical forecasts (hydrodynamics, meteorology - including visibility, wave conditions) and simulated scenarios by the oil spill fate and behaviour component of MOHID Water Modelling System. Different spill fate and behaviour simulations are continuously generated and processed in background (assuming hypothetical spills from vessels), based on variable vessel information and metocean conditions. Results from these simulations are used in the quantification of consequences of potential spills. All historic information is continuously stored in a database (for risk analysis at a later stage). This dynamic approach improves the accuracy in quantification of consequences to the shoreline, as well as the decision support model, allowing a more effective prioritization of individual ships and geographical areas. This system was initially implemented in Portugal for oil spills. The implementation in other Atlantic Regions (starting in Galician Coast, Spain) is being executed in the scope of ARCOPOL+ project (2011-1/150), as well as other relevant updates. The system is being adapted to include risk modelling of chemical spills, as well as fire & explosion accidents and operational illegal discharges. Also the integration of EMSA's THETIS "ship risk profile" (according to Annex 7 from Paris Memorandum of Understanding) in the risk model is being tested. Finally, a new component is being developed to compute the risk for specific time periods, taking advantage of the information previously stored in the database on the positioning of vessels and / or results of numerical models. This component provides the possibility of obtaining a support tool for detailed characterization of risk profiles in certain periods or a sensitivity analysis on different parameters.

Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

Economy Trials, Vertical Takeoff Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Dynamic Interface Testing, Advanced Stabilized Glide Scope Indicators Testing, Surface Warfare...to include 1) DISR mandated GIG IT standards and profiles identified in the TV-1, 2) DISR The system must fully support execution of all...requirements for Net- Centric military operations to include 1) DISR mandated GIG IT standards and profiles identified in the TV-1, 2

Information Assurance as a System of Systems in the Submarine Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

cause and effect on overall ship mission and vulnerabilities . Organizational governance must raise the level of awareness as to network security...understand the cause and effect on overall ship mission and vulnerabilities . Organizational governance must raise the level of awareness as to network...Table 2. Assessment Scale– Vulnerability Severity (After NIST 800–30 Rev1 2012, F-2

EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NI-CR-MO-CO FILLER METALS.

DTIC Science & Technology

STEEL, WELDING RODS), CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, CARBON ALLOYS , COBALT ALLOYS , CHROMIUM ALLOYS , MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS , NICKEL ALLOYS , MARAGING STEELS...ALUMINUM COMPOUNDS, TITANIUM , NONMETALS, SHIP HULLS, SHIP PLATES, SUBMARINE HULLS, WELDING , WELDS , MECHANICAL PROPERTIES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS, MICROSTRUCTURE.

Estimating shipping emissions in the region of the Sea of Marmara, Turkey.

PubMed

Deniz, Cengiz; Durmuşoğlu, Yalçin

2008-02-01

Ship emissions are significantly increasing globally and have remarkable impact on air quality on sea and land. These emissions contribute serious adverse health and environmental effects. Territorial waters, inland seas and ports are the regions most affected by ship emissions. As an inland sea the Sea of Marmara is an area that has too much ship traffic. Since the region of the Marmara is highly urbanized, emissions from ships affect human health and the overall environment. In this paper exhaust gas emissions from ships in the Sea of Marmara and the Turkish Straits are calculated by utilizing the data acquired in 2003. Main engine types, fuel types, operations types, navigation times and speeds of vessels are taken into consideration in the study. Total emissions from ships in the study area were estimated as 5,451,224 t y(-1) for CO(2), 111,039 t y(-1) for NO(x), 87,168 t y(-1) for SO(2), 20,281 t y(-1) for CO, 5801 t y(-1) for VOC, 4762 t y(-1) for PM. The shipping emissions in the region are equivalent to 11% of NO(x) 0.1% of CO and 0.12% of PM of the corresponding total emissions in Turkey. The shipping emissions in the area are 46% of NO(x), 25% of PM and 1.5% of CO of road traffic emissions in Turkey data between which and correspond to a higher level than aircraft emissions and rail emissions in Turkey.

The choice of speed and clearance for RAS on 3D method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jian-Fang; Li, Ji-De; Cai, Xin-Gong

2003-12-01

In this paper, a 3D source distribution technique is used to calculate the coupled motions between two ships which advance in the wave with the same speed. The numerical results of coupled motions for a frigate and a supply ship have a good agreement with the experimental results. Based on the 3D coupled motions of two ships, a spectral analysis is employed to clearly observe the effect of speed, clearance and wave heading on the significant relative motion amplitude (SRMA) of two ships. The method presented in this paper will be helpful to select suitable clearance, speed and wave heading for underway replenishment at sea(RAS).

Ship speeds and sea ice forecasts - how are they related?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loeptien, Ulrike; Axell, Lars

2014-05-01

The Baltic Sea is a shallow marginal sea, located in northern Europe. A seasonally occurring sea ice cover has the potential to hinder the intense ship traffic substantially. There are thus considerable efforts to fore- and nowcast ice conditions. Here we take a somewhat opposite approach and relate ship speeds, as observed via the Automatic Identification System (AIS) network, back to the prevailing sea ice conditions. We show that these information are useful to constrain fore- and nowcasts. More specifically we find, by fitting a statistical model (mixed effect model) for a test region in the Bothnian Bay, that the forecasted ice properties can explain 60-65% of the ship speed variations (based on 25 minute averages).

A comparative study on methods of improving SCR for ship detection in SAR image

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lang, Haitao; Shi, Hongji; Tao, Yunhong; Ma, Li

2017-10-01

Knowledge about ship positions plays a critical role in a wide range of maritime applications. To improve the performance of ship detector in SAR image, an effective strategy is improving the signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) before conducting detection. In this paper, we present a comparative study on methods of improving SCR, including power-law scaling (PLS), max-mean and max-median filter (MMF1 and MMF2), method of wavelet transform (TWT), traditional SPAN detector, reflection symmetric metric (RSM), scattering mechanism metric (SMM). The ability of SCR improvement to SAR image and ship detection performance associated with cell- averaging CFAR (CA-CFAR) of different methods are evaluated on two real SAR data.

46 CFR 507.160 - Communications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Communications. 507.160 Section 507.160 Shipping FEDERAL... HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION § 507.160 Communications. (a) The agency shall take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with applicants...

46 CFR 169.717 - Fireman's outfit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... helmet that provides effective protection against impact; and (8) Protective clothing. (b) Each vessel... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Fireman's outfit. 169.717 Section 169.717 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Vessel...

46 CFR 507.160 - Communications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Communications. 507.160 Section 507.160 Shipping FEDERAL... HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION § 507.160 Communications. (a) The agency shall take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with applicants...

46 CFR 507.160 - Communications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Communications. 507.160 Section 507.160 Shipping FEDERAL... HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION § 507.160 Communications. (a) The agency shall take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with applicants...

46 CFR 507.160 - Communications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 9 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Communications. 507.160 Section 507.160 Shipping FEDERAL... HANDICAP IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES CONDUCTED BY THE FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION § 507.160 Communications. (a) The agency shall take appropriate steps to ensure effective communication with applicants...

Near Real Time Ship Detection Experiments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brusch, S.; Lehner, S.; Schwarz, E.; Fritz, T.

2010-04-01

A new Near Real Time (NRT) ship detection processor SAINT (SAR AIS Integrated Toolbox) was developed in the framework of the ESA project MARISS. Data are received at DLRs ground segment DLR-BN (Neustrelitz, Germany). Results of the ship detection are available on ftp server within 30 min after the acquisition started. The detectability of ships on Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) ERS-2, ENVISAT ASAR and TerraSAR-X (TS-X) images is validated by coastal (live) AIS and space AIS. The monitoring areas chosen for surveillance are the North-, Baltic Sea, and Cape Town. The detectability in respect to environmental parameters like wind field, sea state, currents and changing coastlines due to tidal effects is investigated. In the South Atlantic a tracking experiment of the German research vessel Polarstern has been performed. Issues of piracy in particular in respect to ships hijacked at the Somali coast are discussed. Some examples using high resolution images from TerraSAR-X are given.

Seismotectonic, structural, volcanologic, and geomorphic study of New Zealand; indigenous forest assessment in New Zealand; mapping, land use, and environmental studies in New Zealand, volume 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Probine, M. C.; Suggate, R. P.; Mcgreevy, M. G.; Stirling, I. F. (Principal Investigator)

1977-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. Ship detection via LANDSAT MSS data was demonstrated. In addition, information on ship size, orientation, and movement was obtained. Band 7 was used for the initial detection followed by confirmation on other MSS bands. Under low turbidity, as experienced in open seas, the detection of ships 100 m long was verified and detection of ships down to 30 m length theorized. High turbidity and sea state inhibit ship detection by decreasing S/N ratios. The radiance effect from snow of local slope angles and orientation was also studied. Higher radiance values and even overloading in three bands were recorded for the sun-facing slope. Local hot spots from solar reflection appear at several locations along transect D-C in Six Mile Creek Basin during September 1976.

High frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena).

PubMed

Hermannsen, Line; Beedholm, Kristian; Tougaard, Jakob; Madsen, Peter T

2014-10-01

Growing ship traffic worldwide has led to increased vessel noise with possible negative impacts on marine life. Most research has focused on low frequency components of ship noise, but for high-frequency specialists, such as the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena), medium-to-high frequency noise components are likely more of a concern. To test for biologically relevant levels of medium-to-high frequency vessel noise, different types of Automatic Identification System located vessels were recorded using a broadband recording system in four heavily ship-trafficked marine habitats in Denmark. Vessel noise from a range of different ship types substantially elevated ambient noise levels across the entire recording band from 0.025 to 160 kHz at ranges between 60 and 1000 m. These ship noise levels are estimated to cause hearing range reduction of >20 dB (at 1 and 10 kHz) from ships passing at distances of 1190 m and >30 dB reduction (at 125 kHz) from ships at distances of 490 m or less. It is concluded that a diverse range of vessels produce substantial noise at high frequencies, where toothed whale hearing is most sensitive, and that vessel noise should be considered over a broad frequency range, when assessing noise effects on porpoises and other small toothed whales.

Deficiency of Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 affects platelet responses and thrombus growth

PubMed Central

Séverin, Sonia; Gratacap, Marie-Pierre; Lenain, Nadège; Alvarez, Laetitia; Hollande, Etienne; Penninger, Josef M.; Gachet, Christian; Plantavid, Monique; Payrastre, Bernard

2007-01-01

Platelets are critical for normal hemostasis. Their deregulation can lead to bleeding or to arterial thrombosis, a primary cause of heart attack and ischemic stroke. Src homology 2 domain–containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is a 5-phosphatase capable of dephosphorylating the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate second messenger into phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate. SHIP1 plays a critical role in regulating the level of these 2 lipids in platelets. Using SHIP1-deficient mice, we found that its loss affects platelet aggregation in response to several agonists with minor effects on fibrinogen binding and β3 integrin tyrosine phosphorylation. Accordingly, SHIP1-null mice showed defects in arterial thrombus formation in response to a localized laser-induced injury. Moreover, these mice had a prolonged tail bleeding time. Upon stimulation, SHIP1-deficient platelets showed large membrane extensions, abnormalities in the open canalicular system, and a dramatic decrease in close cell-cell contacts. Interestingly, SHIP1 appeared to be required for platelet contractility, thrombus organization, and fibrin clot retraction. These data indicate that SHIP1 is an important element of the platelet signaling machinery to support normal hemostasis. To our knowledge, this is the first report unraveling an important function of SHIP1 in the activation of hematopoietic cells, in contrast to its well-documented role in the negative regulation of lymphocytes. PMID:17347685

Review of a model to assess stranding of juvenile salmon by ship wakes along the Lower Columbia River, Oregon and Washington

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kock, Tobias J.; Plumb, John M.; Adams, Noah S.

2013-01-01

Long period wake waves from deep draft vessels have been shown to strand small fish, particularly juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytcha, in the lower Columbia River (LCR). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for maintaining the shipping channel in the LCR and recently conducted dredging operations to deepen the shipping channel from an authorized depth of 40 feet(ft) to an authorized depth of 43 ft (in areas where rapid shoaling was expected, dredging operations were used to increase the channel depth to 48 ft). A model was developed to estimate stranding probabilities for juvenile salmon under the 40- and 43-ft channel scenarios, to determine if channel deepening was going to affect wake stranding (Assessment of potential stranding of juvenile salmon by ship wakes along the Lower Columbia River under scenarios of ship traffic and channel depth: Report prepared for the Portland District U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland, Oregon). The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers funded the U.S. Geological Survey to review this model. A total of 30 review questions were provided to guide the review process, and these questions are addressed in this report. In general, we determined that the analyses by Pearson (2011) were appropriate given the data available. We did identify two areas where additional information could have been provided: (1) a more thorough description of model diagnostics and model selection would have been useful for the reader to better understand the model framework; and (2) model uncertainty should have been explicitly described and reported in the document. Stranding probability estimates between the 40- and 43-ft channel depths were minimally different under most of the scenarios that were examined by Pearson (2011), and a discussion of the effects of uncertainty given these minimal differences would have been useful. Ultimately, however, a stochastic (or simulation) model would provide the best opportunity to illustrate uncertainty within a given set of model predictions, but such an approach would require a substantial amount of additional data collection. Several review questions focused on the accuracy and precision of the model estimates, but we were unable to address these questions because of the limited data that currently exists regarding wake stranding in the LCR. Additional field studies will be required to validate findings from Pearson (2011), if concerns regarding accuracy and precision remain a priority. Although the Pearson (2011) model provided a useful examination of stranding under pre-construction and post-construction conditions, future research will be required to better understand the effects of wake stranding on juvenile salmonids throughout the entire LCR. If additional information on wake stranding is desired in the future, the following topics may be of interest: (1) spatial examination of wake stranding throughout the entire LCR; (2) additional evaluation of juvenile salmonid behavior and population dynamics; (3) assessing and integrating predicted changes in ship development; and (4) assessing and integrating predicted changes in climate on environmental factors known to cause stranding.

Monitoring shipping emissions with MAX-DOAS measurements of reactive trace gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wittrock, Folkard; Peters, Enno; Seyler, André; Kattner, Lisa; Mathieu-Üffing, Barbara; Burrows, John P.; Chirkov, Maksym; Meier, Andreas C.; Richter, Andreas; Schönhardt, Anja; Schmolke, Stefan; Theobald, Norbert

2014-05-01

Air pollution from ships contributes to overall air quality problems and it has direct health effects on the population in particular in coastal regions, and in harbor cities. In order to reduce the emissions the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) have tightened the regulations for air pollution. E.g. Sulfur Emission Control Areas (SECA) have been introduced where the sulfur content of marine fuel is limited. However, up to now there is no regular monitoring system available to verify that ships are complying with the new regulations. Furthermore measurements of reactive trace gases in marine environments are in general sparse. The project MeSMarT (Measurements of shipping emissions in the marine troposphere, www.mesmart.de) has been established as a cooperation between the University of Bremen and the German Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency) with support of the Helmholtz Research Centre Geesthacht to estimate the influence of ship emissions on the chemistry of the atmospheric boundary layer and to establish a monitoring system for main shipping routes. Here we present MAX-DOAS observations of NO2 and SO2 carried out during ship campaigns in the North and Baltic Sea and from two permanent sites close to the Elbe river (Wedel, Germany) and on the island Neuwerk close to the mouths of Elbe and Weser river. Mixing ratios of both trace gases have been retrieved using different approaches (pure geometric and taking into account the radiative transfer) and compared to in situ and air borne observations (see Kattner et al., Monitoring shipping emissions with in-situ measurements of trace gases, and Meier et al., Airborne measurements of NO2 shipping emissions using imaging DOAS) observations. Furthermore simple approaches have been used to calculate emission factors of NOx and SO2 for single ships.

Effect of Shipping Emissions on Present and Future Atmospheric Composition Over the Barents Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daskalakis, N.; Raut, J. C.; Law, K.; Marelle, L.; Thomas, J. L.; Onishi, T.

2016-12-01

The Arctic is undergoing unprecedented changes as a result of rapid warming and socio-economic drivers. Even though the region is a receptor for anthropogenic pollution from the highly populated mid-latitudes, there are also local sources of pollution, such as shipping, that are already perturbing atmospheric composition. The Barents Sea, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia, has year-round shipping traffic and is likely to grow in a warming Arctic because of the economic benefits related to the opening up of the North-East passage placing it in a strategic position for the transport of goods between Europe and Asia. An increase in the marine traffic has already been observed over the past years in this region, resulting in increased emissions of pollutants. In this work, we investigate the impact of the shipping emissions in the Barents Sea on atmospheric composition for the summer period (July/August) with high traffic using the regional chemistry-aerosol transport model WRF-Chem run at high resolution over the region. We quantify the effects of shipping pollution on aerosol concentrations, such as black carbon, sulphate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) as well as deposition of potentially important nutrients (NO3-, SO42-). The model is run using an analytical chemical mechanism for gas phase and aerosols (SAPRC99 coupled with VBS and MOSAIC) for present-day (2012) and future (2050) conditions with ECLIPSE anthropogenic emissions and Winther et al. (2014) shipping emissions. Present-day simulations are evaluated against available data. We examine different future growth scenarios taking into account current and proposed ship operation regulations, such as CLE (current legislation) and HGS (high growth scenario), to investigate possible future changes in surface concentrations, tropospheric burdens and deposition fluxes. Potential chemistry-climate feedbacks are also examined such as those related to aerosol-cloud interactions or changes in photolysis rates due to pollution from shipping in the Arctic.

Factors influencing densities of non-indigenous species in the ballast water of ships arriving at ports in Puget Sound, Washington, United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Cordell, J.R.; Lawrence, D.J.; Ferm, N.C.; Tear, L.M.; Smith, S.S.; Herwig, R.P.

2009-01-01

Oceanographic characteristics and the presence of international shipping in Puget Sound, Washington, USA contribute to its vulnerability to non-indigenous species (NIS) invasions. To evaluate NIS arriving in ballast water, zooplankton was sampled in 380 ballast tanks of ships after they entered Puget Sound. Taxa were classified into a higher risk group of coastal organisms (including known NIS), and a lower risk group of largely oceanic species. Most ships reported conducting mid-ocean ballast water exchange (BWE). However, despite state regulations requiring BWE, and apparent compliance by ship operators, most sampled tanks from both transpacific and coastal routes had coastal zooplankton densities exceeding internationally proposed discharge standards. BWE efficiency models and controlled before-and-after BWE experiments indicate that BWE consistently removes most coastal zooplankton. However, this study found that although the empty-refill method of BWE significantly reduced coastal plankton compared with un-exchanged tanks, the flow-through method did not, and in either case remaining coastal plankton densities presented appreciable risks of introducing NIS. Densities of high risk taxa were consistently and significantly higher from US domestic trips dominated by tank ships carrying ballast water from California, and lower in samples from trans-Pacific trips dominated by container ships and bulk carriers with ballast from Asia. These findings are probably a result of the dense and diverse NIS assemblages present in California and other US west coast estuaries and the comparatively short transit times between them and Puget Sound. While it appears that BWE can effectively replace NIS with less risky ocean species, new reporting, verification, and operational procedures may be necessary to enhance BWE efficacy. In the long-term, the introduction of ballast water treatment technologies may be required to significantly reduce the discharge of risky organisms from commercial ships if BWE practices do not become more effective. Copyright ?? 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Lessons from an Aerial Mining Campaign (Operation ’Starvation’)

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-04-01

North Vietnam decisions concerning the war, but one thing is certain: the nining was effective in stopping shipments by sea. As the author very...the om dealing with aims and re- sults. It discusses the twin effects cf ship sinking and ship immobil- v ization, and the contribution made b...snip losses. Also de- scribed are other, less familiar effects of the mining which contributed to the overall results of the campaign. Its total

Proceedings of the IREAPS Technical Symposium (8th) held in Baltimore, Maryland on September 15-17, 1981 (The National Shipbuilding Research Program)

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

comments to regulatory bodies as well as conducted independent studies to establish guidelines for use in the development of cost effective regulations. We...operational life of the respective ships. Several authors (10-14) studied the effect of hull roughness on changes in power requirements. A plot of increasing...SHIP PRODUCTION COMMITTEE FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS SURFACE PREPARATION AND COATINGS DESIGN/PRODUCTION INTEGRATION HUMAN RESOURCE

Quantitative exploration of the contribution of settlement, growth, dispersal and grazing to the accumulation of natural marine biofilms on antifouling and fouling-release coatings

PubMed Central

Van Mooy, Benjamin A. S.; Hmelo, Laura R.; Fredricks, Helen F.; Ossolinski, Justin E.; Pedler, Byron E.; Bogorff, Daniel J.; Smith, Peter J.S.

2014-01-01

The accumulation of microbial biofilms on ships' hulls negatively affects ships' performance and efficiency while also moderating the establishment of even more detrimental hard-fouling communities. However, there is little quantitative information on how the accumulation rate of microbial biofilms is impacted by the balance of the rates of cell settlement, in situ production (ie growth), dispersal to surrounding waters and mortality induced by grazers. These rates were quantified on test panels coated with copper-based antifouling or polymer-based fouling-release coatings by using phospholipids as molecular proxies for microbial biomass. The results confirmed the accepted modes of efficacy of these two types of coatings. In a more extensive set of experiments with only the fouling-release coatings, it was found that seasonally averaged cellular production rates were 1.5 ± 0.5 times greater than settlement and the dispersal rates were 2.7 ± 0.8 greater than grazing. The results of this study quantitatively describe the dynamic balance of processes leading to microbial biofilm accumulation on coatings designed for ships' hulls. PMID:24417212

Making sense of Arctic maritime traffic using the Polar Operational Limits Assessment Risk Indexing System (POLARIS)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stoddard, M. A.; Etienne, L.; Fournier, M.; Pelot, R.; Beveridge, L.

2016-04-01

Maritime traffic volume in the Arctic is growing for several reasons: climate change is resulting in less ice in extent, duration, and thickness; economic drivers are inducing growth in resource extraction traffic, community size (affecting resupply) and adventure tourism. This dynamic situation, coupled with harsh weather, variable operating conditions, remoteness, and lack of straightforward emergency response options, demand robust risk management processes. The requirements for risk management for polar ship operations are specified in the new International Maritime Organization (IMO) International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (Polar Code). The goal of the Polar Code is to provide for safe ship operations and protection of the polar environment by addressing the risk present in polar waters. Risk management is supported by evidence-based models, including threat identification (types and frequency of hazards), exposure levels, and receptor characterization. Most of the information used to perform risk management in polar waters is attained in-situ, but increasingly is being augmented with open-access remote sensing information. In this paper we focus on the use of open-access historical ice charts as an integral part of northern navigation, especially for route planning and evaluation.

Ship detection in satellite imagery using rank-order greyscale hit-or-miss transforms

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harvey, Neal R; Porter, Reid B; Theiler, James

2010-01-01

Ship detection from satellite imagery is something that has great utility in various communities. Knowing where ships are and their types provides useful intelligence information. However, detecting and recognizing ships is a difficult problem. Existing techniques suffer from too many false-alarms. We describe approaches we have taken in trying to build ship detection algorithms that have reduced false alarms. Our approach uses a version of the grayscale morphological Hit-or-Miss transform. While this is well known and used in its standard form, we use a version in which we use a rank-order selection for the dilation and erosion parts of themore » transform, instead of the standard maximum and minimum operators. This provides some slack in the fitting that the algorithm employs and provides a method for tuning the algorithm's performance for particular detection problems. We describe our algorithms, show the effect of the rank-order parameter on the algorithm's performance and illustrate the use of this approach for real ship detection problems with panchromatic satellite imagery.« less

Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) in a shipping company.

PubMed

Saarni, H; Saari, S; Häkkinen, U

1999-01-01

Critical incident stress debriefing (CISD) is a method used successfully to reduce suffering from stress-related ailments such as insomnia, depression, anger, headaches etc. The resources of the shipping company are very limited and, thus, networking with existing organizations and specialists is necessary to carry out CISD effectively. The present company model has been adopted to take into account various situations and levels of disaster. The model has been adopted at three levels of events:Level 1. Serious accidents on shore, sudden deaths, severe events and threats. Events involving one or only few persons. Level 2. Life-threatening occupational accidents on board ship, suicide of a workmate, sudden death and fire on board ship. Events involving one person or limited group of persons. Level 3. Disasters at sea. Severe events involving all or nearly all persons on board ship. Actions at different levels: Level 1: A leaflet describing CISD, situations where it would be appropriate and where it is available, is given to each sailor. The victim is encouraged to seek CISD from public health care centres, most of which have their own services in Finland. Level 2. Training of about 8 hours is carried out by an experienced crisis psychologist for supervisors and officers on board ship. After the training they are able to identify stressful situations. At each harbour, the shipping company has made agreements with experienced crisis psychologists to act as specialists and contact persons on shore. These nominated psychologists will initiate CISD actions when necessary. If they need extra manpower they will turn to other psychologists. Level 3. In such serious accidents, the company's own resources alone are insufficient to provide effective CISD. All available public and private resources will he needed (health care organizations, Red Cross, Church etc.).

46 CFR 172.165 - Intact stability calculations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SUBDIVISION AND STABILITY SPECIAL RULES PERTAINING TO BULK CARGOES Special Rules Pertaining to a Ship That Carries a Bulk Liquefied Gas Regulated... paragraph (a) of this section, the effects of the addition of water ballast may be considered. ...

Impact of a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) for ship traffic on the future air quality in the Baltic Sea region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karl, Matthias; Geyer, Beate; Bieser, Johannes; Matthias, Volker; Quante, Markus; Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Johansson, Lasse; Fridell, Erik

2017-04-01

Deposition of nitrogen compounds originating from shipping activities contribute to eutrophication of the Baltic Sea and coastal areas in the Baltic Sea region. Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from shipping on the Baltic Sea are comparable to the combined land-based emissions of NOx from Finland and Sweden and have been relatively stable over the last decade. However, expected future growth of maritime transport will result in higher fuel consumption and, if not compensated by increased transport efficiency or other measures, lead to higher total emissions of NOx from shipping. For the Baltic Sea a nitrogen emission control area (NECA) will become effective in 2021 - permitting only new built ships that are compliant with stringent Tier III emission limits - with the target of reducing NOx-emissions. In order to study the effect of implementing a Baltic Sea NECA-2021 on air quality and nitrogen deposition two future scenarios were designed; one with implementation of a NECA for the Baltic Sea starting in 2021 and another with no NECA implemented. The same increase of ship traffic was assumed for both future scenarios. Since complete fleet renewal with low NOx-emitting engines is not expected until 20-30 years after the NECA entry date, year 2040 was chosen as future scenario year. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model was used to simulate the current and future air quality situation. The nested simulation runs with CMAQ were performed on a horizontal resolution of 4 km × 4 km for the entire Baltic Sea region. The meteorological year 2012 was chosen for the simulation of the current and future air quality situation since the 2m-temperature and precipitation anomalies of 2012 are closely aligned to the 2004-2014 decadal average over Baltic Proper. High-resolution meteorology obtained from COSMO-CLM was used for the regional simulations. Ship emissions were generated with the Ship Traffic Emission Assessment Model (STEAM) by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) using the Automatic Identification System (AIS) network data to allocate ship positions. Gridded land-based emissions were taken from the SMOKE-EU model which is based on the official EMEP data. Future land-based emissions were reduced in accordance with current legislation. Model simulations for the current situation show that shipping emissions are the main contributor to ambient NO2 concentrations over the Baltic Sea. Shipping emissions are responsible for 40-70 % of the particulate nitrate concentrations during the summer months. Relative contribution of shipping emissions to monthly total nitrogen deposition, as a sum of oxidized and reduced nitrogen compounds, was highest in summer, with up to 60 % in the northern part of the Baltic Proper, while it was on average 10 % for other parts of the Baltic Sea. With the NECA in the Baltic Sea in effect from 2021, the reduction of reactive nitrogen concentrations and deposition in the Baltic Sea region compared to a scenario without Tier III regulations is significant.

Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships: the contribution from major ship types and ports

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalsøren, S. B.; Eide, M. S.; Endresen, Ø.; Mjelde, A.; Gravir, G.; Isaksen, I. S. A.

2009-03-01

A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelled total fuel consumption amounts to 217 Mt in 2004 of which 11 Mt is consumed in in-port operations. This is in agreement with international sales statistics. The modelled fuel consumption is applied to develop global emission inventories for CO2, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4, VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), N2O, BC (Black Carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon). The global emissions from ships at sea and in ports are distributed geographically, applying extended geographical data sets covering about 2 million global ship observations and global port data for 32 000 ships. In addition to inventories for the world fleet, inventories are produced separately for the three dominating ship types, using ship type specific emission modelling and traffic distributions. A global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) was used to calculate the environmental impacts of the emissions. We find that ship emissions is a dominant contributor over much of the world oceans to surface concentrations of NO2 and SO2. The contribution is also large over some coastal zones. For surface ozone the contribution is high over the oceans but clearly also of importance over Western North America (contribution 15-25%) and Western Europe (5-15%). The contribution to tropospheric column ozone is up to 5-6%. The overall impact of ship emissions on global methane lifetime is large due to the high NOx emissions. With regard to acidification we find that ships contribute 11% to nitrate wet deposition and 4.5% to sulphur wet deposition globally. In certain coastal regions the contributions may be in the range 15-50%. In general we find that ship emissions have a large impact on acidic deposition and surface ozone in Western North America, Scandinavia, Western Europe, western North Africa and Malaysia/Indonesia. For most of these regions container traffic, the largest emitter by ship type, has the largest impact. This is the case especially for the Pacific and the related container trade routes between Asia and North America. However, the contributions from bulk ships and tank vessels are also significant in the above mentioned impact regions. Though the total ship impact at low latitudes is lower, the tank vessels have a quite large contribution at low latitudes and near the Gulf of Mexico and Middle East. The bulk ships are characterized by large impact in Oceania compared to other ship types. In Scandinavia and north-Western Europe, one of the major ship impact regions, the three largest ship types have rather small relative contributions. The impact in this region is probably dominated by smaller ships operating closer to the coast. For emissions in ports impacts on NO2 and SO2 seem to be of significance. For most ports the contribution to the two components is in the range 0.5-5%, for a few ports it exceeds 10%. The approach presented provides an improvement in characterizing fleet operational patterns, and thereby ship emissions and impacts. Furthermore, the study shows where emission reductions can be applied to most effectively minimize the impacts by different ship types.

Update on emissions and environmental impacts from the international fleet of ships. The contribution from major ship types and ports

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalsøren, S. B.; Eide, M. S.; Endresen, Ø.; Mjelde, A.; Gravir, G.; Isaksen, I. S. A.

2008-10-01

A reliable and up-to-date ship emission inventory is essential for atmospheric scientists quantifying the impact of shipping and for policy makers implementing regulations and incentives for emission reduction. The emission modelling in this study takes into account ship type and size dependent input data for 15 ship types and 7 size categories. Global port arrival and departure data for more than 32 000 merchant ships are used to establish operational profiles for the ship segments. The modelled total fuel consumption amounts to 217 Mt in 2004 of which 11 Mt is consumed in in-port operations. This is in agreement with international sales statistics. The modelled fuel consumption is applied to develop global emission inventories for CO2, NO2, SO2, CO, CH4, VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds), N2O, BC (Black Carbon) and OC (Organic Carbon). The global emissions from ships at sea and in ports are distributed geographically, applying extended geographical data sets covering about 2 million global ship observations and global port data for 32 000 ships. In addition to inventories for the world fleet, inventories are produced separately for the three dominating ship types, using ship type specific emission modelling and traffic distributions. A global Chemical Transport Model (CTM) was used to calculate the environmental impacts of the emissions. We find that ship emissions is a dominant contributor over much of the world oceans to surface concentrations of NO2 and SO2. The contribution is also large over some coastal zones. For surface ozone the contribution is high over the oceans but clearly also of importance over western North America (contribution 15 25%) and western Europe (5 15%). The contribution to tropospheric column ozone is up to 5 6%. The overall impact of ship emissions on global methane lifetime is large due to the high NOx emissions. With regard to acidification we find that ships contribute 11% to nitrate wet deposition and 4.5% to sulphur wet deposition globally. In certain coastal regions the contributions may be in the range 15 50%. In general we find that ship emissions have a large impact on acidic deposition and surface ozone in western North America, Scandinavia, western Europe, western North Africa and Malaysia/Indonesia. For most of these regions container traffic, the largest emitter by ship type, has the largest impact. This is the case especially for the Pacific and the related container trade routes between Asia and North America. However, the contributions from bulk ships and tank vessels are also significant in the above mentioned impact regions. Though the total ship impact at low latitudes is lower, the tank vessels have a quite large contribution at low latitudes and near the Gulf of Mexico and Middle East. The bulk ships are characterized by large impact in Oceania compared to other ship types. In Scandinavia and north-western Europe, one of the major ship impact regions, the three largest ship types have rather small relative contributions. The impact in this region is probably dominated by smaller ships operating closer to the coast. For emissions in ports impacts on NO2 and SO2 seem to be of significance. For most ports the contribution to the two components is in the range 0.5 5%, for a few ports it exceeds 10%. The approach presented provides an improvement in characterizing fleet operational patterns, and thereby ship emissions and impacts. Furthermore, the study shows where emission reductions can be applied to most effectively minimize the impacts by different ship types.

Parameters sensitivity on mooring loads of ship-shaped FPSOs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasan, Mohammad Saidee

2017-12-01

The work in this paper is focused on special assessment and evaluation of mooring system of ship-shaped FPSO unit. In particular, the purpose of the study is to find the impact on mooring loads for the variation in different parameters using MIMOSA software. First, a selected base case was designed for an intact mooring system in a typical ultimate limit state (ULS) condition, and then the sensitivity to mooring loads on parameters e.g. location of the turret, analysis method (quasi-static vs. dynamic analysis), low-frequency damping level in the surge, pretension and drag coefficients on chain and steel wire has been performed. It is found that mooring loads change due to the change of these parameters. Especially, pretension has a large impact on the maximum tension of mooring lines and low-frequency damping can change surge offset significantly.

The conceptual solutions concerning decommissioning and dismantling of Russian civil nuclear powered ships

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kulikov, Konstantin N.; Nizamutdinov, Rinat A.; Abramov, Andrey N.

From 1959 up to 1991 nine civil nuclear powered ships were built in Russia: eight ice-breakers and one lash lighter carrier (cargo ship). At the present time three of them were taking out of service: ice-breaker 'Lenin' is decommissioned as a museum and is set for storage in the port of Murmansk, nuclear ice-breakers 'Arktika' and 'Sibir' are berthing. The ice-breakers carrying rad-wastes appear to be a possible source of radiation contamination of Murmansk region and Kola Bay because the ship long-term storage afloat has the negative effect on hull's structures. As the result of this under the auspices ofmore » the Federal Targeted Program 'Nuclear and Radiation Safety of Russia for 2008 and the period until 2015' the conception and projects of decommissioning of nuclear-powered ships are developed by the State corporation Rosatom with the involvement of companies of United Shipbuilding Corporation. In developing the principal provisions of conception of decommissioning and dismantling of icebreakers the technical and economic assessment of dismantling options in ship-repairing enterprises of North-West of Russia was performed. The paper contains description of options, research procedure, analysis of options of decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear ice-breakers, taking into account the principle of optimization of potential radioactive effect to personnel, human population and environment. The report's conclusions contain the recommendations for selection of option for development of nuclear icebreaker decommissioning and dismantling projects. (authors)« less

Cardiovascular disease mortality in British merchant shipping and among British seafarers ashore in Britain.

PubMed

Roberts, Stephen E; Jaremin, Bogdan

2010-01-01

The objective was to investigate trends in work-related mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) among seafarers employed in British merchant shipping from 1919 to 2005, to compare CVD mortality among British seafarers at work in British shipping - and ashore in Britain - with that in the general British population, and to investigate work-related CVD mortality in British shipping during recent years according to factors such as rank, nationality, location, and type of ship. A longitudinal study based on examination of death inquiry files and death registers, official death returns, and information from occupational mortality decennial supplements. The main outcome measures were population-based mortality rates and standardised mortality ratios. There was an increase in work-related CVD mortality throughout much of the period from 1919 to 1962, but a subsequent reduction to 2005. Work-related mortality from CVD and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) was lower among seafarers employed in British shipping than in the corresponding general population (SMRs = 0.35 to 0.46), but mortality from CVD among British seafarers ashore in Britain was often increased. An elevated risk of work-related CVD mortality was also identified among the crews of North Sea offshore ships. This study shows a healthy worker effect against CVD mortality among seafarers at work in British shipping, but increased risks among British seafarers ashore in Britain, which would include seafarers discharged through CVD morbidity and other illnesses. The high risks of CVD mortality among seafarers in North Sea supply ships may reflect particular work-related hazards in this sector.

MicroRNA-155 promotes the pathogenesis of experimental colitis by repressing SHIP-1 expression

PubMed Central

Lu, Zhan-Jun; Wu, Jian-Jiong; Jiang, Wei-Liang; Xiao, Jun-Hua; Tao, Kai-Zhong; Ma, Lei; Zheng, Ping; Wan, Rong; Wang, Xing-Peng

2017-01-01

AIM To explore the mechanism by which microRNA-155 (miR-155) regulates the pathogenesis of experimental colitis. METHODS A luciferase assay was performed to confirm the binding of miR-155 to the SHIP-1 3’-UTR. MiR-155 mimics, negative controls and SHIP-1 expression/knockdown vectors were established and then utilized in gain- and loss-of-function studies performed in raw264.7 cells and primary bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). Thereafter, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis mouse model with or without antagomiR-155 treatment was established, and the levels of miR-155 and SHIP-1, as well as the pro-inflammatory capabilities, were measured by western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS MiR-155 directly bound to the 3’-UTR of SHIP-1 mRNA and induced a significant decrease in SHIP-1 expression in both raw264.7 cells and primary BMDMs. MiR-155 markedly promoted cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory secretions including IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IFN-γ, whereas these effects could be reversed by the restoration of SHIP-1 expression. In vivo studies showed that antagomiR-155 administration could alleviate DSS-induced intestinal inflammation in Balb/c mice. Moreover, significantly increased SHIP-1 expression, as well as decreased Akt activation and inflammatory response, were observed in the antagomiR-155-treated mice. CONCLUSION MiR-155 promotes experimental colitis by repressing SHIP-1 expression. Thus, the inhibition of miR-155 might be a promising strategy for therapy. PMID:28246471

Development of Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

the intact stability performance of ships, have motivated the development of the second generation intact stability criteria by the IMO Subcommittee on...primary modes of stability failures which are being addressed. The second generation intact stability criteria are planned to have a multitiered structure...and 2 vulnerability criteria that are used as a preliminary design process check of dynamic stability failure risk. This report describes the U.S

Development of robotic mobile platform with the universal chassis system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryadchikov, I.; Nikulchev, E.; Sechenev, S.; Drobotenko, M.; Svidlov, A.; Volkodav, P.; Feshin, A.

2018-02-01

The problem of stabilizing the position of mobile devices is extremely relevant at the modern level of technology development. This includes the problem of stabilizing aircraft and stabilizing the pitching of ships. In the laboratory of robotics and mechatronics of the Kuban State University, a robot is developed. The robot has additional internal degrees of freedom, responsible for compensating for deflections - the dynamic stabilization system.

Capability of geometric features to classify ships in SAR imagery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lang, Haitao; Wu, Siwen; Lai, Quan; Ma, Li

2016-10-01

Ship classification in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery has become a new hotspot in remote sensing community for its valuable potential in many maritime applications. Several kinds of ship features, such as geometric features, polarimetric features, and scattering features have been widely applied on ship classification tasks. Compared with polarimetric features and scattering features, which are subject to SAR parameters (e.g., sensor type, incidence angle, polarization, etc.) and environment factors (e.g., sea state, wind, wave, current, etc.), geometric features are relatively independent of SAR and environment factors, and easy to be extracted stably from SAR imagery. In this paper, the capability of geometric features to classify ships in SAR imagery with various resolution has been investigated. Firstly, the relationship between the geometric feature extraction accuracy and the SAR imagery resolution is analyzed. It shows that the minimum bounding rectangle (MBR) of ship can be extracted exactly in terms of absolute precision by the proposed automatic ship-sea segmentation method. Next, six simple but effective geometric features are extracted to build a ship representation for the subsequent classification task. These six geometric features are composed of length (f1), width (f2), area (f3), perimeter (f4), elongatedness (f5) and compactness (f6). Among them, two basic features, length (f1) and width (f2), are directly extracted based on the MBR of ship, the other four are derived from those two basic features. The capability of the utilized geometric features to classify ships are validated on two data set with different image resolutions. The results show that the performance of ship classification solely by geometric features is close to that obtained by the state-of-the-art methods, which obtained by a combination of multiple kinds of features, including scattering features and geometric features after a complex feature selection process.

Impact of cryopreservation on tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and ELISPOT

PubMed Central

Maecker, Holden T; Moon, James; Bhatia, Sonny; Ghanekar, Smita A; Maino, Vernon C; Payne, Janice K; Kuus-Reichel, Kristine; Chang, Jennie C; Summers, Amanda; Clay, Timothy M; Morse, Michael A; Lyerly, H Kim; DeLaRosa, Corazon; Ankerst, Donna P; Disis, Mary L

2005-01-01

Background Cryopreservation of PBMC and/or overnight shipping of samples are required for many clinical trials, despite their potentially adverse effects upon immune monitoring assays such as MHC-peptide tetramer staining, cytokine flow cytometry (CFC), and ELISPOT. In this study, we compared the performance of these assays on leukapheresed PBMC shipped overnight in medium versus cryopreserved PBMC from matched donors. Results Using CMV pp65 peptide pool stimulation or pp65 HLA-A2 tetramer staining, there was significant correlation between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay (p ≤ 0.001). The differences in response magnitude between cryopreserved and shipped PBMC specimens were not significant for most antigens and assays. There was significant correlation between CFC and ELISPOT assay using pp65 peptide pool stimulation, in both shipped and cryopreserved samples (p ≤ 0.001). Strong correlation was observed between CFC (using HLA-A2-restricted pp65 peptide stimulation) and tetramer staining (p < 0.001). Roughly similar sensitivity and specificity were observed between the three assays and between shipped and cryopreserved samples for each assay. Conclusion We conclude that all three assays show concordant results on shipped versus cryopreserved specimens, when using a peptide-based readout. The assays are also concordant with each other in pair wise comparisons using equivalent antigen systems. PMID:16026627

Fast iterative censoring CFAR algorithm for ship detection from SAR images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gu, Dandan; Yue, Hui; Zhang, Yuan; Gao, Pengcheng

2017-11-01

Ship detection is one of the essential techniques for ship recognition from synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. This paper presents a fast iterative detection procedure to eliminate the influence of target returns on the estimation of local sea clutter distributions for constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detectors. A fast block detector is first employed to extract potential target sub-images; and then, an iterative censoring CFAR algorithm is used to detect ship candidates from each target blocks adaptively and efficiently, where parallel detection is available, and statistical parameters of G0 distribution fitting local sea clutter well can be quickly estimated based on an integral image operator. Experimental results of TerraSAR-X images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

Forcing the Navy to sell cigarettes on ships: how the tobacco industry and politicians torpedoed Navy tobacco control.

PubMed

Offen, Naphtali; Arvey, Sarah R; Smith, Elizabeth A; Malone, Ruth E

2011-03-01

In 1986, the US Navy announced the goal of becoming smoke-free by 2000. However, efforts to restrict tobacco sales and use aboard the USS Roosevelt prompted tobacco industry lobbyists to persuade their allies in Congress to legislate that all naval ships must sell tobacco. Congress also removed control of ships' stores from the Navy. By 1993, the Navy abandoned its smoke-free goal entirely and promised smokers a place to smoke on all ships. Congressional complicity in promoting the agenda of the tobacco industry thwarted the Navy's efforts to achieve a healthy military workforce. Because of military lobbying constraints, civilian pressure on Congress may be necessary to establish effective tobacco control policies in the armed forces.

Studies on Three-Dimensional Slamming on Slender Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-10

Objectives This study is a joint effort among MIT, Seoul National University (SNU), and Korean Research Institute of Ships and Ocean Engineering ( KRISO ...model and laboratory experiments were carried out by SNU/ KRISO . The key responsibility of MIT is to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of

46 CFR 169.618 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false General. 169.618 Section 169.618 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Machinery and Electrical Steering Systems § 169.618 General. (a) Each vessel must have an effective steering system. (b) The...

46 CFR 169.618 - General.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false General. 169.618 Section 169.618 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) NAUTICAL SCHOOLS SAILING SCHOOL VESSELS Machinery and Electrical Steering Systems § 169.618 General. (a) Each vessel must have an effective steering system. (b) The...

Cost-effectiveness assessment of CO2 reducing measures in shipping

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-08-01

The results of this study suggest that CATCH550 $/tonne of CO2-eq should be used as a decision criterion for investment in emission reduction measures for shipping. In total, 13 specific measures for reducing CO2 emissions have been analysed for two ...

Effects of Simulated Surface Effect Ship Motions on Crew Habitability. Phase II. Volume 1. Summary Report and Comments

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

one 24-hour exposure to that condition may be regarded as the most complete and unbiased for determining some effects of a type of simulated SES...eliminated entirely. The ability to predict in advance the resultant effects of motion exposure thus seems to depend on the existance of a given...F• 198OF1L-0/I- =•RAI. )81 -• i . _j EFFECT OF.SIMULATED 1 S URFACE EFFECT SHIP J•OTIONS_2 ON CREW HABITABILITY 1PHASE 1J_ "I ,,OLUME 1 iI SUMMARY

Ship emissions and the use of current air cleaning technology: contributions to air pollution and acidification in the Baltic Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Claremar, Björn; Haglund, Karin; Rutgersson, Anna

2017-10-01

The shipping sector is a significant contributor to emissions of air pollutants in marine and coastal regions. In order to achieve sustainable shipping, primarily through new regulations and techniques, greater knowledge of dispersion and deposition of air pollutants is required. Regional model calculations of the dispersion and concentration of sulfur, nitrogen, and particulate matter, as well as deposition of oxidized sulfur and nitrogen from the international maritime sector in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, have been made for the years 2011 to 2013. The contribution from shipping is highest along shipping lanes and near large ports for concentration and dry deposition. Sulfur is the most important pollutant coupled to shipping. The contribution of both SO2 concentration and dry deposition of sulfur represented up to 80 % of the total in some regions. WHO guidelines for annual concentrations were not trespassed for any analysed pollutant, other than PM2.5 in the Netherlands, Belgium, and central Poland. However, due to the resolution of the numerical model, 50 km × 50 km, there may be higher concentrations locally close to intense shipping lanes. Wet deposition is more spread and less sensitive to model resolution. The contribution of wet deposition of sulfur and nitrogen from shipping was up to 30 % of the total wet deposition. Comparison of simulated to measured concentration at two coastal stations close to shipping lanes showed some underestimations and missed maximums, probably due to resolution of the model and underestimated ship emissions. A change in regulation for maximum sulfur content in maritime fuel, in 2015 from 1 to 0.1 %, decreases the atmospheric sulfur concentration and deposition significantly. However, due to costs related to refining, the cleaning of exhausts through scrubbers has become a possible economic solution. Open-loop scrubbers meet the air quality criteria but their consequences for the marine environment are largely unknown. The resulting potential of future acidification in the Baltic Sea, both from atmospheric deposition and from scrubber water along the shipping lanes, based on different assumptions about sulfur content in fuel, scrubber usage, and increased shipping density has been assessed. The increase in deposition for different shipping and scrubber scenarios differs for the basins in the Baltic Sea, with highest potential of acidification in the southern basins with high traffic. The proportion of ocean-acidifying sulfur from ships increases when taking scrubber water into account and the major reason for increasing acidifying nitrogen from ships is increasing ship traffic. Also, with the implementation of emission control for nitrogen, the effect of scrubbers on acidification is evident. This study also generates a database of shipping and scrubber scenarios for atmospheric deposition and scrubber exhaust from the period 2011 to 2050.

Fiber Optics,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-04

effectiveness of new ships and ship systems. The basis of this new technology is the optical fiber, a thin, flex- ible glass or plastic waveguide through...His photophone used unguiled modulated sunlight to transmit speech about 700 feet (213 m). In 1910, researchers performed theoretical investigations...somewhat more con- troversial use of optical fibers in terms of cost effectiveness is in LANs, or as we sometimes call them in the Navy, "data transfer

Evaluating Effectiveness of a Frigate in an Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-01

missions to accomplish. Both studies are used in ship design to determine the ship’s required combat capabilities before finalizing the hull design. This...accomplish. Both studies are used in ship design to determine the ship’s required combat capabilities before finalizing the hull design. This...capabilities should be determined before the ship’s hull design is complete to make operational effectiveness independent from physical design considerations

A comprehensive inventory of the ship traffic exhaust emissions in the Baltic Sea from 2006 to 2009.

PubMed

Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka; Johansson, Lasse; Kukkonen, Jaakko

2014-04-01

This study addresses the exhaust emissions of CO₂, NO(x), SO(x), CO, and PM(2.5) originated from Baltic Sea shipping in 2006-2009. Numerical results have been computed using the Ship Traffic Emissions Assessment Model. This model is based on the messages of the automatic identification system (AIS), which enable the positioning of ships with a high spatial resolution. The NO(x) emissions in 2009 were approximately 7 % higher than in 2006, despite the economic recession. However, the SO(x) emissions in 2009 were approximately 14 % lower, when compared to those in 2006, mainly caused by the fuel requirements of the SO(x) emission control area (SECA) which became effective in May 2006, but affected also by changes in ship activity. Results are presented on the differential geographic distribution of shipping emissions before (Jan-April 2006) and after (Jan-April 2009) the SECA regulations. The predicted NO(x) emissions in 2009 substantially exceeded the emissions in 2006 along major ship routes and at numerous harbors, mostly due to the continuous increase in the number of small vessels that use AIS transmitters. Although the SO(x) emissions have been reduced in 2009 in most major ship routes, these have increased in the vicinity of some harbors and on some densely trafficked routes. A seasonal variation of emissions is also presented, as well as the distribution of emissions in terms of vessel flag state, type, and weight.

Validation of Computer Aided Operations Research Facility (CAORF).

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

favorable comparison is that of the slow- down effect in performing a turn. From Figure 2.4 it is estimated that ship’s speed was reduced from an...initial speed of 17 knots to 6.6 knots. The data shown in Figure 2.3 for the CAORF ship indicate a reduction from an initial speed of 15 knots to 5.1 knots...follows: The ship is on a steady course at full sea speed . (Exact sea speed is optional.) At time zero, the rudder is put over 20 0 right. This is

Analysis of the Effect of Environmental Conditions in Conducting Amphibious Assaults Using a Ship Simulator/Vessel-Response Model Proof-of-Concept Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-05-01

Center ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute GIS Geographic Information System HTML Hyper -Text Markup Language LCAC Landing Craft Air... loop .” The ship simulator bridge is generic in that its layout is similar to that found in a variety of ships. As shown in Figures 17 and 18, the...information stored in the geodatabases. The Hyper -Text Markup Language (HTML) capability built into ArcMap permits a planner to click on a vessel track and

Seagoing Box Scores and Seakeeping Criteria for Monohull, SWATH, Planing, Hydrofoil, Surface Effect Ships, and Air Cushion Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-03-01

g DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP SRESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTERIBethesda, Md. 20064 S C SEAGOING BOX SCORES AND SEAKEEPING CRITERIA FOR MONOHULL, SWATH...Iteria for SWATIH for the Trans it Alone or the ’ratwiit I’ltu Sonai Search Fti’lux. on . . . 5.1 A,.3 - Govorit nR Cr ier ia for Monolu I Is fti the...L V NOTATION A Nondimensional coefficients a Regular wave amplitude B Ship beam e Exponential e - 2.7183 g Gravity acceleration Hz Hertz, unit of

Combining operational models and data into a dynamic vessel risk assessment tool for coastal regions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernandes, R.; Braunschweig, F.; Lourenço, F.; Neves, R.

2016-02-01

The technological evolution in terms of computational capacity, data acquisition systems, numerical modelling and operational oceanography is supplying opportunities for designing and building holistic approaches and complex tools for newer and more efficient management (planning, prevention and response) of coastal water pollution risk events. A combined methodology to dynamically estimate time and space variable individual vessel accident risk levels and shoreline contamination risk from ships has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with vessel tracking automatic identification systems (AIS). The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in a study area - the Portuguese continental shelf - with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the virtual spilled oil amount reaching shoreline and its environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behaviour model running multiple virtual spills from vessels along time, or as an alternative, a correction factor based on vessel distance from coast. Shoreline risks can be computed in real time or from previously obtained data. Results show the ability of the proposed methodology to estimate the risk properly sensitive to dynamic metocean conditions and to oil transport behaviour. The integration of meteo-oceanic + oil spill models with coastal vulnerability and AIS data in the quantification of risk enhances the maritime situational awareness and the decision support model, providing a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts. The risk assessment from historical data can help finding typical risk patterns ("hot spots") or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real-time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.

Saint Lawrence Seaway Navigation-Aid System Study : Volume III - Appendix C - User's Manual and Documentation of the Ship Maneuvering Requirements Computer Program

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-09-01

The requirements for a navigation guidance system which will effect an increase in the ship processing capacity of the Saint Lawrence Seaway (Lake Ontario to Montreal, Quebec) are developed. The requirements include a specification of system position...

46 CFR 97.55-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 97.55-5 Section 97.55-5 Shipping... Warning notice posted. (a) As a precaution against any subsequent unintentional re-energizing of the... effected warning against re-energizing these circuits. Such notice shall remain posted while this bulk...

46 CFR 97.55-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 97.55-5 Section 97.55-5 Shipping... Warning notice posted. (a) As a precaution against any subsequent unintentional re-energizing of the... effected warning against re-energizing these circuits. Such notice shall remain posted while this bulk...

46 CFR 97.55-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 97.55-5 Section 97.55-5 Shipping... Warning notice posted. (a) As a precaution against any subsequent unintentional re-energizing of the... effected warning against re-energizing these circuits. Such notice shall remain posted while this bulk...

46 CFR 97.55-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 97.55-5 Section 97.55-5 Shipping... Warning notice posted. (a) As a precaution against any subsequent unintentional re-energizing of the... effected warning against re-energizing these circuits. Such notice shall remain posted while this bulk...

46 CFR 97.55-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 97.55-5 Section 97.55-5 Shipping... Warning notice posted. (a) As a precaution against any subsequent unintentional re-energizing of the... effected warning against re-energizing these circuits. Such notice shall remain posted while this bulk...

46 CFR 308.5 - Voluntary contract of commitment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Voluntary contract of commitment. 308.5 Section 308.5 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE... obtained from the American War Risk Agency or MARAD. The effective date of the contract of commitment will...

46 CFR 308.5 - Voluntary contract of commitment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Voluntary contract of commitment. 308.5 Section 308.5 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE... obtained from the American War Risk Agency or MARAD. The effective date of the contract of commitment will...

46 CFR 308.5 - Voluntary contract of commitment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Voluntary contract of commitment. 308.5 Section 308.5 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE... obtained from the American War Risk Agency or MARAD. The effective date of the contract of commitment will...

46 CFR 308.5 - Voluntary contract of commitment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Voluntary contract of commitment. 308.5 Section 308.5 Shipping MARITIME ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION EMERGENCY OPERATIONS WAR RISK INSURANCE... obtained from the American War Risk Agency or MARAD. The effective date of the contract of commitment will...

Naval Hydrodynamics Symposium (12th) on Boundary Layer Stability and Transition Ship Boundary Layers and Propeller Hull Interaction Cavitation Geophysical Fluid Dynamics.

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

Reshotko (1974 ,[ rL12 --o-Wazzan, Okamura & D =cq wdx + dLc (6)1 Snith 11970) F a f XJftW 10 u o-0 where g is the dynamic pressure, cfk and cft are co dx...cdx = 1.328 tr (13) xtr f L tr 106 xtr cft dx = 0.074 / )tr: 0 10 20 30 40 e R WALL OVERHEAT,.IT.° Cx FIGURE 2. Variation of transition Reynolds...change in the anqe , is varied. wavenumber vector in addition to the dispersion relation. Even though no aml itude calculations are included in this paper

Numerical simulation of vessel dynamics in manoeuvrability and seakeeping problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blishchik, A. E.; Taranov, A. E.

2018-05-01

This paper deals with some examples of numerical modelling for ship's dynamics problems and data comparison with corresponding experimental results. It was considered two kinds of simulation: self-propelled turning motion of crude carrier KVLCC2 and changing position of container carrier S 175 due to wave loadings. Mesh generation and calculation were made in STAR-CCM+ package. URANS equations were used as system of equations closed by k-w SST turbulence model. The vessel had several degrees of freedom, which depend on task. Based on the results of this research, the conclusion was made concerning the applicability of used numerical methods.

Pegasus ICON Fairing Arrival

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-08-04

Orbital ATK technicians remove the first half of the payload fairing for the Orbital ATK Pegasus XL rocket from its shipping container Aug. 4, 2017, at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The Pegasus rocket is being prepared for NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, mission. The explorer will launch on June 15, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (June 14 in the continental United States) on Orbital ATK's Pegasus XL rocket, which is attached to the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in Earth's atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The explorer will help determine the physics of Earth's space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.

Pegasus ICON Fairing Arrival

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-08-04

Orbital ATK technicians remove the second half of the payload fairing for the Orbital ATK Pegasus XL rocket from its shipping container Aug. 4, 2017, at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California. The Pegasus rocket is being prepared for NASA's Ionospheric Connection Explorer, or ICON, mission. The explorer will launch on June 15, 2018, from Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands (June 14 in the continental United States) on Orbital ATK's Pegasus XL rocket, which is attached to the company's L-1011 Stargazer aircraft. ICON will study the frontier of space - the dynamic zone high in Earth's atmosphere where terrestrial weather from below meets space weather above. The explorer will help determine the physics of Earth's space environment and pave the way for mitigating its effects on our technology, communications systems and society.

Radiated noise characteristics of a modern cargo ship

PubMed

Arveson; Vendittis

2000-01-01

Extensive measurements were made of the radiated noise of M/V OVERSEAS HARRIETTE, a bulk cargo ship (length 173 m, displacement 25 515 tons) powered by a direct-drive low-speed diesel engine-a design representative of many modern merchant ships. The radiated noise data show high-level tonal frequencies from the ship's service diesel generator, main engine firing rate, and blade rate harmonics due to propeller cavitation. Radiated noise directionality measurements indicate that the radiation is generally dipole in form at lower frequencies, as expected. There are some departures from this pattern that may indicate hull interactions. Blade rate source level (174 dB re 1 microPa/m at 9 Hz, 16 knots) agrees reasonably well with a model of fundamental blade rate radiation previously reported by Gray and Greeley, but agreement for blade rate harmonics is not as good. Noise from merchant ships elevates the natural ambient by 20-30 dB in many areas; the effects of this noise on the biological environment have not been widely investigated.

Getting it right for the North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaenaglacialis): a last opportunity for effective marine spatial planning?

PubMed

Petruny, Loren M; Wright, Andrew J; Smith, Courtney E

2014-08-15

The North Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena glacialis) faces increasing pressure from commercial shipping traffic and proposed marine renewable energy developments. Drawing upon the successful Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary model, we propose a multi-stakeholder marine spatial planning process that considers both appropriate positioning of offshore wind farms and redefining commercial shipping lanes relative to whale migration routes: placement of wind turbines within certain right whale habitats may prove beneficial for the species. To that end, it may be advisable to initially relocate the shipping lanes for the benefit of the whales prior to selecting wind energy areas. The optimal end-state is the commercial viability of renewable energy, as well as a safe shipping infrastructure, with minimal risk of collision and exposure to shipping noise for the whales. This opportunity to manage impacts on right whales could serve as a model for other problematic interactions between marine life and commercial activities. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effect of shipping emissions on European ground-level ozone

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stergiou, Ioannis; -Eleni Sotiropoulou, Rafaella; Tagaris, Efthimios

2017-04-01

Shipping emissions contribution to the global nitrogen oxides emissions is about 15%, affecting ozone formation and the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of shipping emissions on ozone levels over Europe suggesting regions where air quality degradation due to shipping emissions dominates against the rest of the anthropogenic source emissions. Ranking the importance of the Standard Nomenclature for Air Pollution (SNAP) categories on ozone mixing ratio, road transport has the major impact followed by other mobile sources, power generation, and industrial combustion sectors. All other sectors have a minor impact, therefor, our analysis is focused on these four emission categories. Results suggest that shipping emissions seem to play an important role on ozone levels compared to road transport sector near the coastal zone, while they could partly offset the benefits from the emissions reduction of other mobile sources, power generation and industrial combustion sources, over a great part of the European land.

The ship edge feature detection based on high and low threshold for remote sensing image

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Xuan; Li, Shengyang

2018-05-01

In this paper, a method based on high and low threshold is proposed to detect the ship edge feature due to the low accuracy rate caused by the noise. Analyze the relationship between human vision system and the target features, and to determine the ship target by detecting the edge feature. Firstly, using the second-order differential method to enhance the quality of image; Secondly, to improvement the edge operator, we introduction of high and low threshold contrast to enhancement image edge and non-edge points, and the edge as the foreground image, non-edge as a background image using image segmentation to achieve edge detection, and remove the false edges; Finally, the edge features are described based on the result of edge features detection, and determine the ship target. The experimental results show that the proposed method can effectively reduce the number of false edges in edge detection, and has the high accuracy of remote sensing ship edge detection.

U. S. Navy Cold Weather Handbook for Surface Ships

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

providing a general overview of cold weather effects to support crew and ship material preparations including training. The chapter dealing with...5-4 ber when using these items are to keep them dry and to change them frequently. Even if effective water- repellant clothes are worn, the body...tanned cattlehide or horsehide shells. Water-resistant treated. For use in light-duty work, mosquito protection or with wool glove inserts for dry

Satellite Ocean Color Validation Using Merchant Ships. Chapter 10

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frouin, Robert; Cutchin, David L.; Deschamps, Pierre-Yves

2001-01-01

A collaborative measurement program for evaluating satellite-derived ocean color has been developed based on ships of opportunity (merchant, oceanographic) and specific instrumentation, the SIMBAD radiometer. The purpose of the measurement program is to complement, in a cost-effective way, dedicated evaluation experiments at sea, which are expensive, cannot be carried out over the full range of expected oceanic and atmospheric conditions, and generally provide a few match-ups. Ships participate in the program on a volunteer basis or at a very small cost, and measurement procedures do not interfere with other ship activities. The SIMBAD radiometer is a portable, easy-to-operate instrument that measures the basic ocean color variables, namely aerosol optical thickness and water-leaving radiance, in typical spectral bands of ocean-color sensors, i.e., 443, 490, 560, 670, and 870 nm. Measuring these variables at the time of satellite overpass is usually sufficient to verify satellite-derived ocean color and to evaluate atmospheric correction algorithms. Any ordinary crew can learn quickly how to make measurements. Importantly, the ship is not required to stop, making it possible to collect data along regular routes traveled by merchant ships in the world's oceans.

Investigation of impact phenomena on the marine structures: Part II - Internal energy of the steel structure applied by selected materials in the ship-ship collision incidents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prabowo, A. R.; Baek, S. J.; Lee, S. G.; Bae, D. M.; Sohn, J. M.

2018-01-01

Phenomena of impact loads on the marine structures has attracted attention to be predicted regarding its influences to structural damage. This part demands sustainable analysis and observation as tendency may vary from one to others since impact involves various scenario models and the structure itself experiences continuous development. Investigation of the damage extent can be conducted by observation on the energy behaviour during two entities involve in a contact. This study aimed to perform numerical investigation to predict structural damage by assessing absorbed strain energy represented by the internal energy during a series of ship collisions. The collision target in ship-ship interactions were determined on the single and double hulls part of a passenger ship. Tendency of the internal energy by the steel structures was summarized, and verification was presented by several crashworthiness criteria. It was found that steel structures applied by the material grades A and B produced different tendencies compared to the material grades D and E. Effect of the structural arrangement to structural responses in terms of strain and stress indicated that the single hull presented contour expansion mainly on the longitudinal directions.

Cloud-Resolving Model Simulations of Aerosol-Cloud Interactions Triggered by Strong Aerosol Emissions in the Arctic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, H.; Kravitz, B.; Rasch, P. J.; Morrison, H.; Solomon, A.

2014-12-01

Previous process-oriented modeling studies have highlighted the dependence of effectiveness of cloud brightening by aerosols on cloud regimes in warm marine boundary layer. Cloud microphysical processes in clouds that contain ice, and hence the mechanisms that drive aerosol-cloud interactions, are more complicated than in warm clouds. Interactions between ice particles and liquid drops add additional levels of complexity to aerosol effects. A cloud-resolving model is used to study aerosol-cloud interactions in the Arctic triggered by strong aerosol emissions, through either geoengineering injection or concentrated sources such as shipping and fires. An updated cloud microphysical scheme with prognostic aerosol and cloud particle numbers is employed. Model simulations are performed in pure super-cooled liquid and mixed-phase clouds, separately, with or without an injection of aerosols into either a clean or a more polluted Arctic boundary layer. Vertical mixing and cloud scavenging of particles injected from the surface is still quite efficient in the less turbulent cold environment. Overall, the injection of aerosols into the Arctic boundary layer can delay the collapse of the boundary layer and increase low-cloud albedo. The pure liquid clouds are more susceptible to the increase in aerosol number concentration than the mixed-phase clouds. Rain production processes are more effectively suppressed by aerosol injection, whereas ice precipitation (snow) is affected less; thus the effectiveness of brightening mixed-phase clouds is lower than for liquid-only clouds. Aerosol injection into a clean boundary layer results in a greater cloud albedo increase than injection into a polluted one, consistent with current knowledge about aerosol-cloud interactions. Unlike previous studies investigating warm clouds, the impact of dynamical feedback due to precipitation changes is small. According to these results, which are dependent upon the representation of ice nucleation processes in the employed microphysical scheme, Arctic geoengineering/shipping could have substantial local radiative effects, but is unlikely to be effective as the sole means of counterbalancing warming due to climate change.

DCL System Research Using Advanced Approaches for Land-based or Ship-based Real-Time Recognition and Localization of Marine Mammals

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

recognition. Algorithm design and statistical analysis and feature analysis. Post -Doctoral Associate, Cornell University, Bioacoustics Research...short. The HPC-ADA was designed based on fielded systems [1-4, 6] that offer a variety of desirable attributes, specifically dynamic resource...The software package was designed to utilize parallel and distributed processing for running recognition and other advanced algorithms. DeLMA

Pilot-in-the-Loop CFD Method Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

Contract # N00014-14-C-0020 Pilot-in-the-Loop CFD Method Development Progress Report (CDRL A001) Progress Report for Period: October 21...of the aircraft from the rest of its external environment. For example, ship airwake are calculated using CFD solutions without the presence of the...approaches with the goal of real time, fully coupled CFD for virtual dynamic interface modeling & simulation. Penn State is supporting the project

Pilot-in-the Loop CFD Method Development

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-27

Contract # N00014-14-C-0020 Pilot-in-the-Loop CFD Method Development Progress Report (CDRL A001) Progress Report for Period: January 21...aerodynamics of the aircraft from the rest of its external environment. For example, ship airwake are calculated using CFD solutions without the presence of...hardware approaches with the goal of real time, fully coupled CFD for virtual dynamic interface modeling & simulation. Penn State is supporting the project

Proceedings of the fifth international offshore mechanics and Arctic engineering (OMAE) symposium. Volume 4

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lunardini, V.J.; Wang, Y.S.; Ayorinde, O.A.

1986-01-01

This book presents the papers given at a symposium on offshore platforms. Topics considered at the symposium included climates, Arctic regions, hydrate formation, the buckling of heated oil pipelines in frozen ground, icebergs, concretes, air cushion vehicles, mobile offshore drilling units, tanker ships, ice-induced dynamic loads, adfreeze forces on offshore platforms, and multiyear ice floe collision with a massive offshore structure.

Supporting dynamic change detection: using the right tool for the task.

PubMed

Vallières, Benoît R; Hodgetts, Helen M; Vachon, François; Tremblay, Sébastien

2016-01-01

Detecting task-relevant changes in a visual scene is necessary for successfully monitoring and managing dynamic command and control situations. Change blindness-the failure to notice visual changes-is an important source of human error. Change History EXplicit (CHEX) is a tool developed to aid change detection and maintain situation awareness; and in the current study we test the generality of its ability to facilitate the detection of changes when this subtask is embedded within a broader dynamic decision-making task. A multitasking air-warfare simulation required participants to perform radar-based subtasks, for which change detection was a necessary aspect of the higher-order goal of protecting one's own ship. In this task, however, CHEX rendered the operator even more vulnerable to attentional failures in change detection and increased perceived workload. Such support was only effective when participants performed a change detection task without concurrent subtasks. Results are interpreted in terms of the NSEEV model of attention behavior (Steelman, McCarley, & Wickens, Hum. Factors 53:142-153, 2011; J. Exp. Psychol. Appl. 19:403-419, 2013), and suggest that decision aids for use in multitasking contexts must be designed to fit within the available workload capacity of the user so that they may truly augment cognition.

Research and development of a digital design system for hull structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhan, Yi-Ting; Ji, Zhuo-Shang; Liu, Yin-Dong

2007-06-01

Methods used for digital ship design were studied and formed the basis of a proposed frame model suitable for ship construction modeling. Based on 3-D modeling software, a digital design system for hull structures was developed. Basic software systems for modeling, modifying, and assembly simulation were developed. The system has good compatibility, and models created by it can be saved in different 3-D file formats, and 2D engineering drawings can be output directly. The model can be modified dynamically, overcoming the necessity of repeated modifications during hull structural design. Through operations such as model construction, intervention inspection, and collision detection, problems can be identified and modified during the hull structural design stage. Technologies for centralized control of the system, database management, and 3-D digital design are integrated into this digital model in the preliminary design stage of shipbuilding.

A Machine Learning Approach for Business Intelligence Analysis using Commercial Shipping Transaction Data

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bramer, Lisa M.; Chatterjee, Samrat; Holmes, Aimee E.

Business intelligence problems are particularly challenging due to the use of large volume and high velocity data in attempts to model and explain complex underlying phenomena. Incremental machine learning based approaches for summarizing trends and identifying anomalous behavior are often desirable in such conditions to assist domain experts in characterizing their data. The overall goal of this research is to develop a machine learning algorithm that enables predictive analysis on streaming data, detects changes and anomalies in the data, and can evolve based on the dynamic behavior of the data. Commercial shipping transaction data for the U.S. is used tomore » develop and test a Naïve Bayes model that classifies several companies into lines of businesses and demonstrates an ability to predict when the behavior of these companies changes by venturing into other lines of businesses.« less

Absolute marine gravimetry with matter-wave interferometry.

PubMed

Bidel, Y; Zahzam, N; Blanchard, C; Bonnin, A; Cadoret, M; Bresson, A; Rouxel, D; Lequentrec-Lalancette, M F

2018-02-12

Measuring gravity from an aircraft or a ship is essential in geodesy, geophysics, mineral and hydrocarbon exploration, and navigation. Today, only relative sensors are available for onboard gravimetry. This is a major drawback because of the calibration and drift estimation procedures which lead to important operational constraints. Atom interferometry is a promising technology to obtain onboard absolute gravimeter. But, despite high performances obtained in static condition, no precise measurements were reported in dynamic. Here, we present absolute gravity measurements from a ship with a sensor based on atom interferometry. Despite rough sea conditions, we obtained precision below 10 -5  m s -2 . The atom gravimeter was also compared with a commercial spring gravimeter and showed better performances. This demonstration opens the way to the next generation of inertial sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope) based on atom interferometry which should provide high-precision absolute measurements from a moving platform.

Calm water resistance prediction of a bulk carrier using Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes based solver

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahaman, Md. Mashiur; Islam, Hafizul; Islam, Md. Tariqul; Khondoker, Md. Reaz Hasan

2017-12-01

Maneuverability and resistance prediction with suitable accuracy is essential for optimum ship design and propulsion power prediction. This paper aims at providing some of the maneuverability characteristics of a Japanese bulk carrier model, JBC in calm water using a computational fluid dynamics solver named SHIP Motion and OpenFOAM. The solvers are based on the Reynolds average Navier-Stokes method (RaNS) and solves structured grid using the Finite Volume Method (FVM). This paper comprises the numerical results of calm water test for the JBC model with available experimental results. The calm water test results include the total drag co-efficient, average sinkage, and trim data. Visualization data for pressure distribution on the hull surface and free water surface have also been included. The paper concludes that the presented solvers predict the resistance and maneuverability characteristics of the bulk carrier with reasonable accuracy utilizing minimum computational resources.

Material handling robot system for flow-through storage applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dill, James F.; Candiloro, Brian; Downer, James; Wiesman, Richard; Fallin, Larry; Smith, Ron

1999-01-01

This paper describes the design, development and planned implementation of a system of mobile robots for use in flow through storage applications. The robots are being designed with on-board embedded controls so that they can perform their tasks as semi-autonomous workers distributed within a centrally controlled network. On the storage input side, boxes will be identified by bar-codes and placed into preassigned flow through bins. On the shipping side, orders will be forwarded to the robots from a central order processing station and boxes will be picked from designated storage bins following proper sequencing to permit direct loading into trucks for shipping. Because of the need to maintain high system availability, a distributed control strategy has been selected. When completed, the system will permit robots to be dynamically reassigned responsibilities if an individual unit fails. On-board health diagnostics and condition monitoring will be used to maintain high reliability of the units.

Propeller torque load and propeller shaft torque response correlation during ice-propeller interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polić, Dražen; Ehlers, Sören; Æsøy, Vilmar

2017-03-01

Ships use propulsion machinery systems to create directional thrust. Sailing in ice-covered waters involves the breaking of ice pieces and their submergence as the ship hull advances. Sometimes, submerged ice pieces interact with the propeller and cause irregular fluctuations of the torque load. As a result, the propeller and engine dynamics become imbalanced, and energy propagates through the propulsion machinery system until equilibrium is reached. In such imbalanced situations, the measured propeller shaft torque response is not equal to the propeller torque. Therefore, in this work, the overall system response is simulated under the ice-related torque load using the Bond graph model. The energy difference between the propeller and propeller shaft is estimated and related to their corresponding mechanical energy. Additionally, the mechanical energy is distributed among modes. Based on the distribution, kinetic and potential energy are important for the correlation between propeller torque and propeller shaft response.

Airflow Hazard Visualization for Helicopter Pilots: Flight Simulation Study Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Aragon, Cecilia R.; Long, Kurtis R.

2005-01-01

Airflow hazards such as vortices or low level wind shear have been identified as a primary contributing factor in many helicopter accidents. US Navy ships generate airwakes over their decks, creating potentially hazardous conditions for shipboard rotorcraft launch and recovery. Recent sensor developments may enable the delivery of airwake data to the cockpit, where visualizing the hazard data may improve safety and possibly extend ship/helicopter operational envelopes. A prototype flight-deck airflow hazard visualization system was implemented on a high-fidelity rotorcraft flight dynamics simulator. Experienced helicopter pilots, including pilots from all five branches of the military, participated in a usability study of the system. Data was collected both objectively from the simulator and subjectively from post-test questionnaires. Results of the data analysis are presented, demonstrating a reduction in crash rate and other trends that illustrate the potential of airflow hazard visualization to improve flight safety.

A proactive system for maritime environment monitoring.

PubMed

Moroni, Davide; Pieri, Gabriele; Tampucci, Marco; Salvetti, Ovidio

2016-01-30

The ability to remotely detect and monitor oil spills is becoming increasingly important due to the high demand of oil-based products. Indeed, shipping routes are becoming very crowded and the likelihood of oil slick occurrence is increasing. In this frame, a fully integrated remote sensing system can be a valuable monitoring tool. We propose an integrated and interoperable system able to monitor ship traffic and marine operators, using sensing capabilities from a variety of electronic sensors, along with geo-positioning tools, and through a communication infrastructure. Our system is capable of transferring heterogeneous data, freely and seamlessly, between different elements of the information system (and their users) in a consistent and usable form. The system also integrates a collection of decision support services providing proactive functionalities. Such services demonstrate the potentiality of the system in facilitating dynamic links among different data, models and actors, as indicated by the performed field tests. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Behavior analysis of container ship in maritime accident in order to redefine the operating criteria

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ancuţa, C.; Stanca, C.; Andrei, C.; Acomi, N.

2017-08-01

In order to enhance the efficiency of maritime transport, container ships operators proceeded to increase the sizes of ships. The latest generation of ships in operation has 19,000 TEU capacity and the perspective is 21,000 TEU within the next years. The increasing of the sizes of container ships involves risks of maritime accidents occurrences. Nowadays, the general rules on operational security, tend to be adjusted as a result of the evaluation for each vessel. To create the premises for making an informed decision, the captain have to be aware of ships behavior in such situations. Not less important is to assure permanent review of the procedures for operation of ship, including the specific procedures in special areas, confined waters or separation schemes. This paper aims at analysing the behavior of the vessel and the respond of the structure of a container ship in maritime accident, in order to redefine the operating criteria. The method selected by authors for carrying out the research is computer simulations. Computer program provides the responses of the container ship model in various situations. Therefore, the simulations allow acquisition of a large category of data, in the scope of improving the prevention of accidents or mitigation of effects as much as possible. Simulations and assessments of certain situations that the ship might experience will be carried out to redefine the operating criteria. The envisaged scenarios are: introducing of maneuver speed for specific areas with high risk of collision or grounding, introducing of flooding scenarios of some compartments in loading programs, conducting of complex simulations in various situations for each vessel type. The main results of this work are documented proposals for operating criteria, intended to improve the safety in case of marine accidents, collisions and groundings. Introducing of such measures requires complex cost benefit analysis, that should not neglect the extreme economic impact that may result from such casualties.

The Story of a Hitchhiker: Population Genetic Patterns in the Invasive Barnacle Balanus(Amphibalanus) improvisus Darwin 1854

PubMed Central

Wrange, Anna-Lisa; Charrier, Gregory; Thonig, Anne; Alm Rosenblad, Magnus; Blomberg, Anders; Havenhand, Jonathan N.; Jonsson, Per R.; André, Carl

2016-01-01

Understanding the ecological and evolutionary forces that determine the genetic structure and spread of invasive species is a key component of invasion biology. The bay barnacle, Balanus improvisus (= Amphibalanus improvisus), is one of the most successful aquatic invaders worldwide, and is characterised by broad environmental tolerance. Although the species can spread through natural larval dispersal, human-mediated transport through (primarily) shipping has almost certainly contributed to the current global distribution of this species. Despite its worldwide distribution, little is known about the phylogeography of this species. Here, we characterize the population genetic structure and model dispersal dynamics of the barnacle B. improvisus, and describe how human-mediated spreading via shipping as well as natural larval dispersal may have contributed to observed genetic variation. We used both mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I: COI) and nuclear microsatellites to characterize the genetic structure in 14 populations of B. improvisus on a global and regional scale (Baltic Sea). Genetic diversity was high in most populations, and many haplotypes were shared among populations on a global scale, indicating that long-distance dispersal (presumably through shipping and other anthropogenic activities) has played an important role in shaping the population genetic structure of this cosmopolitan species. We could not clearly confirm prior claims that B. improvisus originates from the western margins of the Atlantic coasts; although there were indications that Argentina could be part of a native region. In addition to dispersal via shipping, we show that natural larval dispersal may play an important role for further colonisation following initial introduction. PMID:26821161

Multiple quay cranes scheduling for double cycling in container terminals

PubMed Central

Chu, Yanling; Zhang, Xiaoju; Yang, Zhongzhen

2017-01-01

Double cycling is an efficient tool to increase the efficiency of quay crane (QC) in container terminals. In this paper, an optimization model for double cycling is developed to optimize the operation sequence of multiple QCs. The objective is to minimize the makespan of the ship handling operation considering the ship balance constraint. To solve the model, an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation is designed. Finally, we compare the efficiency of the Lagrangian relaxation based heuristic with the branch-and-bound method and a genetic algorithm using instances of different sizes. The results of numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model can effectively reduce the unloading and loading times of QCs. The effects of the ship balance constraint are more notable when the number of QCs is high. PMID:28692699

Multiple quay cranes scheduling for double cycling in container terminals.

PubMed

Chu, Yanling; Zhang, Xiaoju; Yang, Zhongzhen

2017-01-01

Double cycling is an efficient tool to increase the efficiency of quay crane (QC) in container terminals. In this paper, an optimization model for double cycling is developed to optimize the operation sequence of multiple QCs. The objective is to minimize the makespan of the ship handling operation considering the ship balance constraint. To solve the model, an algorithm based on Lagrangian relaxation is designed. Finally, we compare the efficiency of the Lagrangian relaxation based heuristic with the branch-and-bound method and a genetic algorithm using instances of different sizes. The results of numerical experiments indicate that the proposed model can effectively reduce the unloading and loading times of QCs. The effects of the ship balance constraint are more notable when the number of QCs is high.

Propeller Analysis Using RANS/BEM Coupling Accounting for Blade Blockage

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-07-04

described. Estimates of the importance of the blade blockage effect are obtained by analyzing the propeller of the well-known KRISO container ship (KCS...2 and 3 were applied to the KRISO Container Ship (KCS), a test case that has often been reported in the scientific literature, in particular the

46 CFR 42.15-65 - Side scuttles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Side scuttles. 42.15-65 Section 42.15-65 Shipping COAST... Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard § 42.15-65 Side scuttles. (a) Side scuttles to spaces below the... deadlights arranged so that they can be effectively closed and secured watertight. (b) No side scuttle shall...

46 CFR 42.15-65 - Side scuttles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Side scuttles. 42.15-65 Section 42.15-65 Shipping COAST... Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard § 42.15-65 Side scuttles. (a) Side scuttles to spaces below the... deadlights arranged so that they can be effectively closed and secured watertight. (b) No side scuttle shall...

46 CFR 42.15-65 - Side scuttles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Side scuttles. 42.15-65 Section 42.15-65 Shipping COAST... Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard § 42.15-65 Side scuttles. (a) Side scuttles to spaces below the... deadlights arranged so that they can be effectively closed and secured watertight. (b) No side scuttle shall...

46 CFR 42.15-65 - Side scuttles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Side scuttles. 42.15-65 Section 42.15-65 Shipping COAST... Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard § 42.15-65 Side scuttles. (a) Side scuttles to spaces below the... deadlights arranged so that they can be effectively closed and secured watertight. (b) No side scuttle shall...

46 CFR 42.15-65 - Side scuttles.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Side scuttles. 42.15-65 Section 42.15-65 Shipping COAST... Conditions of Assignment of Freeboard § 42.15-65 Side scuttles. (a) Side scuttles to spaces below the... deadlights arranged so that they can be effectively closed and secured watertight. (b) No side scuttle shall...

Meeting AYP: Affective or Effective on School Leadership?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Genao, Soribel

2013-01-01

"The commander of our ship knows that the eyes and ears of the shipmates will provide valuable information; that when combined with the experience and knowledge of leadership will navigate the ship to clear waters and bountiful lands" (Intertech, 2011). This analogy is reflective of the critical issue of meeting AYP (Adequate Yearly…

IREPS (Integrated Refractive Effects Prediction System) 3.0. (User’s Manual).

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-01

heating from exhaust vents or solar-heated surfaces. These measurements are best performed with a psychrometer on the most windward side of the ship...Celsius and is best measured with a hand-held psychrometer at any location above 6 meters (20 feet). Care should be taken to minimize any ship-induced

Extensive Nosocomial Transmission of Measles Originating in Cruise Ship Passenger, Sardinia, Italy, 2014.

PubMed

Filia, Antonietta; Bella, Antonino; Cadeddu, Giovanna; Milia, Maria Rafaela; Del Manso, Martina; Rota, Maria Cristina; Magurano, Fabio; Nicoletti, Loredana; Declich, Silvia

2015-08-01

We report a measles outbreak in Sardinia, Italy, that originated in a cruise ship passenger. The outbreak showed extensive nosocomial transmission (44 of 80 cases). To minimize nosocomial transmission, health care facilities should ensure that susceptible health care workers are vaccinated against measles and should implement effective infection control procedures.

46 CFR 167.15-25 - Inspection standards for hulls, boilers and machinery.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Inspection standards for hulls, boilers and machinery... SCHOOLS PUBLIC NAUTICAL SCHOOL SHIPS Inspections § 167.15-25 Inspection standards for hulls, boilers and... Classing Steel Vessels” regarding the construction of hulls, boilers and machinery in effect on the date of...

7 CFR 948.130 - Application for exemption certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...: (a) The name and address of the applicant; (b) The location, or locations, of the potatoes with... shipped because of grade and size regulations then in effect and the acts beyond his control or reasonable...) which has already been sold or otherwise shipped during the current season; (f) The signature of the...

7 CFR 948.130 - Application for exemption certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

...: (a) The name and address of the applicant; (b) The location, or locations, of the potatoes with... shipped because of grade and size regulations then in effect and the acts beyond his control or reasonable...) which has already been sold or otherwise shipped during the current season; (f) The signature of the...

7 CFR 948.130 - Application for exemption certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

...: (a) The name and address of the applicant; (b) The location, or locations, of the potatoes with... shipped because of grade and size regulations then in effect and the acts beyond his control or reasonable...) which has already been sold or otherwise shipped during the current season; (f) The signature of the...

7 CFR 948.130 - Application for exemption certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

...: (a) The name and address of the applicant; (b) The location, or locations, of the potatoes with... shipped because of grade and size regulations then in effect and the acts beyond his control or reasonable...) which has already been sold or otherwise shipped during the current season; (f) The signature of the...

7 CFR 948.130 - Application for exemption certificates.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

...: (a) The name and address of the applicant; (b) The location, or locations, of the potatoes with... shipped because of grade and size regulations then in effect and the acts beyond his control or reasonable...) which has already been sold or otherwise shipped during the current season; (f) The signature of the...

9 CFR 98.35 - Declaration, health certificate, and other documents for animal semen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... donor animal as a condition for importing the semen; (7) The seal number on the shipping container; (8... compulsorily notifiable disease; and (ii) An effective surveillance and monitoring system for scrapie is in... shipping containers carrying animal semen for importation into the United States must be sealed with an...

9 CFR 98.35 - Declaration, health certificate, and other documents for animal semen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... donor animal as a condition for importing the semen; (7) The seal number on the shipping container; (8... compulsorily notifiable disease; and (ii) An effective surveillance and monitoring system for scrapie is in... shipping containers carrying animal semen for importation into the United States must be sealed with an...

9 CFR 98.35 - Declaration, health certificate, and other documents for animal semen.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... donor animal as a condition for importing the semen; (7) The seal number on the shipping container; (8... compulsorily notifiable disease; and (ii) An effective surveillance and monitoring system for scrapie is in... shipping containers carrying animal semen for importation into the United States must be sealed with an...

Native Alaska's Floating Factoryship--She Plies the Pacific Ocean for Native Alaska.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wassaja, The Indian Historian, 1980

1980-01-01

Describes the history of the Al-Ind-Esk-A Sea, a floating fish processing factory representing a major hope for the economic independence of Alaska Natives residing outside the state. Discusses employment practices in effect on the ship. Notes interesting facts about the ship's engines and fittings. (SB)

Atmospheric Pollution from Shipping and Oil platforms of West Africa (APSOWA) observed during the airborne DACCIWA campaign

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krysztofiak-Tong, Gisèle; Brocchi, Vanessa; Catoire, Valéry; Stratmann, Greta; Sauer, Daniel; Deroubaix, Adrien; Deetz, Konrad; Schlager, Hans

2017-04-01

In the framework of the European DACCIWA (Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa) project, the airborne study APSOWA (Atmospheric Pollution from Shipping and Oil platforms of West Africa) has been conducted in July 2016 to study emissions from oil rigs and maritime traffic in the Gulf of Guinea. The measurements were performed during four flights of about 3-4 hours including meandering transects through emission plumes in the planetary boundary layer (around 300 m asl) off the coast of West Africa from Ivory Coast to Togo. Several instruments have been used on-board the DLR Falcon-20, providing measurements of the pollutants O3, CO, NO2, SO2, aerosol content and meteorological parameters. This set of trace gases can be used to fingerprint different sources of local air pollution. The first part of our study is focused on the FPSO Kwame Nkrumah facility operating in the Jubilee oil field off the coast of Ghana. Aircraft observations have been combined with a nested-grid regional scale Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) to estimate surface emission fluxes from this platform. A simplified inverse method is used and repeated until the modelling output and aircraft observations converged. The estimated fluxes of CO, SO2, NO2 are compared to global (EDGAR, MACCity) and regional (Deetz and Vogel, 2017, in press) inventories. A second part of the study provides the first results of the APSOWA flights for the study of the impact of shipping emissions on the regional air quality. Using data from Marine Traffic, ship positions during the campaign are identified. Then, FLEXPART is used to quantify the contributions of the ship emissions to the aircraft observations. Finally, direct measurements in the MBL around 4°N latitude along the Ghana coast show no strong evidence of the presence of an atmospheric pollution maritime corridor simulated by MACCity.

Arctic shipping emissions inventories and future scenarios

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corbett, J. J.; Lack, D. A.; Winebrake, J. J.; Harder, S.; Silberman, J. A.; Gold, M.

2010-04-01

The Arctic is a sensitive region in terms of climate change and a rich natural resource for global economic activity. Arctic shipping is an important contributor to the region's anthropogenic air emissions, including black carbon - a short-lived climate forcing pollutant especially effective in accelerating the melting of ice and snow. These emissions are projected to increase as declining sea ice coverage due to climate change allows for increased shipping activity in the Arctic. To understand the impacts of these increased emissions, scientists and modelers require high-resolution, geospatial emissions inventories that can be used for regional assessment modeling. This paper presents 5 km×5 km Arctic emissions inventories of important greenhouse gases, black carbon and other pollutants under existing and future (2050) scenarios that account for growth of shipping in the region, potential diversion traffic through emerging routes, and possible emissions control measures. Short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase climate forcing; a first-order calculation of global warming potential due to 2030 emissions in the high-growth scenario suggests that short-lived forcing of ~4.5 gigagrams of black carbon from Arctic shipping may increase climate forcing due to Arctic ships by at least 17% compared to warming from these vessels' CO2 emissions (~42 000 gigagrams). The paper also presents maximum feasible reduction scenarios for black carbon in particular. These emissions reduction scenarios will enable scientists and policymakers to evaluate the efficacy and benefits of technological controls for black carbon, and other pollutants from ships.

Development of software for handling ship's pharmacy.

PubMed

Nittari, Giulio; Peretti, Alessandro; Sibilio, Fabio; Ioannidis, Nicholas; Amenta, Francesco

2016-01-01

Ships are required to carry a given amount of medicinal products and medications depending on the flag and the type of vessel. These medicines are stored in the so called ship's "medicine chest" or more properly - a ship pharmacy. Owing to the progress of medical sciences and to the increase in the mean age of seafarers employed on board ships, the number of pharmaceutical products and medical devices required by regulations to be carried on board ships is increasing. This may make handling of the ship's medicine chest a problem primarily on large ships sailing on intercontinental routes due to the difficulty in identifying the correspondence between medicines obtained abroad with those available at the national market. To minimise these problems a tool named Pharmacy Ship (acronym: PARSI) has been developed. The application PARSI is based on a database containing the information about medicines and medical devices required by different countries regulations. In the first application the system was standardised to comply with the Italian regulations issued on the 1st October, 2015 which entered into force on the 18 January 2016. Thanks to PARSI it was possible to standardize the inventory procedures, facilitate the work of maritime health authorities and make it easier for the crew, not professional in the field, to handle the 'medicine chest' correctly by automating the procedures for medicines management. As far as we know there are no other similar tools available at the moment. The application of the software, as well as the automation of different activities, currently carried out manually, will help manage (qualitatively and quantitatively) the ship's pharmacy. The system developed in this study has proved to be an effective tool which serves to guarantee the compliance of the ship pharmacy with regulations of the flag state in terms of medicinal products and medications. Sharing the system with the Telemedical Maritime Assistance Service may result in avoiding mistakes in drug administration. Last but not least the availability of PARSI could help reduce/ avoid problems with maritime health authorities in case any of the required medicinal products are missing.

Effects of holding time and measurement error on culturing Legionella in environmental water samples.

PubMed

Flanders, W Dana; Kirkland, Kimberly H; Shelton, Brian G

2014-10-01

Outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease require environmental testing of water samples from potentially implicated building water systems to identify the source of exposure. A previous study reports a large impact on Legionella sample results due to shipping and delays in sample processing. Specifically, this same study, without accounting for measurement error, reports more than half of shipped samples tested had Legionella levels that arbitrarily changed up or down by one or more logs, and the authors attribute this result to shipping time. Accordingly, we conducted a study to determine the effects of sample holding/shipping time on Legionella sample results while taking into account measurement error, which has previously not been addressed. We analyzed 159 samples, each split into 16 aliquots, of which one-half (8) were processed promptly after collection. The remaining half (8) were processed the following day to assess impact of holding/shipping time. A total of 2544 samples were analyzed including replicates. After accounting for inherent measurement error, we found that the effect of holding time on observed Legionella counts was small and should have no practical impact on interpretation of results. Holding samples increased the root mean squared error by only about 3-8%. Notably, for only one of 159 samples, did the average of the 8 replicate counts change by 1 log. Thus, our findings do not support the hypothesis of frequent, significant (≥= 1 log10 unit) Legionella colony count changes due to holding. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Residue detection for real-time removal of paint from metallic surfaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bar-Cohen, Yoseph; Bao, Xiaoqi; Dolgin, Benjamin; Marzwell, Neville

2001-01-01

Paint stripping from large steel ships and other metallic surfaces is a major issue in the maintenance and refurbishing of structures, and environmental concerns are greatly limiting the possible options. As a result, waterjet with water recycling has become the leading form of paint stripping and robotic manipulators with scanning bridges were constructed by various manufacturers to address this need. The application of such scanning bridges is slow and their access is constrained by the complex shape of the ship hull and various features on the surface. To overcome these limitations, a robotic system that is called Ultrastrip (UltraStrip Systems, Inc., Stuart, FL) is developed. This system uses magnetic wheels to attach the stripper to the structure and travel on it while performing paint stripping. To assure efficient paint stripping feedback data is required to control the travel speed by monitoring the paint thickness before and during the stripping process. Efforts at JPL are currently underway to develop the required feedback capability to assure effective paint stripping. Various possible sensors were considered and issues that can affect the sensitivity, reliability and applicability of the sensors are being investigated with emphasis on measuring the initial conditions of the paint. Issues that affect the sensory data in dynamic conditions are addressed while providing real-time real feedback for the control of the paint stripper speed of travel.

Implementation of automated external defibrillators on merchant ships.

PubMed

Oldenburg, Marcus; Baur, Xaver; Schlaich, Clara

2011-01-01

In contrast to cruise ships, ferries and merchant ships are rarely equipped with automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Germany is the first flag state worldwide that legally requires to carry AEDs on seagoing merchant vessels by September 2012 at the latest. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of training ship officers in the handling of AEDs and to explore their perceptions concerning the user-friendliness of currently available defibrillators. Using four different AEDs, 130 nautical officers performed a total of 400 resuscitation drills. One group (n = 60) used only one device before and after resuscitation training; the other group (n = 70) used all four AEDs in comparison after training. The officers' performances were timed and they were asked by questionnaire about the user-friendliness of each AED. Without resuscitation training, 81.7% of the first mentioned group delivered an effective defibrillation shock. After a 7-hour resuscitation training with special regard to defibrillation, all ship officers (n = 130) used the AED correctly. Among all AEDs, the mean time until start of analysis decreased from 72.4 seconds before to 60.4 seconds after resuscitation training (Wilcoxon test; p < 0.001). The results of the questionnaire and the differences in time to first shock indicated a different user-friendliness of the AEDs. The voice prompts and the screen messages of all AEDs were well understood by all participants. In the second mentioned group, 57.1% regarded feedback information related to depths and frequency of thorax compression as helpful. Nautical officers are able to use AEDs in a timely and effective way with proper training. However, to take advantage of all wanted features of the device (monitoring and resuscitation), the ship management has to observe practical questions of storage, maintenance, signing, training, data management, and transmission. Thus, implementation of the regulations requires proper instructions for the maritime industry by responsible bodies. © 2011 International Society of Travel Medicine.

High rate GPS positioning , JASON altimetry and marine gravimetry : monitoring the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) through the DRAKE campaigns.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melachroinos, S. A.; Biancale, R.; Menard, Y.; Sarrailh, M.

2008-12-01

The Drake campaign which took place from Jan 14, 2006 - 08 Feb, 2006 has been a very successful mission in collecting a wide range of GPS and marine gravity data all along JASON altimetry ground track n° 104. The same campaign will be repeated in 2009 along 028 and 104 JASON-2 ground track. The Drake Passage (DP) chokepoint is not only well suited geographically, as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is constricted to its narrowest extent of 700 km, but observations and models suggest that dynamical balances are particular effective in this area. Furthermore the space geodesy observations and their products provided from several altimetry missions (currently operating ENVISAT, JASON 1 and 2, GFO, ERS and other plannified for the future such as Altika, SWOT) require the cross comparison with independent geodetic techniques at the DP. The current experiment comprises a kinematic GPS and marine gravimetry Cal/Val geodetic approach and it aims to : validate with respect to altimetry data and surface models such a kinematic high frequency GPS technique for measuring sea state and sea surface height (SSH), compare the GPS SSH profiles with altimetry mean dynamic topography (MDT) and mean sea surface (MSS) models, give recommendations for future "offshore" Cal/Val activities on the ground tracks of altimeter satellites such as JASON-2, GFO, Altika using the GNSS technology etc. The GPS observations are collected from GPS antennas installed on a wave-rider buoy , aboard the R/V "Polarstern" and from continuous geodetic reference stations in the proximity. We also analyse problems related to the ship's attitude variations in roll, pitch and yaw and a way to correct them. We also give emphasis on the impact of the ship's acceleration profiles on the so called "squat effect" and ways to deal with it. The project will in particular benefit the GOCE mission by proposing to integrate GOCE in the ocean circulation study and validate GOCE products with our independent geodetic data set. The high rate GPS SSH solutions are derived using two different GPS kinematic software, GINS (CNES) and TRACK (MIT).

Individual differences and workload effects on strategy adoption in a dynamic task.

PubMed

Moon, Jungaa; Betts, Shawn; Anderson, John R

2013-09-01

The current study investigated the effects of individual differences and workload on strategy adaptivity in a complex, dynamic task called the Space Fortress game (Donchin, 1989). Participants learned to use a strategy of flying a ship in circles around the fortress in a standard game environment. Once they mastered the strategy, they were assigned to different workload conditions and transferred to a nonstandard environment in which a strong wind was introduced that made it more difficult to achieve a circular orbit. About half of the participants continued with their prior circular strategy while the rest adopted a novel strategy that achieved comparable performance with less effort. With this novel strategy, rather than trying to complete orbits they flew into the wind and then allowed the wind to blow them back to achieve a pendulum-like path. Participants without a working-memory load were more likely to adopt the new strategy. Participants were also more likely to adopt the new strategy if their pattern of behavior exposed them more often to the potential of drifting with the wind. The results indicate that spontaneous changes in strategy occur when people are exposed to the potential of a new strategy and have the cognitive resources to understand its potential. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Particulate matter from both heavy fuel oil and diesel fuel shipping emissions show strong biological effects on human lung cells at realistic and comparable in vitro exposure conditions.

PubMed

Oeder, Sebastian; Kanashova, Tamara; Sippula, Olli; Sapcariu, Sean C; Streibel, Thorsten; Arteaga-Salas, Jose Manuel; Passig, Johannes; Dilger, Marco; Paur, Hanns-Rudolf; Schlager, Christoph; Mülhopt, Sonja; Diabaté, Silvia; Weiss, Carsten; Stengel, Benjamin; Rabe, Rom; Harndorf, Horst; Torvela, Tiina; Jokiniemi, Jorma K; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta; Schmidt-Weber, Carsten; Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia; BéruBé, Kelly A; Wlodarczyk, Anna J; Prytherch, Zoë; Michalke, Bernhard; Krebs, Tobias; Prévôt, André S H; Kelbg, Michael; Tiggesbäumker, Josef; Karg, Erwin; Jakobi, Gert; Scholtes, Sorana; Schnelle-Kreis, Jürgen; Lintelmann, Jutta; Matuschek, Georg; Sklorz, Martin; Klingbeil, Sophie; Orasche, Jürgen; Richthammer, Patrick; Müller, Laarnie; Elsasser, Michael; Reda, Ahmed; Gröger, Thomas; Weggler, Benedikt; Schwemer, Theo; Czech, Hendryk; Rüger, Christopher P; Abbaszade, Gülcin; Radischat, Christian; Hiller, Karsten; Buters, Jeroen T M; Dittmar, Gunnar; Zimmermann, Ralf

2015-01-01

Ship engine emissions are important with regard to lung and cardiovascular diseases especially in coastal regions worldwide. Known cellular responses to combustion particles include oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. To provide a molecular link between the chemical and physical characteristics of ship emission particles and the cellular responses they elicit and to identify potentially harmful fractions in shipping emission aerosols. Through an air-liquid interface exposure system, we exposed human lung cells under realistic in vitro conditions to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on either common heavy fuel oil (HFO) or cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF). Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling including isotope labelling methods to characterise the lung cell responses. The HFO emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were higher in particle mass. These compounds were lower in DF emissions, which in turn had higher concentrations of elemental carbon ("soot"). Common cellular reactions included cellular stress responses and endocytosis. Reactions to HFO emissions were dominated by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whereas DF emissions induced generally a broader biological response than HFO emissions and affected essential cellular pathways such as energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and chromatin modification. Despite a lower content of known toxic compounds, combustion particles from the clean shipping fuel DF influenced several essential pathways of lung cell metabolism more strongly than particles from the unrefined fuel HFO. This might be attributable to a higher soot content in DF. Thus the role of diesel soot, which is a known carcinogen in acute air pollution-induced health effects should be further investigated. For the use of HFO and DF we recommend a reduction of carbonaceous soot in the ship emissions by implementation of filtration devices.

Particulate Matter from Both Heavy Fuel Oil and Diesel Fuel Shipping Emissions Show Strong Biological Effects on Human Lung Cells at Realistic and Comparable In Vitro Exposure Conditions

PubMed Central

Dilger, Marco; Paur, Hanns-Rudolf; Schlager, Christoph; Mülhopt, Sonja; Diabaté, Silvia; Weiss, Carsten; Stengel, Benjamin; Rabe, Rom; Harndorf, Horst; Torvela, Tiina; Jokiniemi, Jorma K.; Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta; Schmidt-Weber, Carsten; Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia; BéruBé, Kelly A.; Wlodarczyk, Anna J.; Prytherch, Zoë; Michalke, Bernhard; Krebs, Tobias; Prévôt, André S. H.; Kelbg, Michael; Tiggesbäumker, Josef; Karg, Erwin; Jakobi, Gert; Scholtes, Sorana; Schnelle-Kreis, Jürgen; Lintelmann, Jutta; Matuschek, Georg; Sklorz, Martin; Klingbeil, Sophie; Orasche, Jürgen; Richthammer, Patrick; Müller, Laarnie; Elsasser, Michael; Reda, Ahmed; Gröger, Thomas; Weggler, Benedikt; Schwemer, Theo; Czech, Hendryk; Rüger, Christopher P.; Abbaszade, Gülcin; Radischat, Christian; Hiller, Karsten; Buters, Jeroen T. M.; Dittmar, Gunnar; Zimmermann, Ralf

2015-01-01

Background Ship engine emissions are important with regard to lung and cardiovascular diseases especially in coastal regions worldwide. Known cellular responses to combustion particles include oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling. Objectives To provide a molecular link between the chemical and physical characteristics of ship emission particles and the cellular responses they elicit and to identify potentially harmful fractions in shipping emission aerosols. Methods Through an air-liquid interface exposure system, we exposed human lung cells under realistic in vitro conditions to exhaust fumes from a ship engine running on either common heavy fuel oil (HFO) or cleaner-burning diesel fuel (DF). Advanced chemical analyses of the exhaust aerosols were combined with transcriptional, proteomic and metabolomic profiling including isotope labelling methods to characterise the lung cell responses. Results The HFO emissions contained high concentrations of toxic compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, and were higher in particle mass. These compounds were lower in DF emissions, which in turn had higher concentrations of elemental carbon (“soot”). Common cellular reactions included cellular stress responses and endocytosis. Reactions to HFO emissions were dominated by oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, whereas DF emissions induced generally a broader biological response than HFO emissions and affected essential cellular pathways such as energy metabolism, protein synthesis, and chromatin modification. Conclusions Despite a lower content of known toxic compounds, combustion particles from the clean shipping fuel DF influenced several essential pathways of lung cell metabolism more strongly than particles from the unrefined fuel HFO. This might be attributable to a higher soot content in DF. Thus the role of diesel soot, which is a known carcinogen in acute air pollution-induced health effects should be further investigated. For the use of HFO and DF we recommend a reduction of carbonaceous soot in the ship emissions by implementation of filtration devices. PMID:26039251

Sex- and age-specific associations between major depressive disorder and metabolic syndrome in two general population samples in Germany.

PubMed

Block, Andrea; Schipf, Sabine; Van der Auwera, Sandra; Hannemann, Anke; Nauck, Matthias; John, Ulrich; Völzke, Henry; Freyberger, Harald Jürgen; Dörr, Marcus; Felix, Stephan; Zygmunt, Marek; Wallaschofski, Henri; Grabe, Hans Jörgen

2016-11-01

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). As previous data strongly suggested sex and age effects on this association, this study aimed to analyse the association between MDD and MetS in two general population samples under explicit consideration of sex and age. This study analysed cross-sectional data based on two independent general population samples: SHIP-0 (n = 4083; 20-81 years; 49.4% male) and SHIP-TREND-0 (n = 3957; 20-83 years; 49.0% male) that were part of the Study of Health in Pomerania. MDD (SHIP-0: 12.6%; SHIP-TREND-0: 27.2%) was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic-Screener (CID-S) in both samples. Interview assessment of MDD diagnosis according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV (DSM-IV) criteria was performed in SHIP-TREND-0 (18.1% MDD). MetS was defined by abdominal obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated glucose, elevated triglycerides and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol according to established criteria. Data analysis was performed sex- and age-stratified. Prevalence of MetS was high in both samples: 19.4% of females and 30.2% of males in SHIP-0 and 22.1% and 33.2% in SHIP-TREND-0, respectively. Effect modifications were observed by sex and age on the association between MDD and MetS. Particularly, younger females (20-49 years) with MDD were more often affected by MetS than younger females without MDD: OR = 2.21 (95% CI = 1.39-3.50). This association vanished in elderly participants (50-82 years). The data suggest that especially younger (presumably pre-menopausal) females with MDD are more likely to have MetS than those without major depressive disorders, and that age extenuates this association.

Explicit simulation of ice particle habits in a Numerical Weather Prediction Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashino, Tempei

2007-05-01

This study developed a scheme for explicit simulation of ice particle habits in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Models. The scheme is called Spectral Ice Habit Prediction System (SHIPS), and the goal is to retain growth history of ice particles in the Eulerian dynamics framework. It diagnoses characteristics of ice particles based on a series of particle property variables (PPVs) that reflect history of microphysieal processes and the transport between mass bins and air parcels in space. Therefore, categorization of ice particles typically used in bulk microphysical parameterization and traditional bin models is not necessary, so that errors that stem from the categorization can be avoided. SHIPS predicts polycrystals as well as hexagonal monocrystals based on empirically derived habit frequency and growth rate, and simulates the habit-dependent aggregation and riming processes by use of the stochastic collection equation with predicted PPVs. Idealized two dimensional simulations were performed with SHIPS in a NWP model. The predicted spatial distribution of ice particle habits and types, and evolution of particle size distributions showed good quantitative agreement with observation This comprehensive model of ice particle properties, distributions, and evolution in clouds can be used to better understand problems facing wide range of research disciplines, including microphysics processes, radiative transfer in a cloudy atmosphere, data assimilation, and weather modification.

Research into the usage of integrated jamming of IR weakening and smoke-screen resisting the IR imaging guided missiles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Long-tao; Jiang, Ning; Lv, Ming-shan

2015-10-01

With the emergence of the anti-ship missle with the capability of infrared imaging guidance, the traditional single jamming measures, because of the jamming mechanism and technical flaws or unsuitable use, greatly reduced the survival probability of the war-ship in the future naval battle. Intergrated jamming of IR weakening + smoke-screen Can not only make jamming to the search and tracking of IR imaging guidance system , but also has feasibility in conjunction, besides , which also make the best jamming effect. The research conclusion has important realistic meaning for raising the antimissile ability of surface ships. With the development of guidance technology, infrared guidance system has expanded by ir point-source homing guidance to infrared imaging guidance, Infrared imaging guidance has made breakthrough progress, Infrared imaging guidance system can use two-dimensional infrared image information of the target, achieve the precise tracking. Which has Higher guidance precision, better concealment, stronger anti-interference ability and could Target the key parts. The traditional single infrared smoke screen jamming or infrared decoy flare interference cannot be imposed effective interference. So, Research how to effectively fight against infrared imaging guided weapons threat measures and means, improving the surface ship antimissile ability is an urgent need to solve.

The impact of shipping emissions on air pollution in the greater North Sea region - Part 1: Current emissions and concentrations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aulinger, A.; Matthias, V.; Zeretzke, M.; Bieser, J.; Quante, M.; Backes, A.

2016-01-01

The North Sea is one of the areas with the highest ship traffic densities worldwide. At any time, about 3000 ships are sailing its waterways. Previous scientific publications have shown that ships contribute significantly to atmospheric concentrations of NOx, particulate matter and ozone. Especially in the case of particulate matter and ozone, this influence can even be seen in regions far away from the main shipping routes. In order to quantify the effects of North Sea shipping on air quality in its bordering states, it is essential to determine the emissions from shipping as accurately as possible. Within Interreg IVb project Clean North Sea Shipping (CNSS), a bottom-up approach was developed and used to thoroughly compile such an emission inventory for 2011 that served as the base year for the current emission situation. The innovative aspect of this approach was to use load-dependent functions to calculate emissions from the ships' current activities instead of averaged emission factors for the entire range of the engine loads. These functions were applied to ship activities that were derived from hourly records of Automatic Identification System signals together with a database containing the engine characteristics of the vessels that traveled the North Sea in 2011. The emission model yielded ship emissions among others of NOx and SO2 at high temporal and spatial resolution that were subsequently used in a chemistry transport model in order to simulate the impact of the emissions on pollutant concentration levels. The total emissions of nitrogen reached 540 Gg and those of sulfur oxides 123 Gg within the North Sea - including the adjacent western part of the Baltic Sea until 5° W. This was about twice as much of those of a medium-sized industrialized European state like the Netherlands. The relative contribution of ships to, for example, NO2 concentration levels ashore close to the sea can reach up to 25 % in summer and 15 % in winter. Some hundred kilometers away from the sea, the contribution was about 6 % in summer and 4 % in winter. The relative contribution of the secondary pollutant NO3- was found to reach 20 % in summer and 6 % in winter even far from the shore.

LC-MS-MS aboard ship: tandem mass spectrometry in the search for phycotoxins and novel toxigenic plankton from the North Sea.

PubMed

Krock, Bernd; Tillmann, Urban; John, Uwe; Cembella, Allan

2008-11-01

Phycotoxins produced by various species of toxigenic microalgae occurring in the plankton are a global threat to the security of seafood resources and the health of humans and coastal marine ecosystems. This has necessitated the development and application of advanced methods in liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) for monitoring of these compounds, particularly in plankton and shellfish. Most such chemical analyses are conducted in land-based laboratories on stored samples, and thus much information on the near real-time biogeographical distribution and dynamics of phycotoxins in the plankton is unavailable. To resolve this problem, we conducted ship-board analysis of a broad spectrum of phycotoxins collected directly from the water column on an oceanographic cruise along the North Sea coast of Scotland, Norway, and Denmark. We equipped the ship with a triple-quadrupole linear ion-trap hybrid LC-MS-MS system for detection and quantitative analysis of toxins, such as domoic acid, gymnodimine, spirolides, dinophysistoxins, okadaic acid, pectenotoxins, yessotoxins, and azaspiracids (AZAs). We focused particular attention on the detection of AZAs, a group of potent nitrogenous polyether toxins, because the culprit species associated with the occurrence of these toxins in shellfish has been controversial. Marine toxins were analyzed directly from size-fractionated plankton net tows (20 microm mesh size) and Niskin bottle samples from discrete depths, after rapid methanolic extraction but without any further clean-up. Almost all expected phycotoxins were detected in North Sea plankton samples, with domoic acid and 20-methylspirolide G being most abundant. Although AZA was the least abundant of these toxins, the high sensitivity of the LC-MS-MS enabled detailed quantification, indicating that the highest amounts of AZA-1 were present in the southern Skagerrak in the 3-20 microm size-fraction. The direct on-board toxin measurements enabled isolation of plankton from stations with high AZA-1 levels and from the most suspicious size-fraction, i.e. most likely to contain the AZA-producer. A large number (>100) of crude cultures were established by serial dilution and later screened for the presence of AZAs after several weeks growth. From one crude culture containing AZA, a small dinoflagellate was subsequently isolated and brought into pure culture. We have thus proved that even sophisticated mass spectrometers can be operated in ship laboratories without any limitation caused by vibrations of the ship's engine or by wave movement during heavy seas at wind forces up to nine Beaufort. On-board LC-MS-MS is a valuable method for near real-time analysis of phycotoxins in plankton for studies on bloom dynamics and the fate of toxins in the food web, and for characterization and isolation of putatively toxigenic organisms.

Evaluating the combined effects of ballast water management and trade dynamics on transfers of marine organisms by ships

PubMed Central

Carney, Katharine J.; Minton, Mark S.; Holzer, Kimberly K.; Miller, A. Whitman; McCann, Linda D.; Ruiz, Gregory M.

2017-01-01

Global trade by merchant ships is a leading mechanism for the unintentional transfer of marine organisms, including non-indigenous species, to bays and estuaries worldwide. To reduce the likelihood of new invasions, ships are increasingly being required to manage their ballast water (BW) prior to discharge in coastal waters. In the United States, most overseas arrivals have been required to manage BW discharge since 2004, primarily through ballast water exchange (BWE), which flushes out ballast tanks in the open ocean (>200 miles from shore). Studies have found BWE to generally reduce the abundance of organisms, and the amount of water exchanged has been estimated at 96–100%. Despite its widespread use, the overall effect of this management strategy on net propagule supply through time has not been explored. Here, temporal changes in zooplankton concentrations and the volume of BW discharged in Chesapeake Bay, U.S. were evaluated, comparing pre-management era and post-management era time periods. Chesapeake Bay is a large port system that receives extensive BW discharge, especially from bulk cargo vessels (bulkers) that export coal overseas. For bulkers arriving from overseas, mean zooplankton concentrations of total and coastal indicator taxa in BW did not decline between pre- (1993–2000) and post management (2012–2013) eras, when controlling for season and sampling method. Moreover, bulkers discharged 21 million tonnes (82% of total for Chesapeake Bay) of overseas BW in 2013, representing a 374% increase in volume when compared to 2005. The combination of BW discharge volume and zooplankton concentration data indicates that (a) net propagule supply by bulkers has increased since BWE began in Chesapeake Bay; and (b) changes in vessel behaviour and trade have contributed strongly to this outcome. Specifically, the coal-driven increase in BW discharge volume from 2005–2013, concurrent with the onset of BWE regulations, worked to counteract intended results from BW management. A long-term analysis of bulker arrivals (1994–2013) reveals a 20-year minimum in arrival numbers in 2000, just when the implementation of BWE began. This study underscores the need to consider shifts in trade patterns, in order to advance and evaluate effective management strategies for biological invasions. PMID:28319119

Evaluating the combined effects of ballast water management and trade dynamics on transfers of marine organisms by ships.

PubMed

Carney, Katharine J; Minton, Mark S; Holzer, Kimberly K; Miller, A Whitman; McCann, Linda D; Ruiz, Gregory M

2017-01-01

Global trade by merchant ships is a leading mechanism for the unintentional transfer of marine organisms, including non-indigenous species, to bays and estuaries worldwide. To reduce the likelihood of new invasions, ships are increasingly being required to manage their ballast water (BW) prior to discharge in coastal waters. In the United States, most overseas arrivals have been required to manage BW discharge since 2004, primarily through ballast water exchange (BWE), which flushes out ballast tanks in the open ocean (>200 miles from shore). Studies have found BWE to generally reduce the abundance of organisms, and the amount of water exchanged has been estimated at 96-100%. Despite its widespread use, the overall effect of this management strategy on net propagule supply through time has not been explored. Here, temporal changes in zooplankton concentrations and the volume of BW discharged in Chesapeake Bay, U.S. were evaluated, comparing pre-management era and post-management era time periods. Chesapeake Bay is a large port system that receives extensive BW discharge, especially from bulk cargo vessels (bulkers) that export coal overseas. For bulkers arriving from overseas, mean zooplankton concentrations of total and coastal indicator taxa in BW did not decline between pre- (1993-2000) and post management (2012-2013) eras, when controlling for season and sampling method. Moreover, bulkers discharged 21 million tonnes (82% of total for Chesapeake Bay) of overseas BW in 2013, representing a 374% increase in volume when compared to 2005. The combination of BW discharge volume and zooplankton concentration data indicates that (a) net propagule supply by bulkers has increased since BWE began in Chesapeake Bay; and (b) changes in vessel behaviour and trade have contributed strongly to this outcome. Specifically, the coal-driven increase in BW discharge volume from 2005-2013, concurrent with the onset of BWE regulations, worked to counteract intended results from BW management. A long-term analysis of bulker arrivals (1994-2013) reveals a 20-year minimum in arrival numbers in 2000, just when the implementation of BWE began. This study underscores the need to consider shifts in trade patterns, in order to advance and evaluate effective management strategies for biological invasions.

46 CFR 42.05-63 - Ship(s) and vessel(s).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Ship(s) and vessel(s). 42.05-63 Section 42.05-63 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 42.05-63 Ship(s) and vessel(s). The terms ship(s...

46 CFR 42.05-63 - Ship(s) and vessel(s).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Ship(s) and vessel(s). 42.05-63 Section 42.05-63 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 42.05-63 Ship(s) and vessel(s). The terms ship(s...

46 CFR 42.05-63 - Ship(s) and vessel(s).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Ship(s) and vessel(s). 42.05-63 Section 42.05-63 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 42.05-63 Ship(s) and vessel(s). The terms ship(s...

46 CFR 42.05-63 - Ship(s) and vessel(s).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Ship(s) and vessel(s). 42.05-63 Section 42.05-63 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) LOAD LINES DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN VOYAGES BY SEA Definition of Terms Used in This Subchapter § 42.05-63 Ship(s) and vessel(s). The terms ship(s...

Extensive Nosocomial Transmission of Measles Originating in Cruise Ship Passenger, Sardinia, Italy, 2014

PubMed Central

Bella, Antonino; Cadeddu, Giovanna; Milia, Maria Rafaela; Del Manso, Martina; Rota, Maria Cristina; Magurano, Fabio; Nicoletti, Loredana; Declich, Silvia

2015-01-01

We report a measles outbreak in Sardinia, Italy, that originated in a cruise ship passenger. The outbreak showed extensive nosocomial transmission (44 of 80 cases). To minimize nosocomial transmission, health care facilities should ensure that susceptible health care workers are vaccinated against measles and should implement effective infection control procedures. PMID:26196266

Quality and physiological responses of two late-season sweet cherry cultivars 'Lapins' and 'Skeena' to modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) during simulated long distance ocean shipping

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Flavor loss, skin darkening, pitting, splitting, pedicel browning, and decay are the major quality deteriorations in sweet cherries during storage/shipping. In this research, three modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) liners with varied gas permeability were evaluated for the effect on quality deteri...

46 CFR 78.70-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 78.70-5 Section 78.70-5 Shipping... Cargo Hold Lighting Circuits When Grain or Other Combustible Bulk Cargo is Carried § 78.70-5 Warning... specified above, an appropriate notice shall be posted at the location where the control is effected warning...

46 CFR 78.70-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 78.70-5 Section 78.70-5 Shipping... Cargo Hold Lighting Circuits When Grain or Other Combustible Bulk Cargo is Carried § 78.70-5 Warning... specified above, an appropriate notice shall be posted at the location where the control is effected warning...

46 CFR 78.70-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 78.70-5 Section 78.70-5 Shipping... Cargo Hold Lighting Circuits When Grain or Other Combustible Bulk Cargo is Carried § 78.70-5 Warning... specified above, an appropriate notice shall be posted at the location where the control is effected warning...

46 CFR 78.70-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 78.70-5 Section 78.70-5 Shipping... Cargo Hold Lighting Circuits When Grain or Other Combustible Bulk Cargo is Carried § 78.70-5 Warning... specified above, an appropriate notice shall be posted at the location where the control is effected warning...

46 CFR 78.70-5 - Warning notice posted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Warning notice posted. 78.70-5 Section 78.70-5 Shipping... Cargo Hold Lighting Circuits When Grain or Other Combustible Bulk Cargo is Carried § 78.70-5 Warning... specified above, an appropriate notice shall be posted at the location where the control is effected warning...

Separator assembly for use in spent nuclear fuel shipping cask

DOEpatents

Bucholz, James A.

1983-01-01

A separator assembly for use in a spent nuclear fuel shipping cask has a honeycomb-type wall structure defining parallel cavities for holding nuclear fuel assemblies. Tubes formed of an effective neutron-absorbing material are embedded in the wall structure around each of the cavities and provide neutron flux traps when filled with water.

40 CFR 372.22 - Covered facilities for toxic chemical release reporting.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... employees. (b) The facility is in a Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) (as in effect on January 1... one of the following is true: (i) The sum of the value of services provided and/or products shipped... greater than 50 percent of the total value of all services provided and/or products shipped from and/or...

Dynamics of Tropical Waves and Monsoons.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

In the eastern and central parts of the South China Sea 4 the fast-streaming northeasterlies are modified rapidly by air- sea interaction. The...collected a set of Phase I W-MONEX data including radiosonde, pibal, ship, aircraft and satellite data. These data are being used to produce a sub...1978), contains a jet that is locally unstable in the middle of the region. When waves are introduced into this forced flow, they will grow and modify

Ocean Dynamics and Acoustic Variability in East China Sea

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-30

Science and Technology) and KRISO (Korea Research Institute of Ship and Ocean Engineering) to study the coupling of oceanography, acoustics, and...reverberation in the ECS along with geo-acoustic properties of the seabed [2]. On the Korean side, KIOST/ KRISO scientists have been keen on a collaborative...region of the Western Pacific. Motivated by the common interest in the region, SIO and KIOST/ KRISO have agreed to collaborate on a joint research

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-20

response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and...Congressional Research Service 3 Figure 1. Lockheed LCS Design (Top) and General Dynamics LCS Design (Bottom) Source : Source : U.S. Navy file photo...according to an agreed apportionment (i.e., a “share line”). Any cost growth above the ceiling cost would be borne entirely by the contractor. The Navy

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-18

response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and...Program Congressional Research Service 3 Figure 1. Lockheed LCS Design (Top) and General Dynamics LCS Design (Bottom) Source : Source : U.S. Navy...which are based on FY 2010 funding controls.” ( Source : Navy Office of Legislative Affairs e-mail to CRS, March 18, 2011.) In other words, the Navy

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Background, Issues, and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-04-06

response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and... Source : Prepared by CRS based on FY2013 Navy budget submission and congressional reports on annual defense authorization and appropriations acts...Dynamics LCS Design (Bottom) Source : Source : U.S. Navy file photo accessed by CRS at http://www.navy.mil/list_all.asp?id=57917 on January 6, 2010

Gear Drive Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Philadelphia Gear Corporation used two COSMIC computer programs; one dealing with shrink fit analysis and the other with rotor dynamics problems in computerized design and test work. The programs were used to verify existing in-house programs to insure design accuracy by checking its company-developed computer methods against procedures developed by other organizations. Its specialty is in custom units for unique applications, such as Coast Guard ice breaking ships, steel mill drives, coal crusher, sewage treatment equipment and electricity.

Contribution of ship emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in Europe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aksoyoglu, S.; Prévôt, A. S. H.; Baltensperger, U.

2015-11-01

Emissions from the marine transport sector are one of the least regulated anthropogenic emission sources and contribute significantly to air pollution. Although strict limits were introduced recently for the maximum sulfur content in marine fuels in the SECAs (sulfur emission control areas) and in the EU ports, sulfur emissions outside the SECAs and emissions of other components in all European maritime areas have continued to increase in the last two decades. We have used the air quality model CAMx with and without ship emissions for the year 2006 to determine the effects of international shipping on the annual as well as seasonal concentrations of ozone, primary and secondary components of PM2.5 and the dry and wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds in Europe. Our results suggest that emissions from international shipping affect the air quality in northern and southern Europe differently and their contributions to the air concentrations vary seasonally. The largest changes in pollutant concentrations due to ship emissions were predicted for summer. Increased concentrations of the primary particle mass were found only along the shipping routes whereas concentrations of the secondary pollutants were affected over a larger area. Concentrations of particulate sulfate increased due to ship emissions in the Mediterranean (up to 60 %), in the English Channel and the North Sea (30-35 %) while increases in particulate nitrate levels were found especially in the north, around the Benelux area (20 %) where there were high NH3 land-based emissions. Our model results showed that not only the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants are affected by ship emissions, but also depositions of nitrogen and sulfur compounds increase significantly along the shipping routes. NOx emissions from the ships especially in the English Channel and the North Sea, cause a decrease in the dry deposition of reduced nitrogen at source regions by moving it from the gas-phase to the particle phase which then contributes to an increase in the wet deposition at coastal areas with higher precipitation. In the western Mediterranean region on the other hand, model results show an increase in the deposition of oxidized nitrogen (mostly HNO3) due to the ship traffic. Dry deposition of SO2 seems to be significant along the shipping routes whereas sulfate wet deposition occurs mainly along the Scandinavian and Adriatic coasts. The results presented in this paper suggest that evolution of NOx emissions from ships and land-based NH3 emissions will play a significant role in the future European air quality.

Shipping emission forecasts and cost-benefit analysis of China ports and key regions' control.

PubMed

Liu, Huan; Meng, Zhi-Hang; Shang, Yi; Lv, Zhao-Feng; Jin, Xin-Xin; Fu, Ming-Liang; He, Ke-Bin

2018-05-01

China established Domestic Emission Control Area (DECA) for sulphur since 2015 to constrain the increasing shipping emissions. However, future DECA policy-makings are not supported due to a lack of quantitive evaluations. To investigate the effects of current and possible Chinese DECAs policies, a model is presented for the forecast of shipping emissions and evaluation of potential costs and benefits of an DECA policy package set in 2020. It includes a port-level and regional-level projection accounting for shipping trade volume growth, share of ship types, and fuel consumption. The results show that without control measures, both SO 2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions are expected to increase by 15.3-61.2% in Jing-Jin-Ji, the Yangtze River Delta, and the Pearl River Delta from 2013 to 2020. However, most emissions can be reduced annually by the establishment of a DECA that depends on the size of the control area and the fuel sulphur content limit. Costs range from 0.667 to 1.561 billion dollars (control regional shipping emissions) based on current fuel price. A social cost method shows the regional control scenarios benefit-cost ratios vary from 4.3 to 5.1 with large uncertainty. Chemical transportation model combined with health model method is used to get the monetary health benefits and then compared with the results from social cost method. This study suggests that Chinese DECAs will reduce the projected emissions at a favorable benefit-cost ratio, and furthermore proposes policy combinations that provide high cost-effective benefits as a reference for future policy-making. Crown Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

[The psychological effect of minesweeping infrasonic field].

PubMed

Huang, Zhi-qiang; Liang, Zhen-fu; Shi, Xiu-feng; Yu, Hao

2003-02-01

To investigate the effect of infrasonic field of minesweeper on psychology of minesweeper crews. An experimental ship was selected to conduct infrasonic minesweeping, a control ship of the same type was selected to operate likewise with the infrasound generator turned off, and another group of coast-servicemen was chosen as blank control. Attention-span test, digit memory test, two-digital numbers list and profile of mood states (POMS) were used to test the ship crews and coast-servicemen. There were no significant differences in psychological parameters between the two ship crews before the experiment. But the scores of two-digit figures list in ship crews were significant lower than that in coast-servicemen, (31.2 +/- 11.8, 36.4 +/- 14.5 respectively vs 45.8 +/- 13.9, P < 0.05). POMS showed that the scores of anger-hostility, fatigue-inertia, and confusion-bewilderment in both ship crew groups [(15.5 +/- 6.4, 18.3 +/- 6.8), (12.1 +/- 5.0,12.3 +/- 4.9), (11.6 +/- 4.4, 12.5 +/- 4.8), respectively] were higher than those in coast-servicemen (13.9 +/- 7.0, 7.6 +/- 4.1, 8.2 +/- 4.3, respectively, P < 0.05 or 0.01), while vigor-activity in experimental group (15.0 +/- 5.9) was lower than that in coast-servicemen (19.7 +/- 4.7). After the experiment, the scores of experimental crews in digit memory test (14.5 +/- 5.0), vigor-activity (12.2 +/- 5.8), fatigue-inertia (15.8 +/- 6.2) were significantly different from those of control crews (17.3 +/- 4.8, 16.5 +/- 4.6, 11.3 +/- 5.1). The infrasonic field from minesweeper may injure the crew's psychological health and some neurobehavioral function.

Climate impact of biofuels in shipping: global model studies of the aerosol indirect effect.

PubMed

Righi, Mattia; Klinger, Carolin; Eyring, Veronika; Hendricks, Johannes; Lauer, Axel; Petzold, Andreas

2011-04-15

Aerosol emissions from international shipping are recognized to have a large impact on the Earth's radiation budget, directly by scattering and absorbing solar radiation and indirectly by altering cloud properties. New regulations have recently been approved by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) aiming at progressive reductions of the maximum sulfur content allowed in marine fuels from current 4.5% by mass down to 0.5% in 2020, with more restrictive limits already applied in some coastal regions. In this context, we use a global bottom-up algorithm to calculate geographically resolved emission inventories of gaseous (NO(x), CO, SO(2)) and aerosol (black carbon, organic matter, sulfate) species for different kinds of low-sulfur fuels in shipping. We apply these inventories to study the resulting changes in radiative forcing, attributed to particles from shipping, with the global aerosol-climate model EMAC-MADE. The emission factors for the different fuels are based on measurements at a test bed of a large diesel engine. We consider both fossil fuel (marine gas oil) and biofuels (palm and soy bean oil) as a substitute for heavy fuel oil in the current (2006) fleet and compare their climate impact to that resulting from heavy fuel oil use. Our simulations suggest that ship-induced surface level concentrations of sulfate aerosol are strongly reduced, up to about 40-60% in the high-traffic regions. This clearly has positive consequences for pollution reduction in the vicinity of major harbors. Additionally, such reductions in the aerosol loading lead to a decrease of a factor of 3-4 in the indirect global aerosol effect induced by emissions from international shipping.

FREE-SURFACE SEPARATION OF STEAM AND WATER FOR APPLICATION IN A MARINE REACTOR AT 1000 PSIG

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Steamer, A.G.; Ongman, H.D.

1960-07-13

A series of free-surface steam separation tests were carried out at 1000 psig to obtain data to aid in checking out analytical methods for the effect of ship-s motion on steam separation. Data are presented on the shape and height of the steam-water interface with respect to the indicated water level for two vessel sizes. Further data are presented on the effects of water level and downcomer water velocity on steam carryunder. (auth)

Surface Layer Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of Metals.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-01

D-A142 280 SURFACE LAYER EFFECT ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF / IETALS(U) DAVID W TAYLOR NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER BETHESDA MD I R...MICROCOPY RESOLUTION TEST CHART 14A T 104AL BU*r.AU O STAP,49S43- DAVID W. TAYLOR NAVALISHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER * k Bethesda, Maryland...2802-014 II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE David W. Taylor Naval Ship R&D Center May 1984 Annapolis, MD 21402 13. NUMBER OF PAGES

Ship detection based on rotation-invariant HOG descriptors for airborne infrared images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Guojing; Wang, Jinyan; Qi, Shengxiang

2018-03-01

Infrared thermal imagery is widely used in various kinds of aircraft because of its all-time application. Meanwhile, detecting ships from infrared images attract lots of research interests in recent years. In the case of downward-looking infrared imagery, in order to overcome the uncertainty of target imaging attitude due to the unknown position relationship between the aircraft and the target, we propose a new infrared ship detection method which integrates rotation invariant gradient direction histogram (Circle Histogram of Oriented Gradient, C-HOG) descriptors and the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. In details, the proposed method uses HOG descriptors to express the local feature of infrared images to adapt to changes in illumination and to overcome sea clutter effects. Different from traditional computation of HOG descriptor, we subdivide the image into annular spatial bins instead of rectangle sub-regions, and then Radial Gradient Transform (RGT) on the gradient is applied to achieve rotation invariant histogram information. Considering the engineering application of airborne and real-time requirements, we use SVM for training ship target and non-target background infrared sample images to discriminate real ships from false targets. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance in both the robustness and run-time for infrared ship target detection with different rotation angles.