CSG delivery and installation

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-10-27

The first of nine chemical steam generator (CSG) units that will be used on the A-3 Test Stand is prepared for installation Oct. 24, 2010, at John C. Stennis Space Center. The unit was installed at the E-2 Test Stand for verification and validation testing before it is moved to the A-3 stand. Steam generated by the nine CSG units that will be installed on the A-3 stand will create a vacuum that allows Stennis operators to test next-generation rocket engines at simulated altitudes up to 100,000 feet.

CSG delivery and installation

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-10-22

The first of nine chemical steam generator (CSG) units that will be used on the A-3 Test Stand arrived at John. C. Stennis Space Center on Oct. 22, 2010. The unit was installed at the E-2 Test Stand for verification and validation testing before it is moved to the A-3 stand. Steam generated by the nine CSG units that will be installed on the A-3 stand will create a vacuum that allows Stennis operators to test next-generation rocket engines at simulated altitudes up to 100,000 feet.

Study on steam pressure characteristics in various types of nozzles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Firman; Anshar, Muhammad

2018-03-01

Steam Jet Refrigeration (SJR) is one of the most widely applied technologies in the industry. The SJR system was utilizes residual steam from the steam generator and then flowed through the nozzle to a tank that was containing liquid. The nozzle converts the pressure energy into kinetic energy. Thus, it can evaporate the liquid briefly and release it to the condenser. The chilled water, was produced from the condenser, can be used to cool the product through a heat transfer process. This research aims to study the characteristics of vapor pressure in different types of nozzles using a simulation. The Simulation was performed using ANSYS FLUENT software for nozzle types such as convergent, convrgent-parallel, and convergent-divergent. The results of this study was presented the visualization of pressure in nozzles and was been validated with experiment data.

The simulation of organic rankine cycle power plant with n-pentane working fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nurhilal, Otong; Mulyana, Cukup; Suhendi, Nendi; Sapdiana, Didi

2016-02-01

In the steam power plant in Indonesia the dry steam from separator directly used to drive the turbin. Meanwhile, brine from the separator with low grade temperature reinjected to the earth. The brine with low grade temperature can be converted indirectly to electrical power by organic Rankine cycle (ORC) methods. In ORC power plant the steam are released from vaporization of organic working fluid by brine. The steam released are used to drive an turbine which in connected to generator to convert the mechanical energy into electric energy. The objective of this research is the simulation ORC power plant with n-pentane as organic working fluid. The result of the simulation for brine temperature around 165°C and the pressure 8.001 bar optained the net electric power around 1173 kW with the cycle thermal efficiency 14.61% and the flow rate of n-pentane around 15.51 kg/s. This result enable to applied in any geothermal source in Indonesia.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Llopis, C.; Mendizabal, R.; Perez, J.

An assessment of RELAP5/MOD2 cycle 36.04 against a load rejection from 100% to 50% power in Vandals II NPP (Spain) is presented. The work is inscribed in the framework of the Spanish contribution to ICAP Project. The model used in the simulation consists of a single loop, a steam generator and a steam line up to the steam header all of them enlarged on a scale of 3:1, and full-scaled reactor vessel and pressurizer. The results of the calculations have been in reasonable agreement with plant measurements.

Design and modelling of an innovative three-stage thermal storage system for direct steam generation CSP plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garcia, Pierre; Vuillerme, Valéry; Olcese, Marco; El Mourchid, Nadim

2016-05-01

Thermal Energy Storage systems (TES) for a Direct Steam Generation (DSG) solar plant feature preferably three stages in series including a latent heat storage module so that steam can be recovered with a limited temperature loss. The storage system designed within the Alsolen Sup project is characterized by an innovative combination of sensible and latent modules. A dynamic model of this three-stage storage has been developed and applied to size the storage system of the Alsolen Sup® plant demonstrator at CEA Cadarache. Results of this simulation show that this promising concept is an efficient way to store heat in DSG solar plants.

CSG delivery and installation

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-10-27

The first of nine chemical steam generator (CSG) units that will be used on the A-3 Test Stand is hoisted into place at the E-2 Test Stand at John C. Stennis Space Center on Oct. 24, 2010. The unit was installed at the E-2 stand for verification and validation testing before it is moved to the A-3 stand. Steam generated by the nine CSG units that will be installed on the A-3 stand will create a vacuum that allows Stennis operators to test next-generation rocket engines at simulated altitudes up to 100,000 feet.

Simulation of water vapor condensation on LOX droplet surface using liquid nitrogen

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Powell, Eugene A.

1988-01-01

The formation of ice or water layers on liquid oxygen (LOX) droplets in the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) environment was investigated. Formulation of such ice/water layers is indicated by phase-equilibrium considerations under conditions of high partial pressure of water vapor (steam) and low LOX droplet temperature prevailing in the SSME preburner or main chamber. An experimental investigation was begun using liquid nitrogen as a LOX simulant. A monodisperse liquid nitrogen droplet generator was developed which uses an acoustic driver to force the stream of liquid emerging from a capillary tube to break up into a stream of regularly space uniformly sized spherical droplets. The atmospheric pressure liquid nitrogen in the droplet generator reservoir was cooled below its boiling point to prevent two phase flow from occurring in the capillary tube. An existing steam chamber was modified for injection of liquid nitrogen droplets into atmospheric pressure superheated steam. The droplets were imaged using a stroboscopic video system and a laser shadowgraphy system. Several tests were conducted in which liquid nitrogen droplets were injected into the steam chamber. Under conditions of periodic droplet formation, images of 600 micron diameter liquid nitrogen droplets were obtained with the stroboscopic video systems.

Detailed partial load investigation of a thermal energy storage concept for solar thermal power plants with direct steam generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seitz, M.; Hübner, S.; Johnson, M.

2016-05-01

Direct steam generation enables the implementation of a higher steam temperature for parabolic trough concentrated solar power plants. This leads to much better cycle efficiencies and lower electricity generating costs. For a flexible and more economic operation of such a power plant, it is necessary to develop thermal energy storage systems for the extension of the production time of the power plant. In the case of steam as the heat transfer fluid, it is important to use a storage material that uses latent heat for the storage process. This leads to a minimum of exergy losses during the storage process. In the case of a concentrating solar power plant, superheated steam is needed during the discharging process. This steam cannot be superheated by the latent heat storage system. Therefore, a sensible molten salt storage system is used for this task. In contrast to the state-of-the-art thermal energy storages within the concentrating solar power area of application, a storage system for a direct steam generation plant consists of a latent and a sensible storage part. Thus far, no partial load behaviors of sensible and latent heat storage systems have been analyzed in detail. In this work, an optimized fin structure was developed in order to minimize the costs of the latent heat storage. A complete system simulation of the power plant process, including the solar field, power block and sensible and latent heat energy storage calculates the interaction between the solar field, the power block and the thermal energy storage system.

Simulation of Microdamage and Evaluation of Remaining Life of Steam Conduit Components from New-Generation Refractory Steel 10Kh9MF-Sh

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gladshtein, V. I.

2018-03-01

The effects of microdamage on the remaining life of high-temperature components of steam conduits from high-chromium steel 10Kh9MF-Sh and low-alloy steel 12Kh1M1F are compared. To simulate the microdamage, specimens with a circular notch and different relative diameters are fabricated. Specimens with a notch simulating the highest degree of microdamage and smooth specimens are tested for long-term strength. The coefficient of the remaining life of a conduit is computed for the range of relative damage presenting practical interest.

Coincident steam generator tube rupture and stuck-open safety relief valve carryover tests: MB-2 steam generator transient response test program

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garbett, K; Mendler, O J; Gardner, G C

In PWR steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) faults, a direct pathway for the release of radioactive fission products can exist if there is a coincident stuck-open safety relief valve (SORV) or if the safety relief valve is cycled. In addition to the release of fission products from the bulk steam generator water by moisture carryover, there exists the possibility that some primary coolant may be released without having first mixed with the bulk water - a process called primary coolant bypassing. The MB-2 Phase II test program was designed specifically to identify the processes for droplet carryover during SGTR faultsmore » and to provide data of sufficient accuracy for use in developing physical models and computer codes to describe activity release. The test program consisted of sixteen separate tests designed to cover a range of steady-state and transient fault conditions. These included a full SGTR/SORV transient simulation, two SGTR overfill tests, ten steady-state SGTR tests at water levels ranging from very low levels in the bundle up to those when the dryer was flooded, and three moisture carryover tests without SGTR. In these tests the influence of break location and the effect of bypassing the dryer were also studied. In a final test the behavior with respect to aerosol particles in a dry steam generator, appropriate to a severe accident fault, was investigated.« less

Using Dynamic Simulation to Evaluate Attemperator Operation in a Natural Gas Combined Cycle With Duct Burners in the Heat Recovery Steam Generator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liese, Eric; Zitney, Stephen E.

A generic training simulator of a natural gas combined cycle was modified to match operations at a real plant. The objective was to use the simulator to analyze cycling operations of the plant. Initial operation of the simulator revealed the potential for saturation conditions in the final high pressure superheater as the attemperator tried to control temperature at the superheater outlet during gas turbine loading and unloading. Subsequent plant operational data confirmed simulation results. Multiple simulations were performed during loading and unloading of the gas turbine to determine operational strategies that prevented saturation and increased the approach to saturation temperature.more » The solutions included changes to the attemperator temperature control setpoints and strategic control of the steam turbine inlet pressure control valve.« less

Breckinridge Project, initial effort

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1982-01-01

The project cogeneration plant supplies electric power, process steam and treated boiler feedwater for use by the project plants. The plant consists of multiple turbine generators and steam generators connected to a common main steam header. The major plant systems which are required to produce steam, electrical power and treated feedwater are discussed individually. The systems are: steam, steam generator, steam generator fuel, condensate and feedwater deaeration, condensate and blowdown collection, cooling water, boiler feedwater treatment, coal handling, ash handling (fly ash and bottom ash), electrical, and control system. The plant description is based on the Phase Zero design basismore » established for Plant 31 in July of 1980 and the steam/condensate balance as presented on Drawing 31-E-B-1. Updating of steam requirements as more refined process information becomes available has generated some changes in the steam balance. Boiler operation with these updated requirements is reflected on Drawing 31-D-B-1A. The major impact of updating has been that less 600 psig steam generated within the process units requires more extraction steam from the turbine generators to close the 600 psig steam balance. Since the 900 psig steam generation from the boilers was fixed at 1,200,000 lb/hr, the additional extraction steam required to close the 600 psig steam balance decreased the quantity of electrical power available from the turbine generators. In the next phase of engineering work, the production of 600 psig steam will be augmented by increasing convection bank steam generation in the Plant 3 fired heaters by 140,000 to 150,000 lb/hr. This modification will allow full rated power generation from the turbine generators.« less

Analysis of helium purification system capability during water ingress accident in RDE

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sriyono; Kusmastuti, Rahayu; Bakhri, Syaiful; Sunaryo, Geni Rina

2018-02-01

The water ingress accident caused by steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) in RDE (Experimental Power Reactor) must be anticipated. During the accident, steam from secondary system diffused and mixed with helium gas in the primary coolant. To avoid graphite corrosion in the core, steam will be removed by Helium purification system (HPS). There are two trains in HPS, first train for normal operation and the second for the regeneration and accident. The second train is responsible to clean the coolant during accident condition. The second train is equipped with additional component, i.e. water cooler, post accident blower, and water separator to remove this mixture gas. During water ingress, the water release from rupture tube is mixed with helium gas. The water cooler acts as a steam condenser, where the steam will be separated by water separator from the helium gas. This paper analyses capability of HPS during water ingress accident. The goal of the research is to determine the time consumed by HPS to remove the total amount of water ingress. The method used is modelling and simulation of the HPS by using ChemCAD software. The BDBA and DBA scenarios will be simulated. In BDBA scenario, up to 110 kg of water is assumed to infiltrate to primary coolant while DBA is up to 35 kg. By using ChemCAD simulation, the second train will purify steam ingress maximum in 0.5 hours. The HPS of RDE has a capability to anticipate the water ingress accident.

49 CFR 229.105 - Steam generator number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steam generator number. 229.105 Section 229.105..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Steam Generators § 229.105 Steam generator number. An identification number shall be marked on the steam generator's...

Mathematical modeling of control system for the experimental steam generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Podlasek, Szymon; Lalik, Krzysztof; Filipowicz, Mariusz; Sornek, Krzysztof; Kupski, Robert; Raś, Anita

2016-03-01

A steam generator is an essential unit of each cogeneration system using steam machines. Currently one of the cheapest ways of the steam generation can be application of old steam generators came from army surplus store. They have relatively simple construction and in case of not so exploited units - quite good general conditions, and functionality of mechanical components. By contrast, electrical components and control systems (mostly based on relay automatics) are definitely obsolete. It is not possible to use such units with cooperation of steam bus or with steam engines. In particular, there is no possibility for automatically adjustment of the pressure and the temperature of the generated steam supplying steam engines. Such adjustment is necessary in case of variation of a generator load. The paper is devoted to description of improvement of an exemplary unit together with construction of the measurement-control system based on a PLC. The aim was to enable for communication between the steam generator and controllers of the steam bus and steam engines in order to construction of a complete, fully autonomic and maintenance-free microcogeneration system.

Wood-Graphene Oxide Composite for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation and Desalination.

PubMed

Liu, Keng-Ku; Jiang, Qisheng; Tadepalli, Sirimuvva; Raliya, Ramesh; Biswas, Pratim; Naik, Rajesh R; Singamaneni, Srikanth

2017-03-01

Solar steam generation is a highly promising technology for harvesting solar energy, desalination and water purification. We introduce a novel bilayered structure composed of wood and graphene oxide (GO) for highly efficient solar steam generation. The GO layer deposited on the microporous wood provides broad optical absorption and high photothermal conversion resulting in rapid increase in the temperature at the liquid surface. On the other hand, wood serves as a thermal insulator to confine the photothermal heat to the evaporative surface and to facilitate the efficient transport of water from the bulk to the photothermally active space. Owing to the tailored bilayer structure and the optimal thermo-optical properties of the individual components, the wood-GO composite structure exhibited a solar thermal efficiency of ∼83% under simulated solar excitation at a power density of 12 kW/m 2 . The novel composite structure demonstrated here is highly scalable and cost-efficient, making it an attractive material for various applications involving large light absorption, photothermal conversion and heat localization.

Steam generator support system

DOEpatents

Moldenhauer, J.E.

1987-08-25

A support system for connection to an outer surface of a J-shaped steam generator for use with a nuclear reactor or other liquid metal cooled power source is disclosed. The J-shaped steam generator is mounted with the bent portion at the bottom. An arrangement of elongated rod members provides both horizontal and vertical support for the steam generator. The rod members are interconnected to the steam generator assembly and a support structure in a manner which provides for thermal distortion of the steam generator without the transfer of bending moments to the support structure and in a like manner substantially minimizes forces being transferred between the support structure and the steam generator as a result of seismic disturbances. 4 figs.

Steam generator support system

DOEpatents

Moldenhauer, James E.

1987-01-01

A support system for connection to an outer surface of a J-shaped steam generator for use with a nuclear reactor or other liquid metal cooled power source. The J-shaped steam generator is mounted with the bent portion at the bottom. An arrangement of elongated rod members provides both horizontal and vertical support for the steam generator. The rod members are interconnected to the steam generator assembly and a support structure in a manner which provides for thermal distortion of the steam generator without the transfer of bending moments to the support structure and in a like manner substantially minimizes forces being transferred between the support structure and the steam generator as a result of seismic disturbances.

Start-up control system and vessel for LMFBR

DOEpatents

Durrant, Oliver W.; Kakarala, Chandrasekhara R.; Mandel, Sheldon W.

1987-01-01

A reflux condensing start-up system includes a steam generator, a start-up vessel connected parallel to the steam generator, a main steam line connecting steam outlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel to a steam turbine, a condenser connected to an outlet of the turbine and a feedwater return line connected between the condenser and inlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel. The start-up vessel has one or more heaters at the bottom thereof for heating feedwater which is supplied over a start-up line to the start-up vessel. Steam is thus generated to pressurize the steam generator before the steam generator is supplied with a heat transfer medium, for example liquid sodium, in the case of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The start-up vessel includes upper and lower bulbs with a smaller diameter mid-section to act as water and steam reservoirs. The start-up vessel can thus be used not only in a start-up operation but as a mixing tank, a water storage tank and a level control at low loads for controlling feedwater flow.

Start-up control system and vessel for LMFBR

DOEpatents

Durrant, Oliver W.; Kakarala, Chandrasekhara R.; Mandel, Sheldon W.

1987-01-01

A reflux condensing start-up system comprises a steam generator, a start-up vessel connected parallel to the steam generator, a main steam line connecting steam outlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel to a steam turbine, a condenser connected to an outlet of the turbine and a feedwater return line connected between the condenser and inlets of the steam generator and start-up vessel. The start-up vessel has one or more heaters at the bottom thereof for heating feedwater which is supplied over a start-up line to the start-up vessel. Steam is thus generated to pressurize the steam generator before the steam generator is supplied with a heat transfer medium, for example liquid sodium, in the case of a liquid metal fast breeder reactor. The start-up vessel includes upper and lower bulbs with a smaller diameter mid-section to act as water and steam reservoirs. The start-up vessel can thus be used not only in a start-up operation but as a mixing tank, a water storage tank and a level control at low loads for controlling feedwater flow.

Pre-test analysis of protected loss of primary pump transients in CIRCE-HERO facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Narcisi, V.; Giannetti, F.; Del Nevo, A.; Tarantino, M.; Caruso, G.

2017-11-01

In the frame of LEADER project (Lead-cooled European Advanced Demonstration Reactor), a new configuration of the steam generator for ALFRED (Advanced Lead Fast Reactor European Demonstrator) was proposed. The new concept is a super-heated steam generator, double wall bayonet tube type with leakage monitoring [1]. In order to support the new steam generator concept, in the framework of Horizon 2020 SESAME project (thermal hydraulics Simulations and Experiments for the Safety Assessment of MEtal cooled reactors), the ENEA CIRCE pool facility will be refurbished to host the HERO (Heavy liquid mEtal pRessurized water cOoled tubes) test section to investigate a bundle of seven full scale bayonet tubes in ALFRED-like thermal hydraulics conditions. The aim of this work is to verify thermo-fluid dynamic performance of HERO during the transition from nominal to natural circulation condition. The simulations have been performed with RELAP5-3D© by using the validated geometrical model of the previous CIRCE-ICE test section [2], in which the preceding heat exchanger has been replaced by the new bayonet bundle model. Several calculations have been carried out to identify thermal hydraulics performance in different steady state conditions. The previous calculations represent the starting points of transient tests aimed at investigating the operation in natural circulation. The transient tests consist of the protected loss of primary pump, obtained by reducing feed-water mass flow to simulate the activation of DHR (Decay Heat Removal) system, and of the loss of DHR function in hot conditions, where feed-water mass flow rate is absent. According to simulations, in nominal conditions, HERO bayonet bundle offers excellent thermal hydraulic behavior and, moreover, it allows the operation in natural circulation.

RELAP5-3D Modeling of Heat Transfer Components (Intermediate Heat Exchanger and Helical-Coil Steam Generator) for NGNP Application

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

N. A. Anderson; P. Sabharwall

2014-01-01

The Next Generation Nuclear Plant project is aimed at the research and development of a helium-cooled high-temperature gas reactor that could generate both electricity and process heat for the production of hydrogen. The heat from the high-temperature primary loop must be transferred via an intermediate heat exchanger to a secondary loop. Using RELAP5-3D, a model was developed for two of the heat exchanger options a printed-circuit heat exchanger and a helical-coil steam generator. The RELAP5-3D models were used to simulate an exponential decrease in pressure over a 20 second period. The results of this loss of coolant analysis indicate thatmore » heat is initially transferred from the primary loop to the secondary loop, but after the decrease in pressure in the primary loop the heat is transferred from the secondary loop to the primary loop. A high-temperature gas reactor model should be developed and connected to the heat transfer component to simulate other transients.« less

Update on ORNL TRANSFORM Tool: Simulating Multi-Module Advanced Reactor with End-to-End I&C

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hale, Richard Edward; Fugate, David L.; Cetiner, Sacit M.

2015-05-01

The Small Modular Reactor (SMR) Dynamic System Modeling Tool project is in the fourth year of development. The project is designed to support collaborative modeling and study of various advanced SMR (non-light water cooled reactor) concepts, including the use of multiple coupled reactors at a single site. The focus of this report is the development of a steam generator and drum system model that includes the complex dynamics of typical steam drum systems, the development of instrumentation and controls for the steam generator with drum system model, and the development of multi-reactor module models that reflect the full power reactormore » innovative small module design concept. The objective of the project is to provide a common simulation environment and baseline modeling resources to facilitate rapid development of dynamic advanced reactor models; ensure consistency among research products within the Instrumentation, Controls, and Human-Machine Interface technical area; and leverage cross-cutting capabilities while minimizing duplication of effort. The combined simulation environment and suite of models are identified as the TRANSFORM tool. The critical elements of this effort include (1) defining a standardized, common simulation environment that can be applied throughout the Advanced Reactors Technology program; (2) developing a library of baseline component modules that can be assembled into full plant models using available geometry, design, and thermal-hydraulic data; (3) defining modeling conventions for interconnecting component models; and (4) establishing user interfaces and support tools to facilitate simulation development (i.e., configuration and parameterization), execution, and results display and capture.« less

Horizontal steam generator thermal-hydraulics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ubra, O.; Doubek, M.

1995-09-01

Horizontal steam generators are typical components of nuclear power plants with pressure water reactor type VVER. Thermal-hydraulic behavior of horizontal steam generators is very different from the vertical U-tube steam generator, which has been extensively studied for several years. To contribute to the understanding of the horizontal steam generator thermal-hydraulics a computer program for 3-D steady state analysis of the PGV-1000 steam generator has been developed. By means of this computer program, a detailed thermal-hydraulic and thermodynamic study of the horizontal steam generator PGV-1000 has been carried out and a set of important steam generator characteristics has been obtained. Themore » 3-D distribution of the void fraction and 3-D level profile as functions of load and secondary side pressure have been investigated and secondary side volumes and masses as functions of load and pressure have been evaluated. Some of the interesting results of calculations are presented in the paper.« less

Natural Circulation Level Optimization and the Effect during ULOF Accident in the SPINNOR Reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdullah, Ade Gafar; Su'ud, Zaki; Kurniadi, Rizal; Kurniasih, Neny; Yulianti, Yanti

2010-12-01

Natural circulation level optimization and the effect during loss of flow accident in the 250 MWt MOX fuelled small Pb-Bi Cooled non-refueling nuclear reactors (SPINNOR) have been performed. The simulation was performed using FI-ITB safety code which has been developed in ITB. The simulation begins with steady state calculation of neutron flux, power distribution and temperature distribution across the core, hot pool and cool pool, and also steam generator. When the accident is started due to the loss of pumping power the power distribution and the temperature distribution of core, hot pool and cool pool, and steam generator change. Then the feedback reactivity calculation is conducted, followed by kinetic calculation. The process is repeated until the optimum power distribution is achieved. The results show that the SPINNOR reactor has inherent safety capability against this accident.

46 CFR 54.01-10 - Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)). 54... ENGINEERING PRESSURE VESSELS General Requirements § 54.01-10 Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)). (a) Pressure vessels in which steam is generated are classed as “Unfired Steam Boilers” except as...

Prediction and modeling of the two-dimensional separation characteristic of a steam generator at a nuclear power station with VVER-1000 reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parchevsky, V. M.; Guryanova, V. V.

2017-01-01

A computational and experimental procedure for construction of the two-dimensional separation curve (TDSC) for a horizontal steam generator (SG) at a nuclear power station (NPS) with VVER-reactors. In contrast to the conventional one-dimensional curve describing the wetness of saturated steam generated in SG as a function of the boiler water level at one, usually rated, load, TDSC is a function of two variables, which are the level and the load of SGB that enables TDSC to be used for wetness control in a wide load range. The procedure is based on two types of experimental data obtained during rated load operation: the nonuniformity factor of the steam load at the outlet from the submerged perforated sheet (SPS) and the dependence of the mass water level in the vicinity of the "hot" header on the water level the "cold" end of SG. The TDSC prediction procedure is presented in the form of an algorithm using SG characteristics, such as steam load and water level as the input and giving the calculated steam wetness at the output. The zoneby-zone calculation method is used. The result is presented in an analytical form (as an empirical correlation) suitable for uploading into controllers or other controls. The predicted TDSC can be used during real-time operation for implementation of different wetness control scenarios (for example, if the effectiveness is a priority, then the minimum water level, minimum wetness, and maximum turbine efficiency should be maintained; if safety is a priority, then the maximum level at the allowable wetness and the maximum water inventory should be kept), for operation of NPS in controlling the frequency and power in a power system, at the design phase (as a part of the simulation complex for verification of design solutions), during construction and erection (in developing software for personnel training simulators), during commissioning tests (to reduce the duration and labor-intensity of experimental activities), and for training.

Effect of steam generator configuration in a loss of the RHR during mid-loop operation at PKL facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Villanueva, J. F.; Carlos, S.; Martorell, S.

The loss of the residual heat removal system in mid-loop conditions may occur with a non-negligible contribution to the plant risk, so the analysis of the accidental sequences and the actions to mitigate the accident are of great interest in shutdown conditions. In order to plan the appropriate measures to mitigate the accident is necessary to understand the thermal-hydraulic processes following the loss of the residual heat removal system during shutdown. Thus, transients of this kind have been simulated using best-estimate codes in different integral test facilities and compared with experimental data obtained in different facilities. In PKL (Primaerkreislauf-Versuchsanlage, primarymore » coolant loop test facility) test facility different series of experiments have been undertaken to analyze the plant response in shutdown. In this context, the E3 and F2 series consist of analyzing the loss of the residual heat removal system with a reduced inventory in the primary system. In particular, the experiments were developed to investigate the influence of the steam generators secondary side configuration on the plant response, what involves the consideration of different number of steam generators filled with water and ready for activation, on the heat transfer mechanisms inside the steam generators U-tubes. This work presents the results of such experiments calculated using, RELAP5/Mod 3.3. (authors)« less

49 CFR 229.105 - Steam generator number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Steam generator number. 229.105 Section 229.105....105 Steam generator number. An identification number shall be marked on the steam generator's separator and that number entered on FRA Form F 6180-49A. ...

49 CFR 229.105 - Steam generator number.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Steam generator number. 229.105 Section 229.105....105 Steam generator number. An identification number shall be marked on the steam generator's separator and that number entered on FRA Form F 6180-49A. ...

Robot arm apparatus

DOEpatents

Nachbar, Henry D.

1992-12-01

A robot arm apparatus is provided for inspecting and/or maintaining an interior of a steam generator which has an outside wall and a port for accessing the interior of the steam generator. The robot arm apparatus includes a flexible movable conduit for conveying inspection and/or maintenance apparatus from outside the steam generator to the interior of the steam generator. The flexible conduit has a terminal working end which is translated into and around the interior of the steam generator. Three motors located outside the steam generator are employed for moving the terminal working end inside the steam generator in "x", "y", and "z" directions, respectively. Commonly conducted inspection and maintenance operations include visual inspection for damaged areas, water jet lancing for cleaning sludge deposits, core boring for obtaining sludge deposits, and scrubbing of internal parts.

Robot arm apparatus

DOEpatents

Nachbar, Henry D.

1992-01-01

A robot arm apparatus is provided for inspecting and/or maintaining an interior of a steam generator which has an outside wall and a port for accessing the interior of the steam generator. The robot arm apparatus includes a flexible movable conduit for conveying inspection and/or maintenance apparatus from outside the steam generator to the interior of the steam generator. The flexible conduit has a terminal working end which is translated into and around the interior of the steam generator. Three motors located outside the steam generator are employed for moving the terminal working end inside the steam generator in "x", "y", and "z" directions, respectively. Commonly conducted inspection and maintenance operations include visual inspection for damaged areas, water jet lancing for cleaning sludge deposits, core boring for obtaining sludge deposits, and scrubbing of internal parts.

Flow Distribution Control Characteristics in Marine Gas Turbine Waste- Heat Recovery Systems. Phase 2. Flow Distribution Control in Waste-Heat Steam Generators

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

waste-heat steam generators. The applicable steam generator design concepts and general design consideration were reviewed and critical problems...a once-through forced-circulation steam generator design should be selected because of stability, reliability, compact- ness and lightweight...consists of three sections and one appendix. In Section I, the applicable steam generator design conccpts and general design * considerations are reviewed

Isopropyl alcohol tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

An isopropyl alcohol (IPA) tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen IPA, water and liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Water tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

A water tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen water, liquid oxygen (LOX) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Liquid oxygen tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

A liquid oxygen (LOX) tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen LOX, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Water tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-08-13

A water tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen water, liquid oxygen (LOX) and isopropyl alcohol (IPA) tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Liquid oxygen tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-18

A liquid oxygen (LOX) tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen LOX, isopropyl alcohol (IPA) and water tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Isopropyl alcohol tank installed at A-3 Test Stand

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-18

An isopropyl alcohol (IPA) tank is lifted into place at the A-3 Test Stand being built at NASA's John C. Stennis Space Center. Fourteen IPA, water and liquid oxygen (LOX) tanks are being installed to support the chemical steam generators to be used on the A-3 Test Stand. The IPA and LOX tanks will provide fuel for the generators. The water will allow the generators to produce steam that will be used to reduce pressure inside the stand's test cell diffuser, enabling operators to simulate altitudes up to 100,000 feet. In that way, operators can perform the tests needed on rocket engines being built to carry humans back to the moon and possibly beyond. The A-3 Test Stand is set for completion and activation in 2011.

Development of non-destructive testing technology for the crack of steam generator tubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheong, Yong Moo; Chung, Tae Eon; Yim, Chang Jae; Kang, Ki Won

1993-01-01

The artificial defects of slot type with width of 0.2 mm were manufactured by EDM to simulate the axial and the circumferential cracks located at the region of expansion transition of the steam generator tubes. The defect signals of ECT using MRPC were analyzed. It is possible to suppress satisfactorily the malign effects of the variation of the geometry of the tubes on the inspection of cracks by using the MRPC probe. The optimum exciting frequency for the detection of cracks by MRPC is greater than 200 kHz and is less than 400 kHz. The direction of crack has little effect on the detectability of the defect.

Apparatus and methods of reheating gas turbine cooling steam and high pressure steam turbine exhaust in a combined cycle power generating system

DOEpatents

Tomlinson, Leroy Omar; Smith, Raub Warfield

2002-01-01

In a combined cycle system having a multi-pressure heat recovery steam generator, a gas turbine and steam turbine, steam for cooling gas turbine components is supplied from the intermediate pressure section of the heat recovery steam generator supplemented by a portion of the steam exhausting from the HP section of the steam turbine, steam from the gas turbine cooling cycle and the exhaust from the HP section of the steam turbine are combined for flow through a reheat section of the HRSG. The reheated steam is supplied to the IP section inlet of the steam turbine. Thus, where gas turbine cooling steam temperature is lower than optimum, a net improvement in performance is achieved by flowing the cooling steam exhausting from the gas turbine and the exhaust steam from the high pressure section of the steam turbine in series through the reheater of the HRSG for applying steam at optimum temperature to the IP section of the steam turbine.

Locating hot and cold-legs in a nuclear powered steam generation system

DOEpatents

Ekeroth, D.E.; Corletti, M.M.

1993-11-16

A nuclear reactor steam generator includes a reactor vessel for heating water and a steam generator with a pump casing at the lowest point on the steam generator. A cold-leg pipe extends horizontally between the steam generator and the reactor vessel to return water from the steam generator to the reactor vessel. The bottom of the cold-leg pipe is at a first height above the bottom of the reactor vessel. A hot-leg pipe with one end connected to the steam generator and a second end connected to the reactor vessel has a first pipe region extending downwardly from the steam generator to a location between the steam generator and the reactor vessel at which a bottom of the hot-leg pipe is at a second height above the bottom of the reactor vessel. A second region extends from that location in a horizontal direction at the second height to the point at which the hot-leg pipe connects to the reactor vessel. A pump is attached to the casing at a location below the first and second heights and returns water from the steam generator to the reactor vessel over the cold-leg. The first height is greater than the second height and the bottom of the steam generator is at a height above the bottom of the reactor vessel that is greater than the first and second heights. A residual heat recovery pump is below the hot-leg and has an inlet line from the hot-leg that slopes down continuously to the pump inlet. 2 figures.

Locating hot and cold-legs in a nuclear powered steam generation system

DOEpatents

Ekeroth, Douglas E.; Corletti, Michael M.

1993-01-01

A nuclear reactor steam generator includes a reactor vessel for heating water and a steam generator with a pump casing at the lowest point on the steam generator. A cold-leg pipe extends horizontally between the steam generator and the reactor vessel to return water from the steam generator to the reactor vessel. The bottom of the cold-leg pipe is at a first height above the bottom of the reactor vessel. A hot-leg pipe with one end connected to the steam generator and a second end connected to the reactor vessel has a first pipe region extending downwardly from the steam generator to a location between the steam generator and the reactor vessel at which a bottom of the hot-leg pipe is at a second height above the bottom of the reactor vessel. A second region extends from that location in a horizontal direction at the second height to the point at which the hot-leg pipe connects to the reactor vessel. A pump is attached to the casing at a location below the first and second heights and returns water from the steam generator to the reactor vessel over the cold-leg. The first height is greater than the second height and the bottom of the steam generator is at a height above the bottom of the reactor vessel that is greater than the first and second heights. A residual heat recovery pump is below the hot-leg and has an inlet line from the hot-leg that slopes down continuously to the pump inlet.

76 FR 66763 - Models for Plant-Specific Adoption of Technical Specifications Task Force Traveler TSTF-510...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-27

... of Technical Specifications Task Force Traveler TSTF-510, Revision 2, ``Revision to Steam Generator..., Revision 2, ``Revision to Steam Generator [(SG)] Program Inspection Frequencies and Tube Sample Selection..., ``Steam Generator (SG) Program,'' Specification 5.6.7, ``Steam Generator Tube Inspection Report,'' and the...

EVALUATION OF EYE LENS DOSE TO WORKERS IN THE STEAM GENERATOR AT THE KOREAN OPTIMIZED POWER REACTOR 1000.

PubMed

Maeng, Sung Jun; Kim, Jinhwan; Cho, Gyuseong

2018-03-15

ICRP (2011) revised the dose limit to the eye lens to 20 mSv/y based on a recent epidemiological study of radiation-induced cataracts. Maintenance of steam generators at nuclear power plants is one of the highest radiation-associated tasks within a non-uniform radiation field. This study aims to evaluate eye lens doses in the steam generators of the Korean OPR1000 design. The source term was characterized based on the CRUD-specific activity, and both the eye lens dose and organ dose were simulated using MCNP6 combined with an ICRP voxel phantom and a mesh phantom, respectively. The eye lens dose was determined to be 5.39E-02-9.43E-02 Sv/h, with a negligible effect by beta particles. As the effective dose was found to be 0.81-1.21 times the lens equivalent dose depending on the phantom angles, the former can be used to estimate the lens dose in the SG of the OPR1000 for radiation monitoring purposes.

Waste remediation

DOEpatents

Halas, Nancy J.; Nordlander, Peter; Neumann, Oara

2017-01-17

A system including a steam generation system and a chamber. The steam generation system includes a complex and the steam generation system is configured to receive water, concentrate electromagnetic (EM) radiation received from an EM radiation source, apply the EM radiation to the complex, where the complex absorbs the EM radiation to generate heat, and transform, using the heat generated by the complex, the water to steam. The chamber is configured to receive the steam and an object, wherein the object is of medical waste, medical equipment, fabric, and fecal matter.

Waste remediation

DOEpatents

Halas, Nancy J.; Nordlander, Peter; Neumann, Oara

2015-12-29

A system including a steam generation system and a chamber. The steam generation system includes a complex and the steam generation system is configured to receive water, concentrate electromagnetic (EM) radiation received from an EM radiation source, apply the EM radiation to the complex, where the complex absorbs the EM radiation to generate heat, and transform, using the heat generated by the complex, the water to steam. The chamber is configured to receive the steam and an object, wherein the object is of medical waste, medical equipment, fabric, and fecal matter.

Impact of the climate change on the performance of the steam and gas turbines in Russia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fedotova (Kasilova, E. V.; Klimenko, V. V.; Klimenko, A. V.; Tereshin, A. G.

2017-11-01

The power generating industry is known to be vulnerable to the climate change due to the deteriorating efficiency of the power equipment. Effects for Russia are not completely understood yet. But they are already detected and will be more pronounced during the entire current century, as the Russian territory is one of the areas around the world where the climate change is developing most rapidly. An original climate model was applied to simulate the change of the air temperature across Russia for the twenty-first century. The results of the climate simulations were used to conduct impact analysis for the steam and gas turbine performance taking into account seasonal and spatial heterogeneity of the climate change across the Russian territory. Sensitivity of the turbines to the climatic conditions was simulated using both results of fundamental heat transfer research and empirical performance curves for the units being in operation nowadays. The integral effect of the climate change on the power generating industry was estimated. Some possible challenges and opportunities resulted from the climate change were identified.

Evaluation of anticipatory signal to steam generator pressure control program for 700 MWe Indian pressurized heavy water reactor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pahari, S.; Hajela, S.; Rammohan, H. P.

2012-07-01

700 MWe Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (IPHWR) is horizontal channel type reactor with partial boiling at channel outlet. Due to boiling, it has a large volume of vapor present in the primary loops. It has two primary loops connected with the help of pressurizer surge line. The pressurizer has a large capacity and is partly filled by liquid and partly by vapor. Large vapor volume improves compressibility of the system. During turbine trip or load rejection, pressure builds up in Steam Generator (SG). This leads to pressurization of Primary Heat Transport System (PHTS). To control pressurization of SG andmore » PHTS, around 70% of the steam generated in SG is dumped into the condenser by opening Condenser Steam Dump Valves (CSDVs) and rest of the steam is released to the atmosphere by opening Atmospheric Steam Discharge Valves (ASDVs) immediately after sensing the event. This is accomplished by adding anticipatory signal to the output of SG pressure controller. Anticipatory signal is proportional to the thermal power of reactor and the proportionality constant is set so that SG pressure controller's output jacks up to ASDV opening range when operating at 100% FP. To simulate this behavior for 700 MWe IPHWR, Primary and secondary heat transport system is modeled. SG pressure control and other process control program have also been modeled to capture overall plant dynamics. Analysis has been carried out with 3-D neutron kinetics coupled thermal hydraulic computer code ATMIKA.T to evaluate the effect of the anticipatory signal on PHT pressure and over all plant dynamics during turbine trip in 700 MWe IPHWR. This paper brings out the results of the analysis with and without considering anticipatory signal in SG pressure control program during turbine trip. (authors)« less

Vessel structural support system

DOEpatents

Jenko, James X.; Ott, Howard L.; Wilson, Robert M.; Wepfer, Robert M.

1992-01-01

Vessel structural support system for laterally and vertically supporting a vessel, such as a nuclear steam generator having an exterior bottom surface and a side surface thereon. The system includes a bracket connected to the bottom surface. A support column is pivotally connected to the bracket for vertically supporting the steam generator. The system also includes a base pad assembly connected pivotally to the support column for supporting the support column and the steam generator. The base pad assembly, which is capable of being brought to a level position by turning leveling nuts, is anchored to a floor. The system further includes a male key member attached to the side surface of the steam generator and a female stop member attached to an adjacent wall. The male key member and the female stop member coact to laterally support the steam generator. Moreover, the system includes a snubber assembly connected to the side surface of the steam generator and also attached to the adjacent wall for dampening lateral movement of the steam generator. In addition, the system includes a restraining member of "flat" attached to the side surface of the steam generator and a bumper attached to the adjacent wall. The flat and the bumper coact to further laterally support the steam generator.

Implementing a Nuclear Power Plant Model for Evaluating Load-Following Capability on a Small Grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arda, Samet Egemen

A pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plant (NPP) model is introduced into Positive Sequence Load Flow (PSLF) software by General Electric in order to evaluate the load-following capability of NPPs. The nuclear steam supply system (NSSS) consists of a reactor core, hot and cold legs, plenums, and a U-tube steam generator. The physical systems listed above are represented by mathematical models utilizing a state variable lumped parameter approach. A steady-state control program for the reactor, and simple turbine and governor models are also developed. Adequacy of the isolated reactor core, the isolated steam generator, and the complete PWR models are tested in Matlab/Simulink and dynamic responses are compared with the test results obtained from the H. B. Robinson NPP. Test results illustrate that the developed models represents the dynamic features of real-physical systems and are capable of predicting responses due to small perturbations of external reactivity and steam valve opening. Subsequently, the NSSS representation is incorporated into PSLF and coupled with built-in excitation system and generator models. Different simulation cases are run when sudden loss of generation occurs in a small power system which includes hydroelectric and natural gas power plants besides the developed PWR NPP. The conclusion is that the NPP can respond to a disturbance in the power system without exceeding any design and safety limits if appropriate operational conditions, such as achieving the NPP turbine control by adjusting the speed of the steam valve, are met. In other words, the NPP can participate in the control of system frequency and improve the overall power system performance.

PWR-related integral safety experiments in the PKL 111 test facility SBLOCA under beyond-design-basis accident conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weber, P.; Umminger, K.J.; Schoen, B.

1995-09-01

The thermal hydraulic behavior of a PWR during beyond-design-basis accident scenarios is of vital interest for the verification and optimization of accident management procedures. Within the scope of the German reactor safety research program experiments were performed in the volumetrically scaled PKL 111 test facility by Siemens/KWU. This highly instrumented test rig simulates a KWU-design PWR (1300 MWe). In particular, the latest tests performed related to a SBLOCA with additional system failures, e.g. nitrogen entering the primary system. In the case of a SBLOCA, it is the goal of the operator to put the plant in a condition where themore » decay heat can be removed first using the low pressure emergency core cooling system and then the residual heat removal system. The experimental investigation presented assumed the following beyond-design-basis accident conditions: 0.5% break in a cold leg, 2 of 4 steam generators (SGs) isolated on the secondary side (feedwater- and steam line-valves closed), filled with steam on the primary side, cooldown of the primary system using the remaining two steam generators, high pressure injection system only in the two loops with intact steam generators, if possible no operator actions to reach the conditions for residual heat removal system activation. Furthermore, it was postulated that 2 of the 4 hot leg accumulators had a reduced initial water inventory (increased nitrogen inventory), allowing nitrogen to enter the primary system at a pressure of 15 bar and nearly preventing the heat transfer in the SGs ({open_quotes}passivating{close_quotes} U-tubes). Due to this the heat transfer regime in the intact steam generators changed remarkably. The primary system showed self-regulating system effects and heat transfer improved again (reflux-condenser mode in the U-tube inlet region).« less

Status of steam generator tubing integrity at Jaslovske Bohunice NPP

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cepcek, S.

1997-02-01

Steam generator represents one of the most important component of nuclear power plants. Especially, loss of tubing integrity of steam generators can lead to the primary coolant leak to secondary circuit and in worse cases to the unit shut down or to the PTS events occurrence. Therefore, to ensure the steam generator tubing integrity and the current knowledge about tube degradation propagation and development is of the highest importance. In this paper the present status of steam generator tubing integrity in operated NPP in Slovak Republic is presented.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Merzari, E.; Yuan, Haomin; Kraus, A.

The NEAMS program aims to develop an integrated multi-physics simulation capability “pellet-to-plant” for the design and analysis of future generations of nuclear power plants. In particular, the Reactor Product Line code suite's multi-resolution hierarchy is being designed to ultimately span the full range of length and time scales present in relevant reactor design and safety analyses, as well as scale from desktop to petaflop computing platforms. Flow-induced vibration (FIV) is widespread problem in energy systems because they rely on fluid movement for energy conversion. Vibrating structures may be damaged as fatigue or wear occurs. Given the importance of reliable componentsmore » in the nuclear industry, flow-induced vibration has long been a major concern in safety and operation of nuclear reactors. In particular, nuclear fuel rods and steam generators have been known to suffer from flow-induced vibration and related failures. Advanced reactors, such as integral Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) considered for Small Modular Reactors (SMR), often rely on innovative component designs to meet cost and safety targets. One component that is the subject of advanced designs is the steam generator, some designs of which forego the usual shell-and-tube architecture in order to fit within the primary vessel. In addition to being more cost- and space-efficient, such steam generators need to be more reliable, since failure of the primary vessel represents a potential loss of coolant and a safety concern. A significant amount of data exists on flow-induced vibration in shell-and-tube heat exchangers, and heuristic methods are available to predict their occurrence based on a set of given assumptions. In contrast, advanced designs have far less data available. Advanced modeling and simulation based on coupled structural and fluid simulations have the potential to predict flow-induced vibration in a variety of designs, reducing the need for expensive experimental programs, especially at the design stage. Over the past five years, the Reactor Product Line has developed the integrated multi-physics code suite SHARP. The goal of developing such a tool is to perform multi-physics neutronics, thermal/fluid, and structural mechanics modeling of the components inside the full reactor core or portions of it with a user-specified fidelity. In particular SHARP contains high-fidelity single-physics codes Diablo for structural mechanics and Nek5000 for fluid mechanics calculations. Both codes are state-of-the-art, highly scalable tools that have been extensively validated. These tools form a strong basis on which to build a flow-induced vibration modeling capability. In this report we discuss one-way coupled calculations performed with Nek5000 and Diablo aimed at simulating available FIV experiments in helical steam generators in the turbulent buffeting regime. In this regime one-way coupling is judged sufficient because the pressure loads do not cause substantial displacements. It is also the most common source of vibration in helical steam generators at the low flows expected in integral PWRs. The legacy data is obtained from two datasets developed at Argonne and B&W.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosenkranz, Joshua-Benedict; Brancucci Martinez-Anido, Carlo; Hodge, Bri-Mathias

Solar power generation, unlike conventional forms of electricity generation, has higher variability and uncertainty in its output because solar plant output is strongly impacted by weather. As the penetration rate of solar capacity increases, grid operators are increasingly concerned about accommodating the increased variability and uncertainty that solar power provides. This paper illustrates the impacts of increasing solar power penetration on the ramping of conventional electricity generators by simulating the operation of the Independent System Operator -- New England power system. A production cost model was used to simulate the power system under five different scenarios, one without solar powermore » and four with increasing solar power penetrations up to 18%, in terms of annual energy. The impact of solar power is analyzed on six different temporal intervals, including hourly and multi-hourly (2- to 6-hour) ramping. The results show how the integration of solar power increases the 1- to 6-hour ramping events of the net load (electric load minus solar power). The study also analyzes the impact of solar power on the distribution of multi-hourly ramping events of fossil-fueled generators and shows increasing 1- to 6-hour ramping events for all different generators. Generators with higher ramp rates such as gas and oil turbine and internal combustion engine generators increased their ramping events by 200% to 280%. For other generator types--including gas combined-cycle generators, coal steam turbine generators, and gas and oil steam turbine generators--more and higher ramping events occurred as well for higher solar power penetration levels.« less

STEAM GENERATOR FOR NUCLEAR REACTOR

DOEpatents

Kinyon, B.W.; Whitman, G.D.

1963-07-16

The steam generator described for use in reactor powergenerating systems employs a series of concentric tubes providing annular passage of steam and water and includes a unique arrangement for separating the steam from the water. (AEC)

Comprehensive Evaluation of Repowering Systems for Utilizing Waste Heat from Small Scale Garbage Incineration Plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pak, Pyong Sik

This paper evaluates two proposed repowering systems together with a conventional repowering system. A power generation system utilizing waste heat produced by a garbage incineration plant (GIP), which treats 45 t/d of garbage, was taken as an objective power generation system to be repowered. As the conventional repowering system (Sys-C), a gas turbine system with waste heat boiler was adopted. In the proposed system 1 (Sys-P1), temperature of the low temperature steam generated at the GIP is raised in the gas combustor by burning fuel, and used to drive a gas turbine generator. Hence, required power for compressing the air becomes remarkably small and expected to be high efficient compared with Sys-C. In the proposed system 2 (Sys-P2), the low temperature steam generated at the GIP is superheated by using regenerative burner and used to drive a steam turbine generator, and hence making steam condition optimal becomes easy. Various basic characteristics of the three repowering systems were estimated through computer simulation, such as repowering efficiency, energy saving characteristics, and amount of CO2 reduction. It was shown that Sys-P1 and Sys-P2 were both superior to the conventional repowering system Sys-C in the all characteristics, and Sys-P1 to Sys-P2 in repowering efficiency, and that Sys-P2 to Sys-P1 in energy saving characteristics and CO2 reduction effect. It has also been estimated that all the repowering systems are economically feasible, and that the proposed systems Sys-P1 and Sys-P2 are both superior to the Sys-C in the three economical indices of unit cost of power, annual gross profit and depreciation year.

Electric power generating plant having direct-coupled steam and compressed-air cycles

DOEpatents

Drost, M.K.

1981-01-07

An electric power generating plant is provided with a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system which is directly coupled to the steam cycle of the generating plant. The CAES system is charged by the steam boiler during off peak hours, and drives a separate generator during peak load hours. The steam boiler load is thereby levelized throughout an operating day.

Electric power generating plant having direct coupled steam and compressed air cycles

DOEpatents

Drost, Monte K.

1982-01-01

An electric power generating plant is provided with a Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) system which is directly coupled to the steam cycle of the generating plant. The CAES system is charged by the steam boiler during off peak hours, and drives a separate generator during peak load hours. The steam boiler load is thereby levelized throughout an operating day.

Steam generator design for solar towers using solar salt as heat transfer fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

González-Gómez, Pedro Ángel; Petrakopoulou, Fontina; Briongos, Javier Villa; Santana, Domingo

2017-06-01

Since the operation of a concentrating solar power plant depends on the intermittent character of solar energy, the steam generator is subject to daily start-ups, stops and load variations. Faster start-up and load changes increase the plant flexibility and the daily energy production. However, it involves high thermal stresses on thick-walled components. Continuous operational conditions may eventually lead to a material failure. For these reasons, it is important to evaluate the transient behavior of the proposed designs in order to assure the reliability. The aim of this work is to analyze different steam generator designs for solar power tower plants using molten salt as heat transfer fluid. A conceptual steam generator design is proposed and associated heat transfer areas and steam drum size are calculated. Then, dynamic models for the main parts of the steam generator are developed to represent its transient performance. A temperature change rate that ensures safe hot start-up conditions is studied for the molten salt. The thermal stress evolution on the steam drum is calculated as key component of the steam generator.

Oxygen-hydrogen torch is a small-scale steam generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Maskell, C. E.

1966-01-01

Standard oxygen-hydrogen torch generates steam for corrosion-rate analysis of various metals. The steam is generated through local combustion inside a test chamber under constant temperature and pressure control.

Steam generator for liquid metal fast breeder reactor

DOEpatents

Gillett, James E.; Garner, Daniel C.; Wineman, Arthur L.; Robey, Robert M.

1985-01-01

Improvements in the design of internal components of J-shaped steam generators for liquid metal fast breeder reactors. Complex design improvements have been made to the internals of J-shaped steam generators which improvements are intended to reduce tube vibration, tube jamming, flow problems in the upper portion of the steam generator, manufacturing complexities in tube spacer attachments, thermal stripping potentials and difficulties in the weld fabrication of certain components.

Actual operation and regulatory activities on steam generator replacement in Japan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Saeki, Hitoshi

1997-02-01

This paper summarizes the operating reactors in Japan, and the status of the steam generators in these plants. It reviews plans for replacement of existing steam generators, and then goes into more detail on the planning and regulatory steps which must be addressed in the process of accomplishing this maintenance. The paper also reviews the typical steps involved in the process of removal and replacement of steam generators.

Thermochemically recuperated and steam cooled gas turbine system

DOEpatents

Viscovich, Paul W.; Bannister, Ronald L.

1995-01-01

A gas turbine system in which the expanded gas from the turbine section is used to generate the steam in a heat recovery steam generator and to heat a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and the steam in a reformer. The reformer converts the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide for combustion in a combustor. A portion of the steam from the heat recovery steam generator is used to cool components, such as the stationary vanes, in the turbine section, thereby superheating the steam. The superheated steam is mixed into the hydrocarbon gas upstream of the reformer, thereby eliminating the need to raise the temperature of the expanded gas discharged from the turbine section in order to achieve effective conversion of the hydrocarbon gas.

76 FR 6836 - Entergy Operations, Inc.; Notice of Withdrawal of Application for Amendment to Facility Operating...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-08

.... NPF-38 for the Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3, located in St. Charles Parish, Louisiana. In view of the originally planned steam generator (SG) replacement during the spring 2011 refueling outage... to TS 6.5.9, ``Steam Generator (SG) Program,'' and TS 6.9.1.5, ``Steam Generator Tube Inspection...

Supplementary steam - A viable hydrogen power generation concept

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wright, D. E.; Lee, J. C.

1979-01-01

Technical and economic aspects of a supplementary steam generation for peaking power applications are discussed. Preliminary designs of the hydrogen/oxygen combustors to be used for such applications are described. The integration of the hydrogen/oxygen steam-generating equipment into a typical coal-fired steam station is studied. The basic steam generation system was designed as a 20 MW supplementary system to be added to the existing 160 MW system. An analysis of the operating and design requirements of the supplementary system is conducted. Estimates were made for additional steam and fuel supply lines and for additional control required to operate the combustors and to integrate the combustor system into the facility.

Use of mock-up training to reduce personnel exposure at the North Anna Unit 1 Steam Generator Replacement Project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Henry, H.G.; Reilly, B.P.

1995-03-01

The North Anna Power Station is located on the southern shore of Lake Anna in Louisa County, approximately forty miles northwest of Richmond, Virginia. The two 910 Mw nuclear units located on this site are owned by Virginia Electric and Power Company (Virginia Power) and Old Dominion Electric Cooperative and operated by Virginia Power. Fuel was loaded into Unit 1 in December 1977, and it began commercial operation in June 1978. Fuel was loaded into Unit 2 in April 1980 and began commercial operation in December 1980. Each nuclear unit includes a three-coolant-loop pressurized light water reactor nuclear steam supplymore » system that was furnished by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Included within each system were three Westinghouse Model 51 steam generators with alloy 600, mill-annealed tubing material. Over the years of operation of Unit 1, various corrosion-related phenomena had occurred that affected the steam generators tubing and degraded their ability to fulfill their heat transfer function. Advanced inspection and repair techniques helped extend the useful life of the steam generators, but projections based on the results of the inspections indicated that the existing steam generators tubing and degraded their ability to fullfill their heat transfer function. Advanced inspection and repair techniques helped extend the useful life of the steam generators, but projections based on the results of the inspections indicated that the existing steam generators would not last their design life and must be repaired. To this end Virginia Power determined that a steam generator replacement (SGR) program was necessary to remove the old steam generator tube bundles and lower shell sections, including the channel heads (collectively called the lower assemblies), and replace them with new lower assemblies incorporating design features that will prevent the degradation problems that the old steam generators had experienced.« less

Mitigation of steam generator tube rupture in a pressurized water reactor with passive safety systems

DOEpatents

McDermott, D.J.; Schrader, K.J.; Schulz, T.L.

1994-05-03

The effects of steam generator tube ruptures in a pressurized water reactor are mitigated by reducing the pressure in the primary loop by diverting reactor coolant through the heat exchanger of a passive heat removal system immersed in the in containment refueling water storage tank in response to a high feed water level in the steam generator. Reactor coolant inventory is maintained by also in response to high steam generator level introducing coolant into the primary loop from core make-up tanks at the pressure in the reactor coolant system pressurizer. The high steam generator level is also used to isolate the start-up feed water system and the chemical and volume control system to prevent flooding into the steam header. 2 figures.

Mitigation of steam generator tube rupture in a pressurized water reactor with passive safety systems

DOEpatents

McDermott, Daniel J.; Schrader, Kenneth J.; Schulz, Terry L.

1994-01-01

The effects of steam generator tube ruptures in a pressurized water reactor are mitigated by reducing the pressure in the primary loop by diverting reactor coolant through the heat exchanger of a passive heat removal system immersed in the in containment refueling water storage tank in response to a high feed water level in the steam generator. Reactor coolant inventory is maintained by also in response to high steam generator level introducing coolant into the primary loop from core make-up tanks at the pressure in the reactor coolant system pressurizer. The high steam generator level is also used to isolate the start-up feed water system and the chemical and volume control system to prevent flooding into the steam header. 2 figures.

Soviet steam generator technology: fossil fuel and nuclear power plants. [Glossary included

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosengaus, J.

1987-01-01

In the Soviet Union, particular operational requirements, coupled with a centralized planning system adopted in the 1920s, have led to a current technology which differs in significant ways from its counterparts elsewhere in the would and particularly in the United States. However, the monograph has a broader value in that it traces the development of steam generators in response to the industrial requirements of a major nation dealing with the global energy situation. Specifically, it shows how Soviet steam generator technology evolved as a result of changing industrial requirements, fuel availability, and national fuel utilization policy. The monograph begins withmore » a brief technical introduction focusing on steam-turbine power plants, and includes a discussion of the Soviet Union's regional power supply (GRES) networks and heat and power plant (TETs) systems. TETs may be described as large central co-generating stations which, in addition to electricity, provide heat in the form of steam and hot water. Plants of this type are a common feature of the USSR today. The adoption of these cogeneration units as a matter of national policy has had a central influence on Soviet steam generator technology which can be traced throughout the monograph. The six chapters contain: a short history of steam generators in the USSR; steam generator design and manufacture in the USSR; boiler and furnace assemblies for fossil fuel-fired power stations; auxiliary components; steam generators in nuclear power plants; and the current status of the Soviet steam generator industry. Chapters have been abstracted separately. A glossary is included containing abbreviations and acronyms of USSR organizations. 26 references.« less

Study of connected system of automatic control of load and operation efficiency of a steam boiler with extremal controller on a simulation model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sabanin, V. R.; Starostin, A. A.; Repin, A. I.; Popov, A. I.

2017-02-01

The problems of operation effectiveness increase of steam boilers are considered. To maintain the optimum fuel combustion modes, it is proposed to use an extremal controller (EC) determining the value of airflow rate, at which the boiler generating the desired amount of heat will consume a minimum amount of fuel. EC sets the determined value of airflow rate to airflow rate controller (ARC). The test results of numerical simulation dynamic nonlinear model of steam boiler with the connected system of automatic control of load and combustion efficiency using EC are presented. The model is created in the Simulink modeling package of MATLAB software and can be used to optimize the combustion modes. Based on the modeling results, the conclusion was drawn about the possibility in principle of simultaneously boiler load control and optimizing by EC the combustion modes when changing the fuel combustion heat and the boiler characteristics and its operating mode. It is shown that it is possible to automatically control the operation efficiency of steam boilers when using EC without applying the standard flue gas analyzers. The article considers the numerical simulation dynamic model of steam boiler with the schemes of control of fuel consumption and airflow rate, the steam pressure and EC; the purpose of using EC in the scheme with linear controllers and the requirements to the quality of its operation; the results of operation of boiler control schemes without EC with estimation of influence of roughness of thermal mode maps on the nature of static and dynamic connection of the control units of fuel consumption and airflow rate; the phase trajectories and the diagrams of transient processes occurring in the control scheme with EC with stepped changing the fuel quality and boiler characteristics; analysis of modeling results and prospects for using EC in the control schemes of boilers.

Hockey-stick steam generator for LMFBR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hallinan, G.J.; Svedlund, P.E.

1981-01-01

This paper presents the criteria and evaluation leading to the selection of the Hockey Stick Steam Generator Concept and subsequent development of that concept for LMFBR application. The selection process and development of the Modular Steam Generator (MSG) is discussed, including the extensive test programs that culminated in the manufacture and test of a 35 MW(t) Steam Generator. The design of the CRBRP Steam Generator is described, emphasizing the current status and a review of the critical structural areas. CRBRP steam generator development tests are evaluated, with a discussion of test objectives and rating of the usefulness of test resultsmore » to the CRBRP prototype design. Manufacturing experience and status of the CRBRP prototype and plant units is covered. The scaleup of the Hockey Stick concept to large commercial plant application is presented, with an evaluation of scaleup limitations, transient effects, and system design implications.« less

Numerical simulation of a hybrid CSP/Biomass 5 MWel power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Soares, João; Oliveira, Armando

2017-06-01

The fundamental benefit of using renewable energy systems is undeniable since they rely on a source that will not run out. Nevertheless, they strongly depend on meteorological conditions (solar, wind, etc.), leading to uncertainty of instantaneous energy supply and consequently to grid connection issues. An interesting concept is renewable hybridisation. This consists in the strategic combination of different renewable sources in the power generation portfolio by taking advantage of each technology. Hybridisation of concentrating solar power with biomass denotes a powerful way of assuring system stability and reliability. The main advantage is dispatchability through the whole extent of the operating range. Regarding concentrating solar power heat transfer fluid, direct steam generation is one of the most interesting concepts. Nevertheless, it presents itself technical challenges that are mostly related to the two-phase fluid flow in horizontal pipes, as well as the design of an energy storage system. Also, the use of reheat within the turbine is usually indirectly addressed, hindering system efficiency. These challenges can be addressed through hybridisation with biomass. In this paper, a hybrid renewable electricity generation system is presented. The system relies on a combination of solar and biomass sources to drive a 5 MWel steam turbine. System performance is analysed through numerical simulation using Ebsilon professional software. The use of direct reheat in the turbine is addressed. Results show that hybridisation results in an enhancement of system dispatchability and generation stability. Furthermore, hybridisation enhanced the annual solar field and power block efficiencies, and thus the system annual efficiency (from 7.6% to 20%). The use of direct reheat eliminates steam wetness in the last turbine stage and also improves system efficiency.

Thermochemically recuperated and steam cooled gas turbine system

DOEpatents

Viscovich, P.W.; Bannister, R.L.

1995-07-11

A gas turbine system is described in which the expanded gas from the turbine section is used to generate the steam in a heat recovery steam generator and to heat a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbon fuel and the steam in a reformer. The reformer converts the hydrocarbon gas to hydrogen and carbon monoxide for combustion in a combustor. A portion of the steam from the heat recovery steam generator is used to cool components, such as the stationary vanes, in the turbine section, thereby superheating the steam. The superheated steam is mixed into the hydrocarbon gas upstream of the reformer, thereby eliminating the need to raise the temperature of the expanded gas discharged from the turbine section in order to achieve effective conversion of the hydrocarbon gas. 4 figs.

Macroporous Double-Network Hydrogel for High-Efficiency Solar Steam Generation Under 1 sun Illumination.

PubMed

Yin, Xiangyu; Zhang, Yue; Guo, Qiuquan; Cai, Xiaobing; Xiao, Junfeng; Ding, Zhifeng; Yang, Jun

2018-04-04

Solar steam generation is one of the most promising solar-energy-harvesting technologies to address the issue of water shortage. Despite intensive efforts to develop high-efficiency solar steam generation devices, challenges remain in terms of the relatively low solar thermal efficiency, complicated fabrications, high cost, and difficulty in scaling up. Herein, a double-network hydrogel with a porous structure (p-PEGDA-PANi) is demonstrated for the first time as a flexible, recyclable, and efficient photothermal platform for low-cost and scalable solar steam generation. As a novel photothermal platform, the p-PEGDA-PANi involves all necessary properties of efficient broadband solar absorption, exceptional hydrophilicity, low heat conductivity, and porous structure for high-efficiency solar steam generation. As a result, the hydrogel-based solar steam generator exhibits a maximum solar thermal efficiency of 91.5% with an evaporation rate of 1.40 kg m -2 h -1 under 1 sun illumination, which is comparable to state-of-the-art solar steam generation devices. Furthermore, the good durability and environmental stability of the p-PEGDA-PANi hydrogel enables a convenient recycling and reusing process toward real-life applications. The present research not only provides a novel photothermal platform for solar energy harvest but also opens a new avenue for the application of the hydrogel materials in solar steam generation.

Comparative evaluation of surface and downhole steam-generation techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hart, C.

The application of heat to reservoirs containing high API gravity oils can substantially improve recovery. Although steam injection is currently the principal thermal recovery method, heat transmission losses associated with delivery of the steam from the surface generators to the oil bearing formation has limited conventional steam injection to shallow reservoirs. The objective of the Department of Energy's Project DEEP STEAM is to develop the technology required to economically produce heavy oil from deep reservoirs. The tasks included in this effort are the development and evaluation of thermally efficient delivery systems and downhole steam generation systems. The technical and economic performance of conventional surface steam drives, which are strongly influenced by heat losses are compared. The selection of a preferred technology based upon either total efficiency or cost is found to be strongly influenced by reservoir depth, steam mass flow rate, and sandface steam quality.

Generic process design and control strategies used to develop a dynamic model and training software for an IGCC plant with CO2 sequestration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Provost, G.; Stone, H.; McClintock, M.

2008-01-01

To meet the growing demand for education and experience with the analysis, operation, and control of commercial-scale Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plants, the Department of Energy’s (DOE) National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) is leading a collaborative R&D project with participants from government, academia, and industry. One of the goals of this project is to develop a generic, full-scope, real-time generic IGCC dynamic plant simulator for use in establishing a world-class research and training center, as well as to promote and demonstrate the technology to power industry personnel. The NETL IGCC dynamic plant simulator will combine for the first timemore » a process/gasification simulator and a power/combined-cycle simulator together in a single dynamic simulation framework for use in training applications as well as engineering studies. As envisioned, the simulator will have the following features and capabilities: A high-fidelity, real-time, dynamic model of process-side (gasification and gas cleaning with CO2 capture) and power-block-side (combined cycle) for a generic IGCC plant fueled by coal and/or petroleum coke Full-scope training simulator capabilities including startup, shutdown, load following and shedding, response to fuel and ambient condition variations, control strategy analysis (turbine vs. gasifier lead, etc.), representative malfunctions/trips, alarms, scenarios, trending, snapshots, data historian, and trainee performance monitoring The ability to enhance and modify the plant model to facilitate studies of changes in plant configuration and equipment and to support future R&D efforts To support this effort, process descriptions and control strategies were developed for key sections of the plant as part of the detailed functional specification, which will form the basis of the simulator development. These plant sections include: Slurry Preparation Air Separation Unit Gasifiers Syngas Scrubbers Shift Reactors Gas Cooling, Medium Pressure (MP) and Low Pressure (LP) Steam Generation, and Knockout Sour Water Stripper Mercury Removal Selexol™ Acid Gas Removal System CO2 Compression Syngas Reheat and Expansion Claus Plant Hydrogenation Reactor and Gas Cooler Combustion Turbine (CT)-Generator Assemblies Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs) and Steam Turbine (ST)-Generator In this paper, process descriptions, control strategies, and Process & Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) drawings for key sections of the generic IGCC plant are presented, along with discussions of some of the operating procedures and representative faults that the simulator will cover. Some of the intended future applications for the simulator are discussed, including plant operation and control demonstrations as well as education and training services such as IGCC familiarization courses.« less

Optimization of steam generators of NPP with WWER in operation with variable load

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parchevskii, V. M.; Shchederkina, T. E.; Gur'yanova, V. V.

2017-11-01

The report addresses the issue of the optimal water level in the horizontal steam generators of NPP with WWER. On the one hand, the level needs to be kept at the lower limit of the allowable range, as gravity separation, steam will have the least humidity and the turbine will operate with higher efficiency. On the other hand, the higher the level, the greater the supply of water in the steam generator, and therefore the higher the security level of the unit, because when accidents involving loss of cooling of the reactor core, the water in the steam generators, can be used for cooling. To quantitatively compare the damage from higher level to the benefit of improving the safety was assessed of the cost of one cubic meter of water in the steam generators, the formulated objective function of optimal levels control. This was used two-dimensional separation characteristics of steam generators. It is demonstrated that the security significantly shifts the optimal values of the levels toward the higher values, and this bias is greater the lower the load unit.

Apparatus and methods for supplying auxiliary steam in a combined cycle system

DOEpatents

Gorman, William G.; Carberg, William George; Jones, Charles Michael

2002-01-01

To provide auxiliary steam, a low pressure valve is opened in a combined cycle system to divert low pressure steam from the heat recovery steam generator to a header for supplying steam to a second combined cycle's steam turbine seals, sparging devices and cooling steam for the steam turbine if the steam turbine and gas turbine lie on a common shaft with the generator. Cooling steam is supplied the gas turbine in the combined cycle system from the high pressure steam turbine. Spent gas turbine cooling steam may augment the low pressure steam supplied to the header by opening a high pressure valve whereby high and low pressure steam flows are combined. An attemperator is used to reduce the temperature of the combined steam in response to auxiliary steam flows above a predetermined flow and a steam header temperature above a predetermined temperature. The auxiliary steam may be used to start additional combined cycle units or to provide a host unit with steam turbine cooling and sealing steam during full-speed no-load operation after a load rejection.

Diffuser Test

NASA Image and Video Library

2007-09-13

Tests begun at Stennis Space Center's E Complex Sept. 13 evaluated a liquid oxygen lead for engine start performance, part of the A-3 Test Facility Subscale Diffuser Risk Mitigation Project at SSC's E-3 Test Facility. Phase 1 of the subscale diffuser project, completed Sept. 24, was a series of 18 hot-fire tests using a 1,000-pound liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen thruster to verify maximum duration and repeatability for steam generation supporting the A-3 Test Stand project. The thruster is a stand-in for NASA's developing J-2X engine, to validate a 6 percent scale version of A-3's exhaust diffuser. Testing the J-2X at altitude conditions requires an enormous diffuser. Engineers will generate nearly 4,600 pounds per second of steam to reduce pressure inside A-3's test cell to simulate altitude conditions. A-3's exhaust diffuser has to be able to withstand regulated pressure, temperatures and the safe discharge of the steam produced during those tests. Before the real thing is built, engineers hope to work out any issues on the miniature version. Phase 2 testing is scheduled to begin this month.

More steam for Kern River

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rintoul, B.

1973-02-01

While production generally is declining elsewhere in California, the Kern River field continues to post gains. The field last year produced at an all-time high for the second year in a row, putting out at least 1.5 million bbl more than in its previous peak year. There is every reason to believe that gains will continue through this year. Steam is in the factor that underlies Kern River's resurgence, and Getty Oil Co., the field's premier steamer, recently added to its already imposing array of steam-generating equipment a pair of large boilers, each capable of generating 240 million btus permore » hr. Along with expansion of the steaming effort the company also expanded its water-treating facilities, making sure there will be plenty of feed water to fuel the steam generators at work in the field. The new boilers are being used to furnish steam to 136 wells in a steam displacement project. The purpose of going to a larger generator has been to gain higher efficiency. The components that have made Getty Oil the leading steamer at Kern River and the field, in turn, the world capital for oil-field steam operations include shallow wells, steam generators and--since 1969--a computer. The entire project is described in detail.« less

French Regulatory practice and experience feedback on steam generator tube integrity

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sandon, G.

1997-02-01

This paper summarizes the way the French Safety Authority applies regulatory rules and practices to the problem of steam generator tube cracking in French PWR reactors. There are 54 reactors providing 80% of French electrical consumption. The Safety Authority closely monitors the performance of tubes in steam generators, and requires application of a program which deals with problems prior to the actual development of leakage. The actual rules regarding such performance are flexible, responding to the overall performance of operating steam generators. In addition there is an inservice inspection service to examine tubes during shutdown, and to monitor steam generatorsmore » for leakage during operation, with guidelines for when generators must be pulled off line.« less

US PWR steam generator management: An overview

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Welty, C.S. Jr.

1997-02-01

This paper provides an overview on the status of steam generator management activities in US PWRs, and includes: (1) an overview of the impact of steam generator problems; (2) a brief discussion of historical damage trends and the current damage mechanism of most concern; (3) a discussion of the elements of {open_quotes}steam generator management{close_quotes}; and (4) a description of the approach being followed to implement a degradation-specific protocol for tubing inspection and repair. This paper was prepared in conjunction with another paper presented during the Plenary Session of this Conference, {open_quotes}Steam Generator Degradation: Current Mitigation Strategies for Controlling Corrosion{close_quotes}, andmore » is provided as a supplement to that material.« less

3D-Printed, All-in-One Evaporator for High-Efficiency Solar Steam Generation under 1 Sun Illumination.

PubMed

Li, Yiju; Gao, Tingting; Yang, Zhi; Chen, Chaoji; Luo, Wei; Song, Jianwei; Hitz, Emily; Jia, Chao; Zhou, Yubing; Liu, Boyang; Yang, Bao; Hu, Liangbing

2017-07-01

Using solar energy to generate steam is a clean and sustainable approach to addressing the issue of water shortage. The current challenge for solar steam generation is to develop easy-to-manufacture and scalable methods which can convert solar irradiation into exploitable thermal energy with high efficiency. Although various material and structure designs have been reported, high efficiency in solar steam generation usually can be achieved only at concentrated solar illumination. For the first time, 3D printing to construct an all-in-one evaporator with a concave structure for high-efficiency solar steam generation under 1 sun illumination is used. The solar-steam-generation device has a high porosity (97.3%) and efficient broadband solar absorption (>97%). The 3D-printed porous evaporator with intrinsic low thermal conductivity enables heat localization and effectively alleviates thermal dissipation to the bulk water. As a result, the 3D-printed evaporator has a high solar steam efficiency of 85.6% under 1 sun illumination (1 kW m -2 ), which is among the best compared with other reported evaporators. The all-in-one structure design using the advanced 3D printing fabrication technique offers a new approach to solar energy harvesting for high-efficiency steam generation. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

76 FR 30206 - Southern Nuclear Operating Company, Inc., Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Unit 1 and 2; Notice...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-24

... High-High, Nominal Trip Setpoint (NTSP) and Allowable Value. The Steam Generator Water Level High-High... previously evaluated is not increased. The Steam Generator Water Level High-High function revised values..., Steam Generator Water Level High-High, Nominal Trip Setpoint (NTSP) and Allowable Value. Function 5c...

On-Line Monitoring and Diagnostics of the Integrity of Nuclear Plant Steam Generators and Heat Exchangers, Volumes 1, 2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Upadhyaya, Belle R.; Hines, J. Wesley; Lu, Baofu

2005-06-03

The overall purpose of this Nuclear Engineering Education Research (NEER) project was to integrate new, innovative, and existing technologies to develop a fault diagnostics and characterization system for nuclear plant steam generators (SG) and heat exchangers (HX). Issues related to system level degradation of SG and HX tubing, including tube fouling, performance under reduced heat transfer area, and the damage caused by stress corrosion cracking, are the important factors that influence overall plant operation, maintenance, and economic viability of nuclear power systems. The research at The University of Tennessee focused on the development of techniques for monitoring process and structuralmore » integrity of steam generators and heat exchangers. The objectives of the project were accomplished by the completion of the following tasks. All the objectives were accomplished during the project period. This report summarizes the research and development activities, results, and accomplishments during June 2001 September 2004. Development and testing of a high-fidelity nodal model of a U-tube steam generator (UTSG) to simulate the effects of fouling and to generate a database representing normal and degraded process conditions. Application of the group method of data handling (GMDH) method for process variable prediction. Development of a laboratory test module to simulate particulate fouling of HX tubes and its effect on overall thermal resistance. Application of the GMDH technique to predict HX fluid temperatures, and to compare with the calculated thermal resistance.Development of a hybrid modeling technique for process diagnosis and its evaluation using laboratory heat exchanger test data. Development and testing of a sensor suite using piezo-electric devices for monitoring structural integrity of both flat plates (beams) and tubing. Experiments were performed in air, and in water with and without bubbly flow. Development of advanced signal processing methods using wavelet transforms and image processing techniques for isolating flaw types. Development and implementation of a new nonlinear and non-stationary signal processing method, called the Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT), for flaw detection and location. This is a more robust and adaptive approach compared to the wavelet transform.Implementation of a moving-window technique in the time domain for detecting and quantifying flaw types in tubular structures. A window zooming technique was also developed for flaw location in tubes. Theoretical study of elastic wave propagation (longitudinal and shear waves) in metallic flat plates and tubing with and without flaws. Simulation of the Lamb wave propagation using the finite-element code ABAQUS. This enabled the verification of the experimental results. The research tasks included both analytical research and experimental studies. The experimental results helped to enhance the robustness of fault monitoring methods and to provide a systematic verification of the analytical results. The results of this research were disseminated in scientific meetings. The journal manuscript titled, "Structural Integrity Monitoring of Steam generator Tubing Using Transient Acoustic Signal Analysis," was published in IEEE Trasactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 52, No. 1, February 2005. The new findings of this research have potential applications in aerospace and civil structures. The report contains a complete bibliography that was developed during the course of the project.« less

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

40 CFR Appendix P to Part 51 - Minimum Emission Monitoring Requirements

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... respective monitoring requirements are listed below. 1.1.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators, as specified... this appendix to meet the following basic requirements. 2.1 Fossil fuel-fired steam generators. Each fossil fuel-fired steam generator, except as provided in the following subparagraphs, with an annual...

26. Photocopy of diagram (from Bernhardt Skrotzki's Electric GenerationSteam Stations, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

26. Photocopy of diagram (from Bernhardt Skrotzki's Electric Generation--Steam Stations, New York, New York, 1956, figure I-1) THE GENERAL WAY IN WHICH ELECTRICITY IS CREATED THROUGH THE STEAM GENERATION PROCESS - Portland General Electric Company, Station "L", 1841 Southeast Water Street, Portland, Multnomah County, OR

40 CFR 60.41c - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... that 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In the case of steam generating units... gas to a steam generating unit. Combustion research means the experimental firing of any fuel or combination of fuels in a steam generating unit for the purpose of conducting research and development of more...

40 CFR 60.41c - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... that 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In the case of steam generating units... gas to a steam generating unit. Combustion research means the experimental firing of any fuel or combination of fuels in a steam generating unit for the purpose of conducting research and development of more...

40 CFR 60.41c - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... that 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In the case of steam generating units... gas to a steam generating unit. Combustion research means the experimental firing of any fuel or combination of fuels in a steam generating unit for the purpose of conducting research and development of more...

Multifunctional Porous Graphene for High-Efficiency Steam Generation by Heat Localization.

PubMed

Ito, Yoshikazu; Tanabe, Yoichi; Han, Jiuhui; Fujita, Takeshi; Tanigaki, Katsumi; Chen, Mingwei

2015-08-05

Multifunctional nanoporous graphene is realized as a heat generator to convert solar illumination into high-energy steam. The novel 3D nanoporous graphene demonstrates a highly energy-effective steam generation with an energy conversation of 80%. © 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Research on simulation of supercritical steam turbine system in large thermal power station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Qiongyang

2018-04-01

In order to improve the stability and safety of supercritical steam turbine system operation in large thermal power station, the body of the steam turbine is modeled in this paper. And in accordance with the hierarchical modeling idea, the steam turbine body model, condensing system model, deaeration system model and regenerative system model are combined to build a simulation model of steam turbine system according to the connection relationship of each subsystem of steam turbine. Finally, the correctness of the model is verified by design and operation data of the 600MW supercritical unit. The results show that the maximum simulation error of the model is 2.15%, which meets the requirements of the engineering. This research provides a platform for the research on the variable operating conditions of the turbine system, and lays a foundation for the construction of the whole plant model of the thermal power plant.

Commercially Available Activated Carbon Fiber Felt Enables Efficient Solar Steam Generation.

PubMed

Li, Haoran; He, Yurong; Hu, Yanwei; Wang, Xinzhi

2018-03-21

Sun-driven steam generation is now possible and has the potential to help meet future energy needs. Current technologies often use solar condensers to increase solar irradiance. More recently, a technology for solar steam generation that uses heated surface water and low optical concentration is reported. In this work, a commercially available activated carbon fiber felt is used to generate steam efficiently under one sun illumination. The evaporation rate and solar conversion efficiency reach 1.22 kg m -2 h -1 and 79.4%, respectively. The local temperature of the evaporator with a floating activated carbon fiber felt reaches 48 °C. Apart from the high absorptivity (about 94%) of the material, the evaporation performance is enhanced thanks to the well-developed pores for improved water supply and steam escape and the low thermal conductivity, which enables reduced bulk water temperature increase. This study helps to find a promising material for solar steam generation using a water evaporator that can be produced economically (∼6 $/m 2 ) with long-term stability.

76 FR 60937 - Draft License Renewal Interim Staff Guidance LR-ISG-2011-02; Aging Management Program for Steam...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-30

...-2011-02; Aging Management Program for Steam Generators AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION... License Renewal Interim Staff Guidance (LR-ISG), LR-ISG-2011-02, ``Aging Management Program for Steam... using Revision 3 of NEI 97-06 to manage steam generator aging. The Draft LR-ISG revises the NRC staff's...

Simulators IV; Proceedings of the SCS Conference, Orlando, FL, Apr. 6-9, 1987

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fairchild, B.T.

1987-01-01

The conference presents papers on the applicability of AI techniques to simulation models, the simulation of a reentry vehicle on Simstar, simstar missile simulation, measurement issues associated with simulator sickness, and tracing the etiology of simulator sickness. Consideration is given to a simulator of a steam generator tube bundle response to a blowdown transient, the census of simulators for fossil fueled boiler and gas turbine plant operation training, and a new approach for flight simulator visual systems. Other topics include past and present simulated aircraft maintenance trainers, an AI-simulation based approach for aircraft maintenance training, simulator qualification using EPRI methodology,more » and the role of instinct in organizational dysfunction.« less

Hydrogen-oxygen steam generator applications for increasing the efficiency, maneuverability and reliability of power production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schastlivtsev, A. I.; Borzenko, V. I.

2017-11-01

The comparative feasibility study of the energy storage technologies showed good applicability of hydrogen-oxygen steam generators (HOSG) based energy storage systems with large-scale hydrogen production. The developed scheme solutions for the use of HOSGs for thermal power (TPP) and nuclear power plants (NPP), and the feasibility analysis that have been carried out have shown that their use makes it possible to increase the maneuverability of steam turbines and provide backup power supply in the event of failure of the main steam generating equipment. The main design solutions for the integration of hydrogen-oxygen steam generators into the main power equipment of TPPs and NPPs, as well as their optimal operation modes, are considered.

Corrosion performance of alternative steam generator materials and designs. Volume 2. Posttest examination of a seawater-faulted alternative materials model steam generator. Final report. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krupowicz, J.J.; Scott, D.B.; Fink, G.C.

Corrosion results obtained from the post-test non-destructive and destructive examinations of an alternative materials model steam generator are described in this final report. The model operated under representative thermal and hydraulic and accelerated (high seawater contaminant concentration) steam generator secondary water chemistry conditions. Total exposure consisted of 114 steaming days under all volatile treatment (AVT) chemistry conditions followed by 282 fault steaming days at a 30 ppM chloride concentration in the secondary bulk water. Various support plate and lattice strip support designs incorporated Types 347, 405, 409 and SCR-3 stainless steels; Alloys 600 and 690; and carbon steel. Heat transfermore » tube materials included Alloy 600 in various heat treated conditions, Alloy 690, and Alloy 800. All tubing materials in this test exhibited moderate pitting, primarily in the sludge pile region above the tubesheet.« less

Corrosion performance of alternative steam generator materials and designs. Volume 3. Posttest examination of a freshwater-faulted alternative materials model steam generator. Final report. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krupowicz, J.J.; Scott, D.B.; Rentler, R.M.

Corrosion results obtained from the post-test non-destructive and destructive examinations of an alternative materials model steam generator are described in this final report. The model operated under representative thermal and hydraulic and accelerated (high fresh water contaminant concentration) steam generator secondary water chemistry conditions. Total exposure consisted of 114 steaming days under all volatile treatment (AVT) chemistry conditions followed by 358 fault steaming days at a 40 ppM sulfate concentration in the secondary bulk water. Various support plate and lattice strip support designs incorporated Types 347, 405, 409 and SCR-3 stainless steels; Alloys 600 and 690; and carbon steel. Heatmore » transfer tube materials included Alloy 600 in various heat treated conditions, Alloy 690, and Alloy 800. All tubing materials in this test exhibited significant general corrosion beneath thick surface deposits.« less

Enviro-Friendly Hydrogen Generation from Steel Mill-Scale via Metal-Steam Reforming

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Azad, Abdul-Majeed; Kesavan, Sathees

2006-01-01

An economically viable and environmental friendly method of generating hydrogen for fuel cells is by the reaction of certain metals with steam, called metal-steam reforming (MSR). This technique does not generate any toxic by-products nor contributes to the undesirable greenhouse effect. From the standpoint of favorable thermodynamics, total…

40 CFR 52.125 - Control strategy and regulations: Sulfur oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 7-1-4.2(C) (Fossil fuel-fired steam generators in the Northern Arizona Intrastate Region). (1) This paragraph is applicable to the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment designated as Units 1, 2, and 3...) No owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment to which this paragraph is...

40 CFR 52.125 - Control strategy and regulations: Sulfur oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 7-1-4.2(C) (Fossil fuel-fired steam generators in the Northern Arizona Intrastate Region). (1) This paragraph is applicable to the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment designated as Units 1, 2, and 3...) No owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment to which this paragraph is...

40 CFR 52.125 - Control strategy and regulations: Sulfur oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 7-1-4.2(C) (Fossil fuel-fired steam generators in the Northern Arizona Intrastate Region). (1) This paragraph is applicable to the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment designated as Units 1, 2, and 3...) No owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment to which this paragraph is...

40 CFR 52.125 - Control strategy and regulations: Sulfur oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 7-1-4.2(C) (Fossil fuel-fired steam generators in the Northern Arizona Intrastate Region). (1) This paragraph is applicable to the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment designated as Units 1, 2, and 3...) No owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment to which this paragraph is...

40 CFR 52.125 - Control strategy and regulations: Sulfur oxides.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 7-1-4.2(C) (Fossil fuel-fired steam generators in the Northern Arizona Intrastate Region). (1) This paragraph is applicable to the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment designated as Units 1, 2, and 3...) No owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired steam generating equipment to which this paragraph is...

75 FR 68294 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-05

... matter emissions from boilers, steam generators and process heaters greater than 5.0 MMbtu/hour. We are... Advance Emission 10/16/08 03/17/09 Reduction Options for Boilers, Steam Generators and Process Heaters..., steam generators and process heaters with a total rated heat input greater than 5 MMBtu/ hour. EPA's...

Steam generators secondary side chemical cleaning at Point Lepreau using the Siemens high temperature process

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Verma, K.; MacNeil, C.; Odar, S.

1997-02-01

This paper describes the chemical cleaning of the four steam generators at the Point Lepreau facility, which was accomplished as a part of a normal service outage. The steam generators had been in service for twelve years. Sludge samples showed the main elements were Fe, P and Na, with minor amounts of Ca, Mg, Mn, Cr, Zn, Cl, Cu, Ni, Ti, Si, and Pb, 90% in the form of Magnetite, substantial phosphate, and trace amounts of silicates. The steam generators were experiencing partial blockage of broached holes in the TSPs, and corrosion on tube ODs in the form of pittingmore » and wastage. In addition heat transfer was clearly deteriorating. More than 1000 kg of magnetite and 124 kg of salts were removed from the four steam generators.« less

Design and Activation of a LOX/GH Chemical Steam Generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saunders, G. P.; Mulkey, C. A.; Taylor, S. A.

2009-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to give a detailed description of the design and activation of the LOX/GH fueled chemical steam generator installed in Cell 2 of the E3 test facility at Stennis Space Center, MS (SSC). The steam generator uses a liquid oxygen oxidizer with gaseous hydrogen fuel. The combustion products are then quenched with water to create steam at pressures from 150 to 450 psig at temperatures from 350 to 750 deg F (from saturation to piping temperature limits).

Production of food grade (culinary) steam with geothermal (geo-heat) for industrial use

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wehlage, E.F.

1980-09-01

It may be assumed that geothermal steam (dry or flashed) will be sterile but not necessarily clean enough for direct incorporation into foods, beverages, and pharmaceuticals. The use of a purification by unfired geo-heat steam generators can produce a food grade or culinary steam supply for critical use even when combined with fossil fuel used as a booster. Low conductivity, i.e., pure food grade steam requires careful water conditioning outside the generator.

Catalytic Steam and Partial Oxidation Reforming of Liquid Fuels for Application in Improving the Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brookshear, Daniel William; Pihl, Josh A.; Szybist, James P.

Here, this study investigated the potential for catalytically reforming liquid fuels in a simulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) mixture loop for the purpose of generating reformate that could be used to increase stoichiometric combustion engine efficiency. The experiments were performed on a simulated exhaust flow reactor using a Rh/Al 2O 3 reformer catalyst, and the fuels evaluated included iso-octane, ethanol, and gasoline. Both steam reforming and partial oxidation reforming were examined as routes for the production of reformate. Steam reforming was determined to be an ineffective option for reforming in an EGR loop, because of the high exhaust temperatures (inmore » excess of 700 °C) required to produce adequate concentrations of reformate, regardless of fuel. However, partial oxidation reforming is capable of producing hydrogen concentrations as high as 10%–16%, depending on fuel and operating conditions in the simulated EGR gas mixture. Meanwhile, measurements of total fuel enthalpy retention were shown to have favorable energetics under a range of conditions, although a tradeoff between fuel enthalpy retention and reformate production was observed. Of the three fuels evaluated, iso-octane exhibited the best overall performance, followed by ethanol and then gasoline. Overall, it was found that partial oxidation reforming of liquid fuels in a simulated EGR mixture over the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst demonstrated sufficiently high reformate yields and favorable energetics to warrant further evaluation in the EGR system of a stoichiometric combustion engine.« less

Catalytic Steam and Partial Oxidation Reforming of Liquid Fuels for Application in Improving the Efficiency of Internal Combustion Engines

DOE PAGES

Brookshear, Daniel William; Pihl, Josh A.; Szybist, James P.

2018-02-07

Here, this study investigated the potential for catalytically reforming liquid fuels in a simulated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) mixture loop for the purpose of generating reformate that could be used to increase stoichiometric combustion engine efficiency. The experiments were performed on a simulated exhaust flow reactor using a Rh/Al 2O 3 reformer catalyst, and the fuels evaluated included iso-octane, ethanol, and gasoline. Both steam reforming and partial oxidation reforming were examined as routes for the production of reformate. Steam reforming was determined to be an ineffective option for reforming in an EGR loop, because of the high exhaust temperatures (inmore » excess of 700 °C) required to produce adequate concentrations of reformate, regardless of fuel. However, partial oxidation reforming is capable of producing hydrogen concentrations as high as 10%–16%, depending on fuel and operating conditions in the simulated EGR gas mixture. Meanwhile, measurements of total fuel enthalpy retention were shown to have favorable energetics under a range of conditions, although a tradeoff between fuel enthalpy retention and reformate production was observed. Of the three fuels evaluated, iso-octane exhibited the best overall performance, followed by ethanol and then gasoline. Overall, it was found that partial oxidation reforming of liquid fuels in a simulated EGR mixture over the Rh/Al 2O 3 catalyst demonstrated sufficiently high reformate yields and favorable energetics to warrant further evaluation in the EGR system of a stoichiometric combustion engine.« less

Evaluation of on-line chelant addition to PWR steam generators. Steam generator cleaning project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tvedt, T.J.; Wallace, S.L.; Griffin, F. Jr.

1983-09-01

The investigation of chelating agents for continuous water treatment of secondary loops of PWR steam generators were conducted in two general areas: the study of the chemistry of chelating agents and the study of materials compatability with chelating agents. The thermostability of both EDTA and HEDTA metal chelates in All Volatile Treatment (AVT) water chemistry were shown to be greater than or equal to the thermostability of EDTA metal chelates in phosphate-sulfite water chemistry. HEDTA metal chelates were shown to have a much greater stability than EDTA metal chelates. Using samples taken from the EDTA metal chelate thermostability study andmore » from the Commonwealth Research Corporation (CRC) model steam generators (MSG), EDTA decomposition products were determined. Active metal surfaces were shown to become passivated when exposed to EDTA and HEDTA concentrations as high as 0.1% w/w in AVT. Trace amounts of iron in the water were found to increase the rate of passivation. Material balance and visual inspection data from CRC model steam generators showed that metal was transported through and cleaned from the MSG's. The Inconel 600 tubes of the salt water fouled model steam generators experienced pitting corrosion. Results of this study demonstrates the feasibility of EDTA as an on-line water treatment additive to maintain nuclear steam generators in a clean condition.« less

Highly Flexible and Efficient Solar Steam Generation Device.

PubMed

Chen, Chaoji; Li, Yiju; Song, Jianwei; Yang, Zhi; Kuang, Yudi; Hitz, Emily; Jia, Chao; Gong, Amy; Jiang, Feng; Zhu, J Y; Yang, Bao; Xie, Jia; Hu, Liangbing

2017-08-01

Solar steam generation with subsequent steam recondensation has been regarded as one of the most promising techniques to utilize the abundant solar energy and sea water or other unpurified water through water purification, desalination, and distillation. Although tremendous efforts have been dedicated to developing high-efficiency solar steam generation devices, challenges remain in terms of the relatively low efficiency, complicated fabrications, high cost, and inability to scale up. Here, inspired by the water transpiration behavior of trees, the use of carbon nanotube (CNT)-modified flexible wood membrane (F-Wood/CNTs) is demonstrated as a flexible, portable, recyclable, and efficient solar steam generation device for low-cost and scalable solar steam generation applications. Benefitting from the unique structural merits of the F-Wood/CNTs membrane-a black CNT-coated hair-like surface with excellent light absorbability, wood matrix with low thermal conductivity, hierarchical micro- and nanochannels for water pumping and escaping, solar steam generation device based on the F-Wood/CNTs membrane demonstrates a high efficiency of 81% at 10 kW cm -2 , representing one of the highest values ever-reported. The nature-inspired design concept in this study is straightforward and easily scalable, representing one of the most promising solutions for renewable and portable solar energy generation and other related phase-change applications. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Dynamic modelling and simulation of linear Fresnel solar field model based on molten salt heat transfer fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hakkarainen, Elina; Tähtinen, Matti

2016-05-01

Demonstrations of direct steam generation (DSG) in linear Fresnel collectors (LFC) have given promising results related to higher steam parameters compared to the current state-of-the-art parabolic trough collector (PTC) technology using oil as heat transfer fluid (HTF). However, DSG technology lacks feasible solution for long-term thermal energy storage (TES) system. This option is important for CSP technology in order to offer dispatchable power. Recently, molten salts have been proposed to be used as HTF and directly as storage medium in both line-focusing solar fields, offering storage capacity of several hours. This direct molten salt (DMS) storage concept has already gained operational experience in solar tower power plant, and it is under demonstration phase both in the case of LFC and PTC systems. Dynamic simulation programs offer a valuable effort for design and optimization of solar power plants. In this work, APROS dynamic simulation program is used to model a DMS linear Fresnel solar field with two-tank TES system, and example simulation results are presented in order to verify the functionality of the model and capability of APROS for CSP modelling and simulation.

40 CFR 63.7522 - Can I use emission averaging to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... steam generation by boiler, i, in units of pounds. Cf = Conversion factor, calculated from the most recent compliance test, in units of million Btu of heat input per pounds of steam generated. (f) You must... emission rate using the actual steam generation from the large solid fuel boilers participating in the...

40 CFR 63.7522 - Can I use emission averaging to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... steam generation by boiler, i, in units of pounds. Cf = Conversion factor, calculated from the most recent compliance test, in units of million Btu of heat input per pounds of steam generated. (f) You must... emission rate using the actual steam generation from the large solid fuel boilers participating in the...

40 CFR 63.7522 - Can I use emission averaging to comply with this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... steam generation by boiler, i, in units of pounds. Cf = Conversion factor, calculated from the most recent compliance test, in units of million Btu of heat input per pounds of steam generated. (f) You must... emission rate using the actual steam generation from the large solid fuel boilers participating in the...

2. Credit BG. Looking west at east facade of Steam ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Credit BG. Looking west at east facade of Steam Generator Plant, Building 4280/E-81; steam generators have been removed as part of dismantling program for Test Stand 'D.' Metal cylindrical objects to left of door were roof vents. The steam-driven ejector system for Dv Cell is clearly visible on the east side of Test Stand 'D' tower. The X-stage ejector is vertically installed at the bottom left of the tower, Y-stage is horizontally positioned close to the tower top, and the Z- and Z-1 stages are attached to the top of the interstage condenser. Light-colored piping is thermally insulated steam line. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Steam Generator Plant, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

46 CFR 54.01-10 - Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... known as “Evaporators” or “Heat Exchangers” are not classified as unfired steam boilers. They shall be... this part. (c) An evaporator in which steam is generated shall be fitted with an efficient water level...

46 CFR 54.01-10 - Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... known as “Evaporators” or “Heat Exchangers” are not classified as unfired steam boilers. They shall be... this part. (c) An evaporator in which steam is generated shall be fitted with an efficient water level...

46 CFR 54.01-10 - Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... known as “Evaporators” or “Heat Exchangers” are not classified as unfired steam boilers. They shall be... this part. (c) An evaporator in which steam is generated shall be fitted with an efficient water level...

46 CFR 54.01-10 - Steam-generating pressure vessels (modifies U-1(g)).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... known as “Evaporators” or “Heat Exchangers” are not classified as unfired steam boilers. They shall be... this part. (c) An evaporator in which steam is generated shall be fitted with an efficient water level...

8. TURBINE DECK (UPPER FLOOR) INSIDE STEAM PLANT, SHOWING STEAM ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

8. TURBINE DECK (UPPER FLOOR) INSIDE STEAM PLANT, SHOWING STEAM TURBINES AND GENERATORS, LOOKING NORTH. November 13, 1990 - Crosscut Steam Plant, North side Salt River near Mill Avenue & Washington Street, Tempe, Maricopa County, AZ

45. William E. Barrett, Photographer, August 1975. EARLY STEAM GENERATING ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. William E. Barrett, Photographer, August 1975. EARLY STEAM GENERATING UNIT USED TO PRODUCE ELECTRICITY FOR MANUFACTURING OPERATIONS AND FOR THE TOWN OF RAINELLE. STEAM ENGINE IS A HAMILTON CORLISS. - Meadow River Lumber Company, Highway 60, Rainelle, Greenbrier County, WV

Pretest analysis of natural circulation on the PWR model PACTEL with horizontal steam generators

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kervinen, T.; Riikonen, V.; Ritonummi, T.

A new tests facility - parallel channel tests loop (PACTEL)- has been designed and built to simulate the major components and system behavior of pressurized water reactors (PWRs) during postulated small- and medium-break loss-of-coolant accidents. Pretest calculations have been performed for the first test series, and the results of these calculations are being used for planning experiments, for adjusting the data acquisition system, and for choosing the optimal position and type of instrumentation. PACTEL is a volumetrically scaled (1:305) model of the VVER-440 PWR. In all the calculated cases, the natural circulation was found to be effective in removing themore » heat from the core to the steam generator. The loop mass flow rate peaked at 60% mass inventory. The straightening of the loop seals increased the mass flow rate significantly.« less

Heat transfer with hockey-stick steam generator. [LMFBR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moody, E; Gabler, M J

1977-11-01

The hockey-stick modular design concept is a good answer to future needs for reliable, economic LMFBR steam generators. The concept was successfully demonstrated in the 30 Mwt MSG test unit; scaled up versions are currently in fabrication for CRBRP usage, and further scaling has been accomplished for PLBR applications. Design and performance characteristics are presented for the three generations of hockey-stick steam generators. The key features of the design are presented based on extensive analytical effort backed up by extensive ancillary test data. The bases for and actual performance evaluations are presented with emphasis on the CRBRP design. The designmore » effort on these units has resulted in the development of analytical techniques that are directly applicable to steam generators for any LMFBR application. In conclusion, the hockey-stick steam generator concept has been proven to perform both thermally and hydraulically as predicted. The heat transfer characteristics are well defined, and proven analytical techniques are available as are personnel experienced in their use.« less

40 CFR 52.226 - Control strategy and regulations: Particulate matter, San Joaquin Valley and Mountain Counties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... previously approved in 40 CFR 52.223 is retained. (iii) The addition of Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator... CFR 52.223 are retained. (ii) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on July 22...) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on February 10, 1977, is disapproved and the...

40 CFR 52.226 - Control strategy and regulations: Particulate matter, San Joaquin Valley and Mountain Counties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... previously approved in 40 CFR 52.223 is retained. (iii) The addition of Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator... CFR 52.223 are retained. (ii) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on July 22...) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on February 10, 1977, is disapproved and the...

40 CFR 52.226 - Control strategy and regulations: Particulate matter, San Joaquin Valley and Mountain Counties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... previously approved in 40 CFR 52.223 is retained. (iii) The addition of Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator... CFR 52.223 are retained. (ii) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on July 22...) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on February 10, 1977, is disapproved and the...

40 CFR 52.226 - Control strategy and regulations: Particulate matter, San Joaquin Valley and Mountain Counties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... previously approved in 40 CFR 52.223 is retained. (iii) The addition of Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator... CFR 52.223 are retained. (ii) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on July 22...) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on February 10, 1977, is disapproved and the...

40 CFR 52.226 - Control strategy and regulations: Particulate matter, San Joaquin Valley and Mountain Counties...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... previously approved in 40 CFR 52.223 is retained. (iii) The addition of Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator... CFR 52.223 are retained. (ii) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on July 22...) Rule 209, Fossil Fuel-Steam Generator Facility, submitted on February 10, 1977, is disapproved and the...

Automation of steam generator services at public service electric & gas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cruickshank, H.; Wray, J.; Scull, D.

1995-03-01

Public Service Electric & Gas takes an aggressive approach to pursuing new exposure reduction techniques. Evaluation of historic outage exposure shows that over the last eight refueling outages, primary steam generator work has averaged sixty-six (66) person-rem, or, approximately tewenty-five percent (25%) of the general outage exposure at Salem Station. This maintenance evolution represents the largest percentage of exposure for any single activity. Because of this, primary steam generator work represents an excellent opportunity for the development of significant exposure reduction techniques. A study of primary steam generator maintenance activities demonstrated that seventy-five percent (75%) of radiation exposure was duemore » to work activities of the primary steam generator platform, and that development of automated methods for performing these activities was worth pursuing. Existing robotics systems were examined and it was found that a new approach would have to be developed. This resulted in a joint research and development project between Westinghouse and Public Service Electric & Gas to develop an automated system of accomplishing the Health Physics functions on the primary steam generator platform. R.O.M.M.R.S. (Remotely Operated Managed Maintenance Robotics System) was the result of this venture.« less

Reliable steam generators: how KWU solved beginning problems for its customers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eggers, B.; Engl, G.; Froehlich, K.

This paper describes improvements in inspection and maintenance techniques, the adaptation of a secondary-side concept, and the optimization of water chemistry to achieve the highest possible operational reliability of steam generator performance. In the late 1970s and the early 1980s steam generators of several pressurized water reactors delivered by Kraftwerk Union (KWU) experienced corrosion-induced tube-wall degradation. As a result of these findings and the similar experience in US plants, KWU initiated a systematic program to retain the operational history of the plants at their historically outstanding level. By a combination of improvement in the balance of plant, reduction of themore » phosphate conditioning, and even a change to an all-volatile treatment as well as by the performance of tubesheet lancing, the tube degradation in KWU steam generators is nearly halted and no other known corrosion mechanisms exist that could impair the life expectancy of the steam generators. Nevertheless, repair and cleaning techniques have been developed and are available for application, if necessary, such as tube plugging, tube sleeving, or even partial tube replacement as well as chemical cleaning of the steam generator's secondary side.« less

Steam drum design for direct steam generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Willwerth, Lisa; Müller, Svenja; Krüger, Joachim; Succo, Manuel; Feldhoff, Jan Fabian; Tiedemann, Jörg; Pandian, Yuvaraj; Krüger, Dirk; Hennecke, Klaus

2017-06-01

For the direct steam generation in solar fields, the recirculation concept has been demonstrated in several installations. Water masses in the solar field vary during transient phases, such as passing clouds. The volume of the steam drum can serve as a buffer during such transients by taking in excess water and providing water storage. The saturated steam mass flow to the superheating section or the consumer can be maintained almost constant during short transients; therefore the steam drum plays a key role for constant steam supply. Its buffer effect depends on the right sizing of the steam drum for the prevailing situations. Due to missing experiences, steam drums have been sized under conservative assumptions and are thereby usually oversized. With this paper, experiences on the steam drum of the 5 MWel TSE1 power plant are discussed for optimized future plant design. The results are also of relevance for process heat installations, in which saturated steam is produced by the solar field.

Design of structure and simulation of the three-zone gasifier of dense layer of the inverted process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zagrutdinov, R. Sh; Negutorov, V. N.; Maliykhin, D. G.; Nikishanin, M. S.; Senachin, P. K.

2017-11-01

Experts of LLC “New Energy Technologies” have developed gasifiers designs, with the implementation of the three-zone gasification method, which satisfy the following conditions: 1) the generated gas must be free from tar, soot and hydrocarbons, with a given ratio of CO/H2; 2) to use as the fuel source a wide range of low-grade low-value solid fuels, including biomass and various kinds of carbonaceous wastes; 3) have high reliability in operation, do not require qualified operating personnel, be relatively inexpensive to produce and use steam-air blowing instead of expensive steam-oxygen one; 4) the line of standard sizes should be sufficiently wide (with a single unit capacity of fuel from 1 to 50-70 MW). Two models of gas generators of the inverted gasification process with three combustion zones operating under pressure have been adopted for design: 1) gas generator with a remote combustion chamber type GOP-VKS (two-block version) and 2) a gas generator with a common combustion chamber of the GOP-OK type (single-block version), which is an almost ideal model for increasing the unit capacity. There have been worked out various schemes for the preparation of briquettes from practically the entire spectrum of low-grade fuel: high-ash and high-moisture coals, peat and biomass, including all types of waste - solid household waste, crop, livestock, poultry, etc. In the gas generators there are gasified the cylindrical briquettes with a diameter of 20-25 mm and a length of 25-35 mm. There have been developed a mathematical model and computer code for numerical simulation of synthesis gas generation processes in a gasifier of a dense layer of inverted process during a steam-air blast, including: continuity equations for the 8 gas phase components and for the solid phase; the equation of the heat balance for the entire heterogeneous system; the Darcy law equation (for porous media); equation of state for 8 components of the gas phase; equations for the rates of 3 gas-phase and 4 heterogeneous reactions; macro kinetics law of coke combustion; other equations and boundary conditions.

Hydrogen-based power generation from bioethanol steam reforming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tasnadi-Asztalos, Zs.; Cormos, C. C.; Agachi, P. S.

2015-12-01

This paper is evaluating two power generation concepts based on hydrogen produced from bioethanol steam reforming at industrial scale without and with carbon capture. The power generation from bioethanol conversion is based on two important steps: hydrogen production from bioethanol catalytic steam reforming and electricity generation using a hydrogen-fuelled gas turbine. As carbon capture method to be assessed in hydrogen-based power generation from bioethanol steam reforming, the gas-liquid absorption using methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA) was used. Bioethanol is a renewable energy carrier mainly produced from biomass fermentation. Steam reforming of bioethanol (SRE) provides a promising method for hydrogen and power production from renewable resources. SRE is performed at high temperatures (e.g. 800-900°C) to reduce the reforming by-products (e.g. ethane, ethene). The power generation from hydrogen was done with M701G2 gas turbine (334 MW net power output). Hydrogen was obtained through catalytic steam reforming of bioethanol without and with carbon capture. For the evaluated plant concepts the following key performance indicators were assessed: fuel consumption, gross and net power outputs, net electrical efficiency, ancillary consumptions, carbon capture rate, specific CO2 emission etc. As the results show, the power generation based on bioethanol conversion has high energy efficiency and low carbon footprint.

Hydrogen-based power generation from bioethanol steam reforming

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tasnadi-Asztalos, Zs., E-mail: tazsolt@chem.ubbcluj.ro; Cormos, C. C., E-mail: cormos@chem.ubbcluj.ro; Agachi, P. S.

This paper is evaluating two power generation concepts based on hydrogen produced from bioethanol steam reforming at industrial scale without and with carbon capture. The power generation from bioethanol conversion is based on two important steps: hydrogen production from bioethanol catalytic steam reforming and electricity generation using a hydrogen-fuelled gas turbine. As carbon capture method to be assessed in hydrogen-based power generation from bioethanol steam reforming, the gas-liquid absorption using methyl-di-ethanol-amine (MDEA) was used. Bioethanol is a renewable energy carrier mainly produced from biomass fermentation. Steam reforming of bioethanol (SRE) provides a promising method for hydrogen and power production frommore » renewable resources. SRE is performed at high temperatures (e.g. 800-900°C) to reduce the reforming by-products (e.g. ethane, ethene). The power generation from hydrogen was done with M701G2 gas turbine (334 MW net power output). Hydrogen was obtained through catalytic steam reforming of bioethanol without and with carbon capture. For the evaluated plant concepts the following key performance indicators were assessed: fuel consumption, gross and net power outputs, net electrical efficiency, ancillary consumptions, carbon capture rate, specific CO{sub 2} emission etc. As the results show, the power generation based on bioethanol conversion has high energy efficiency and low carbon footprint.« less

Analysis of steam generator loss-of-feedwater experiments with APROS and RELAP5/MOD3.1 computer codes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Virtanen, E.; Haapalehto, T.; Kouhia, J.

1995-09-01

Three experiments were conducted to study the behavior of the new horizontal steam generator construction of the PACTEL test facility. In the experiments the secondary side coolant level was reduced stepwise. The experiments were calculated with two computer codes RELAP5/MOD3.1 and APROS version 2.11. A similar nodalization scheme was used for both codes to that the results may be compared. Only the steam generator was modelled and the rest of the facility was given as a boundary condition. The results show that both codes calculate well the behaviour of the primary side of the steam generator. On the secondary sidemore » both codes calculate lower steam temperatures in the upper part of the heat exchange tube bundle than was measured in the experiments.« less

Some aspects of steam-water flow simulation in geothermal wells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shulyupin, Alexander N.

1996-01-24

Actual aspects of steam-water simulation in geothermal wells are considered: necessary quality of a simulator, flow regimes, mass conservation equation, momentum conservation equation, energy conservation equation and condition equations. Shortcomings of traditional hydraulic approach are noted. Main questions of simulator development by the hydraulic approach are considered. New possibilities of a simulation with the structure approach employment are noted.

78 FR 75342 - Information Collection Request Submitted to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; NSPS...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-11

...- Institutional Steam Generating Units (Renewal) AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). ACTION: Notice... for Small Industrial- Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units (40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Dc.... Respondents/affected entities: Owners or operators of small industrial-commercial-institutional steam...

Downhole steam generator using low pressure fuel and air supply

DOEpatents

Fox, Ronald L.

1983-01-01

An apparatus for generation of steam in a borehole for penetration into an earth formation wherein a spiral, tubular heat exchanger is used in the combustion chamber to isolate the combustion process from the water being superheated for conversion into steam. The isolation allows combustion of a relatively low pressure oxidant and fuel mixture for generating high enthalpy steam. The fuel is preheated by feedback of combustion gases from the top of the combustion chamber through a fuel preheater chamber. The hot exhaust gases of combustion at the bottom of the combustion chamber, after flowing over the heat exchanger enter an exhaust passage and pipe. The exhaust pipe is mounted inside the water supply line heating the water flowing into the heat exchanger. After being superheated in the heat exchanger, the water is ejected through an expansion nozzle and converts into steam prior to penetration into the earth formation. Pressure responsive doors are provided at a steam outlet downstream of the nozzle and close when the steam pressure is lost due to flameout.

Control system for fluid heated steam generator

DOEpatents

Boland, J.F.; Koenig, J.F.

1984-05-29

A control system for controlling the location of the nucleate-boiling region in a fluid heated steam generator comprises means for measuring the temperature gradient (change in temperature per unit length) of the heating fluid along the steam generator; means for determining a control variable in accordance with a predetermined function of temperature gradients and for generating a control signal in response thereto; and means for adjusting the feedwater flow rate in accordance with the control signal.

Control system for fluid heated steam generator

DOEpatents

Boland, James F.; Koenig, John F.

1985-01-01

A control system for controlling the location of the nucleate-boiling region in a fluid heated steam generator comprises means for measuring the temperature gradient (change in temperature per unit length) of the heating fluid along the steam generator; means for determining a control variable in accordance with a predetermined function of temperature gradients and for generating a control signal in response thereto; and means for adjusting the feedwater flow rate in accordance with the control signal.

Hybrid feedforward and feedback controller design for nuclear steam generators over wide range operation using genetic algorithm

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Y.; Edwards, R.M.; Lee, K.Y.

1997-03-01

In this paper, a simplified model with a lower order is first developed for a nuclear steam generator system and verified against some realistic environments. Based on this simplified model, a hybrid multi-input and multi-out (MIMO) control system, consisting of feedforward control (FFC) and feedback control (FBC), is designed for wide range conditions by using the genetic algorithm (GA) technique. The FFC control, obtained by the GA optimization method, injects an a priori command input into the system to achieve an optimal performance for the designed system, while the GA-based FBC control provides the necessary compensation for any disturbances ormore » uncertainties in a real steam generator. The FBC control is an optimal design of a PI-based control system which would be more acceptable for industrial practices and power plant control system upgrades. The designed hybrid MIMO FFC/FBC control system is first applied to the simplified model and then to a more complicated model with a higher order which is used as a substitute of the real system to test the efficacy of the designed control system. Results from computer simulations show that the designed GA-based hybrid MIMO FFC/FBC control can achieve good responses and robust performances. Hence, it can be considered as a viable alternative to the current control system upgrade.« less

Micro Chemical Oxygen-Iodine Laser (COIL)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

required to form a good o-ring seal. Steam generator design A pumping system based on steam ejectors was designed during the course of the previous HEL-JTO...options for the steam generator design . The first is to catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide through the use of a standard solid

75 FR 77866 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-14

... Approval; Comment Request; NSPS for Electric Utility Steam Generating (Renewal) AGENCY: Environmental... the electronic docket, go to http://www.regulations.gov . Title: NSPS for Electric Utility Steam.../Affected Entities: Owners or operators of electric utility steam generating units. Estimated Number of...

75 FR 45080 - Revisions to the California State Implementation Plan

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-02

... revisions concern oxides of nitrogen (NO X ) emissions from boilers, steam generators and process heaters... 1--Submitted Rule Local agency Rule No. Rule title Adopted Submitted SJVUAPCD 4308 Boilers, Steam... regulations that control NO X emissions. Rule 4308 limits NO X and CO emissions from boilers, steam generators...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bhattacharyya, D.; Turton, R.; Zitney, S.

In this presentation, development of a plant-wide dynamic model of an advanced Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) plant with CO2 capture will be discussed. The IGCC reference plant generates 640 MWe of net power using Illinois No.6 coal as the feed. The plant includes an entrained, downflow, General Electric Energy (GEE) gasifier with a radiant syngas cooler (RSC), a two-stage water gas shift (WGS) conversion process, and two advanced 'F' class combustion turbines partially integrated with an elevated-pressure air separation unit (ASU). A subcritical steam cycle is considered for heat recovery steam generation. Syngas is selectively cleaned by a SELEXOLmore » acid gas removal (AGR) process. Sulfur is recovered using a two-train Claus unit with tail gas recycle to the AGR. A multistage intercooled compressor is used for compressing CO2 to the pressure required for sequestration. Using Illinois No.6 coal, the reference plant generates 640 MWe of net power. The plant-wide steady-state and dynamic IGCC simulations have been generated using the Aspen Plus{reg_sign} and Aspen Plus Dynamics{reg_sign} process simulators, respectively. The model is generated based on the Case 2 IGCC configuration detailed in the study available in the NETL website1. The GEE gasifier is represented with a restricted equilibrium reactor model where the temperature approach to equilibrium for individual reactions can be modified based on the experimental data. In this radiant-only configuration, the syngas from the Radiant Syngas Cooler (RSC) is quenched in a scrubber. The blackwater from the scrubber bottom is further cleaned in the blackwater treatment plant. The cleaned water is returned back to the scrubber and also used for slurry preparation. The acid gas from the sour water stripper (SWS) is sent to the Claus plant. The syngas from the scrubber passes through a sour shift process. The WGS reactors are modeled as adiabatic plug flow reactors with rigorous kinetics based on the mid-life activity of the shift-catalyst. The SELEXOL unit consists of the H2S and CO2 absorbers that are designed to meet the stringent environmental limits and requirements of other associated units. The model also considers the stripper for recovering H2S that is sent as a feed to a split-flow Claus unit. The tail gas from the Claus unit is recycled to the SELEXOL unit. The cleaned syngas is sent to the GE 7FB gas turbine. This turbine is modeled as per published data in the literature. Diluent N2 is used from the elevated-pressure ASU for reducing the NOx formation. The heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is modeled by considering generation of high-pressure, intermediate-pressure, and low-pressure steam. All of the vessels, reactors, heat exchangers, and the columns have been sized. The basic IGCC process control structure has been synthesized by standard guidelines and existing practices. The steady-state simulation is solved in sequential-modular mode in Aspen Plus{reg_sign} and consists of more than 300 unit operations, 33 design specs, and 16 calculator blocks. The equation-oriented dynamic simulation consists of more than 100,000 equations solved using a multi-step Gear's integrator in Aspen Plus Dynamics{reg_sign}. The challenges faced in solving the dynamic model and key transient results from this dynamic model will also be discussed.« less

Method and apparatus for enhanced heat recovery from steam generators and water heaters

DOEpatents

Knight, Richard A.; Rabovitser, Iosif K.; Wang, Dexin

2006-06-27

A heating system having a steam generator or water heater, at least one economizer, at least one condenser and at least one oxidant heater arranged in a manner so as to reduce the temperature and humidity of the exhaust gas (flue gas) stream and recover a major portion of the associated sensible and latent heat. The recovered heat is returned to the steam generator or water heater so as to increase the quantity of steam generated or water heated per quantity of fuel consumed. In addition, a portion of the water vapor produced by combustion of fuel is reclaimed for use as feed water, thereby reducing the make-up water requirement for the system.

Intelligent Chemistry Management System (ICMS)--A new approach to steam generator chemistry control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Barto, R.J.; Farrell, D.M.; Noto, F.A.

1986-04-01

The Intelligent Chemistry Management System (ICMS) is a new tool which assists in steam generator chemistry control. Utilizing diagnostic capabilities, the ICMS will provide utility and industrial boiler operators, system chemists, and plant engineers with a tool for monitoring, diagnosing, and controlling steam generator system chemistry. By reducing the number of forced outages through early identification of potentially detrimental conditions, suggestion of possible causes, and execution of corrective actions, improvements in unit availability and reliability will result. The system monitors water and steam quality at a number of critical locations in the plant.

Susceptibility of steam generator tubes in secondary conditions: Effects of lead and sulphate

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gomez Briceno, D.; Garcia, M.S.; Castano, M.L.

1997-02-01

IGA/SCC on the secondary side of steam generators is increasing every year, and represents the cause of some steam generator replacements. Until recently, caustic and acidic environments have been accepted as causes of IGA/SCC, particulary in certain environments: in sludge pile on the tube sheet; at support crevices; in free span. Lead and sulfur have been identified as significant impurities. Present thoughts are that some IGA/SCC at support crevices may have occurred in nearly neutral or mildly alkaline environments. Here the authors present experimental work aimed at studying the influence of lead and sulfur on the behaviour of steam generatormore » tube alloys in different water environments typical of steam generators. Most test results ran for at least 2000 hours, and involved visual and detailed surface analysis during and following the test procedures.« less

Preliminary Axial Flow Turbine Design and Off-Design Performance Analysis Methods for Rotary Wing Aircraft Engines. Part 2; Applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chen, Shu-cheng, S.

2009-01-01

In this paper, preliminary studies on two turbine engine applications relevant to the tilt-rotor rotary wing aircraft are performed. The first case-study is the application of variable pitch turbine for the turbine performance improvement when operating at a substantially lower shaft speed. The calculations are made on the 75 percent speed and the 50 percent speed of operations. Our results indicate that with the use of the variable pitch turbines, a nominal (3 percent (probable) to 5 percent (hypothetical)) efficiency improvement at the 75 percent speed, and a notable (6 percent (probable) to 12 percent (hypothetical)) efficiency improvement at the 50 percent speed, without sacrificing the turbine power productions, are achievable if the technical difficulty of turning the turbine vanes and blades can be circumvented. The second casestudy is the contingency turbine power generation for the tilt-rotor aircraft in the One Engine Inoperative (OEI) scenario. For this study, calculations are performed on two promising methods: throttle push and steam injection. By isolating the power turbine and limiting its air mass flow rate to be no more than the air flow intake of the take-off operation, while increasing the turbine inlet total temperature (simulating the throttle push) or increasing the air-steam mixture flow rate (simulating the steam injection condition), our results show that an amount of 30 to 45 percent extra power, to the nominal take-off power, can be generated by either of the two methods. The methods of approach, the results, and discussions of these studies are presented in this paper.

Hydrogen production by reforming of liquid hydrocarbons in a membrane reactor for portable power generation-Experimental studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Damle, Ashok S.

One of the most promising technologies for lightweight, compact, portable power generation is proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. PEM fuel cells, however, require a source of pure hydrogen. Steam reforming of hydrocarbons in an integrated membrane reactor has potential to provide pure hydrogen in a compact system. Continuous separation of product hydrogen from the reforming gas mixture is expected to increase the yield of hydrogen significantly as predicted by model simulations. In the laboratory-scale experimental studies reported here steam reforming of liquid hydrocarbon fuels, butane, methanol and Clearlite ® was conducted to produce pure hydrogen in a single step membrane reformer using commercially available Pd-Ag foil membranes and reforming/WGS catalysts. All of the experimental results demonstrated increase in hydrocarbon conversion due to hydrogen separation when compared with the hydrocarbon conversion without any hydrogen separation. Increase in hydrogen recovery was also shown to result in corresponding increase in hydrocarbon conversion in these studies demonstrating the basic concept. The experiments also provided insight into the effect of individual variables such as pressure, temperature, gas space velocity, and steam to carbon ratio. Steam reforming of butane was found to be limited by reaction kinetics for the experimental conditions used: catalysts used, average gas space velocity, and the reactor characteristics of surface area to volume ratio. Steam reforming of methanol in the presence of only WGS catalyst on the other hand indicated that the membrane reactor performance was limited by membrane permeation, especially at lower temperatures and lower feed pressures due to slower reconstitution of CO and H 2 into methane thus maintaining high hydrogen partial pressures in the reacting gas mixture. The limited amount of data collected with steam reforming of Clearlite ® indicated very good match between theoretical predictions and experimental results indicating that the underlying assumption of the simple model of conversion of hydrocarbons to CO and H 2 followed by equilibrium reconstitution to methane appears to be reasonable one.

77 FR 77073 - Agency Information Collection Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-31

... Activities; Submission to OMB for Review and Approval; Comment Request; NSPS for Fossil Fuel Fired Steam... www.regulations.gov . Title: NSPS for Fossil Fuel Fired Steam Generating Units(Renewal). ICR Numbers.... Respondents/Affected Entities: Owners or operators of fossil fuel fired steam generating units. Estimated...

Car companies look to generate power from waste heat

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schirber, Michael

2008-04-01

You might think that the steam engine is an outdated technology that had its heyday centuries ago, but in fact steam is once again a hot topic with vehicle manufacturers. Indeed, the next generation of hybrid cars and trucks may incorporate some form of steam power. Honda, for example, has just released details of a new prototype hybrid car that recharges its battery using a steam engine that exploits waste heat from the exhaust pipe.

PARTIAL ECONOMIC STUDY OF STEAM COOLED HEAVY WATER MODERATED REACTORS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1960-04-01

Steam-cooled reactors are compared with CAHDU for costs of Calandria tubes, pressure tubes. heavy water moderator, heavy water reflector, fuel supply, heat exchanger, and turbine generator. A direct-cycle lightsteam-cooled heavy- water-moderated pressure-tube reactor formed the basic reactor design for the study. Two methods of steam circulation through the reactor were examined. In both cases the steam was generated outside the reactor and superheated in the reactor core. One method consisted of a series of reactor and steam generator passes. The second method consisted of the Loeffler cycle and its modifications. The fuel was assumed to be natural cylindrical UO/sub 2/more » pellets sheathed in a hypothetical material with the nuclear properties of Zircaloy, but able to function at temperatures to 900 deg F. For the conditions assumed, the longer the rod, the higher the outlet temperature and therefore the higher the efficiency. The turbine cycle efficiency was calculated on the assumption that suitable steam generators are available. As the neutron losses to the pressure tubes were significant, an economic analysis of insulated pressure tubes is included. A description of the physics program for steam-cooled reactors is included. Results indicated that power from the steam-cooled reactor would cost 1.4 mills/ kwh compared with 1.25 mills/kwh for CANDU. (M.C.G.)« less

Rapid Generation of Superheated Steam Using a Water-containing Porous Material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mori, Shoji; Okuyama, Kunito

Heat treatment by superheated steam has been utilized in several industrial fields including sterilization, desiccation, and cooking. In particular, cooking by superheated steam is receiving increased attention because it has advantages of reducing the salt and fat contents in foods as well as suppressing the oxidation of vitamin C and fat. In this application, quick startup and cut-off responses are required. Most electrically energized steam generators require a relatively long time to generate superheated steam due to the large heat capacities of the water in container and of the heater. Zhao and Liao (2002) introduced a novel process for rapid vaporization of subcooled liquid, in which a low-thermal-conductivity porous wick containing water is heated by a downward-facing grooved heating block in contact with the upper surface of the wick structure. They showed that saturated steam is generated within approximately 30 seconds from room-temperature water at a heat flux 41.2 kW⁄m2. In order to quickly generate superheated steam of approximately 300°C, which is required for cooking, the heat capacity of the heater should be as small as possible and the imposed heat flux should be so high enough that the porous wick is able to dry out in the vicinity of the contact with the heater and that the resulting heater temperature becomes much higher than the saturation temperature. The present paper proposes a simple structured generator to quickly produce superheated steam. Only a fine wire heater is contacted spirally on the inside wall in a hollow porous material. The start-up, cut-off responses and the rate of energy conversion for input power are investigated experimentally. Superheated steam of 300°C is produced in approximately 19 seconds from room-temperature water for an input power of 300 W. The maximum rate of energy conversion in the steady state is approximately 0.9.

Recovery comparisons--hot nitrogen Vs steam regeneration of toxic dichloromethane from activated carbon beds in oil sands process.

PubMed

Ramalingam, Shivaji G; Pré, Pascaline; Giraudet, Sylvain; Le Coq, Laurence; Le Cloirec, Pierre; Baudouin, Olivier; Déchelotte, Stéphane

2012-02-29

The regeneration experiments of dichloromethane from activated carbon bed had been carried out by both hot nitrogen and steam to evaluate the regeneration performance and the operating cost of the regeneration step. Factorial Experimental Design (FED) tool had been implemented to optimize the temperature of nitrogen and the superficial velocity of the nitrogen to achieve maximum regeneration at an optimized operating cost. All the experimental results of adsorption step, hot nitrogen and steam regeneration step had been validated by the simulation model PROSIM. The average error percentage between the simulation and experiment based on the mass of adsorption of dichloromethane was 2.6%. The average error percentages between the simulations and experiments based on the mass of dichloromethane regenerated by nitrogen regeneration and steam regeneration were 3 and 12%, respectively. From the experiments, it had been shown that both the hot nitrogen and steam regeneration had regenerated 84% of dichloromethane. But the choice of hot nitrogen or steam regeneration depends on the regeneration time, operating costs, and purity of dichloromethane regenerated. A thorough investigation had been made about the advantages and limitations of both the hot nitrogen and steam regeneration of dichloromethane. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Potential ability of zeolite to generate high-temperature vapor using waste heat

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fukai, Jun; Wijayanta, Agung Tri

2018-02-01

In various material product industries, a large amount of high temperature steam as heat sources are produced from fossil fuel, then thermal energy retained by condensed water at lower than 100°C are wasted. Thermal energies retained by exhaust gases at lower than 200°C are also wasted. Effective utilization of waste heat is believed to be one of important issues to solve global problems of energy and environment. Zeolite/water adsorption systems are introduced to recover such low-temperature waste heats in this study. Firstly, an adsorption steam recovery system was developed to generate high temperature steam from unused hot waste heat. The system used a new principle that adsorption heat of zeolite/water contact was efficiently extracted. A bench-scaled system was constructed, demonstrating contentious generation of saturated steam nearly 150°C from hot water at 80°C. Energy conservation is expected by returning the generated steam to steam lines in the product processes. Secondly, it was demonstrated that superheated steam/vapor at higher than 200°C could be generated from those at nearly 120°C using a laboratory-scaled setup. The maximum temperature and the time variation of output temperature were successfully estimated using macroscopic heat balances. Lastly, the maximum temperatures were estimated whose saturate air at the relative humidity 20-80% were heated by the present system. Theoretically, air at higher than 200°C was generated from saturate air at higher than 70°C. Consequently, zeolite/water adsorption systems have potential ability to regenerate thermal energy of waste water and exhaust gases.

Lightweight, Mesoporous, and Highly Absorptive All-Nanofiber Aerogel for Efficient Solar Steam Generation.

PubMed

Jiang, Feng; Liu, He; Li, Yiju; Kuang, Yudi; Xu, Xu; Chen, Chaoji; Huang, Hao; Jia, Chao; Zhao, Xinpeng; Hitz, Emily; Zhou, Yubing; Yang, Ronggui; Cui, Lifeng; Hu, Liangbing

2018-01-10

The global fresh water shortage has driven enormous endeavors in seawater desalination and wastewater purification; among these, solar steam generation is effective in extracting fresh water by efficient utilization of naturally abundant solar energy. For solar steam generation, the primary focus is to design new materials that are biodegradable, sustainable, of low cost, and have high solar steam generation efficiency. Here, we designed a bilayer aerogel structure employing naturally abundant cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) as basic building blocks to achieve sustainability and biodegradability as well as employing a carbon nanotube (CNT) layer for efficient solar utilization with over 97.5% of light absorbance from 300 to 1200 nm wavelength. The ultralow density (0.0096 g/cm 3 ) of the aerogel ensures that minimal material is required, reducing the production cost while at the same time satisfying the water transport and thermal-insulation requirements due to its highly porous structure (99.4% porosity). Owing to its rationally designed structure and thermal-regulation performance, the bilayer CNF-CNT aerogel exhibits a high solar-energy conversion efficiency of 76.3% and 1.11 kg m -2 h -1 at 1 kW m -2 (1 Sun) solar irradiation, comparable or even higher than most of the reported solar steam generation devices. Therefore, the all-nanofiber aerogel presents a new route for designing biodegradable, sustainable, and scalable solar steam generation devices with superb performance.

Preliminary analysis of the PreFlexMS molten salt once-through steam generator dynamics and control strategy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trabucchi, Stefano; Casella, Francesco; Maioli, Tommaso; Elsido, Cristina; Franzini, Davide; Ramond, Mathieu

2017-06-01

Concentrated Solar Power plants (CSP) coupled with thermal storage have the potential to guarantee both flexible and continuous energy production, thus being competitive with conventional fossil fuel and hydro power plants, in terms of dispatchability and provision of ancillary services. Hence, the plant equipment and control design have to be focused on flexible operation on one hand, and on plant safety concerning the molten salt freezing on the other hand. The PreFlexMS European project aims to introduce a molten salt Once-Through Steam Generator (OTSG) within a Rankine cycle based power unit, a technology that has greater flexibility potential if compared to steam drum boilers, currently used in CSP plants. The dynamic modelling and simulation from the early design stages is, thus, of paramount importance, to assess the plant dynamic behavior and controllability, and to predict the achievable closed-loop dynamic performance, potentially saving money and time during the detailed design, construction and commissioning phases. The present paper reports the main results of the analysis carried out during the first part of the project, regarding the system analysis and control design. In particular, two different control systems have been studied and tested with the plant dynamic model: a decentralized control strategy based on PI controllers and a Linear Model Predictive Control (LMPC).

Geothermal steam condensate reinjection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chasteen, A. J.

1974-01-01

Geothermal electric generating plants which use condensing turbines and generate and excess of condensed steam which must be disposed of are discussed. At the Geysers, California, the largest geothermal development in the world, this steam condensate has been reinjected into the steam reservoir since 1968. A total of 3,150,000,000 gallons of steam condensate has been reinjected since that time with no noticeable effect on the adjacent producing wells. Currently, 3,700,000 gallons/day from 412 MW of installed capacity are being injected into 5 wells. Reinjection has also proven to be a satisfactory method of disposing of geothermal condensate a Imperial Valley, California, and at the Valles Caldera, New Mexico.

Kern River steam expansion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rintoul, B.

1970-09-15

The newest addition to Getty Oil Co.'s imposing array of steam equipment at Kern River is a 240-million-btu-per-hr boiler. This boiler is almost 5 times more powerful than the previous largest piece of steam-generating hardware in use in the field. The huge boiler went into operation in Aug. on the Canfield Fee property on Sec. 29, 28S-28E. It is being used to furnish steam for 60 wells in a displacement project. The components that have made Getty Oil Co. the leading steamer at Kern River and the field, in turn, the world capital for oil-field steam operations include shallow wells,more » steam generators, and--since last year--a computer. There are more than 4,500 oil wells in the Kern River field, including more than 2,600 on Getty Oil properties. Getty Oil's steam operations involve 2,469 producing wells and 151 injection wells, including 2,167 producing wells in stimulation projects and 302 producing wells in displacement projects. The Kern River drilling program for 1970 consists of 313 wells of which 179 are steam-injection wells for the expansion of displacement projects. Wells are shallow, drilled mainly to the Kern River Series sands at an average depth of 900 ft, with a few drilled to the China Grade zone at an average depth of 1,300 ft. To furnish steam for the massive Kern River program, Getty Oil has assembled a force of 96 steam generators.« less

Results of Steam-Water-Oxygen Treatment of the Inside of Heating Surfaces in Heat-Recovery Steam Generators of the PGU-800 Power Unit at the Perm' District Thermal Power Station

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ovechkina, O. V.; Zhuravlev, L. S.; Drozdov, A. A.; Solomeina, S. V.

2018-05-01

Prestarting, postinstallation steam-water-oxygen treatment (SWOT) of the natural circulation/steam reheat heat-recovery steam generators (HRSG) manufactured by OAO Krasny Kotelshchik was performed at the PGU-800 power unit of the Perm District Thermal Power Station (GRES). Prior to SWOT, steam-oxygen cleaning, passivation, and preservation of gas condensate heaters (GCH) of HRSGs were performed for 10 h using 1.3MPa/260°C/70 t/h external steam. After that, test specimens were cut out that demonstrated high strength of the passivating film. SWOT of the inside of the heating surfaces was carried out during no-load operation of the gas turbine unit with an exhaust temperature of 280-300°C at the HRSG inlet. The steam turbine was shutdown, and the generated steam was discharged into the atmosphere. Oxygen was metered into the discharge pipeline of the electricity-driven feed pumps and downcomers of the evaporators. The behavior of the concentration by weight of iron compounds and the results of investigation of cutout specimens by the drop or potentiometric method indicate that the steam-water-oxygen process makes it possible to remove corrosion products and reduce the time required to put a boiler into operation. Unlike other processes, SWOT does not require metal-intensive cleaning systems, temporary metering stations, and structures for collection of the waste solution.

2. Credit PEM. View of Martinsburg Power Company steam generating ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

2. Credit PEM. View of Martinsburg Power Company steam generating plant. From right to left: original 1889 generating building, transformer room, new generating room and, adjacent to draft stack is boiler room addition. Photo c. 1911. - Dam No. 4 Hydroelectric Plant, Potomac River, Martinsburg, Berkeley County, WV

N-16 monitors: Almaraz NPP experience

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Adrada, J.

1997-02-01

Almaraz Nuclear Power Plant has installed N-16 monitors - one per steam generator - to control the leakage rate through the steam generator tubes after the application of leak before break (LBB) criteria for the top tube sheet (TTS). After several years of operation with the N-16 monitors, Almaraz NPP experience may be summarized as follows: N-16 monitors are very useful to follow the steam generator leak rate trend and to detect an incipient tube rupture; but they do not provide an exact absolute leak rate value, mainly when there are small leaks. The evolution of the measured N-16 leakmore » rates varies along the fuel cycle, with the same trend for the 3 steam generators. This behaviour is associated with the primary water chemistry evolution along the cycle.« less

Oxygen transport membrane reactor based method and system for generating electric power

DOEpatents

Kelly, Sean M.; Chakravarti, Shrikar; Li, Juan

2017-02-07

A carbon capture enabled system and method for generating electric power and/or fuel from methane containing sources using oxygen transport membranes by first converting the methane containing feed gas into a high pressure synthesis gas. Then, in one configuration the synthesis gas is combusted in oxy-combustion mode in oxygen transport membranes based boiler reactor operating at a pressure at least twice that of ambient pressure and the heat generated heats steam in thermally coupled steam generation tubes within the boiler reactor; the steam is expanded in steam turbine to generate power; and the carbon dioxide rich effluent leaving the boiler reactor is processed to isolate carbon. In another configuration the synthesis gas is further treated in a gas conditioning system configured for carbon capture in a pre-combustion mode using water gas shift reactors and acid gas removal units to produce hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuel gas that fuels an integrated gas turbine and steam turbine system to generate power. The disclosed method and system can also be adapted to integrate with coal gasification systems to produce power from both coal and methane containing sources with greater than 90% carbon isolation.

Modeling of steam distillation mechanism during steam injection process using artificial intelligence.

PubMed

Daryasafar, Amin; Ahadi, Arash; Kharrat, Riyaz

2014-01-01

Steam distillation as one of the important mechanisms has a great role in oil recovery in thermal methods and so it is important to simulate this process experimentally and theoretically. In this work, the simulation of steam distillation is performed on sixteen sets of crude oil data found in the literature. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as artificial neural network (ANN) and also adaptive neurofuzzy interference system (ANFIS) are used in this study as effective methods to simulate the distillate recoveries of these sets of data. Thirteen sets of data were used to train the models and three sets were used to test the models. The developed models are highly compatible with respect to input oil properties and can predict the distillate yield with minimum entry. For showing the performance of the proposed models, simulation of steam distillation is also done using modified Peng-Robinson equation of state. Comparison between the calculated distillates by ANFIS and neural network models and also equation of state-based method indicates that the errors of the ANFIS model for training data and test data sets are lower than those of other methods.

Modeling of Steam Distillation Mechanism during Steam Injection Process Using Artificial Intelligence

PubMed Central

Ahadi, Arash; Kharrat, Riyaz

2014-01-01

Steam distillation as one of the important mechanisms has a great role in oil recovery in thermal methods and so it is important to simulate this process experimentally and theoretically. In this work, the simulation of steam distillation is performed on sixteen sets of crude oil data found in the literature. Artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as artificial neural network (ANN) and also adaptive neurofuzzy interference system (ANFIS) are used in this study as effective methods to simulate the distillate recoveries of these sets of data. Thirteen sets of data were used to train the models and three sets were used to test the models. The developed models are highly compatible with respect to input oil properties and can predict the distillate yield with minimum entry. For showing the performance of the proposed models, simulation of steam distillation is also done using modified Peng-Robinson equation of state. Comparison between the calculated distillates by ANFIS and neural network models and also equation of state-based method indicates that the errors of the ANFIS model for training data and test data sets are lower than those of other methods. PMID:24883365

Thermal chemical recuperation method and system for use with gas turbine systems

DOEpatents

Yang, W.C.; Newby, R.A.; Bannister, R.L.

1999-04-27

A system and method are disclosed for efficiently generating power using a gas turbine, a steam generating system and a reformer. The gas turbine receives a reformed fuel stream and an air stream and produces shaft power and exhaust. Some of the thermal energy from the turbine exhaust is received by the reformer. The turbine exhaust is then directed to the steam generator system that recovers thermal energy from it and also produces a steam flow from a water stream. The steam flow and a fuel stream are directed to the reformer that reforms the fuel stream and produces the reformed fuel stream used in the gas turbine. 2 figs.

Thermal chemical recuperation method and system for use with gas turbine systems

DOEpatents

Yang, Wen-Ching; Newby, Richard A.; Bannister, Ronald L.

1999-01-01

A system and method for efficiently generating power using a gas turbine, a steam generating system (20, 22, 78) and a reformer. The gas turbine receives a reformed fuel stream (74) and an air stream and produces shaft power and exhaust. Some of the thermal energy from the turbine exhaust is received by the reformer (18). The turbine exhaust is then directed to the steam generator system that recovers thermal energy from it and also produces a steam flow from a water stream. The steam flow and a fuel stream are directed to the reformer that reforms the fuel stream and produces the reformed fuel stream used in the gas turbine.

Estimating probable flaw distributions in PWR steam generator tubes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gorman, J.A.; Turner, A.P.L.

1997-02-01

This paper describes methods for estimating the number and size distributions of flaws of various types in PWR steam generator tubes. These estimates are needed when calculating the probable primary to secondary leakage through steam generator tubes under postulated accidents such as severe core accidents and steam line breaks. The paper describes methods for two types of predictions: (1) the numbers of tubes with detectable flaws of various types as a function of time, and (2) the distributions in size of these flaws. Results are provided for hypothetical severely affected, moderately affected and lightly affected units. Discussion is provided regardingmore » uncertainties and assumptions in the data and analyses.« less

NUCLEAR FLASH TYPE STEAM GENERATOR

DOEpatents

Johns, F.L.; Gronemeyer, E.C.; Dusbabek, M.R.

1962-09-01

A nuclear steam generating apparatus is designed so that steam may be generated from water heated directly by the nuclear heat source. The apparatus comprises a pair of pressure vessels mounted one within the other, the inner vessel containing a nuclear reactor heat source in the lower portion thereof to which water is pumped. A series of small ports are disposed in the upper portion of the inner vessel for jetting heated water under pressure outwardly into the atmosphere within the interior of the outer vessel, at which time part of the jetted water flashes into steam. The invention eliminates the necessity of any intermediate heat transfer medium and components ordinarily required for handling that medium. (AEC)

Plant maintenance and plant life extension issue, 2009

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Agnihotri, Newal

The focus of the March-April issue is on plant maintenance and plant life extension. Major articles include the following: Application of modeling and simulation to nuclear power plants, by Berry Gibson, IBM, and Rolf Gibbels, Dassault Systems; Steam generators with tight manufacturing procedures, by Ei Kadokami, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries; SG design based on operational experience and R and D, by Jun Tang, Babcock and Wilcox Canada; Confident to deliver reliable performance, by Bruce Bevilacqua, Westinghouse Nuclear; An evolutionary plant design, by Martin Parece, AREVA NP, Inc.; and, Designed for optimum production, by Danny Roderick, GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy. Industry Innovationmore » articles include: Controlling alloy 600 degradation, by John Wilson, Exelon Nuclear Corporation; Condensate polishing innovation, by Lewis Crone, Dominion Millstone Power Station; Reducing deposits in steam generators, by the Electric Power Research Institute; and, Minimizing Radiological effluent releases, by the Electric Power Research Institute. The plant profile article is titled 2008 - a year of 'firsts' for AmerenUE's Callaway plant, by Rick Eastman, AmerenUE.« less

Downhole steam generator using low-pressure fuel and air supply

DOEpatents

Fox, R.L.

1981-01-07

For tertiary oil recovery, an apparatus for downhole steam generation is designed in which water is not injected directly onto the flame in the combustor, the combustion process is isolated from the reservoir pressure, the fuel and oxidant are supplied to the combustor at relatively low pressures, and the hot exhaust gases is prevented from entering the earth formation but is used to preheat the fuel and oxidant and water. The combustion process is isolated from the steam generation process. (DLC)

Determination of tube-to-tube support interaction characteristics. [PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haslinger, K.H.

Tube-to-tube support interaction characteristics were determined on a multi-span tube geometry representative of the hot-leg side of the C-E, System 80 steam generator design. Results will become input for an autoclave type wear test program on steam generator tubes, performed by Kraftwerk Union (KWU). Correlation of test data reported here with similar data obtained from the wear tests will be performed in an attempt to make predictions about the long-term fretting behavior of steam generator tubes.

Performance of equipment used in high-pressure steam floods

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Owens, M.E.; Bramley, B.G.

1966-01-01

Recovery of low-gravity, high-viscosity crude oil from relatively shallow reservoirs is becoming feasible through the application of steam flooding. Pan American Petroleum Corp. initiated a pilot steam flood with a 5.36 million btu/hr, 1,500-psi steam generator at the Winkleman Dome Field in West Central Wyoming in March, 1964. After 1 yr of operation, this steamer was replaced with a larger unit capable of 12 million-btu/hr, 2,500-psi steam generators, one at the Salt Creek Shannon Field and another at the Fourbear Field, both in Wyoming. This paper discusses the equipment used in high-pressure steam flooding and reviews some of the problemsmore » that have been encountered in the application of the equipment. Where determined, a suggested solution is presented.« less

Busy test week

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-11-06

NASA engineers test a chemical steam generator (CSG) unit on the E-2 Test Stand at John C. Stennis Space Center on Nov. 6. The test was one of 27 conducted in Stennis' E Test Complex the week of Nov. 5. Twenty-seven CSG units will be used on the new A-3 Test Stand at Stennis to produce a vacuum that allows testing of engines at simulated altitudes up to 100,000 feet.

Impacts of retrofitting analysis on first generation ethanol production: process design and techno-economics.

PubMed

Rajendran, Karthik; Rajoli, Sreevathsava; Teichert, Oliver; Taherzadeh, Mohammad J

2015-02-01

More than half of the bioethanol plants in operation today use corn or grains as raw materials. The downstream processing of mash after fermentation to produce ethanol and distiller grains is an energy-demanding process, which needs retrofitting for optimization. In addition, the fluctuation in the ethanol and grain prices affects the overall profitability of the plant. For this purpose, a process simulation was performed in Aspen Plus(®) based on an existing industrial plant located in Sweden. The simulations were compared using different scenarios including different concentrations of ethanol, using the stillage for biogas production to produce steam instead of distiller grains as a by-product, and altering the purity of the ethanol produced. Using stillage for biogas production, as well as utilizing the steam, reduced the overall energy consumption by 40% compared to the plant in operation. The fluctuations in grain prices had a high impact on the net present value (NPV), where grain prices greater than 349 USD/ton reached a zero NPV. After 20 years, the plant in operation producing 41,600 tons ethanol/year can generate a profit of 78 million USD. Compared to the base case, the less purified ethanol resulted in a lower NPV of 30 million USD.

Exhaust heated hydrogen and oxygen producing catalytic converter for combustion engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schreiber, E.T.

1977-07-26

A steam generator is provided in operative association with a source of water and the exhaust system of a combustion engine including an air induction system provided with primary fuel inlet structure and supplemental fuel inlet structure. The steam generator derives its heat for converting water into steam from the exhaust system of the combustion engine and the steam generator includes a steam outlet communicated with and opening into one end of an elongated tubular housing disposed in good heat transfer relation with the exhaust system of the combustion engine and having a gas outlet at its other end communicatedmore » with the supplemental fuel inlet of the induction system. The tubular housing has iron filings disposed therein and is in such heat transfer relation with the exhaust system of the combustion engine so as to elevate the temperature of steam passing therethrough and to heat the iron filings to the extent that passage of the heated steam over the heated filings will result in hydrogen and oxygen gas being produced in the tubular housing for subsequent passage to the supplemental fuel inlet of the combustion engine induction system.« less

The Streaming Potential Generated by Flow of Wet Steam in Capillary Tubes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marsden, S.S. Jr.; Tyran, Craig K.

1986-01-21

For a constant pressure differential, the flow of wet steam generated electric potentials which increased with time and did not reach equilibrium values. These potentials were found to increase to values greater than 100 volts. The reason for this kind of potential build-up behavior was the presence of tiny flowing water slugs which were interspersed with electrically nonconductive steam vapor slugs. The measured electric potential for wet steam increased with pressure differential, but the relationship was not linear. The increase in potential with pressure drop was attributed both to an increase in fluid flow rate and changes in the wetmore » steam quality.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bolstad, J.W.; Haarman, R.A.

The results of two transients involving the loss of a steam generator in a single-pass, steam generator, pressurized water reactor have been analyzed using a state-of-the-art, thermal-hydraulic computer code. Computed results include the formation of a steam bubble in the core while the pressurizer is solid. Calculations show that continued injection of high pressure water would have stopped the scenario. These are similar to the happenings at Three Mile Island.

40 CFR 60.41c - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... that 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In the case of steam generating units... generating unit. Combustion research means the experimental firing of any fuel or combination of fuels in a steam generating unit for the purpose of conducting research and development of more efficient...

40 CFR 60.41c - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... that 12-month period at the maximum design heat input capacity. In the case of steam generating units... generating unit. Combustion research means the experimental firing of any fuel or combination of fuels in a steam generating unit for the purpose of conducting research and development of more efficient...

Numerical Study of Winter Diurnal Convection Over the City of Krasnoyarsk: Effects of Non-freezing River, Undulating Fog and Steam Devils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hrebtov, M.; Hanjalić, K.

2017-06-01

We performed a numerical simulation of penetrative convection of an inversion-topped weakly stratified atmospheric boundary layer over urban terrain with a strong localized source of heat and moisture. With some simplifications, the case mimics the real environment of the Krasnoyarsk region in Russia where the non-freezing river Yenisei acts as a thermal and humidity source during winter, generating an undulating fog pattern along the river accompanied with scattered `steam devils'. An idealized full diurnal cycle was simulated using an unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) three-equation algebraic flux model and the novel buoyancy-accounting functions for treating the ground boundary conditions. The results show a significant effect of the river on the net temperature and moisture distribution. The localized heat and moisture source leads to strong horizontal convection and marked non-uniformity of humidity concentration in the air. An interplay of several distinct large-scale vortex systems leads to a wavy pattern of moisture plumes over the river. The simulations deal with rare natural phenomena and show the capability of the RANS turbulence closure to capture the main features of flow and scalar fields on an affordable, relatively coarse, computational grid.

Rotating diffuser for pressure recovery in a steam cooling circuit of a gas turbine

DOEpatents

Eldrid, Sacheverel Q.; Salamah, Samir A.; DeStefano, Thomas Daniel

2002-01-01

The buckets of a gas turbine are steam-cooled via a bore tube assembly having concentric supply and spent cooling steam return passages rotating with the rotor. A diffuser is provided in the return passage to reduce the pressure drop. In a combined cycle system, the spent return cooling steam with reduced pressure drop is combined with reheat steam from a heat recovery steam generator for flow to the intermediate pressure turbine. The exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine of the combined cycle unit supplies cooling steam to the supply conduit of the gas turbine.

Assessment of the leak tightness integrity of the steam generator tubes affected by ODSCC at the tube support plates

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cuvelliez, Ch.; Roussel, G.

1997-02-01

An EPRI report gives a method for predicting a conservative value of the total primary-to-secondary leak rate which may occur during, a postulated steam generator depressurization accident such as a Main Steam Line Break (MSLB) in a steam generator with axial through-wall ODSCC at the TSP intersections. The Belgian utility defined an alternative method deviating somewhat from the EPRI method. When reviewing this proposed method, the Belgian safety authorities performed some calculations to investigate its conservatism. This led them to recommend some modifications to the EPRI method which should reduce its undue conservatism while maintaining the objective of conservatism inmore » the offsite dose calculations.« less

UTSG-2; A theoretical model describing the transient behavior of a pressurized water reactor natural circulation U-tube steam generator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hold, A.

An advanced nonlinear transient model for calculating steady-state and dynamic behaviors of characteristic parameters of a Kraftwerk Union-type vertical natural-circulation U-tube steam generator and its main steam system is presented. This model has been expanded due to the increasing need for safety-related accident research studies. It now takes into consideration the possibilities of dryout and superheating along the secondary side of the steam generator. The resulting theoretical model is the basis of the digital code UTSG-2, which can be used both by itself and in combination with other pressurized water reactor transient codes, such as ALMOD-3.4, AMOD-4, and ATHLET.

Mushrooms as Efficient Solar Steam-Generation Devices.

PubMed

Xu, Ning; Hu, Xiaozhen; Xu, Weichao; Li, Xiuqiang; Zhou, Lin; Zhu, Shining; Zhu, Jia

2017-07-01

Solar steam generation is emerging as a promising technology, for its potential in harvesting solar energy for various applications such as desalination and sterilization. Recent studies have reported a variety of artificial structures that are designed and fabricated to improve energy conversion efficiencies by enhancing solar absorption, heat localization, water supply, and vapor transportation. Mushrooms, as a kind of living organism, are surprisingly found to be efficient solar steam-generation devices for the first time. Natural and carbonized mushrooms can achieve ≈62% and ≈78% conversion efficiencies under 1 sun illumination, respectively. It is found that this capability of high solar steam generation is attributed to the unique natural structure of mushroom, umbrella-shaped black pileus, porous context, and fibrous stipe with a small cross section. These features not only provide efficient light absorption, water supply, and vapor escape, but also suppress three components of heat losses at the same time. These findings not only reveal the hidden talent of mushrooms as low-cost materials for solar steam generation, but also provide inspiration for the future development of high-performance solar thermal conversion devices. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

60. BOILER CHAMBER No. 1, D LOOP STEAM GENERATOR AND ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

60. BOILER CHAMBER No. 1, D LOOP STEAM GENERATOR AND MAIN COOLANT PUMP LOOKING NORTHEAST (LOCATION OOO) - Shippingport Atomic Power Station, On Ohio River, 25 miles Northwest of Pittsburgh, Shippingport, Beaver County, PA

77 FR 72294 - Reconsideration of Certain New Source and Startup/Shutdown Issues: National Emission Standards...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-05

... Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating...-Institutional, and Small Industrial-Commercial- Institutional Steam Generating Units Correction Proposed rule...

CAES (conventional compressed-air energy storage) plant with steam generation: Preliminary design and cost analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakhamkin, M.; Swensen, E.C.; Abitante, P.A.

1990-10-01

A study was performed to evaluate the performance and cost characteristics of two alternative CAES-plant concepts which utilize the low-pressure expander's exhaust-gas heat for the generation of steam in a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). Both concepts result in increased net-power generation relative to a conventional CAES plant with a recuperator. The HRSG-generated steam produces additional power in either a separate steam-turbine bottoming cycle (CAESCC) or by direct injection into and expansion through the CAES-turboexpander train (CAESSI). The HRSG, which is a proven component of combined-cycle and cogeneration plants, replaces the recuperator of a conventional CAES plant, which has demonstratedmore » the potential for engineering and operating related problems and higher costs than were originally estimated. To enhance the credibility of the results, the analyses performed were based on the performance, operational and cost data of the 110-MW CAES plant currently under construction for the Alabama Electric Cooperative (AEC). The results indicate that CAESCC- and CAESSI-plant concepts are attractive alternatives to the conventional CAES plant with recuperator, providing greater power generation, up to 44-MW relative to the AEC CAES plant, with competitive operating and capital costs. 5 refs., 43 figs., 26 tabs.« less

Three region steam drum model for a nuclear power plant simulator (BRENDA). Technical report 1 Oct 80-May 81. [LMFBR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Slovik, G.C.

1981-08-01

A new three region steam drum model has been developed. This model differs from previous works for it assumes the existence of three regions within the steam drum: a steam region, a mid region (assumed to be under saturation conditions at steady state), and a bottom region (having a mixed mean subcooled enthalpy).

Innovation on Energy Power Technology (1)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagano, Susumu; Kakishima, Masayoshi

After the last war, the output of single Steam Turbine Generator produced by the own technology in Japan returned to a prewar level. Electric power companies imported the large-capacity high efficiency Steam Turbine Generator from the foreign manufacturers in order to support the sudden increase of electric power demand. On the other hand, they decided to produce those in our own country to improve industrial technology. The domestic production of large-capacity 125MW Steam Turbine Generator overcome much difficulty and did much contribution for the later domestic technical progress.

Evaluation of steam generator WWER 440 tube integrity criteria

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Splichal, K.; Otruba, J.; Burda, J.

1997-02-01

The main corrosion damage in WWER steam generators under operating conditions has been observed on the outer surface of these tubes. An essential operational requirement is to assure a low probability of radioactive primary water leakage, unstable defect development and rupture of tubes. In the case of WWER 440 steam generators the above requirements led to the development of permissible limits for data evaluation of the primary-to-secondary leak measurements and determination of acceptable values for plugging of heat exchange tubes based on eddy current test (ECT) inspections.

Numerical evaluation of ECT impedance signal due to minute cracks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fukutomi, Hiroyuki; Takagi, Toshiyuki; Tani, Junji

1997-03-01

This paper describes an experimental and analytical study on minute crack inspection with Eddy Current Testing (ECT). Measurement and simulation using a 3D FEM program are applied for the evaluation of the detecting signal with a minute crack in a test piece. Parameters such as mesh division, ICCG convergence criteria, etc. are evaluated to achieve high accuracy in numerical calculation. The simulation results agreed with experimental ones. ECT is used for in-service inspection of tubes in steam generators, heat exchangers and condensers in nuclear or conventional power plants as well as in chemical installations.

Comparison of a RELAP5/MOD2 posttest calculation to the data during the recovery portion of a semiscale single-tube steam generator tube rupture experiment

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chapman, J.C.

This report discusses the comparisons of a RELAP5 posttest calculation of the recovery portion of the Semiscale Mod-2B test S-SG-1 to the test data. The posttest calculation was performed with the RELAP5/MOD2 cycle 36.02 code without updates. The recovery procedure that was calculated mainly consisted of secondary feed and steam using auxiliary feedwater injection and the atmospheric dump valve of the unaffected steam generator (the steam generator without the tube rupture). A second procedure was initiated after the trends of the secondary feed and steam procedure had been established, and this was to stop the safety injection that had beenmore » provided by two trains of both the charging and high pressure injection systems. The Semiscale Mod-2B configuration is a small scale (1/1705), nonnuclear, instrumented, model of a Westinghouse four-loop pressurized water reactor power plant. S-SG-1 was a single-tube, cold-side, steam generator tube rupture experiment. The comparison of the posttest calculation and data included comparing the general trends and the driving mechanisms of the responses, the phenomena, and the individual responses of the main parameters.« less

Experimental and modeling study of high performance direct carbon solid oxide fuel cell with in situ catalytic steam-carbon gasification reaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Haoran; Chen, Bin; Zhang, Houcheng; Tan, Peng; Yang, Guangming; Irvine, John T. S.; Ni, Meng

2018-04-01

In this paper, 2D models for direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells (DC-SOFCs) with in situ catalytic steam-carbon gasification reaction are developed. The simulation results are found to be in good agreement with experimental data. The performance of DC-SOFCs with and without catalyst are compared at different operating potential, anode inlet gas flow rate and operating temperature. It is found that adding suitable catalyst can significantly speed up the in situ steam-carbon gasification reaction and improve the performance of DC-SOFC with H2O as gasification agent. The potential of syngas and electricity co-generation from the fuel cell is also evaluated, where the composition of H2 and CO in syngas can be adjusted by controlling the anode inlet gas flow rate. In addition, the performance DC-SOFCs and the percentage of fuel in the outlet gas are both increased with increasing operating temperature. At a reduced temperature (below 800 °C), good performance of DC-SOFC can still be obtained with in-situ catalytic carbon gasification by steam. The results of this study form a solid foundation to understand the important effect of catalyst and related operating conditions on H2O-assisted DC-SOFCs.

RETRAN analysis of multiple steam generator blow down caused by an auxiliary feedwater steam-line break

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Feltus, M.A.

1987-01-01

Analysis results for multiple steam generator blow down caused by an auxiliary feedwater steam-line break performed with the RETRAN-02 MOD 003 computer code are presented to demonstrate the capabilities of the RETRAN code to predict system transient response for verifying changes in operational procedures and supporting plant equipment modifications. A typical four-loop Westinghouse pressurized water reactor was modeled using best-estimate versus worst case licensing assumptions. This paper presents analyses performed to evaluate the necessity of implementing an auxiliary feedwater steam-line isolation modification. RETRAN transient analysis can be used to determine core cooling capability response, departure from nucleate boiling ratio (DNBR)more » status, and reactor trip signal actuation times.« less

Erosion-corrosion entrainment of iron-containing compounds as a source of deposits in steam generators used at nuclear power plants equipped with VVER reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tomarov, G. V.; Shipkov, A. A.

2011-03-01

The main stages and processes through which deposits are generated, migrate, and precipitate in the metal-secondary coolant system of power units at nuclear power plants are analyzed and determined. It is shown that substances produced by the mechanism of general erosion-corrosion are the main source of the ionic-colloid form of iron, which is the main component of deposits in a steam generator. Ways for controlling the formation of deposits in a nuclear power plant's steam generator are proposed together with methods for estimating their efficiency.

Pressure Reducer for Coal Gasifiers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kendall, James M., Sr.

1983-01-01

Quasi-porous-plug pressure reducer is designed for gases containing abrasive particles. Gas used to generate high pressure steam to drive electric power generators. In giving up heat to steam, gas drops in temperature. Device used for coal gasification plants.

77 FR 45967 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-02

... Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility...-fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired...

Microfabricated rankine cycle steam turbine for power generation and methods of making the same

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Muller, Norbert (Inventor); Lee, Changgu (Inventor); Frechette, Luc (Inventor)

2009-01-01

In accordance with the present invention, an integrated micro steam turbine power plant on-a-chip has been provided. The integrated micro steam turbine power plant on-a-chip of the present invention comprises a miniature electric power generation system fabricated using silicon microfabrication technology and lithographic patterning. The present invention converts heat to electricity by implementing a thermodynamic power cycle on a chip. The steam turbine power plant on-a-chip generally comprises a turbine, a pump, an electric generator, an evaporator, and a condenser. The turbine is formed by a rotatable, disk-shaped rotor having a plurality of rotor blades disposed thereon and a plurality of stator blades. The plurality of stator blades are interdigitated with the plurality of rotor blades to form the turbine. The generator is driven by the turbine and converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

Robust and Low-Cost Flame-Treated Wood for High-Performance Solar Steam Generation.

PubMed

Xue, Guobin; Liu, Kang; Chen, Qian; Yang, Peihua; Li, Jia; Ding, Tianpeng; Duan, Jiangjiang; Qi, Bei; Zhou, Jun

2017-05-03

Solar-enabled steam generation has attracted increasing interest in recent years because of its potential applications in power generation, desalination, and wastewater treatment, among others. Recent studies have reported many strategies for promoting the efficiency of steam generation by employing absorbers based on carbon materials or plasmonic metal nanoparticles with well-defined pores. In this work, we report that natural wood can be utilized as an ideal solar absorber after a simple flame treatment. With ultrahigh solar absorbance (∼99%), low thermal conductivity (0.33 W m -1 K -1 ), and good hydrophilicity, the flame-treated wood can localize the solar heating at the evaporation surface and enable a solar-thermal efficiency of ∼72% under a solar intensity of 1 kW m -2 , and it thus represents a renewable, scalable, low-cost, and robust material for solar steam applications.

J-resistance curves for Inconel 690 and Incoloy 800 nuclear steam generators tubes at room temperature and at 300 °C

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bergant, Marcos A.; Yawny, Alejandro A.; Perez Ipiña, Juan E.

2017-04-01

The structural integrity of steam generator tubes is a relevant issue concerning nuclear plant safety. In the present work, J-resistance curves of Inconel 690 and Incoloy 800 nuclear steam generator tubes with circumferential and longitudinal through wall cracks were obtained at room temperature and 300 °C using recently developed non-standard specimens' geometries. It was found that Incoloy 800 tubes exhibited higher J-resistance curves than Inconel 690 for both crack orientations. For both materials, circumferential cracks resulted into higher fracture resistance than longitudinal cracks, indicating a certain degree of texture anisotropy introduced by the tube fabrication process. From a practical point of view, temperature effects have found to be negligible in all cases. The results obtained in the present work provide a general framework for further application to structural integrity assessments of cracked tubes in a variety of nuclear steam generator designs.

ARTIST: An International Project Investigating Aerosol Retention in a Ruptured Steam Generator

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Guentay, S.; Dehbi, A.; Suckow, D.

2002-07-01

Steam generator tube ruptures (SGTR) with a concurrent stuck open safety relief valve are counted among the risk dominant accident sequences because of the potential for radioactive products to bypass the containment. Owing to the absence of relevant empirical data and the complexity of the geometry and controlling processes, the aerosol removal in the steam generator (SG) tubes and in the secondary side is not well understood. Therefore, little or no credit is usually taken for aerosol retention due to natural processes in the various components of a SG. To help reduce the uncertainties associated with fission product release followingmore » an SGTR sequence, the Paul Scherrer Institut has initiated an international experimental project to be performed in the ARTIST (AeRosol Trapping In a Steam generaTor) facility in the time period from 2002 to 2007. The ARTIST test section is a scaled model of a real SG, and is comprised of a 264-tube bundle with a maximum height of 3.8 m, as well as one full-size droplet separator and one full-size steam dryer. The ARTIST facility is capable of producing soluble and insoluble aerosols and entrain them at sonic gas flow rates (up to 0.25 kg/s, thus matching comparable values predicted by the codes. In addition, aerosols can be generated at prototypical concentrations (up to 5 g/m{sup 3}) and sizes (0.2-5 mm AMMD). State of the art instrumentation is used (Low-pressure impactors, photometers, on-line particle sizer, online droplet sizer, etc.). The ARTIST project will simulate the flow and retention of aerosol-borne fission products in the SG, and provide a unique database to support safety assessments and analytical models. The project is foreseen in seven phases: 1) Aerosol retention in the tube under dry secondary side conditions, 2) Aerosol retention in the near field close to break under dry conditions, 3) Aerosol retention in the bundle far field under dry conditions, 4) Aerosol retention in the separator and dryer under dry conditions, 5) Aerosol retention in the bundle section under wet conditions, 6) Droplet retention in separator and dryer sections and 7) Integral tests to examine overall retention in the SG unit. The project will investigate phenomena at the separate effect and integral levels, and will also address selected accident management (AM) issues. The kick-off experiments are scheduled for the first half of 2002, and some early results will be summarized at the meeting. (authors)« less

Correction coefficient for see-through labyrinth seal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasnedl, Dan; Epikaridis, Premysl; Slama, Vaclav

In a steam turbine design, the flow-part design and blade shapes are influenced by the design mass-flow through each turbine stage. If it would be possible to predict this mass-flow more precisely, it will result in optimized design and therefore an efficiency benefit. This article is concerned with improving the prediction of losses caused by the seal leakage. In the common simulation of the thermodynamic cycle of a steam turbine, analytical formulas are used in order to simulate the seal leakage. Therefore, this article describes an improvement of analytical formulas used in a turbine heat balance calculation. The results are verified by numerical simulations and experimental data from the steam test rig.

Application of Computer Simulation to Identify Erosion Resistance of Materials of Wet-steam Turbine Blades

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Korostelyov, D. A.; Dergachyov, K. V.

2017-10-01

A problem of identifying the efficiency of using materials, coatings, linings and solderings of wet-steam turbine rotor blades by means of computer simulation is considered. Numerical experiments to define erosion resistance of materials of wet-steam turbine blades are described. Kinetic curves for erosion area and weight of the worn rotor blade material of turbines K-300-240 LMP and atomic icebreaker “Lenin” have been defined. The conclusion about the effectiveness of using different erosion-resistant materials and protection configuration of rotor blades is also made.

Effect of the presence of oil on foam performance; A field simulation study

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Law, D.H.S.; Yang, Z.M.; Stone, T.W.

1992-05-01

This paper describes a field-scale sensitivity study of the effect of the presence of oil on foam performance in a steam-foam-drive process. The 2D field-scale simulation was based on a field pilot in the Karamay formation in Zin-Jiang, China. Numerical results showed that the detrimental effect of oil on the foam performance in field operations is significant. The success of a steam-foam process depended mainly on the ability of the foam to divert steam from the depleted zone.

Apparatus and method for acoustic monitoring of steam quality and flow

DOEpatents

Sinha, Dipen N.; Pantea, Cristian

2016-09-13

An apparatus and method for noninvasively monitoring steam quality and flow and in pipes or conduits bearing flowing steam, are described. By measuring the acoustic vibrations generated in steam-carrying conduits by the flowing steam either by direct contact with the pipe or remotely thereto, converting the measured acoustic vibrations into a frequency spectrum characteristic of the natural resonance vibrations of the pipe, and monitoring the amplitude and/or the frequency of one or more chosen resonance frequencies, changes in the steam quality in the pipe are determined. The steam flow rate and the steam quality are inversely related, and changes in the steam flow rate are calculated from changes in the steam quality once suitable calibration curves are obtained.

Steam assisted oxide growth on aluminium alloys using oxidative chemistries: Part I Microstructural investigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Din, Rameez Ud; Piotrowska, Kamila; Gudla, Visweswara Chakravarthy; Jellesen, Morten Stendahl; Ambat, Rajan

2015-11-01

The surface treatment of aluminium alloys under steam containing KMnO4 and HNO3 resulted in the formation of an oxide layer having a thickness of up to 825 nm. The use of KMnO4 and HNO3 in the steam resulted in incorporation of the respective chemical species into the oxide layer. Steam treatment with solution containing HNO3 caused dissolution of Cu and Si from the intermetallic particles in the aluminium substrate. The growth rate of oxide layer was observed to be a function of MnO4- and NO3- ions present in the aqueous solution. The NO3- ions exhibit higher affinity towards the intermetallic particles resulting in poor coverage by the steam generated oxide layer compared to the coating formed using MnO4- ions. Further, increase in the concentration of NO3- ions in the solution retards precipitation of the steam generated aluminium hydroxide layer.

Thermodynamic analysis of a new conception of supplementary firing in a combined cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotowicz, Janusz; Bartela, Łukasz; Balicki, Adrian

2010-10-01

The paper analyzes a new concept of integration of combined cycle with the installation of supplementary firing. The whole system was enclosed by thermodynamic analysis, which consists of a gas-steam unit with triple-pressure heat recovery steam generator. The system uses a determined model of the gas turbine and the assumptions relating to the construction features of steam-water part were made. The proposed conception involves building of supplementary firing installation only on part of the exhaust stream leaving the gas turbine. In the proposed solution superheater was divided into two sections, one of which was located on the exhaust gases leaving the installation of supplementary firing. The paper presents the results of the analyses of which the main aim was to demonstrate the superiority of the new thermodynamic concept of the supplementary firing over the classical one. For this purpose a model of a system was built, in which it was possible to carry out simulations of the gradual transition from a classically understood supplementary firing to the supplementary firing completely modified. For building of a model the GateCycle™ software was used.

Transmit-receive eddy current probes for defect detection and sizing in steam generator tubes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Obrutsky, L.S.; Cecco, V.S.; Sullivan, S.P.

1997-02-01

Inspection of steam generator tubes in aging Nuclear Generating Stations is increasingly important. Defect detection and sizing, especially in defect prone areas such as the tubesheet, support plates and U-bend regions, are required to assess the fitness-for-service of the steam generators. Information about defect morphology is required to address operational integrity issues, i.e., risk of tube rupture, number of tubes at risk, consequential leakage. A major challenge continues to be the detection and sizing of circumferential cracks. Utilities around the world have experienced this type of tube failure. Conventional in-service inspection, performed with eddy current bobbin probes, is ineffectual inmore » detecting circumferential cracks in tubing. It has been demonstrated in CANDU steam generators, with deformation, magnetite and copper deposits that multi-channel probes with transmit-receive eddy current coils are superior to those using surface impedance coils. Transmit-receive probes have strong directional properties, permitting probe optimization according to crack orientation. They are less sensitive to lift-off noise and magnetite deposits and possess good discrimination to internal defects. A single pass C3 array transmit-receive probe developed by AECL can detect and size circumferential stress corrosion cracks as shallow as 40% through-wall. Since its first trial in 1992, it has been used routinely for steam generator in-service inspection of four CANDU plants, preventing unscheduled shutdowns due to leaking steam generator tubes. More recently, a need has surfaced for simultaneous detection of both circumferential and axial cracks. The C5 probe was designed to address this concern. It combines transmit-receive array probe technology for equal sensitivity to axial and circumferential cracks with a bobbin probe for historical reference. This paper will discuss the operating principles of transmit-receive probes, along with inspection results.« less

The Effects of Alarm Display, Processing, and Availability on Crew Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-11-01

snow Instrumentation line leakage Small LOCA Steam generator tube rupture Small feedwater leakage inside containment Cycling of main steam...implemented. • Due to primary pressure controller failure, pressure heater banks cycle between on and off. 8.00 CF1 CF2 CF3 CF4 CF5...temperatures after the high-pressure pre- heaters flows into the steam generators number of active emergency feedwater pumps openings of the condensate

Design with constructal theory: Steam generators, turbines and heat exchangers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Yong Sung

This dissertation shows that the architecture of steam generators, steam turbines and heat exchangers for power plants can be predicted on the basis of the constructal law. According to constructal theory, the flow architecture emerges such that it provides progressively greater access to its currents. Each chapter shows how constructal theory guides the generation of designs in pursuit of higher performance. Chapter two shows the tube diameters, the number of riser tubes, the water circulation rate and the rate of steam production are determined by maximizing the heat transfer rate from hot gases to riser tubes and minimizing the global flow resistance under the fixed volume constraint. Chapter three shows how the optimal spacing between adjacent tubes, the number of tubes for the downcomer and the riser and the location of the flow reversal for the continuous steam generator are determined by the intersection of asymptotes method, and by minimizing the flow resistance under the fixed volume constraints. Chapter four shows that the mass inventory for steam turbines can be distributed between high pressure and low pressure turbines such that the global performance of the power plant is maximal under the total mass constraint. Chapter five presents the more general configuration of a two-stream heat exchanger with forced convection of the hot side and natural circulation on the cold side. Chapter six demonstrates that segmenting a tube with condensation on the outer surface leads to a smaller thermal resistance, and generates design criteria for the performance of multi-tube designs.

43 CFR 3275.14 - What aspects of my geothermal operations must I measure?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... wellhead pressure. (b) For all electrical generation facilities, you must measure: (1) Steam and/or hot... steam and/or hot water exiting the facility. (c) For direct use facilities, you must measure: (1) Flow of steam and/or hot water; and (2) Temperature of the steam or water entering the facility. (d) We...

43 CFR 3275.14 - What aspects of my geothermal operations must I measure?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... wellhead pressure. (b) For all electrical generation facilities, you must measure: (1) Steam and/or hot... steam and/or hot water exiting the facility. (c) For direct use facilities, you must measure: (1) Flow of steam and/or hot water; and (2) Temperature of the steam or water entering the facility. (d) We...

43 CFR 3275.14 - What aspects of my geothermal operations must I measure?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... wellhead pressure. (b) For all electrical generation facilities, you must measure: (1) Steam and/or hot... steam and/or hot water exiting the facility. (c) For direct use facilities, you must measure: (1) Flow of steam and/or hot water; and (2) Temperature of the steam or water entering the facility. (d) We...

43 CFR 3275.14 - What aspects of my geothermal operations must I measure?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... wellhead pressure. (b) For all electrical generation facilities, you must measure: (1) Steam and/or hot... steam and/or hot water exiting the facility. (c) For direct use facilities, you must measure: (1) Flow of steam and/or hot water; and (2) Temperature of the steam or water entering the facility. (d) We...

Fractional order PIλ controller synthesis for steam turbine speed governing systems.

PubMed

Chen, Kai; Tang, Rongnian; Li, Chuang; Lu, Junguo

2018-06-01

The current state of the art of fractional order stability theory is hardly to build connection between the time domain analysis and frequency domain synthesis. The existing tuning methodologies for fractional order PI λ D μ are not always satisfy the given gain crossover frequency and phase margin simultaneously. To overcome the drawbacks in the existing synthesis of fractional order controller, the synthesis of optimal fractional order PI λ controller for higher-order process is proposed. According to the specified phase margin, the corresponding upper boundary of gain crossover frequency and stability surface in parameter space are obtained. Sweeping the order parameter over λ∈(0,2), the complete set of stabilizing controller which guarantees both pre-specifying phase frequency characteristic can be collected. Whereafter, the optimal fractional order PI λ controller is applied to the speed governing systems of steam turbine generation units. The numerical simulation and hardware-in-the-loop simulation demonstrate the effectiveness and satisfactory closed-loop performance of obtained fractional order PI λ controller. Copyright © 2018 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Innovative power conversion system for the French SFR prototype, ASTRID

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cachon, L.; Biscarrat, C.; Morin, F.

2012-07-01

In the framework of the French Act of 28 June 2006 about nuclear materials and waste management, the prototype ASTRID (Advanced Sodium Technological Reactor for Industrial Demonstration), foreseen in operation by the 20's, will have to demonstrate not only the minor actinide transmutation capability, but also the progress made in Sodium Fast Reactor (SFR) technology on an industrial scale, by qualifying innovative options. Some of these options still require improvements, especially in the field of operability and safety. In fact, one of the main issues with the standard steam/water Power Conversion System (PCS) of SFR is the fast and energeticmore » chemical reaction between water and sodium, which could occur in steam generators in case of tube failure. To manage the sodium/water reaction, one way consists in minimizing the impact of such event: hence studies are carried out on steam generator design, improvement of the physical knowledge of this phenomenon, development of numerical simulation to predict the reaction onset and consequences, and associated detection improvement. On the other hand, the other way consists in eliminating sodium/water reaction. In this frame, the CEA contribution to the feasibility evaluation of an alternative innovative PCS (replacing steam/water by 180 bar pressurised nitrogen) is focused on the following main topics: - The parametric study leading to nitrogen selection: the thermodynamic cycle efficiency optimisation on Brayton cycles is performed with several gases at different pressures. - The design of innovative compact heat exchangers for the gas loop: here the key points are the nuclear codification associated with inspection capability, the innovative welding process and the thermal-hydraulic and thermal-mechanic optimisations. After a general introduction of the ASTRID project, this paper presents in detail these different feasibility studies being led on the innovative gas PCS for an SFR. (authors)« less

Retrofitting Steam Turbines with Expired Service Life

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dubrovskii, V. G.; Zubov, A. P.; Koshelev, S. A.; Babiev, A. N.; Kremer, V. L.

2018-06-01

Many pieces of equipment installed at thermal power stations (TPS) have an expired service life or are close to expiry and are obsolete. In addition, the structure of heat consumption by end users has changed. Among the ways for solving the problem of aging equipment is the retrofitting of turbines that allows for service life recovery and improvement of their performance to the modern level. The service life is recovered through replacement of high-temperature assemblies and parts of a turbine, and the performance is improved by retrofitting and major overhaul of low-temperature assemblies. Implementation of modern engineering solutions and numerical methods in designing upgraded flow paths of steam turbines considerably improves the turbine effectiveness. New flow paths include sabre-like guide vanes, integrally-machined shrouds, and effective honeycomb or axial-radial seals. The flow paths are designed using optimization and hydraulic simulation methods as well as approaches for improving the performance on the turbine blading and internal steam flow paths. Retrofitting of turbines should be performed to meet the customers' needs. The feasibility of implementation of one or another alternative must be determined on a case-by-case basis depending on the turbine conditions, the availability of reserves for generating live steam and supplying circulation water, and the demands and capacities for generation and delivery of power and heat. The main principle of retrofitting is to retain the foundation and the auxiliary and heat-exchange equipment that is fit for further operation. With the example of PT-60-130 and T-100-130, the experience is presented of a comprehensive approach to retrofitting considering the customer's current needs and the actual equipment conditions. Due to the use of modern engineering solutions and procedures, retrofitting yields updating and upgrading of the turbine at a relatively low cost.

Two-phase flow pattern measurements with a wire mesh sensor in a direct steam generating solar thermal collector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, Michael; Mokhtar, Marwan; Zahler, Christian; Willert, Daniel; Neuhäuser, Anton; Schleicher, Eckhard

2017-06-01

At Industrial Solar's test facility in Freiburg (Germany), two phase flow patterns have been measured by using a wire mesh sensor from Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR). Main purpose of the measurements was to compare observed two-phase flow patterns with expected flow patterns from models. The two-phase flow pattern is important for the design of direct steam generating solar collectors. Vibrations should be avoided in the peripheral piping, and local dry-outs or large circumferential temperature gradients should be prevented in the absorber tubes. Therefore, the choice of design for operation conditions like mass flow and steam quality are an important step in the engineering process of such a project. Results of a measurement with the wire mesh sensor are the flow pattern and the plug or slug frequency at the given operating conditions. Under the assumption of the collector power, which can be assumed from previous measurements at the same collector and adaption with sun position and incidence angle modifier, also the slip can be evaluated for a wire mesh sensor measurement. Measurements have been performed at different mass flows and pressure levels. Transient behavior has been tested for flashing, change of mass flow, and sudden changes of irradiation (cloud simulation). This paper describes the measurements and the method of evaluation. Results are shown as extruded profiles in top view and in side view. Measurement and model are compared. The tests have been performed at low steam quality, because of the limits of the test facility. Conclusions and implications for possible future measurements at larger collectors are also presented in this paper.

Method and apparatus for producing thermal vapor stream

DOEpatents

Cradeur, Robert R.; Sperry, John S.; Krajicek, Richard W.

1979-01-01

Method and apparatus for producing a thermal vapor stream for injecting into a subterranean formation for the recovery of liquefiable minerals therefrom, including a pressure vessel containing a high pressure combustion chamber for producing a heating gas for introduction into a heating gas injector. The heating gas injector is partly immersed in a steam generating section of the pressure vessel such that the heating gas is passed through the steam generating section to produce steam and combustion products which are directed between the pressure vessel and the combustion chamber for simultaneously cooling of the combustion chamber by further heating of the steam and combustion gases.

Downhole steam generator with improved preheating, combustion and protection features

DOEpatents

Fox, Ronald L.

1983-01-01

An apparatus for generation of steam in a borehole for penetration into an earth formation wherein feedback preheater means are provided for the fuel and water before entering the combustor assembly. First, combustion gases are conducted from the combustion chamber to locations in proximity to the water and fuel supplies. Secondly, both hot combustion gases and steam are conducted from the borehole back to the water and fuel supply. The water used for conversion to steam is passed in a countercurrent manner through a plurality of annular water flow channels surrounding the combustion chamber. In this manner, the water is preheated, and the combustion chamber is cooled simultaneously, thereby minimizing thermal stresses and deterioration of the walls of the combustion chamber. The water is injected through slotted inlets along the combustion chamber wall to provide an unstable boundary layer and stripping of the water from the wall for efficient steam generation. Pressure responsive doors are provided at the steam outlet of the combustor assembly. The outlet doors and fluid flow functions may be controlled by a diagnostic/control module. The module is positioned in the water flow channel to maintain a relatively constant, controlled temperature.

Hydraulic studies of drilling microbores with supercritical steam, nitrogen and carbon dioxide

DOE Data Explorer

Ken Oglesby

2010-01-01

Hydraulic studies of drilling microbores at various depths and with various hole sizes, tubing, fluids and rates showed theoretical feasibility. WELLFLO SIMULATIONS REPORT STEP 4: DRILLING 10,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE STEP 5: DRILLING 20,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE STEP 6: DRILLING 30,000 FT WELLS WITH SUPERCRITICAL STEAM, NITROGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE Mehmet Karaaslan, MSI

Project DEEP STEAM: Fourth meeting of the technical advisory panel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fox, R. L.; Donaldson, A. B.; Eisenhawer, S. W.; Hart, C. M.; Johnson, D. R.; Mulac, A. J.; Wayland, J. R.; Weirick, L. J.

1981-07-01

The status of project DEEP STEAM was reviewed. Proceedings, are divided into five main sections: (1) the injection string modification program; (2) the downhole steam generator program; (3) supporting activities; (4) field testing; and (5) recommendations and discussion.

Laboratory study of the effects of combustion gases on retorting of Green River oil shale with superheated steam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tyler, A.L.; Bullen, E.A.; Jacobs, H.R.

The leached zone of the Parachute Creek member of the Piceance Basin in the Green River Formation has a unique natural porosity that makes it a likely source for in-situ production of oil from oil shale by injection of superheated steam. The Equity Oil Co. of Salt Lake City, in cooperation with the U. S. Department of Energy, carried out field tests using surface generated steam. Difficulties in delivering steam of sufficiently high temperature to the formation resulted in an experiment which was only marginally successful yielding less than 1 percent of the estimated 300,000 barrels of oil in place.more » In 1981, personnel at Sandia National Laboratory suggested that a downhole steam generator which could produce steam at temperatures in excess of 1000/sup 0/F (538/sup 0/C) at depth could well solve the temperature problem. In order to evaluate the effects of combustion gases which would be injected along with steam, should a downhole steam generator be used, laboratory studies have been completed using steam diluted with CO/sub 2/ and with CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/ as the heating medium. Results of experiments in an autoclave reactor and in a laboratory retort are reported. The temperature, residence time, and partial pressure of steam are the parameters which effect oil yield and oil quality. Oil properties are reported for several experimental conditions and include oil yield, boiling point distributions, pour points, gravity, and elemental and hydrocarbon-type analyses. Both the autoclave and laboratory retort experiments indicate that CO/sub 2/ and N/sub 2/ do not take a reactive part in the formation of oils except as they dilute the steam. However, the presence of CO/sub 2/ in the gaseous atmosphere during retorting does promote a low-temperature transformation of dolomite to calcite in the inorganic matrix of the oil shale.« less

Current forgings and their properties for steam generator of nuclear plant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tsukada, Hisashi; Suzuki, Komei; Kusuhashi, Mikio

1997-12-31

Current steel forgings for steam generator (SG) of PWR plant are reviewed in the aspect of design and material improvement. The following three items are introduced. The use of integral type steel forgings for the fabrication of steam generator enhances the structural integrity and makes easier fabrication and inspection including in-service inspection. The following examples of current integral type forgings developed by the Japan Steel Works, Ltd. (JSW) are introduced: (1) primary head integrated with nozzles, manways and supports; (2) steam drum head integrated with nozzle and handhole; (3) conical shell integrated with cylindrical sections and handholes. In order tomore » decrease the weight of steam generator, the high strength materials such as SA508, Cl.3a steel have been adopted in some cases. The properties of this steel are introduced and the chemistry and heat treatment condition are discussed. As one of the methods to minimize the macro- and micro-segregations, the use of vacuum carbon deoxidation (VCD), i.e. deoxidization of steel by gaseous CO reaction, with addition of Al for grain refining was investigated. The properties of SA508, Cl.3 steels with Low Si content are compared with those of conventional one.« less

Vapor generator steam drum spray head

DOEpatents

Fasnacht, Jr., Floyd A.

1978-07-18

A typical embodiment of the invention provides a combination feedwater and "cooldown" water spray head that is centrally disposed in the lower portion of a nuclear power plant steam drum. This structure not only discharges the feedwater in the hottest part of the steam drum, but also increases the time required for the feedwater to reach the steam drum shell, thereby further increasing the feedwater temperature before it contacts the shell surface, thus reducing thermal shock to the steam drum structure.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gent, Stan

The Post Street project had four (4), 7.960 MW, Solar Taurus-70-10801S natural gas combustion turbines. Each turbine equipped with a 40,000 lb/hr heat recovery steam generator (HRSG). The dual-fuel HRSGs was capable of generating steam using gas turbine exhaust heat or surplus electric power. The generation capacity was nominally rated at 29.2 MW. The project as proposed had a fuel rate chargeable to power of 4,900 - 5,880 Btu/kWh dependent on time of year. The CHP plant, when operating at 29.2 MW, can recycle turbine exhaust into supply 145 kpph of steam to SSC per hour. The actual SSC steammore » loads will vary based on weather, building occupation, plus additions / reductions of customer load served. SSC produces up to 80 kpph of steam from a biomass boiler, which is currently base loaded all year.« less

Industrial steam systems and the energy-water nexus.

PubMed

Walker, Michael E; Lv, Zhen; Masanet, Eric

2013-11-19

This paper presents estimates for water consumption and steam generation within U.S. manufacturing industries. These estimates were developed through the integration of detailed, industry-level fuel use and operation data with an engineering-based steam system model. The results indicate that industrial steam systems consume approximately 3780 TBTU/yr (3.98 × 10(9) GJ/yr) to generate an estimated 2.9 trillion lb/yr (1.3 trillion kg/yr) of steam. Since a good portion of this steam is injected directly into plant processes, vented, leaked, or removed via blowdown, roughly 354 MGD of freshwater must be introduced to these systems as makeup. This freshwater consumption rate is approximately 11% of that for the entire U.S. manufacturing sector, or the total residential consumption rate of Los Angeles, the second largest city in the U.S. The majority of this consumption (>94%) can be attributed to the food, paper, petroleum refining, and chemicals industries. The results of the analyses presented herein provide previously unavailable detail on water consumption in U.S. industrial steam systems and highlight opportunities for combined energy and water savings.

Analysis of boron dilution in a four-loop PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, J.G.; Sha, W.T.

1995-12-31

Thermal mixing and boron dilution in a pressurized water reactor were analyzed with COMMIX codes. The reactor system was the four loop Zion reactor. Two boron dilution scenarios were analyzed. In the first scenario, the plant is in cold shutdown and the reactor coolant system has just been filled after maintenance on the steam generators. To flush the air out of the steam generator tubes, a reactor coolant pump (RCP) is started, with the water in the pump suction line devoid of boron and at the same temperature as the coolant in the system. In the second scenario, the plantmore » is at hot standby and the reactor coolant system has been heated up to operating temperature after a long outage. It is assumed that an RCP is started, with the pump suction line filled with cold unborated water, forcing a slug of diluted coolant down the downcomer and subsequently through the reactor core. The subsequent transient thermal mixing and boron dilution that would occur in the reactor system is simulated for these two scenarios. The reactivity insertion rate and the total reactivity are evaluated.« less

Pretest analysis document for Test S-NH-2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Streit, J.E.; Owca, W.A.

This report documents the pretest analysis calculation completed with the RELAP5/MOD2/CY3601 code for Semiscale MOD-2C Test S-NH-2. The test will simulate the transient that results from the shear in a small diameter penetration of a cold leg, equivalent to 2.1% of the cold leg flow area. The high pressure injection system is assumed to be inoperative throughout the transient. The recovery procedure consists of latching open both steam generator atmospheric dump valves, supplying both steam generators with auxiliary feedwater system is assumed to be partially inoperative so the auxiliary feedwater flow is degraded. Recovery will be initiated upon a peakmore » cladding temperature of 811/sup 0/K (1000/sup 0/F). The test will be terminated when primary pressure has been reduced to the low pressure injection system setpoint of 1.38 MPa (200 psia). The calculated results indicate that the test objectives can be achieved and the proposed test scenario poses no threat to personnel or to plant integrity. 7 refs., 16 figs., 2 tabs.« less

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view east southeast across ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit WCT. Photographic copy of photograph, view east southeast across Dd station ejectors showing detail of "Hyprox" steam generator. Note that steam generator is placed above Z-stage ejector; an insulated pipe running between the Dd train rails supplies steam to the Y-Stage ejector. Note emergency eyewash stand at extreme right of view. (JPL negative no. 384-3376, 3 December 1962) - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

A study of natural circulation in the evaporator of a horizontal-tube heat recovery steam generator

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roslyakov, P. V.; Pleshanov, K. A.; Sterkhov, K. V.

2014-07-01

Results obtained from investigations of stable natural circulation in an intricate circulation circuit with a horizontal layout of the tubes of evaporating surface having a negative useful head are presented. The possibility of making a shift from using multiple forced circulation organized by means of a circulation pump to natural circulation in vertical heat recovery steam generator is estimated. Criteria for characterizing the performance reliability and efficiency of a horizontal evaporator with negative useful head are proposed. The influence of various design solutions on circulation robustness is considered. With due regard of the optimal parameters, the most efficient and least costly methods are proposed for achieving more stable circulation in a vertical heat recovery steam generator when a shift is made from multiple forced to natural circulation. A procedure for calculating the circulation parameters and an algorithm for checking evaporator performance reliability are developed, and recommendations for the design of heat recovery steam generator, nonheated parts of natural circulation circuit, and evaporating surface are suggested.

Adaptive Critic-based Neurofuzzy Controller for the Steam Generator Water Level

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fakhrazari, Amin; Boroushaki, Mehrdad

2008-06-01

In this paper, an adaptive critic-based neurofuzzy controller is presented for water level regulation of nuclear steam generators. The problem has been of great concern for many years as the steam generator is a highly nonlinear system showing inverse response dynamics especially at low operating power levels. Fuzzy critic-based learning is a reinforcement learning method based on dynamic programming. The only information available for the critic agent is the system feedback which is interpreted as the last action the controller has performed in the previous state. The signal produced by the critic agent is used alongside the backpropagation of error algorithm to tune online conclusion parts of the fuzzy inference rules. The critic agent here has a proportional-derivative structure and the fuzzy rule base has nine rules. The proposed controller shows satisfactory transient responses, disturbance rejection and robustness to model uncertainty. Its simple design procedure and structure, nominates it as one of the suitable controller designs for the steam generator water level control in nuclear power plant industry.

Allothermal steam gasification of biomass in cyclic multi-compartment bubbling fluidized-bed gasifier/combustor - new reactor concept.

PubMed

Iliuta, Ion; Leclerc, Arnaud; Larachi, Faïçal

2010-05-01

A new reactor concept of allothermal cyclic multi-compartment fluidized bed steam biomass gasification is proposed and analyzed numerically. The concept combines space and time delocalization to approach an ideal allothermal gasifier. Thermochemical conversion of biomass in periodic time and space sequences of steam biomass gasification and char/biomass combustion is simulated in which the exothermic combustion compartments provide heat into an array of interspersed endothermic steam gasification compartments. This should enhance unit heat integration and thermal efficiency and procure N(2)-free biosyngas with recourse neither to oxygen addition in steam gasification nor contact between flue and syngas. The dynamic, one-dimensional, multi-component, non-isothermal model developed for this concept accounts for detailed solid and gas flow dynamics whereupon gasification/combustion reaction kinetics, thermal effects and freeboard-zone reactions were tied. Simulations suggest that allothermal operation could be achieved with switch periods in the range of a minute supporting practical feasibility for portable small-scale gasification units. Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Market potential of solar thermal enhanced oil recovery-a techno-economic model for Issaran oil field in Egypt

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Sunay; Guédez, Rafael; Laumert, Björn

2017-06-01

Solar thermal enhanced oil recovery (S-EOR) is an advanced technique of using concentrated solar power (CSP) technology to generate steam and recover oil from maturing oil reservoirs. The generated steam is injected at high pressure and temperature into the reservoir wells to facilitate oil production. There are three common methods of steam injection in enhanced oil recovery - continuous steam injection, cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) and steam assisted gravity drainage (SAGD). Conventionally, this steam is generated through natural gas (NG) fired boilers with associated greenhouse gas emissions. However, pilot projects in the USA (Coalinga, California) and Oman (Miraah, Amal) demonstrated the use of S-EOR to meet their steam requirements despite the intermittent nature of solar irradiation. Hence, conventional steam based EOR projects under the Sunbelt region can benefit from S-EOR with reduced operational expenditure (OPEX) and increased profitability in the long term, even with the initial investment required for solar equipment. S-EOR can be realized as an opportunity for countries not owning any natural gas resources to make them less energy dependent and less sensible to gas price fluctuations, and for countries owning natural gas resources to reduce their gas consumption and export it for a higher margin. In this study, firstly, the market potential of S-EOR was investigated worldwide by covering some of the major ongoing steam based EOR projects as well as future projects in pipeline. A multi-criteria analysis was performed to compare local conditions and requirements of all the oil fields based on a defined set of parameters. Secondly, a modelling approach for S-EOR was designed to identify cost reduction opportunities and optimum solar integration techniques, and the Issaran oil field in Egypt was selected for a case study to substantiate the approach. This modelling approach can be consulted to develop S-EOR projects for any steam flooding based oil fields. The model was developed for steam flooding requirements in Issaran oil field using DYESOPT, KTH's in-house tool for techno-economic modelling in CSP.

Energy Recovery

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1987-01-01

The United States and other countries face the problem of waste disposal in an economical, environmentally safe manner. A widely applied solution adopted by Americans is "waste to energy," incinerating the refuse and using the steam produced by trash burning to drive an electricity producing generator. NASA's computer program PRESTO II, (Performance of Regenerative Superheated Steam Turbine Cycles), provides power engineering companies, including Blount Energy Resources Corporation of Alabama, with the ability to model such features as process steam extraction, induction and feedwater heating by external sources, peaking and high back pressure. Expansion line efficiency, exhaust loss, leakage, mechanical losses and generator losses are used to calculate the cycle heat rate. The generator output program is sufficiently precise that it can be used to verify performance quoted in turbine generator supplier's proposals.

49 CFR 229.109 - Safety valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Safety valves. 229.109 Section 229.109..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Steam Generators § 229.109 Safety valves. Every steam generator shall be equipped with at least two safety valves that have a...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired...) heat input of fossil fuel. If the heat recovery steam generator is subject to this subpart, only...

76 FR 3587 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired... 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units owned by municipalities. 921150 Fossil...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired...) heat input of fossil fuel. If the heat recovery steam generator is subject to this subpart, only...

40 CFR 60.40b - Applicability and delegation of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired steam generators... meeting the applicability requirements under subpart D (Standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired... fossil fuel. If the affected facility (i.e. heat recovery steam generator) is subject to this subpart...

EVALUATION OF STATIONARY SOURCE PARTICULATE MEASUREMENT METHODS. VOLUME II. OIL-FIRED STEAM GENERATORS

EPA Science Inventory

An experimental study was conducted to determine the reliability of the Method 5 procedure for providing particulate emission data from an oil-fired steam generator. The study was concerned with determining whether any 'false' particulate resulted from the collection process of f...

40 CFR 52.536 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Florida Department of Pollution Control. (15) Revised limits on sulfur dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel... specific Fossil Fuel Steam Generators, submitted on November 6, 1978, and February 3, 1979, by the Florida..., fossil fuel steam generators-visible emissions, submitted on October 19, 1979; revision describing...

40 CFR 52.536 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Florida Department of Pollution Control. (15) Revised limits on sulfur dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel... specific Fossil Fuel Steam Generators, submitted on November 6, 1978, and February 3, 1979, by the Florida..., fossil fuel steam generators-visible emissions, submitted on October 19, 1979; revision describing...

40 CFR 52.536 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Florida Department of Pollution Control. (15) Revised limits on sulfur dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel... specific Fossil Fuel Steam Generators, submitted on November 6, 1978, and February 3, 1979, by the Florida..., fossil fuel steam generators-visible emissions, submitted on October 19, 1979; revision describing...

40 CFR 52.536 - Original identification of plan section.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Florida Department of Pollution Control. (15) Revised limits on sulfur dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel... specific Fossil Fuel Steam Generators, submitted on November 6, 1978, and February 3, 1979, by the Florida..., fossil fuel steam generators-visible emissions, submitted on October 19, 1979; revision describing...

CSG test

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-09-15

E-2 Test Stand team members at Stennis Space Center conducted their first series of tests on a three-module chemical steam generator unit Sept. 15. All three modules successfully fired during the tests. The chemical steam generator is a critical component for the A-3 Test Stand under construction at Stennis.

49 CFR 229.109 - Safety valves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Safety valves. 229.109 Section 229.109..., DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION RAILROAD LOCOMOTIVE SAFETY STANDARDS Safety Requirements Steam Generators § 229.109 Safety valves. Every steam generator shall be equipped with at least two safety valves that have a...

49 CFR 229.113 - Warning notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Warning notice. 229.113 Section 229.113....113 Warning notice. Whenever any steam generator has been shut down because of defects, a distinctive warning notice giving reasons for the shut-down shall be conspicuously attached near the steam generator...

49 CFR 229.113 - Warning notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Warning notice. 229.113 Section 229.113....113 Warning notice. Whenever any steam generator has been shut down because of defects, a distinctive warning notice giving reasons for the shut-down shall be conspicuously attached near the steam generator...

49 CFR 229.113 - Warning notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Warning notice. 229.113 Section 229.113....113 Warning notice. Whenever any steam generator has been shut down because of defects, a distinctive warning notice giving reasons for the shut-down shall be conspicuously attached near the steam generator...

49 CFR 229.113 - Warning notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Warning notice. 229.113 Section 229.113....113 Warning notice. Whenever any steam generator has been shut down because of defects, a distinctive warning notice giving reasons for the shut-down shall be conspicuously attached near the steam generator...

49 CFR 229.113 - Warning notice.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Warning notice. 229.113 Section 229.113....113 Warning notice. Whenever any steam generator has been shut down because of defects, a distinctive warning notice giving reasons for the shut-down shall be conspicuously attached near the steam generator...

76 FR 74834 - Interim Staff Guidance on Aging Management Program for Steam Generators

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-01

... NRC staff's evaluation of the suitability of using Revision 3 of the Nuclear Energy Institute's (NEI... NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION [NRC-2011-0228] Interim Staff Guidance on Aging Management Program for Steam Generators AGENCY: Nuclear Regulatory Commission. ACTION: Interim staff guidance; issuance...

The Development of a Small High Speed Steam Microturbine Generator System

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alford, Adrian; Nichol, Philip; Frisby, Ben

2015-08-01

The efficient use of energy is paramount in every kind of business today. Steam is a widely used energy source. In many situations steam is generated at high pressures and then reduced in pressure through control valves before reaching point of use. An opportunity was identified to convert some of the energy at the point of pressure reduction into electricity. This can be accomplished using steam turbines driving alternators on large scale systems. To take advantage of a market identified for small scale systems, a microturbine generator was designed based on a small high speed turbo machine. This gave rise to a number of challenges which are described with the solutions adopted. The challenges included aerodynamic design of high efficiency impellers, sealing of a high speed shaft, thrust control and material selection to avoid steam erosion. The machine was packaged with a sophisticated control system to allow connection to the electricity grid. Some of the challenges in packaging the machine are also described. The Spirax Sarco TurboPower has now concluded performance and initial endurance tests which are described with a summary of the results.

A 15kWe (nominal) solar thermal electric power conversion concept definition study: Steam Rankine reheat reciprocator system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fuller, H.; Demler, R.; Poulin, E.; Dantowitz, P.

1979-01-01

An evaluation was made of the potential of a steam Rankine reheat reciprocator engine to operate at high efficiency in a point-focusing distributed receiver solar thermal-electric power system. The scope of the study included the engine system and electric generator; not included was the solar collector/mirror or the steam generator/receiver. A parametric analysis of steam conditions was completed leading to the selection of 973 K 12.1 MPa as the steam temperature/pressure for a conceptual design. A conceptual design was completed for a two cylinder/ opposed engine operating at 1800 rpm directly coupled to a commercially available induction generator. A unique part of the expander design is the use of carbon/graphite piston rings to eliminate the need for using oil as an upper cylinder lubricant. The evaluation included a system weight estimate of 230 kg at the mirror focal point with the condenser mounted separately on the ground. The estimated cost of the overall system is $1932 or $90/kW for the maximum 26 kW output.

1. Credit BG. View looking southeast down onto roof and ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Credit BG. View looking southeast down onto roof and the north and west facades of Steam Generator Plant, Building 4280/E-81. Vents on roof were from gas-fired steam generators. Pipes emerging from north facade are for steam. Elevated narrow tray is for electrical cables. To lower left of image (immediate north of 4280/E-81) is concrete-lined pond originally built to neutralize rocket engine exhaust compounds; it was only used as a cooling pond. To the lower right of this image are concrete pads which held two 7,500 gallon feedwater tanks for the boilers in 4280/E-81; these tanks were transferred to another federal space science organization and removed from the JPL compound in 1994. Beyond 4280/E-81 to the upper left is a reclamation pond. ... - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Steam Generator Plant, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Energy alternative for industry: the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor steamer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McMain, A.T. Jr.; Blok, F.J.

1978-04-01

Large industrial complexes are faced with new requirements that will lead to a transition from such fluid fuels as natural gas and oil to such solid fuels as coal and uranium for supply of industrial energy. Power plants using these latter fuels will be of moderate size (800 to 1200 MW(thermal)) and will generally have the capability of co-generating electric power and process steam. A study has been made regarding use of the 840-MW(thermal) Fort St. Vrain high-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) design for industrial applications. The initial conceptual design (referred to as the HTGR Steamer) is substantially simplified relative tomore » Fort St. Vrain in that outlet helium and steam temperatures are lower and the reheat section is deleted from the steam generators. The Steamer has four independent steam generating loops producing a total of 277 kg/s (2.2 x 10/sup 6/ lb/h) of prime steam at 4.5 MPa/672 K (650 psia/750/sup 0/F). The unit co-generates 46 MW(electric) and provides process steam at 8.31 MPa/762 K(1200 psia/912/sup 0/F). The basic configuration and much of the equipment are retained from the Fort St. Vrain design. The system has inherent safety features important for industrial applications. These and other features indicate that the HTGR Steamer is an industrial energy option deserving additional evaluation. Subsequent work will focus on parallel design optimization and application studies.« less

Control valves and cascades for the first stages of turbines with ultrasupercritical steam parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zaryankin, A. E.; Rogalev, N. D.; Rogalev, A. N.; Garanin, I. V.; Osipov, S. K.; Grigoriev, E. Yu.

2016-06-01

This paper considers the problems that will unavoidably be encountered in the creation of new-generation turbines operated at ultrasupercritical initial steam parameters, namely, the development of new control and shutoff valves, the reduction of end energy losses in blade cascades and steam leaks in high-pressure cylinders (HPCs), the elimination of effect produced by regenerative steam bleedoffs on the afterextraction stage, the cooling of a blade cascade, etc. Some possible solutions are given for the two first of the listed problems. The conclusion about the need for the transition to new-generation control valves in the development of new advanced steam turbines with ultrasupercritical initial steam parameters has been made. From the viewpoint of their design, the considered new-generation valves differ from the known contemporary constructions by a shaped axially symmetric confusor channel and perforated zones on the streamlined spool surface and the inlet diffuser saddle part. The analysis of the vibration behavior of new-generation valves has demonstrated a decrease in the dynamic loads acting on their stems. To reduce the end energy losses in nozzle or blade cascades with small aspect ratios, it is proposed to use finned shrouds in the interblade channels. The cross section of fins has a triangular profile, and their height must be comparable with the thickness of the boundary layer in the outlet cross section of a cascade and, provisionally, be smaller than 8% of the cascade chord.

3. Credit PEM. Interior of Martinsburg plant showing two MacIntousch ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

3. Credit PEM. Interior of Martinsburg plant showing two MacIntousch Seymore steam engines and one Taylor steam engine belt driving (from let to right) a sperry 30 light, 220 Volt generator, a Westinghouse 900 light, 2200 Volt generator, a Ball 80 light are generator, and two Edison, 900 light, 220 Volt generators. Note switchboard to left. Photo c. 1896. - Dam No. 4 Hydroelectric Plant, Potomac River, Martinsburg, Berkeley County, WV

[Effectiveness and limits of the cleaners steam in hospitals].

PubMed

Meunier, O; Meistermann, C; Schwebel, A

2009-05-01

We assessed bactericidal activity of the cleaners steam used for the bio-cleaning of the hospital surfaces. We performed of samples (Rodac) before and after use of cleaner steam and compared with bactericidal effect of disinfecting detergent used in hospital for surfaces. We studied this effectiveness for different time of steam contact. Finally, we wanted to prove, by air sampling, that aero-bio-contamination was possible generated by using cleaners steam. We show that bactericidal effect of the cleaner steam is superior of some tested disinfecting detergent, for the treatment of one square meter till 2 min. This effectiveness diminishes to be just identical in that some disinfecting detergent when use of the cleaner steam is up to two or four square meters surfaces till 2 min. On the other hand, the cleaner steam is less efficient in terms of bacterial destruction when the time of contact steam-soil is superior in 2 min for six square meter surface. The air bacterial pollution, generated by the use of the cleaner steam, is restricted and not significantly augmented if measured in 44 cm above the soil in the course of cleaning. The cleaner steam is indeed a very good equipment for the cleaning of surfaces but it is necessary to respect a time of minimal contact of 2 min for four square meters surfaces treaties to acquire an antibacterial effect at least so important as that acquired with used disinfecting detergent. The disinfection of surfaces is then user-dependent and the time of requested contact is can be not compatible with hospital obligations.

A SURVEY OF CONVENTIONAL STEAM BOILER EXPERIENCE APPLICABLE TO THE HTGR STEAM GENERATORS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paget, J.A.

1959-10-01

BS>The steam generator of a high temperature gas-cooled reactor consists of tubular heating surface inside a shell which forms part of the primary He circuit of the reactor. When a tube fails in such a steam generator, moisture in the form of steam is released into the He steam and is carried through the reactor where it will cause corrosion and mass transfer of C in the core. A paramount consideration in the design of a steam generator for a high temperature gas-cooled reactor is the prevention of tube failures. Preference, therefore, should be given to a forced circulation design.more » The Loeffler Boiler would be the best from this standpoint alone since only steam enters the tubes, and its circulation rate can be maintained at an adequate value to insure cool tubes regardless of load fluctuations. The next type in the order of preference would be the forced recirculation boiler, since at least the boiier tubes always have an adequate cooling flow regardless of output. The third type in order of preference would be a Sulzer Type boiler since it has a separator to remove dissolved material from the water which is comparible in efficiency to a standard boiler drum and although the flow through evaporator and superheater fluctuates with load, the Sulzer Boiler can be operated as a forced recirculation boiler at low loads. The least desirable type would be a Benson or supercritical boiler which is completely dependent on input water purity for its survival. It is not claimed that Benson or supercritical boilers should not or will not be used in the future for gas-cooled reactors, but only that their use would be the least conservative choice from a tube failure standpoint at the present time. (auth)« less

76 FR 19766 - Agency Information Collection Activities OMB Responses

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-04-08

...; NSPS for Small Industrial-Commercial- Institutional Steam Generating Units; 40 CFR part 60, subparts A... Number 1053.10; NSPS for Electric Utility Steam Generating Units; 40 CFR part 60, subparts A and Da; was... Petroleum Refineries Sector Residual Risk and Technology Review (New Collection); was approved on 03/28/2011...

49 CFR 229.111 - Water-flow indicator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Water-flow indicator. 229.111 Section 229.111....111 Water-flow indicator. (a) Steam generators shall be equipped with an illuminated visual return water-flow indicator. (b) Steam generators shall be equipped with an operable test valve or other means...

49 CFR 229.111 - Water-flow indicator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Water-flow indicator. 229.111 Section 229.111....111 Water-flow indicator. (a) Steam generators shall be equipped with an illuminated visual return water-flow indicator. (b) Steam generators shall be equipped with an operable test valve or other means...

77 FR 9303 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-02-16

... Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility... Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and Small Industrial... electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) and standards of performance for fossil-fuel-fired electric...

49 CFR 229.111 - Water-flow indicator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Water-flow indicator. 229.111 Section 229.111....111 Water-flow indicator. (a) Steam generators shall be equipped with an illuminated visual return water-flow indicator. (b) Steam generators shall be equipped with an operable test valve or other means...

49 CFR 229.111 - Water-flow indicator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Water-flow indicator. 229.111 Section 229.111....111 Water-flow indicator. (a) Steam generators shall be equipped with an illuminated visual return water-flow indicator. (b) Steam generators shall be equipped with an operable test valve or other means...

7 CFR 1794.23 - Proposals normally requiring an EA.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... classification are: (1) Construction of fuel cell, combustion turbine, combined cycle, or diesel generating... be covered in the EA; (2) Construction of fuel cell, combustion turbine, combined cycle, or diesel... boundaries. (12) Installing a heat recovery steam generator and steam turbine with a rating of more than 200...

49 CFR 229.111 - Water-flow indicator.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 4 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Water-flow indicator. 229.111 Section 229.111....111 Water-flow indicator. (a) Steam generators shall be equipped with an illuminated visual return water-flow indicator. (b) Steam generators shall be equipped with an operable test valve or other means...

40 CFR 60.46c - Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units § 60.46c Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... the inlet to the steam generating unit and analyzed for sulfur content and heat content according the...

40 CFR 60.46c - Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units § 60.46c Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... the inlet to the steam generating unit and analyzed for sulfur content and heat content according the...

77 FR 63343 - Biweekly Notice: Applications and Amendments to Facility Operating Licenses and Combined Licenses...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-16

... PWR [Pressurized-Water Reactor] Steam Generator Tubes'' (Reference 32) and [Nuclear Energy Institute... maintains the required structural margins of the SG tubes for both normal and accident conditions. Nuclear Energy Institute 97-06, ``Steam Generator Program Guidelines'' (Reference 8), and NRC Regulatory Guide 1...

40 CFR 60.46c - Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units § 60.46c Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... the inlet to the steam generating unit and analyzed for sulfur content and heat content according the...

40 CFR 60.46c - Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... Industrial-Commercial-Institutional Steam Generating Units § 60.46c Emission monitoring for sulfur dioxide... the inlet to the steam generating unit and analyzed for sulfur content and heat content according the...

40 CFR 60.45Da - Standard for mercury (Hg).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-fired electric utility steam generating unit that burns only lignite, you must not discharge into the... (CONTINUED) STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Electric Utility... for mercury (Hg). (a) For each coal-fired electric utility steam generating unit other than an IGCC...

Thermally-enhanced oil recovery method and apparatus

DOEpatents

Stahl, Charles R.; Gibson, Michael A.; Knudsen, Christian W.

1987-01-01

A thermally-enhanced oil recovery method and apparatus for exploiting deep well reservoirs utilizes electric downhole steam generators to provide supplemental heat to generate high quality steam from hot pressurized water which is heated at the surface. A downhole electric heater placed within a well bore for local heating of the pressurized liquid water into steam is powered by electricity from the above-ground gas turbine-driven electric generators fueled by any clean fuel such as natural gas, distillate or some crude oils, or may come from the field being stimulated. Heat recovered from the turbine exhaust is used to provide the hot pressurized water. Electrical power may be cogenerated and sold to an electric utility to provide immediate cash flow and improved economics. During the cogeneration period (no electrical power to some or all of the downhole units), the oil field can continue to be stimulated by injecting hot pressurized water, which will flash into lower quality steam at reservoir conditions. The heater includes electrical heating elements supplied with three-phase alternating current or direct current. The injection fluid flows through the heater elements to generate high quality steam to exit at the bottom of the heater assembly into the reservoir. The injection tube is closed at the bottom and has radial orifices for expanding the injection fluid to reservoir pressure.

Diesels in combined cycle

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kuehn, S.E.

1995-03-01

This article examines why the diesel engine is a very attractive choice for producing power in the combined-cycle configuration. The medium-speed diesel is already one of the most efficient simple cycle sources of electricity, especially with lower grade fuels. Large units have heat-rate efficiencies as high as 45%, equating to a heat rate of 7,580 Btu/k Whr, and no other power production prime mover can match this efficiency. Diesels also offer designers fuel flexibility and can burn an extreme variety of fuels without sacrificing many of its positive operating attributes. Diesels are the first building block in a highly efficientmore » combined cycle system that relies on the hot gas and oxygen in the diesel`s exhaust to combust either natural gas, light distillate oil, heavy oil or coal, in a boiler. By using a fired boiler, steam can be generated at sufficient temperature and pressure to operate a Rankine steam cycle efficiently. Diesel combined-cycle plants can be configured in much the same way a gas turbine plant would be. However, the diesel combined-cycle scheme requires supplemental firing to generate appropriate steam conditions. The most efficient cycle, therefore, would not be achieved until combustion air and supplemental fuel are minimized to levels that satisfy steam conditions, steam generation and power generation constraints.« less

Effects of crack tip plastic zone on corrosion fatigue cracking of alloy 690(TT) in pressurized water reactor environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, J.; Qiu, S. Y.; Chen, Y.; Fu, Z. H.; Lin, Z. X.; Xu, Q.

2015-01-01

Alloy 690(TT) is widely used for steam generator tubes in pressurized water reactor (PWR), where it is susceptible to corrosion fatigue. In this study, the corrosion fatigue behavior of Alloy 690(TT) in simulated PWR environments was investigated. The microstructure of the plastic zone near the crack tip was investigated and labyrinth structures were observed. The relationship between the crack tip plastic zone and fatigue crack growth rates and the environment factor Fen was illuminated.

A-3 Test Stand construction moves forward

NASA Image and Video Library

2010-07-13

Work on the A-3 Test Stand at Stennis Space Center took a step forward in July with delivery of the first-stage steam ejector July 13. Stennis employees are shown preparing the ejector to be lifted into place on the test stand. When activated in 2012, the A-3 Test Stand will allow operators to test rocket engines at simulated altitudes of 100,000 feet, a critical feature for next-generation engines that will take humans beyond low-Earth orbit once more.

Preliminary design of a solar central receiver for a site-specific repowering application (Saguaro Power Plant). Volume IV. Appendixes. Final report, October 1982-September 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Weber, E.R.

1983-09-01

The appendixes for the Saguaro Power Plant includes the following: receiver configuration selection report; cooperating modes and transitions; failure modes analysis; control system analysis; computer codes and simulation models; procurement package scope descriptions; responsibility matrix; solar system flow diagram component purpose list; thermal storage component and system test plans; solar steam generator tube-to-tubesheet weld analysis; pipeline listing; management control schedule; and system list and definitions.

40 CFR 63.7575 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... having the primary purpose of recovering thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water. Controlled... the energy assessment. Electric utility steam generating unit (EGU) means a fossil fuel-fired... for sale. A fossil fuel-fired unit that cogenerates steam and electricity and supplies more than one...

40 CFR 63.7575 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... having the primary purpose of recovering thermal energy in the form of steam or hot water. Controlled... the energy assessment. Electric utility steam generating unit (EGU) means a fossil fuel-fired... for sale. A fossil fuel-fired unit that cogenerates steam and electricity and supplies more than one...

Dancing with STEAM: Creative Movement Generates Electricity for Young Learners

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simpson Steele, Jamie; Fulton, Lori; Fanning, Lisa

2016-01-01

The integration of science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics (STEAM) serves to develop creative thinking and twenty-first-century skills in the classroom (Maeda 2012). Learning through STEAM promotes novelty, innovation, ingenuity, and task-specific purposefulness to solve real-world problems--all aspects that define creativity. Lisa…

Main steam line break accident simulation of APR1400 using the model of ATLAS facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ekariansyah, A. S.; Deswandri; Sunaryo, Geni R.

2018-02-01

A main steam line break simulation for APR1400 as an advanced design of PWR has been performed using the RELAP5 code. The simulation was conducted in a model of thermal-hydraulic test facility called as ATLAS, which represents a scaled down facility of the APR1400 design. The main steam line break event is described in a open-access safety report document, in which initial conditions and assumptionsfor the analysis were utilized in performing the simulation and analysis of the selected parameter. The objective of this work was to conduct a benchmark activities by comparing the simulation results of the CESEC-III code as a conservative approach code with the results of RELAP5 as a best-estimate code. Based on the simulation results, a general similarity in the behavior of selected parameters was observed between the two codes. However the degree of accuracy still needs further research an analysis by comparing with the other best-estimate code. Uncertainties arising from the ATLAS model should be minimized by taking into account much more specific data in developing the APR1400 model.

Radiation from Large Gas Volumes and Heat Exchange in Steam Boiler Furnaces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Makarov, A. N., E-mail: tgtu-kafedra-ese@mail.ru

2015-09-15

Radiation from large cylindrical gas volumes is studied as a means of simulating the flare in steam boiler furnaces. Calculations of heat exchange in a furnace by the zonal method and by simulation of the flare with cylindrical gas volumes are described. The latter method is more accurate and yields more reliable information on heat transfer processes taking place in furnaces.

Method and apparatus for fuel gas moisturization and heating

DOEpatents

Ranasinghe, Jatila; Smith, Raub Warfield

2002-01-01

Fuel gas is saturated with water heated with a heat recovery steam generator heat source. The heat source is preferably a water heating section downstream of the lower pressure evaporator to provide better temperature matching between the hot and cold heat exchange streams in that portion of the heat recovery steam generator. The increased gas mass flow due to the addition of moisture results in increased power output from the gas and steam turbines. Fuel gas saturation is followed by superheating the fuel, preferably with bottom cycle heat sources, resulting in a larger thermal efficiency gain compared to current fuel heating methods. There is a gain in power output compared to no fuel heating, even when heating the fuel to above the LP steam temperature.

Steam reforming of simulated bio-oil on K-Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3: The effect of K

DOE PAGES

Yu, Ning; Rahman, Muhammad Mahfuzur; Chen, Jixiang; ...

2018-04-10

Steam reforming of simulated bio-oil (ethanol, acetone, phenol, and acetic acid) and phenol has been studied on K-Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 composite catalysts. Complementary characterization techniques, such as nitrogen sorption, XRD, H 2-TPR, H 2-TPD, CO-TPD, CO-DRIFTS, and in situ XPS, were used to correlate surface structure and functionality to catalytic performance of potassium (K) doped catalysts. K doping of the Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 catalyst created a Ni°/Ni 2+ mixed active phase, which not only enhanced steam reforming activity, but also suppressed the methanation reaction. In addition, K doping changed the surface acid-basic properties of the catalyst, which instead favor themore » gasifcation and water-gas shift reactions. In conclusion, with the combination of these effects, K doping of Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 catalysts led to higher C1 yield and much lower methane formation, favoring hydrogen production in steam reforming of both phenol and simulated bio-oil.« less

Steam reforming of simulated bio-oil on K-Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3: The effect of K

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yu, Ning; Rahman, Muhammad Mahfuzur; Chen, Jixiang

Steam reforming of simulated bio-oil (ethanol, acetone, phenol, and acetic acid) and phenol has been studied on K-Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 composite catalysts. Complementary characterization techniques, such as nitrogen sorption, XRD, H 2-TPR, H 2-TPD, CO-TPD, CO-DRIFTS, and in situ XPS, were used to correlate surface structure and functionality to catalytic performance of potassium (K) doped catalysts. K doping of the Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 catalyst created a Ni°/Ni 2+ mixed active phase, which not only enhanced steam reforming activity, but also suppressed the methanation reaction. In addition, K doping changed the surface acid-basic properties of the catalyst, which instead favor themore » gasifcation and water-gas shift reactions. In conclusion, with the combination of these effects, K doping of Ni-Cu-Mg-Ce-O/Al 2O 3 catalysts led to higher C1 yield and much lower methane formation, favoring hydrogen production in steam reforming of both phenol and simulated bio-oil.« less

Limited energy study, Buildings 750 and 798, Fort Richardson, Alaska. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1996-02-01

The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate Energy Conservation Opportunities (ECOs) for two motor pool facilities, Buildings 750 and 798, to determine their energy savings potential, economic feasibility, and to document results for possible future funding. Buildings 750 and 798 are heated by steam supplied from a central plant. The central plant uses natural gas as a primary fuel source to produce steam for both heating and electrical energy generation. Since power is produced on the base there is not a demand charge for electrical energy. Two ECOs examined the use of natural gas in conjunction withmore » steam as a method of heating the buildings. Annual baseline energy consumption and cost data for each building is presented. The heating system in Building 750 was found to be severely under capacity. This is the result of the disabling of the under-floor heating system and the roof top MAUs. Building 798 also has had the under-floor heating system disabled. However, baseline simulations show that the remaining system is capable of maintaining thermostat setpoints during all but the coldest days of a typical year.« less

Thermodynamic analyses of hydrogen production from sub-quality natural gas. Part II: Steam reforming and autothermal steam reforming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Cunping; T-Raissi, Ali

Part I of this paper analyzed sub-quality natural gas (SQNG) pyrolysis and autothermal pyrolysis. Production of hydrogen via direct thermolysis of SQNGs produces only 2 mol of hydrogen and 1 mol of carbon per mole of methane (CH 4). Steam reforming of SQNG (SRSQNG) could become a more effective approach because the processes produce two more moles of hydrogen via water splitting. A Gibbs reactor unit operation in the AspenPlus™ chemical process simulator was employed to accomplish equilibrium calculations for the SQNG + H 2O and SQNG + H 2O + O 2 systems. The results indicate that water and oxygen inlet flow rates do not significantly affect the decomposition of hydrogen sulfide (H 2S) at temperatures lower than 1000 °C. The major co-product of the processes is carbonyl sulfide (COS) while sulfur dimer (S 2) and carbon disulfide (CS 2) are minor by-products within this temperature range. At higher temperatures (>1300 °C), CS 2 and S 2 become major co-products. No sulfur dioxide (SO 2) or sulfur trioxide (SO 3) is formed during either SRSQNG or autothermal SRSQNG processes, indicating that no environmentally harmful acidic gases are generated.

Preliminary Two-Phase Terry Turbine Nozzle Models for RCIC Off-Design Operation Conditions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Haihua; O'Brien, James

This report presents the effort to extend the single-phase analytical Terry turbine model to cover two-phase off-design conditions. The work includes: (1) adding well-established two-phase choking models – the Isentropic Homogenous Equilibrium Model (IHEM) and Moody’s model, and (2) theoretical development and implementation of a two-phase nozzle expansion model. The two choking models provide bounding cases for the two-phase choking mass flow rate. The new two-phase Terry turbine model uses the choking models to calculate the mass flow rate, the critical pressure at the nozzle throat, and steam quality. In the divergent stage, we only consider the vapor phase withmore » a similar model for the single-phase case by assuming that the liquid phase would slip along the wall with a much slower speed and will not contribute the impulse on the rotor. We also modify the stagnation conditions according to two-phase choking conditions at the throat and the cross-section areas for steam flow at the nozzle throat and at the nozzle exit. The new two-phase Terry turbine model was benchmarked with the same steam nozzle test as for the single-phase model. Better agreement with the experimental data is observed than from the single-phase model. We also repeated the Terry turbine nozzle benchmark work against the Sandia CFD simulation results with the two-phase model for the pure steam inlet nozzle case. The RCIC start-up tests were simulated and compared with the single-phase model. Similar results are obtained. Finally, we designed a new RCIC system test case to simulate the self-regulated Terry turbine behavior observed in Fukushima accidents. In this test, a period inlet condition for the steam quality varying from 1 to 0 is applied. For the high quality inlet period, the RCIC system behaves just like the normal operation condition with a high pump injection flow rate and a nominal steam release rate through the turbine, with the net addition of water to the primary system; for the low quality inlet period, the RCIC turbine shaft work dramatically decreases and results in a much reduced pump injection flow rate, and the mixture flow rate through the turbine increases due to the high liquid phase flow rate. The net effect for this period is net removal of coolant from the primary loop. With the periodic addition and removal of coolant to the primary loop, the self-regulation mode of the RCIC system can be maintained for a quite long time. Both the IHEM and Moody’s models generate similar phenomena; however noticeable differences can be observed.« less

40 CFR 63.40 - Applicability of §§ 63.40 through 63.44.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...). (c) Exclusion for electric utility steam generating units. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to electric utility steam generating units unless and until such time as these units are added to...

40 CFR 60.40 - Applicability and designation of affected facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.40 Applicability and designation of affected facility. (a) The affected facilities to which the provisions of this subpart apply are: (1) Each fossil-fuel-fired... per hour (MMBtu/hr)). (2) Each fossil-fuel and wood-residue-fired steam generating unit capable of...

77 FR 23399 - National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants From Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-19

... Coal- and Oil-Fired Electric Utility Steam Generating Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil... Units and Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial... before March 1, 2005, means a 24-hour period during which fossil fuel is combusted in a steam-generating...

40 CFR 60.40 - Applicability and designation of affected facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators for Which Construction Is Commenced After August 17, 1971 § 60... provisions of this subpart apply are: (1) Each fossil-fuel-fired steam generating unit of more than 73 megawatts (MW) heat input rate (250 million British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr)). (2) Each fossil-fuel...

40 CFR 60.40 - Applicability and designation of affected facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.40 Applicability and designation of affected facility. (a) The affected facilities to which the provisions of this subpart apply are: (1) Each fossil-fuel-fired... per hour (MMBtu/hr)). (2) Each fossil-fuel and wood-residue-fired steam generating unit capable of...

40 CFR 60.40 - Applicability and designation of affected facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators for Which Construction Is Commenced After August 17, 1971 § 60... provisions of this subpart apply are: (1) Each fossil-fuel-fired steam generating unit of more than 73 megawatts (MW) heat input rate (250 million British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr)). (2) Each fossil-fuel...

40 CFR 60.40 - Applicability and designation of affected facility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.40 Applicability and designation of affected facility. (a) The affected facilities to which the provisions of this subpart apply are: (1) Each fossil-fuel-fired... per hour (MMBtu/hr)). (2) Each fossil-fuel and wood-residue-fired steam generating unit capable of...

Steam generation and pollution control system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jackson, D.H.

1979-02-13

The heat and flu gases which are ordinarily expelled through an emission stack of a conventional furnace are instead channeled through a heat exchanger to produce steam for power generation and are subsequently directed through a gas scrubber apparatus to remove all contaminates from the flu gas prior to expelling the gases into atmosphere.

40 CFR 63.7575 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... controlled flame combustion and having the primary purpose of recovering thermal energy in the form of steam... on its floor. Electric utility steam generating unit means a fossil fuel-fired combustion unit of more than 25 megawatts that serves a generator that produces electricity for sale. A fossil fuel-fired...

40 CFR 63.7575 - What definitions apply to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... controlled flame combustion and having the primary purpose of recovering thermal energy in the form of steam... on its floor. Electric utility steam generating unit means a fossil fuel-fired combustion unit of more than 25 megawatts that serves a generator that produces electricity for sale. A fossil fuel-fired...

76 FR 35923 - Notice of Opportunity for Public Comment on the Proposed Model Safety Evaluation for Plant...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-20

... Traveler TSTF-510, Revision 2, ``Revision to Steam Generator Program Inspection Frequencies and Tube Sample...-510, Revision 2, ``Revision to Steam Generator Program Inspection Frequencies and Tube Sample Selection.'' TSTF-510, Revision 2, is available in the Agencywide Documents Access and Management System...

Downhole steam generator with improved preheating, combustion, and protection features

DOEpatents

Fox, R.L.

1981-01-07

For tertiary oil recovery, a downhole steam generator is designed which provides for efficient counterflow cooling of the combustion chamber walls and preheating of the fuel and water. Pressure-responsive doors are provided for closing and opening the outlet in response to flameout, thereby preventing flooding of the combustion chamber. (DLC)

40 CFR 63.40 - Applicability of §§ 63.40 through 63.44.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...). (c) Exclusion for electric utility steam generating units. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to electric utility steam generating units unless and until such time as these units are added to...

40 CFR 63.40 - Applicability of §§ 63.40 through 63.44.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...). (c) Exclusion for electric utility steam generating units. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to electric utility steam generating units unless and until such time as these units are added to...

40 CFR 63.40 - Applicability of §§ 63.40 through 63.44.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...). (c) Exclusion for electric utility steam generating units. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to electric utility steam generating units unless and until such time as these units are added to...

40 CFR 63.40 - Applicability of §§ 63.40 through 63.44.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Requirements for Control Technology Determinations for Major Sources in Accordance With Clean Air Act Sections...). (c) Exclusion for electric utility steam generating units. The requirements of this subpart do not apply to electric utility steam generating units unless and until such time as these units are added to...

Fiber Fabry-Perot Force Sensor with Small Volume and High Performance for Assessing Fretting Damage of Steam Generator Tubes

PubMed Central

Huang, Peijian; Wang, Ning; Li, Junying; Zhu, Yong; Zhang, Jie

2017-01-01

Measuring the radial collision force between the steam generator tube (SGT) and the tube support plate (TSP) is essential to assess the fretting damage of the SGT. In order to measure the radial collision force, a novel miniaturized force sensor based on fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) was designed, and the principle and characteristics of the sensor were analyzed in detail. Then, the F-P force sensor was successfully fabricated and calibrated, and the overall dimensions of the encapsulated fiber F-P sensor were 17 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm (L × W × H). The sensor works well in humid, high pressure (10 MPa), high temperature (350 °C), and vibration (40 kHz) environments. Finally, the F-P force sensors were installed in a 1:1 steam generator test loop, and the radial collision force signals between the SGT and the TSP were obtained. The experiments indicated that the F-P sensor with small volume and high performance could help in assessing the fretting damage of the steam generator tubes. PMID:29236087

Inspection and repair of steam generator tubing with a robot

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Boehm, H.H.; Foerch, H.

1985-11-01

During inspection and repair of steam generator tubing, radiation exposure to personnel is an unrequested endowment. To combat this intrinsic handicap, a robot has been designed for deployment in all operations inside the steam generator water chamber. This measure drastically reduces entering time and also improves inspection capabilities with regard to the accuracy and reproduction of the desired tube address. The inherent flexibility of the robot allows for performing various inspection and repair techniques: eddy-current testing of tubing; ultrasonic testing of tubing; visual examination of tube ends; profilometry measurements; tube plugging; plug removal; tube extraction; sleeving of tubes; tube endmore » repair; chemical cleaning; and thermal treatment. Plant experience has highlighted the following features of the robot: 1) short installation and demounting periods; 2) installation independent of manhole location; 3) installation possible from outside the steam generator; 4) only one relocation required to address all the tube positions; 5) fast and highly accurate positioning; 6) operational surveillance not required; and 7) drastic reduction of radiation exposure to personnel during repair work.« less

Development and demonstration of techniques for reducing occupational radiation doses during refueling outages. Task 1. Steam generator channel head decontamination

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Abrams, W.T.; Cope, A.W.; Orsulak, R.M.

The overall objective of Task 1 was to demonstrate an effective method for removing tenacious corrosion products in a pressurized water reactor steam generator and thus significantly reduce radiation exposure during subsequent maintenance activities. Various decontamination methods were evaluated and a multistep, low concentration chemical process originated by Kraftwerk Union A.G. (KWU) of the Federal Republic of Germany was selected. The process was further developed and tested by C-E and KWU in West Germany and at C-E's facilities in Windsor, Connecticut. C-E designed, fabricated and tested a portable system to apply the process at Millstone Point II. The decontamination ofmore » the primary channel heads of the two Millstone steam generators was performed by C-E and NUSCO during the 1983 refueling shutdown of Millstone Point II plant. Results of the decontamination were very satisfactory. NUSCO determined that a net savings of 3660 man-rem of personnel exposure was realized during the decontamination demonstration and the subsequent maintenance work on the steam generators.« less

Pressurized thermal shock: TEMPEST computer code simulation of thermal mixing in the cold leg and downcomer of a pressurized water reactor. [Creare 61 and 64

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eyler, L.L.; Trent, D.S.

The TEMPEST computer program was used to simulate fluid and thermal mixing in the cold leg and downcomer of a pressurized water reactor under emergency core cooling high-pressure injection (HPI), which is of concern to the pressurized thermal shock (PTS) problem. Application of the code was made in performing an analysis simulation of a full-scale Westinghouse three-loop plant design cold leg and downcomer. Verification/assessment of the code was performed and analysis procedures developed using data from Creare 1/5-scale experimental tests. Results of three simulations are presented. The first is a no-loop-flow case with high-velocity, low-negative-buoyancy HPI in a 1/5-scale modelmore » of a cold leg and downcomer. The second is a no-loop-flow case with low-velocity, high-negative density (modeled with salt water) injection in a 1/5-scale model. Comparison of TEMPEST code predictions with experimental data for these two cases show good agreement. The third simulation is a three-dimensional model of one loop of a full size Westinghouse three-loop plant design. Included in this latter simulation are loop components extending from the steam generator to the reactor vessel and a one-third sector of the vessel downcomer and lower plenum. No data were available for this case. For the Westinghouse plant simulation, thermally coupled conduction heat transfer in structural materials is included. The cold leg pipe and fluid mixing volumes of the primary pump, the stillwell, and the riser to the steam generator are included in the model. In the reactor vessel, the thermal shield, pressure vessel cladding, and pressure vessel wall are thermally coupled to the fluid and thermal mixing in the downcomer. The inlet plenum mixing volume is included in the model. A 10-min (real time) transient beginning at the initiation of HPI is computed to determine temperatures at the beltline of the pressure vessel wall.« less

Ceramic oxygen transport membrane array reactor and reforming method

DOEpatents

Kelly, Sean M.; Christie, Gervase Maxwell; Robinson, Charles; Wilson, Jamie R; Gonzalez, Javier E.; Doraswami, Uttam R.

2017-10-03

The invention relates to a commercially viable modular ceramic oxygen transport membrane system for utilizing heat generated in reactively-driven oxygen transport membrane tubes to generate steam, heat process fluid and/or provide energy to carry out endothermic chemical reactions. The system provides for improved thermal coupling of oxygen transport membrane tubes to steam generation tubes or process heater tubes or reactor tubes for efficient and effective radiant heat transfer.

Assessment of the SRI Gasification Process for Syngas Generation with HTGR Integration -- White Paper

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

A.M. Gandrik

2012-04-01

This white paper is intended to compare the technical and economic feasibility of syngas generation using the SRI gasification process coupled to several high-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs) with more traditional HTGR-integrated syngas generation techniques, including: (1) Gasification with high-temperature steam electrolysis (HTSE); (2) Steam methane reforming (SMR); and (3) Gasification with SMR with and without CO2 sequestration.

Water chemistry of the secondary circuit at a nuclear power station with a VVER power reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyapkov, V. F.; Erpyleva, S. F.

2017-05-01

Results of implementation of the secondary circuit organic amine water chemistry at Russian nuclear power plant (NPP) with VVER-1000 reactors are presented. The requirements for improving the reliability, safety, and efficiency of NPPs and for prolonging the service life of main equipment items necessitate the implementation of new technologies, such as new water chemistries. Data are analyzed on the chemical control of power unit coolant for quality after the changeover to operation with the feed of higher amines, such as morpholine and ethanolamine. Power units having equipment containing copper alloy components were converted from the all-volatile water chemistry to the ethanolamine or morpholine water chemistry with no increase in pH of the steam generator feedwater. This enables the iron content in the steam generator feedwater to be decreased from 6-12 to 2.0-2.5 μg/dm3. It is demonstrated that pH of high-temperature water is among the basic factors controlling erosion and corrosion wear of the piping and the ingress of corrosion products into NPP steam generators. For NPP power units having equipment whose construction material does not include copper alloys, the water chemistries with elevated pH of the secondary coolant are adopted. Stable dosing of correction chemicals at these power units maintains pH25 of 9.5 to 9.7 in the steam generator feedwater with a maximum iron content of 2 μg/dm3 in the steam generator feedwater.

Features of steam turbine cooling by the example of an SKR-100 turbine for supercritical steam parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arkadyev, B. A.

2015-10-01

Basic principles of cooling of high-temperature steam turbines and constructive solutions used for development of the world's first cooled steam turbine SKR-100 (R-100-300) are described. Principal differences between the thermodynamic properties of cooling medium in the steam and gas turbines and the preference of making flow passes of cooled cylinders of steam turbines as reactive are shown. Some of its operation results and their conclusions are given. This turbine with a power of 100 MW, initial steam parameters approximately 30 MPa and 650°C, and back pressure 3 MPa was made by a Kharkov turbine plant in 1961 and ran successfully at a Kashira GRES (state district power plant) up to 1979, when it was taken out of use in a still fully operating condition. For comparison, some data on construction features and operation results of the super-high pressure cylinder of steam turbines of American Philo 6 (made by General Electric Co.) and Eddystone 1 (made by Westinghouse Co.) power generating units, which are close to the SKR-100 turbine by design initial steam parameters and the implementation time, are given. The high operational reliability and effectiveness of the cooling system that was used in the super-high pressure cylinder of the SKR-100 turbine of the power-generating unit, which were demonstrated in operation, confirms rightfulness and expediency of principles and constructive solutions laid at its development. As process steam temperatures are increased, the realization of the proposed approach to cooling of multistage turbines makes it possible to limit for large turbine parts the application of new, more expensive high-temperature materials, which are required for making steam boilers, and, in some cases, to do completely away with their utilization.

Advanced steam power plant concepts with optimized life-cycle costs: A new approach for maximum customer benefit

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Seiter, C.

1998-07-01

The use of coal power generation applications is currently enjoying a renaissance. New highly efficient and cost-effective plant concepts together with environmental protection technologies are the main factors in this development. In addition, coal is available on the world market at attractive prices and in many places it is more readily available than gas. At the economical leading edge, standard power plant concepts have been developed to meet the requirements of emerging power markets. These concepts incorporate the high technological state-of-the-art and are designed to achieve lowest life-cycle costs. Low capital cost, fuel costs and operating costs in combination withmore » shortest lead times are the main assets that make these plants attractive especially for IPPs and Developers. Other aspects of these comprehensive concepts include turnkey construction and the willingness to participate in BOO/BOT projects. One of the various examples of such a concept, the 2 x 610-MW Paiton Private Power Project Phase II in Indonesia, is described in this paper. At the technological leading edge, Siemens has always made a major contribution and was pacemaker for new developments in steam power plant technology. Modern coal-fired steam power plants use computer-optimized process and plant design as well as advanced materials, and achieve efficiencies exceeding 45%. One excellent example of this high technology is the world's largest lignite-fired steam power plant Schwarze Pumpe in Germany, which is equipped with two 800 MW Siemens steam turbine generators with supercritical steam parameters. The world's largest 50-Hz single-shaft turbine generator with supercritical steam parameters rated at 1025 MW for the Niederaussem lignite-fired steam power plant in Germany is a further example of the sophisticated Siemens steam turbine technology and sets a new benchmark in this field.« less

Experiences with industrial solar process steam generation in Jordan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krüger, Dirk; Berger, Michael; Mokhtar, Marwan; Willwerth, Lisa; Zahler, Christian; Al-Najami, Mahmoud; Hennecke, Klaus

2017-06-01

At the Jordanian pharmaceuticals manufacturing company RAM Pharma a solar process heat supply has been constructed by Industrial Solar GmbH in March 2015 and operated since then (Figure 1). The collector field consists of 394 m² of linear Fresnel collectors supplying saturated steam to the steam network at RAM Pharma at about 6 bar gauge. In the frame of the SolSteam project funded by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) the installation has been modified introducing an alternative way to separate water and steam by a cyclone. This paper describes the results of experiments with the cyclone and compares the operation with a steam drum. The steam production of the solar plant as well as the fuel demand of the steam boiler are continuously monitored and results are presented in this paper.

The building loads analysis system thermodynamics (BLAST) program, Version 2. 0: input booklet. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sowell, E.

1979-06-01

The Building Loads Analysis and System Thermodynamics (BLAST) program is a comprehensive set of subprograms for predicting energy consumption in buildings. There are three major subprograms: (1) the space load predicting subprogram, which computes hourly space loads in a building or zone based on user input and hourly weather data; (2) the air distribution system simulation subprogram, which uses the computed space load and user inputs describing the building air-handling system to calculate hot water or steam, chilled water, and electric energy demands; and (3) the central plant simulation program, which simulates boilers, chillers, onsite power generating equipment and solarmore » energy systems and computes monthly and annual fuel and electrical power consumption and plant life cycle cost.« less

Validation Data and Model Development for Fuel Assembly Response to Seismic Loads

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bardet, Philippe; Ricciardi, Guillaume

2016-01-31

Vibrations are inherently present in nuclear reactors, especially in cores and steam generators of pressurized water reactors (PWR). They can have significant effects on local heat transfer and wear and tear in the reactor and often set safety margins. The simulation of these multiphysics phenomena from first principles requires the coupling of several codes, which is one the most challenging tasks in modern computer simulation. Here an ambitious multiphysics multidisciplinary validation campaign is conducted. It relied on an integrated team of experimentalists and code developers to acquire benchmark and validation data for fluid-structure interaction codes. Data are focused on PWRmore » fuel bundle behavior during seismic transients.« less

Simulation and analysis of main steam control system based on heat transfer calculation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huang, Zhenqun; Li, Ruyan; Feng, Zhongbao; Wang, Songhan; Li, Wenbo; Cheng, Jiwei; Jin, Yingai

2018-05-01

In this paper, after thermal power plant 300MW boiler was studied, mat lab was used to write calculation program about heat transfer process between the main steam and boiler flue gas and amount of water was calculated to ensure the main steam temperature keeping in target temperature. Then heat transfer calculation program was introduced into Simulink simulation platform based on control system multiple models switching and heat transfer calculation. The results show that multiple models switching control system based on heat transfer calculation not only overcome the large inertia of main stream temperature, a large hysteresis characteristic of main stream temperature, but also adapted to the boiler load changing.

Downhole steam generator having a downhole oxidant compressor

DOEpatents

Fox, Ronald L.

1983-01-01

Apparatus and method for generation of steam in a borehole for penetration into an earth formation wherein a downhole oxidant compressor is used to compress relatively low pressure (atmospheric) oxidant, such as air, to a relatively high pressure prior to mixing with fuel for combustion. The multi-stage compressor receives motive power through a shaft driven by a gas turbine powered by the hot expanding combustion gases. The main flow of compressed oxidant passes through a velocity increasing nozzle formed by a reduced central section of the compressor housing. An oxidant bypass feedpipe leading to peripheral oxidant injection nozzles of the combustion chamber are also provided. The downhole compressor allows effective steam generation in deep wells without need for high pressure surface compressors. Feedback preheater means are provided for preheating fuel in a preheat chamber. Preheating of the water occurs in both a water feed line running from aboveground and in a countercurrent water flow channel surrounding the combustor assembly. The countercurrent water flow channels advantageously serve to cool the combustion chamber wall. The water is injected through slotted inlets along the combustion chamber wall to provide an unstable boundary layer and stripping of the water from the wall for efficient steam generation. Pressure responsive doors are provided at the steam outlet for closing and sealing the combustion chamber from entry of reservoir fluids in the event of a flameout.

Study of advanced radial outflow turbine for solar steam Rankine engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, C.; Kolenc, T.

1979-01-01

The performance characteristics of various steam Rankine engine configurations for solar electric power generation were investigated. A radial outflow steam turbine was investigated to determine: (1) a method for predicting performance from experimental data; (2) the flexibility of a single design with regard to power output and pressure ratio; and (3) the effect of varying the number of turbine stages. All turbine designs were restricted to be compatible with commercially available gearboxes and generators. A study of several operating methods and control schemes for the steam Rankine engine shows that from an efficiency and control simplicity standpoint, the best approach is to hold turbine inlet temperature constant, vary turbine inlet pressure to match load, and allow condenser temperature to float maintaining constant heat rejection load.

Fast fluidized bed steam generator

DOEpatents

Bryers, Richard W.; Taylor, Thomas E.

1980-01-01

A steam generator in which a high-velocity, combustion-supporting gas is passed through a bed of particulate material to provide a fluidized bed having a dense-phase portion and an entrained-phase portion for the combustion of fuel material. A first set of heat transfer elements connected to a steam drum is vertically disposed above the dense-phase fluidized bed to form a first flow circuit for heat transfer fluid which is heated primarily by the entrained-phase fluidized bed. A second set of heat transfer elements connected to the steam drum and forming the wall structure of the furnace provides a second flow circuit for the heat transfer fluid, the lower portion of which is heated by the dense-phase fluidized bed and the upper portion by the entrained-phase fluidized bed.

Evaluation of NDE Round-Robin Exercises Using the NRC Steam Generator Mockup at Argonne National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Muscara, Joseph; Kupperman, David S.; Bakhtiari, Sasab

2002-07-01

This paper discusses round-robin exercises using the NRC steam generator (SG) mock-up at Argonne National Laboratory to assess inspection reliability. The purpose of the round robins was to assess the current reliability of SG tubing inservice inspection, determine the probability of detection (POD) as function of flaw size or severity, and assess the capability for sizing of flaws. For the round robin and subsequent evaluation completed in 2001, eleven teams participated. Bobbin and rotating coil mock-up data collected by qualified industry personnel were evaluated. The mock-up contains hundreds of cracks and simulations of artifacts such as corrosion deposits and tubemore » support plates that make detection and characterization of cracks more difficult in operating steam generators than in most laboratory situations. An expert Task Group from industry, Argonne National Laboratory, and the NRC have reviewed the signals from the laboratory-grown cracks used in the mock-up to ensure that they provide reasonable simulations of those obtained in the field. The mock-up contains 400 tube openings. Each tube contains nine 22.2-mm (7/8-in.) diameter, 30.5-cm (1-ft) long, Alloy 600 test sections. The flaws are located in the tube sheet near the roll transition zone (RTZ), in the tube support plate (TSP), and in the free-span. The flaws are primarily intergranular stress corrosion cracks (axial and circumferential, ID and OD) though intergranular attack (IGA) wear and fatigue cracks are also present, as well as cracks in dents. In addition to the simulated tube sheet and TSP the mock-up has simulated sludge and magnetite deposits. A multiparameter eddy current algorithm, validated for mock-up flaws, provided a detailed isometric plot for every flaw and was used to establish the reference state of defects in the mock-up. The detection results for the 11 teams were used to develop POD curves as a function of maximum depth, voltage and the parameter m p, for the various types of flaws. The POD curves were represented as linear logistic curves, and the curve parameters were determined by the method of Maximum Likelihood. The effect of both statistical uncertainties inherent in sampling from distributions and the uncertainties due to errors in the estimates of maximum depth and m p was investigated. The 95% one-sided confidence limits (OSL), which include errors in maximum depth estimates, are presented along with the POD curves. For the second round robin a reconfigured mock-up is being used to evaluate the effectiveness of eddy current array probes. The primary emphasis is on the X-Probe. Progress with the X-Probe round robin is discussed in this paper. (authors)« less

Super-hydrophilic copper sulfide films as light absorbers for efficient solar steam generation under one sun illumination

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Zhenzhen; Ming, Xin; Wang, Gang; Hou, Baofei; Liu, Xinghang; Mei, Tao; Li, Jinhua; Wang, Jianying; Wang, Xianbao

2018-02-01

Solar steam technology is one of the simplest, most direct and effective ways to harness solar energy through water evaporation. Here, we report the development using super-hydrophilic copper sulfide (CuS) films with double-layer structures as light absorbers for solar steam generation. In the double-layer structure system, a porous mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane is used as a supporting layer, which enables water to get into the CuS light absorbers through a capillary action to provide continuous water during solar steam generation. The super-hydrophilic property of the double-layer system (CuS/MCE) leads to a thinner water film close to the air-water interface where the surface temperature is sufficiently high, leading to more efficient evaporation (˜80 ± 2.5%) under one sun illumination. Furthermore, the evaporation efficiencies still keep a steady value after 15 cycles of testing. The super-hydrophilic CuS film is promising for practical application in water purification and evaporation as a light absorption material.

Multifuel industrial steam generation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mesko, J.E.

An inefficient, unreliable steam generation and distribution system at the Red River Army Depot (Texarkana, Tex.), a major industrial facility of the federal government, was replaced with a modern, multifuel-burning steam plant. In the new plant, steam is generated by three high-pressure field-erected boilers burning 100 percent coal, 100 percent refuse, or any combination of the two, while maintaining particulate emissions, SO{sub 2} concentration, and NO{sub x} and chlorine levels at or better than clean air standards. The plant, which has been in operation since 1986, is now part of the Army's Energy/Environment Showcase for demonstrating innovative technology to publicmore » and private operators. When the project began, the Red River depot faced several operational problems. Existing No. 2 oil- and gas- fired boilers in three separate boiler plants were inefficient, unreliable, and difficult to maintain. Extra boilers often had to be leased to provide for needed capacity. In addition, the facility had large quantities of waste to dispose of.« less

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

77 FR 43206 - Limited Approval and Disapproval of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Nevada; Clark County...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-24

... generate electricity by using steam produced by the burning of fossil fuel within the State of Nevada. The... plants which generate electricity by using steam produced by the burning of fossil fuel, which are... burning of fossil fuel, see NRS 445B.500) within the nonattainment portions of Clark County. Table 2...

40 CFR 52.1170 - Identification of plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... compounds form existing automobile, truck, and business machine plastic part coating lines 4/27/93 9/7/94... Continuous emission monitoring, fossil fuel-fired steam generators 3/19/02 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093 R 336.2102... 336.2175 Data reduction procedures for fossil fuel-fired steam generators 11/15/04 6/1/06, 71 FR 31093...

40 CFR 49.5513 - Federal Implementation Plan Provisions for Navajo Generating Station, Navajo Nation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Applicability. The provisions of this section shall apply to each owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired... the fossil fuel-fired, steam-generating equipment at the NGS, or the auxiliary steam boilers at the... of fires in the boiler with fuel oil, to the time when the electrostatic precipitator is sufficiently...

40 CFR 49.5513 - Federal Implementation Plan Provisions for Navajo Generating Station, Navajo Nation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Applicability. The provisions of this section shall apply to each owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired... the fossil fuel-fired, steam-generating equipment at the NGS, or the auxiliary steam boilers at the... of fires in the boiler with fuel oil, to the time when the electrostatic precipitator is sufficiently...

40 CFR 49.5513 - Federal Implementation Plan Provisions for Navajo Generating Station, Navajo Nation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Applicability. The provisions of this section shall apply to each owner or operator of the fossil fuel-fired... the fossil fuel-fired, steam-generating equipment at the NGS, or the auxiliary steam boilers at the... of fires in the boiler with fuel oil, to the time when the electrostatic precipitator is sufficiently...

The Effects of Environment and Dwell on High Temperature Fatigue Crack Growth of 2 1/4 Cr - 1 Mo Steel.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

frequency with a vacuum environment. In work concerning nuclear steam generator design ; Brinkman, et al. [Ref. 13], investigated time dependent...Nuclear Steam Generator Design ," Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 62, pp. 181-204, 1976. 14. K. D. Challenger, A. K. Miller, C. R. Brinkman, "An

75 FR 33238 - Basin Electric Power Cooperative: Deer Creek Station

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-11

... include a new natural gas-fired combustion turbine set, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG), and a steam turbine generator set. DATES: Written comments on this Final EIS will be accepted on or before... at: http://www.usda.gov/rus/water/ees/eis.htm . Copies of the Final EIS will also be available for...

STEAM PLANT, TRA609. SECTION A SHOWS FEATURES OF NORTH/SOUTH AXIS: ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

STEAM PLANT, TRA-609. SECTION A SHOWS FEATURES OF NORTH/SOUTH AXIS: STEAM GENERATOR AND CATWALK, STACK, DEGREASER FEED WATER HEATER IN PENTHOUSE, MEZZANINE, SURGE TANK PIT (BELOW GROUND LEVEL). UTILITY ROOM SHOWS DIESEL ENGINE GENERATORS, AIR TANKS, STARTING AIR COMPRESSORS. OUTSIDE SOUTH END ARE EXHAUST MUFFLER, AIR INTAKE OIL FILTER, RADIATOR COOLING UNIT, AIR SURGE TANK. SECTION B CROSSES WEST TO EAST NEAR SOUTH END OF BUILDING TO SHOW ARRANGEMENT OF DIESEL ENGINE GENERATOR, AIR DRIER, AFTER COOLER, AIR COMPRESSOR, AND BLOWDOWN TANK. BLAW-KNOX 3150-9-2, 6/1950. INL INDEX NO. 431-0609-00-098-100018, REV. 3. - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, Test Reactor Area, Materials & Engineering Test Reactors, Scoville, Butte County, ID

Evaluation of Millstone-2 steam generator chemical decontamination

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Snyder, D.T.; Blok, J.

The steam generator channel heads at Millstone-2 were decontaminated prior to carrying out extensive maintenance work in 1983. Isotopic gamma ray measurements were made of the inner channel head surfaces before and after the decontamination to evaluate the effectiveness of the process. The Combustion Engineering/Kraftwerk Union chemical decontamination, by itself, provided a decontamination factor ranging from 2.7 to 6.6 for the various steam generator surfaces. The corresponding average dose rate reduction factor, based on gross-gamma radiation surveys, was approximately 1.5 to 2.5. Following the chemical treatment, high pressure water flushing reduced the radiation levels still further, to an average overallmore » dose reduction factor of 5.3 to 7.2.« less

Analysis of steam generator tube rupture transients with single failure

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Trambauer, K.

The Gesellschaft fuer Reaktorsicherheit is engaged in the collection and evaluation of light water reactor operating experience as well as analyses for the risk study of the pressurized water reactor (PWR). Within these activities, thermohydraulic calculations have been performed to show the influence of different boundary conditions and disturbances on the steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) transients. The analyses of these calculations have focused on the measures and systems needed to cope with an SGTR. The reference plant for this analysis is a 1300-MW(e) PWR of Kraftwerk Union design with four loops, each containing a U-tube steam generator (SG) andmore » a reactor cooling pump (RCP). The thermal-hydraulic code DRUFAN-02 was used for the transient calculations.« less

Hydrogen generation utilizing integrated CO2 removal with steam reforming

DOEpatents

Duraiswamy, Kandaswamy; Chellappa, Anand S

2013-07-23

A steam reformer may comprise fluid inlet and outlet connections and have a substantially cylindrical geometry divided into reforming segments and reforming compartments extending longitudinally within the reformer, each being in fluid communication. With the fluid inlets and outlets. Further, methods for generating hydrogen may comprise steam reformation and material adsorption in one operation followed by regeneration of adsorbers in another operation. Cathode off-gas from a fuel cell may be used to regenerate and sweep the adsorbers, and the operations may cycle among a plurality of adsorption enhanced reformers to provide a continuous flow of hydrogen.

1989 Steam Trap Survey & Maintenance Program, April 1, 1989 to February 15, 1990.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jarvis, George H.

Western Michigan University has completed a one-year energy conservation project in which a campus-wide steam trap survey and maintenance program was implemented. The university uses purchased steam energy generated from coal to provide heating and other system requirements to approximately 6 million square feet of campus buildings through a…

Steam Turbines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1981-01-01

Turbonetics Energy, Inc.'s steam turbines are used as power generating systems in the oil and gas, chemical, pharmaceuticals, metals and mining, and pulp and paper industries. The Turbonetics line benefited from use of NASA research data on radial inflow steam turbines and from company contact with personnel of Lewis Research Center, also use of Lewis-developed computer programs to determine performance characteristics of turbines.

Cyclic steaming in heavy oil diatomite

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kumar, M.; Beatty, F.D.

1995-12-31

Chevron currently uses cyclic steaming as a recovery method to produce economically its heavy oil diatomite resource in the Cymric field, San Joaquin Valley, California. A highly instrumented, cyclically steaming well from this field was simulated in this study to delineate important production mechanisms, to optimize operations, and to improve reservoir management. The model was constrained, as much as possible, by the available measured data. Results show that fluid flow from the well to the reservoir is primarily through the hydraulic fracture induced by the injected steam. Parameters with unique importance to modeling cyclic steaming in diatomites are: (1) inducedmore » fracture dimension (length and height), (2) matrix permeability, (3) oil/water capillary pressure, (4) grid size perpendicular to fracture face, and (5) producing bottomhole pressures. Additionally, parameters important for conventional steam injection processes, such as relative permeabilities and injected steam volume, quality, and rate, are important for diatomites also. Oil production rates and steam/oil ratios calculated by this model compare reasonably with field data.« less

Lower pressure heating steam is practical for the distributed dry dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.

PubMed

Shao, Shuai; Zhang, Jian; Hou, Weiliang; Qureshi, Abdul Sattar; Bao, Jie

2017-08-01

Most studies paid more attention to the pretreatment temperature and the resulted pretreatment efficiency, while ignored the heating media and their scalability to an industry scale. This study aimed to use a relative low pressure heating steam easily provided by steam boiler to meet the requirement of distributed dry dilute acid pretreatment. The results showed that the physical properties of the pretreated corn stover were maintained stable using the steam pressure varying from 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 to 2.1MPa. Enzymatic hydrolysis and high solids loading simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) results were also satisfying. CFD simulation indicated that the high injection velocity of the low pressure steam resulted in a high steam holdup and made the mixing time of steam and solid corn stover during pretreatment much shorter in comparison with the higher pressure steam. This study provides a design basis for the boiler requirement in distributed pretreatment concept. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

RELAP5 Analyses of OECD/NEA ROSA-2 Project Experiments on Intermediate-Break LOCAs at Hot Leg or Cold Leg

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takeda, Takeshi; Maruyama, Yu; Watanabe, Tadashi; Nakamura, Hideo

Experiments simulating PWR intermediate-break loss-of-coolant accidents (IBLOCAs) with 17% break at hot leg or cold leg were conducted in OECD/NEA ROSA-2 Project using the Large Scale Test Facility (LSTF). In the hot leg IBLOCA test, core uncovery started simultaneously with liquid level drop in crossover leg downflow-side before loop seal clearing (LSC) induced by steam condensation on accumulator coolant injected into cold leg. Water remained on upper core plate in upper plenum due to counter-current flow limiting (CCFL) because of significant upward steam flow from the core. In the cold leg IBLOCA test, core dryout took place due to rapid liquid level drop in the core before LSC. Liquid was accumulated in upper plenum, steam generator (SG) U-tube upflow-side and SG inlet plenum before the LSC due to CCFL by high velocity vapor flow, causing enhanced decrease in the core liquid level. The RELAP5/MOD3.2.1.2 post-test analyses of the two LSTF experiments were performed employing critical flow model in the code with a discharge coefficient of 1.0. In the hot leg IBLOCA case, cladding surface temperature of simulated fuel rods was underpredicted due to overprediction of core liquid level after the core uncovery. In the cold leg IBLOCA case, the cladding surface temperature was underpredicted too due to later core uncovery than in the experiment. These may suggest that the code has remaining problems in proper prediction of primary coolant distribution.

Corrosion inhibition of steam generator tubesheet by Alloy 690 cladding in secondary side environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hur, Do Haeng; Choi, Myung Sik; Lee, Deok Hyun; Han, Jung Ho; Shim, Hee Sang

2013-11-01

Denting is a phenomenon that a steam generator tube is distorted by a volume expansion of corrosion products of the tube support and tubesheet materials adjacent to the tube. Although denting has been mitigated by a modification of the design and material of the tube support structures, it has been an inevitable concern in the crevice region of the top of tubesheet. This paper provides a new technology to prevent denting by cladding the secondary surface of the tubesheet with a corrosion resistant material. In this study, Alloy 690 material was cladded onto the surface of an SA508 tubesheet to a thickness of about 9 mm. The corrosion rates of the original SA508 tubesheet and the Alloy 690 clad material were measured in acidic and alkaline simulated environments. Using Alloy 690 cladding, the corrosion rate of the tubesheet within a magnetite sludge pile decreased by a factor of 680 in 0.1 M NiCl2 solution at 300 °C, and by a factor of 58 in 2 M NaOH solution at 315 °C. This means that denting can drastically be prevented by cladding the secondary tubesheet surface with corrosion resistant materials.

Characterizing and Exploring the Formation Mechanism of Salt Deposition by Reusing Advanced-softened, Silica-rich, Oilfield-produced Water (ASOW) in Superheated Steam Pipeline

PubMed Central

Dong, Bin; Xu, Ying; Lin, Senmin; Dai, Xiaohu

2015-01-01

To dispose of large volumes of oilfield-produced water, an environmentally friendly method that reuses advanced-softened, silica-rich, oilfield-produced water (ASOW) as feedwater was implemented via a 10-month pilot-scale test in oilfield. However, salt deposition detrimental to the efficiency and security of steam injection system was generated in superheated steam pipeline. To evaluate the method, the characteristics and formation mechanism of the deposition were explored. The silicon content and total hardness of the ASOW were 272.20 mg/L and 0.018 mg/L, respectively. Morphology and composition of the deposition were determined by scanning electron microscope–energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), inductively coupled plasma–mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser Raman spectroscopy (LRS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Na2Si2O5, Na2CO3 and trace silanes were identified in the deposition. In addition, the solubility of the deposition was about 99%, suggesting that it is very different from traditional scaling. The results of a simulation experiment and thermal analysis system (TGA and TG-FTIR) proved that Na2CO3 and Si(OH)4 (gas) are involved in the formation of Na2Si2O5, which is ascribed mainly to the temperature difference between the superheated steam and the pipe wall. These findings provide an important reference for improving the reuse of ASOW and reducing its deposition. PMID:26608736

Reforming of natural gas—hydrogen generation for small scale stationary fuel cell systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinzel, A.; Vogel, B.; Hübner, P.

The reforming of natural gas to produce hydrogen for fuel cells is described, including the basic concepts (steam reforming or autothermal reforming) and the mechanisms of the chemical reactions. Experimental work has been done with a compact steam reformer, and a prototype of an experimental reactor for autothermal reforming was tested, both containing a Pt-catalyst on metallic substrate. Experimental results on the steam reforming system and a comparison of the steam reforming process with the autothermal process are given.

Design Evolution and Verification of the A-3 Chemical Steam Generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kirchner, Casey K.

2009-01-01

Following is an overview of the Chemical Steam Generator system selected to provide vacuum conditions for a new altitude test facility, the A-3 Test Stand at Stennis Space Center (SSC) in Bay St. Louis, MS. A-3 will serve as NASA s primary facility for altitude testing of the J-2X rocket engine, to be used as the primary propulsion device for the upper stages of the Ares launch vehicles. The Chemical Steam Generators (CSGs) will produce vacuum conditions in the test cell through the production and subsequent supersonic ejection of steam into a diffuser downstream of the J-2X engine nozzle exit. The Chemical Steam Generators chosen have a rich heritage of operation at rocket engine altitude test facilities since the days of the Apollo program and are still in use at NASA White Sands Test Facility (WSTF) in New Mexico. The generators at WSTF have been modified to a degree, but are still very close to the heritage design. The intent for the A-3 implementation is to maintain this heritage design as much as possible, making minimal updates only where necessary to substitute for obsolete parts and to increase reliability. Reliability improvements are especially desired because the proposed system will require 27 generators, which is nine times the largest system installed in the 1960s. Improvements were suggested by the original design firm, Reaction Motors, by NASA SSC and NASA WSTF engineers, and by the A-3 test stand design contractor, Jacobs Technology, Inc. (JTI). This paper describes the range of improvements made to the design to date, starting with the heritage generator and the minor modifications made over time at WSTF, to the modernized configuration which will be used at A-3. The paper will discuss NASA s investment in modifications to SSC s E-2 test facility fire a full-scale Chemical Steam Generator in advance of the larger steam system installation at A-3. Risk mitigation testing will be performed in early 2009 at this test facility to verify that the CSGs operate as expected. The generator which will undergo this testing is of the most recent A-3 configuration, and will be instrumented far in excess of what is normally required for operation. The extra data will allow for easier troubleshooting and more complete knowledge of expected generator performance. In addition, the early testing will give SSC personnel experience in operating the CSG systems, which will expedite the process of installation and activation at A-3. Each Chemical Steam Generator is supported by a complement of valves, instruments, and flow control devices, with the entire assembly called a "module." The generators will be installed in groups of three, historically called "units". A module is so called because of its modular ability to be replaced or serviced without disturbing the other two modules installed on the same unit. A module is pictured in Figure 1, shown with its generator secured by white bands in its shipping (vs. installed) configuration. The heritage system at WSTF is composed of a single unit (three generator modules), pictured in Figure 2 as it was installed in 1965. In contrast, A-3 will have nine units operating in parallel to achieve vacuum conditions appropriate for testing the J-2X engine. Each of the combustors operates in two modes and achieves the so-called "full-steam" mode after all three of its stages ignite. Ignition of the first stage is achieved by exciting a spark plug; the second stage and main stage are lit by the flame front of the previous stage. The main stage burns approximately 97% of the total propellant flow and uses the heat energy to vaporize water into superheated steam. While the main stage remains unlit, the combustor is in so-called "idle" mode. In the WSTF system, this idle mode is not optimized for water usage, and does not need to be, as the water is pumped from a large reservoir. The water supply at A-3 will be contained in tanks with finite volume, so water optimization is preferred for the modnized configuration. Multiple solutions for this issue have been proposed, with the leading concept being a change to the operational definition of "idle mode," with the generator running in a lower heat flux condition.

Modeling and 3D-simulation of hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming in copper-coated channels of a mini reformer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sari, Ataallah; Sabziani, Javad

2017-06-01

Modeling and CFD simulation of a three-dimensional microreactor includes thirteen structured parallel channels is performed to study the hydrogen production via methanol steam reforming reaction over a Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst. The well-known Langmuir-Hinshelwood macro kinetic rate expressions reported by Peppley and coworkers [49] are considered to model the methanol steam reforming reactions. The effects of inlet steam to methanol ratio, pre-heat temperature, channels geometry and size, and the level of external heat flux on the hydrogen quality and quantity (i.e., hydrogen flow rate and CO concentration) are investigated. Moreover, the possibility of reducing the CO concentration by passing the reactor effluent through a water gas shift channel placed in series with the methanol reformer is studied. Afterwards, the simulation results are compared with the experimental data reported in the literature considering two different approaches of mixture-averaged and Maxwell-Stefan formulations to evaluate the diffusive flux of mass. The results indicate that the predictions of the Maxwell-Stefan model is in better agreement with experimental data than mixture-averaged one, especially at the lower feed flow rates.

TEM/STEM study of Zircaloy-2 with protective FeAl(Cr) layers under simulated BWR environment and high-temperature steam exposure

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Donghee; Mouche, Peter A.; Zhong, Weicheng; Mandapaka, Kiran K.; Was, Gary S.; Heuser, Brent J.

2018-04-01

FeAl(Cr) thin-film depositions on Zircaloy-2 were studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) with respect to oxidation behavior under simulated boiling water reactor (BWR) conditions and high-temperature steam. Columnar grains of FeAl with Cr in solid solution were formed on Zircaloy-2 coupons using magnetron sputtering. NiFe2O4 precipitates on the surface of the FeAl(Cr) coatings were observed after the sample was exposed to the simulated BWR environment. High-temperature steam exposure resulted in grain growth and consumption of the FeAl(Cr) layer, but no delamination at the interface. Outward Al diffusion from the FeAl(Cr) layer occurred during high-temperature steam exposure (700 °C for 3.6 h) to form a 100-nm-thick alumina oxide layer, which was effective in mitigating oxidation of the Zircaloy-2 coupons. Zr intermetallic precipitates formed near the FeAl(Cr) layer due to the inward diffusion of Fe and Al. The counterflow of vacancies in response to the Al and Fe diffusion led to porosity within the FeAl(Cr) layer.

The development of a control system for a small high speed steam microturbine generator system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Alford, A.; Nichol, P.; Saunders, M.; Frisby, B.

2015-08-01

Steam is a widely used energy source. In many situations steam is generated at high pressures and then reduced in pressure through control valves before reaching point of use. An opportunity was identified to convert some of the energy at the point of pressure reduction into electricity. To take advantage of a market identified for small scale systems, a microturbine generator was designed based on a small high speed turbo machine. This machine was packaged with the necessary control valves and systems to allow connection of the machine to the grid. Traditional machines vary the speed of the generator to match the grid frequency. This was not possible due to the high speed of this machine. The characteristics of the rotating unit had to be understood to allow a control that allowed export of energy at the right frequency to the grid under the widest possible range of steam conditions. A further goal of the control system was to maximise the efficiency of generation under all conditions. A further complication was to provide adequate protection for the rotating unit in the event of the loss of connection to the grid. The system to meet these challenges is outlined with the solutions employed and tested for this application.

Mathematical Modeling of Ultra-Superheated Steam Gasification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xin, Fen

Pure steam gasification has been of interest in hydrogen production, but with the challenge of supplying heat for endothermic reactions. Traditional solutions included either combusting feedstocks at the price of decreasing carbon conversion ratio, or using costly heating apparatus. Therefore, a distributed gasifier with an Ultra-Superheated-Steam (USS) generator was invented, satisfying the heat requirement and avoiding carbon combustion in steam gasification. This project developed the first version of the Ultra-Superheated-Steam-Fluidization-Model (USSFM V1.0) for the USS gasifier. A stand-alone equilibrium combustion model was firstly developed to calculate the USS mixture, which was the input to the USSFM V1.0. Model development of the USSFM V1.0 included assumptions, governing equations, boundary conditions, supporting equations and iterative schemes of guessed values. There were three nested loops in the dense bed and one loop in the freeboard. The USSFM V1.0 included one main routine and twenty-four subroutines. The USSFM V1.0 was validated with experimental data from the Enercon USS gasifier. The calculated USS mixture had a trace of oxygen, validating the initial expectation of creating an oxygen-free environment in the gasifier. Simulations showed that the USS mixture could satisfy the gasification heat requirement without partial carbon combustion. The USSFM V1.0 had good predictions on the H2% in all tests, and on other variables at a level of the lower oxygen feed. Provided with higher oxygen feed, the USSFM V1.0 simulated hotter temperatures, higher CO% and lower CO2%. Errors were explained by assumptions of equilibrium combustion, adiabatic reactors, reaction kinetics, etc. By investigating specific modeling data, gas-particle convective heat transfers were found to be critical in energy balance equations of both emulsion gas and particles, while bubble size controlled both the mass and energy balance equations of bubble gas. Parametric study suggested a lower level of oxygen feed for higher content of hydrogen. However, too little oxygen would impede fluidization in the bed. The reasonability of iterative schemes and the stability of USSFM V1.0 were tested by the sensitivity analysis of two guessed values. Analytical Hierarchy Process analysis indicated that large-scale gasification is advantageous for hydrogen production but with impediments of high capital cost and CO2 emissions. This study manifested the USS gasifier offering the possibility of generating H2-rich and CO2-lean syngas in a much cheaper distributed way. Currently, the FORTRAN-based USSFM V1.0 had a good correlation with experimental data with a small oxygen feed. On the demand of wider applications, suggestions were proposed at last for the model improvement in future.

Steam generators regulatory practices and issues in Spain

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mendoza, C.; Castelao, C.; Ruiz-Colino, J.

1997-02-01

This paper presents the actual status of Spanish Steam Generator tubes, actions developed by PWR plant owners and submitted to CSN, and regulatory activities related to tube degradation mechanisms analysis; NDT tube inspection techniques; tube, tubesheet and TSPs integrity studies; tube plugging/repair criteria; preventive and corrective measures including whole SGs replacement; tube leak measurement methods and other operational aspects.

Steam generation by combustion of processed waste fats

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pudel, F.; Lengenfeld, P.

1993-12-31

The use of specially processed waste fats as a fuel oil substitute offers, at attractive costs, an environmentally friendly alternative to conventional disposal like refuse incineration or deposition. For that purpose the processed fat is mixed with EL fuel oil and burned in a standard steam generation plant equipped with special accessories. The measured emission values of the combustion processes are very low.

Working session 4: Preventative and corrective measures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Clark, R.; Slama, G.

1997-02-01

The Preventive and Corrective Measures working session included 13 members from France, Germany, Japan, Spain, Slovenia, and the United States. Attendee experience included regulators, utilities, three steam generator vendors, consultants and researchers. Discussions centered on four principal topics: (1) alternate materials, (2) mechanical mitigation, (3) maintenance, and (4) water chemistry. New or replacement steam generators and original equipment steam generators were separately addressed. Four papers were presented to the session, to provide information and stimulate various discussion topics. Topics discussed and issues raised during the several meeting sessions are provided below, followed by summary conclusions and recommendations on which themore » group was able to reach a majority consensus. The working session was composed of individuals with diverse experience and varied areas of specialized expertise. The somewhat broad range of topics addressed by the group at times saw discussion participation by only a few individuals. As in any technical meeting where all are allowed the opportunity to speak their mind, straying from an Individual topic was not unusual. Where useful, these stray topics are also presented below within the context In which they occurred. The main categories of discussion were: minimize sludge; new steam generators; maintenance; mechanical mitigation; water chemistry.« less

Steam Generator tube integrity -- US Nuclear Regulatory Commission perspective

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Murphy, E.L.; Sullivan, E.J.

1997-02-01

In the US, the current regulatory framework was developed in the 1970s when general wall thinning was the dominant degradation mechanism; and, as a result of changes in the forms of degradation being observed and improvements in inspection and tube repair technology, the regulatory framework needs to be updated. Operating experience indicates that the current U.S. requirements should be more stringent in some areas, while in other areas they are overly conservative. To date, this situation has been dealt with on a plant-specific basis in the US. However, the NRC staff is now developing a proposed steam generator rule asmore » a generic framework for ensuring that the steam generator tubes are capable of performing their intended safety functions. This paper discusses the current U.S. regulatory framework for assuring steam generator (SG) tube integrity, the need to update this regulatory framework, the objectives of the new proposed rule, the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulatory guide (RG) that will accompany the rule, how risk considerations affect the development of the new rule, and some outstanding issues relating to the rule that the NRC is still dealing with.« less

First non-OEM steam-generator replacement in US a success

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hendsbee, P.M.; Lees, M.D.; Smith, J.C.

1994-04-01

In selecting replacements for major powerplant components, a fresh approach can be advantageous--even when complex nuclear components are involved. This was the experience at Unit 2 of Millstone nuclear station, which features an 870-MW pressurized-water reactor (PWR) with two nuclear recirculating steam generators. The unit began operation in 1975. In the early 1980s, pitting problems surfaced in the steam generator tubing; by the mid eighties, tube corrosion had reached an unacceptable level. Virtually all of the 17,000 tubes in the two units were deteriorating, with 2500 plugged and 5000 sleeved. Several new problems also were identified, including secondary-side circumferential crackingmore » of the Alloy 600 tubing near the tubesheet face, and deterioration of the carbon steel egg-crate tube supports. Despite improvements to primary and secondary steam-generator water chemistry, including almost complete copper removal from the condensate and feedwater loops, Northeast Utilities (NU) was unable to completely control degradation of the tube bundles. The utility decided in 1987 that full replacement was the most viable alternative. NU made a bold move, selecting a supplier other than the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).« less

Transient analysis of a molten salt central receiver (MSCR) in a solar power plant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joshi, A.; Wang, C.; Akinjiola, O.; Lou, X.; Neuschaefer, C.; Quinn, J.

2016-05-01

Alstom is developing solar power tower plants utilizing molten salt as the working fluid. In solar power tower, the molten salt central receiver (MSCR) atop of the tower is constructed of banks of tubes arranged in panels creating a heat transfer surface exposed to the solar irradiation from the heliostat field. The molten salt heat transfer fluid (HTF), in this case 60/40%wt NaNO3-KNO3, flows in serpentine flow through the surface collecting sensible heat thus raising the HTF temperature from 290°C to 565°C. The hot molten salt is stored and dispatched to produce superheated steam in a steam generator, which in turn produces electricity in the steam turbine generator. The MSCR based power plant with a thermal energy storage system (TESS) is a fully dispatchable renewable power plant with a number of opportunities for operational and economic optimization. This paper presents operation and controls challenges to the MSCR and the overall power plant, and the use of dynamic model computer simulation based transient analyses applied to molten salt based solar thermal power plant. This study presents the evaluation of the current MSCR design, using a dynamic model, with emphasis on severe events affecting critical process response, such as MS temperature deviations, and recommend MSCR control design improvements based on the results. Cloud events are the scope of the transient analysis presented in this paper. The paper presents results from a comparative study to examine impacts or effects on key process variables related to controls and operation of the MSCR plant.

Solar-Power System Produces High-Pressure Steam

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lansing, F. L.

1985-01-01

Combination of three multistaged solar collectors produces highpressure steam for large-scale continuously operating turbines for generating mechanical or electrical energy. Superheated water vapor drives turbines, attaining an overall system efficiency about 22 percent.

Solar process steam for a pharmaceutical company in Jordan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berger, M.; Mokhtar, M.; Zahler, C.; Al-Najami, M. M. R.; Krüger, D.; Hennecke, K.

2016-05-01

This paper presents details of the recent installation of a linear Fresnel collector to provide saturated steam for process heat usage through Direct Steam Generation (DSG) for industrial use in the Jordanian pharmaceuticals manufacturing company RAM Pharma, where first solar steam has been provided in March 2015. This commercial DSG project also represents the first solar DSG plant in MENA. During sunshine, the system achieves a solar fraction of 100 %, and the conventional steam boiler is not needed. In the evening the fossil fired backup takes over automatically and replaces the solar collector in operation. Operational experience, details of the control strategy, and measurement data are presented in the paper.

Engineering and economic analysis for the utilization of geothermal fluids in a cane sugar processing plant. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Humme, J.T.; Tanaka, M.T.; Yokota, M.H.

1979-07-01

The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of geothermal resource utilization at the Puna Sugar Company cane sugar processing plant, located in Keaau, Hawaii. A proposed well site area was selected based on data from surface exploratory surveys. The liquid dominated well flow enters a binary thermal arrangement, which results in an acceptable quality steam for process use. Hydrogen sulfide in the well gases is incinerated, leaving sulfur dioxide in the waste gases. The sulfur dioxide in turn is recovered and used in the cane juice processing at the sugar factory. The clean geothermal steam from themore » binary system can be used directly for process requirements. It replaces steam generated by the firing of the waste fibrous product from cane sugar processing. The waste product, called bagasse, has a number of alternative uses, but an evaluation clearly indicated it should continue to be employed for steam generation. This steam, no longer required for process demands, can be directed to increased electric power generation. Revenues gained by the sale of this power to the utility, in addition to other savings developed through the utilization of geothermal energy, can offset the costs associated with hydrothermal utilization.« less

Method and apparatus for improving the performance of a steam driven power system by steam mixing

DOEpatents

Tsiklauri, Georgi V.; Durst, Bruce M.; Prichard, Andrew W.; Reid, Bruce D.; Burritt, James

1998-01-01

A method and apparatus for improving the efficiency and performance of a steam driven power plant wherein addition of steam handling equipment to an existing plant results in a surprising increase in plant performance. For Example, a gas turbine electrical generation system with heat recovery boiler may be installed along with a micro-jet high pressure and a low pressure mixer superheater. Depending upon plant characteristics, the existing moisture separator reheater (MSR) can be either augmented or done away with. The instant invention enables a reduction in T.sub.hot without a derating of the reactor unit, and improves efficiency of the plant's electrical conversion cycle. Coupled with this advantage is a possible extension of the plant's fuel cycle length due to an increased electrical conversion efficiency. The reduction in T.sub.hot further allows for a surprising extension of steam generator life. An additional advantage is the reduction in erosion/corrosion of secondary system components including turbine blades and diaphragms. The gas turbine generator used in the instant invention can also replace or augment existing peak or emergency power needs. Another benefit of the instant invention is the extension of plant life and the reduction of downtime due to refueling.

Alloy 690 for steam generator tubing applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gold, R.E.; Harrod, D.L.; Aspden, R.G.

1990-10-01

This report has been prepared to provide background information for Ni-Cr-Fe Alloy 690 which is currently the material of choice for steam generator heat transfer tubing applications. Activities directed toward the qualification of Alloy 690 for these applications are summarized; this includes efforts which focused on optimization of materials procurement specifications. Emphasis is placed on research accomplished primarily in the four year period from June 1985, the time of the first EPRI Workshop on Alloy 690 was held. The topic is treated in a broad sense, and includes review of the physical metallurgy of the alloy, tube manufacturing processes, themore » properties of commercial production tubing, and the corrosion behavior of Alloy 690 in environments appropriate to steam generator service. 12 refs., 7 figs., 8 tabs.« less

CRBRP modular steam generator tube-to-tubesheet and shell-closure welding

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Viri, D.P.

1982-01-01

The original Modular Steam Generator (MSG), whiand inh was designed, built, and tested by the Energy Systems Group (ESG) of Rockwell International, was a departure from conventional boilers or heat exchangers. The design was a hockeystick concept - the upper section of the generator is curved 90/sup 0/. Factors affecting operating parameters were considered and incorporated in the original MSG design. The MSG was fully instrumented and functionally tested at the Energy Technology Engineering Center at Rockwell. The MSG steamed continuously for over 4000 h, and at the conclusion of the 9000-h test cycle, it was systematically dismantled and examinedmore » for wear to critical components. This paper explains the solutions to several manufacturing challenges presented by the unique design of the MSG.« less

Multidimensional Mixing Behavior of Steam-Water Flow in a Downcomer Annulus During LBLOCA Reflood Phase with a Direct Vessel Injection Mode

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kwon, Tae-Soon; Yun, Byong-Jo; Euh, Dong-Jin

Multidimensional thermal-hydraulic behavior in the downcomer annulus of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) vessel with a direct vessel injection mode is presented based on the experimental observation in the MIDAS (multidimensional investigation in downcomer annulus simulation) steam-water test facility. From the steady-state test results to simulate the late reflood phase of a large-break loss-of-coolant accident (LBLOCA), isothermal lines show the multidimensional phenomena of a phasic interaction between steam and water in the downcomer annulus very well. MIDAS is a steam-water separate effect test facility, which is 1/4.93 linearly scaled down to a 1400-MW(electric) PWR type of a nuclear reactor, focusedmore » on understanding multidimensional thermal-hydraulic phenomena in a downcomer annulus with various types of safety injection during the refill or reflood phase of an LBLOCA. The initial and the boundary conditions are scaled from the pretest analysis based on the preliminary calculation using the TRAC code. The superheated steam with a superheating degree of 80 K at a given downcomer pressure of 180 kPa is injected equally through three intact cold legs into the downcomer.« less

Technical Feasible Study for Future Solar Thermal Steam Power Station in Malaysia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bohari, Z. H.; Atira, N. N.; Jali, M. H.; Sulaima, M. F.; Izzuddin, T. A.; Baharom, M. F.

2017-10-01

This paper proposed renewable energy which is potential to be used in Malaysia in generating electricity to innovate and improve current operating systems. Thermal and water act as the resources to replace limited fossil fuels such as coal which is still widely used in energy production nowadays. Thermal is also known as the heat energy while the water absorbs energy from the thermal to produce steam energy. By combining both of the sources, it is known as thermal steam renewable energy. The targeted area to build this power station has constant high temperature and low humidity which can maximize the efficiency of generating power.

Numerical simulation of heat and mass transport during hydration of Portland cement mortar in semi-adiabatic and steam curing conditions.

PubMed

Hernandez-Bautista, E; Bentz, D P; Sandoval-Torres, S; de Cano-Barrita, P F J

2016-05-01

A model that describes hydration and heat-mass transport in Portland cement mortar during steam curing was developed. The hydration reactions are described by a maturity function that uses the equivalent age concept, coupled to a heat and mass balance. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of mortar with water-to-cement mass ratio of 0.30 was measured during hydration, using the Transient Plane Source method. The parameters for the maturity equation and the activation energy were obtained by isothermal calorimetry at 23 °C and 38 °C. Steam curing and semi-adiabatic experiments were carried out to obtain the temperature evolution and moisture profiles were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Three specimen geometries were simulated and the results were compared with experimental data. Comparisons of temperature had maximum residuals of 2.5 °C and 5 °C for semi-adiabatic and steam curing conditions, respectively. The model correctly predicts the evaporable water distribution obtained by magnetic resonance imaging.

Engineered Materials for Cesium and Strontium Storage Final Technical Report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sean M. McDeavitt

2010-04-14

Closing the nuclear fuel cycle requires reprocessing spent fuel to recover the long-lived components that still have useful energy content while immobilizing the remnant waste fission products in stable forms. At the genesis of this project, next generation spent fuel reprocessing methods were being developed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Fuel Cycle Initiative. One of these processes was focused on solvent extraction schemes to isolate cesium (Cs) and strontium (Sr) from spent nuclear fuel. Isolating these isotopes for short-term decay storage eases the design requirements for long-term repository disposal; a significant amount of the radiation andmore » decay heat in fission product waste comes from Cs-137 and Sr-90. For the purposes of this project, the Fission Product Extraction (FPEX) process is being considered to be the baseline extraction method. The objective of this project was to evaluate the nature and behavior of candidate materials for cesium and strontium immobilization; this will include assessments with minor additions of yttrium, barium, and rubidium in these materials. More specifically, the proposed research achieved the following objectives (as stated in the original proposal): (1) Synthesize simulated storage ceramics for Cs and Sr using an existing labscale steam reformer at Purdue University. The simulated storage materials will include aluminosilicates, zirconates and other stable ceramics with the potential for high Cs and Sr loading. (2) Characterize the immobilization performance, phase structure, thermal properties and stability of the simulated storage ceramics. The ceramic products will be stable oxide powders and will be characterized to quantify their leach resistance, phase structure, and thermophysical properties. The research progressed in two stages. First, a steam reforming process was used to generate candidate Cs/Sr storage materials for characterization. This portion of the research was carried out at Purdue University and is detailed in Appendix A. Steam reforming proved to be too rigorous for efficient The second stage of this project was carried out at Texas A&M University and is Detailed in Appendix B. In this stage, a gentler ceramic synthesis process using Cs and Sr loaded kaolinite and bentonite clays was developed in collaboration with Dr. M. Kaminski at Argonne National Laboratory.« less

164. Photocopied July 1978. VIEW OF STEAMTURBINE BUILDING AT STAMP ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

164. Photocopied July 1978. VIEW OF STEAM-TURBINE BUILDING AT STAMP MILL. BUILDING CONSTRUCTED IN 1921 TO USE EXHAUST STEAM TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY. C. 1925. - Quincy Mining Company, Hancock, Houghton County, MI

4. Credit PEM. Interior of Martinsburg Plant; on right showing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. Credit PEM. Interior of Martinsburg Plant; on right showing Taylor 150 hp steam engine belt-connected to a Warren 150 KW, 2200 Volt a.c. generator. On left, a Fisher 400 hp steam engine belt-connected to a Warren 200 KW, 2200 Volt a.c. generator. In center, also belt-connected to Fisher 400 hp engine is a Bail 120 light, arc-light generator. Photo c. 1905. - Dam No. 4 Hydroelectric Plant, Potomac River, Martinsburg, Berkeley County, WV

A comprehensive study of combustion products generated from pulverized peat combustion in the furnace of BKZ-210-140F steam boiler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuzmin, V. A.; Zagrai, I. A.

2017-11-01

The experimental and theoretical study of combustion products has been carried out for the conditions of pulverized peat combustion in BKZ-210-140F steam boiler. Sampling has been performed in different parts of the boiler system in order to determine the chemical composition, radiative properties and dispersity of slag and ash particles. The chemical composition of particles was determined using the method of x-ray fluorescence analysis. Shapes and sizes of the particles were determined by means of electron scanning microscopy. The histograms and the particle size distribution functions were computed. The calculation of components of the gaseous phase was based on the combustion characteristics of the original fuel. The software package of calculation of thermal radiation of combustion products from peat combustion was used to simulate emission characteristics (flux densities and emissivity factors). The dependence of emission characteristics on the temperature level and on the wavelength has been defined. On the basis of the analysis of emission characteristics the authors give some recommendations how to determine the temperature of peat combustion products in the furnace of BKZ-210-140F steam boiler. The findings can be used to measure the combustion products temperature, support temperature control in peat combustion and solve the problem of boiler furnace slagging.

Gas-Cooled Reactor Programs annual progress report for period ending December 31, 1973. [HTGR fuel reprocessing, fuel fabrication, fuel irradiation, core materials, and fission product distribution; GCFR fuel irradiation and steam generator modeling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kasten, P.R.; Coobs, J.H.; Lotts, A.L.

1976-04-01

Progress is summarized in studies relating to HTGR fuel reprocessing, refabrication, and recycle; HTGR fuel materials development and performance testing; HTGR PCRV development; HTGR materials investigations; HTGR fuel chemistry; HTGR safety studies; and GCFR irradiation experiments and steam generator modeling.

Imitative modeling automatic system Control of steam pressure in the main steam collector with the influence on the main Servomotor steam turbine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andriushin, A. V.; Zverkov, V. P.; Kuzishchin, V. F.; Ryzhkov, O. S.; Sabanin, V. R.

2017-11-01

The research and setting results of steam pressure in the main steam collector “Do itself” automatic control system (ACS) with high-speed feedback on steam pressure in the turbine regulating stage are presented. The ACS setup is performed on the simulation model of the controlled object developed for this purpose with load-dependent static and dynamic characteristics and a non-linear control algorithm with pulse control of the turbine main servomotor. A method for tuning nonlinear ACS with a numerical algorithm for multiparametric optimization and a procedure for separate dynamic adjustment of control devices in a two-loop ACS are proposed and implemented. It is shown that the nonlinear ACS adjusted with the proposed method with the regulators constant parameters ensures reliable and high-quality operation without the occurrence of oscillations in the transient processes the operating range of the turbine loads.

Brush Seals for Improved Steam Turbine Performance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turnquist, Norman; Chupp, Ray; Baily, Fred; Burnett, Mark; Rivas, Flor; Bowsher, Aaron; Crudgington, Peter

2006-01-01

GE Energy has retrofitted brush seals into more than 19 operating steam turbines. Brush seals offer superior leakage control compared to labyrinth seals, owing to their compliant nature and ability to maintain very tight clearances to the rotating shaft. Seal designs have been established for steam turbines ranging in size from 12 MW to over 1200 MW, including fossil, nuclear, combined-cycle and industrial applications. Steam turbines present unique design challenges that must be addressed to ensure that the potential performance benefits of brush seals are realized. Brush seals can have important effects on the overall turbine system that must be taken into account to assure reliable operation. Subscale rig tests are instrumental to understanding seal behavior under simulated steam-turbine operating conditions, prior to installing brush seals in the field. This presentation discusses the technical challenges of designing brush seals for steam turbines; subscale testing; performance benefits of brush seals; overall system effects; and field applications.

Feedwater temperature control methods and systems

DOEpatents

Moen, Stephan Craig; Noonan, Jack Patrick; Saha, Pradip

2014-04-22

A system for controlling the power level of a natural circulation boiling water nuclear reactor (NCBWR) is disclosed. The system, in accordance with an example embodiment of the present invention, may include a controller configured to control a power output level of the NCBWR by controlling a heating subsystem to adjust a temperature of feedwater flowing into an annulus of the NCBWR. The heating subsystem may include a steam diversion line configured to receive steam generated by a core of the NCBWR and a steam bypass valve configured to receive commands from the controller to control a flow of the steam in the steam diversion line, wherein the steam received by the steam diversion line has not passed through a turbine. Additional embodiments of the invention may include a feedwater bypass valve for controlling an amount of flow of the feedwater through a heater bypass line to the annulus.

Modelisation de l'instabilite fluidelastique d'un faisceau de tubes soumis a un ecoulement diphasique transverse

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sawadogo, Teguewinde

This study focuses on the modeling of fluidelastic instability induced by two-phase cross-flow in tube bundles of steam generators. The steam generators in CANDU type nuclear power plants for e.g., designed in Canada by AECL and exploited worldwide, have thousands of tubes assembled in bundles that ensure the heat exchange between the internal circuit of heated heavy water coming from the reactor core and the external circuit of light water evaporated and directed toward the turbines. The main objective of this research project is to extend the theoretical models for fluidelastic instability to two-phase flow, validate the models and develop a computer program for simulating flow induced vibrations in tube bundles. The quasi-steady model has been investigated in scope of this research project. The time delay between the structure motion and the fluid forces generated thereby has been extensively studied in two-phase flow. The study was conducted for a rotated triangular tube array. Firstly, experimental measurements of unsteady and quasi-static fluid forces (in the lift direction) acting on a tube subject to two-phase flow were conducted. Quasi-static fluid force coefficients were measured at the same Reynolds number, Re = 2.8x104, for void fractions ranging from 0% to 80%. The derivative of the lift coefficient with respect to the quasi-static dimensionless displacement in the lift direction was deduced from the experimental measurements. This derivative is one of the most important parameters of the quasi-steady model because this parameter, in addition to the time delay, generates the fluid negative damping that causes the instability. This derivative was found to be positive in liquid flow and negative in two-phase flow. It seemed to vanish at 5% of void fraction, challenging the ability of the quasi-steady model to predict fluidelastic instability in this case. However, stability tests conducted at 5% void fraction clearly showed fluidelastic instability. Stability tests were conducted in the second stage of the project to validate the theoretical model. The two phase damping, the added mass and the critical velocity for fluidelastic instability were measured in two-phase flow. A viscoelastic damper was designed to vary the damping of the flexible tube and thus measure the critical velocity for a certain range of the mass-damping parameter. A new formulation of the added mass as a function of the void fraction was proposed. This formulation has a better agreement with the experimental results because it takes into account the reduction of the void fraction in the vicinity of the tubes in a rotated triangular tube array. The experimental data were used to validate the theoretical results of the quasi-steady model. The validity of the quasi-steady model for two-phase flow was confirmed by the good agreement between its results and the experimental data. The time delay parameter determined in the first stage of the project has improved significantly the theoretical results, especially for high void fractions (90%). However, the model could not be verified for void fractions lower or equal to 50% because of the limitation of the water pump capability. Further studies are consequently required to clarify this point. However, this model can be used to simulate the flow induced vibrations in steam generators' tube bundles as their most critical parts operate at high void fractions (≥ 60%). Having verified the quasi-steady model for high void fractions in two-phase flow, the third and final stage of the project was devoted to the development of a computer code for simulating flow induced vibrations of a steam generator tube subjected to fluidelastic and turbulence forces. This code was based on the ABAQUS finite elements code for solving the equation of motion of the fluid-structure system, and a development of a subroutine in which the fluid forces are calculated and applied to the tube. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

Optimization of the Working Cycle for an Underwater Propulsion System Based on Aluminium-Water Combustion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Xianhe; Xia, Zhixun; Huang, Liya; Hu, Jianxin

2017-05-01

The working cycle of a novel underwater propulsion system based on aluminium combustion with water is researched in order to evaluate the best performance. The system exploits the exothermic reaction between aluminium and water which will produce high temperature, pressure steam and hydrogen mixture that can be used to drive turbine to generate power. Several new system configurations corresponding to different working cycles are investigated, and their performance parameters in terms of net power, energy density and global efficiency are discussed. The results of the system simulation show that using the recirculation steam rather than hydrogen as the carrier gas, the system net power, energy density and efficiency of the system are greatly increased compared, however the system performance is close either using adiabatic compression or isothermal compression. And if an evaporator component is added into system in order to take full use of the solid product heat, the system performance will be improved.

Steam generator feedwater nozzle transition piece replacement experience at Salem Unit 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Patten, D.B.; Perrin, J.S.; Roberts, A.T.

Cracking of steam generator feedwater piping adjacent to the feedwater nozzles has been a recurring problem since 1979 at Salem Unit 1 owned and operated by Public Service Electric and Gas Company. In addition to the cracking problem, erosion-corrosion at the leading edge of the feedwater nozzle thermal sleeve was also observed in 1992. To provide a long-term solution for the pipe cracking and thermal sleeve erosion-corrosion problems, a unique transition piece forging was specially designed, fabricated, and installed for each of the four steam generators during the 1995 outage. This paper discusses the design, fabrication, and installation of themore » transition piece forgings at Salem Unit 1, and the experiences gained from this project. It is believed that these experiences may help other utilities when planning similar replacements in the future.« less

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods...: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle...

Effect of accuracy of wind power prediction on power system operator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schlueter, R. A.; Sigari, G.; Costi, T.

1985-01-01

This research project proposed a modified unit commitment that schedules connection and disconnection of generating units in response to load. A modified generation control is also proposed that controls steam units under automatic generation control, fast responding diesels, gas turbines and hydro units under a feedforward control, and wind turbine array output under a closed loop array control. This modified generation control and unit commitment require prediction of trend wind power variation one hour ahead and the prediction of error in this trend wind power prediction one half hour ahead. An improved meter for predicting trend wind speed variation is developed. Methods for accurately simulating the wind array power from a limited number of wind speed prediction records was developed. Finally, two methods for predicting the error in the trend wind power prediction were developed. This research provides a foundation for testing and evaluating the modified unit commitment and generation control that was developed to maintain operating reliability at a greatly reduced overall production cost for utilities with wind generation capacity.

Development of an energy storage tank model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buckley, Robert Christopher

A linearized, one-dimensional finite difference model employing an implicit finite difference method for energy storage tanks is developed, programmed with MATLAB, and demonstrated for different applications. A set of nodal energy equations is developed by considering the energy interactions on a small control volume. The general method of solving these equations is described as are other features of the simulation program. Two modeling applications are presented: the first using a hot water storage tank with a solar collector and an absorption chiller to cool a building in the summer, the second using a molten salt storage system with a solar collector and steam power plant to generate electricity. Recommendations for further study as well as all of the source code generated in the project are also provided.

Turbine and superheater bypass evaluation. Final report. [Faster startup in cycling operation and less erosion with steam bypass systems, including bypass design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosard, D.D.; Steltz, W.G.

1986-10-01

Properly sized turbine and boiler bypass systems permit two-shift cycling operation of units, shorten start-up time, and reduce life expenditures of plant components. With bypasses installed, faster startups can reduce fuel costs by $100,000 per year for a typical 500-MW fossil-fired unit. This report discusses the technical characteristics of existing bypass systems and provides guidelines for sizing bypass systems to achieve economical and reliable two-shift operation. The collection and analysis of startup data from several generating units were used in conjunction with computer simulations to illustrate the effects of adding various arrangements and sizes of steam bypass systems. The report,more » which indicates that shutdown procedures have significant impact on subsequent startup and loading time, describes operating practices to optimize the effectiveness of bypass systems. To determine the effectiveness of large turbine bypass systems of less than 100% capacity in preventing boiler trips following load rejection, transient field data were compared to a load rejection simulation using the modular modeling system (MMS). The MMS was then used to predict system response to other levels of load rejection. 7 refs., 87 figs., 8 tabs.« less

Spanish approach to research and development applied to steam generator tubes structural integrity and life management

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lozano, J.; Bollini, G.J.

1997-02-01

The operating experience acquired from certain Spanish Nuclear Power Plant steam generators shows that the tubes, which constitute the second barrier to release of fission products, are susceptible to mechanical damage and corrosion as a result of a variety of mechanisms, among them wastage, pitting, intergranular attack (IGA), stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), fatigue-induced cracking, fretting, erosion/corrosion, support plate denting, etc. These problems, which are common in many plants throughout the world, have required numerous investments by the plants (water treatment plants, replacement of secondary side materials such as condensers and heaters, etc.), have meant costs (operation, inspection and maintenance) and havemore » led to the unavailability of the affected units. In identifying and implementing all these preventive and corrective measures, the Spanish utilities have moved through three successive stages: in the initial stage, the main source of information and of proposals for solutions was the Plant Vendor, whose participation in this respect was based on his own Research and Development programs; subsequently, the Spanish utilities participated jointly in the EPRI Steam Generator Owners Group, collaborating in financing; finally, the Spanish utilities set up their own Steam Generator Research and Development program, while maintaining relations with EPRI programs and those of other countries through information interchange.« less

Extremely Black Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Solar Steam Generation.

PubMed

Yin, Zhe; Wang, Huimin; Jian, Muqiang; Li, Yanshen; Xia, Kailun; Zhang, Mingchao; Wang, Chunya; Wang, Qi; Ma, Ming; Zheng, Quan-Shui; Zhang, Yingying

2017-08-30

The unique structure of a vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) array makes it behave most similarly to a blackbody. It is reported that the optical absorptivity of an extremely black VACNT array is about 0.98-0.99 over a large spectral range of 200 nm-200 μm, inspiring us to explore the performance of VACNT arrays in solar energy harvesting. In this work, we report the highly efficient steam generation simply by laminating a layer of VACNT array on the surface of water to harvest solar energy. It is found that under solar illumination the temperature of upper water can significantly increase with obvious water steam generated, indicating the efficient solar energy harvesting and local temperature rise by the thin layer of VACNTs. We found that the evaporation rate of water assisted by VACNT arrays is 10 times that of bare water, which is the highest ratio for solar-thermal-steam generation ever reported. Remarkably, the solar thermal conversion efficiency reached 90%. The excellent performance could be ascribed to the strong optical absorption and local temperature rise induced by the VACNT layer, as well as the ultrafast water transport through the VACNT layer due to the frictionless wall of CNTs. Based on the above, we further demonstrated the application of VACNT arrays in solar-driven desalination.

Steam jacket dynamics in underground coal gasification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Otto, Christopher; Kempka, Thomas

2017-04-01

Underground coal gasification (UCG) has the potential to increase the world-wide hydrocarbon reserves by utilization of deposits not economically mineable by conventional methods. In this context, UCG involves combusting coal in-situ to produce a high-calorific synthesis gas, which can be applied for electricity generation or chemical feedstock production. Apart from high economic potentials, in-situ combustion may cause environmental impacts such as groundwater pollution by by-product leakage. In order to prevent or significantly mitigate these potential environmental concerns, UCG reactors are generally operated below hydrostatic pressure to limit the outflow of UCG process fluids into overburden aquifers. This pressure difference effects groundwater inflow into the reactor and prevents the escape of product gas. In the close reactor vicinity, fluid flow determined by the evolving high reactor temperatures, resulting in the build-up of a steam jacket. Numerical modeling is one of the key components to study coupled processes in in-situ combustion. We employed the thermo-hydraulic numerical simulator MUFITS (BINMIXT module) to address the influence of reactor pressure dynamics as well as hydro-geological coal and caprock parameters on water inflow and steam jacket dynamics. The US field trials Hanna and Hoe Creek (Wyoming) were applied for 3D model validation in terms of water inflow matching, whereby the good agreement between our modeling results and the field data indicates that our model reflects the hydrothermal physics of the process. In summary, our validated model allows a fast prediction of the steam jacket dynamics as well as water in- and outflows, required to avoid aquifer contamination during the entire life cycle of in-situ combustion operations.

Project DEEP STEAM

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aeschliman, D. P.; Clay, R. G.; Donaldson, A. B.; Eisenhawer, S. W.; Fox, R. L.; Johnson, D. R.; Mulac, A. J.

1982-01-01

The objective of Project DEEP STEAM is to develop the technology to economically produce heavy oils from deep reservoirs. The tasks included in this project are the development of thermally efficient delivery systems and downhole steam generation systems. During the period January 1-March 31, 1981, effort has continued on a low pressure combustion downhole generator (Rocketdyne), and on two high pressure designs (Foster-Miller Associates, Sandia National Laboratories). The Sandia design was prepared for deployment in the Wilmington Field at Long Beach, California. Progress continued on the Min-Stress II packer concept at L'Garde, Inc., and on the extruded metal packer at Foster-Miller. Initial bare string field data are reported on the insulated tubular test at Lloydminster, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Assessment of steam-injected gas turbine systems and their potential application

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stochl, R. J.

1982-01-01

Results were arrived at by utilizing and expanding on information presented in the literature. The results were analyzed and compared with those for simple gas turbine and combined cycles for both utility power generation and industrial cogeneration applications. The efficiency and specific power of simple gas turbine cycles can be increased as much as 30 and 50 percent, respectively, by the injection of steam into the combustor. Steam-injected gas turbines appear to be economically competitive with both simple gas turbine and combined cycles for small, clean-fuel-fired utility power generation and industrial cogeneration applications. For large powerplants with integrated coal gasifiers, the economic advantages appear to be marginal.

Cesium vapor cycle for an advanced LMFBR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fraas, A.P.

1975-01-01

A review indicates that a cesium vapor topping cycle appears attractive for use in the intermediate fluid circuit of an advanced LMFBR designed for a reactor outlet temperature of 1250$sup 0$F or more and would have the following advantages: (1) it would increase the thermal efficiency by about 5 to 10 points (from approximately 40 percent to approximately 45 to 50 percent) thus reducing the amount of waste heat rejected to the environment by 15 to 30 percent. (2) the higher thermal efficiency should reduce the overall capital cost of the reactor plant in dollars per kilowatt. (3) the cesiummore » can be distilled out of the intermediate fluid circuit to leave it bone-dry, thus greatly reducing the time and cost of maintenance work (particularly for the steam generator). (4) the large volume and low pressure of the cesium vapor region in the cesium condenser-steam generator greatly reduces the magnitude of pressure fluctuations that might occur in the event of a leak in a steam generator tube, and the characteristics inherent in a condenser make it easy to design for rapid concentration of any noncondensibles that may form as a consequence of a steam leak into the cesium region so that a steam leak can be detected easily in the very early stages of its development. (auth)« less

A Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation Platform for the Verification and Validation of Safety Control Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rankin, Drew J.; Jiang, Jin

2011-04-01

Verification and validation (V&V) of safety control system quality and performance is required prior to installing control system hardware within nuclear power plants (NPPs). Thus, the objective of the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) platform introduced in this paper is to verify the functionality of these safety control systems. The developed platform provides a flexible simulated testing environment which enables synchronized coupling between the real and simulated world. Within the platform, National Instruments (NI) data acquisition (DAQ) hardware provides an interface between a programmable electronic system under test (SUT) and a simulation computer. Further, NI LabVIEW resides on this remote DAQ workstation for signal conversion and routing between Ethernet and standard industrial signals as well as for user interface. The platform is applied to the testing of a simplified implementation of Canadian Deuterium Uranium (CANDU) shutdown system no. 1 (SDS1) which monitors only the steam generator level of the simulated NPP. CANDU NPP simulation is performed on a Darlington NPP desktop training simulator provided by Ontario Power Generation (OPG). Simplified SDS1 logic is implemented on an Invensys Tricon v9 programmable logic controller (PLC) to test the performance of both the safety controller and the implemented logic. Prior to HIL simulation, platform availability of over 95% is achieved for the configuration used during the V&V of the PLC. Comparison of HIL simulation results to benchmark simulations shows good operational performance of the PLC following a postulated initiating event (PIE).

Evaluation of Hybrid Power Plants using Biomass, Photovoltaics and Steam Electrolysis for Hydrogen and Power Generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrakopoulou, F.; Sanz, J.

2014-12-01

Steam electrolysis is a promising process of large-scale centralized hydrogen production, while it is also considered an excellent option for the efficient use of renewable solar and geothermal energy resources. This work studies the operation of an intermediate temperature steam electrolyzer (ITSE) and its incorporation into hybrid power plants that include biomass combustion and photovoltaic panels (PV). The plants generate both electricity and hydrogen. The reference -biomass- power plant and four variations of a hybrid biomass-PV incorporating the reference biomass plant and the ITSE are simulated and evaluated using exergetic analysis. The variations of the hybrid power plants are associated with (1) the air recirculation from the electrolyzer to the biomass power plant, (2) the elimination of the sweep gas of the electrolyzer, (3) the replacement of two electric heaters with gas/gas heat exchangers, and (4) the replacement two heat exchangers of the reference electrolyzer unit with one heat exchanger that uses steam from the biomass power plant. In all cases, 60% of the electricity required in the electrolyzer is covered by the biomass plant and 40% by the photovoltaic panels. When comparing the hybrid plants with the reference biomass power plant that has identical operation and structure as that incorporated in the hybrid plants, we observe an efficiency decrease that varies depending on the scenario. The efficiency decrease stems mainly from the low effectiveness of the photovoltaic panels (14.4%). When comparing the hybrid scenarios, we see that the elimination of the sweep gas decreases the power consumption due to the elimination of the compressor used to cover the pressure losses of the filter, the heat exchangers and the electrolyzer. Nevertheless, if the sweep gas is used to preheat the air entering the boiler of the biomass power plant, the efficiency of the plant increases. When replacing the electric heaters with gas-gas heat exchangers, the efficiency of the plant increases, although the higher pressure losses of the flue-gas path increase the requirements of the air compressor. Finally, replacing the two heat exchangers of the electrolyzer unit with one that uses extracted steam from the biomass power plant can lead to an overall decrease in the operating and investment costs of the plant.

High Temperature Electrolysis 4 kW Experiment Design, Operation, and Results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

J.E. O'Brien; X. Zhang; K. DeWall

2012-09-01

This report provides results of long-term stack testing completed in the new high-temperature steam electrolysis multi-kW test facility recently developed at INL. The report includes detailed descriptions of the piping layout, steam generation and delivery system, test fixture, heat recuperation system, hot zone, instrumentation, and operating conditions. This facility has provided a demonstration of high-temperature steam electrolysis operation at the 4 kW scale with advanced cell and stack technology. This successful large-scale demonstration of high-temperature steam electrolysis will help to advance the technology toward near-term commercialization.

Minimising hydrogen sulphide generation during steam assisted production of heavy oil

PubMed Central

Montgomery, Wren; Sephton, Mark A.; Watson, Jonathan S.; Zeng, Huang; Rees, Andrew C.

2015-01-01

The majority of global petroleum is in the form of highly viscous heavy oil. Traditionally heavy oil in sands at shallow depths is accessed by large scale mining activities. Recently steam has been used to allow heavy oil extraction with greatly reduced surface disturbance. However, in situ thermal recovery processes can generate hydrogen sulphide, high levels of which are toxic to humans and corrosive to equipment. Avoiding hydrogen sulphide production is the best possible mitigation strategy. Here we use laboratory aquathermolysis to reproduce conditions that may be experienced during thermal extraction. The results indicate that hydrogen sulphide generation occurs within a specific temperature and pressure window and corresponds to chemical and physical changes in the oil. Asphaltenes are identified as the major source of sulphur. Our findings reveal that for high sulphur heavy oils, the generation of hydrogen sulphide during steam assisted thermal recovery is minimal if temperature and pressure are maintained within specific criteria. This strict pressure and temperature dependence of hydrogen sulphide release can allow access to the world's most voluminous oil deposits without generating excessive amounts of this unwanted gas product. PMID:25670085

Minimising hydrogen sulphide generation during steam assisted production of heavy oil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Montgomery, Wren; Sephton, Mark A.; Watson, Jonathan S.; Zeng, Huang; Rees, Andrew C.

2015-02-01

The majority of global petroleum is in the form of highly viscous heavy oil. Traditionally heavy oil in sands at shallow depths is accessed by large scale mining activities. Recently steam has been used to allow heavy oil extraction with greatly reduced surface disturbance. However, in situ thermal recovery processes can generate hydrogen sulphide, high levels of which are toxic to humans and corrosive to equipment. Avoiding hydrogen sulphide production is the best possible mitigation strategy. Here we use laboratory aquathermolysis to reproduce conditions that may be experienced during thermal extraction. The results indicate that hydrogen sulphide generation occurs within a specific temperature and pressure window and corresponds to chemical and physical changes in the oil. Asphaltenes are identified as the major source of sulphur. Our findings reveal that for high sulphur heavy oils, the generation of hydrogen sulphide during steam assisted thermal recovery is minimal if temperature and pressure are maintained within specific criteria. This strict pressure and temperature dependence of hydrogen sulphide release can allow access to the world's most voluminous oil deposits without generating excessive amounts of this unwanted gas product.

Minimising hydrogen sulphide generation during steam assisted production of heavy oil.

PubMed

Montgomery, Wren; Sephton, Mark A; Watson, Jonathan S; Zeng, Huang; Rees, Andrew C

2015-02-11

The majority of global petroleum is in the form of highly viscous heavy oil. Traditionally heavy oil in sands at shallow depths is accessed by large scale mining activities. Recently steam has been used to allow heavy oil extraction with greatly reduced surface disturbance. However, in situ thermal recovery processes can generate hydrogen sulphide, high levels of which are toxic to humans and corrosive to equipment. Avoiding hydrogen sulphide production is the best possible mitigation strategy. Here we use laboratory aquathermolysis to reproduce conditions that may be experienced during thermal extraction. The results indicate that hydrogen sulphide generation occurs within a specific temperature and pressure window and corresponds to chemical and physical changes in the oil. Asphaltenes are identified as the major source of sulphur. Our findings reveal that for high sulphur heavy oils, the generation of hydrogen sulphide during steam assisted thermal recovery is minimal if temperature and pressure are maintained within specific criteria. This strict pressure and temperature dependence of hydrogen sulphide release can allow access to the world's most voluminous oil deposits without generating excessive amounts of this unwanted gas product.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Basher, A.M.H.

Poor control of steam generator water level of a nuclear power plant may lead to frequent nuclear reactor shutdowns. These shutdowns are more common at low power where the plant exhibits strong non-minimum phase characteristics and flow measurements at low power are unreliable in many instances. There is need to investigate this problem and systematically design a controller for water level regulation. This work is concerned with the study and the design of a suitable controller for a U-Tube Steam Generator (UTSG) of a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) which has time varying dynamics. The controller should be suitable for themore » water level control of UTSG without manual operation from start-up to full load transient condition. Some preliminary simulation results are presented that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed controller. The development of the complete control algorithm includes components such as robust output tracking, and adaptively estimating both the system parameters and state variables simultaneously. At the present time all these components are not completed due to time constraints. A robust tracking component of the controller for water level control is developed and its effectiveness on the parameter variations is demonstrated in this study. The results appear encouraging and they are only preliminary. Additional work is warranted to resolve other issues such as robust adaptive estimation.« less

Analysis of boron dilution in a four-loop PWR

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sun, J.G.; Sha, W.T.

1995-03-01

Thermal mixing and boron dilution in a pressurized water reactor were analyzed with COMMIX codes. The reactor system was the four-loop Zion reactor. Two boron dilution scenarios were analyzed. In the first scenario, the plant is in cold shutdown and the reactor coolant system has just been filled after maintenance on the steam generators. To flush the air out of the steam generator tubes, a reactor coolant pump (RCP) is started, with the water in the pump suction line devoid of boron and at the same temperature as the coolant in the system. In the second scenario, the plant ismore » at hot standby and the reactor coolant system has been heated to operating temperature after a long outage. It is assumed that an RCP is started, with the pump suction line filled with cold unborated water, forcing a slug of diluted coolant down the downcomer and subsequently through the reactor core. The subsequent transient thermal mixing and boron dilution that would occur in the reactor system is simulated for these two scenarios. The reactivity insertion rate and the total reactivity are evaluated and a sensitivity study is performed to assess the accuracy of the numerical modeling of the geometry of the reactor coolant system.« less

Downhole steam generator having a downhole oxidant compressor

DOEpatents

Fox, R.L.

1981-01-07

Am improved apparatus is described for the downhole injection of steam into boreholes, for tertiary oil recovery. It includes an oxidant supply, a fuel supply, an igniter, a water supply, an oxidant compressor, and a combustor assembly. The apparatus is designed for efficiency, preheating of the water, and cooling of the combustion chamber walls. The steam outlet to the borehole is provided with pressure-responsive doors for closing the outlet in response to flameout. (DLC)

Advanced Thermal Barrier and Environmental Barrier Coating Development at NASA GRC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhu, Dongming; Robinson, Craig

2017-01-01

This presentation summarizes NASA's advanced thermal barrier and environmental barrier coating systems, and the coating performance improvements that has recently been achieved and documented in laboratory simulated rig test conditions. One of the emphases has been placed on the toughness and impact resistance enhancements of the low conductivity, defect cluster thermal barrier coating systems. The advances in the next generation environmental barrier coatings for SiCSiC ceramic matrix composites have also been highlighted, particularly in the design of a new series of oxide-silicate composition systems to be integrated with next generation SiC-SiC turbine engine components for 2700F coating applications. Major technical barriers in developing the thermal and environmental barrier coating systems are also described. The performance and model validations in the rig simulated turbine combustion, heat flux, steam and calcium-magnesium-aluminosilicate (CMAS) environments have helped the current progress in improved temperature capability, environmental stability, and long-term fatigue-environment system durability of the advanced thermal and environmental barrier coating systems.

Development of a test device to characterize thermal protective performance of fabrics against hot steam and thermal radiation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Yun; Li, Jun

2016-12-01

Steam burns severely threaten the life of firefighters in the course of their fire-ground activities. The aim of this paper was to characterize thermal protective performance of flame-retardant fabrics exposed to hot steam and low-level thermal radiation. An improved testing apparatus based on ASTM F2731-11 was developed in order to simulate the routine fire-ground conditions by controlling steam pressure, flow rate and temperature of steam box. The thermal protective performance of single-layer and multi-layer fabric system with/without an air gap was studied based on the calibrated tester. It was indicated that the new testing apparatus effectively evaluated thermal properties of fabric in hot steam and thermal radiation. Hot steam significantly exacerbated the skin burn injuries while the condensed water on the skin’s surface contributed to cool down the skin tissues during the cooling. Also, the absorbed thermal energy during the exposure and the cooling was mainly determined by the fabric’s configuration, the air gap size, the exposure time and the existence of hot steam. The research provides a effective method to characterize the thermal protection of fabric in complex conditions, which will help in optimization of thermal protection performance of clothing and reduction of steam burn.

Laboratory investigations of the physics of steam flow in a porous medium

USGS Publications Warehouse

Herkelrath, W.N.; Moench, A.F.

1982-01-01

Experiments were carried out in the laboratory to test a theory of transient flow of pure steam in a uniform porous medium. This theory is used extensively in modeling pressure-transient behavior in vapor-dominated geothermal systems. Transient, superheated steam-flow experiments were run by bringing a cylinder of porous material to a uniform initial pressure, and then making a step increase in pressure at one end of the sample, while monitoring the pressure-transient breakthrough at the other end. It was found in experiments run at 100?, 125?, and 146?C that the time required for steam-pressure transients to propagate through an unconsolidated material containing sand, silt, and clay was 10 to 25 times longer than predicted by theory. It is hypothesized that the delay in the steam-pressure transient was caused by adsorption of steam in the porous sample. In order to account for steam adsorption, a sink term was included in the conservation of mass equation. In addition, energy transfer in the system has to be considered because latent heat is released when steam adsorption occurs, increasing the sample temperature by as much as 10?C. Finally, it was recognized that the steam pressure was a function of both the temperature and the amount of adsorption in the sample. For simplicity, this function was assumed to be in equilibrium adsorption isotherm, which was determined by experiment. By solving the modified mass and energy equations numerically, subject to the empirical adsorption isotherm relationship, excellent theoretical simulation of the experiments was achieved. The experiments support the hypothesis that adsorption of steam can strongly influence steam pressure-transient behavior in porous media; the results suggest that the modified steam-flow theory, which includes steam adsorption terms, should be used in modeling steam flow in vapor-dominated geothermal systems.

Inconel 690 is alloy of choice for steam-generator tubing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Strauss, S.D.

1996-02-01

The product of two decades of research and plant application, Inconel 690 promises superior long-term resistance to tube cracking in comparison to alloy 600. Ongoing steam-generator management techniques applied at nuclear pressurized-water-reactor (PWR) plants focus on tube monitoring, inspection, and repair, and on water-chemistry control. Of greatest concern to owner/operators of steam generators (SGs) with recirculating (U-bend) rather than straight through tubes is corrosion of several forms, including pitting, thinning, and cracking. As problems persist and operating and maintenance (O and M) costs become prohibitive, managers must consider the remaining option: complete or partial SG replacement. Although replacement costs canmore » range upward of $100-million, this step restores full-power operation, simplifies inspection, shortens subsequent outages, increases unit availability, and reduces radiation exposure of maintenance personnel. Taken together, these can lead to economies over the long term.« less

PWR steam generator chemical cleaning, Phase I. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rothstein, S.

1978-07-01

United Nuclear Industries (UNI) entered into a subcontract with Consolidated Edison Company of New York (Con Ed) on August 8, 1977, for the purpose of developing methods to chemically clean the secondary side tube to tube support crevices of the steam generators of Indian Point Nos. 1 and 2 PWR plants. This document represents the first reporting on activities performed for Phase I of this effort. Specifically, this report contains the results of a literature search performed by UNI for the purpose of determining state-of-the-art chemical solvents and methods for decontaminating nuclear reactor steam generators. The results of the searchmore » sought to accomplish two objectives: (1) identify solvents beyond those proposed at present by UNI and Con Ed for the test program, and (2) confirm the appropriateness of solvents and methods of decontamination currently in use by UNI.« less

Solar steam generation by heat localization.

PubMed

Ghasemi, Hadi; Ni, George; Marconnet, Amy Marie; Loomis, James; Yerci, Selcuk; Miljkovic, Nenad; Chen, Gang

2014-07-21

Currently, steam generation using solar energy is based on heating bulk liquid to high temperatures. This approach requires either costly high optical concentrations leading to heat loss by the hot bulk liquid and heated surfaces or vacuum. New solar receiver concepts such as porous volumetric receivers or nanofluids have been proposed to decrease these losses. Here we report development of an approach and corresponding material structure for solar steam generation while maintaining low optical concentration and keeping the bulk liquid at low temperature with no vacuum. We achieve solar thermal efficiency up to 85% at only 10 kW m(-2). This high performance results from four structure characteristics: absorbing in the solar spectrum, thermally insulating, hydrophilic and interconnected pores. The structure concentrates thermal energy and fluid flow where needed for phase change and minimizes dissipated energy. This new structure provides a novel approach to harvesting solar energy for a broad range of phase-change applications.

Steam turbine/generator NDE workshop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nottingham, L.D.; Sabourin, P.F.

1990-11-01

On September 12--15, 1989, EPRI sponsored a workshop in Charlotte, North Carolina on steam turbine/generator rotating components. The approximate 185 attendees represented a broad spectrum of utilities, equipment manufactures, forging suppliers, service organizations, universities, insurance carriers, and consultants from the United States and abroad. Canada, England, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, Italy, Spain, and Sweden were represented at the workshop, and 81 of the attendees represented 44 domestic utilities. Nondestructive examination equipment demonstrations by 16 vendors and 2 utilities at the EPRI NDE Center complemented the technical presentation. In addition to 23 formal, technical presentations of prepared papers of specificmore » topics, 8 tutorial presentations, plus various opening and closing remarks and addresses, were given at the workshop. Presentations were organized under the following general topics: bucket blades and/or attachment regions; retaining rings; wheels/disks; steam turbine/generator testing and evaluation; and tutorials. Each individual paper has been cataloged separately.« less

A novel technique to control high temperature materials degradation in fossil plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J.G.; Porcayo-Calderon, J.; Martinez-Villafane, A.

1995-11-01

High temperature corrosion of superheater (SH) and, specially, reheater (RH) is strongly dependent on metal temperature. In this work, a way to continuously monitor the metal temperature of SH or RH, elements developed by the Instituto de Investigaciones Electricas (IIE) is described and the effects of operating parameters on metal temperature are evaluated. Also, the effects the steam-generator design and metal temperature on the corrosion rates have been investigated. In some steam generators, corrosion rates were reduced from 0.7 to 0.2 mm/y by changing the tube material and reducing the metal temperature. Also, the effect of metal temperature on themore » residual life of a 347H tube in a 158MW steam generator is evaluated. It is concluded that metal temperature is the most important parameter in controlling the high-temperature materials behavior in boiler environments.« less

SINGLE PHASE ANALYTICAL MODELS FOR TERRY TURBINE NOZZLE

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zhao, Haihua; Zhang, Hongbin; Zou, Ling

All BWR RCIC (Reactor Core Isolation Cooling) systems and PWR AFW (Auxiliary Feed Water) systems use Terry turbine, which is composed of the wheel with turbine buckets and several groups of fixed nozzles and reversing chambers inside the turbine casing. The inlet steam is accelerated through the turbine nozzle and impacts on the wheel buckets, generating work to drive the RCIC pump. As part of the efforts to understand the unexpected “self-regulating” mode of the RCIC systems in Fukushima accidents and extend BWR RCIC and PWR AFW operational range and flexibility, mechanistic models for the Terry turbine, based on Sandiamore » National Laboratories’ original work, has been developed and implemented in the RELAP-7 code to simulate the RCIC system. RELAP-7 is a new reactor system code currently under development with the funding support from U.S. Department of Energy. The RELAP-7 code is a fully implicit code and the preconditioned Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) method is used to solve the discretized nonlinear system. This paper presents a set of analytical models for simulating the flow through the Terry turbine nozzles when inlet fluid is pure steam. The implementation of the models into RELAP-7 will be briefly discussed. In the Sandia model, the turbine bucket inlet velocity is provided according to a reduced-order model, which was obtained from a large number of CFD simulations. In this work, we propose an alternative method, using an under-expanded jet model to obtain the velocity and thermodynamic conditions for the turbine bucket inlet. The models include both adiabatic expansion process inside the nozzle and free expansion process out of the nozzle to reach the ambient pressure. The combined models are able to predict the steam mass flow rate and supersonic velocity to the Terry turbine bucket entrance, which are the necessary input conditions for the Terry Turbine rotor model. The nozzle analytical models were validated with experimental data and benchmarked with CFD simulations. The analytical models generally agree well with the experimental data and CFD simulations. The analytical models are suitable for implementation into a reactor system analysis code or severe accident code as part of mechanistic and dynamical models to understand the RCIC behaviors. The cases with two-phase flow at the turbine inlet will be pursued in future work.« less

Numerical simulation of heat and mass transport during hydration of Portland cement mortar in semi-adiabatic and steam curing conditions

PubMed Central

Hernandez-Bautista, E.; Bentz, D. P.; Sandoval-Torres, S.; de Cano-Barrita, P. F. J.

2015-01-01

A model that describes hydration and heat-mass transport in Portland cement mortar during steam curing was developed. The hydration reactions are described by a maturity function that uses the equivalent age concept, coupled to a heat and mass balance. The thermal conductivity and specific heat of mortar with water-to-cement mass ratio of 0.30 was measured during hydration, using the Transient Plane Source method. The parameters for the maturity equation and the activation energy were obtained by isothermal calorimetry at 23 °C and 38 °C. Steam curing and semi-adiabatic experiments were carried out to obtain the temperature evolution and moisture profiles were assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Three specimen geometries were simulated and the results were compared with experimental data. Comparisons of temperature had maximum residuals of 2.5 °C and 5 °C for semi-adiabatic and steam curing conditions, respectively. The model correctly predicts the evaporable water distribution obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. PMID:27022208

Simulation of ethane steam cracking with severity evaluation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosli, M. N.; Aziz, N.

2016-11-01

Understanding the influence of operating parameters towards cracking severity is paramount in ensuring optimum operation of an ethylene plant. However, changing the parameters in an actual plant for data collection can be dangerous. Thus, a simulation model for ethane steam cracking furnace is developed using ASPEN Plus for the assessment. The process performance is evaluated with cracking severity factors and main product yields. Three severity factors are used for evaluation due to their ease of measurement, which are methane yield (Ymet), Ethylene-Ethane Ratio (EER) and Propylene-Ethylene Ratio (PER). The result shows that cracking severity is primarily influenced by reactor temperature. Operating the furnace with coil outlet temperature ranging between 850°C to 950°C and steam-to-hydrocarbon ratio of 0.3 to 0.5 has led to optimum main product yield.

13. VIEW OF WESTINGHOUSE STEAM TURBINE. 1500 kilowatt (max kw ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

13. VIEW OF WESTINGHOUSE STEAM TURBINE. 1500 kilowatt (max kw 1875). AC Westinghouse generator (1875 KVA, 2400 volts, 450 amps, 3 phase, 60 cycles). - Juniata Shops, Power Plant & Boiler House, East of Fourth Avenue at Second Street, Altoona, Blair County, PA

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

Characterization of products obtained from pyrolysis and steam gasification of wood waste, RDF, and RPF.

PubMed

Hwang, In-Hee; Kobayashi, Jun; Kawamoto, Katsuya

2014-02-01

Pyrolysis and steam gasification of woody biomass chip (WBC) obtained from construction and demolition wastes, refuse-derived fuel (RDF), and refuse paper and plastic fuel (RPF) were performed at various temperatures using a lab-scale instrument. The gas, liquid, and solid products were examined to determine their generation amounts, properties, and the carbon balance between raw material and products. The amount of product gas and its hydrogen concentration showed a considerable difference depending on pyrolysis and steam gasification at higher temperature. The reaction of steam and solid product, char, contributed to an increase in gas amount and hydrogen concentration. The amount of liquid products generated greatly depended on temperature rather than pyrolysis or steam gasification. The compositions of liquid product varied relying on raw materials used at 500°C but the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons became the major compounds at 900°C irrespective of the raw materials used. Almost fixed carbon (FC) of raw materials remained as solid products under pyrolysis condition whereas FC started to decompose at 700°C under steam gasification condition. For WBC, both char utilization by pyrolysis at low temperature (500°C) and syngas recovery by steam gasification at higher temperature (900°C) might be practical options. From the results of carbon balance of RDF and RPF, it was confirmed that the carbon conversion to liquid products conspicuously increased as the amount of plastic increased in the raw material. To recover feedstock from RPF, pyrolysis for oil recovery at low temperature (500°C) might be one of viable options. Steam gasification at 900°C could be an option but the method of tar reforming (e.g. catalyst utilization) should be considered. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Students' construction of a simple steam distillation apparatus and development of creative thinking skills: A project-based learning

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diawati, Chansyanah; Liliasari, Setiabudi, Agus; Buchari

2017-05-01

This project-based learning combined the chemistry of separation process using steam distillation with engineering design process in an undergraduate chemistry course. Students built upon their knowledge of phase changes, immiscible mixture, and the relationship between vapor pressure and boiling point to complete a project of modifications steam distillation apparatus. The research method is a qualitative case study, which aims to describe how (1) the creative thinking skills of students emerged during six weeks of theproject, (2) students built steam distillation apparatus characteristics as the project product and (3) students response to the project-based learning model. The results showed that the students had successfully constructed a steam distillation apparatus using plastic kettle as steam generator and distillation flask. A Plastic tubewas used to drain water vapor from steam generator to distillation flask and to drain steam containing essential oil to the condenser. A biscuit tin filled with ice was used as a condenser. The time required until resulting distillate was fifteen minutes. The production of essential was conductive qualitatively by a very strong smell typical of essential oil and two phases of distillate. Throughout the project, students formulated the relevant and varied problem, formulated the goals, proposed the ideas of the apparatus and materials, draw apparatus design, constructed apparatus, tested apparatus, evaluated, and reported the project. Student response was generally positive. They were pleased, interested, more understanding the concepts and work apparatus principles, also implemented new ideas. These results indicate that project-based learning can develop students' creative thinking skills. Based on these results, it is necessary to conduct research and implemented project-based learning to other concepts.

Equilibrium model analysis of waste plastics gasification using CO2 and steam.

PubMed

Kannan, P; Lakshmanan, G; Al Shoaibi, A; Srinivasakannan, C

2017-12-01

Utilization of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in thermochemical treatment of waste plastics may significantly help to improve CO 2 recycling, thus simultaneously curtailing dioxins/furans and CO 2 emissions. Although CO 2 is not such an effective gasifying agent as steam, a few investigations have explored the utilization of CO 2 in conjunction with steam to achieve somewhat higher carbon conversion. This work presents a comparative evaluation study of CO 2 and steam gasification of a typical post-consumer waste plastics mixture using an Aspen Plus equilibrium model. The effect of flow rate of gasifying medium (CO 2 and/or steam) and gasification temperature on product gas composition, carbon conversion, and cold gas efficiency has been analyzed. Simulation results demonstrate that CO 2 can serve as a potential gasifying agent for waste plastics gasification. The resulting product gas was rich in CO whereas CO 2 -steam blends yield a wider H 2 /CO ratio, thus extending the applications of the product gas.

Methods of increasing thermal efficiency of steam and gas turbine plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vasserman, A. A.; Shutenko, M. A.

2017-11-01

Three new methods of increasing efficiency of turbine power plants are described. Increasing average temperature of heat supply in steam turbine plant by mixing steam after overheaters with products of combustion of natural gas in the oxygen. Development of this idea consists in maintaining steam temperature on the major part of expansion in the turbine at level, close to initial temperature. Increasing efficiency of gas turbine plant by way of regenerative heating of the air by gas after its expansion in high pressure turbine and before expansion in the low pressure turbine. Due to this temperature of air, entering combustion chamber, is increased and average temperature of heat supply is consequently increased. At the same time average temperature of heat removal is decreased. Increasing efficiency of combined cycle power plant by avoiding of heat transfer from gas to wet steam and transferring heat from gas to water and superheated steam only. Steam will be generated by multi stage throttling of the water from supercritical pressure and temperature close to critical, to the pressure slightly higher than condensation pressure. Throttling of the water and separation of the wet steam on saturated water and steam does not require complicated technical devices.

Studies on Effective Utilization of SOFC Exhaust Heat Using Thermoelectric Power Generation Technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Terayama, Takeshi; Nagata, Susumu; Tanaka, Yohei; Momma, Akihiko; Kato, Tohru; Kunii, Masaru; Yamamoto, Atsushi

2013-07-01

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are being researched around the world. In Japan, a compact SOFC system with rated alternative current (AC) power of 700 W has become available on the market, since the base load electricity demand for a standard home is said to be less than 700 W AC. To improve the generating efficiency of SOFC systems in the 700-W class, we focused on thermoelectric generation (TEG) technology, since there are a lot of temperature gradients in the system. Analysis based on simulations indicated the possibility of introducing thermoelectric generation at the air preheater, steam generator, and exhaust outlet. Among these options, incorporating a TEG heat exchanger comprising multiple CoSb3/SiGe-based TEG modules into the air preheater had potential to produce additional output of 37.5 W and an improvement in generating efficiency from 46% to 48.5%. Furthermore, by introducing thermoelectric generation at the other two locations, an increase in maximum output of more than 50 W and generating efficiency of 50% can be anticipated.

Exfoliation Propensity of Oxide Scale in Heat Exchangers Used for Supercritical CO2 Power Cycles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sabau, Adrian S; Shingledecker, John P.; Kung, Steve

2016-01-01

Supercritical CO2 (sCO2) Brayton cycle systems offer the possibility of improved efficiency in future fossil energy power generation plants operating at temperatures of 650 C and above. As there are few data on the oxidation/corrosion behavior of structural alloys in sCO2 at these temperatures, modeling to predict the propensity for oxide exfoliation is not well developed, thus hindering materials selection for these novel cycles. The ultimate goal of this effort is to provide needed data on scale exfoliation behavior in sCO2 for confident alloy selection. To date, a model developed by ORNL and EPRI for the exfoliation of oxide scalesmore » formed on boiler tubes in high-temperature, high-pressure steam has proven useful for managing exfoliation in conventional steam plants. A major input provided by the model is the ability to predict the likelihood of scale failure and loss based on understanding of the evolution of the oxide morphologies and the conditions that result in susceptibility to exfoliation. This paper describes initial steps taken to extend the existing model for exfoliation of steam-side oxide scales to sCO2 conditions. The main differences between high-temperature, high-pressure steam and sCO2 that impact the model involve (i) significant geometrical differences in the heat exchangers, ranging from standard pressurized tubes seen typically in steam-producing boilers to designs for sCO2 that employ variously-curved thin walls to create shaped flow paths for extended heat transfer area and small channel cross-sections to promote thermal convection and support pressure loads; (ii) changed operating characteristics with sCO2 due to the differences in physical and thermal properties compared to steam; and (iii) possible modification of the scale morphologies, hence properties that influence exfoliation behavior, due to reaction with carbon species from sCO2. The numerical simulations conducted were based on an assumed sCO2 operating schedule and several generic heat exchanger channel shapes and cross-sectional areas. Implications for the evolution of stresses in the oxide scales formed on sCO2 heat exchangers, and ensuing critical oxide thicknesses for exfoliation, were derived and compared with expectations for an equivalent conventional tubular heat exchanger in a steam cycle (for a given alloy).« less

Hydrogen production with coal using a pulverization device

DOEpatents

Paulson, Leland E.

1989-01-01

A method for producing hydrogen from coal is described wherein high temperature steam is brought into contact with coal in a pulverizer or fluid energy mill for effecting a steam-carbon reaction to provide for the generation of gaseous hydrogen. The high temperature steam is utilized to drive the coal particles into violent particle-to-particle contact for comminuting the particulates and thereby increasing the surface area of the coal particles for enhancing the productivity of the hydrogen.

Credit BG. View looking southwest at Test Stand "D" complex. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Credit BG. View looking southwest at Test Stand "D" complex. In the background at left is the Steam Generator Plant 4280/E-81 built in 1972 to house four gas-fired Clayton flash boilers. The boilers were later supplemented by the electrically heated steam accumulator (sphere) to supply steam to the various ejectors at Test Stand "D" vacuum test cells - Jet Propulsion Laboratory Edwards Facility, Test Stand D, Edwards Air Force Base, Boron, Kern County, CA

Types and analysis of defects in welding junctions of the header to steam generator shells on power-generating units with VVER-1000

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ozhigov, L. S.; Voevodin, V. N.; Mitrofanov, A. S.; Vasilenko, R. L.

2016-10-01

Investigation objects were metal templates, which were cut during the repair of welding junction no. 111 (header to the steam generator shell) on a power-generating unit with VVER-1000 of the South-Ukraine NPP, and substances of mud depositions collected from walls of this junction. Investigations were carried out using metallography, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersion microanalysis by an MMO-1600-AT metallurgical microscope and a JEOL JSM-7001F scanning electron microscope with the Shottky cathode. As a result of investigations in corrosion pits and mud depositions in the area of welding junction no. 111, iron and copper-enriched particles were revealed. It is shown that, when contacting with the steel header surface, these particles can form microgalvanic cells causing reactions of iron dissolution and the pit corrosion of metal. Nearby corrosion pits in metal are microcracks, which can be effect of the stress state of metal under corrosion pits along with revealed effects of twinning. The hypothesis is expressed that pitting corrosion of metal occurred during the first operation period of the power-generating unit in the ammonia water chemistry conditions (WCC). The formation of corrosion pits and nucleating cracks from them was stopped with the further operation under morpholine WCC. The absence of macrocracks in metal of templates verifies that, during operation, welding junction no. 111 operated under load conditions not exceeding the permissible ones by design requirements. The durability of the welding junction of the header to the steam generator shell significantly depends on the technological schedule of chemical cleaning and steam generator shut-down cooling.

Changes provoked by boiling, steaming and sous-vide cooking in the lipid and volatile profile of European sea bass.

PubMed

Nieva-Echevarría, Bárbara; Manzanos, María J; Goicoechea, Encarnación; Guillén, María D

2017-09-01

This study aims to shed light on the changes provoked by boiling, steaming and sous-vide cooking on the lipids and volatile profile of farmed and wild European sea bass meat. None of the cooking techniques provoked changes due to hydrolytic or oxidation processes detectable by 1 H NMR on sea bass lipids. The lipid profile of main and minor lipidic components was maintained after cooking. However, study by SPME-GC/MS evidenced that steaming and sous-vide cooking modified the volatile profile of sea bass meat, especially in farmed specimens. The compounds generated came from the occurrence, to a very small extent, of lipid and protein degradation. By contrast, boiling scarcely modified the initial characteristics of raw sea bass. Thus, from a sensory point of view and considering the odour-active compounds generated, steaming and sous-vide cooking provoked more noticeable changes than boiling, especially in farmed sea bass meat. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Integrated hydrocarbon reforming system and controls

DOEpatents

Clawson, Lawrence G.; Dorson, Matthew H.; Mitchell, William L.; Nowicki, Brian J.; Thijssen, Johannes; Davis, Robert; Papile, Christopher; Rumsey, Jennifer W.; Longo, Nathan; Cross, III, James C.; Rizzo, Vincent; Kleeburg, Gunther; Rindone, Michael; Block, Stephen G.; Sun, Maria; Morriseau, Brian D.; Hagan, Mark R.; Bowers, Brian

2003-11-04

A hydrocarbon reformer system including a first reactor configured to generate hydrogen-rich reformate by carrying out at least one of a non-catalytic thermal partial oxidation, a catalytic partial oxidation, a steam reforming, and any combinations thereof, a second reactor in fluid communication with the first reactor to receive the hydrogen-rich reformate, and having a catalyst for promoting a water gas shift reaction in the hydrogen-rich reformate, and a heat exchanger having a first mass of two-phase water therein and configured to exchange heat between the two-phase water and the hydrogen-rich reformate in the second reactor, the heat exchanger being in fluid communication with the first reactor so as to supply steam to the first reactor as a reactant is disclosed. The disclosed reformer includes an auxiliary reactor configured to generate heated water/steam and being in fluid communication with the heat exchanger of the second reactor to supply the heated water/steam to the heat exchanger.

Reflux cooling experiments on the NCSU scaled PWR facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doster, J.M.; Giavedoni, E.

1993-01-01

Under loss of forced circulation, coupled with the loss or reduction in primary side coolant inventory, horizontal stratified flows can develop in the hot and cold legs of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Vapor produced in the reactor vessel is transported through the hot leg to the steam generator tubes where it condenses and flows back to the reactor vessel. Within the steam generator tubes, the flow regimes may range from countercurrent annular flow to single-phase convection. As a result, a number of heat transfer mechanisms are possible, depending on the loop configuration, total heat transfer rate, and the steam flowmore » rate within the tubes. These include (but are not limited to) two-phase natural circulation, where the condensate flows concurrent to the vapor stream and is transported to the cold leg so that the entire reactor coolant loop is active, and reflux cooling, where the condensate flows back down the interior of the coolant tubes countercurrent to the vapor stream and is returned to the reactor vessel through the hot leg. While operating in the reflux cooling mode, the cold leg can effectively be inactive. Heat transfer can be further influenced by noncondensables in the vapor stream, which accumulate within the upper regions of the steam generator tube bundle. In addition to reducing the steam generator's effective heat transfer area, under these conditions operation under natural circulation may not be possible, and reflux cooling may be the only viable heat transfer mechanism. The scaled PWR (SPWR) facility in the nuclear engineering department at North Carolina State Univ. (NCSU) is being used to study the effectiveness of two-phase natural circulation and reflux cooling under conditions associated with loss of forced circulation, midloop coolant levels, and noncondensables in the primary coolant system.« less

Laser removal of sludge from steam generators

DOEpatents

Nachbar, Henry D.

1990-01-01

A method of removing unwanted chemical deposits known as sludge from the metal surfaces of steam generators with laser energy is provided. Laser energy of a certain power density, of a critical wavelength and frequency, is intermittently focused on the sludge deposits to vaporize them so that the surfaces are cleaned without affecting the metal surface (sludge substrate). Fiberoptic tubes are utilized for laser beam transmission and beam direction. Fiberoptics are also utilized to monitor laser operation and sludge removal.

Methods to Develop Inhalation Cancer Risk Estimates for ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document summarizes the approaches and rationale for the technical and scientific considerations used to derive inhalation cancer risks for emissions of chromium and nickel compounds from electric utility steam generating units. The purpose of this document is to discuss the methods used to develop inhalation cancer risk estimates associated with emissions of chromium and nickel compounds from coal- and oil-fired electric utility steam generating units (EGUs) in support of EPA's recently proposed Air Toxics Rule.

Accumulation and subsequent utilization of waste heat

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Koloničný, Jan; Richter, Aleš; Pavloková, Petra

2016-06-01

This article aims to introduce a special way of heat accumulation and primary operating characteristics. It is the unique way in which the waste heat from flue gas of biogas cogeneration station is stored in the system of storage tanks, into the heat transfer oil. Heat is subsequently transformed into water, from which is generated the low-pressure steam. Steam, at the time of peak electricity needs, spins the special designed turbine generator and produces electrical energy.

Low-temperature upgrading of low-calorific biogas for CO2 mitigation using DBD-catalyst hybrid reactor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nozaki, Tomohiro; Tsukijihara, Hiroyuki; Fukui, Wataru; Okazaki, Ken

2006-10-01

Although huge amounts of biogas, which consists of 20-60% of CH4 in CO2/N2, can be obtained from landfills, coal mines, and agricultural residues, most of them are simply flared and wasted: because global warming potential of biogas is 5-15 times as potent as CO2. Poor combustibility of such biogas makes it difficult to utilize in conventional energy system. The purpose of this project is to promote the profitable recovery of methane from poor biogas via non-thermal plasma technology. We propose low-temperature steam reforming of biogas using DBD generated in catalyst beds. Methane is partially converted into hydrogen, and then fed into internal combustion engines for improved ignition stability as well as efficient operation. Low-temperature steam reforming is beneficial because exhaust gas from an engine can be used to activate catalyst beds. Space velocity (3600-15000 hr-1), reaction temperature (300-650^oC), and energy cost (30-150 kJ per mol CH4) have been investigated with simulated biogas (20-60% CH4 in mixtures of CO2/N2). The DBD enhances reaction rate of CH4 by a factor of ten at given catalyst temperatures, which is a rate-determining step of methane steam reforming, while species concentration of upgraded biogas was governed by thermodynamic equilibrium in the presence of catalyst.

NASA Lewis H2-O2 MHD program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smith, M.; Nichols, L. D.; Seikel, G. R.

1974-01-01

Performance and power costs of H2-O2 combustion powered steam-MHD central power systems are estimated. Hydrogen gas is assumed to be transmitted by pipe from a remote coal gasifier into the city and converted to electricity in a steam MHD plant having an integral gaseous oxygen plant. These steam MHD systems appear to offer an attractive alternative to both in-city clean fueled conventional steam power plants and to remote coal fired power plants with underground electric transmission into the city. Status and plans are outlined for an experimental evaluation of H2-O2 combustion-driven MHD power generators at NASA Lewis Research Center.

Hot steam transfer through heat protective clothing layers.

PubMed

Rossi, René; Indelicato, Eric; Bolli, Walter

2004-01-01

The aim of this study was to analyse the transfer of steam through different types of textile layers as a function of sample parameters such as thickness and permeability. In order to simulate the human body, a cylinder releasing defined amounts of moisture was also used. The influence of sweating on heat and mass transfer was assessed. The results show that in general impermeable materials offer better protection against hot steam than semi-permeable ones. The transfer of steam depended on the water vapour permeability of the samples, but also on their thermal insulation and their thickness. Increasing the thickness of the samples with a spacer gave a larger increase in protection with the impermeable samples compared to semi-permeable materials. Measurements with pre-wetted samples showed a reduction in steam protection in any case. On the other hand, the measurements with a sweating cylinder showed a beneficial effect of sweating.

Analysis of dynamic hydrogen (H2) generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buford, Marcelle C.

2003-03-01

The focus of this research is on-demand hydrogen generation for applications such as electric vehicles and electric appliances. Hydrogen can be generated by steam reformation of alcohols, hydrocarbons and other hydrogen containing complexes. Steam reformation can be represented as a simple chemical reaction between an alcohol, commonly methanol, and water vapor to produce hydrogen and carbon dioxide. A fuel cell can then be employed to produce electrical power from hydrogen and air. Numerical and experimental techniques are employed to analyze the most appropriate reforming fuel to maximize H2 yield and minimize by-products of which carbon monoxide is the most harmful

76 FR 3517 - Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-01-20

... Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired, Electric Utility, Industrial-Commercial-Institutional, and... following: Category NAICS \\1\\ Examples of regulated entities Industry 221112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam generating units. Federal Government 22112 Fossil fuel-fired electric utility steam...

75 FR 81307 - Notice of Availability of Record of Decision for the Tonopah Solar Energy, LLC, Crescent Dunes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-27

...-foot central receiver tower, salt tanks, steam generation building and equipment, steam turbine and... Tonopah Solar Energy, LLC, Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project AGENCY: Bureau of Land Management, Interior... of the Record of Decision [[Page 81308

Testing and Results of Human Metabolic Simulation Utilizing Ultrasonic Nebulizer Technology for Water Vapor Generation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stubbe, Matthew; Curley, Su

2010-01-01

Life support technology must be evaluated thoroughly before ever being implemented into a functioning design. A major concern during that evaluation is safety. The ability to mimic human metabolic loads allows test engineers to evaluate the effectiveness of new technologies without risking injury to any actual humans. The main function of most life support technologies is the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) vapor. As such any good human metabolic simulator (HMS) will mimic the human body s ability to produce these items. Introducing CO2 into a test chamber is a very straightforward process with few unknowns so the focus of this particular new HMS design was on the much more complicated process of introducing known quantities of H2O vapor on command. Past iterations of the HMS have utilized steam which is very hard to keep in vapor phase while transporting and injecting into a test chamber. Also steam adds large quantities of heat to any test chamber, well beyond what an actual human does. For the new HMS an alternative approach to water vapor generation was designed utilizing ultrasonic nebulizers as a method for creating water vapor. Ultrasonic technology allows water to be vibrated into extremely tiny pieces (2-5 microns) and evaporate without requiring additional heating. Doing this process inside the test chamber itself allows H2O vapor generation without the unwanted heat and the challenging process of transporting water vapor. This paper presents the design details as well as results of all initial and final acceptance system testing. Testing of the system was performed at a range of known human metabolic rates in both sea-level and reduced pressure environments. This multitude of test points fully defines the systems capabilities as they relate to actual environmental systems testing.

Pulsed eddy current inspection of broach support plates in steam generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mokros, Sarah Gwendolyn

Steam Generators (SGs) are a critical component of nuclear reactors, employing thousands of SG tubes to convert heat generated in the reactor core into useable energy. SG tubes are supported at numerous locations by Broach Support Plates (BSPs) that have trefoil shaped holes, which prevent excessive tube vibrations, while allowing water to easily flow through the support structures. A number of degradation modes occur in SGs, such as SG tube fretting, cracking or denting, requiring periodic inspection. Currently, conventional Eddy Current Testing (ECT) is used to non-destructively assess the condition of SG tubes and components. However, as reactors age, new modes of degradation will likely appear that may be difficult to detect and characterize using conventional ECT, such as wall loss in BSPs and build-up of corrosion products, which typically form as a hard sludge called magnetite. Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) technologies are an emerging technique that is presented in this work as a method to further advance inspection techniques used in CANDURTM nuclear reactors. A PEC probe was designed to inspect the unique shape of the trefoil shaped hole to detect and characterize wall loss and the presence of magnetite in A516 carbon steel BSPs with trefoil shaped holes from within 15.9 mm (5/8") Alloy-800 SG tubes. PEC was also used to observe how measurements of wall loss were affected by the presence of magnetite. This work presents Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations and experimental results collected to observe these degradation modes. The probe was demonstrated to be capable of detecting far side wall loss as low as 20%, locating and characterizing the relative permeability of magnetite, and of detecting wall loss when magnetite was present. FEM simulations and experimental results were found to be in good agreement, suggesting that additional investigations of the effects of BSP degradation on PEC signal response may also be performed using FEM models.

Simulation of a 250 kW diesel fuel processor/PEM fuel cell system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amphlett, J. C.; Mann, R. F.; Peppley, B. A.; Roberge, P. R.; Rodrigues, A.; Salvador, J. P.

Polymer-electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell systems offer a potential power source for utility and mobile applications. Practical fuel cell systems use fuel processors for the production of hydrogen-rich gas. Liquid fuels, such as diesel or other related fuels, are attractive options as feeds to a fuel processor. The generation of hydrogen gas for fuel cells, in most cases, becomes the crucial design issue with respect to weight and volume in these applications. Furthermore, these systems will require a gas clean-up system to insure that the fuel quality meets the demands of the cell anode. The endothermic nature of the reformer will have a significant affect on the overall system efficiency. The gas clean-up system may also significantly effect the overall heat balance. To optimize the performance of this integrated system, therefore, waste heat must be used effectively. Previously, we have concentrated on catalytic methanol-steam reforming. A model of a methanol steam reformer has been previously developed and has been used as the basis for a new, higher temperature model for liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Similarly, our fuel cell evaluation program previously led to the development of a steady-state electrochemical fuel cell model (SSEM). The hydrocarbon fuel processor model and the SSEM have now been incorporated in the development of a process simulation of a 250 kW diesel-fueled reformer/fuel cell system using a process simulator. The performance of this system has been investigated for a variety of operating conditions and a preliminary assessment of thermal integration issues has been carried out. This study demonstrates the application of a process simulation model as a design analysis tool for the development of a 250 kW fuel cell system.

Effect of steam addition on cycle performance of simple and recuperated gas turbines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boyle, R. J.

1979-01-01

Results are presented for the cycle efficiency and specific power of simple and recuperated gas turbine cycles in which steam is generated and used to increase turbine flow. Calculations showed significant improvements in cycle efficiency and specific power by adding steam. The calculations were made using component efficiencies and loss assumptions typical of stationary powerplants. These results are presented for a range of operating temperatures and pressures. Relative heat exchanger size and the water use rate are also examined.

Waste heat utilization in industrial processes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weichsel, M.; Heitmann, W.

1978-01-01

A survey is given of new developments in heat exchangers and heat pumps. With respect to practical applications, internal criteria for plant operation are discussed. Possibilities of government support are pointed out. Waste heat steam generators and waste heat aggregates for hot water generation or in some cases for steam superheating are used. The possibilities of utilization can be classified according to the economic improvements and according to their process applications, for example, gascooling. Examples are presented for a large variety of applications.

46 CFR 56.50-30 - Boiler feed piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... pump may be used for other purposes. (2) If two independently driven pumps are provided, each capable... requirements. (1) Steam vessels, and motor vessels fitted with steam driven electrical generators shall have at... the necessary connections for this purpose. The arrangement of feed pumps shall be in accordance with...

77 FR 12799 - Foreign-Trade Zone 104-Savannah, GA Expansion of Manufacturing Authority Mitsubishi Power Systems...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-02

... on behalf of MPSA for authority to manufacture and repair steam and natural gas power generation... existing scope of manufacturing authority to include additional finished products--steam and natural gas..., mechanical seals and rings, actuators, thermocouple assemblies, vibration sensors, and automated controllers...

40 CFR 60.41 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat. Fossil fuel and wood residue-fired steam... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.41...

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...-eligible fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for... fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for the...

40 CFR 60.41 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat. Fossil fuel and wood residue-fired steam... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.41...

40 CFR 60.41 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Fossil fuel means natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat. Fossil fuel and wood residue-fired steam... PERFORMANCE FOR NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Fossil-Fuel-Fired Steam Generators § 60.41...

40 CFR 51.308 - Regional haze program requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... for fossil-fuel fired power plants having a total generating capacity greater than 750 megawatts must...-eligible fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for... fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants in the State to install, operate, and maintain BART for the...

Advanced gas turbines breathe new life into vintage reheat units

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-04-01

This article describes the repowering of reheat units with advanced gas turbines. The topics of the article include a project overview, plant configuration including heat recovery steam generators and the plant-wide distributed control system, upgrade of existing steam turbines, gas turbine technology, reliability, availability, maintenance features, and training.

Method and apparatus for steam mixing a nuclear fueled electricity generation system

DOEpatents

Tsiklauri, Georgi V.; Durst, Bruce M.

1996-01-01

A method and apparatus for improving the efficiency and performance of a nuclear electrical generation system that comprises the addition of steam handling equipment to an existing plant that results in a surprising increase in plant performance. More particularly, a gas turbine electrical generation system with heat recovery boiler is installed along with a micro-jet high pressure and a low pressure mixer superheater. Depending upon plant characteristics, the existing moisture separator reheater (MSR) can be either augmented or done away with. The instant invention enables a reduction in T.sub.hot without a derating of the reactor unit, and improves efficiency of the plant's electrical conversion cycle. Coupled with this advantage is a possible extension of the plant's fuel cycle length due to an increased electrical conversion efficiency. The reduction in T.sub.hot further allows for a surprising extension of steam generator life. An additional advantage is the reduction in erosion/corrosion of secondary system components including turbine blades and diaphragms. The gas turbine generator used in the instant invention can also replace or augment existing peak or emergency power needs. Another benefit of the instant invention is the extension of plant life and the reduction of downtime due to refueling.

Energy recovery from solid waste. [production engineering model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dalton, C.; Huang, C. J.

1974-01-01

A recent group study on the problem of solid waste disposal provided a decision making model for a community to use in determining the future for its solid waste. The model is a combination of the following factors: technology, legal, social, political, economic and environmental. An assessment of local or community needs determines what form of energy recovery is desirable. A market for low pressure steam or hot water would direct a community to recover energy from solid waste by incineration to generate steam. A fuel gas could be produced by a process known as pyrolysis if there is a local market for a low heating value gaseous fuel. Solid waste can also be used directly as a fuel supplemental to coal in a steam generator. An evaluation of these various processes is made.

TG-MS analysis and kinetic study for thermal decomposition of six representative components of municipal solid waste under steam atmosphere.

PubMed

Zhang, Jinzhi; Chen, Tianju; Wu, Jingli; Wu, Jinhu

2015-09-01

Thermal decomposition of six representative components of municipal solid waste (MSW, including lignin, printing paper, cotton, rubber, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and cabbage) was investigated by thermogravimetric-mass spectroscopy (TG-MS) under steam atmosphere. Compared with TG and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) curves under N2 atmosphere, thermal decomposition of MSW components under steam atmosphere was divided into pyrolysis and gasification stages. In the pyrolysis stage, the shapes of TG and DTG curves under steam atmosphere were almost the same with those under N2 atmosphere. In the gasification stage, the presence of steam led to a greater mass loss because of the steam partial oxidation of char residue. The evolution profiles of H2, CH4, CO and CO2 were well consistent with DTG curves in terms of appearance of peaks and relevant stages in the whole temperature range, and the steam partial oxidation of char residue promoted the generation of more gas products in high temperature range. The multi-Gaussian distributed activation energy model (DAEM) was proved plausible to describe thermal decomposition behaviours of MSW components under steam atmosphere. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A Prospective Method to Increase Oil Recovery in Waxy-Shallow Reservoir

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hidayat, F.; Abdurrahman, M.

2018-02-01

Waxy oil has been the main characteristics of The X field. Initial screening criteria studies indicated that cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) would be the optimum option because favorable reservoir condition. Based on this method we would like to know how much oil gain and the effect of steam for the stimulated and surrounding well. The injection of steam was done for 7 days followed by 14 days of soaking period. 39,000 liter of Marine fuel oil was used to generate steam for stimulation with an average produce steam quality about 80%. Average of 255 MMBTU of steam was injected each day with total steam injected was about 1.7 BBTU. The oil production was increased four times from 5 bopd into 21 bopd. Proper well candidate and high permeability are some reason for this method successfully increase oil production. Additional heat from steam reduced the damage near wellbore due to wax deposition. This is verifying by increasing productivity index from 3 bbl/psi to 4 bbl/psi. From results and observation data, this method can be a platform for typical shallow depth reservoir with high paraffinic content especially other reservoir in Sihapas formation.

Syngas production by high temperature steam/CO2 coelectrolysis using solid oxide electrolysis cells.

PubMed

Chen, Xinbing; Guan, Chengzhi; Xiao, Guoping; Du, Xianlong; Wang, Jian-Qiang

2015-01-01

High temperature (HT) steam/CO2 coelectrolysis with solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) using the electricity and heat generated from clean energies is an important alternative for syngas production without fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Herein, reaction characteristics and the outlet syngas composition of HT steam/CO2 coelectrolysis under different operating conditions, including distinct inlet gas compositions and electrolysis current densities, are systematically studied at 800 °C using commercially available SOECs. The HT coelectrolysis process, which has comparable performance to HT steam electrolysis, is more active than the HT CO2 electrolysis process, indicating the important contribution of the reverse water-gas shift reaction in the formation of CO. The outlet syngas composition from HT steam/CO2 coelectrolysis is very sensitive to the operating conditions, indicating the feasibility of controlling the syngas composition by varying these conditions. Maximum steam and CO2 utilizations of 77% and 76% are achieved at 1.0 A cm(-2) with an inlet gas composition of 20% H2/40% steam/40% CO2.

Exergy analysis and simulation of a 30MW cogeneration cycle

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dev, Nikhil; Samsher; Kachhwaha, S. S.; Attri, Rajesh

2013-06-01

Cogeneration cycle is an efficient mean to recover the waste heat from the flue gases coming out of gas turbine. With the help of computer simulation, design parameters may be selected for the best performance of cogeneration cycle. In the present work a program is executed in software EES on the basis of mathematical modelling described in paper to study cogeneration cycle performance for different parameters. Results obtained are compared with the results available in literature and are found in good agreement with them. Real gas and water properties are inbuilt in the software. Results show that enthalpy of air entering the combustion chamber is higher than that of the flue gases at combustion chamber outlet. For different operative conditions, energy and exergy efficiencies follow similar trends; although, exergy efficiency values are always lower than the corresponding energy efficiency ones. From the results it is found that turbine outlet temperature (TIT) of 524°C is uniquely suited to efficient cogeneration cycle because it enables the transfer of heat from exhaust gas to the steam cycle to take place over a minimal temperature difference. This temperature range results in the maximum thermodynamic availability while operating with highest temperature and highest efficiency cogeneration cycle. Effect of cycle pressure ratio (CR), inlet air temperature (IAT) and water pressure at heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) inlet on the 30MW cogeneration cycle is also studied.

Solar thermal power system

DOEpatents

Bennett, Charles L.

2010-06-15

A solar thermal power generator includes an inclined elongated boiler tube positioned in the focus of a solar concentrator for generating steam from water. The boiler tube is connected at one end to receive water from a pressure vessel as well as connected at an opposite end to return steam back to the vessel in a fluidic circuit arrangement that stores energy in the form of heated water in the pressure vessel. An expander, condenser, and reservoir are also connected in series to respectively produce work using the steam passed either directly (above a water line in the vessel) or indirectly (below a water line in the vessel) through the pressure vessel, condense the expanded steam, and collect the condensed water. The reservoir also supplies the collected water back to the pressure vessel at the end of a diurnal cycle when the vessel is sufficiently depressurized, so that the system is reset to repeat the cycle the following day. The circuital arrangement of the boiler tube and the pressure vessel operates to dampen flow instabilities in the boiler tube, damp out the effects of solar transients, and provide thermal energy storage which enables time shifting of power generation to better align with the higher demand for energy during peak energy usage periods.

78 FR 34431 - Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Steam Electric Power Generating Point...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-07

...EPA is proposing a regulation that would strengthen the controls on discharges from certain steam electric power plants by revising technology-based effluent limitations guidelines and standards for the steam electric power generating point source category. Steam electric power plants alone contribute 50-60 percent of all toxic pollutants discharged to surface waters by all industrial categories currently regulated in the United States under the Clean Water Act. Furthermore, power plant discharges to surface waters are expected to increase as pollutants are increasingly captured by air pollution controls and transferred to wastewater discharges. This proposal, if implemented, would reduce the amount of toxic metals and other pollutants discharged to surface waters from power plants. EPA is considering several regulatory options in this rulemaking and has identified four preferred alternatives for regulation of discharges from existing sources. These four preferred alternatives differ with respect to the scope of requirements that would be applicable to existing discharges of pollutants found in two wastestreams generated at power plants. EPA estimates that the preferred options for this proposed rule would annually reduce pollutant discharges by 0.47 billion to 2.62 billion pounds, reduce water use by 50 billion to 103 billion gallons, cost $185 million to $954 million, and would be economically achievable.

Evaluation of thermodynamically favourable operating conditions for production of hydrogen in three different reforming technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seo, Y.-S.; Shirley, A.; Kolaczkowski, S. T.

With the aid of thermodynamic analysis using AspenPlus™, the characteristics of three different types of reforming process are investigated. These include: steam-methane reforming (SMR), partial oxidation (POX) and autothermal reforming (ATR). Thereby, favourable operating conditions are identified for each process. The optimum steam-to-carbon (S:C) ratio of the SMR reactor is found to be 1.9. The optimum air ratio of the POX reactor is 0.3 at a preheat temperature of 312 °C. The optimum air ratio and S:C ratio of the ATR reactor are 0.29 and 0.35, respectively at a preheat temperature of 400 °C. Simulated material and energy balances show that the CH 4 flow rates required to generate 1 mol s -1 of hydrogen are 0.364 mol s -1 for POX, 0.367 mol s -1 for ATR and 0.385 mol s -1 for the SMR. These results demonstrate that the POX reforming system has the lowest energy cost to produce the same amount of hydrogen from CH 4.

Modeling Heat and Moisture Transport in Steam-Cured Mortar: Application to Aashto Type Vi Beams.

PubMed

Hernández-Bautista, E; Sandoval-Torres, S; de J Cano-Barrita, P F; Bentz, D P

2017-10-01

During steam curing of concrete, temperature and moisture gradients are developed, which are difficult to measure experimentally and can adversely affect the durability of concrete. In this research, a model of cement hydration coupled to moisture and heat transport was used to simulate the process of steam curing of mortars with water-to-cement ( w/c ) ratios by mass of 0.30 and 0.45, considering natural convection boundary conditions in mortar and concrete specimens of AASHTO Type VI beams. The primary variables of the model were moisture content, temperature, and degree of hydration. Moisture content profiles of mortar specimens (40 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. The degree of hydration was obtained by mass-based measurements of loss on ignition to 1000 °C. The results indicate that the model correctly simulates the moisture distribution and degree of hydration in mortar specimens. Application of the model to the steam curing of an AASHTO Type VI beam indicates temperature differences (between the surface and the center) higher than 20 °C during the cooling stage, and internal temperatures higher than 70 °C that may compromise the durability of the concrete.

INCREASING HEAVY OIL RESERVES IN THE WILMINGTON OIL FIELD THROUGH ADVANCED RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION AND THERMAL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Unknown

2001-08-08

The objective of this project is to increase the recoverable heavy oil reserves within sections of the Wilmington Oil Field, near Long Beach, California, through the testing and application of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies. The hope is that successful application of these technologies will result in their implementation throughout the Wilmington Field and, through technology transfer, will be extended to increase the recoverable oil reserves in other slope and basin clastic (SBC) reservoirs. The existing steamflood in the Tar zone of Fault Block II-A (Tar II-A) has been relatively inefficient because of several producibility problems which aremore » common in SBC reservoirs: inadequate characterization of the heterogeneous turbidite sands, high permeability thief zones, low gravity oil and non-uniform distribution of the remaining oil. This has resulted in poor sweep efficiency, high steam-oil ratios, and early steam breakthrough. Operational problems related to steam breakthrough, high reservoir pressure, and unconsolidated sands have caused premature well and downhole equipment failures. In aggregate, these reservoir and operational constraints have resulted in increased operating costs and decreased recoverable reserves. A suite of advanced reservoir characterization and thermal production technologies are being applied during the project to improve oil recovery and reduce operating costs, including: (1) Development of three-dimensional (3-D) deterministic and stochastic reservoir simulation models--thermal or otherwise--to aid in reservoir management of the steamflood and post-steamflood phases and subsequent development work. (2) Development of computerized 3-D visualizations of the geologic and reservoir simulation models to aid reservoir surveillance and operations. (3) Perform detailed studies of the geochemical interactions between the steam and the formation rock and fluids. (4) Testing and proposed application of a novel alkaline-steam well completion technique for the containment of the unconsolidated formation sands and control of fluid entry and injection profiles. (5) Installation of a 2100 ft, 14 inch insulated, steam line beneath a harbor channel to supply steam to an island location. (6) Testing and proposed application of thermal recovery technologies to increase oil production and reserves: (a) Performing pilot tests of cyclic steam injection and production on new horizontal wells. (b) Performing pilot tests of hot water-alternating-steam (WAS) drive in the existing steam drive area to improve thermal efficiency. (7) Perform a pilot steamflood with the four horizontal injectors and producers using a pseudo steam-assisted gravity-drainage (SAGD) process. (8) Advanced reservoir management, through computer-aided access to production and geologic data to integrate reservoir characterization, engineering, monitoring and evaluation.« less

Simulation of existing gas-fuelled conventional steam power plant using Cycle Tempo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jamel, M. S.; Abd Rahman, A.; Shamsuddin, A. H.

2013-06-01

Simulation of a 200 MW gas-fuelled conventional steam power plant located in Basra, Iraq was carried out. The thermodynamic performance of the considered power plant is estimated by a system simulation. A flow-sheet computer program, "Cycle-Tempo" is used for the study. The plant components and piping systems were considered and described in detail. The simulation results were verified against data gathered from the log sheet obtained from the station during its operation hours and good results were obtained. Operational factors like the stack exhaust temperature and excess air percentage were studied and discussed, as were environmental factors, such as ambient air temperature and water inlet temperature. In addition, detailed exergy losses were illustrated and describe the temperature profiles for the main plant components. The results prompted many suggestions for improvement of the plant performance.

Code Development and Assessment for Reactor Outage Thermal-Hydraulic and Safety Analysis - Midloop Operation with Loss of Residual Heat Removal

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liang, Thomas K.S.; Ko, F.-K

Although only a few percent of residual power remains during plant outages, the associated risk of core uncovery and corresponding fuel overheating has been identified to be relatively high, particularly under midloop operation (MLO) in pressurized water reactors. However, to analyze the system behavior during outages, the tools currently available, such as RELAP5, RETRAN, etc., cannot easily perform the task. Therefore, a medium-sized program aiming at reactor outage simulation and evaluation, such as MLO with the loss of residual heat removal (RHR), was developed. All important thermal-hydraulic processes involved during MLO with the loss of RHR will be properly simulatedmore » by the newly developed reactor outage simulation and evaluation (ROSE) code. Important processes during MLO with loss of RHR involve a pressurizer insurge caused by the hot-leg flooding, reflux condensation, liquid holdup inside the steam generator, loop-seal clearance, core-level depression, etc. Since the accuracy of the pressure distribution from the classical nodal momentum approach will be degraded when the system is stratified and under atmospheric pressure, the two-region approach with a modified two-fluid model will be the theoretical basis of the new program to analyze the nuclear steam supply system during plant outages. To verify the analytical model in the first step, posttest calculations against the closed integral midloop experiments with loss of RHR were performed. The excellent simulation capacity of the ROSE code against the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research Integral System Test Facility (IIST) test data is demonstrated.« less

Nozzle dam having a unitary plug

DOEpatents

Veronesi, L.; Wepfer, R.M.

1992-12-15

Apparatus for sealing the primary-side coolant flow nozzles of a nuclear steam generator is disclosed. The steam generator has relatively small diameter manway openings for providing access to the interior of the steam generator including the inside surface of each nozzle, the manway openings having a diameter substantially less than the inside diameter of each nozzle. The apparatus includes a bracket having an outside surface for matingly sealingly engaging the inside surface of the nozzle. The bracket also has a plurality of openings longitudinally therethrough and a plurality of slots transversely therein in communication with each opening. A plurality of unitary plugs sized to pass through the manway opening are matingly sealingly disposed in each opening of the bracket for sealingly plugging each opening. Each plug includes a plurality of arms operable to engage the slots of the bracket for connecting each plug to the bracket, so that the nozzle is sealed as the plugs seal the openings and are connected to the bracket. 16 figs.

Optical Fiber Demodulation System with High Performance for Assessing Fretting Damage of Steam Generator Tubes

PubMed Central

Huang, Peijian; Wang, Ning; Li, Junying; Zhu, Yong; Zhang, Jie; Xi, Zhide

2018-01-01

In order to access the fretting damage of the steam generator tube (SGT), a fast fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) non-scanning correlation demodulation system based on a super luminescent light emitting diode (SLED) was performed. By demodulating the light signal coming out from the F-P force sensor, the radial collision force between the SGT and the tube support plate (TSP) was interrogated. For higher demodulation accuracy, the effects of the center wavelength, bandwidth, and spectrum noise of SLED were discussed in detail. Specially, a piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) modulation method was developed to get rid of the interference of mode coupling induced by different types of fiber optics in the demodulation system. The reflectivity of optical wedge and F-P sensor was optimized. Finally, the demodulation system worked well in a 1:1 steam generator test loop and successfully demodulated a force signal of 32 N with a collision time of 2 ms. PMID:29329225

Relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of Alloy 690 tubes for steam generators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diano, P.; Muggeo, A.; Van Duysen, J. C.; Guttmann, M.

1989-12-01

Alloy 690 is used to replace Alloy 600 for the fabrication of tubes for steam generators of french pressurized water nuclear reactors. In order to reduce the dispersion in tensile properties observed for the first Alloy 690 industrial tubes, and which had already been noticed for Alloy 600, a joint research programme has been carried out by Electricité de France (Département Etude des Matériaux) and Valinox Montbard. The dispersion in the tensile properties of the first industrial Alloy 690 tubes for PWR steam generators arises from two main factors: - a grain size dispersion which is in particular controlled by the carbon content and by the final heat treatment, - differences in the degree of strain hardening induced by the straightening process with rollers. An improvement of the fabrication processes which have an influence on these two factors has allowed to reduce considerably the dispersion of the tensile properties of the more recent series of tubes.

Nozzle dam having a unitary plug

DOEpatents

Veronesi, Luciano; Wepfer, Robert M.

1992-01-01

Apparatus for sealing the primary-side coolant flow nozzles of a nuclear steam generator. The steam generator has relatively small diameter manway openings for providing access to the interior of the steam generator including the inside surface of each nozzle, the manway openings having a diameter substantially less than the inside diameter of each nozzle. The apparatus includes a bracket having an outside surface for matingly sealingly engaging the inside surface of the nozzle. The bracket also has a plurality of openings longitudinally therethrough and a plurality of slots transversely therein in communication with each opening. A plurality of unitary plugs sized to pass through the manway opening are matingly sealingly disposed in each opening of the bracket for sealingly plugging each opening. Each plug includes a plurality of arms operable to engage the slots of the bracket for connecting each plug to the bracket, so that the nozzle is sealed as the plugs seal the openings and are connected to the bracket.

Recent operating experiences with steam generators in Japanese NPPs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yashima, Seiji

1997-02-01

In 1994, the Genkai-3 of Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. and the Ikata-3 of Shikoku Electric Power Co., Inc. started commercial operation, and now 22 PWR plants are being operated in Japan. Since the first PWR plant now 22 PWR plants are being operated in was started to operate, Japanese PWR plants have had an operating experience of approx. 280 reactor-years. During that period, many tube degradations have been experienced in steam generators (SGs). And, in 1991, the steam generator tube rupture (SGTR) occurred in the Mihama-2 of Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc. However, the occurrence of tube degradation ofmore » SGs has been decreased by the instructions of the MITI as regulatory authorities, efforts of Electric Utilities, and technical support from the SG manufacturers. Here the author describes the recent SGs in Japan about the following points. (1) Recent Operating Experiences (2) Lessons learned from Mihama-2 SGTR (3) SG replacement (4) Safety Regulations on SG (5) Research and development on SG.« less

Investigation of on-line chelant addition to PWR steam generators. Annual report, 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tvedt, T.J.; Wallace, S.L.; Griffin, F. Jr.

1982-11-01

The thermostability of both ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and hydroxyethylethylenediamininetriacetic acid (HEDTA) metal chelates in all volatile treatment water chemistry (AVT) was shown to be greater than or equal to thermostability of EDTA metal chelates in phosphate-sulfite water chemistry. HEDTA metal chelates were shown to have a much greater stability than EDTA metal chelates. Using samples taken from the EDTA metal chelate thermostability studies and samples from Commonwealth Research Corporation (CRC) model steam generators (MSG), EDTA decomposition products were determined. Active metal surfaces were shown to become passivated when exposed to EDTA and HEDTA concentrations as high as 0.1% w/w inmore » AVT. Trace amounts of iron in the water were found to increase the rate of passivation. Material balance and visual inspection data from CRC model steam generators showed that metal is being transported through and cleaning from the MSG's. EDTA metal chelates were removed from chelate solutions by passing the solutions over strong anion exchange resins.« less

Optical Fiber Demodulation System with High Performance for Assessing Fretting Damage of Steam Generator Tubes.

PubMed

Huang, Peijian; Wang, Ning; Li, Junying; Zhu, Yong; Zhang, Jie; Xi, Zhide

2018-01-12

In order to access the fretting damage of the steam generator tube (SGT), a fast fiber Fabry-Perot (F-P) non-scanning correlation demodulation system based on a super luminescent light emitting diode (SLED) was performed. By demodulating the light signal coming out from the F-P force sensor, the radial collision force between the SGT and the tube support plate (TSP) was interrogated. For higher demodulation accuracy, the effects of the center wavelength, bandwidth, and spectrum noise of SLED were discussed in detail. Specially, a piezoelectric ceramic transducer (PZT) modulation method was developed to get rid of the interference of mode coupling induced by different types of fiber optics in the demodulation system. The reflectivity of optical wedge and F-P sensor was optimized. Finally, the demodulation system worked well in a 1:1 steam generator test loop and successfully demodulated a force signal of 32 N with a collision time of 2 ms.