Response of Newly Established Slash Pine to Cultivation and Fertilization

Treesearch

A.E. Tiarks; J.D. Haywood

1981-01-01

Response of newly established slash pine to fertilization is increased if herbaceous plants are controlled. To find the amount of cultivation required in Louisiana, fertilized and unfertilized rows of planted pines were hand-hoed in a wedge-shaped pattern. By using this technique, the amount of cultivation was varied from none to complete. Slash pine growth was...

Building firelines with liquid explosive ... some preliminary results

Treesearch

John D. Dell; Franklin R. Ward

1970-01-01

Building firelines in logging slash or dense brush can be costly and hazardous. A new liquid explosive was tested in these and other forest fuel types, It proved effective in brush, understory vegetation, and light-medium slash, but was not effective in deep, heavy slash. Fireline construction by this technique shows promise, but will require more testing and...

Best management practices for erosion control from bladed skid trails

Treesearch

Charles R. Wade; W. Michael Aust; M. Chad Bolding; William A. Lakel III

2012-01-01

Sediment from forest operations is primarily associated with roads and skid trails. We evaluated five skid trail closure treatments applied to bladed skid trails in the Virginia Piedmont. Closure treatments were Waterbars, Seed, Mulch, Pine slash, and Hardwood slash. Sediment traps were used to collect monthly sediment samples for one year. The Mulch, Pine slash, and...

Modeling thinning in east Texas loblolly and slash pine plantations

Treesearch

Dean W. Coble

2013-01-01

A new thinning model was proposed for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm.) plantations in east Texas. The new model follows the index of suppression methodology introduced by Pienaar (1979). It was implemented in a new whole stand growth model for loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas (...

Enhancing the soil organic matter pool through biomass incorporation

Treesearch

Felipe G. Sanchez; Emily A. Carter; John F. Klepac

2003-01-01

A study was installed in the Upper Coastal Plain of South Carolina, USA that sought to examine the impact of incorporating downed slash materials into subsoil layers on soil chemical and physical properties as compared with the effect of slash materials left on the soil surface. Baseline levels of slash were estimated by establishing transects within harvested stands...

Slash disposal in oak-pine stands of southern New Jersey

Treesearch

S. Little; H. A. Somes

1949-01-01

Slash left from cutting operations in forest stands may have several important economic effects. It may kill established reproduction or provide unfavorable conditions for the establishment of new seedlings, thus preventing the restocking of the area with a desirable crop of timber. Slash may also create a serious fire hazard, providing fuel for intense fires that are...

Mineralogical and micromorphological modifications in soil affected by slash pile burn

Treesearch

M. M. Nobles; W. J. Massman; M. Mbila; G. Butters

2010-01-01

Silvicultural practices, such as slash pile burning, are commonly used for fire and ecosystem management. This management technique can drastically alter chemical, physical and biological soil properties due to the high temperatures achieved during the prolonged severe burn. Little is known, however, about the impact of high-temperature slash pile burning on soil...

Logging slash flammability after five years

Treesearch

George R. Fahnestock; John H. Dieterich

1962-01-01

This paper reports the final phase of research that has determined the flammability of slash for nine species of northern Rocky Mountain conifers at three ages. Visual characteristics, rate of fire spread, and fire intensity for 5-year-old slash were studied by essentially the same methods as had been used previously on freshly cut and 1-year-old material. Final...

Impacts of post-harvest slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests, northern Minnesota, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klockow, Paul A.; D'Amato, Anthony W.; Bradford, John B.

2013-01-01

Globally, there is widespread interest in using forest-derived biomass as a source of bioenergy. While conventional timber harvesting generally removes only merchantable tree boles, harvesting biomass feedstock can remove all forms of woody biomass (i.e., live and dead standing woody vegetation, downed woody debris, and stumps) resulting in a greater loss of biomass and nutrients as well as more severe habitat alteration. To investigate the potential impacts of this practice, this study examined the initial impacts (pre- and post-harvest) of various levels of slash and live-tree retention on biomass and nutrient stocks, including carbon (C), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and phosphorus (P), in Populus tremuloides Michx.-dominated forests of northern Minnesota, USA. Treatments examined included three levels of slash retention, whole-tree harvest (WTH), 20% slash retention (20SR), and stem-only harvest (SOH), factored with three levels of green-tree retention, no trees retained (NONE), dispersed retention (DISP), and aggregate retention (AGR). Slash retention was the primary factor affecting post-harvest biomass and nutrient stocks, including woody debris pools. Compared to the unharvested control, stocks of biomass, carbon, and nutrients, including N, Ca, K, and P, in woody debris were higher in all treatments. Stem-only harvests typically contained greater biomass and nutrient stocks than WTH, although biomass and nutrients within 20SR, a level recommended by biomass harvesting guidelines in the US and worldwide, generally did not differ from WTH or SOH. Biomass in smaller-diameter slash material (typically 2.5-22.5 cm in diameter) dominated the woody debris pool following harvest regardless of slash retention level. Trends among treatments in this diameter range were generally similar to those in the total woody debris pool. Specifically, SOH contained significantly greater amounts of biomass than WTH while 20SR was not different from either WTH or SOH. Within P. tremuloides systems, we observed high stocks of smaller diameter slash material for all prescribed slash retention treatments. Most notably, WTH retains much more material than anticipated, up to 50% of available slash. These results reflect the high levels of breakage during winter harvest operations in these stands and, consequently, warrant consideration when anticipating the impacts of biomass harvesting on woody debris pools. Further investigation is necessary to understand how deliberate slash retention levels and season-of-harvest impact woody debris in other forest systems.

Reproduction losses from slash disposal at the Challenge Experimental Forest

Treesearch

Dale O. Hall; Robert L. Neal

1963-01-01

Ponderosa pine, the preferred species, accounted for only 15 percent of the residual coniferous reproduction in seed-tree cuttings. Logging slash was machine-piled to encourage pine regeneration. Slash piling reduced the percentage of plots stocked with conifers from 38 to 12 percent. It destroyed 90 percent of the youngest seedlings but only 27 percent of the saplings...

Slash pine: still growing and growing! Proceedings of the slash pine symposium

Treesearch

E. David. Dickens; James P. Barnett; W.G. Hubbard; E.J. Jokela

2004-01-01

This volume presents the experiences of scientists and land managers over a 20-year period in managing southern pine ecosystems. In 17 research papers the authors explore a renewed interest in managing slash pine over its natural and expanded range, but particularly within the southeastern Coastal Plain, with a focus on that species' ability to produce high-grade...

Effects of Shallow Water Tables on Height Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Loblolly and Slash Pines

Treesearch

A.E. Tiarks; E. Shoulders

1982-01-01

In southern Mississippi, the heights of loblolly and slash pines at age 20 were positively correlated with the phosphorus content of the foliage and with depth in the soil to gray (chromas £2) mottles. Slash pine was taller than loblolly at equivalent levels of foliage phosphorus, but the rate of height increase as...

Condition and deterioration rate of precommercial thinning slash at False Island, Alaska.

Treesearch

Michael H. McClellan; Paul E. Hennon; Patrick G. Heuer; Kenneth W. Coffin

2014-01-01

We examined slash from thinning treatments in a 21-year chronosequence of young-growth stands in southeast Alaska to determine the strength and persistence of slash effects on two key features of deer habitat quality: forage availability and deer mobility within thinned areas. We describe the main deterioration processes and their dynamics over time. We measured wood...

Reducing fire hazard in ponderosa pine thinning slash by mechanical crushing

Treesearch

John R. Dell; Franklin R. Ward

1969-01-01

Precommercial thinning in ponderosa pine stands in the Western United States is a growing practice. Thinning slash can, however, be a serious fire hazard in dry areas. Crushing and compacting this slash may be one way of reducing the hazard. Three types of mechanical crushers were tested on the Deschutes National Forest, Oregon. Results indicate that at least one of...

Merits of using mechanical treatments to stimulate cone production of slash and longleaf pine

Treesearch

James P. Barnett

1993-01-01

four mechanical treatments (untreated, partial girdling in the spring, partial girdling in summer, and banding in spring) stimulated cone production of pole-sized slash and longleaf pines. A 2- to 3-fold increase in slash pine seed production was limited to the first crop originating after the treatments were applied. However, the treatments killed half the longleaf...

Growth and Yield of Slash Pine Plantations

Treesearch

Frank A. Bennett

1963-01-01

Although slash pine has the most limited range of the major southern pines, more has been planted than any other southern pine, or for that matter, than any timber species in North America. More acres of planted slash pine are also approaching a merchantable condition than any other species, even though the bulk of the plantings has been in the last 20 years....

Mass production of shortleaf x slash pine hybrids by pollinating unbagged female flowers

Treesearch

Philip C. Wakeley; O.O. Wells; T.E. Campbell

1966-01-01

A simple method of mass-producing shortleaf x slash pine hybrids was attempted. Large quantities of slash pine pollen were spread on unbagged shortleaf flowers in the hope of recovering a high percentage of hybrid progeny and thus materially reducing the cost of producing such hybrids by conventional controlled pollination. The hybrid is very promising, but, as Snyder...

Preliminary study on flakeboard panels made from aspen slash wood

Treesearch

Yan Yu; Alan Rudie; Zhiyong Cai

2010-01-01

The disposal of forest-thinning residue is one of the major problems for sustainable forest management. The purpose of this study was to investigate the technical possibility of utilizing aspen logging slash wood with a diameter ranging from 50 to 76 mm for flakeboard production. Influences of weight ratio between slash wood and commercial flakes on the selected...

Performance of Species-Reciprocal Hybrids Between Slash and Shortleaf Pines

Treesearch

O.O. Wells

1978-01-01

Hybrids between shortleaf and slash pine were made by controlled pollination with each species used alternatively as the female parent. Hybrids with shortleaf as the female parent survived planting better than those with slash as the female parent. In all other respects-height, d.b.h., and resistance to diseases and insects-the species used as female parent did not...

Poor Aeration Curtails Slash Pine Root Growth and Nutrient Uptake

Treesearch

Eugene Shoulders

1976-01-01

Slash pine may absorb nutrients and water best in spring and early summer because soil moisture, soil aeration, and temperature are apparently optimum at this time. One-year-old slash pine seedlings maintained at a high oxygen level grew about 1% times as many roots as were produced at a low oxygen level. No other environmental conditions significantly influenced root...

Slash smoke dispersal over western Oregon...a case study

Treesearch

John D. Dell; Franklin R. Ward; Robert E. Lynott

1970-01-01

Smoke from slash burns in the Cascade Mountains during a 3-day period ofstable air conditions at lower elevations in October 1969 added little to existing air pollution in the Willamette Valley, in western Oregon. Aerial observations and weather data analysis determined that slash smoke dispersed eastward — away from the Valley. Studies of this type can help improve...

Hydraulic Spray Applications of Insecticides for the Control of Slash Pine Cone and Seed Insects

Treesearch

Edward P. Merkel

1964-01-01

Field spray tests were conducted from 1959 to 1961 in north Florida to evaluate the effectiveness of hydraulic spray applications of BHC, Guthion, and DDT for the control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., and the slash pine seedworm, Laspeyresia anaranjada. Slash pines up to 40 feet in total height were protected from coneworm attack...

Loblolly pine growth and soil nutrient stocks eight years after forest slash incorporation

Treesearch

Felipe G. Sanchez; Emily A. Carter; Zakiya H. Leggett

2009-01-01

Incorporation of forest slash during stand establishment is proposed as a means of increasing soil carbon and nutrient stocks. If effective, the increased soil carbon and nutrient status may result in increased aboveground tree growth. Eight years after study installation, the impact of forest slash incorporation into the soil on soil carbon and nutrient stocks, foliar...

Slash pine: characteristics, history, status, and trends

Treesearch

James P. Barnett; Raymond M. Sheffield

2004-01-01

Slash pine is the premier tree species on many sites throughout the South. Its ease of establishment and early growth, however, has extended its range to many sites where its performance has been less than ideal. For that reason, the acreage and volume of slash pine are declining. Nonetheless, it will continue to be the favored species on many sites where it is the...

Scar markers in a longleaf pine x slash pine F1 family

Treesearch

C. Weng; Thomas L. Kubisiak; M. Stine

1998-01-01

Sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) markers were derived from random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) that segregate in a longleaf pine x slash pine F1 family. Nine RAPD fragments, five from longleaf pine and four from slash pine, were cloned and end sequenced. A total of 13 SCAR primer pairs, with lengths between 17 and 24...

Rehabilitating slash pile burn scars in upper montane forests of the Colorado Front Range

Treesearch

Paula J. Fornwalt; Charles C. Rhoades

2011-01-01

Slash pile burning is widely conducted by land managers to dispose of unwanted woody fuels, yet this practice typically has undesirable ecological impacts. Simple rehabilitation treatments may be effective at ameliorating some of the negative impacts of pile burning on plants and soils. Here, we investigated: (1) the impacts of slash pile burning on soil nitrogen and...

Performance of Slash Pine Bare-Root Seedlings and Containerized Rooted Cuttings Planted on Five Dates in Louisiana

Treesearch

Alper Akgul; Michael G. Messina; Alan Wilson; Joe Weber

2004-01-01

Landowners are interested in extending the normal planting season, as well as the comparative field performance, of nursery bare-root seedlings and containerized rooted cuttings. The effect of seasonal planting dates on field performance of two stock types of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) was examined. Slash pine bare-root seedlings (BRS) and...

Fusiform-Rust-Hazard Maps for Loblolly and Slash Pines

Treesearch

Robert L. Anderson; Thomas C. McCartney; Noel D. Cost; Hugh Devine; Martin Botkin

1988-01-01

Rust-hazard saps made from Forest Inventory and Analysis plot data show that fusiform rust on slash pine is most common in north-central Florida, in southeastern Georgia, and in areas north of slash pine's natural range. On loblolly pine, the disease is most common in central and southeastern Georgia and in portions of South Carolina. These maps show the general...

Microbial community structure and activity in a Colorado Rocky Mountain forest soil scarred by slash pile burning

Treesearch

Aida E. Jimenez Esquilin; Mary E. Stromberger; William J. Massman; John M. Frank; Wayne D. Shepperd

2007-01-01

Tree thinning and harvesting produces large amounts of slash material which are typically disposed of by burning, often resulting in severe soil heating. We measured soil chemical properties and microbial community structure and function over time to determine effects of slash pile burning in a ponderosa pine forest soil. Real time data were collected for soil...

Slash pile burning effects on soil biotic and chemical properties and plant establishment: Recommendations for amelioration

Treesearch

Julie E. Korb; Nancy C. Johnson; W. W. Covington

2004-01-01

Ponderosa pine forest restoration consists of thinning trees and reintroducing prescribed fire to reduce unnaturally high tree densities and fuel loads to restore ecosystem structure and function. A current issue in ponderosa pine restoration is what to do with the large quantity of slash that is created from thinning dense forest stands. Slash piling burning is...

Visual Basic Growth-and-Yield Models With A Merchandising Optimizer For Planted Slash and Loblolly Pine in the West Gulf Region

Treesearch

R.L. Busby; S.J. Chang; P.R. Pasala; J.C.G. Goelz

2004-01-01

We developed two growth-and-yield models for thinned and unthinned plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.). The models, VB Merch-Slash and VB Merch-Lob, can be used to forecast product volumes and stand values for stands partitioned into 1-inch diameter-at...

Validation of Volume and Taper Equations For Loblolly Shortleaf and Slash Pine

Treesearch

Allan E. Tiarks; V. Clark Baldwin

1999-01-01

Inside-bark diameter measurements at 6.64 intervals of 137 loblolly, 52 shortleaf, and 64 slash pines were used to calculate the actual volume and taper of each species for comparison with volumes and tapers predicted from published equations. The loblolly pine were cut in Texas (TX) and Louisiana (LA) while the shortleaf was sampled only in TX. The slash pine were...

Use of a generalized sigmoid growth function to predict site index for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in East Texas

Treesearch

Dean W. Coble; Young-Jin Lee

2006-01-01

A generalized sigmoid growth function was used in this study to model site index (SI) for unmanaged or lowintensity managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii, Engelm.) plantations in east Texas. Schnute's growth function was fit to 11,367 and 5,040 height-age observations of loblolly and slash...

Slash Incorporation for Amelioration of Site, Soil and Hydrologic Properties on Pocosins and Wet Flats in North Carolina

Treesearch

William A. Lakel; W. Michael Aust; Emily A. Carter; Bryce J. Stokes; Felipe G. Sanchez

1999-01-01

It was hypothesized that mulching and incorporation of slash as part of site preparation treatments could affect soil water characteristics. Two forested wetland sites, an organic pocosin and a mineral wet flat. located in the lower coastal plain of North Carolina, were selected for treatments. Treatments consisted of slash mulching and incorporation in comoinations...

Distribution of Slash and Litter After Wet- and Dry-Site Harvesting of Loblolly Pine Plantations

Treesearch

Mark H. Eisenbies; James A. Burger; Yi-Jun Xu; Steve Patterson

2002-01-01

Displacement of logging slash and forest floor litter in the process of harvesting can interfere with forest nutrient cycling and can modify soil climate in ways that could affect regeneration success and forest productivity. The objective of this study was to assess a visual method for estimating organic matter and slash biomass residues following a typical feller-...

Timing of slash burning with the seed crop—a case history.

Treesearch

Roy R. Silen

1952-01-01

Studies by Isaac indicate that regeneration to Douglas-fir following logging often fails because a good seed crop is destroyed in the slash fire. To prevent this loss during a good seed year, early burning before seed fall starts has been recommended. If early burning is too hazardous, only the concentrations of slash should be burned later in the fall. In contrast,...

Slash disposal burns in pine patch-cuttings...a dialogue

Treesearch

Dale O. Hall

1967-01-01

Since 1963, there have been 17 slash disposal burns carried out successfully in pine patch-cuttings on the Challenge Experimental Forest, Yuba County, California. The burned units ranged from 2 to 46 acres. Costs per acre ranged from $8.42 to $60.97. Answers to questions most asked by foresters about broadcast burning pine slash are given in the form of a dialogue....

Comparison of Maximum Likelihood Estimation Approach and Regression Approach in Detecting Quantitative Trait Lco Using RAPD Markers

Treesearch

Changren Weng; Thomas L. Kubisiak; C. Dana Nelson; James P. Geaghan; Michael Stine

1999-01-01

Single marker regression and single marker maximum likelihood estimation were tied to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the early height growth of longleaf pine and slash pine using a ((longleaf pine x slash pine) x slash pine) BC, population consisting of 83 progeny. Maximum likelihood estimation was found to be more power than regression and could...

Influence of slash burning on regeneration, other plant cover, and fire hazard in the Douglas-fir region (a progress report).

Treesearch

William G. Morris

1958-01-01

In the Douglas-fir region, is slash burning ultimately good or bad practice? During the early 1940's whenever a group of foresters, met to discuss management or silviculture of that region, they usually debated this question. Until then they had burned slash in most clear cuttings east of the narrow coastal fog belt as accepted practice. Fire...

Survival of slash pine having fusiform rust disease varies with year of first stem infection and severity

Treesearch

R.C. Froelich; Ronald C. Schmidtling

1998-01-01

Probabilities of death of young slash pine infected by fusiform rust pathogen varied with timing and severity of infection. Trees in nine slash pine plantations varying widely in site quality and initial number of trees per acre had similar probabilities of death from rust. About 90 percent of trees with stem infections in the first three growing seasons died by age 15...

Slash pine regeneration and groundcover responses following harvesting in hydric flatwoods

Treesearch

Kimberly Bohn; Ajay Sharma

2016-01-01

As part of a long term project assessing different strategies for converting slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantations to uneven-aged, multifunctional forests, we evaluated the effects of five different harvest methods (group selection, shelterwood, third row thin, ‘cut 2 leave 3’ row thin, and staggered third row thin) on natural regeneration of slash pine and...

Science You Can Use Bulletin: Slash from the past: Rehabilitating pile burn scars

Treesearch

Sue Miller; Chuck Rhoades; Liz Schnackenberg; Paula Fornwalt; Eric Schroder

2015-01-01

In the National Forests of northern Colorado, there is a backlog of over 140,000 slash piles slated to be burned, most of them coming from post-mountain pine beetle salvage logging and hazard reduction treatments. Burning slash piles can create openings in the forest that remain treeless for over 50 years, and can also have the short-term impacts of increasing nutrient...

Slash-and-burn farmers: villains or victims?

PubMed

Rambo, T

1990-01-01

Slash and burn farmers in southeast Asia are blamed for deforestation and are considered backward or ignorant. Efforts have been made by agricultural development experts to urge farmers to switch to fixed field methods. Slash and burn methods are used in upland areas with steep slopes, low soil fertility, and unpredictable natural hazards in order to allow survival in an environment made difficult for cultivation by other methods. Slash and burn farmers may be stable or migratory and use rotational or pioneering methods. Rotational methods involve clearing and burning a new plot every year, and then allowing regeneration of forest for 10-20 years. When population density is 40/square km, this method does not degrade the environment. Pioneering involves clearance of primary forest, cultivation for several years until soil fertility is destroyed, and then replacement with low productivity "imperata cylindrica grass." Pioneering tends to cause long-term environmental degradation. Humid tropic soils tend toward infertility, and in many areas of southeast Asia the soils are nutrient-poor and acidic. Ash from burning also reduces soil acidity. In northeast Thailand, 454 kg of calcium are released from burning one hectare of mature forest. The advantages are affordable natural fertilization and freedom from technical experts and imported spare parts. Frequent rotation also helps to expand the crops and provide disease protection. Population densities, competition for scarce resources, and social and economic pressures make the slash and burn technique inappropriate. As yet unavailable alternative farming techniques are needed which take advantage of slash and burn benefits. Slash and burn farmers are victims of deforestation even though they may appear to be the villains.

Phenotypic analysis of first-year traits in a pseudo-backcross {(slash x loblolly) x slash} and the ope-pollinated families of the pure-species progenitors

Treesearch

Patricio R. Munoz Del Valle; Dudley A. Huber; John R. Butnor

2011-01-01

A single test, including one pseudo-backcross (Pinus elliottii x Pinus taeda) x P. elliottii and openpollinated families of the pure species progenitors, was established in North Central Florida in December 2007 to study the transfer of the fast-growing characteristics from a P. taeda L. (loblolly pine) parent into the P. elliottii Engelm. (slash pine) background....

Consequences of bioenergy wood extraction for landscape-level availability of habitat for dead wood-dependent organisms.

PubMed

Hiron, Matthew; Jonsell, Mats; Kubart, Ariana; Thor, Göran; Schroeder, Martin; Dahlberg, Anders; Johansson, Victor; Ranius, Thomas

2017-08-01

Stumps and slash resulting from forest clearcutting is used as a source of low-net-carbon energy, but there are concerns about the consequences of biofuel extraction on biodiversity. Logging residues constitute potentially important habitats, since a large part of forest biodiversity is dependent on dead wood. Here we used snapshot field data from a managed forest landscape (25 000 ha) to predict landscape scale population changes of dead wood dependent organisms after extraction of stumps and slash after clearcutting. We did this by estimating habitat availability for all observed dead wood-dependent beetles, macrofungi, and lichens (380 species) in the whole landscape. We found that 53% of species occurred in slash or stumps. For most species, population declines after moderate extraction (≤30%) were small (<10% decline) because they mainly occur on other dead wood types. However, some species were only recorded in slash and stumps. Red listed species were affected by slash and stump extraction (12 species), but less often than other species. Beetles and fungi were more affected by stump extraction, while lichens were more affected by slash extraction. For beetles and lichens, extraction of a combination of spruce, pine and birch resulted in larger negative effects than if only extracting spruce, while for fungi tree species had little effect. We conclude that extensive extraction decreases the amount of habitat to such extent that it may have negative consequences on species persistence at the landscape level. The negative consequences can be limited by extracting only slash, or only logging residues from spruce stands. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Long term consequences of a controlled slash burn and slash mastication to soil moisture and CO2 at a southern Colorado site

Treesearch

W. J. Massman; J. M. Frank; A. E. Jimenez Esquilin; M. E. Stromberger; W. D. Shepperd

2006-01-01

Thinning of forest stands is frequently used to reduce the risk of catastrophic fire. But thinning requires that the refuse (or slash) be removed from the site, which can be done either by burning it or by mastication and dispersal. Either method has long term consequences to the soil and to soil moisture and soil CO2 levels. For example, after the initial drying of...

Aerial sampling of emissions from biomass pile burns in ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matter (PM2.5 µm), black carbon, ultraviolet absorbing PM, elemental/organic carbon, semi-volatile organics (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans), filter-based metals, and volatile organics were sampled for determination of emission factors. The effect on emissions from covering or not covering piles with polyethylene sheets to prevent fuel wetting was determined. Results showed that the uncovered (“wet”) piles burned with lower combustion efficiency and higher emissions of volatile organic compounds. Results for other pollutants will also be discussed. This work determined the emissions from open burning of forest slash wood, with and without plastic sheeting. The foresters advocate the use of plastic to keep the slash wood dry and aid in the controlled combustion of the slash to reduce fuel loading. Concerns about the emissions from the burning plastic prompted this work which conducted an extensive characterization of dry, wet, and dry with plastic slash pile emissions.

Wounding patterns and human performance in knife attacks: optimising the protection provided by knife-resistant body armour.

PubMed

Bleetman, A; Watson, C H; Horsfall, I; Champion, S M

2003-12-01

Stab attacks generate high loads, and to defeat them, armour needs to be of a certain thickness and stiffness. Slash attacks produce much lower loads and armour designed to defeat them can be far lighter and more flexible. Phase 1: Human performance in slash attacks: 87 randomly selected students at the Royal Military College of Science were asked to make one slash attack with an instrumented blade on a vertically mounted target. No instructions on how to slash the target were given. The direction, contact forces and velocity of each attack were recorded. Phase 2: Clinical experience with edged weapon attacks: The location and severity of all penetrating injuries in patients attending the Glasgow Royal Infirmary between 1993 and 1996 were charted on anatomical figures. Phase 1: Two types of human slash behaviour were evident: a 'chop and drag' blow and a 'sweep motion' type of attack. 'Chop and drag' attacks had higher peak forces and velocities than sweep attacks. Shoulder to waist blows (diagonal) accounted for 82% of attacks, 71% of attackers used a long diagonal slash with an average cut length of 34 cm and 11% used short diagonal attacks with an average cut length of 25 cm. Only 18% of attackers slashed across the body (short horizontal); the average measured cut length of this type was 28 cm. The maximum peak force for the total sample population was 212 N; the maximum velocity was 14.88 m s(-1). The 95 percentile force for the total sample population was 181 N and the velocity was 9.89 m s(-1). Phase 2: 431 of the 500 patients had been wounded with edged weapons. The average number of wounds sustained by victims in knife assaults was 2.4. The distribution of wounds by frequency and severity are presented. Anti-slash protection is required for the arms, neck, shoulders, and thighs. The clinical experience of knife-attack victims provides information on the relative vulnerabilities of different regions of the body. It is anticipated that designing a tunic-type of Police uniform that is inherently stab and slash resistant will eventually replace the current obvious and often bulky extra protective vest. Attempts at making a combined garment will need to be guided by ergonomic considerations and field testing. A similar anatomical regional risk model might also be appropriate in the design of anti-ballistic armour and combined anti-ballistic and knife-resistant armour.

33 CFR 5.47 - Auxiliary ensign.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the Auxiliary ensign is medium blue (Coast Guard blue) with a broad diagonal white slash upon which a matching blue Coast Guard Auxiliary emblem is centered. The white slash shall be at a 70 degree angle...

33 CFR 5.47 - Auxiliary ensign.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the Auxiliary ensign is medium blue (Coast Guard blue) with a broad diagonal white slash upon which a matching blue Coast Guard Auxiliary emblem is centered. The white slash shall be at a 70 degree angle...

33 CFR 5.47 - Auxiliary ensign.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the Auxiliary ensign is medium blue (Coast Guard blue) with a broad diagonal white slash upon which a matching blue Coast Guard Auxiliary emblem is centered. The white slash shall be at a 70 degree angle...

33 CFR 5.47 - Auxiliary ensign.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the Auxiliary ensign is medium blue (Coast Guard blue) with a broad diagonal white slash upon which a matching blue Coast Guard Auxiliary emblem is centered. The white slash shall be at a 70 degree angle...

33 CFR 5.47 - Auxiliary ensign.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the Auxiliary ensign is medium blue (Coast Guard blue) with a broad diagonal white slash upon which a matching blue Coast Guard Auxiliary emblem is centered. The white slash shall be at a 70 degree angle...

Microbiological soil properties after logging and slash burning.

Treesearch

Ernest Wright

1957-01-01

Considerable study has been made of the effects of logging and slash burning on chemical and physical properties of forest soils. However, little is known of the effect of such operations on microbiological properties.

Lipid composition of slash pine tissue cultures grown with lunar and earth soils

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Laseter, J. L.; Weete, J. D.; Baur, P. S.; Walkinshaw, C. H.

1973-01-01

Lipid analyses were conducted on slash pine tissues grown in culture in the presence of lunar (Apollo 15) and earth soils. Significant reductions in the total lipids, fatty acids, and sterol components were found in the tissues grown in contact with each of the soils employed when compared to the control. Tissues grown with lunar soil showed the greatest reductions. These results are discussed with respect to previous ultrastructural studies on similarly treated slash pine tissues and lipid analyses on tobacco tissue cultures.

Biomass and nutrient dynamics associated with slash fires in neotropical dry forests

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kauffman, J.B.; Cummings, D.L.; Sanford, R.L. Jr.

1993-01-01

Unprecedented rates of deforestation and biomass burning in tropical dry forests are dramatically influencing biogeochemical cycles, resulting in resource depletion, declines in biodiversity, and atmospheric pollution. We quantified the effects of deforestation and varying levels of slash-fire severity on nutrient losses and redistribution in a second-growth tropical dry forest ([open quotes]Caatinga[close quotes]) near Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil. Total aboveground biomass prior to burning was [approx]74 Mg/ha. Nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were highest in litter, leaves attached to slash, and fine wood debris (

Early Yields Of Slash Pine Planted On a Cutover Site At Various Spacings

Treesearch

W.F. Mann

1971-01-01

Tabulates basal areas, cordwood and cubic-foot volumes, average d.b.h., and diameter distributions for 14-year-old slash pine planted in central Louisiana. Also gives regression equations developed to predict these parameters.

Tests of an experimental slash ignition unit

Treesearch

James L. Murphy; Harry E. Schimke

1965-01-01

A prototype ignition package containing an incendiary powder and designed for slash and brush burning jobs showed some promise, but the unit tested was not superior to such conventional devices as fusees, diesel backpack type flamethrowers, Very pistols, and drip torches.

User's Guide for SeedCalc: A Decision-Support System for Integrated Pest Management in Slash Pine Seed Orchards

Treesearch

Carl W. Fatzinger; Wayne N. Dixon

1996-01-01

SeedCalc, a decision-support system designed for use on personal computers, evaluates the consequences of different pest management strategies in slash pine (Pinus ellliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchards.

Harvesting Costs For Mechanized Thinning Systems In Slash Pine Plantations

Treesearch

James E. Granskog

1978-01-01

Harvesting costs of four tree harvester systems are estimated for row thinning slash pine plantations. Systems incorporating a full-tree type harvester had lower harvesting costs per cord than shortwood and tree-length harvester systems in 15-year-old plantations.

Variation among slash pine families in chlorophyll fluorescence traits

Treesearch

Anita C. Koehn; James H. Roberds; Robert L. Doudrick

2003-01-01

Abstract: Photochemical quenching, nonphotochemical quenching, and yield of photosystem II were measured on seedlings of full-sibling, open-, and self-pollinated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) families. Our results reveal that genetic variation in photochemical quenching and yield of...

Emissions from prescribed burning of timber slash piles in Oregon.

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash (Douglas fir) in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matte...

A Comparison of Yield Studies of Slash Pine in Old-Field Plantations

Treesearch

F.A. Bennett; R. L. Barnes; J.L. Clutter; C.E. McGee

1970-01-01

This report compares three yield studies of slash pine in old-field plantation. Similarities and differences in yield are disccssed. Within the range of sample data common to all studies, yield estimates are similar; major difierences occur only in extrapolated values.

Slash pine plantation site index curves for the West Gulf

Treesearch

Stanley J. Zarnoch; D.P. Feduccia

1984-01-01

New slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm) plantation site index curves have been developed for the West Gulf. The guide curve is mathematically simpler than other available models, tracks the data well, and is more biologically reasonable outside the range of data.

Stereo photos for evaluating jack pine slash fuels.

Treesearch

Richard W. Blank

1982-01-01

Describes a quick, visual method for estimating jack pine logging residue and other fuels. The method uses a series of large color photographs and stereo pairs as well as data sheets that detail size classes and loadings of the logging slash and other fuels.

Ten-year growth of planted slash pine after thinnings

Treesearch

Hans G. Enghardt; W.F. Mann

1972-01-01

volume growth of slash pine between ages 17 and 27 years was directly related to residual basal area per acre after thinning. Diameter growth was inversely related to stand density, and very heavy cutting was required to attain a rate of 3 inches in 10 years.

Slash application reduces soil erosion in steep-sloped piñon-juniper woodlands

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Mitigating runoff and associated erosion is a fundamental challenge for sustainable management of rangelands. Hillslope runoff and erosion are strongly influenced by ground cover, thus, a strategic management option exists to increase cover with slash from woody plant removal activities particularl...

Moisture stress affects germination of longleaf and slash pine seeds

Treesearch

James P. Barnett

1969-01-01

Osmotic stresses greater than 8 atm markedly reduced germination of both Pinus palustris Mill. P. elliotii Engelm. seeds. At stresses of 18 or more atm, no germination occurred. Moisture content at the onset of germination was twice as high in longleaf as in slash pine seeds.

Nonlethal Thrips Damage to Slash Pine Flowers Reduces Seed Yields

Treesearch

Gary L. DeBarr; John A. Williams

1971-01-01

Nonlethal damage to female flowers of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) by a thrips, Gnophothrips fuscus Morgan, was examined a Florida seed orchard. Thrips-damaged flowers developed into crooked mature cones with areas of sunken, deformed cone scales. Damaged cones were significantly shorter, yielded fewer total seed and...

Mechanized row-thinning systems in slash pine plantations

Treesearch

Walter C. Anderson; James E. Granskog

1974-01-01

Over the next decade or two, most of the 15 to 20 million acres of pine plantations in the South will become ready for a first commercial thinning. The magnitude and nature of the job is illustrated by the situation in slash pine-the most extensively planted of the southern pines.

Slash prediction: a test in commercial thinnings in northeasrern California

Treesearch

C. Phillip Weatherspoon; Gary O. Fiddler

1984-01-01

Two slash prediction handbooks commonly used in California do not use data from California. To test predictions of the handbooks in northeastern California, logging residues from commercially thinned young-growth stands were surveyed. Measured residues were compared to handbook predictions. Species represented were ponderosa pine, California white fir, California red...

40 CFR 63.4281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., sheets, tents, threads and V-belts. The coating and printing subcategory includes any fabric or other... subcategory includes any operation with slashing operations as defined in § 63.4371. In the slashing process... threads. (b) You are subject to this subpart if you own or operate a new, reconstructed, or existing...

40 CFR 63.4281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., sheets, tents, threads and V-belts. The coating and printing subcategory includes any fabric or other... subcategory includes any operation with slashing operations as defined in § 63.4371. In the slashing process... threads. (b) You are subject to this subpart if you own or operate a new, reconstructed, or existing...

Species comparison of the physical properties of loblolly and slash pine wood and bark

Treesearch

Thomas L. Eberhardt; Joseph Dahlen; Laurence Schimleck

2017-01-01

Composition of the southern pine forest is now predominated by two species, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), owing to fire suppression activities, natural regeneration on abandoned agricultural lands, and extensive planting. Comparison of the wood and bark physical properties of these...

Defoliation effects on growth and mortality of three young southern pine species

Treesearch

David R. Weise; Dale D. Wade; Ragnar W. Johansen; Haiganoush K. Preisler; David C. Combs; Edward E. Ach

2016-01-01

Foliage from loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm.), and longleaf (P. palustris Mill.) pines was hand plucked to isolate the effects of level and timing of foliage removal on growth and mortality. Slash and loblolly pine received one of five defoliation treatments during one of four months...

Genetic recombinational and physical linkage analyses on slash pine

Treesearch

Rob Doudrick

1996-01-01

Slash pine is native to the southeastern USA, but is commercially valuable world-wide as a timber-,fiber- and resin-producing species. Breeding objectives emphasize selection for fusiform rust disease resistance. Identification of markers linked to genetic factors conditioning specificity should expand our knowledge of disease development. Towards this end, random...

Spacing and slash pine quality timber prodution

Treesearch

Frank A. Bennett

1969-01-01

Cubic volume production as related to spacing in planted slash pine (Pinus etliottii var. elliottii) is well understood. Yield increases as number of surviving trees per acre increases, although at a diminishing rate after a certain point. It is also well known that wider spacings, 200 to 400 trees per acre, are necessary for...

Moisture Content Influences Ignitability of Slash Pine Litter

Treesearch

Winfred H. Blackmarr

1972-01-01

The influence of moisture content on the ignitability of slash pine litter was measured by dropping lighted matches onto fuel beds conditioned to different levels of moisture content.The percentage of matches igniting the fuel bed was used to indicate ignition probability at each moisture content. The "critical range" of fuel moisture contents within which...

Preparing sites for pine plantings in South Florida

Treesearch

James W. McMinn

1969-01-01

Typical slash pine and South Florida slash pine were planted on prepared flatwoods sites at three Florida locations. Site preparation treatments were burning, strip-chopping, double-chopping, clearing, and bedding. Results through the fifth year show that bedding provided the most favorable site for early growth, and that properly planted seedlings survived no better...

Decline in Values of Slash Pine Stands Infected with Fusiform Rust

Treesearch

F.E. Bridgwater; W.D. Smith

2002-01-01

Losses in product values due tofusiform rust, caused by Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme, were estimated from four, 2.5-yr-old slash pine, Pinus elliotii Engelm., plantations planted in southern Mississippi over a range of sites with different growth potential and expected rust infection levels. The...

Pine growth and plant community response to chemical vs. mechanical site preparation for establishing loblolly and slash pine

Treesearch

James H. Miller; Zhijuan Qiu

1995-01-01

Chemical and mechanical site preparation methods were studied for establishing loblolly (Pinus taeda L) and slash (P. elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) pine following both integrated fuelwood-pulpwood harvesting and conventional whole-tree harvesting of pines and hardwoods in southem Alabama's Middle Coastal...

An Integrated Approach Toward Reducing Losses from Fusiform Rust in Merchantable Slash and Loblolly Pine Plantations

Treesearch

Roger P. Belanger; Thomas Miller; Stanley J. Zarnoch; Stephen W. Fraedrich; John F. Godbee

2000-01-01

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the selective thinning of trees with rust galls as a means of reducing losses to the fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) disease in merchantable slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and...

Heritability and Seasonal Changes in Viscosity of Slash Pine Oleoresin

Treesearch

Robert D. McReynolds

1971-01-01

Oleoresin viscosity was measured in slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) trees of known genetic origin over a 1-year period. A strong broad-sense heritability of this trait was found. Seasonal variation followed a definite pattern, with the highest viscosities occurring in early spring and a gradual decline occurring in...

Small topographic differences affect slash pine response to site preparation and fertilization

Treesearch

James D. Haywood

1983-01-01

On a Wrightsville-Vidrine silt loam flatwoods in southwest Louisiana, six-year-old slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) planted on the better drained Vidrine-pimple mounds Vidrine-like ridges were nearly four times larger than pines planted in the poorly drained Wrightsville depressions. Site preperation treatments...

Adjusting slash pine growth and yield for silvicultural treatments

Treesearch

Stephen R. Logan; Barry D. Shiver

2006-01-01

With intensive silvicultural treatments such as fertilization and competition control now commonplace in today's slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantations, a method to adjust current growth and yield models is required to accurately account for yield increases due to these practices. Some commonly used ad-hoc methods, such as raising site...

Logging slash flammability

Treesearch

George R. Fahnestock

1960-01-01

Some of the most disastrous forest fires in North American history burned in slash left from logging and land clearing. In the era before organized fire control, the names Miramichi, Peshtigo, Hinckley, and Cloquet stand for millions of acres blackened and thousands of lives snuffed out. More recently the Half Moon Fire in Montana, the Tillamook Fire in Oregon, the...

Tropical soils degraded by slash-and-burn cultivation can be recultivated when amended with ashes and compost.

PubMed

Gay-des-Combes, Justine Marie; Sanz Carrillo, Clara; Robroek, Bjorn Jozef Maria; Jassey, Vincent Eric Jules; Mills, Robert Thomas Edmund; Arif, Muhammad Saleem; Falquet, Leia; Frossard, Emmanuel; Buttler, Alexandre

2017-07-01

In many tropical regions, slash-and-burn agriculture is considered as a driver of deforestation; the forest is converted into agricultural land by cutting and burning the trees. However, the fields are abandoned after few years because of yield decrease and weed invasion. Consequently, new surfaces are regularly cleared from the primary forest. We propose a reclamation strategy for abandoned fields allowing and sustaining re-cultivation. In the dry region of south-western Madagascar, we tested, according to a split-plot design, an alternative selective slash-and-burn cultivation technique coupled with compost amendment on 30-year-old abandoned fields. Corn plants ( Zea mays L.) were grown on four different types of soil amendments: no amendment (control), compost, ashes (as in traditional slash-and-burn cultivation), and compost + ashes additions. Furthermore, two tree cover treatments were applied: 0% tree cover (as in traditional slash-and-burn cultivation) and 50% tree cover (selective slash-and-burn). Both corn growth and soil fertility parameters were monitored during the growing season 2015 up to final harvest. The amendment compost + ashes strongly increased corn yield, which was multiplied by 4-5 in comparison with ashes or compost alone, reaching 1.5 t/ha compared to 0.25 and 0.35 t/ha for ashes and compost, respectively. On control plots, yield was negligible as expected on these degraded soils. Structural equation modeling evidenced that compost and ashes were complementary fertilizing pathways promoting soil fertility through positive effects on soil moisture, pH, organic matter, and microbial activity. Concerning the tree cover treatment, yield was reduced on shaded plots (50% tree cover) compared to sunny plots (0% tree cover) for all soil amendments, except ashes. To conclude, our results provide empirical evidence on the potential of recultivating tropical degraded soils with compost and ashes. This would help mitigating deforestation of the primary forest by increasing lifespan of agricultural lands.

Vegetation recovery in slash-pile scars following conifer removal in a grassland-restoration experiment

Treesearch

Charles B. Halpern; Joseph A. Antos; Liam M. Beckman

2014-01-01

A principal challenge to restoring tree-invaded grasslands is the removal of woody biomass. Burning of slash piles to reduce woody residues from forest restoration practices generates intense, prolonged heating, with adverse effects on soils and vegetation. In this study, we examined vegetation responses to pile burning following tree removal from conifer-invaded...

Inter- and Intra-Specific Differences in Foliar N Concentrations of Juvenile Loblolly and Slash Pine in North Florida

Treesearch

Yu Xiao; Eric J. Jokela; Tim L. White; Dudley A. Huber

2002-01-01

Differences in foliar N concentrations among species, families, and clones may contribute to variation in relative growth performance under varying environmental conditions. Only limited information exists regarding the importance of genetic vs. environmental controls on the nutritional characteristics of loblolly and slash pine. Knowledge of these processes may...

Cubic Foot Volume Tables for Slash Pine Plantations of the Middle Coastal Plain of Georgia and the Carolina Sandhills

Treesearch

C.E. McGee; F.A. Bennett

1959-01-01

Proper management of any timber species or type requires valid estimates of volume from time to time. Tables 1 and 2 were constructed to meet this need for the expanding area of slash pine plantations in the middle coastal plain of Georgia and the Carolina Sandhills.

Producing high-quality slash pine seeds

Treesearch

James Barnett; Sue Varela

2003-01-01

Slash pine is a desirable species. It serves many purposes and is well adapted to poorly drained flatwoods and seasonally flooded areas along the lower Coastal Plain of the Southeastern US. The use of high-quality seeds has been shown to produce uniform seedlings for outplanting, which is key to silvicultural success along the Coastal Plain and elsewhere. We present...

Responses of Young Slash Pine on Poorly Drained to Somewhat Poorly Drained Silt Loam Soils to Site Preparation and Fertilization Treatments

Treesearch

James D. Haywood

1995-01-01

Slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were planted on poorly drained Wrightsville and somewhat poorly drained Vidrine silt loam soils in southwest Louisiana. Neither flat disking nor bedding increased pine growth and yield substantially after nine growing seasons, but broadcast application of triple superphoshate...

Loblolly pine and slash pine responses to acute aluminum and acid exposures

Treesearch

Jaroslaw Nowak; Alexander L. Friend

2006-01-01

In response to concerns about aluminum and HCl exposure associated with rocket motor testing and launches, survival and growth of full-sib families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) were evaluated in a nursery bed experiment. Each species was exposed to a single soil application of aluminum...

Tree thinning treatments alter soil properties, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and understory plant communities

Treesearch

Suzanne M. Neal

2007-01-01

Forest management practices designed to reduce fire risk, particularly thinning followed by burning slash piles, can cause below ground disturbance that creates favorable conditions for exotic plant species. Newer fuel-reduction methods, such as mechanical mastication are being examined as potential alternatives to the burning of slash piles. We compared soil...

Herbicide comparions for mid-rotation competition release in loblolly and slash pine

Treesearch

Alan B. Wilson; William N. Kline; Barry D. Shiver

2006-01-01

In October, 2002, different combinations of herbicides (Arsenal®, Chopper®, and Forestry Garlon® 4) were applied with a tank-mounted skidder, in an experiment to evaluate their effectiveness for controlling competing vegetation in the understory of a 16-year-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.)...

Diameter Growth 0f a Slash Pine Spacing Study Five Years After Being Thinned to a Constant Stand Density Index

Treesearch

Jamie C. Schexnayder; Thomas J. Dean; V. Clark Baldwin

2002-01-01

Abstract - In 1994, a 17-year old, slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) spacing study was thinned to evaluate the influence of prethinning stand conditions on diameter growth after thinning. Diameter growth and crown dimensions measured just prior to thinning showed that diameter growth was positively...

Estimating Slash Quantity from Standing Loblolly Pine

Treesearch

Dale D. Wade

1969-01-01

No significant difference were found between variances of two prediction equations for estimating loblolly pine crown weight from diameter breast height (d.b.h). One equation was developed from trees on the Georgia Piedmont and the other from tress on the South Carolina Coastal Plain. An equation and table are presented for estimating loblolly pine slash weights from...

Fiber length - fiber strength interrelationship for slash pine and its effect on pulp-sheet properties

Treesearch

F.F. Wangaard; George E. Woodson

1972-01-01

Based on a model developed for hardwood fiber strength-pulp property relationships, multiple-regression equations involving fiber strength, fiber length, and sheet density were determined to predict the properties of kraft pulps of slash pine (Pinus elliottii). Regressions for breaking length and burst factor accounted for 88 and 90 percent,...

Fiber length strength interrelationship for slash pine and its effect on pulp-sheet properties

Treesearch

F. G. Wangaard; G. E. Woodson

1973-01-01

Based on a model developed for hardwood fiber strength-pulp property relationships, multiple-regression equations involving fiber strength, fiber length, and sheet density were determined to predict the properties of kraft pulps of slash pine (Pinus elliottii). Regressions for breaking length and burst factor accounted for 88 and 90 percent,...

Slash fire atmospheric pollution.

Treesearch

Leo Fritschen; Harley Bovee; Konrad Buettner; Robert Charlson; Lee Monteith; Stewart Pickford; James. Murphy

1970-01-01

In the Pacific Northwest, as in many other parts of the country, burning is the standard method for disposal of undesirable waste including logging debris and agricultural residue. About 81,000 hectares (200,000 acres) of logging slash are burned annually west of the Cascade Range in the States of Washington and Oregon. In addition, 101,000 hectares (250,000 acres) of...

Effect of slash burning on soil pH.

Treesearch

Robert F. Tarrant

1954-01-01

Evaluating the effects of slash burning on regeneration and tree growth is one of the most pressing forest soil problems in the Douglas-fir region. Extensive literature concerning burning and soils is available for other parts of the world, but conclusions are not directly applicable to the Pacific Northwest. Here several studies are under way or planned to determine...

Aluminum fractions in root tips of slash pine and loblolly pine families differing in Al resistance

Treesearch

Jaroslaw Nowak; Alexander L. Friend

2005-01-01

Aluminum (Al) distribution among several cellular fractions was investigated in root tips of seedlings of one Al-resistant and one Al-sensitive family of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) grown in nutrient solution containing 100 M AlCl3 (pH 4) for 167 h....

Soil reaction and germination of Douglas-fir seed.

Treesearch

Robert F. Tarrant

1954-01-01

Wood ash and its accompanying alkalinity have sometimes been cited as being harmful to germination of tree seed on slash-burned forest land. Unasylva, the United Nations forestry publication, recently carried a report of research in British Columbia on the effect of slash burning on germination and initial survival of lodgepole pine and Douglas-fir. One finding was...

Primary wood-products industries in the lower south

Treesearch

H.F. Smith

1940-01-01

The region' covered by the Forest Survey in the lower South embraces the commercially timbered areas of the Gulf States, Georgia, and parts of Arkansas, Oklahoma, Nissouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky. 17 This region is divided into four subregions, the longleaf-slash pine, the delta-hardwoods, "and two pine-hardwood areas, 'east and west. The longleaf-slash...

Season for Direct Seeding Slash Pine in the Middle and Upper Coastal Plains of Georgia

Treesearch

Earle P. Jones

1971-01-01

Repellent-treated seed of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) were sown at eight monthly dates from November to June for 5 years in Dooly County, Georgia. Observations of seedlings indicated that germination, survival, and first-year establishment were superior on plots planted in November through April. Slow...

Differential Response of Slash Pine Families to Drought

Treesearch

Robert P. Schultz; Lawrence P. Wilhite

1969-01-01

First-year survival and growth of superior and commercial slash pine seedlings, grown on both high and low beds, were compared on a typical north Florida flatwoods site. Average survival of the commercial seedlings was 80 percent, and that of the superior seedlings was 60 percent. Four of the fourteen superior families survived better than did the commercial seedlings...

Planted Pines do not Respond to Bedding on an Acadia-Beauregard-Kolin Silt Loam Site

Treesearch

James D. Haywood

1980-01-01

Average height and volume of loblolly and slash pines were not affected by site treatment or soil differences 15 years after planting on an Acadia-Beauregard-Kolin silt loam site. Slash pine averaged 2.04 m more in height and yielded 22 percent more volume per hectare than did loblolly pine.

Alley Cropping: An Alternative to Slash and Burn in the Slopelands of the Mizo Hills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sailo, Andrew

2011-01-01

Population pressure in the Mizo Hills, a small mountainous region in northeast India, has shortened fallow periods of slash-and-burn (S&B) plots substantially, making its practice unsustainable. Conventional farming and modern technology cannot be applied in this remote tropical region due to its topography; hence, most farmers continue…

An economic comparison of slash and loblolly pine under various levels of management in the lower Atlantic and gulf coastal plain

Treesearch

E. David Dickens; Coleman W. Dangerfield; David J. Moorhead

2006-01-01

Nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners have perceived reduced product market availability and increased price uncertainty since late 1997 in the southeastern United States. Lower Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain NIPF landowners seek management options utilizing two commonly available pine species, loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (...

RAPD linkage mapping in a longleaf pine × slash pine F1 family

Treesearch

Thomas L. Kubisiak; C. Dana. Nelson; W.L. Nance; M. Stine

1995-01-01

Random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs) were used to construct linkage maps of the parents of a longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englm.) F1 family. A total of 247 segregating loci [233 (1:1), 14 (3:1)] and 87 polymorphic (between-parents), but non-segregating, loci were...

Modeling the size-density relationship in direct-seeded slash pine stands

Treesearch

Quang V. Cao; Thomas J. Dean; V. Clark Baldwin

2000-01-01

The relationship between quadratic mean diameter and tree density appeared curvilinear on a log–log scale, based on data from direct-seeded slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.) stands. The self-thinning trajectory followed a straight line for high tree density levels and then turned away from this line as tree density...

Comparing methods of artificially regenerating loblolly and slash pines: container planting, bareroot planting, and spot seeding

Treesearch

James D. Haywood; James P Barnett

1994-01-01

In central Louisiana, loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii,) pines were artificially regenerated by three methods: (1)planting 14-week-old container stock, (2)planting 1+0 bareroot stock, and (3)spot seeding. A common seed source was use for each species for all regeneration...

AmeriFlux US-KS1 Kennedy Space Center (slash pine)

DOE Data Explorer

Drake, Bert [Smithsonian Environmental Research Center; Hinkle, Ross [University of Central Florida

2016-01-01

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-KS1 Kennedy Space Center (slash pine). Site Description - The Kennedy Space Center Slash Pine Flatwoods site is located in the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on the east coast of central Florida. Occupying 310 ha of local forest, the slash pine flatwoods ecosystem is managed as an uneven-aged stand with a sparsely populated overstory and a dense oak-dominated understory. Disturbances tend to occur on a 7 to 10 year cycle, mostly related to fire or hurricane activity. Prescribed fires have been conducted since 1969 to control understory fuel. The most recent burn was conducted in February of 1995. Following the burn, the stand was allowed to naturally regenerate into a open canopy of slash pines, less than 15% of canopy coverage ( on the order of 15-30 trees per ha), with a understory mostly composed of saw palmetto and scrub oak. There was a seasonally wet swale to the southeast that was on the margin of the flux tower footprint. A severe drought gripped most of Florida beginning in 1998 until the later half of 2001 resulting in four years of relatively low annual precipitation totals. Exceptionally high annual rainfall amounts in 2004 were the result of a pair of hurricanes that hit the area in August and September of 2004. Wind directions for the site are as follows: W and NW in the winter, afternoon E sea breeze in the summer.

Promising Resistance to Fusiform Rust from Southeastern Slash Pines

Treesearch

Charles H. Walkinshaw

1999-01-01

Two hundred twenty-four disease-free slash pines with good growth and form were tested for rust resistance. Trees in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi were selected. After artificial inoculations, a low percentage of open-pollinated progeny of 32 selected trees had galls. In progeny from six of those, the number of gall-resistant trees increased from 50 to...

Soil carbon and soil physical properties response to incorporating mulched forest slash

Treesearch

Felipe G. Sanchez; Emily A. Carter; John. F. Klepac

2000-01-01

A study was installed in the Lower Coastal Plain near Washington, NC, to test the hypothesis that incorporating organic matter in the form of comminuted forest slash would increase soil carbon and nutrient pools, and alter soil physical properties to favor pine growth. Two sites were selected, an organic and a mineral site, to compare the treatment effects on...

Bedding and Fertilization Influence on Slash Pine Development in the Florida Sandhills

Treesearch

James B. Baker

1973-01-01

A field study on the infertile and droughty Lakeland sands of west Florida indicated that bedding or fertilization (134 kg P /ha as ordinary superphosphate and 90 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate) or both increased early growth of planted slash pine ( Engelm.). Throughout the 6-year study, best growth was obtained when the treatments were...

Recovery of small pile burn scars in conifer forests of the Colorado Front Range

Treesearch

Charles C. Rhoades; Paula J. Fornwalt; Mark W. Paschke; Amber Shanklin; Jayne L. Jonas

2015-01-01

The ecological consequences of slash pile burning are a concern for land managers charged with maintaining forest soil productivity and native plant diversity. Fuel reduction and forest health management projects have created nearly 150,000 slash piles scheduled for burning on US Forest Service land in northern Colorado. The vast majority of these are small piles (

Energy trade-offs between intensive biomass utilization, site productivity loss, and ameliorative treatments in loblolly pine plantations

Treesearch

D. Andrew Scott; Thomas J. Dean

2006-01-01

Loblolly pine plantations are the most important source of forest products in the US and the slash remaining after conventional harvest represents a significant potential source of bioenergy. However, slash removal in intensive harvests might, under some circumstances, reduce site productivity by reducing soil organic matter and associated nutrients. Two complimentary...

Inherent Variation Among Slash Pine Progenies at the Ida Cason Callaway Foundation

Treesearch

John C. Barber

1964-01-01

Reported here in detail is information obtained from two open-pollinated progeny tests of slash pine at the Ida Cason Callaway Foundation, Pine Mountain, Georgia. Because of the small amount of similar data available to tree improvement workers, it was decided to include as much information as possible, even though some of it is too limited for statistical analyses...

Paraquat Induced Changes in Reserve Carbohydrates, Fatty Acids and Oleoresin Content of Young Slash Pines

Treesearch

Claud L. Brown; Terry R. Clason; Jerry L. Michael

1976-01-01

Paraquat was fed into the terminal leaders of five-year-old slash pine trees and collected at weekly intervals for 4 weeks.Cytological observations showed a decrease in starch levels and a corresponding increase in content of oleoresin. Quantitative analysis indicated a decrease in starch accompanying increases in fatty acids, monoterpenes, and resin acids.

Sprouting of Slash, Loblolly, and Shortleaf Pines Following a Simulated Precommercial Thinning

Treesearch

T.E Campbell

1985-01-01

To prevent cut stumps of 4- to 7-year-old slash (Pinus elliotiii Engelm.) and loblolly (f. taeda L.) pines from resprouting, precommercial thinnings should be done in late summer at 6 inches or less above the groundline. For shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.), late summer and 6 inches or less appears safe but should be delayed...

Strobili and Conelet Losses In Four Species Of Southern Pines

Treesearch

B.F. McLemore

1977-01-01

In a central Louisiana seed orchard, 27,677 female strobili were tagged on selected clones of 4 pine species (loblolly, slash, shortleaf, and longleaf) over 4 years. Only 41 percent deveioped into cones. Losses were tallied by date and, when possible, by cause. For lobloiiy, differences in losses were significant between years but not among clones. For slash there...

Comparing jack pine slash and forest floor moisture contents and National Fire Danger Rating System predictions.

Treesearch

Robert M. Loomis; William A. Main

1980-01-01

Relations between certain slash and forest floor moisture contents and the applicable estimated time lag fuel moistures of the National Fire Danger Rating System were investigated for 1-year-old jack pine fuel types in northeastern Minnesota and central Lower Michigan. Only approximate estimates of actual fuel moisture are possible fore the relations determined, thus...

Handbook for predicting slash weight of trees in the Northeast.

Treesearch

Duane R. Freeman; Robert M. Loomis; Peter J. Roussopoulos

1982-01-01

Tables are provided for estimating tree crown weights based on species and diameters (d.b.h.) for 10 conifer and 9 hardwood species or species groups of the North Central and Northeastern United States. Procedures are given for predicting slash weights resulting from: cutting timber, trampling during logging activities, and defect and breakage left on the site after...

Fusiform Rust Infection of Loblolly and Slash Pines After Artificial Inoculation and Natural Exposure in Plantations

Treesearch

Earl R. Sluder; H.R. Powers

1982-01-01

Seedlings from progenies of slash and loblolly pines were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to the fusiform rust fungus in greenhouse inoculations by the concentrated basidiospore spray system and the other was exposed to natural infection in field progeny tests. Within families, correlations between percentages of seedlings infected after field and...

Regenerating mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) from seed in Quintana Roo, Mexico: the effects of sowing method and clearing treatment.

Treesearch

Patricia Negreros-Castilloa; Laura K. Snookb; Carl W. Mize

2003-01-01

Honduras or bigleaf mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) is the most commercially important timber species in the Neotropics, but it often does not regenerate successfully after harvesting. Effective methods are needed to sustain or increase mahogany yields by increasing regeneration. This study evaluates the effects of three treatments (slash, fell and burn; slash,...

Control of Insects in Slash Pine Cones with Trunk Implantations of Bidrin® Systemic Insecticide - First-Year Results

Treesearch

Edward P. Merkel

1969-01-01

Initial experiments with the implantation of the systemic insecticide Bidrin® into the trunks of slash pines in a seed production area resulted in various degrees of control of coneworms, Dioryctria spp., and the pine seed-worm, Laspeyresia anaronjada Miller, depending on dosage rates and time of application. When applied in early...

Combinations of fungicide and cultural practices influence the incidence and impact of fusiform rust in slash pine plantations

Treesearch

James D. Haywood; Allan E. Tiarks

1994-01-01

Slash pine was grown in central Louisiana under four levels of culture with or without repeated sprayings of the systematic fungicide triadimefon for protection against fusiform rust. The eight treatment combinations were: (1)no fungicide, weed control, or fertilizer; (2)weeded; (3)weeded, applied inorganic fertilizer, and bedded before planting; (4)weeded, bedded,...

Strength reduction in slash pine (Pinus elliotii) wood caused by decay fungi

Treesearch

Zhong Yang; Zhehui Jiang; Chung Y. Hse; Todd F. Shupe

2009-01-01

Small wood specimens selected from slash pine (Pinus elliotii )trees at three growth rates (fast, medium, and slow) were inoculated with brown-rot and white-rot fungi and then evaluated for work to maximum load (WML), modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE). The experimental variables studied included a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum...

Development of a stand density index equation for slash pine stands

Treesearch

Paul F. Doruska

2002-01-01

Stand density index (SDI) is commonly used as the basis for density management guides for even-aged forest stands. Many tree species follow the same self-thinning trajectory, allowing for the use of stand density index in such guides. Slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem.) has been shown to depart from the self-thinning trajectory exhibited by other...

Increases in maximum stream temperatures after slash burning in a small experimental watershed.

Treesearch

Al Levno; Jack Rothacher

1969-01-01

The first year after slash was burned on a 237-acre clearcut watershed in the Cascade Range of Oregon, average maximum water temperatures increased 13°, 14°, and 12°F, during June, July, and August. A maximum stream temperature of 75°F. persisted for 3 hours on a day in July.

A source strength model for prescribed fires in coniferous logging slash.

Treesearch

D.V. Sandberg; Janice Peterson

1984-01-01

Emission reduction has become an essential part of the effort to reduce air pollution from forest slash burning. The State of Washington has set a goal of reducing emissions by 35 percent by 1990, leaving the choice of emission reduction techniques to forest managers. Several thousand harvested areas are burned each year in the Northwest, encompassing a wide variety...

Growth of Planted Slash Pine Under Several Thinning Regimes

Treesearch

W.F. Mann; Hans G. Enghardt

1972-01-01

Three intensities of thinning, each started at 10, 13, and 16 years, were applied to slash pine planted on a highly productive, cutover site in central Louisiana. Over a 9-year period, early and heavy thinnings increased diameter growth but reduced volume growth. The longer initial thinnings were deferred, the slower was the response in diameter growth. Growth on...

Yarding-method and slash-treatment effects on compaction, humus, and variation in plantation soils.

Treesearch

Don Minore; Howard G. Weatherly

1988-01-01

Soil penetration-resistance and soil-humus frequency were measured on 86 progeny-test plantations in southwestern Oregon to determine the effects of yarding method and slash treatment on soil compaction and humus, and a disturbance index was calculated for each plantation. Compaction and humus loss were more severe on tractor-yarded, machine-piled plantations than on...

Risk assessment with current deployment strategies for fusiform rust-resistant loblolly and slash pines

Treesearch

Floyd Bridgwater; Tom Kubisiak; Tom Byram; Steve Mckeand

2004-01-01

In the southeastern USA, fusiform rust resistant loblolly and slash pines may be deployed as 1) ulked seed orchard mixes. 2) half-sibling (sib) family mixtures. 3) single half-sib families. 4) full-sib cross seeds or as 6) clones of individual genotypes. These deployment types are respectively greater genetic gains from higher selection intensity. Currently, bulked...

Self-referencing site index equations for unmanaged loblolly and slash pine plantations in east Texas

Treesearch

Dean W. Coble; Young-Jin Lee

2010-01-01

The Schnute growth function was used in this study to model site index for unmanaged or low-intensity managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda, L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii, Engelm.) plantations in east Texas. The algebraic difference approach was used to derive an anamorphic base-age invariant site function that was fit as a...

Family by environment interactions for loblolly and slash pine plantations in the southeastern United States

Treesearch

Brian E. Roth; Eric J. Jokela; Timothy A. Martin; Dudley A. Huber; Timothy L. White

2010-01-01

Few studies have quantified the combined effects of silvicultural treatments and genetic improvement on unit area production of full-sib family blocks of loblolly and slash pine. We examined genotype (family) by environmental interactions (G x E) through age five years using a factorial experiment consisting of silvicultural treatment intensity, planting density and...

Logging slash and forest protection.

Treesearch

Raphael Zon; Russell N. Cunningham

1931-01-01

What to do with the brush after logging? This question has been debated in Wisconsin throughout the entire history of lumbering. In the popular mind, the occurrence of severe forest conflagrations has invariably been associated with the presence of logging slash on the ground. The occurrence of vast forest fires was noted by explorers and fur traders long before...

Specific gravity responses of slash and loblolly pine following mid-rotation fertilization

Treesearch

Kimberly R. Love-Myers; Alexander Clark III; Laurence R. Schimleck; Eric J. Jokela; Richard F. Daniels

2009-01-01

Wood quality attributes were examined in six stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) in the lower Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida. Several plots comprised each stand, and each plot was divided so that it received three fertilizer treatments: a control treatment with herbaceous weed control at planting...

First-year survival and growth of fertilized slash pine in south Alabama

Treesearch

Rebecca Barlow; Luben Dimov; Kris Connor; Mark Smith

2013-01-01

Early survival and growth rates are critical to the successful establishment of pine stands. Landowners need options to improve first-year growth on pine stands that will help them meet their land management objectives. One way to improve early stand survival and growth is through fertilization. In January 2008, approximately 5 acres of slash pine (Pinus...

A new type of density-management diagram for slash pine plantations

Treesearch

Curtis L. VanderSchaaf

2006-01-01

Many Density-Management Diagrams (DMD) have been developed for conifer species throughout the world based on stand density index (SDI). The diagrams often plot the logarithm of average tree size (volume, weight, or quadratic mean diameter) over the logarithm of trees per unit area. A new type of DMD is presented for slash pine (Pinus elliottii var elliottii)...

Assessment of Dominant/Codominant Height Growth for Second Rotation Slash Pine Plantations in South Georgia and North Florida

Treesearch

Charles E. Rose; Barry D. Shiver

2002-01-01

A slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) successive rotation plantation study was established in 1978-79 for the north Florida and south Georgia fiatwoods. The second rotation duplicated the first rotation seed source, site preparation, planting method, and density. The comparison between the two rotations is based on the mean height differential...

Effects of spring defoliation on first-year growth of young loblolly and slash pines

Treesearch

David R. Weise; Ragnar W. Johansen; Dale D. Wade

1987-01-01

Partial and complete spring defoliation reduced first-year diameter, height, and volume growth of 4-year-old loblolly and slash pines. Early and late growth differed significantly between defoliation levels (P=0.05). However, the number of height growth flushes produced during the 1986 growing season was not affected by defoliation treatments. No mortality occurred...

Local and general above-stump biomass functions for loblolly pine and slash pine trees

Treesearch

Carlos A. Gonzalez-Beneke; Salvador Gezan; Tmothy J. Albaugh; H. Lee Allen; Harold E. Burkhart; Thomas R. Fox; Eric J. Jokela; Christopher Maier; Timothy A. Martin; Rafael A. Rubilar; Lisa J. Samuelson

2014-01-01

There is an increasing interest in estimating biomass for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii), two of the most ecologically and commercially important tree species in North America. The majority of the available individual-tree allometric models are local, relying on stem diameter outside bark at breast height (dbh)...

Comparison of planted loblolly, longleaf, and slash pine development through 10 growing seasons in central Louisiana--an argument for longleaf pine

Treesearch

James D. Haywood; Mary Anne S. Sayer; Shi-Jean Susana Sung

2015-01-01

Two studies were established in central Louisiana to compare development of planted loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), and slash (P. elliottii Engelm.) pine. Study 1 was on a Beauregard silt loam, and Study 2 was on Ruston and McKamie fine sandy loams. After 10 growing seasons,...

Comparison of heat transfer and soil impacts of air curtain burner burning and slash pile burning

Treesearch

Woongsoon Jang; Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Han-Sup Han

2017-01-01

We measured soil heating and subsequent changes in soil properties between two forest residue disposal methods: slash pile burning (SPB) and air curtain burner (ACB). The ACB consumes fuels more efficiently and safely via blowing air into a burning container. Five burning trials with different fuel sizes were implemented in northern California, USA. Soil temperature...

Buried Organic Layer Affects the Growth of Slash Pine in the Florida Sandhills

Treesearch

Edwin A. Hebb

1980-01-01

A technique for deep placement of organic matter within the soil, called sublayering, was tested as a means of improving Florida sandhill sites for slash pine (Pinuselliottii var. clliortii Engelm.). Single-tree plots were installed in four treatments: sublayering with peat moss, clearing, clearing plus sublayering, and no treatment.Survival was poor only on the...

Slash pine rootwood in flakeboard

Treesearch

E.T. Howard

1974-01-01

Flakes 3 Inches along the grain. 3/8-inch wide, and 0.02 inch thick were machined from the taproots (with 6-inch-high stump) and second logs at eight 31-year-old slash pines. Specific gravity (O.D. weight, green volume) of stems averaged 0.52; rootwood averaged 0.43 and decreased sharply with depth below ground. Forty-four-lb./cu. ft. structural-type particleboards...

Precommercial thinning of naturally seeded slash pine increases volume and monetary returns

Treesearch

Earle P. Jones

1977-01-01

A naturally seeded slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) stand, having up to 50,000 stems per acre, was precommercially thinned at age 3. Two thinning methods left single trees spaced 10 by 10 feet, and clumps of 6 to 8 trees spaced 10 by 10 feet, compared with the unthinned original stand. At age 23, the single-...

High-Gum-Yielding Slash Pines Survive and Grow Well

Treesearch

S.V. Kossuth; W.J. Peters; C.R. Gansell

1982-01-01

Plantings in Georgia and Florida were established with slash pine seedlings of three genetic types: selections improved for high gum yield (IHGY), selections with improved growth and form (IGF), and commercial stock (CS). Under adverse environmental conditions in Florida, IHGY survived best at age 3, CS next best, and IGF poorest.Survival was more than twice as high in...

Can thinning slash cause a nitrogen deficiency in pumice soils of central Oregon?

Treesearch

P.H. Cochran

1968-01-01

Decomposition of thinning slash deposited on the soil surface should have no direct adverse effect on the soil nitrogen available to higher plants in the pumice soil region. Decomposition of roots of cut trees would immobilize nitrogen in the soil immediately adjacent to the root during the decomposition period, which appears to be short for the smaller roots. However...

Within and Between Canopy Variabilit of Foliar Nitrogen Concentration for Loblolly and Slash Pine Stands Planted at Different Densities

Treesearch

Rodney E. Will; Greg Barron-Gafford; Robert O. Teskey; Barry D. Shiver

2004-01-01

Mid-summer foliar nitrogen concentrations (N) were measured at three canopy positions (upper, middle, lower), two foliage ages per canopy position (current-year and 1-year-old), and two flushes per age class (first flush and second flush) in 4-year-old loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) stands...

Soil heating during burning of forest slash piles and wood piles

Treesearch

Matt D. Busse; Carol J. Shestak; Ken R. Hubbert

2013-01-01

Pile burning of conifer slash is a common fuel reduction practice in forests of the western United States that has a direct, yet poorly quantified effect on soil heating. To address this knowledge gap, we measured the heat pulse beneath hand-built piles ranging widely in fuel composition and pile size in sandy-textured soils of the Lake Tahoe Basin. The soil heat pulse...

Clearcutting and burning slash alter quality of stream water in northern Idaho

Treesearch

Gordon G. Snyder; Harold F. Haupt; George H. Belt

1975-01-01

In the cedar-hemlock-grand fir ecosystem clearcutting of units of varying size (2.6 to 44 ha) and subsequent disposal of slash by prescribed burning resulted in on-site stream water quality changes. But off-site changes were of less intensity. Two of three clearcut units responded in this manner; a third unit gave different results. The physical and chemical components...

Forest research notes, Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station, No. 03, October 30, 1929.

Treesearch

1929-01-01

To obtain definite information which can be used in formulating slash disposal policies, the Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station has begun a study of the slash problem in the Douglas fir region. Although there are numerous related but widely different aspects to this study, only one phase is treated in this brief summary, namely, the effect of fire on the...

Foliar nutrient concentrations in balsam fir as affected by soil drainage and methods of slash disposal

Treesearch

Miroslaw M. Czapowskyj

1979-01-01

Foliar nutrient concentrations in young balsam fir growing on strip clearcuts were assessed in relation to soil drainage and three methods of slash disposal. Concentrations of N, K, and Mn were higher for trees growing on well-drained soils than for trees growing on poorly drained soils. Mo concentrations were higher on poorly drained soils and all other measured...

Machine to harvest slash, brush, and thinnings for fuel and fiber- a concept

Treesearch

P. Koch; D.W. McKenzie

1976-01-01

It is proposed that biomass from noncommercial thinnings, and from logging slash residual after harvest, be hogged and recovered for fuel and fiber. Such a procedure might yield two dividends of biomass totalling as much as 90,000 kg per ha (40 tons per acre, green weight basis) from each rotation of southern pine. For sites deficient in organic matter, it is...

Intensive Cultural Practices Increase Growth of Juvenile Slash Pine in Florida Sandhills

Treesearch

James B. Baker

1973-01-01

Growth of slash pine planted on a well-prepared Florida sandhill site and treated with NP fertilizer, irrigation, and weed control (applied singly and in factorial combination) was improved in almost direct proportion to the number of treatments applied. Five years after planting, untreated trees averaged 1.7 m tall, 1.52 cm dbh, and 821 cm³ in stemwood volume...

An old-growth definition for upland longleaf and south Florida slash pine forests, woodlands, and savannas

Treesearch

J. Larry Landers; William D. Boyer

1999-01-01

Upland longleaf pine forests, woodlands, and savannas once occupied most of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from southeastern Virginia south through the northern two-thirds of Florida and west to east Texas, with extensions into the Piedmont and mountains of Alabama and northwest Georgia. South Florida slash pine is native to the southern half of peninsular...

Relative Fusiform Rust Resistance of Loblolly and Slash Pine Sources and Families in Georgia and South Carolina

Treesearch

E. George Kuhlman; Harry R. Powers; William D. Pepper

1995-01-01

Loblolly and slash pine seedlings from the fusiform rust resistant orchards developed cooperatively by the USDA Forest Service and the Georgia Forestry Commission had significantly less rust 7 to 8 years after planting on four of five sites in the Southeastern United States than seedlings of the same species from orchard sources developed primarily for silvicultural...

Fresh and Stored Pollen From Slash and Loblolly Pines Compared For Seed Yields

Treesearch

John F. Kraus; Davie L. Hunt

1970-01-01

Seed yields showed no consistent differences between fresh and stored pollen from 8 years of controlled pollination on slash pine and 4 years on loblolly pine. Collection of male strobili at the proper stage of pollen maturity was an important factor in obtaining good seed yields from stored pollen. Criteria are described which were useful in determining when to...

Managing slash to minimize colonization of residual leave trees by Ips and other bark beetle species following thinning in southwestern ponderosa pine

Treesearch

T. DeGomez; C.J. Fettig; J.D. McMillin; J.A. Anhold; C.J. Hayes

2008-01-01

Due to high fire hazard and perceived reductions in forest health, thinning of small diameter trees has become a prevalent management activity particularly in dense stands. Creation of large amounts of logging slash, however, has created large quantities of habitat for bark beetles primarily in the Ips genus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae,...

Site Preparation and Fertilization Effects on Growth of Slash Pine for Two Rotations

Treesearch

A.E. Tiarks; J.D. Haywood

1996-01-01

Two replicated site preparation studies were used to examine the effect of management on pine height and volume growth in the next rotation on Paleudults. Treatments included notillage,flat disking, bedding, and fertilization. The first rotation of planted slash pine (pinus elliottii Engelm.var. eliottii)was measured for 15 yr on one site and 20 yr at the other,...

A Study of the Growth, Yield, and Pest Resistance of Shortleaf X Slash Pine Hybrids

Treesearch

O.O. Wells; Ronald C. Schmidtling

1983-01-01

At age 10, shortleaf x slash pine hybrids performed relatively poorly when compared with loblolly pine in 10 plantings throughout the southern pine region. The hybrids excelled only in resistance to fusiform rust. Over all plantings, loblolly averaged about 5 feet taller than the hybrids and had almost twice as much volume. The hybrids' rust resistance may make...

Reagan's budget slashes geophysics R&D

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richman, Barbara T.

When President Ronald Reagan outlined to a joint session of Congress his proposed revisions to the Carter fiscal 1982 budget (Eos, February 10, p. 49), Congress responded with 13 bursts of applause and one standing ovation. Geophysicists, however, may not greet the budget pruning with equal fanfare. Reagan's across-the-board cuts include proposals for slashing research and development funds. Among those hardest hit are NASA, NOAA, and NSF.

Early Growth Response of Slash Pine to Double-Bedding on a Flatwoods Site in Georgia

Treesearch

Curtis L. VanderSchaaf; David B. South

2004-01-01

A somewhat poorly-drained site in the Georgia flatwoods was prepared with single- and double-bedding and was planted with slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedlings in October. Half of the plots were treated with imazypyr in March. Double-bedding increased 7 th year volume by 5 m3 per ha, but due to insufficient control of...

Prescribed Burning and Direct-Seeding Old Clearcuts in the Piedmont

Treesearch

W. Henry McNab

1976-01-01

Logging slash 14 to 26 months old was burned at different seasons of the year in the Georgia Piedmont.The following winter, loblolly pine seeds were broadcast 1 to 13 months after burning. Burning 1 -year-old slash during early- or mid-growing season resulted in better stocking, greater height growth, and more effective hardwood control than burning during the dorm ant...

Short-term effects of prescribed fire in grand fir-white pine-western hemlock slash fuels

Treesearch

Elizabeth D. Reinhardt; Russell T. Graham; Theresa B. Jain; Dennis G. Simmerman

1994-01-01

Experimental burns were conducted on 36 plots in mixed conifer logging slash in northern Idaho, under varying fuel loadings and moisture conditions. This paper reports the immediate effects of these burns on the forest floor, the woody fuel complex, and the plant community, and includes recommendations to managers for using prescribed fire in this forest type. Much of...

Eighteen-year response of slash pine to wet-weather harvesting and site preparation on a poorly drained silt loam soil in Louisiana

Treesearch

D. Andrew Scott; Allan E. Tiarks

2006-01-01

Physical disturbances to soil resulting from forest management operations may reduce tree survival and growth, but responses are soil-, species-, and disturbance-specific. We studied wet-weather harvesting, shearing, root-raking, disking, and phosphorus fertilization on a poorly drained flatwoods site in Louisiana. Slash pine survival was improved by wet-weather...

Assessing the Potential Oleoresin Yields of Slash Pine Progenies at Juvenile Ages

Treesearch

A.E. Squillace; Charles R. Gansel

1968-01-01

The potential oleoresin yields of slash pine progenies can be assessed at juvenile ages, 7 to 8 years earlier than with previous methods. Seeds are sown in peat pots, outplanted shortly after germination at a spacing of 14 by 3 feet, and given intensive cultural treatment. At 26 years from seed, when the trees average about 9 feet tall, their potential yields are...

Status of fusiform rust incidence in slash and loblolly pine plantations in the southeastern United States

Treesearch

KaDonna C. Randolph

2016-01-01

Southern pine tree improvement programs have been in operation in the southeastern United States since the 1950s. Their goal has been to improve volume growth, tree form, disease resistance, and wood quality in southern pines, particularly slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). The disease of focus has been...

Susceptibility of loblolly x slash pine interspecific F1 hybrids to tip moth infestation and fusiform rust infection in a south Mississippi planting

Treesearch

M.T. Highsmith; L.H. Lott; C.D. Nelson

2005-01-01

Tip moth damage and fusiform rust incidence among families of three loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) parent trees from Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas that were selected for southern pine bark beetle resistance and three slash pines (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti) selected for different levels of fusiform rust resistance, and five of their interspecific...

A comparison of herbicide tank mixtures for mid-rotation gallberry competition release in slash pine

Treesearch

Lukas J. Petre; Alan B. Wilson; William N. Kline

2012-01-01

Ten different herbicide combinations including Forestry Garlon® 4, Garlon® 4 Ultra, Forestry Garlon® XRT, Chopper®, and Milestone® VM were tested for gallberry (Ilex glabra) control. Treatments were applied to the understory of a 9-year-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation in South Georgia. Herbicide tank mixture...

Ecophysiological comparison of 50-year-old longleaf pine, slash pine and loblolly pine.

Treesearch

Lisa Samuelson; Tom Stokes; Kurt Johnsen

2012-01-01

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.), a species that once dominated the southeastern USA, is considered to be more drought tolerant than the principle plantation species in the South, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.), and so is predicted to better cope with increases in drought frequency associated with climate change. To...

Prescreening slash pine and Cronartium pedigrees for evaluation of complementary gene action in fusiform rust disease.

Treesearch

H.E. Stelzer; Robert L. Doudrick; Thomas L. Kubisiak; C. Dana Nelson

1999-01-01

Single-urediniospore cultures of the fusiform rust fungus were used to inoculate seedlings from 10 full-sib families of a five-parent slash pine diallel at two different times in 1994. The presence or absence of fusiform rust galls was recorded for each inoculated seedling at 9 months postinoculation, and percent infection levels for each family-inoculum-time...

Logging slash: its breakdown and decay at two forests in northern California

Treesearch

Willis W. Wagener; Harold R. Offord

1972-01-01

A 34-year study of the condition of unburned logging slash in two mixed conifer sites in northern California showed that breakdown and decay occurs at a much slower rate than has been reported elsewhere. The long-term studies were made on the Lassen and Stanislaus National Forests. Correlative weather data for an 18-year period suggested that high summer temperatures...

Multiple shoot production from seedling explants of slash pine (Pinus elliottii, Engelm.).

PubMed

Burns, J A; Schwarz, O J; Schlarbaum, S E

1991-11-01

Hypocotylary explants obtained from 30- to 40-day-old slash pine (Pinus elliottii, Engelm.) seedlings treated with 6-benzylaminopurine produced multiple buds that eventually elongated into axillary shoots. The explants were pulse treated (45-s dip) with 6-benzylaminopurine (22.2, 111, 222 μM) plus a control and cultured on three different basal media containing activated charcoal (0.5% w/v). Hormonal concentration and basal medium were compared for the number and size of axillary shoots induced after 12 and 29 days. The greatest number of axillary shoots was produced by explants that were pulse treated with 111 μM 6-benzylaminopurine and cultured on Gresshoff and Doy medium. The axillary shoots were fewer in number per explant than shoots previously reported resulting from hormonally induced advantitious buds of slash pine, but the axillary shoots developed more rapidly.

Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine Reponse to Bedding and Flat Disking on a Poorly Drained Site - An Update

Treesearch

Michael D. Cain

1978-01-01

Early gains in lobloliy and slash pine height growth achieved by bedding an imperfectly drained Beauregard-Caddo silt loam diminished somewhat by age 15. After age 8 there were no increases in growth response to site treatment for either species. For loblolly, yields on flat-disked and bedded plots were about 6 cords (500 ft3) per acre greater...

Physical and chemical properties of slash pine tree parts

Treesearch

E. T. Howard

1973-01-01

In three 22-year-old slash pines from an unthinned plantation in central Louisiana, stemwood comprised 58.5 percent of total ovendry tree weight. Stumps and main roots made up 16.5 percent, bark 12.5, top of bole 5.0, needles 4.0, and branches 3.5. This material now is largely wasted when a tree is harvested; methods of utilizing it would extend fiber supplies by 70...

Growth and Yield Predictions for Thinned and Unthinned Slash Pine Plantations on Cutover Sites in the West Gulf Region

Treesearch

Stanley J. Zarnoch; Donald P. Feduccia; V. Clark Baldwin; Tommy R. Dell

1991-01-01

A-growth and yield model has been developed for slash pine plantations on problem-free cutover sites in the west gulf region. The model was based on the moment-percentile method using the Weibull distribution for tree diameters. This technique was applied to untbinned and thinned stand projections and, subsequently, to the prediction of residual stands immediately...

Slash disposal in western white pine forests in Idaho

Treesearch

J. A. Larsen; W. C. Lowdermilk

1924-01-01

If all sizes of material produced by a forest are salable, very little logging debris of slash remains to hinder the reproduction or to increase the fire hazard. In the white-pine type of northern Idaho, however, only the larger and most valuable forest products can at present be taken out at a profit. The virgin forests of this region yield from 15,000 to 40,000, and...

Genetic variation in basal area increment phenology and its correlation with growth rate in loblolly and slash pine families and clones

Treesearch

Veronica I. Emhart; Timothy A. Martin; Timothy L. White; Dudley A. Huber

2006-01-01

We quantified basal area increment phenology over a 2-year period in one loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and four slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) full-sib families propagated as rooting cuttings. In 2002, basal area growth started in March and stopped in October for both species, while in 2003, initiation and cessation occurred 2...

Effects of intensive silvicultural treatments on kraft pulp quality of loblolly and slash pine

Treesearch

Charles E. Courchene; Alexander Clark; Monique L. Belli; William Jason Cooper; Barry D. Shiver

2000-01-01

Intensive forest-management practices have been shown to greatly increase the growth rates of southern pines. A joint study was undertaken to evaluate the wood and pulp quality from fast-grown 14-year-old loblolly pine from the Piedmont and 17-year-old slash pine from the Coastal Plain. The properties were compared to 24-year-old plantation-grown controls. three sets...

Physical and chemical properties of slash pine tree parts

Treesearch

Elaine T. Howard

1972-01-01

In three 22-year-old slash pines from an unthinned plantation in central Louisiana, stemwood comprised 58.5 percent of total ovendry tree weight. Stumps and main roots made up 16.5 percent, bark 12.5, top of bole 5.0 , needles 4.0 and branches 3.5. This material now is largely wasten when a tree is harvested; methods of utilizing it would extend fiber supplies by 70...

Mechanisms responsible for the effect of wet bulb depression on heat sterilization of slash pine lumber

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2003-01-01

Heat sterilization is often required to prevent spread of insects and pathogens in wood products in international trade. Heat sterilization requires estimating the time necessary for the center of the wood configuration to reach the temperature required to kill insects or pathogens. In these experiments on 1.0- and 1.8-in.- (25- and 46-mm-) thick slash pine, heating...

Forage response to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in a 25-year-old plantation of slash pine

Treesearch

Ralph H. Hughes; George W. Bengston; Thaddeus a. Harrington

1971-01-01

In a 25-year-old plantation of slash pine near Olustee, Florida, a single application of 200 lb. of nitrogen and 44 lb. of phosphorus per acre increased production of herbaccous understory (primarily native bluestem grasses) to more than a ton per acre the first year, a fifefold increase. Production declined sharply the second year, and the response disappeared in the...

Derivation of host and pathogen genotypes in the fusiform rust pathosystem on slash pine using a complimentary genetics model and diallel data

Treesearch

H.E. Stelzel; Robert L. Doudrick; Thomas L. Kubisiak

1997-01-01

Seedlings from 20, full-sib families five-parent slash pine diallel were inoculated using two, single urediniospore-derived cultures of the fusiform rust fungus on two different dates during the 1994 growing season. Presence or absence of fusiform rust galls was recorded for each inoculated seedling at nine months post-inoculation and percent infection levels for each...

Machine to harvest slash, brush, and thinnings for fuel and fiber - a concept

Treesearch

Peter Koch; Dan W. McKenzie

1976-01-01

It is proposed that biomass from non-commercial thinnings, and from logging slash residual after harvest, be lhogged and recovered for fuel and fiber. Such a procedure might yield two dividends of biomass totalling as much as 90,000 kg per ha (40 tons per acre, gree weight basis) from each rotation of southern pine. For sites deficient in organic matter, it is...

Mitigating Hillslope Erosion After Post-fire Salvage Logging Operations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robichaud, P. R.; Bone, E. D.; Brown, R. E.

2017-12-01

In the past decades, wildfires around the world have continued to increase in size, severity, and cost. Major concerns after wildfires are the increased runoff and erosion due to loss of the protective forest floor layer, loss of water storage, and creation of water repellent soil conditions. Salvage logging is often a post-fire forest management action to recoup the economic loss of the burned timber, yet concerns arise on the impacts of this activity on water quality. Recently, several studies have been conducted to determine the effect of salvage logging on hillslope erosion. Logging skid trails have been cited as being the cause of high erosion during and after salvage operations. We investigated the impacts of adding operational logging slash to skid trails to reduce hillslope erosion after salvage operations on the 2015 North Star Fire, Washington. We implemented well-designed rapid response approach to compare slash treatment effectiveness by monitoring sediment yield and runoff response from hillslopes with a concentrated flow (rill) experiment. Various runoff amounts are incrementally added to 4 m hillslope plots with and without slash treatments. Our initial results suggest that adding logging slash increased ground cover significantly which contributed to an order of magnitude decrease in hillslope erosion. Integrating erosion mitigation strategies into salvage logging operations should be commonplace when hillslope erosion is a concern.

Two-stage selection in slash pine produces good gains in fusiform rust resistance

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sluder, E.R.

The best 6 of 21 progeny-tested first-generation slash pine selections were crossed in a half diallel to study inheritance patterns of their superior fusiform rust resistance (5 trees) and height (1 tree). Their six first-test progenies were duplicated and included in the study. These two groups of progenies, along with two commercial check lots, were planted on an Upper Coastal Plain and a Flatwoods site in Georgia. At age 10 yr, the 15 progenies in the half diallel averaged 23% rust-infected compared with 54% for the check lots. First-test progenies averaged 30% infected. For percentage infection, the six parents differedmore » in general combining ability (GCA) (0.01>P>0.001) on both test sites and in specific combining ability (0.05>P>0.01) on one site. GCA variation for height was significant (0.05>P>0.01) on one site. The parent selected for height had the highest breeding value for height at age 10 yr. These results show that resistance to the fusiform rust disease, a serious problem in management of the species, can be improved in slash pine. These 6 parents and their 15 progenies in the half-diallel cross are a good source of rust resistance genes for use in slash pine improvement programs.« less

Response of the soil microbial community and soil nutrient bioavailability to biomass harvesting and reserve tree retention in northern Minnesota aspen-dominated forests

Treesearch

Tera E. Lewandowski; Jodi A. Forrester; David J. Mladenoff; Anthony W. D' Amato; Brian J. Palik

2016-01-01

Intensive forest biomass harvesting, or the removal of harvesting slash (woody debris from tree branches and tops) for use as biofuel, has the potential to negatively affect the soil microbial community (SMC) due to loss of carbon and nutrient inputs from the slash, alteration of the soil microclimate, and increased nutrient leaching. These effects could result in...

Cone consumption by southeastern fox squirrels: A potential basis for clonal preferences in a loblolly and slash pine seed orchard

Treesearch

Christopher Asaro; Susan C. Loeb; James L. Hanula

2003-01-01

Southeastern fox squirrels were observed feeding preferentially on seeds of certain clones of loblolly pine in a central Georgia seed orchard in the early 1990s and, similarly, on slash pine seed in an orchard in central Florida in the late 1990s. In each orchard, the degree of feeding preference and avoidance among selected clones was documented and quantified. We...

Front and Back Face Gum Yields from 2,4-D and H2SO4 Treatments on Slash Pine

Treesearch

Ralph W. Clements

1970-01-01

A 2-percent water soluble solution of 2,4-D was as effective as 50-percent H2SO4 for stimulating gum flow from slash pine in stands of natural reproduction. In the 4-year study reported here, there was no appreciable difference in gum yields for zny one year of work, for either front or back faces, and for the...

Importance of log size on host selection and reproductive success of Ips pini (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in ponderosa pine slash of northern Arizona and western Montana

Treesearch

Brytten E. Steed; Michael R. Wagner

2004-01-01

Pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), often use thinning slash, and their populations are known to be influenced by the condition of this material. In our study, we evaluated the importance of three log diameters (5, 10, and 20 cm) and three lengths (60, 120, and 240 cm) on various parameters of bark beetle host attack, development, and emergence....

Effect of initial spacing on mechanical properties of lumber sawn from unthinned slash pine at age 40

Treesearch

Robert H. McAlister; Alexander Clark; Joseph R. Saucier

1997-01-01

The effect of initial planting density on strength and stiffness of slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm. var elliotti) from a 40-year-old plantation on the Georgia Coastal Plain was examined. A stratified random sample of trees with diameters at breast height ranging from 8 to 16 inches from replicated stands representing tree spacing of 6 by 8, 8 by 8, 10 by 10, and 15...

Assessing the impact of wood decay fungi on the modulus of elasticity of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) by stress wave non-destructive testing

Treesearch

Zhong Yang; Zhehui Jiang; Chung Y. Hse; Ru Liu

2017-01-01

Small wood specimens selected from six slash pine (Pinus elliottii) trees were inoculated with brown-rot and white-rot fungi and then evaluated for static modulus of elasticity (MOE) and dynamic MOE (MOEsw). The experimental variables studied included a brown-rot fungus (Gloeophyllum trabeum) and a white-rot fungus (Trametes versicolor) for six exposure periods (2, 4,...

Stem Sinuosity, Tree Size, and Pest Injury of Machine-Planted Tress with and without Bent Taproots: A Comparison of Loblolly and Slash Pine

Treesearch

Jason A. Gatch; Timothy B. Harrington; Terry S. Price; M. Boyd Edwards

1999-01-01

Twenty-four maohine-planted stands each of slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) (between ages 3 to 10 years) were randomly selected in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont of Georgia, respectively. Ten points per site were located along a transect and two planted trees within a 10-m radius of each point were...

The establishment and external validation of NIR qualitative analysis model for waste polyester-cotton blend fabrics.

PubMed

Li, Feng; Li, Wen-Xia; Zhao, Guo-Liang; Tang, Shi-Jun; Li, Xue-Jiao; Wu, Hong-Mei

2014-10-01

A series of 354 polyester-cotton blend fabrics were studied by the near-infrared spectra (NIRS) technology, and a NIR qualitative analysis model for different spectral characteristics was established by partial least squares (PLS) method combined with qualitative identification coefficient. There were two types of spectrum for dying polyester-cotton blend fabrics: normal spectrum and slash spectrum. The slash spectrum loses its spectral characteristics, which are effected by the samples' dyes, pigments, matting agents and other chemical additives. It was in low recognition rate when the model was established by the total sample set, so the samples were divided into two types of sets: normal spectrum sample set and slash spectrum sample set, and two NIR qualitative analysis models were established respectively. After the of models were established the model's spectral region, pretreatment methods and factors were optimized based on the validation results, and the robustness and reliability of the model can be improved lately. The results showed that the model recognition rate was improved greatly when they were established respectively, the recognition rate reached up to 99% when the two models were verified by the internal validation. RC (relation coefficient of calibration) values of the normal spectrum model and slash spectrum model were 0.991 and 0.991 respectively, RP (relation coefficient of prediction) values of them were 0.983 and 0.984 respectively, SEC (standard error of calibration) values of them were 0.887 and 0.453 respectively, SEP (standard error of prediction) values of them were 1.131 and 0.573 respectively. A series of 150 bounds samples reached used to verify the normal spectrum model and slash spectrum model and the recognition rate reached up to 91.33% and 88.00% respectively. It showed that the NIR qualitative analysis model can be used for identification in the recycle site for the polyester-cotton blend fabrics.

Early Hg mobility in cultivated tropical soils one year after slash-and-burn of the primary forest, in the Brazilian Amazon.

PubMed

Béliveau, Annie; Lucotte, Marc; Davidson, Robert; Lopes, Luis Otávio do Canto; Paquet, Serge

2009-07-15

In the Brazilian Amazon, forest conversion to agricultural lands (slash-and-burn cultivation) contributes to soil mercury (Hg) release and to aquatic ecosystem contamination. Recent studies have shown that soil Hg loss occurs rapidly after deforestation, suggesting that Hg mobility could be related to the massive cation input resulting from biomass burning. The objective of this research was to determine the effects of the first year of slash-and-burn agriculture on soil Hg levels at the regional scale of the Tapajós River, in the state of Pará, Brazilian Amazon. A total of 429 soil samples were collected in 26 farms of five riparian communities of the Tapajós basin. In September 2004, soil samples were collected from primary forest sites planned for slash-and-burn cultivation. In August 2005, one year after the initial burning, a second campaign was held and the exact same sites were re-sampled. Our results showed that total Hg levels in soils did not change significantly during the first year following slash-and-burn, suggesting no immediate release of soil Hg at that point in time. However, an early Hg mobility was detected near the surface (0-5 cm), reflected by a significant shift in Hg distribution in soil fractions. Indeed, a transfer of Hg from fine to coarser soil particles was observed, indicating that chemical bonds between Hg and fine particles could have been altered. A correspondence analysis (CA) showed that this process could be linked to a chemical competition caused by cation enrichment. The regional dimension of the study highlighted the prevailing importance of soil types in Hg dynamics, as shown by differentiated soil responses following deforestation according to soil texture. Confirming an early Hg mobility and indicating an eventual Hg release out of the soil, our results reinforce the call for the development of more sustainable agricultural practices in the Amazon.

Soil microbial community structure and diversity are largely influenced by soil pH and nutrient quality in 78-year-old tree plantations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Xiaoqi; Guo, Zhiying; Chen, Chengrong; Jia, Zhongjun

2017-04-01

Forest plantations have been recognised as a key strategy management tool for stocking carbon (C) in soils, thereby contributing to climate warming mitigation. However, long-term ecological consequences of anthropogenic forest plantations on the community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms and the underlying mechanisms in determining these patterns are poorly understood. In this study, we selected 78-year-old tree plantations that included three coniferous tree species (i.e. slash pine, hoop pine and kauri pine) and a eucalypt species in subtropical Australia. We investigated the patterns of community structure, and the diversity of soil bacteria and eukaryotes by using high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes. We also measured the potential methane oxidation capacity under different tree species. The results showed that slash pine and Eucalyptus significantly increased the dominant taxa of bacterial Acidobacteria and the dominant taxa of eukaryotic Ascomycota, and formed clusters of soil bacterial and eukaryotic communities, which were clearly different from the clusters under hoop pine and kauri pine. Soil pH and nutrient quality indicators such as C : nitrogen (N) and extractable organic C : extractable organic N were key factors in determining the patterns of soil bacterial and eukaryotic communities between the different tree species treatments. Slash pine and Eucalyptus had significantly lower soil bacterial and eukaryotic operational taxonomical unit numbers and lower diversity indices than kauri pine and hoop pine. A key factor limitation hypothesis was introduced, which gives a reasonable explanation for lower diversity indices under slash pine and Eucalyptus. In addition, slash pine and Eucalyptus had a higher soil methane oxidation capacity than the other tree species. These results suggest that significant changes in soil microbial communities may occur in response to chronic disturbance by tree plantations, and highlight the importance of soil pH and physiochemical characteristics in microbially mediated ecological processes in forested soils.

Bacterial stimulation of adventitious rooting on in vitro cultured slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) seedling explants.

PubMed

Burns, J A; Schwarz, O J

1996-02-01

A bacterium has been isolated that initiates adventitious rooting when co-cultured under in vitro conditions with seedling-produced hypocotylary explants of slash pine (Pinus elliottii). Rooting efficiencies produced through bacterial-explant co-culture range from approximately 15% to greater than 90% over non-treated controls. Explant exposure to the root inducing bacterium has produced no obvious pathology in the regenerated plantlets. Seedling explants rooted by bacterial-explant co-culture have been successfully transitioned to ambient greenhouse conditions.

Ural-Tweed Bighorn Sheep Wildlife Mitigation Project, 1984-1990 Final Report.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Young, Lewis R.; Yde, Chris A.

The results of habitat improvement project activities accomplished under contract No.84-38 for bighorn sheep mitigation along Koocanusa Reservoir from September 1, 1984, through June 30, 1990, are reported here. Habitat treatments were applied to ten areas and covered 1100 acres. Treatments used were prescribed fire, slashing combined with prescribed fire, and fertilization. Several variations in season or intensity were used within the slashing and prescribed fire treatments. This project was coordinated with and complemented concurrent Kootenai National Forest habitat improvement activities.

Change in phylogenetic community structure during succession of traditionally managed tropical rainforest in southwest China.

PubMed

Mo, Xiao-Xue; Shi, Ling-Ling; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hua; Slik, J W Ferry

2013-01-01

Tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia are facing increasing and ever more intense human disturbance that often negatively affects biodiversity. The aim of this study was to determine how tree species phylogenetic diversity is affected by traditional forest management types and to understand the change in community phylogenetic structure during succession. Four types of forests with different management histories were selected for this purpose: old growth forests, understorey planted old growth forests, old secondary forests (∼200-years after slash and burn), and young secondary forests (15-50-years after slash and burn). We found that tree phylogenetic community structure changed from clustering to over-dispersion from early to late successional forests and finally became random in old-growth forest. We also found that the phylogenetic structure of the tree overstorey and understorey responded differentially to change in environmental conditions during succession. In addition, we show that slash and burn agriculture (swidden cultivation) can increase landscape level plant community evolutionary information content.

X-Ray Fluorescence to Estimate the Maximum Temperature Reached at Soil Surface during Experimental Slash-and-Burn Fires.

PubMed

Melquiades, Fábio L; Thomaz, Edivaldo L

2016-05-01

An important aspect for the evaluation of fire effects in slash-and-burn agricultural system, as well as in wildfire, is the soil burn severity. The objective of this study is to estimate the maximum temperature reached in real soil burn events using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) as an analytical tool, combined with partial least square (PLS) regression. Muffle-heated soil samples were used for PLS regression model calibration and two real slash-and-burn soils were tested as external samples in the model. It was possible to associate EDXRF spectra alterations to the maximum temperature reached in the heat affected soils with about 17% relative standard deviation. The results are promising since the analysis is fast, nondestructive, and conducted after the burn event, although local calibration for each type of burned soil is necessary. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Mycorrhiza of plants in different vegetation types in tropical ecosystems of Xishuangbanna, southwest China.

PubMed

Muthukumar, T; Sha, Liqing; Yang, Xiaodong; Cao, Min; Tang, Jianwei; Zheng, Zheng

2003-12-01

We examined plants growing in four tropical vegetation types (primary forest, secondary forest, limestone forest and a slash and burn field) in Xishuangbanna, southwest China for mycorrhizal associations. Of the 103 plant species examined (belonging to 47 families), 81 had arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, while three species possessed orchid mycorrhiza. AM colonization levels ranged between 6% and 91% and spore numbers ranged between 1.36 spores and 25.71 spores per 10 g soil. Mean AM colonization level was higher in primary and secondary forest species than in plant species from limestone forests and a slash and burn field. In contrast, mean AM fungal spore numbers of the primary and limestone forest were lower than in the secondary forest or the slash and burn field. AM fungal spores belonging to Glomus and Acaulospora were the most frequent in soils of Xishuangbanna. AM fungal colonization and spore numbers were significantly correlated to each other and were significantly influenced by vegetation type.

Change in Phylogenetic Community Structure during Succession of Traditionally Managed Tropical Rainforest in Southwest China

PubMed Central

Mo, Xiao-Xue; Shi, Ling-Ling; Zhang, Yong-Jiang; Zhu, Hua; Slik, J. W. Ferry

2013-01-01

Tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia are facing increasing and ever more intense human disturbance that often negatively affects biodiversity. The aim of this study was to determine how tree species phylogenetic diversity is affected by traditional forest management types and to understand the change in community phylogenetic structure during succession. Four types of forests with different management histories were selected for this purpose: old growth forests, understorey planted old growth forests, old secondary forests (∼200-years after slash and burn), and young secondary forests (15–50-years after slash and burn). We found that tree phylogenetic community structure changed from clustering to over-dispersion from early to late successional forests and finally became random in old-growth forest. We also found that the phylogenetic structure of the tree overstorey and understorey responded differentially to change in environmental conditions during succession. In addition, we show that slash and burn agriculture (swidden cultivation) can increase landscape level plant community evolutionary information content. PMID:23936268

Effects of Apollo 12 lunar material on lipid levels of tobacco tissue and slash pine cultures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weete, J. D.

1972-01-01

Investigations of the lipid components of pine tissues (Pinus elloitii) are discussed, emphasizing fatty acids and steroids. The response by slash pine tissue cultures to growth in contact with Apollo lunar soil, earth basalt, and Iowa soil is studied. Tissue cultures of tobacco grown for 12 weeks in contact with lunar material from Apollo 12 flight contained 21 to 35 percent more total pigment than control tissues. No differences were noted in the fresh or dry weight of the experimental and control samples.

Building a Better Ace: Restructuring The Marine Expeditionary Unit’s Air Combat Elements in the MV-22 ERA

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

FROM, ABSTRACTION FROM, OR REPRODUCTION OF ALL OR ANY PART OF THIS DOCUMENT IS PERMITTED PROVIDED PROPER ACKNOWLEDGEMENT IS MADE. 1 Executive Summary...aft slash) typically reserved for two CH-53E Super Stallions and all six AV-8B Harriers, and a forward aircraft staging area (forward slash). The...Ospreys, with detachments of four CH-53Es Super Stallions , four AH-lW Cobras, two UH-IN Hueys, and six AV-8B Harriers. This configuration can be

Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: An ecological comparison

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hedman, C.W.; Grace, S.L.; King, S.E.

2000-01-01

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystems are characterized by a diverse community of native groundcover species. Critics of plantation forestry claim that loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) forests are devoid of native groundcover due to associated management practices. As a result of these practices, some believe that ecosystem functions characteristic of longleaf pine are lost under loblolly and slash pine plantation management. Our objective was to quantify and compare vegetation composition and structure of longleaf, loblolly, and slash pine forests of differing ages, management strategies, and land-use histories. Information from this study will further our understanding and lead to inferences about functional differences among pine cover types. Vegetation and environmental data were collected in 49 overstory plots across Southlands Experiment Forest in Bainbridge, GA. Nested plots, i.e. midstory, understory, and herbaceous, were replicated four times within each overstory plot. Over 400 species were identified. Herbaceous species richness was variable for all three pine cover types. Herbaceous richness for longleaf, slash, and loblolly pine averaged 15, 13, and 12 species per m2, respectively. Longleaf pine plots had significantly more (p < 0.029) herbaceous species and greater herbaceous cover (p < 0.001) than loblolly or slash pine plots. Longleaf and slash pine plots were otherwise similar in species richness and stand structure, both having lower overstory density, midstory density, and midstory cover than loblolly pine plots. Multivariate analyses provided additional perspectives on vegetation patterns. Ordination and classification procedures consistently placed herbaceous plots into two groups which we refer to as longleaf pine benchmark (34 plots) and non-benchmark (15 plots). Benchmark plots typically contained numerous herbaceous species characteristic of relic longleaf pine/wiregrass communities found in the area. Conversely, non-benchmark plots contained fewer species characteristic of relic longleaf pine/wiregrass communities and more ruderal species common to highly disturbed sites. The benchmark group included 12 naturally regenerated longleaf plots and 22 loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine plantation plots encompassing a broad range of silvicultural disturbances. Non-benchmark plots included eight afforested old-field plantation plots and seven cutover plantation plots. Regardless of overstory species, all afforested old fields were low either in native species richness or in abundance. Varying degrees of this groundcover condition were also found in some cutover plantation plots that were classified as non-benchmark. Environmental variables strongly influencing vegetation patterns included agricultural history and fire frequency. Results suggest that land-use history, particularly related to agriculture, has a greater influence on groundcover composition and structure in southern pine forests than more recent forest management activities or pine cover type. Additional research is needed to identify the potential for afforested old fields to recover native herbaceous species. In the interim, high-yield plantation management should initially target old-field sites which already support reduced numbers of groundcover species. Sites which have not been farmed in the past 50-60 years should be considered for longleaf pine restoration and multiple-use objectives, since they have the greatest potential for supporting diverse native vegetation. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V.

Effects of slash-and-burn land management on soil spectral properties estimated with VIS-NIR-SWIR spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosero-Vlasova, Olga Alexandra; Vlassova, Lidia; Rosero Tufiño, Pedro; Pérez-Cabello, Fernando; Montorio Llovería, Raquel

2017-04-01

Slash-and-burn land management is typical for low-income tropical countries, such as Ecuador. It involves conversion of forest into areas used for agriculture. At first trees are cut and the wood debris is burnt. After initial clearing, biomass burning is performed after each production cycle. Usually, cultivation cycles are followed by the fallow period. In the medium and long term, these practices have negative effect on soil fertility and there is the need for clearing more forest for agricultural use. This is one of the reasons for continuing deforestation with the consequent loss of biodiversity. Changes in physico-chemical properties due to periodic burning are accompanied by changes in soil spectral properties and can be determined using VIS-NIR-SWIR spectroscopy, which can be a cost-effective alternative for traditional methods of soil analysis. The purpose of the study is to assess the viability of VIS-NIR-SWIR spectroscopy for characterization of soils from land areas under slash-and-burn management system. Eighteen samples from soil surface layer were collected from two corn fields in the province of Los Rios, Ecuador, in September 2015. One of the areas has experienced six slash-and-burn cycles, while in the other the samples were collected at the end of the first corn cultivation cycle. Spectral measurements of sieved and air-dried samples were performed in the laboratory of the University of Zaragoza using ASD Fieldspec®4 spectroradiometer (350-2500nm spectral range) and ASD Illuminator Lamp as a light source. Statistically significant differences were observed between soil spectra of the samples from two soil groups. Reflectance of repeatedly burnt soils was 20% higher (mean value for the entire spectrum) for 65% of the samples, being especially important in VIS (>45%) and NIR ( 35%), probably due to the lower organic matter (OM) content. OM models built using Partial least Squares Regression demonstrated high predictive capacity (R2>0.8). Thus, the study confirms VIS-NIR-SWIR soil spectroscopy can be used as a tool for monitoring changes in soils in areas of slash-and-burn land management systems.

Slash and burn versus "agronegócio". Tales of forest degradation in the maroon area of Vila Bela da SantíssimaTrindade, Mato Grosso, Brazil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Leite, José C.; Ferreira, António A. J.

2014-05-01

Over the last four decades, deforestation in Brazil occurred systematically in the area known as the "arcof deforestation", an extensive geographical area located in the interface of the Cerrado and the Amazon biomes. The deforestation process replaces the forest and the slash and burn agriculture systems by modern intensive agriculture systems targeted at the production of cash crops like cotton, maize or soybeans, and to graze cattle.The so called "agronegócio" system. The reduction of pristine forest areas where traditional (indigenous, maroons and riverside) population conduct slash and burn agriculture, reduces the recovery time of the abandoned fields after exhaustion by agriculture crops, reason why the return to the same spots for another cycle of slash and burn occurs before the forest recovers completely from the previous cycle. In fact, the frequency of the cycles is increasing with the expansion of farm land and the reduction of available forest. This work encompasses the reasons, causes and/or motivations of the deforestation trends in the Vila Bela da SantíssimaTrindade, near the Bolivian border of Mato Grosso in Brazil, over a time span of four decades. The arc of deforestation has passed the region in the 1980's, leaving yet a large area of pristine forest where the traditional communities kept practicing a slash and burn agriculture system. Nevertheless, due to the reduction of available area, and specially due to the exposure of traditional communities to the "western civilization culture", there is an increasing abandonment of the traditional systems and associated culture and knowledge. In this context, the traditional communities may become a deforestation/degradation factor. To prevent this situation, the GUYAGROFOR project was implemented, to value traditional knowledge, identify bottlenecks in the increase of added value to the local traditional products, and to test methodologies to maintain and if possible improve soil fertility near the small households. The deforestation/degradation processes and the impacts of the proposed mitigation action are discussed.

Assessment of management-dependent nutrient losses in tropical industrial tree plantations.

PubMed

Mackensen, Jens; Klinge, Rudolf; Ruhiyat, Daddy; Fölster, Horst

2003-03-01

Industrial tree plantations in the tropics usually follow short rotations and intensive site management including slash and burn, and the use of heavy machinery. We attempt to quantify the implied nutrient losses (harvest export, erosion, slash and burn, leaching) in order to give plantation managers a chance to understand the significance of their planning and decisions. We used the scarce globally available information and a case study plantation in East Kalimantan, Indonesia (Acacia mangium and Eucalyptus deglupta). Adaptation involves problems and is discussed in some detail. Results are approximate only. Assuming a harvest volume of 200 m3 ha(-1), we assessed a loss of 427-680 kg ha(-1) N, 12-13 kg ha(-1) P, 178-252 kg ha(-1) Ca, 276-370 kg ha(-1) K, and 45-57 kg ha(-1) Mg per rotation. Of this overall loss, stand harvest accounted for 18-29% (N), 21-30% (P), 56-26% (K), 48-64% (Ca) and 22-37% (Mg). This means that the cumulative loss by erosion, slash and burn, and leaching exceeds that of the harvest. These losses can be influenced by management.

Fatal Injuries of Law Enforcement/Correctional Officers Attacked with Sharp-Edged Weapons.

PubMed

Chenpanas, Patsy; Bir, Cynthia

2017-05-01

According to the National Law Enforcement Memorial Fund, there were 117 law enforcement fatalities in the United States in 2015. Assaults with sharp-edged weapons have resulted in a total of over 400 fatalities in the United States. The goal of the current research was to examine sharp-edged weapon assaults against law enforcement and correctional agents that resulted in a fatal outcome. A total of twelve autopsy reports were reviewed from across the United States. Four cases involved law enforcement officers, seven involved correctional officers, and one was an off-duty border officer. The male-to-female ratio was 11:1. A total of 70.2% of the wounds analyzed were stab wounds (n = 85), and 29.8% of the wounds were slash wounds (n = 36). Based on this review, the neck, shoulder, and chest regions were the most vulnerable to single fatal stab/slash wounds. Multiple stab/slash wounds often resulted in exsanguination. The use of body armor was only noted in one case. © 2016 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Ames Research Center views of Oats, Slash-Pine and Mung bean seedlings STS-3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1982-01-01

Young oat seedlings are shown in a ground laboratory after being flown into space aboard the Space Shuttle Columbia on STS-3 in March of 1982. All plants were part of the experimental Plant Growth Unit. They appear to have grown to look similar to the control seedlings on earth. A few small roots can be seen growing upward from the soil (33915); Young slash-pine seedlings are shown upon returning from the STS-3 mission (33916); Mung bean seedlings are shown after their return from space aboard the STS-3 (37917).

Impact of a low severity fire on soil organic carbon and nitrogen characteristics in Japanese cedar soil Yamagata Prefecture, Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Seidel, Felix

2017-04-01

Slash and burn practices are widely used around the globe with different degrees of success which are mostly related to the impact of fire on the soil properties. In Japan slash and burn practises, known as Yakihata, have a long history and are still used in Yamagata Prefecture today. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a low severity controlled fire on Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) forest soil (Cambisol) which is the dominant species among plantations in Japan. We measured organic carbon and nitrogen content as well as changes in carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope composition in a steep west facing slope under heavy precipitation ( 2600 mm/a) and heavy snowfall ( 3-4 m/a). The results show that Ctotal and Ntotal values as well as the isotopes ratios of C and N change with decreasing elevation in the forest as well as in the burned site being consistent with leaching and erosion. The accumulation of Ctotal and Ntotal at the bottom of the slopes was remarkably higher at the slash and burned site than in the control forest site. After slash and burn δ15N isotopes in the slope in general became significantly lighter than in the control forest while the δ13C did not show any significant difference between the two sites except at the bottom of the slopes where δ13C was heavier in the forest. The reason for these changes in nitrogen and carbon isotopes appears to be related to the physical changes in soil horizon sequence of the original forest soil layer. Keywords: high precipitation, Japanese cedar forest soil, low severity fire, stable isotopes, steep slopes

Characteristics and DBP formation of dissolved organic matter from leachates of fresh and aged leaf litter.

PubMed

Jian, Qianyun; Boyer, Treavor H; Yang, Xiuhong; Xia, Beicheng; Yang, Xin

2016-06-01

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) was leached from leaves of two trees commonly grown in subtropical regions, Pinus elliottii (commonly known as slash pine) and Schima superba (S. superba), and its degradation pattern and potential for forming disinfection byproducts (DBPs) were evaluated. The leaves were exposed in the field for up to one year before leaching. The DOM leached from slash pine litter contained on average 10.4 mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) per gram of dry weight; for S. superba the average was 37.2 mg-DOC/g-dry weight. Ultraviolet and visible light absorbance, fluorescence, and molecular weight analysis indicated that more aromatic/humic and higher molecular weight compounds are formed as leaf litter ages. A 4-component parallel factor analysis of the fluorescence data showed that the intensity of peaks related with protein-like components decreased gradually during biodegradation, while that of peaks attributed to humic-acid-like components increased continuously. Fresh slash pine leachates formed on average 40.0 μg of trihalomethane (THM) per milligram of DOC, while S. superba leachates formed 45.6 μg. THM formation showed peak values of 55.7 μg/mg DOC for slash pine and 74.9 μg/mg DOC for S. superba after 8 months of aging. The formation of haloacetonitrile (HAN) and trichloronitromethane (TCNM) increased with increasing leaf age, while chloral hydrate (CH) formation did not show such a trend. Specific UV absorbance showed some positive correlation with DBPs, but humic-acid-like and protein-like absorbance peaks correlated with CH and TCNM yields in only some leaf samples. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A New Population Estimate for the Florida Scrub Jay on Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Breininger, David R.

1989-01-01

The variable circular plot method was used to sample avifauna within different vegetation types determined from aerial imagery. The Florida Scrub Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens coerulescens) population was estimated to range between 1,415 and 3,603 birds. Approximately half of the scrub and slash pine habitat appeared to be unused by Florida Scrub Jay, probably because the slash pine cover was too dense or the oak cover was too sparse. Results from the study suggest that the entire state population may be much lower than believed because the size of two of the three largest populations may have been overestimated.

Multiwalled carbon nanotube monoliths prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) and their mechanical properties.

PubMed

Uo, Motohiro; Hasegawa, Tomoka; Akasaka, Tsukasa; Tanaka, Isao; Munekane, Fuminori; Omori, Mamoru; Kimura, Hisamichi; Nakatomi, Reiko; Soga, Kohei; Kogo, Yasuo; Watari, Fumio

2009-01-01

Three types of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) monoliths without any binders were obtained by spark plasma sintering (SPS) treatment at 2000 degrees C under 80 MPa sintering pressure. Three MWCNTs with different diameters: thin (slashed circle20-30 nm, CNT Co., Ltd., Korea), thick (slashed circle100 nm, Nano Carbon Technologies Co., Ltd., Japan) and spherical thin (slashed circle20-30 nm, granulated diameter = 1-3 microm, Shimizu Corporation, Japan) were employed for SPS. SEM observation confirmed that these materials maintained the nanosized tube microstructure of raw CNT powder after SPS treatment. The densest monolith was prepared with the spherical MWCNTs. The mechanical properties of this material were estimated by the dynamic hardness test. The elastic modulus of the monolith did not depend on the difference of MWCNTs, but the hardness of spherical MWCNTs was higher than that of thick MWCNTs. The high density and hardness of the spherical MWCNTs were caused by the high packing density during the SPS process because of its spherical granulation. Thus, the spherical MWCNTs were most useful for the MWCNT monolith preparation with the SPS process and its application as a bone substitute material and a bone tissue engineering scaffold material was suggested.

Comparison of the Recently proposed Super Marx Generator Approach to Thermonuclear Ignition with the DT Laser Fusion-Fission Hybrid Concept (LIFE) by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Winterberg, Friedwardt

2009-05-01

The recently proposed Super Marx pure deuterium micro-detonation ignition concept [1] is compared to the Lawrence Livermore National Ignition Facility (NIF) laser DT fusion-fission hybrid concept (LIFE) [2]. A typical example of the LIFE concept is a fusion gain 30, and a fission gain of 10, making up for a total gain of 300, with about 10 times more energy released into fission as compared to fusion. This means a substantial release of fission products, as in fusion-less pure fission reactors. In the Super Marx approach for the ignition of a pure deuterium micro-detonation gains of the same magnitude can in theory be reached. If the theoretical prediction can be supported by more elaborate calculations, the Super Marx approach is likely to make lasers obsolete as a means for the ignition of thermonuclear micro-explosions. [1] ``Ignition of a Deuterium Micro-Detonation with a Gigavolt Super Marx Generator,'' Winterberg, F., Journal of Fusion Energy, Springer, 2008. http://www.springerlink.com/content/r2j046177j331241/fulltext.pdf. [2] ``LIFE: Clean Energy from Nuclear Waste,'' https://lasers.llnl.gov/missions/energy&_slash;for&_slash;the&_slash;future/life/

Emission reductions from woody biomass waste for energy as an alternative to open burning.

PubMed

Springsteen, Bruce; Christofk, Tom; Eubanks, Steve; Mason, Tad; Clavin, Chris; Storey, Brett

2011-01-01

Woody biomass waste is generated throughout California from forest management, hazardous fuel reduction, and agricultural operations. Open pile burning in the vicinity of generation is frequently the only economic disposal option. A framework is developed to quantify air emissions reductions for projects that alternatively utilize biomass waste as fuel for energy production. A demonstration project was conducted involving the grinding and 97-km one-way transport of 6096 bone-dry metric tons (BDT) of mixed conifer forest slash in the Sierra Nevada foothills for use as fuel in a biomass power cogeneration facility. Compared with the traditional open pile burning method of disposal for the forest harvest slash, utilization of the slash for fuel reduced particulate matter (PM) emissions by 98% (6 kg PM/BDT biomass), nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 54% (1.6 kg NOx/BDT), nonmethane volatile organics (NMOCs) by 99% (4.7 kg NMOCs/BDT), carbon monoxide (CO) by 97% (58 kg CO/BDT), and carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) by 17% (0.38 t CO2e/BDT). Emission contributions from biomass processing and transport operations are negligible. CO2e benefits are dependent on the emission characteristics of the displaced marginal electricity supply. Monetization of emissions reductions will assist with fuel sourcing activities and the conduct of biomass energy projects.

Characterization of PM 2.5 collected during broadcast and slash-pile prescribed burns of predominately ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, Marin S.; Zhao, Min; Zack, Lindsay; Brindley, Christine; Portz, Lillian; Quarterman, Matthew; Long, Xiufen; Herckes, Pierre

2011-04-01

Prescribed burning, in combination with mechanical thinning, is a successful method for reducing heavy fuel loads from forest floors and thereby lowering the risk of catastrophic wildfire. However, an undesirable consequence of managed fire is the production of fine particulate matter or PM 2.5 (particles ≤2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter). Wood-smoke particulate data from 21 prescribed burns are described, including results from broadcast and slash-pile burns. All PM 2.5 samples were collected in situ on day 1 (ignition) or day 2. Samples were analyzed for mass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic elements, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Results were characteristic of low-intensity, smoldering fires. PM 2.5 concentrations varied from 523 to 8357 μg m -3 and were higher on day 1. PAH weight percents (19 PAHs) were higher in slash-pile burns (0.21 ± 0.08% OC) than broadcast burns (0.07 ± 0.03% OC). The major elements were K, Cl, S, and Si. OC and EC values averaged 66 ± 7 and 2.8 ± 1.4% PM 2.5, respectively, for all burns studied, in good agreement with literature values for smoldering fires.

Characterization of PM(2.5) collected during broadcast and slash-pile prescribed burns of predominately ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona.

PubMed

Robinson, Marin S; Zhao, Min; Zack, Lindsay; Brindley, Christine; Portz, Lillian; Quarterman, Matthew; Long, Xiufen; Herckes, Pierre

2011-04-01

Prescribed burning, in combination with mechanical thinning, is a successful method for reducing heavy fuel loads from forest floors and thereby lowering the risk of catastrophic wildfire. However, an undesirable consequence of managed fire is the production of fine particulate matter or PM(2.5) (particles ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Wood-smoke particulate data from 21 prescribed burns are described, including results from broadcast and slash-pile burns. All PM(2.5) samples were collected in situ on day 1 (ignition) or day 2. Samples were analyzed for mass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic elements, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Results were characteristic of low intensity, smoldering fires. PM(2.5) concentrations varied from 523 to 8357 µg m(-3) and were higher on day 1. PAH weight percents (19 PAHs) were higher in slash-pile burns (0.21 ± 0.08% OC) than broadcast burns (0.07 ± 0.03% OC). The major elements were K, Cl, S, and Si. OC and EC values averaged 66 ± 7 and 2.8 ± 1.4% PM(2.5), respectively, for all burns studied, in good agreement with literature values for smoldering fires.

Characterization of PM2.5 collected during broadcast and slash-pile prescribed burns of predominately ponderosa pine forests in northern Arizona

PubMed Central

Zhao, Min; Zack, Lindsay; Brindley, Christine; Portz, Lillian; Quarterman, Matthew; Long, Xiufen; Herckes, Pierre

2011-01-01

Prescribed burning, in combination with mechanical thinning, is a successful method for reducing heavy fuel loads from forest floors and thereby lowering the risk of catastrophic wildfire. However, an undesirable consequence of managed fire is the production of fine particulate matter or PM2.5 (particles ≤2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter). Wood-smoke particulate data from 21 prescribed burns are described, including results from broadcast and slash-pile burns. All PM2.5 samples were collected in situ on day 1 (ignition) or day 2. Samples were analyzed for mass, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), inorganic elements, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC). Results were characteristic of low intensity, smoldering fires. PM2.5 concentrations varied from 523 to 8357 µg m−3 and were higher on day 1. PAH weight percents (19 PAHs) were higher in slash-pile burns (0.21 ± 0.08% OC) than broadcast burns (0.07 ± 0.03% OC). The major elements were K, Cl, S, and Si. OC and EC values averaged 66 ± 7 and 2.8 ± 1.4% PM2.5, respectively, for all burns studied, in good agreement with literature values for smoldering fires. PMID:21625396

Initial soil respiration response to biomass harvesting and green-tree retention in aspen-dominated forests of the Great Lakes region

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kurth, Valerie J.; Bradford, John B.; Slesak, Robert A.; D'Amato, Anthony W.

2014-01-01

Contemporary forest management practices are increasingly designed to optimize novel objectives, such as maximizing biomass feedstocks and/or maintaining ecological legacies, but many uncertainties exist regarding how these practices influence forest carbon (C) cycling. We examined the responses of soil respiration (Rs) to biomass harvesting and green-tree retention in an effort to empirically assess their impacts on C cycling. We measured Rs and soil microclimatic variables over four growing seasons following implementation of these management practices using a fully replicated, operational-scale experiment in aspen-dominated forests in northern Minnesota. Treatments included three levels of biomass removal within harvested areas: whole-tree harvest (no slash deliberately retained), 20% slash retained, and stem-only harvest (all slash retained), and two levels of green-tree retention: 0.1 ha aggregate or none. The relative amount of biomass removed had a negligible effect on Rs in harvested areas, but treatment effects were probably obscured by heterogeneous slash configurations and rapid post-harvest regeneration of aspen in all of the treatments. Discrete measurements of Rs and soil temperature within green-tree aggregates were not discernible from surrounding harvested areas or unharvested control stands until the fourth year following harvest, when Rs was higher in unharvested controls than in aggregates and harvested stands. Growing season estimates of Rs showed that unharvested control stands had higher Rs than both harvested stands and aggregates in the first and third years following harvest. Our results suggest that retention of larger forest aggregates may be necessary to maintain ecosystem-level responses similar to those in unharvested stands. Moreover, they highlight the innate complexity of operational-scale research and suggest that the initial impacts of biomass harvest on Rs may be indiscernible from traditional harvest in systems where incidental breakage is high.

36 CFR 223.137 - Causes for debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... disposal of slash; (2) Protection of soil, water, wildlife, range, cultural, and timber resources and protection of improvements when such failure causes significant environmental, resource, or improvements...

AMOR - the time-of-flight neutron reflectometer at SINQ/PSI

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gupta, Mukul; Gutberlet, T.; Stahn, J.; Keller, P.; Clemens, D.

2004-07-01

The apparatus for multioptional reflectometry (AMOR) at SINQ/PSI is a versatile reflectometer operational in the time-of-flight (TOF) mode (in a wavelength range of 0.15 nm <λ < 1.3 nm) as well as in the monochromatic (theta-2theta) mode with both polarized and unpolarized neutrons. AMOR is designed to perform reflectometry measurements in horizontal sample-plane geometry which allows studying both solid-liquid and liquid-liquid interfaces. A pulsed cold neutron beam from the end position of the neutron guide is produced by a dual-chopper system (side-by-side) having two windows at 180^{circ} and rotatable with a maximum frequency of 200 Hz. In the TOF mode, the chopper frequency, width of the gating window and the chopper-detector distance can be selected independently providing a wide range of q-resolution (Delta q/q=1-10&%slash;). Remanent FeCoV/Ti : N supermirrors are used as polarizer/analyzer with a polarization efficiency of sim97&%slash;. For the monochromatic wavelength mode, a Ni/Ti multilayer is used as a monochromator, giving sim50&%slash; reflectivity at a wavelength of 0.47 nm. In the present work, a detailed description of the instrument and setting-up of the polarization option is described. Results from some of the recent studies with polarized neutrons and measurements on liquid surfaces are presented.

Help in making fuel management decisions.

Treesearch

Peter J. Roussopoulos; Von J. Johnson

1975-01-01

Describes how to compare predictions of fuel hazard for Northeastern logging slash with a number of fuel hazard "standards." This system provides objective criteria for making fuel management decisions.

Leaf traits in relation to crown development, light interception and growth of elite families of loblolly and slash pine.

PubMed

Chmura, Daniel J; Tjoelker, Mark G

2008-05-01

Crown architecture and size influence leaf area distribution within tree crowns and have large effects on the light environment in forest canopies. The use of selected genotypes in combination with silvicultural treatments that optimize site conditions in forest plantations provide both a challenge and an opportunity to study the biological and environmental determinants of forest growth. We investigated tree growth, crown development and leaf traits of two elite families of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and one family of slash pine (P. elliottii Mill.) at canopy closure. Two contrasting silvicultural treatments -- repeated fertilization and control of competing vegetation (MI treatment), and a single fertilization and control of competing vegetation treatment (C treatment) -- were applied at two experimental sites in the West Gulf Coastal Plain in Texas and Louisiana. At a common tree size (diameter at breast height), loblolly pine trees had longer and wider crowns, and at the plot-level, intercepted a greater fraction of photosynthetic photon flux than slash pine trees. Leaf-level, light-saturated assimilation rates (A(max)) and both mass- and area-based leaf nitrogen (N) decreased, and specific leaf area (SLA) increased with increasing canopy depth. Leaf-trait gradients were steeper in crowns of loblolly pine trees than of slash pine trees for SLA and leaf N, but not for A(max). There were no species differences in A(max), except in mass-based photosynthesis in upper crowns, but the effect of silvicultural treatment on A(max) differed between sites. Across all crown positions, A(max) was correlated with leaf N, but the relationship differed between sites and treatments. Observed patterns of variation in leaf properties within crowns reflected acclimation to developing light gradients in stands with closing canopies. Tree growth was not directly related to A(max), but there was a strong correlation between tree growth and plot-level light interception in both species. Growth efficiency was unaffected by silvicultural treatment. Thus, when coupled with leaf area and light interception at the crown and canopy levels, A(max) provides insight into family and silvicultural effects on tree growth.

43 CFR 9212.0-5 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... means the burning of timber, trees, slash, brush, tundra, grass or other flammable material such as, but... means public lands closed to entry by a Bureau of Land Management fire prevention order. (h) Wildlife...

Effects of pine pollen supplementation in an onion diet on Frankliniella fusca reproduction.

PubMed

Angelella, G M; Riley, D G

2010-04-01

A micro-cage bioassay was developed to test the effect of slash pine pollen (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) supplementation to a whole onion plant (Allium cepa L. variety Pegasus) diet on thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) reproductive parameters. Frankliniella fusca (Hinds) females were placed on two to three-leaf stage onion seedling under a treatment of either slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pollen dusting (a pollen supplement) or no pollen treatment. Adult survival, net oviposition, and offspring produced over a series of ten 2-d intervals were recorded. From these values, l(x), l(x)m(x), and R(0) values were constructed. A trimodal distribution of oviposition was observed with the pollen supplement. Increased oviposition rates led to higher female offspring production per female and to a four-fold increase in F. fusca net reproduction on pollen-treated onions.

Evaluation of electrical test conditions in MIL-M-38510 slash sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandgren, K.

1980-08-01

Adequacy of MIL-M-38510 slash sheet requirements for electrical test conditions in an automated test environment were evaluated. Military temperature range commercial devices of 13 types from 6 manufacturers were purchased. Software for testing these devices and for varying the test conditions was written for the Tektronix S-3260 test system. The devices were tested to evaluate the effects of pin-condition settling time, measurement sequence of the same and different D-C parameters, temperature sequence, differently defined temperature ambients, variable measurement conditions, sequence of time measurements, pin-application sequence, and undesignated pin condition ambiguity. An alternative to current tri-state enable and disable time measurements is proposed; S-3260 'open' and 'ground' conditions are characterized; and suggestions for changes in MIL-M-38510 slash sheet specifications and MIL-STD-883 test methods are proposed, both to correct errors and ambiguities and to facilitate the gathering of repeatable data on automated test equipment. Data obtained showed no sensitivity to measurement or temperature sequence nor to temperature ambient, provided that test times were not excessive. V sub ICP tests and some low current measurements required allowance for a pin condition settling time because of the test system speed. Some pin condition application sequences yielded incorrect measurements. Undefined terminal conditions of output pins were found to affect I sub OS and propagation delay time measurements. Truth table test results varied with test frequency and V sub IL for low-power Schottky devices.

NovaCare's big bang.

PubMed

Speer, T L

1997-10-05

The no. 2 rehab provider took a dose of its own medicine--therapy that boosted productivity, slashed costs, and pushed the company into new markets. Now a consensus of analysts sees growth soaring by 20 percent a year.

Microhistological Techniques for Food Habits Analyses

Treesearch

Mark K. Johnson; Helen Wofford; Henry A. Pearson

1983-01-01

Techniques used to prepare and quantify herbivore diet samples for microhistological analyses are described. Plant fragments are illustrated for more than 50 selected plants common on longleaf-slash pine-bluestem range in the southeastern United States.

The Vocabulary of English Punctuation (Coming to Terms).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zuidema, Leah A.

1996-01-01

Discusses the vocabulary of English punctuation terms, largely unchanged since the Norman conquest in 1066. Discusses the meaning of the period, colon, comma, question mark, exclamation point, slash, parenthesis, brackets, asterisk, hyphen, and ampersand. (RS)

US science spared budget axe

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwynne, Peter

2017-06-01

Despite initial fears of significant funding cuts, America’s 2017 budget largely maintains support for research. But as Peter Gwynne reports, the relief may only be temporary and funding for science may be slashed next year instead

Yield of undamaged slash pine stands in South Florida

Treesearch

O. Gordon Langdon

1961-01-01

Predictions of future timber yields are necessary for formulating management plans and for comparing timber growing with alternative land uses. One useful tool for making these predictions is a set of yield tables.

Lesser cornstalk borer

Treesearch

Wayne N. Dixon; Albert E. Mayfield

2012-01-01

The lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalpus lignosellus) affects seedlings of Arizona cypress, bald cypress, black locust, dogwood, black tupelo, loblolly pine, redcedar, sand pine, slash pine, and sycamore. Agricultural host plants (more than 60 species) include beans, corn, millet, peas, sorghums, and soybeans.

46 CFR 98.30-23 - Requirements for transfer; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... transfer; (e) Each transfer hose has no loose covers, kinks, bulges, soft spots, and no gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the hose reinforcement; (f) Each coupling meets the requirements of § 98.30-27; (g...

46 CFR 98.30-23 - Requirements for transfer; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... transfer; (e) Each transfer hose has no loose covers, kinks, bulges, soft spots, and no gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the hose reinforcement; (f) Each coupling meets the requirements of § 98.30-27; (g...

46 CFR 98.30-23 - Requirements for transfer; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... transfer; (e) Each transfer hose has no loose covers, kinks, bulges, soft spots, and no gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the hose reinforcement; (f) Each coupling meets the requirements of § 98.30-27; (g...

46 CFR 98.30-23 - Requirements for transfer; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... transfer; (e) Each transfer hose has no loose covers, kinks, bulges, soft spots, and no gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the hose reinforcement; (f) Each coupling meets the requirements of § 98.30-27; (g...

46 CFR 98.30-23 - Requirements for transfer; general.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... spots, and no gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the hose reinforcement; (f) Each coupling meets the requirements of § 98.30-27; (g) Each scupper or drain in a discharge containment system is closed...

Can we save the seed crop?

Treesearch

Leo A. Isaac

1949-01-01

A news note has just announced a good seed crop this year for Douglas-fir and its associates. Foresters are asking; Can the crop be eaved for natural regeneration or must much of it be destroyed by slash burning?

Seed crop prospects for 1951.

Treesearch

Leo A. Isaac

1950-01-01

Abundance of winter flower buds, while not positive evidence, is at least a good indicator of next fall's seed crop. Management men can make good use of this information in working out their spring or early fall slash disposal program.

Methods to Reduce Forest Residue Volume after Timber Harvesting and Produce Black Carbon.

PubMed

Page-Dumroese, Deborah S; Busse, Matt D; Archuleta, James G; McAvoy, Darren; Roussel, Eric

2017-01-01

Forest restoration often includes thinning to reduce tree density and improve ecosystem processes and function while also reducing the risk of wildfire or insect and disease outbreaks. However, one drawback of these restoration treatments is that slash is often burned in piles that may damage the soil and require further restoration activities. Pile burning is currently used on many forest sites as the preferred method for residue disposal because piles can be burned at various times of the year and are usually more controlled than broadcast burns. In many cases, fire can be beneficial to site conditions and soil properties, but slash piles, with a large concentration of wood, needles, forest floor, and sometimes mineral soil, can cause long-term damage. We describe several alternative methods for reducing nonmerchantable forest residues that will help remove excess woody biomass, minimize detrimental soil impacts, and create charcoal for improving soil organic matter and carbon sequestration.

Lean-driven improvements slash wait times, drive up patient satisfaction scores.

PubMed

2012-07-01

Administrators at LifePoint Hospitals, based in Brentwood, TN, used lean manufacturing techniques to slash wait times by as much as 30 minutes and achieve double-digit increases in patient satisfaction scores in the EDs at three hospitals. In each case, front-line workers took the lead on identifying opportunities for improvement and redesigning the patient-flow process. As a result of the new efficiencies, patient volume is up by about 25% at all three hospitals. At each hospital, the improvement process began with Kaizen, a lean process that involves bringing personnel together to flow-chart the current system, identify problem areas, and redesign the process. Improvement teams found big opportunities for improvement at the front end of the flow process. Key to the approach was having a plan up front to deal with non-compliance. To sustain improvements, administrators gather and disseminate key metrics on a daily basis.

AmeriFlux US-SP2 Slashpine-Mize-clearcut-3yr,regen

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, Tim

2016-01-01

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-SP2 Slashpine-Mize-clearcut-3yr,regen. Site Description - Even aged slash pine (Pinus elliottii) plantation. Planted in Jan. 1999.

Slash Your Energy Bills.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawrence, Allen

Tips are given here for energy conservation in the home. Included are heating and cooling houses, water heating, bathing, clothes washing and drying, cooking, refrigerating, dishwashing, lighting, and driving. Also included is a table of annual energy requirements of household electric appliances. (BB)

25 CFR 247.17 - What are the restrictions on fires?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... TREATY FISHING ACCESS SITES § 247.17 What are the restrictions on fires? (a) You cannot burn timber, trees, slash, brush or grass unless you have a permit issued by the Area Director or his designee. (b...

25 CFR 247.17 - What are the restrictions on fires?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... TREATY FISHING ACCESS SITES § 247.17 What are the restrictions on fires? (a) You cannot burn timber, trees, slash, brush or grass unless you have a permit issued by the Area Director or his designee. (b...

25 CFR 247.17 - What are the restrictions on fires?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... TREATY FISHING ACCESS SITES § 247.17 What are the restrictions on fires? (a) You cannot burn timber, trees, slash, brush or grass unless you have a permit issued by the Area Director or his designee. (b...

25 CFR 247.17 - What are the restrictions on fires?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... TREATY FISHING ACCESS SITES § 247.17 What are the restrictions on fires? (a) You cannot burn timber, trees, slash, brush or grass unless you have a permit issued by the Area Director or his designee. (b...

25 CFR 247.17 - What are the restrictions on fires?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... TREATY FISHING ACCESS SITES § 247.17 What are the restrictions on fires? (a) You cannot burn timber, trees, slash, brush or grass unless you have a permit issued by the Area Director or his designee. (b...

Southern Pine Seed Sources

Treesearch

Ronald C. Schmidtling

2001-01-01

The selection of an appropriate seed source is critical for successful southern pine plantations. Guidelines for selection of seed sources are presented for loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), slash (P. elliottii Engelm.), longleaf (P. palustris Mill.), Virginia (P. virginiana Mill.), shortleaf (P. echinata...

Grazing Potential of Louisiana Pine Forest-Ranges

Treesearch

Herbert S. Sternitzke

1975-01-01

Louisiana's 5 million acres of pine forest-range have an estimated forage potential for 135,776 yearlong cow-calf units. Two-thirds of the units can be sustained on loblolly-shortleaf pine ranges; the rest, on longleaf-slash pine ranges.

Selective Herbicides Reduce Weeding Costs in Two Mississippi Nurseries

Treesearch

W. B. Smyly; T. H. Filer

1979-01-01

In tests conducted from 1974 to 1977, the preemergence herbicides, Treflan, Eptam, Dymid, and Dectun reduced weeds and weeding costs in seedling beds of loblolly, slash, and short leaf pine. Velpar and Roundup controlled weeds along riser lines.

Sweat bees on hot chillies: provision of pollination services by native bees in traditional slash-and-burn agriculture in the Yucatán Peninsula of tropical Mexico.

PubMed

Landaverde-González, Patricia; Quezada-Euán, José Javier G; Theodorou, Panagiotis; Murray, Tomás E; Husemann, Martin; Ayala, Ricardo; Moo-Valle, Humberto; Vandame, Rémy; Paxton, Robert J

2017-12-01

Traditional tropical agriculture often entails a form of slash-and-burn land management that may adversely affect ecosystem services such as pollination, which are required for successful crop yields. The Yucatán Peninsula of Mexico has a >4000 year history of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture, termed 'milpa'. Hot 'Habanero' chilli is a major pollinator-dependent crop that nowadays is often grown in monoculture within the milpa system.We studied 37 local farmers' chilli fields (sites) to evaluate the effects of landscape composition on bee communities. At 11 of these sites, we undertook experimental pollination treatments to quantify the pollination of chilli. We further explored the relationships between landscape composition, bee communities and pollination service provision to chilli.Bee species richness, particularly species of the family Apidae, was positively related to the amount of forest cover. Species diversity decreased with increasing proportion of crop land surrounding each sampling site. Sweat bees of the genus Lasioglossum were the most abundant bee taxon in chilli fields and, in contrast to other bee species, increased in abundance with the proportion of fallow land, gardens and pastures which are an integral part of the milpa system.There was an average pollination shortfall of 21% for chilli across all sites; yet the shortfall was unrelated to the proportion of land covered by crops. Rather, chilli pollination was positively related to the abundance of Lasioglossum bees, probably an important pollinator of chilli, as well indirectly to the proportion of fallow land, gardens and pastures that promote Lasioglossum abundance. Synthesis and applications . Current, low-intensity traditional slash-and-burn ( milpa ) agriculture provides Lasioglossum spp. pollinators for successful chilli production; fallow land, gardens and pasture therefore need to be valued as important habitats for these and related ground-nesting bee species. However, the negative impact of agriculture on total bee species diversity highlights how agricultural intensification is likely to reduce pollination services to crops, including chilli. Indeed, natural forest cover is vital in tropical Yucatán to maintain a rich assemblage of bee species and the provision of pollination services for diverse crops and wild flowers.

A Vegetation Analysis on Horn Island Mississippi, ca. 1940 using Habitat Characteristic Dimensions Derived from Historical Aerial Photography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jeter, G. W.; Carter, G. A.

2013-12-01

Guy (Will) Wilburn Jeter Jr., Gregory A. Carter University of Southern Mississippi Geography and Geology Gulf Coast Geospatial Center The over-arching goal of this research is to assess habitat change over a seventy year period to better understand the combined effects of global sea level rise and storm impacts on the stability of Horn Island, MS habitats. Historical aerial photography is often overlooked as a resource for use in determining habitat change. However, the spatial information provided even by black and white imagery can give insight into past habitat composition via textural analysis. This research will evaluate characteristic dimensions; most notably patch size of habitat types using simple geo-statistics and textures of brightness values of historical aerial imagery. It is assumed that each cover type has an identifiable patch size that can be used as a unique classifier of each habitat type. Analytical methods applied to the 1940 imagery were developed using 2010 field data and USDA aerial imagery. Textural moving window methods and basic geo-statistics were used to estimate characteristic dimensions of each cover type in 1940 aerial photography. The moving window texture analysis was configured with multiple window sizes to capture the characteristic dimensions of six habitat types; water, bare sand , dune herb land, estuarine shrub land, marsh land and slash pine woodland. Coefficient of variation (CV), contrast, and entropy texture filters were used to analyze the spatial variability of the 1940 and 2010 imagery. (CV) was used to depict the horizontal variability of each habitat characteristic dimension. Contrast was used to represent the variability of bright versus dark pixel values; entropy was used to show the variation in the slash pine woodland habitat type. Results indicate a substantial increase in marshland habitat relative to other habitat types since 1940. Results also reveal each habitat-type, such as dune herb-land, marsh-land, estuarine shrub-land, bare sand, slash pine woodland, and water exhibit a characteristic dimension that may be estimated from horizontal variability in image brightness values. These characteristic dimensions are estimated at less than one 1 meter for marsh-land bare sand and water, 3 meters for estuarine shrub-land and dune herb-land, and 5 to 7 meters for slash pine woodland.

Particle sizes in slash fire smoke.

Treesearch

David V. Sandberg; Robert E. Martin

1975-01-01

Particulate emissions are the most objectionable atmospheric contaminant from forest burning. Little is known of the particulate sizes, and this research was done under laboratory conditions to obtain particle size information. Comments are made concerning techniques for future work in this field.

46 CFR 35.35-30 - “Declaration of Inspection” for tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... designated? (12) Is the inert gas system being operated as necessary to maintain an inert atmosphere in the... vapors through the hose material, and gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose...

46 CFR 35.35-30 - “Declaration of Inspection” for tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... designated? (12) Is the inert gas system being operated as necessary to maintain an inert atmosphere in the... vapors through the hose material, and gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose...

46 CFR 35.35-30 - “Declaration of Inspection” for tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... designated? (12) Is the inert gas system being operated as necessary to maintain an inert atmosphere in the... vapors through the hose material, and gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose...

46 CFR 35.35-30 - “Declaration of Inspection” for tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... designated? (12) Is the inert gas system being operated as necessary to maintain an inert atmosphere in the... vapors through the hose material, and gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose...

46 CFR 35.35-30 - “Declaration of Inspection” for tank vessels-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... designated? (12) Is the inert gas system being operated as necessary to maintain an inert atmosphere in the... vapors through the hose material, and gouges, cuts, or slashes that penetrate the first layer of hose...

36 CFR 223.137 - Causes for debarment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., fire prevention, and the disposal of slash; (2) Protection of soil, water, wildlife, range, cultural, and timber resources and protection of improvements when such failure causes significant environmental, resource, or improvements damage; (3) Removal of designated timber when such failure causes substantial...

LSU Slashes Energy Use

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collier, Herbert I.

1978-01-01

Energy conservation programs at Louisiana State University reduced energy use 23 percent. The programs involved computer controlled power management systems, adjustment of building temperatures and lighting levels to prescribed standards, consolidation of night classes, centralization of chilled water systems, and manual monitoring of heating and…

Does bedding promote pine survival and growth on ditched wet sands?

Treesearch

Ralph A. Klawitter

1970-01-01

Results from a study of prepared beds for planting slash pine on a wet sandy flat in Florida were inconclusive. Early growth was improved, but survival was not; and differences between a bedded site and an unbedded site were slight.

A Guide to Southern Pine Seed Sources

Treesearch

Clark W. Lantz; John F. Kraus

1987-01-01

The selection of an appropriate seed source is critical for successful southern pine plantations. Guides for selection of seed sources are presented for loblolly, slash, longleaf, Virginia, shortleaf, and sand pines. Separate recommendations are given for areas where fusiform-rust hazard is high.

Innovative Solutions to Challenges in Pupil Transportation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ross, Jonathan; Burkybile, Sharon

2000-01-01

States have had to budget increasing amounts for mandated pupil-transportation services as their state transportation aid has been slashed dramatically. Among school districts, cooperation and coordination through shared services (consortia) have resulted in safer, more reliable, and more efficient transportation. Implementation advice is…

Slash disposal and seedbed preparation by tractor

Treesearch

Donald T. Gordon

1956-01-01

Creating ground conditions favorable to regeneration immediately after the final harvest cutting is basic to forest management wherever advance growth is deficient. Ponderosa (Pinus ponderosa Laws) and Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi Grev. & Balf.) seeds require bare mineral soil for satisfactory germination. Pine seedlings,...

Shortleaf pine hybrids: growth and tip moth damage in southeast Mississippi

Treesearch

Larry H. Lott; Maxine T. Highsmith; C. Dana Nelson

2007-01-01

It is well known that shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) sustain significantly more Nantucket pine tip moth (Rhyacionia frustrana Comst.) damage than do slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. ...

Verrucomicrobial community structure and abundance as indicators for changes in chemical factors linked to soil fertility.

PubMed

Navarrete, Acacio Aparecido; Soares, Tielle; Rossetto, Raffaella; van Veen, Johannes Antonie; Tsai, Siu Mui; Kuramae, Eiko Eurya

2015-09-01

Here we show that verrucomicrobial community structure and abundance are extremely sensitive to changes in chemical factors linked to soil fertility. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism fingerprint and real-time quantitative PCR assay were used to analyze changes in verrucomicrobial communities associated with contrasting soil nutrient conditions in tropical regions. In case study Model I ("Slash-and-burn deforestation") the verrucomicrobial community structures revealed disparate patterns in nutrient-enriched soils after slash-and-burn deforestation and natural nutrient-poor soils under an adjacent primary forest in the Amazonia (R = 0.819, P = 0.002). The relative proportion of Verrucomicrobia declined in response to increased soil fertility after slash-and-burn deforestation, accounting on average, for 4 and 2 % of the total bacterial signal, in natural nutrient-poor forest soils and nutrient-enriched deforested soils, respectively. In case study Model II ("Management practices for sugarcane") disparate patterns were revealed in sugarcane rhizosphere sampled on optimal and deficient soil fertility for sugarcane (R = 0.786, P = 0.002). Verrucomicrobial community abundance in sugarcane rhizosphere was negatively correlated with soil fertility, accounting for 2 and 5 % of the total bacterial signal, under optimal and deficient soil fertility conditions for sugarcane, respectively. In nutrient-enriched soils, verrucomicrobial community structures were related to soil factors linked to soil fertility, such as total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and sum of bases, i.e., the sum of calcium, magnesium and potassium contents. We conclude that community structure and abundance represent important ecological aspects in soil verrucomicrobial communities for tracking the changes in chemical factors linked to soil fertility under tropical environmental conditions.

Green pioneers.

PubMed

Trueland, Jennifer

The government has set tough targets for the NHS in England to reduce its carbon footprint. In this article, nurses and managers at Nottinghamshire Healthcare NHS Trust explain how a programme of 'greening' initiatives - including a trial of electric cars for community staff - have slashed the trust's CO2 output.

Aerial sampling of emissions from biomass pile burns in Oregon

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matter (PM2.5 µm), ...

Local Hero.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rist, Marilee C.

1992-01-01

Shows how a former high school principal (with no doctorate, central office experience, or big-city political savvy) pulled the Cincinnati (Ohio) schools out of a $76 million debt and implemented reforms recommended by the Buenger Commission. The new superintendent slashed central office positions, reorganized 86 schools into 9 minidistricts, and…

Sustaining Green School Momentum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2012-01-01

For several years, schools and universities have been battered by a sputtering economy that on many campuses has brought about slashed budgets, curtailed programs, shuttered facilities and terminated employees. But throughout the gloomy financial conditions, one of the bright spots for education institutions is the continued growing embrace of…

Financial Crisis 101

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marrs-Morford, Linda; Marshall, Ralph L.

2012-01-01

Across the country, education budgets are being slashed while legislatures are passing laws that mandate the inclusion of increasing numbers of educational programs in schools. The reality: schools must do more with less. School administrators, especially building-level principals, must take a serious look at spending in their schools. The…

A Hydraulically Operated Pine Cone Cutter

Treesearch

Carl W. Fatzinger; M.T. Proveaux

1971-01-01

Mature cones of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and longleaf pine (P. palustris Mill.) can be easily bisected along their longitudinal axes with the hydraulic pine cone cutter described. This cutter eliminates the two major problems of earlier models--undue operator fatigue and the...

Computer-Controlled HVAC -- at Low Cost

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American School and University, 1974

1974-01-01

By tying into a computerized building-automation network, Schaumburg High School, Illinois, slashed its energy consumption by one-third. The remotely connected computer controls the mechanical system for the high school as well as other buildings in the community, with the cost being shared by all. (Author)

Bulked fusiform rust inocula and Fr gene interactions in loblolly pine

Treesearch

Fikret Isik; Henry Amerson; Saul Garcia; Ross Whetten; Steve. McKeand

2012-01-01

Fusiform rust disease in loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var elliottii) pine plantations in the southern United States causes multi-million dollar annual losses. The disease is endemic to the region. The fusiform rust fungus (Cronartium quercuum sp.

Aerial Sampling of Emissions from Biomass Pile Burns in Oregon

EPA Science Inventory

Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matter (PM2.5 µm), ...

Biological properties of disturbed and undisturbed Cerrado sensu stricto from Northeast Brazil.

PubMed

Araújo, A S F; Magalhaes, L B; Santos, V M; Nunes, L A P L; Dias, C T S

2017-03-01

The aim of this study was to measure soil microbial biomass and soil surface fauna in undisturbed and disturbed Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) from Sete Cidades National Park, Northeast Brazil. The following sites were sampled under Cerrado sensu stricto (Css) at the park: undisturbed and disturbed Css (slash-and-burn agricultural practices). Total organic and microbial biomass C were higher in undisturbed than in disturbed sites in both seasons. However, microbial biomass C was higher in the wet than in the dry season. Soil respiration did not vary among sites but was higher in the wet than in the dry season. The densities of Araneae, Coleoptera, and Orthoptera were higher in the undisturbed site, whereas the densities of Formicidae were higher in the disturbed site. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis separated undisturbed from disturbed sites according to soil biological properties. Disturbance by agricultural practices, such as slash-and-burn, probably resulted in the deterioration of the biological properties of soil under native Cerrado sensu stricto in the Sete Cidades National Park.

Aerial Sampling of Emissions from Biomass Pile Burns in ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Abstract (already cleared). Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matter (PM2.5 µm), black carbon, ultraviolet absorbing PM, elemental/organic carbon, semi-volatile organics (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans), filter-based metals, and volatile organics were sampled for determination of emission factors. The effect on emissions from covering or not covering piles with polyethylene sheets to prevent fuel wetting was determined. Results showed that the uncovered (“wet”) piles burned with lower combustion efficiency and higher emissions of volatile organic compounds. Results for other pollutants will also be discussed. This work determines the first known in-field emission factors for burning of timber slash piles. The results also document the effect on emissions of covering the piles with polyethylene covers to reduce the moisture content of the biomass.

Estimating Occupancy of Gopher Tortoise (Gorpherus polyphemus) Burrows in Coastal Scrub and Slash Pine Flatwoods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Breininger, David R.; Schmalzer, Paul A.; Hinkle, C. Ross

1991-01-01

One hundred twelve plots were established in coastal scrub and slash pine flatwoods habitats on the John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC) to evaluate relationships between the number of burrows and gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus) density. All burrows were located within these plots and were classified according to tortoise activity. Depending on season, bucket trapping, a stick method, a gopher tortoise pulling device, and a camera system were used to estimate tortoise occupancy. Correction factors (% of burrows occupied) were calculated by season and habitat type. Our data suggest that less than 20% of the active and inactive burrows combined were occupied during seasons when gopher tortoises were active. Correction factors were higher in poorly-drained areas and lower in well-drained areas during the winter, when gopher tortoise activity was low. Correction factors differed from studies elsewhere, indicating that population estimates require correction factors specific to the site and season to accurately estimate population size.

Relative abundance and species richness of cerambycid beetles in partial cut and uncut bottomland hardwood forests

USGS Publications Warehouse

Newell, P.; King, S.

2009-01-01

Partial cutting techniques are increasingly advocated and used to create habitat for priority wildlife. However, partial cutting may or may not benefit species dependent on deadwood; harvesting can supplement coarse woody debris in the form of logging slash, but standing dead trees may be targeted for removal. We sampled cerambycid beetles during the spring and summer of 2006 and 2007 with canopy malaise traps in 1- and 2-year-old partial cut and uncut bottomland hardwood forests of Louisiana. We captured a total of 4195 cerambycid beetles representing 65 species. Relative abundance was higher in recent partial cuts than in uncut controls and with more dead trees in a plot. Total species richness and species composition were not different between treatments. The results suggest partial cuts with logging slash left on site increase the abundance of cerambycid beetles in the first few years after partial cutting and that both partial cuts and uncut forest should be included in the bottomland hardwood forest landscape.

Chemically inducing lightwood formation in southern pines

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roberts, D.R.; Peters, W.J.

1977-06-01

Chemical induction of lightwood formation promises to be a new method of naval stores production. A broad range of paraquat concentrations and many methods of application induced lightwood formation. Loblolly, slash, and longleaf pines were found to produce increased amounts of turpentine and tall oil in response to paraquat treatment. In one experiment, loblolly pines treated with 8 percent paraquat on a single bark streak yielded, 9 months after treatment, an average of 10 pounds more extractives per tree than did untreated trees. Most of the yield increase was in the lower portion of the tree near the wound, butmore » some increase was noted for heights as great as 27 ft. In another experiment, 8 to 10 inch DBH loblolly, slash, and longleaf pine trees were treated with 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 percent paraquat applied in ax chops spanning one-third the circumference of the trees. All treated trees yielded more resin acids than did control trees.« less

Methods to Reduce Forest Residue Volume after Timber Harvesting and Produce Black Carbon

PubMed Central

Busse, Matt D.; Archuleta, James G.; McAvoy, Darren; Roussel, Eric

2017-01-01

Forest restoration often includes thinning to reduce tree density and improve ecosystem processes and function while also reducing the risk of wildfire or insect and disease outbreaks. However, one drawback of these restoration treatments is that slash is often burned in piles that may damage the soil and require further restoration activities. Pile burning is currently used on many forest sites as the preferred method for residue disposal because piles can be burned at various times of the year and are usually more controlled than broadcast burns. In many cases, fire can be beneficial to site conditions and soil properties, but slash piles, with a large concentration of wood, needles, forest floor, and sometimes mineral soil, can cause long-term damage. We describe several alternative methods for reducing nonmerchantable forest residues that will help remove excess woody biomass, minimize detrimental soil impacts, and create charcoal for improving soil organic matter and carbon sequestration. PMID:28377830

A peculiar case of suicide enacted through the ancient Japanese ritual of Jigai.

PubMed

Maiese, Aniello; Gitto, Lorenzo; dell'Aquila, Massimiliano; Bolino, Giorgio

2014-03-01

In the past, self-infliction of sharp force was a classic form of suicide, while in modern times it is quite rare, constituting only 2% to 3% of all self-inflicted deaths. In Japan, the jigai (Japanese characters: see text) ritual is a traditional method of female suicide, carried out by cutting the jugular vein using a knife called a tantō. The jigai ritual is the feminine counterpart of seppuku (well-known as harakiri), the ritual suicide of samurai warriors, which was carried out by a deep slash into the abdomen. In contrast to seppuku, jigai can be performed without assistance, which was fundamental for seppuku.The case we describe here involves an unusual case of suicide in which the victim was a male devotee of Japanese culture and weapons. He was found dead in his bathtub with a deep slash in the right lateral-cervical area, having cut only the internal jugular vein with a tantō knife, exactly as specified by the jigai ritual.

77 FR 42694 - Helena National Forest, Montana, Telegraph Vegetation Project

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-20

... slashing generally small diameter trees followed by prescribed burning within the Jericho Mountain... dead and dying trees, promoting desirable regeneration, reducing fuels and the risk of wildfire, and... for Action Wide-scale tree mortality has occurred throughout the project area due to the mountain pine...

Modelling the long term effects of an introduced herbivore on spread of an invasive tree

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) Blake (hereafter melaleuca) is an invasive tree from Australia that has spread over the freshwater ecosystems of southern Florida, displacing native vegetation such as slash pine (Pinus elliottii), pond cypress (Taxodium ascendens), and loblolly bay (Gordonia lasianthu...

Volatiles associated with preferred and nonpreferred hosts of the nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana

Treesearch

Christopher Asaro; Brian T. Sullivan; M.J. Dalusky; C. Wayne Berisford

2004-01-01

Ovipositing female Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana, prefer loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., to slash pine, Pinus elliottii Englem. except during the first spring following planting of seedlings. Host discrimination by R. frustrana increases as seedlings develop, suggesting that...

Tables for predicting the slash weight of shortleaf pine.

Treesearch

Duane R. Freeman; Peter J. Roussopoulos

1983-01-01

The tables provided here estimate crown weights of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) from measurements of diameter (d.b.h) and crown ratio, for both a 3-inch and a 4-inch merchantable top. Crown component fractions for standard fuel size classes are also presented.

Re-Establishing Pine on Piedmont Cut-Over Land

Treesearch

E.V. Brender; T.C. Nelson

1952-01-01

This paper deals with a study which had two major purposes: (1) to determine the effectiveness of certain preplanting treatments in permitting pines to come through hardwood competition, and (2) to compare survival and growth rate of planted loblolly and slash pine under the various treatments tested.

48 CFR Appendix F to Chapter 2 - Material Inspection and Receiving Report

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... items are maintenance, repair, alteration, rehabilitation, engineering, research, development, training... slashes. Show the descriptive noun of the item nomenclature and if provided, the Government assigned..., engineering, research, development, training, and testing. Do not complete Blocks 4, 13, and 14 when there is...

Copper Deficiency in Pine Plantations in the Georgia Coastal Plain

Treesearch

David B. South; William A. Carey; Donald A. Johnson

2004-01-01

Copper deficiencies have been observed on several intensively managed pine plantations in the Georgia Coastal Plain. Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii Engelm.) displayed plagiotropic growth within a year after planting on very acid, sandy soils. Typically, symptoms show...

Rill erosion in burned and salvage logged western montane forests: Effects of logging equipment type, traffic level, and slash treatment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wagenbrenner, J. W.; Robichaud, P. R.; Brown, R. E.

2016-10-01

Following wildfires, forest managers often consider salvage logging burned trees to recover monetary value of timber, reduce fuel loads, or to meet other objectives. Relatively little is known about the cumulative hydrologic effects of wildfire and subsequent timber harvest using logging equipment. We used controlled rill experiments in logged and unlogged (control) forests burned at high severity in northern Montana, eastern Washington, and southern British Columbia to quantify rill overland flow and sediment production rates (fluxes) after ground-based salvage logging. We tested different types of logging equipment-feller-bunchers, tracked and wheeled skidders, and wheeled forwarders-as well as traffic levels and the addition of slash to skid trails as a best management practice. Rill experiments were done at each location in the first year after the fire and repeated in subsequent years. Logging was completed in the first or second post-fire year. We found that ground-based logging using heavy equipment compacted soil, reduced soil water repellency, and reduced vegetation cover. Vegetation recovery rates were slower in most logged areas than the controls. Runoff rates were higher in the skidder and forwarder plots than their respective controls in the Montana and Washington sites in the year that logging occurred, and the difference in runoff between the skidder and control plots at the British Columbia site was nearly significant (p = 0.089). Most of the significant increases in runoff in the logged plots persisted for subsequent years. The type of skidder, the addition of slash, and the amount of forwarder traffic did not significantly affect the runoff rates. Across the three sites, rill sediment fluxes were 5-1900% greater in logged plots than the controls in the year of logging, and the increases were significant for all logging treatments except the low use forwarder trails. There was no difference in the first-year sediment fluxes between the feller-buncher and tracked skidder plots, but the feller-buncher fluxes were lower than the values from the wheeled skidder plots. Manually adding slash after logging did not affect sediment flux rates. There were no significant changes in the control sediment fluxes over time, and none of the logging equipment impacted plots produced greater sediment fluxes than the controls in the second or third year after logging. Our results indicate that salvage logging increases the risk of sedimentation regardless of equipment type and amount of traffic, and that specific best management practices are needed to mitigate the hydrologic impacts of post-fire salvage logging.

Life cycle assessment of residual lignocellulosic biomass-based jet fuel with activated carbon and lignosulfonate as co-products.

PubMed

Pierobon, Francesca; Eastin, Ivan L; Ganguly, Indroneil

2018-01-01

Bio-jet fuels are emerging as a valuable alternative to petroleum-based fuels for their potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependence. In this study, residual woody biomass from slash piles in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is used as a feedstock to produce iso-paraffinic kerosene, through the production of sugar and subsequent patented proprietary fermentation and upgrading. To enhance the economic viability and reduce the environmental impacts of iso-paraffinic kerosene, two co-products, activated carbon and lignosulfonate, are simultaneously produced within the same bio-refinery. A cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed for the residual woody biomass-based bio-jet fuel and compared against the cradle-to-grave LCA of petroleum-based jet fuel. This paper also discusses the differences in the environmental impacts of the residual biomass-based bio-jet fuel using two different approaches, mass allocation and system expansion, to partition the impacts between the bio-fuel and the co-products, which are produced in the bio-refinery. The environmental assessment of biomass-based bio-jet fuel reveals an improvement along most critical environmental criteria, as compared to its petroleum-based counterpart. However, the results present significant differences in the environmental impact of biomass-based bio-jet fuel, based on the partitioning method adopted. The mass allocation approach shows a greater improvement along most of the environmental criteria, as compared to the system expansion approach. However, independent of the partitioning approach, the results of this study reveal that more than the EISA mandated 60% reduction in the global warming potential could be achieved by substituting petroleum-based jet fuel with residual woody biomass-based jet fuel. Converting residual woody biomass from slash piles into bio-jet fuel presents the additional benefit of avoiding the impacts of slash pile burning in the forest, which results in a net negative impact on 'Carcinogenics' and 'Respiratory effects', and substantial reduction in the 'Smog' and 'Ecotoxicity' impacts. The production of woody biomass-based bio-jet fuel, however, did not show any significant improvement in the 'Acidification' and 'Eutrophication' impact categories. The study reveals that residual woody biomass recovered from slash piles represents a more sustainable alternative to petroleum for the production of jet fuel with a lower impact on global warming and local pollution. Future research should focus on the optimization of chemical processes of the bio-refinery to reduce the impacts on the 'Acidification' and 'Eutrophication' impact categories.

Hurricane Katrina winds damaged longleaf pine less than loblolly pine

Treesearch

Kurt H. Johnsen; John R. Butnor; John S. Kush; Ronald C. Schmidtling; C. Dana Nelson

2009-01-01

Some evidence suggests that longleaf pine might be more tolerant of high winds than either slash pine (Pinus elliotii Englem.) or loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). We studied wind damage to these three pine species in a common garden experiment in southeast Mississippi following Hurricane Katrina,...

36 CFR 223.62 - Timber purchaser road construction credit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... deposits for slash disposal and road maintenance. As used in this section estimated construction costs... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Timber purchaser road... § 223.62 Timber purchaser road construction credit. Appraisal may also establish stumpage value as if...

Top Grafting Loblolly Pine in the Western Gulf Region

Treesearch

Geoffrey D. Goading; Floyd E. Bridgwater; David L. Bramlett; William J. Lowe

1999-01-01

Flowering data were collected from top grafts made in 1996 and 1997 at the Mississippi Forestry Commission's Craig Seed Orchard near Lumberton, MS. Scion material from twenty loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) second-generation selections was grafted onto five loblolly pine and five slash pine (P. elliottii) interstocks. All...

A Robust Bayesian Approach for Structural Equation Models with Missing Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Sik-Yum; Xia, Ye-Mao

2008-01-01

In this paper, normal/independent distributions, including but not limited to the multivariate t distribution, the multivariate contaminated distribution, and the multivariate slash distribution, are used to develop a robust Bayesian approach for analyzing structural equation models with complete or missing data. In the context of a nonlinear…

Use of near infared spectroscopy to predict the mechanical properties of six softwoods

Treesearch

Stephen S. Jelley; Timothy G. Rials; Leslie H. Groom; Chi-Leung So

2004-01-01

The visible and near infrared (NIR)(500-2400 nm) spectra and mechanical properties of almost 1000 small clear-wood samples from six softwood species: Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine), Pinus palustris, Mill. (longleaf pine), Pinus elliottii Engelm. (slash pine), Pinus echinata Mill. (shortleaf...

Fusiform Rust Trends in East Texas: 1969 to 2002

Treesearch

Dean W. Coble; Young-Jin Lee

2004-01-01

Fusiform rust [Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. Fusiforme] infection rates in east Texas increased to nearly 50 percent in slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) and about 15 percent in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations during the 18-year period from 1969 to 1987. New...

40 CFR 63.4312 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... manufacturer's formulation data or test data used to determine the mass fraction of organic HAP for coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, finishing, thinning, and cleaning materials; and the mass fraction of solids for coating and printing materials. If you conducted testing to determine mass fraction of organic HAP...

40 CFR 63.4312 - What records must I keep?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... manufacturer's formulation data or test data used to determine the mass fraction of organic HAP for coating, printing, slashing, dyeing, finishing, thinning, and cleaning materials; and the mass fraction of solids for coating and printing materials. If you conducted testing to determine mass fraction of organic HAP...

Slash helps protect seedlings from deer browsing

Treesearch

Ted J. Grisez

1960-01-01

Foresters and landowners in the northern and eastern states are vitally concerned with the destructive browsing of forest regeneration by large numbers of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Attempts to prevent over-populations of deer have been made through legislative and administrative measures with varying success, but more direct...

Relationships between Watershed Alterations and Sediment Accretion Rates in Willapa Bay Washington and Yaquina Bay, Oregon

EPA Science Inventory

The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the leading regions of timber production in the United States. It also undergoes aperiodic episodes of catastrophic forest fires, and systematic slash burns following logging activities. Such conditions raise concerns regarding increased re...

Operational experience at a "dog-hair" site.

Treesearch

Stephen R. Ricketts; Richard E. Miller

1995-01-01

To monitor consequences of past operational practices, we installed eight 0.05-acre plots in a 9-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco var. menziesii) plantation established after clearcutting a grossly overstocked stand on a poor-quality site. Logging slash was broadcast burned on half this clearcut. One...

21 CFR 184.1585 - Papain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

....1585 Papain. (a) Papain (CAS Reg. No. 9001-73-4) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica papaya L. Crude latex containing the enzyme is collected from slashed unripe papaya. The food-grade product is... an aqueous solution of latex. The resulting enzyme preparation may be used in a liquid or dry form...

21 CFR 184.1585 - Papain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1585 Papain. (a) Papain (CAS Reg. No. 9001-73-4) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica papaya L. Crude latex containing the enzyme is collected from slashed unripe papaya... latex or by precipitation from an aqueous solution of latex. The resulting enzyme preparation may be...

21 CFR 184.1585 - Papain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1585 Papain. (a) Papain (CAS Reg. No. 9001-73-4) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica papaya L. Crude latex containing the enzyme is collected from slashed unripe papaya... latex or by precipitation from an aqueous solution of latex. The resulting enzyme preparation may be...

29 CFR 1910.1043 - Cotton dust.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Cotton dust. 1910.1043 Section 1910.1043 Labor Regulations...) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED) Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1910.1043 Cotton dust. (a... cotton dust in all workplaces where employees engage in yarn manufacturing, engage in slashing and...

29 CFR 1910.1043 - Cotton dust.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Cotton dust. 1910.1043 Section 1910.1043 Labor Regulations...) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED) Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1910.1043 Cotton dust. (a... cotton dust in all workplaces where employees engage in yarn manufacturing, engage in slashing and...

29 CFR 1910.1043 - Cotton dust.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 6 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Cotton dust. 1910.1043 Section 1910.1043 Labor Regulations...) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED) Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1910.1043 Cotton dust. (a... cotton dust in all workplaces where employees engage in yarn manufacturing, engage in slashing and...

29 CFR 1910.1043 - Cotton dust.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Cotton dust. 1910.1043 Section 1910.1043 Labor Regulations...) OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDS (CONTINUED) Toxic and Hazardous Substances § 1910.1043 Cotton dust. (a... cotton dust in all workplaces where employees engage in yarn manufacturing, engage in slashing and...

Fire applications in ecosystem management

Treesearch

Michael G. Harrington

2000-01-01

Decades of fire absence from ponderosa pine/Douglas-fir forests has resulted in overstocked, unhealthy, and severe fireprone stands requiring management attention. Prescribed fire can be used in three general situations during restoration management. First is when fuel loadings are excessive from either natural accumulation or harvest slash. Second is when dense...

Prescriptions vary in ponderosa regeneration

Treesearch

Dale O. Hall

1969-01-01

Nonproducing acres and unproductive years are both costly to timberland owners. These costs are reduced by restoring timber stocking with minimum delay. The proper prescription for regeneration can insure fast restocking. But the silviculturist prescribes slash disposal, site preparation, seeding, and planting only after he has carefully examined the site environment...

21 CFR 184.1585 - Papain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1585 Papain. (a) Papain (CAS Reg. No. 9001-73-4) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica papaya L. Crude latex containing the enzyme is collected from slashed unripe papaya... latex or by precipitation from an aqueous solution of latex. The resulting enzyme preparation may be...

21 CFR 184.1585 - Papain.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Substances Affirmed as GRAS § 184.1585 Papain. (a) Papain (CAS Reg. No. 9001-73-4) is a proteolytic enzyme derived from Carica papaya L. Crude latex containing the enzyme is collected from slashed unripe papaya... latex or by precipitation from an aqueous solution of latex. The resulting enzyme preparation may be...

Needleboards--An exploratory study

Treesearch

E.T. Howard

1974-01-01

Medium-density hot-pressed boards were prepared from slash pine needles that had been: 1) flattened, 2) benzenesoaked, 3) flattened and then benzene-soaked, 4) mercerized, or 5) given no treatment. None of the boards had satisfactory properties for conventional uses. Mercerization improved bending strength and internal bond of the boards, but stiffness and dimensional...

Are we over-managing longleaf pine?

Treesearch

John S. Kush; Rebecca J. Barlow; John C. Gilbert

2012-01-01

Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) is not loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) or slash pine (Pinus elliottii L.). There is the need for a paradigmatic shift in our thinking about longleaf pine. All too often we think of longleaf as an intolerant species, slow-grower, difficult to regenerate, and yet it dominated the pre...

Effects of ecosystem-based management treatments

Treesearch

Michael G. Harrington; Carl E. Fiedler; Stephen F. Arno; Ward W. McCaughey; Leon J. Theroux; Clinton E. Carlson; Kristin L. Zouhar; Thomas H. DeLuca; Donald J. Bedunah; Dayna M. Ayers; Elizabeth A. Beringer; Sallie J. Hejl; Lynn Bacon; Robert E. Benson; Jane Kapler Smith; Rick Floch

1999-01-01

The prescribed burn treatments were applied to reduce pre-existing and new slash fuel loadings, reduce understory tree density to lower crown fire potential, stimulate vigor of decadent understory vegetation, produce mineral seedbeds for seral species establishment, and increase availability of mineral nutrients. To test the feasibility of prescribed burning under a...

School Districts Can Stretch the School Dollar

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Petrilli, Michael J.

2012-01-01

Many districts continue to face budget challenges of historic proportions. Decisions made in the coming months will carry significant repercussions for years to come. The path of least resistance is to slash budgets in ways that erode schooling. In this scenario, important reforms are left behind, overall services are diminished, innovations are…

75 FR 41898 - Slash Support, Inc. Gamehouse Products Support Workers South Jordan, UT; Notice of Revised...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-07-19

... reconsideration of the Department's Notice of negative determination regarding workers' eligibility to apply for.... The negative determination was issued on February 26, 2010. The Department's Notice of determination... the group threatened with total or partial separation from employment on date of certification through...

Modeling the Differential Sensitivity of Loblolly Pine to Climatic Change Using Tree Rings

Treesearch

Edward R. Cook; Warren L. Nance; Paul J. Krusic; James Grissom

1998-01-01

The Southwide Pine Seed Source Study (SPSSS) was undertaken in 1951 to determine to what extent inherent geographic variation in four southern pine species (loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L.; slash pine, P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii; longleaf pine, P. palutris Mill.; and shortleaf pine,

Participatory genetic improvement: longleaf pine

Treesearch

C. Dana Nelson; Gwendolyn Boyd; Randall J. Rousseau; Barbara S. Crane; Craig S. Echt; Kurt H. Johnsen

2015-01-01

University-industry-state cooperative tree improvement has been highly successful in the southern United States. Over nearly 60 years, three cooperative programs have led the way in developing and deploying genetically improved planting stocks for loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (P. elliottii Engelm.) pines. However, much lower levels of success have been achieved...

Parent Involvement in Elementary School Libraries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Copeland, Michele Rzewski

2012-01-01

In the 21st century, school libraries are under pressure to innovate. Library budgets are frequently slashed as districts struggle with limited fiscal resources, while library personnel are increasingly expected to provide students with resources they need to help them pass high stakes tests. In an effort to meet student needs with limited…

Staying Alive: When the Budget Cutter Cometh, Be Ready to Slash Costs and Revive Revenues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hay, Tina M.

1990-01-01

Periodicals editors at higher education institutions constantly confront financial pressure. Some strategies used to pair expenses or raise revenue include consolidating two or more periodicals, pruning mailing lists, trimming printing and postage costs, selling advertising, and pursuing voluntary subscription programs. (MLW)

In the Green

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kennedy, Mike

2011-01-01

Education officials used to debate whether they could afford to pursue green design and construction. Now the green movement has gained a foothold not just in education, but in society at large, and the prevailing attitude seems to have shifted. Can schools afford "not" to go green? As budgets are slashed repeatedly, education administrators must…

Logging a roadside stand to protect scenic values

Treesearch

Philip M. McDonald; Raymond V. Whiteley

1972-01-01

A case study on the Challenge Experimental Forest, California, demonstrated that logging along roadsides need not despoil roadside stands. Nearly every tree was "viewed" before marking. Because of the "special-care" procedures followed, combined logging and slash-disposal cost was about twice that of a single-tree selection cut.

40 CFR 63.4292 - What operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Limitations § 63.4292 What operating limits must I meet? (a) For any web coating/printing operation, slashing operation, or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the compliant material option; web coating..., you are not required to meet any operating limits. (b) For any controlled web coating/printing...

Fading Skies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sio, Betsy Menson

2009-01-01

A sky fading from blue to white to red at the horizon, and water darkening from light to midnight blue. Strong diagonals slashing through the image, drawing a viewer's eyes deeper into the picture, and delicate trees poised to convey a sense of beauty. These are the fascinating strengths of the ukiyo-e woodblock prints of Japanese artist Ando…

Ecological, Physical, and Socioeconomic Relationships Within Southern National Forests- Proceedings of the Southern Evaluation Project Workshop

Treesearch

Henry A. Pearson; Fred E. Smeins; Ronald E. Thill

1987-01-01

The results of 43 projects, which evaluated the flora, fauna, watersheds, socioeconomics,and forest pests located on southern National Forests were presented and discussed in 4 major categories: Management Outlook and Evaluation, Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Type, Longleaf-Slash Pine Type, and Watersheds, Socioeconomics,and Forest Pests.

Positive Returns from Investment in Fusiform Rust Research

Treesearch

John M. Pye; John E. Wagner; Thomas P. Holmes; Frederick W. Cubbage

1997-01-01

Fusiform rust [Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miy. ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme Burdsall et Snow] is a widespread and damaging disease of loblolly and slash pine across much of the Southern United States. Research by government and university scientists has identified families of these species with improved genetic resistance to infection by the disease, allowing production...

Comparison of Growth Efficiency of Mature Longleaf and Slash Pine Trees

Treesearch

Steven B. Jack; Mary Carol P. Sheffield; Daniel J. McConville

2002-01-01

Variation in aboveground biomass partitioning (between the stem, branches, and foliage) of mature trees is a key determinant of growth potential. Investment of photosynthate in crown components generally results in greater overall biomass production of longer duration. The increased production of crown components may be an investment in longterm aboveground production...

The Dukakis Strategy for Excellence in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dukakis, Michael

1988-01-01

Noting that the Reagan Administration has slashed education aid 16 percent and that the next President will inherit a fiscal mess, Dukakis plans to become the nation's number-one advocate for educational opportunity, good teaching, and adult literacy. He sets forth numerous plans, including a national teachers corps, a college opportunity fund,…

Biology, diagnosis and management of Heterobasidion Root Disease of southern pines

Treesearch

Tyler J. Dreaden; Jason A.  Smith; Michelle M. Cram; David R   Coyle

2016-01-01

Heterobasidion root disease (previously called annosum, annosus, or Fomes root disease / root rot) is one of the most economically damaging forest diseases in the Northern Hemisphere. Heterobasidion root disease (HRD) in the southeastern U.S. is caused by the pathogen Heterobasidion irregulare, which infects loblolly, longleaf, pitch, shortleaf, slash, Virginia, and...

Educators Flock to NPS amidst Concerns about Budget Cuts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emeagwali, N. Susan

2011-01-01

At a time of intense politicking on Capitol Hill as legislators work feverishly to cut federal spending, and amidst more threats to slash Perkins funding, career and technical education (CTE) professionals from around the country converged on Washington, D.C., to attend the Association for Career and Technical Education's National Policy Seminar…

An Unwelcome Guest in China: A Pine-Feeding Mealybug

Treesearch

Jianghua Sun; Gary L. DeBarr; Tong-Xian Liu; C. Wayne Berisford; Stephen R. Clarke

1996-01-01

This story began in January 1988. Two business representatives from the Seed Company of the Ministry of the Forestry, People's Republic of China, visited the Southern Seed Company in Baldwin, Georgia, during a seed-buying trip. Just before leaving, they collected 70 scions from slash pines (Pinus elliotti) in a second-generation seed orchard...

Cone and Seed Maturation of Southern Pines

Treesearch

James P. Barnett

1976-01-01

If slightly reduced yields and viability are acceptable, loblolly and slash cone collections can begin 2 to 3 weeks before maturity if the cones are stored before processing. Longleaf(P. palestris Mill.) pine cones should be collected only when mature, as storage decreased germination of seeds from immature cones. Biochemical analyses to determine reducing sugar...

Vendor Support of PLNs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bates, Molly Ann; Wilson, Michelle

2012-01-01

Most, if not all, school librarians concur that funding has been their major problem in recent years. State and local budgets have been slashed, grant money is spread thin, yet still the bar remains high for school librarians to remain on the cutting edge of information trends, issues, and technology, and to provide training for teacher colleagues…

40 CFR 63.4291 - What are my options for meeting the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... option. (b) Slashing. You must use the compliant material option to demonstrate that the mass fraction of... dyeing/finishing affected source. (1) Compliant material option. Demonstrate that the mass fraction of... paragraphs (4)(i) through (iv) of this paragraph. (i) The fraction of organic HAP applied in your dyeing...

40 CFR 63.4291 - What are my options for meeting the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... option. (b) Slashing. You must use the compliant material option to demonstrate that the mass fraction of... dyeing/finishing affected source. (1) Compliant material option. Demonstrate that the mass fraction of... paragraphs (4)(i) through (iv) of this paragraph. (i) The fraction of organic HAP applied in your dyeing...

40 CFR 63.4291 - What are my options for meeting the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... option. (b) Slashing. You must use the compliant material option to demonstrate that the mass fraction of... dyeing/finishing affected source. (1) Compliant material option. Demonstrate that the mass fraction of... paragraphs (4)(i) through (iv) of this paragraph. (i) The fraction of organic HAP applied in your dyeing...

40 CFR 63.4291 - What are my options for meeting the emission limits?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... option. (b) Slashing. You must use the compliant material option to demonstrate that the mass fraction of... dyeing/finishing affected source. (1) Compliant material option. Demonstrate that the mass fraction of... paragraphs (4)(i) through (iv) of this paragraph. (i) The fraction of organic HAP applied in your dyeing...

37 CFR 2.193 - Trademark correspondence and signature requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... properly authorized to sign on behalf of the owner. A person who is properly authorized to verify facts on... of paragraph (c) of this section on correspondence filed on paper, by facsimile transmission (§ 2.195... signature, placed between two forward slash (“/”) symbols in the signature block on the electronic...

37 CFR 2.193 - Trademark correspondence and signature requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... properly authorized to sign on behalf of the owner. A person who is properly authorized to verify facts on... of paragraph (c) of this section on correspondence filed on paper, by facsimile transmission (§ 2.195... signature, placed between two forward slash (“/”) symbols in the signature block on the electronic...

40 CFR 63.4281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... fabric, rainwear, sheets, tents, threads and V-belts. The coating and printing subcategory includes any... slashing process, sizing compounds are applied to warp yarn to bind the fiber together and stiffen the yarn..., sheets, towels, and threads. (b) You are subject to this subpart if you own or operate a new...

40 CFR 63.4281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fabric, rainwear, sheets, tents, threads and V-belts. The coating and printing subcategory includes any... slashing process, sizing compounds are applied to warp yarn to bind the fiber together and stiffen the yarn..., sheets, towels, and threads. (b) You are subject to this subpart if you own or operate a new...

40 CFR 63.4281 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... fabric, rainwear, sheets, tents, threads and V-belts. The coating and printing subcategory includes any... slashing process, sizing compounds are applied to warp yarn to bind the fiber together and stiffen the yarn..., sheets, towels, and threads. (b) You are subject to this subpart if you own or operate a new...

Logging deck organization with a bundler

Treesearch

Dana. Mitchell

2009-01-01

The original John Deere 1490D Slash Bundler is mounted on a forwarder so that it can collect woody biomass scattered throughout a tract. However, typical logging operations in the southeastern United States delimb and top at the landing, so logging residues are concentrated at the landing. In a current study by researchers at Auburn...

Nutrient Management in Pine Forests

Treesearch

Allan E. Tiarks

1999-01-01

Coastal plain soils are naturally low in fertility and many pine stands will give an economic response to fertilization, especially phosphorus. Maintaining the nutrients that are on the site by limiting displacement of logging slash during and after the harvest can be important in maintaining the productivity of the site and reducing the amount of fertilizer required...

Ecosystem-based management treatments

Treesearch

Stephen F. Arno

1999-01-01

At Lick Creek, from 1906 until the 1980’s carefully guided harvesting had selectively removed large trees, retaining vigorous ones but allowing unmerchantable small trees to proliferate. The small trees were occasionally thinned by hand, but this was expensive and generated hazardous slash fuels. In contrast, for hundreds if not thousands of years prior to 1900,...

Exploring genetic diversity, physiologic expression and carbon dynamics in longleaf pine: a new study installation at the Harrison Experimental Forest

Treesearch

John R. Butnor; Kurt H. Johnsen; C. Dana Nelson

2012-01-01

In 1960, an experiment was established on the Harrison Experimental Forest in southeast Mississippi to compare productivity and wood properties of planted longleaf (Pinus palustris), loblolly (Pinus taeda), and slash (Pinus elliotii) pines under different management intensities: cultivation, cultivation plus...

In Italy, a Dysfunctional University System Sinks Deeper into Decay

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Megan

2012-01-01

Since 2008, Italian universities have seen their budgets slashed by 14 percent. And in late 2010 the Italian government passed a law that drastically reduced the number of contract university workers, effectively laying off thousands of postdocs, assistants, researchers, and lecturers. The law also included a planned decrease in the number of…

Compartmentalization of pathogens in fire-injured trees

Treesearch

Kevin T. Smith

2013-01-01

Wildland fire is an episodic process that greatly influences the composition, structure, and developmental sequence of forests. Most news reports of wildland fire involves blazes fueled by slash, standing dead stems, and snags that reach into tree crowns and burn deeply into the forest floor, causing extensive tree mortality and the eventual replacement of the standing...

40 CFR 63.4292 - What operating limits must I meet?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... systems on the web coating/printing operation(s) and dyeing/finishing operations for which you use this... Limitations § 63.4292 What operating limits must I meet? (a) For any web coating/printing operation, slashing operation, or dyeing/finishing operation on which you use the compliant material option; web coating...

Available fuel dynamics in nine contrasting forest ecosystems in North America

Treesearch

Soung-Ryoul Ryu; Jiquan Chen; Thomas R. Crow; Sari C. Saunders

2004-01-01

Available fuel and its dynamics, both of which affect fire behavior in forest ecosystems, are direct products of ecosystem production, decomposition, and disturbances. Using published ecosystem models and equations, we developed a simulation model to evaluate the effects of dynamics of aboveground net primary production (ANPP), carbon allocation, residual slash,...

Machine for row-mulching logging slash to enhance site- a concept

Treesearch

P. Koch; D.W. McKenzie

1977-01-01

Proposes that stumps, tops, and branches residual after logging pine plantations be hogged to build mulch beds spaced on about 2.5-m centers, thereby eliminating pile and bum operations. Growth of seedlings planted through mulch beds should be accelerated because of moisture conservation, weed suppression, and minimum disturbance of topsoil.

More Students + Budget Cuts = Tough Choices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raths, David

2011-01-01

Across the nation, student enrollment is exploding, while budgets are being slashed to the bone. A March 2010 report by the League for Innovation and the Campus Computing Project says it all: "Still Doing More With Less." In a survey of 128 community college campus presidents and district chancellors for the report, 94 percent of respondents said…

Effectiveness of Read-Aloud Instruction on Motivation and Learning Strategy among Japanese College EFL Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shinozuka, Katsumasa; Shibata, Setsue; Mizusawa, Yumiko

2017-01-01

Poor English performance among Japanese college EFL students has often been explained by grammar-translation and lecture-memorization instruction. This study investigated the effectiveness of a recently designed teaching method, namely, "The read-aloud instruction package," which consists of four major activities: Slash/chunked reading…

Defense Response in Slash Pine: Chitosan Treatment Alters the Abundance of Specific mRNAs

Treesearch

Mary E. Mason; John M. Davis

1997-01-01

We used differential display to identify chitosan responsive cDNAs in slashpine cell cultures. Two clones that showed increased mRNA abundance had sequence similarity to genes with roles in major plant defense responses, clone 18 to cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase, and clone 30 to chitinase.

Structure of Pine Stands in the Southeast

Treesearch

William A. Bechtold; Gregory A. Ruark

1988-01-01

Distributional and statistical information associated with stand age, site index, basal area per acre, number of stems per acre, and stand density index is reported for major pine cover types of the Southeastern United States. Means, standard deviations, and ranges of these variables are listed by State and physiographic region for loblolly, slash, longleaf, pond,...

Private Money, Public Good

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelly, Andrew P.; McShane, Michael Q.

2013-01-01

It's no secret that states and the federal government have found themselves in a financial pinch when it comes to higher education. After years of recession and sluggish recovery, states have slashed per-pupil public spending on higher education by 14.6 percent since 2008. At the federal level, though money for Pell Grants has more than doubled…

48 CFR Appendix F to Chapter 2 - Material Inspection and Receiving Report

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., research, development, training, and testing. The “Ship To” code and the “Unit” will have to be filled out... in parentheses or slashes. Show the descriptive noun of the item nomenclature and if provided, the..., rehabilitation, engineering, research, development, training, and testing. Do not complete Blocks 4, 13, and 14...

48 CFR Appendix F to Chapter 2 - Material Inspection and Receiving Report

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., research, development, training, and testing. The “Ship To” code and the “Unit” will have to be filled out... in parentheses or slashes. Show the descriptive noun of the item nomenclature and if provided, the..., rehabilitation, engineering, research, development, training, and testing. Do not complete Blocks 4, 13, and 14...

48 CFR Appendix F to Chapter 2 - Material Inspection and Receiving Report

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., research, development, training, and testing. The “Ship To” code and the “Unit” will have to be filled out... in parentheses or slashes. Show the descriptive noun of the item nomenclature and if provided, the..., rehabilitation, engineering, research, development, training, and testing. Do not complete Blocks 4, 13, and 14...

Transport of CO2 and other combustion products in soils during slash-pile burns [Presentation

Treesearch

W. J. Massman; M. M. Nobles; G. Butters; S. J. Mooney

2010-01-01

The most obvious indication of transport of mass during a fire is flames and smoke. Furthermore it is well known that localized heating during the fire creates 3-D convective currents in the atmosphere and that these currents carry the combustion products away from the fire.

Fuel treatments alter native plant composition and increase non-native plant cover

Treesearch

Suzanne Owen

2010-01-01

Slash-pile burning and mechanical mastication are commonly prescribed fuel treatments for wildfire mitigation. Researchers from Flagstaff, AZ, and Spain recently published an article in Forest Ecology and Management that compared effects of the treatments on understory plant composition in Colorado pinyon-juniper woodlands (Owen and others 2009). Results showed that...

Impact of prescribed fire on understory and forest floor nutrients

Treesearch

Walter A. Hough

1981-01-01

The impact of low-intensity prescribed fires on slash pine/saw-palmetto/gallberry understory and forest floor nutrients was estimated from measurements before and after burning. Highly significant correlations existed between weight loss of these fuel components and the weight loss of several elements. Energy loss was also highly correlated with forestfloor and...

Florida's forests, 2013

Treesearch

Mark J. Brown; Jarek Nowak; James T. Vogt

2017-01-01

The principal findings from the five panels of the ninth forest survey of Florida are presented. In 2013, forests covered 17.3 million acres of the State, of which 15.4 million were classified as timberland. Longleaf-slash pine was the most common forest-type group and covered 5.3 million acres of the timberland. The second most common...

Interspecific competition between two parasitoids of the mealybug, Oracella acuta (Lobdell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

Treesearch

Jiang-Hua Sun; Stephen R. Clarke; Gary L. Debarr; C. Wayne Berisford

2004-01-01

The pine-feeding mealybug, Oracella acuta (Lobdell), was accidentally introduced and established in Guangdong Province, China, in 1988 (Sun et al. 1996, J. For. 94: 27-32). It spread rapidly through the extensive plantations of exotic slash pine, Pinus elliottii Englem. var. elliottii, a species native to the U.S...

Response of Second-Rotation Southern Pines to Fertilizer and Planting on Old Beds--Fifteenth-Year Results

Treesearch

James D. Haywood; Allan E. Tiarks

2002-01-01

Two replicated site preparation studies were used to examine the effects of management on loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (P. elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) growth-and-yield in a second rotation on silt loam soils. Treatments included no tillage, flat disking, bedding, and fertilization....

Fertilization of young slash pine in a cultivated plantation

Treesearch

Ralph H. Hughes; James E. Jackson

1962-01-01

Observations in the southern pinelands have shown that serious damage to plantations by cattle browsing and trampling is limited to trees less than 6 to 8 feet tall . except where cattle are concentrated (Cassady. Hopkins. and Whitaker. 1955). The poss ibility that application of fertilizer with clean cultivation would increase growth...

Bare Forms and Lexical Insertions in Code-Switching: A Processing-Based Account

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Owens, Jonathan

2005-01-01

Bare forms (or [slashed O] forms), uninflected lexical L2 insertions in contexts where the matrix language expects morphological marking, have been recognized as an anomaly in different approaches to code-switching. Myers-Scotton (1997, 2002) has explained their existence in terms of structural incongruity between the matrix and embedded…

Teacher Mentoring and Induction: The State of the Art and Beyond

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Portner, Hal, Ed.

2005-01-01

One out of every two new teachers will quit teaching within five years; however, studies show that comprehensive induction programs can slash attrition rates in half and dramatically accelerate the professional development of new teachers. This book combines an overview of the current state of induction and mentoring with cutting-edge strategies…

AmeriFlux US-SP3 Slashpine-Donaldson-mid-rot- 12yrs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Martin, Tim

2016-01-01

This is the AmeriFlux version of the carbon flux data for the site US-SP3 Slashpine-Donaldson-mid-rot- 12yrs. Site Description - Slash pine planted end of 1989 early 1990. Gholz and Clark, 2002. Agric. Forest Meteo. 112, 87 - 102; Ckark et al., 2004. Ecological Applications, 14, 1154 - 1171.

Impacts of pine species, stump removal, cultivation, and fertilization on soil properties half a century after planting

Treesearch

John R. Butnor; Kurt H. Johnsen; Felipe G Sanchez; C. Dana Nelson

2012-01-01

To better understand the long-term effects of species selection and forest management practices on soil quality and soil C retention, we analyzed soil samples from an experimental planting of loblolly (Pinus taeda L.), longleaf ((Pinus palustris Mill.), and slash ((Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pines under...

A Comparison of Positive Reinforcement and Punishment in Two Special Education Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Otto, Richard G.

Compared was the effectiveness of punishment and positive reinforcement on the nonattending behaviors and academic achievement of 18 elementary grade children in two special classes for children with social or adjustment problems. During the positive reinforcement condition each student earned a slash mark whenever he was observed attending to…

Slash Writers and Guinea Pigs as Models for a Scientific Multiliteracy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weinstein, Matthew

2006-01-01

This paper explores alternative approaches to the conception of scientific literacy, drawing on cultural studies and emerging practices in language arts as its framework. The paper reviews historic tensions in the understanding of scientific literacy and then draws on the multiliteracies movement in language arts to suggest a scientific…

1996 News Releases | NREL

Science.gov Websites

6 News Releases Access news stories about the laboratory and renewable energy and energy efficiency Facility Slashes Energy Use by 66 Percent - (10/3/96) Agreement Moves Nevada Solar Plant Step Closer to Converter Wins National Award - (7/25/96) Solar Energy to Help Heat Major Commercial Facility - (6/21/96

New NREL Research Facility Slashes Energy Use by 66 Percent

Science.gov Websites

Thermal Test Facility, which serves as a showcase of energy-saving features and the home of NREL's cutting technologies now being developed at the Thermal Test Facility will help us reach this goal." The facility energy-efficient building design, NREL's Thermal Test Facility houses sophisticated equipment for

Machine for row-mulching logging slash to enhance site-a concept

Treesearch

Peter Koch; Dan W. McKenzie

1975-01-01

Proposes that stumps, tops, and branches residual after logging pine plantations be hogged to build mulch beds spaced on about 2.5-m centers, thereby eliminating pile and burn operations. Growth of seedlings planted through mulch beds should be accelerated because of moisture conservation, weed suppression, and minimum disturbance of topsoil.

16 CFR 1211.15 - Field-installed labels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... a child running toward or under a garage door. A red prohibition symbol (slash, oriented from the... automatic garage door resulting in severe injury or death.” (2) Avoidance Statements— (i) “Do not allow children to walk or run under a closing door.” (ii) “Do not allow children to operate door operator...

Surviving the Storm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stuart, Reginald

2010-01-01

Since the economic downturn began in late 2008, more schools have slashed budgets, payrolls and services while trying to protect their core academic programs. Today, as the economic downturn persists, they are doing more of the same and coming up with ways to keep higher education a realistic goal for the masses. The author discusses how U.S.…

Stream ecosystem integrity is impaired by logging and shifting agriculture in a global megadiversity center (Sarawak, Borneo).

PubMed

Jinggut, Tajang; Yule, Catherine M; Boyero, Luz

2012-10-15

In common with most of Borneo, the Bakun region of Sarawak is currently subject to heavy deforestation mainly due to logging and, to a lesser extent, traditional slash-and-burn farming practices. This has the potential to affect stream ecosystems, which are integrators of environmental change in the surrounding terrestrial landscape. This study evaluated the effects of both types of deforestation by using functional and structural indicators (leaf litter decomposition rates and associated detritivores or 'shredders', respectively) to compare a fundamental ecosystem process, leaf litter decomposition, within logged, farmed and pristine streams. Slash-and-burn agricultural practices increased the overall rate of decomposition despite a decrease in shredder species richness (but not shredder abundance) due to increased microbial decomposition. In contrast, decomposition by microbes and invertebrates was slowed down in the logged streams, where shredders were less abundant and less species rich. This study suggests that shredder communities are less affected by traditional agricultural farming practices, while modern mechanized deforestation has an adverse effect on both shredder communities and leaf breakdown. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Emissions from prescribed burning of timber slash piles in Oregon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aurell, Johanna; Gullett, Brian K.; Tabor, Dennis; Yonker, Nick

2017-02-01

Emissions from burning piles of post-harvest timber slash (Douglas-fir) in Grande Ronde, Oregon were sampled using an instrument platform lofted into the plume using a tether-controlled aerostat or balloon. Emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, particulate matter (PM2.5), black carbon, ultraviolet absorbing PM, elemental/organic carbon, filter-based metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were sampled to determine emission factors, the amount of pollutant formed per amount of biomass burned. The effect on emissions from covering the piles with polyethylene (PE) sheets to prevent fuel wetting versus uncovered piles was also determined. Results showed that the uncovered ("wet") piles burned with lower combustion efficiency and higher emission factors for VOCs, PM2.5, PCDD/PCDF, and PAHs. Removal of the PE prior to ignition, variation of PE size, and changing PE thickness resulted in no statistical distinction between emissions. Results suggest that dry piles, whether covered with PE or not, exhibited statistically significant lower emissions than wet piles due to better combustion efficiency.

Seasonal LAI in slash pine estimated with LANDSAT TM

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Curran, Paul J.; Dungan, Jennifer L.; Gholz, Henry L.

1990-01-01

The leaf area index (LAI, total area of leaves per unit area of ground) of most forest canopies varies throughout the year, yet for logistical reasons it is difficult to estimate anything more detailed than a seasonal maximum LAI. To determine if remotely sensed data can be used to estimate LAI seasonally, field measurements of LAI were compared to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values derived using LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) data, for 16 fertilized and control slash pine plots on 3 dates. Linear relationships existed between NDVI and LAI with R(sup 2) values of 0.35, 0.75, and 0.86 for February 1988, September 1988, and March, 1989, respectively. This is the first reported study in which NDVI is related to forest LAI recorded during the month of sensor overpass. Predictive relationships based on data from eight of the plots were used to estimate the LAI of the other eight plots with a root-mean-square error of 0.74 LAI, which is 15.6 percent of the mean LAI. This demonstrates the potential use of LANDSAT TM data for studying seasonal dynamics in forest canopies.

[Effects of different forest restoration approaches on the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China].

PubMed

Wang, Yun; Ouyang, Zhi-Yun; Zheng, Hua; Zeng, Jing; Chen, Fa-Lin; Zhang, Kai

2013-05-01

In 2008-2009, an investigation was conducted on the effects of three typical forest restoration approaches, i. e., naturally restored secondary forest, artificially restored native species Pinus massoniana plantation (Masson pine plantation), and introduced species Pinus elliottii plantation (slash pine plantation), on the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China. The results showed that the soil moisture content, bulk density, particle composition, and the contents of total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), organic C, available N, available P, and available potassium (K) in natural secondary forest were all superior to those in artificial plantations. The soil physical, chemical, and microbial properties were integrated into a soil quality index, which was significantly higher (1.20 +/- 0.10) in natural secondary forest than in Masson pine plantation (0.59 +/- 0.03) and slash pine plantation (0.59 +/- 0.06). Our results suggested as compared with the restoration with native species P. massoniana and with introduced P. elliottii, natural restoration could be a better forest restoration approach to improve the soil quality in red soil region of Southern China.

Soil Charcoal to Assess the Impacts of Past Human Disturbances on Tropical Forests

PubMed Central

Vleminckx, Jason; Morin-Rivat, Julie; Biwolé, Achille B.; Daïnou, Kasso; Gillet, Jean-François; Doucet, Jean-Louis; Drouet, Thomas; Hardy, Olivier J.

2014-01-01

The canopy of many central African forests is dominated by light-demanding tree species that do not regenerate well under themselves. The prevalence of these species might result from ancient slash-and-burn agricultural activities that created large openings, while a decline of these activities since the colonial period could explain their deficit of regeneration. To verify this hypothesis, we compared soil charcoal abundance, used as a proxy for past slash-and-burn agriculture, and tree species composition assessed on 208 rainforest 0.2 ha plots located in three areas from Southern Cameroon. Species were classified in regeneration guilds (pioneer, non-pioneer light-demanding, shade-bearer) and characterized by their wood-specific gravity, assumed to reflect light requirement. We tested the correlation between soil charcoal abundance and: (i) the relative abundance of each guild, (ii) each species and family abundance and (iii) mean wood-specific gravity. Charcoal was found in 83% of the plots, indicating frequent past forest fires. Radiocarbon dating revealed two periods of fires: “recent” charcoal were on average 300 years old (up to 860 BP, n = 16) and occurred in the uppermost 20 cm soil layer, while “ancient” charcoal were on average 1900 years old (range: 1500 to 2800 BP, n = 43, excluding one sample dated 9400 BP), and found in all soil layers. While we expected a positive correlation between the relative abundance of light-demanding species and charcoal abundance in the upper soil layer, overall there was no evidence that the current heterogeneity in tree species composition can be explained by charcoal abundance in any soil layer. The absence of signal supporting our hypothesis might result from (i) a relatively uniform impact of past slash-and-burn activities, (ii) pedoturbation processes bringing ancient charcoal to the upper soil layer, blurring the signal of centuries-old Human disturbances, or (iii) the prevalence of other environmental factors on species composition. PMID:25391134

From Models to Measurements: Comparing Downed Dead Wood Carbon Stock Estimates in the U.S. Forest Inventory

PubMed Central

Domke, Grant M.; Woodall, Christopher W.; Walters, Brian F.; Smith, James E.

2013-01-01

The inventory and monitoring of coarse woody debris (CWD) carbon (C) stocks is an essential component of any comprehensive National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI). Due to the expense and difficulty associated with conducting field inventories of CWD pools, CWD C stocks are often modeled as a function of more commonly measured stand attributes such as live tree C density. In order to assess potential benefits of adopting a field-based inventory of CWD C stocks in lieu of the current model-based approach, a national inventory of downed dead wood C across the U.S. was compared to estimates calculated from models associated with the U.S.’s NGHGI and used in the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program. The model-based population estimate of C stocks for CWD (i.e., pieces and slash piles) in the conterminous U.S. was 9 percent (145.1 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate. The relatively small absolute difference was driven by contrasting results for each CWD component. The model-based population estimate of C stocks from CWD pieces was 17 percent (230.3 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate, while the model-based estimate of C stocks from CWD slash piles was 27 percent (85.2 Tg) smaller than the field-based estimate. In general, models overestimated the C density per-unit-area from slash piles early in stand development and underestimated the C density from CWD pieces in young stands. This resulted in significant differences in CWD C stocks by region and ownership. The disparity in estimates across spatial scales illustrates the complexity in estimating CWD C in a NGHGI. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the U.S. adopt field-based estimates of CWD C stocks as a component of its NGHGI to both reduce the uncertainty within the inventory and improve the sensitivity to potential management and climate change events. PMID:23544112

Soil charcoal to assess the impacts of past human disturbances on tropical forests.

PubMed

Vleminckx, Jason; Morin-Rivat, Julie; Biwolé, Achille B; Daïnou, Kasso; Gillet, Jean-François; Doucet, Jean-Louis; Drouet, Thomas; Hardy, Olivier J

2014-01-01

The canopy of many central African forests is dominated by light-demanding tree species that do not regenerate well under themselves. The prevalence of these species might result from ancient slash-and-burn agricultural activities that created large openings, while a decline of these activities since the colonial period could explain their deficit of regeneration. To verify this hypothesis, we compared soil charcoal abundance, used as a proxy for past slash-and-burn agriculture, and tree species composition assessed on 208 rainforest 0.2 ha plots located in three areas from Southern Cameroon. Species were classified in regeneration guilds (pioneer, non-pioneer light-demanding, shade-bearer) and characterized by their wood-specific gravity, assumed to reflect light requirement. We tested the correlation between soil charcoal abundance and: (i) the relative abundance of each guild, (ii) each species and family abundance and (iii) mean wood-specific gravity. Charcoal was found in 83% of the plots, indicating frequent past forest fires. Radiocarbon dating revealed two periods of fires: "recent" charcoal were on average 300 years old (up to 860 BP, n = 16) and occurred in the uppermost 20 cm soil layer, while "ancient" charcoal were on average 1900 years old (range: 1500 to 2800 BP, n = 43, excluding one sample dated 9400 BP), and found in all soil layers. While we expected a positive correlation between the relative abundance of light-demanding species and charcoal abundance in the upper soil layer, overall there was no evidence that the current heterogeneity in tree species composition can be explained by charcoal abundance in any soil layer. The absence of signal supporting our hypothesis might result from (i) a relatively uniform impact of past slash-and-burn activities, (ii) pedoturbation processes bringing ancient charcoal to the upper soil layer, blurring the signal of centuries-old Human disturbances, or (iii) the prevalence of other environmental factors on species composition.

From models to measurements: comparing downed dead wood carbon stock estimates in the U.S. forest inventory.

PubMed

Domke, Grant M; Woodall, Christopher W; Walters, Brian F; Smith, James E

2013-01-01

The inventory and monitoring of coarse woody debris (CWD) carbon (C) stocks is an essential component of any comprehensive National Greenhouse Gas Inventory (NGHGI). Due to the expense and difficulty associated with conducting field inventories of CWD pools, CWD C stocks are often modeled as a function of more commonly measured stand attributes such as live tree C density. In order to assess potential benefits of adopting a field-based inventory of CWD C stocks in lieu of the current model-based approach, a national inventory of downed dead wood C across the U.S. was compared to estimates calculated from models associated with the U.S.'s NGHGI and used in the USDA Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis program. The model-based population estimate of C stocks for CWD (i.e., pieces and slash piles) in the conterminous U.S. was 9 percent (145.1 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate. The relatively small absolute difference was driven by contrasting results for each CWD component. The model-based population estimate of C stocks from CWD pieces was 17 percent (230.3 Tg) greater than the field-based estimate, while the model-based estimate of C stocks from CWD slash piles was 27 percent (85.2 Tg) smaller than the field-based estimate. In general, models overestimated the C density per-unit-area from slash piles early in stand development and underestimated the C density from CWD pieces in young stands. This resulted in significant differences in CWD C stocks by region and ownership. The disparity in estimates across spatial scales illustrates the complexity in estimating CWD C in a NGHGI. Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that the U.S. adopt field-based estimates of CWD C stocks as a component of its NGHGI to both reduce the uncertainty within the inventory and improve the sensitivity to potential management and climate change events.

It's (Not Just) the Economy, Stupid

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Russell, Malik

2010-01-01

Just as the recession has taken a toll in other states, New Jersey state budget coffers are shriveling up as public colleges and other state-supported services are asked to do more with less. New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie's slashing of $173 million from public colleges and universities has drawn the ire of higher education leaders, educators and…

Comparing Alternative Slashing Techniques on a Mixed Hardwood Forest: 2-Year Results

Treesearch

Donald G. Hodges; Richard M. Evans; Wayne K. Clatterbuck

2002-01-01

Regenerating commercially important species following the harvest of an existing mixed hardwood stand requires adequate advance regeneration of the desired species and control of competing vegetation. These objectives can be achieved by removing the noncommercial stems before or after harvesting. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of pre- and post...

The Crisis in Mental Health Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Bertram S.

Presented is a speech by Bertram Brown, director of the National Institute of Mental Health, on the effects of decreased federal funding of mental health research. Brown notes that there has been a 56% slash in the purchasing power of the research grant program when inflation is accounted for. It is suggested that causes of the dwindling support…

Evidences of the inheritance of turpentine composition in slash pine

Treesearch

A.E. Squillace; Gordon S. Fisher

1966-01-01

Within-species variation in turpentine composition has promise of great utility in pine genetics. Most of the early work on turpentine composition dealt with species differences, and the utility of such variation in the taxonomy of pines is well known (Mirov 1961). With the development of gas chromatographic techniques, intensive study of individual tree differences...

Influences on Prescribed Burning Activity and Costs in the National Forest System

Treesearch

David A. Cleaves; Jorge Martinez; Terry K. Haines

2000-01-01

The results of a survey concerning National Forest System prescribed burning activity and costs from 1985 to 1995 are examined. Ninety-five of one hundred and fourteen national forests responded. Acreage burned and costs for conducting burns are reported for four types of prescribed fires slash reduction; management-ignited fires; prescribed natural fires; and brush,...

Modeling forest scenic beauty: Concepts and application to ponderosa pine

Treesearch

Thomas C. Brown; Terry C. Daniel

1984-01-01

Statistical models are presented which relate near-view scenic beauty of ponderosa pine stands in the Southwest to variables describing physical characteristics. The models suggest that herbage and large ponderosa pine contribute to scenic beauty, while numbers of small and intermediate-sized pine trees and downed wood, especially as slash, detract from scenic beauty....

The Effects of Single Laban Effort Action Instruction on Undergraduate Conducting Students' Gestural Clarity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hart, John T., Jr.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Laban Effort Action (slash) instruction in an undergraduate conducting class on college wind ensemble member's ratings of conductors' gestural clarity. Participants--undergraduate and graduate wind ensemble members (N = 28)--rated 32 videos of eight undergraduate conducting students who had…

The Authority of the President to Impound Funds Appropriated by Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, James R.

During fiscal year 1973, President Nixon ordered the impoundment of about 18 billion dollars in Federal funds for domestic programs. A large portion of that amount was used to slash federal funding for education programs. The entire impoundment controversy revolves around the doctrine of separation of powers. Insofar as the President has refused…

Full-Tree SKidding Black Spruce: Another Way to Favor Reproduction

Treesearch

William F. Johnston

1975-01-01

An alternative to burning is needed for clearcut peatlands where only slash disposal is required to rapidly reproduce black spruce. A 2-year trial in north-central Minnesota indicates that reproduction will be rapid after full-tree skidding on nonbrushy sites taht have well-distribted sphagnum seedbeds and ample natural seeding. Broadcast burning is still recommended...

Cumulative effects of fuel management on the soils of eastern U.S

Treesearch

Mac A. Callaham; D. Andrew Scott; Joseph J. O’Brien; John A. Stanturf

2012-01-01

Fuel management treatments in the Eastern United States encompass diverse activities that have a range of potential impacts on the soils within watersheds of managed forests and grasslands. In industrial or production forests, the predominant fuel management strategies are intensive site preparation (bedding, roller chopping, and burning slash), use of herbicides, and...

Logging residues on Douglas-fir region clearcuts—weights and volumes.

Treesearch

John D. Dell; Franklin R. Ward

1971-01-01

This paper presents the results of ground measurements of logging residue weights and volumes on 30 clearcut units in Douglas-fir forests of western Oregon and Washington. Additional information is given on quantities of material left as slash which might be utilized. These measurements were made on public lands, using a method developed in Canada.

Influence of Resin Duct Size and Number on Oleoresin Flow in the Southern Pines

Treesearch

John D. Hodges; William W. Elam; Donald R. Bluhm

1981-01-01

The number of radial resin ducts was significantly higher in slash pines than in loblolly, longleaf, or shortleaf. Average width of resin ducts was less in shortleaf than in the other three species. Flow rate of oleoresin was not correlated with size or number of resin ducts for any of the four species.

A review of southern pine decline in North America

Treesearch

David R. Coyle; Kier D. Klepzig; Frank H. Koch; Lawrence A. Morris; John T. Nowak; Steven W. Oak; William J. Otrosina; William D. Smith; Kamal J.K. Gandhi

2015-01-01

The southeastern United States is among the most productive forested areas in the world. Four endemic southern pine species – loblolly, longleaf, shortleaf, and slash - contribute significantly to the economic and ecological values in the region. A recently described phenomenon known as Southern Pine Decline (SPD) has been reported as having widespread impact in the...

Wood density and growth of some conifers introduced to Hawaii.

Treesearch

Roger G. Skolmen

1963-01-01

The specific gravity of the wood of 14 conifers grown in Hawaii was measured by means of increment cores. Most species were growing in environments quite different from their native habitats. The specific gravity and growth characteristics under several site conditions were compared. Described in some detail are Norfolk-Island-pine, slash pine, Jeffrey pine, jelecote...

Coefficient of friction of dry slash pine and southern red oak on three tension-grip facings

Treesearch

T.J. Lemoine; P. Koch

1975-01-01

A urethane material proved to have nine times higher static friction coefficient (0.9) than smooth steel (0.1) on radial and tangential wood surfaces pulled parallel to the grain. It is probably superior to 22O-grit garnet paper or sand coatings for tension-grip facings in lumber testing machines.

Coefficient of friction of dry slash pine and southern red oak on three tension-grip facings

Treesearch

Truett J. Lemoine; Peter Koch

1974-01-01

A urethane material proved to have nine times higher static friction coefficient (0.9) than smooth steel (0.1) on radial and tangential wood surfaces pulled parallel to the grain. It is probably superior to 220-grit garnet paper or sand coatings for tension-grip facings in lumber testing machines.

Dual-cropping loblolly pine for biomass energy and conventional wood products

Treesearch

D. Andrew Scott; Allan Tiarks

2008-01-01

Southern pine stands have the potential to provide significant feedstocks for the growing biomass energy and biofuel markets. Although initial feedstocks likely will come from low-value small-diameter trees, understory vegetation, and slash, a sustainable and continuous supply of biomass is necessary to support and grow a wood bioenergy market. As long as solidwood...

40 CFR 63.4322 - How do I demonstrate continuous compliance with the emission limitations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... which the mass fraction of organic HAP, determined according to the requirements of § 63.4321(e)(1)(iv... report required by § 63.4311, you must identify any web coating/printing operation, slashing operation, or dyeing/finishing operation for which you used the compliant material option. If there were no...

Factors influencing northern spruce engraver colonization of white spruce slash in interior Alaska

Treesearch

Christopher J. Fettig; Roger E. Burnside; Chistopher J. Hayes; James J. Kruse; Nicholas J. Lisuzzo; Stephen R. McKelvey; Sylvia R. Mori; Stephen K. Nickel; Mark E. Schultz

2013-01-01

In interior Alaska, increased use of mechanical fuel reduction treatments, increased interests in the use of wood energy systems as alternatives to fossil fuels, and elevated populations of northern spruce engraver, Ips perturbatus (Eichhoff), have raised concerns regarding the impact of this bark beetle to forest resources. We conducted a large-...

Natural regeneration response to initial treatments

Treesearch

G. E. Gruell; W. C. Schmidt; S. F. Arno; W. J. Reich; James Menakis

1999-01-01

During the 1907 to 1911 harvest, logs were transported to landings by means of log chutes, horse skidding, and steam donkey yarding. Slash was disposed of by piling and burning, which the purchaser considered to be an unnecessary practice (Koch 1998). Usually this type of logging and postlogging treatment results in relatively light site disturbance, and the photo...

Evaluation of Electrical Test Conditions in MIL-M-38510 Slash Sheets.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-08-01

truth table testing can give information about dynamic VIH and VIL and also can assure that the devices change state according to the truth table. The...the cons sency of the measurements and provide VIL and VIH data that cannot be obtained from other measure- ments in the specification. 95 P: -i 7. Pin

Practicalities of methodologies in monitoring morest degradation in the tropics

Treesearch

Yoshiyuki Kiyono

2013-01-01

Conversion of natural forest to agricultural land is one of the most important forms of land-use change affecting both carbon stock and biodiversity. When the agricultural land contains trees, e.g. fallow-land forest of slash-and-burn agriculture, the conversion can be categorized into forest degradation when the forest definition covers such vegetation. One practical...

Novel fuelbed characteristics associated with mechanical mastication treatments in northern California and south-western Oregon, USA

Treesearch

Jeffrey M. Kane; J. Morgan Varner; Eric E. Knapp

2009-01-01

Mechanically masticated fuelbeds are distinct from natural or logging slash fuelbeds, with different particle size distributions, bulk density, and particle shapes, leading to challenges in predicting fire behavior and effects. Our study quantified some physical properties of fuel particles (e.g. squared quadratic mean diameter, proportion of non-cylindrical particles...

HYDROLOGICAL AND CLIMATIC RESPONSES OF OLD-GROWTH PINUS ELLIOTTII VAR. DENSA IN MESIC PINE FLATWOODS FLORIDA, USA

EPA Science Inventory

Pinus elliottii Englem. var. densa Little & Dorman (Southern Slash Pine) is unique in that it is the only native sub-tropical pine in the USA. Once occupying much of the south Florida landscape, it is now restricted to an estimated 3% of its pre human settlement area. Land manag...

Overview of approaches to sustain forest productivity during forest road development and timber harvesting activities

Treesearch

Charles R. Blinn; Rick Dahlamn; James A. Mattson; Michael A. Thompson

1999-01-01

Various approaches are available to minimize impacts on forest productivity during forest road building and timber harvesting activities. These approaches include a variety of practices and technologies. They include practices such as reducing road and trail development, using designated trails, and leaving slash at the stump on nutrient deficient sites. Technology...

Interpretations of vegetative change through 1989: The photopoints

Treesearch

G. E. Gruell; W. C. Schmidt; S. F. Arno; W. J. Reich

1999-01-01

The 1907 to 1911 logging operations and subsequent lack of surface fires dramatically changed the patterns of plant succession at Lick Creek. Large quantities of overstory pines were felled, creating sizable openings. Logs were skidded and slash was burned in piles (Koch 1998) locally scraping off or consuming surface vegetation, pine needle litter, and humus, and...

An economic evaluation of fusiform rust protection research

Treesearch

F.W. Cubbage; John M. Pye; T.P. Holmes; J.E. Wagner

2000-01-01

Fusiform rust is a widespread and damaging disease of loblolly pine (P. taeda) and slash pine (P. elliottii) in the South. Research has identified families of these pines with improved genetic resistance to the disease, allowing production and planting of resistant seedlings in areas at risk. This study compared the cost of fusiform rust research to the simulated...

Ecosystem and understory water and energy exchange for a mature, naturally regenerated pine flatwoods forest in north Florida

Treesearch

Thomas L. Powell; Gregory Starr; Kenneth L. Clark; Timothy A. Martin; Henry L. Gholz

2005-01-01

Eddy covariance was used to measure energy fluxes from July 2000 - June 2002 above the tree canopy and above the understory in a mature, naturally regenerated slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) - longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) flatwoods forest. Understory latent energy (eE) and sensible...

Nutrient loss from disturbed forest watersheds in Oregon's Coast Range

Treesearch

James H. Miller; M. Newton

1983-01-01

Dissolved nutrients were monitored bi-weekly in stream water draining 14 upland watetzhcds in Oregon's Coast Range after sprayin g with 2,4,5-T + 2,4-D, clearcut harvesting and slash burning. Anion generation and leaching were primarily studied. The nitrate concentrations fell and the bicarbonate concentrations rose during summer low-flows from treated watersheds...

Above- and belowground responses to tree thinning depend on the treatment of tree debris

Treesearch

Suzanne M. Owen; Carolyn Hull Sieg; Catherine A. Gehring; Matthew A. Bowker

2009-01-01

Mechanical mastication is increasingly prescribed for wildfire mitigation, yet little is known about the ecological impacts of this fuels treatment. Mastication shreds trees into woodchips as an alternative to tree thinning and burning the resulting slash, which can create soil disturbances that favor exotic plants. Previous research on mastication has not...

Changes in soil physical and chemical properties in long term improved natural and traditional agroforestry management systems of cacao genotypes in Peruvian Amazon

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Traditional slash and burn agriculture practiced in the Peruvian Amazon region is leading to soil degradation and deforestation of native forest flora. The only way to stop such destructive processes is through the adoptation of sustainable alternatives such as growing crops in agroforestry systems....

Bell, Reagan's First Education Secretary, Remains Loyal to President but Disagrees with His Proposals to Slash Federal Student Aid.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Palmer, Stacy E.

1987-01-01

Ronald Reagan's first Secretary of Education, Terrel H. Bell, was interviewed on the nation's education policy and he reminisced about his four years in office. His observations on the changes in Reagan's support of higher education, Secretary Bennett, work-study programs, etc. are discussed. (MLW)

Data set on the effects of conifer control and slash burning on soil carbon, total N, organic matter and extractable micro-nutrients

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Conifer control in sagebrush steppe of the western United States causes various levels of site disturbance influencing vegetation recovery and resource availability. The data presented in this article are growing season availability of soil micronutrients and levels of total soil carbon, organic ma...

An Old-Growth Definition for Wet Pine Forests, Woodlands, and Savannas

Treesearch

William R. Harms

1996-01-01

The ecological, site, and vegetation characteristics of pine wetland forests of the flatwoods region of the Southeastern United States are described. Provisional working definitions of old-growth characteristics are provided for longleaf pine, slash pine, and pond pine forests. These definitions can be used to identify and evaluate stands for retention in old-growth...

Effect of Ditching, Fertilization, and Herbicide Application on Groundwater Levels and Groundwater Quality in a Flatwood Spodosol

Treesearch

D.S. Segal; D.G. Neary; G.R. Best; J.L. Michael

1987-01-01

Groundwater levels and associated water quality parameters were studied in a young slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation following ditching, fertilization, and herbicide application. Drainage ditches surrounding each watershed significantly lowered groundwater levels up to 45 m from the ditch for mean and high water table conditions....

Calculating moisture content for 1000-hour timelag fuels in western Washington and western Oregon.

Treesearch

Roger D. Ottmar; David V. Sandberg

1985-01-01

A predictive model is presented to calculate moisture content of 1000-hour timelag fuels in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) and western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) logging slash in western Washington and western Oregon. The model is a modification of the 1000-hour fuel moisture model of the...

Remote measurement of energy and carbon flux from wildfires in Brazil

Treesearch

P.J. Riggan; R.G. Tissell; R.N. Lockwood; J.A. Brass; J.A.R. Pereira; H.S. Miranda; A.C. Miranda; T. Campos; R. Higgins

2004-01-01

Temperature, intensity, spread, and dimensions of fires burning in tropical savanna and slashed tropical forest in central Brazil were measured for the first time by remote sensing with an infrared imaging spectrometer that was designed to accommodate the high radiances of wildland fires. Furthermore, the first in situ airborne measurements of sensible heat and carbon...

Soil Compaction Absent in Plantation Thinning

Treesearch

Tony King; Sharon Haines

1979-01-01

We examine the effects on soil bulk density by using a TH-105 Thinner Harvester and two forwarders in a mechanically thinned slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation. Points in the machine tracks were sampled before and after harvesting at depths of 5 and 10 cm (2 and 4 in) for moisture and bulk density. Both the standard gravimetric method...

A broadcast burn in secondgrowth clearcuttings in the north central Sierra Nevada

Treesearch

Philip M. McDonald; Harry E. Schimke

1966-01-01

At the Challenge Experimental Forest, 29 acres of slash were broadcast burned on five small clearcut plots (2 to 10 acres) at a cost of $57.00 per acre. Fuel-weight measurements showed reductions of 68 to 84 percent after the burn. Modifications to plot size, shape, and orientation could reduce this cost.

Their Budgets Slashed, Public Colleges Share the Pain with a Glut of Applicants

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mangan, Katherine

2008-01-01

This article reports that as students flock to public two-year and four-year colleges amid an ailing economy, they find the colleges struggling with financial problems of their own. Midyear budget cuts are forcing many institutions to lay off faculty members, cut course sections, and freeze enrollment. Rising unemployment, slumping values of…

Long-term changes in fusiform rust incidence in the southeastern United States

Treesearch

KaDonna C. Randolph; Ellis B. Cowling; Dale A. Starkey

2015-01-01

Fusiform rust is the most devastating disease of slash pine (Pinus elliottii) and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in the southeastern United States. Since the 1970s, the USDA Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) Program has assessed fusiform rust incidence on its network of ground plots in 13 states across the...

Survival and five-year growth in Unit 4, Waiakea Arboretum, Hawaii

Treesearch

Stanley B. Carpenter

1965-01-01

Of the nine introduced tree species planted in Unit 4 in 1960, one pine species has failed completely. A slash pine planting on pahoehoe lava shows good survival and growth. And a karri eucalyptus reached a height of 58 feet in 5 years. Competition from wild vegetation was the main cause of mortality.

Specification for installation of the crew activity planning system coaxial cable communication system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, M. A.; Roman, G. S.

1979-01-01

The specification used to install a broadband coaxial cable communication system to support remote terminal operations on the Crew Activity Planning system at the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center are reported. The system supports high speed communications between a Harris Slash 8 computer and one or more Sanders Graphic 7 displays.

Restoring grassland savannas from degraded pinyon-juniper woodlands: effects of mechanical overstory reduction and slash treatment alternatives

Treesearch

Dale G. Brockway; Richard G. Gatewood; Randi B. Paris

2002-01-01

Although the distribution and structure of pinyon-juniper woodlands in the Southwestern United States are thought to be the result of historic fluctuations in regional climatic conditions, more recent increases in the areal extent, tree density, soil erosion rates, and loss of understory plant diversity are attributed to heavy grazing by domestic livestock and...

CTE and the Economy--Finding the Upside in the Downside

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reese, Susan

2009-01-01

The economic news has been dire--from growing unemployment numbers to the slashing of state and local budgets. Schools have been forced to look at cost cutting measures--from larger classes to the elimination of some programs. Yet, amid all the bad news, there is some good news to be found for career and technical education (CTE)--and some…

The Biltmore Forest School: Poking Back into an Extraordinary Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, David S.

2012-01-01

Our nation's first school of forestry operated in the early 1900s, when states were still being admitted to the union, and the motor car and typewriter had just been introduced to the American public. In the previous century, timber operations had slashed their way through forests with the simple policy of "cut and get out." To farmers,…

Management of Maritime Communities for Threatened and Endangered Species.

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-05-01

S) mulletbush (B. halimifolia) (S) American barberry (Berchemia scandens) (L) Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) (L) winged sumac...include coastal red cedar {Juniperus silicicola), red bay ( Persea borbonia), live oak (Quercus virginiana) and cabbage palm (Sabal palmetto; Stalter...scattered pines. The canopy is composed of live oak, slash pine, myrtle oak (Quercus myrtifolia), American olive (Osmanthus americanus), Chapman’s oak

Contributions to improve fallow system in Yucatan State Mexico

Treesearch

Gabriel Uribe Valle; Juan Jiménez-Osornio; Roberto Dzib Echeverría

2006-01-01

More than 25 percent of earth warming can be attributes to deforestation practices such as crop rotations performed in southeast part of Mexico. In the Yucatan peninsula 20 percent of staple foods such as maize and beans are produced under slash and burn system. It has been practiced for many centuries by native Mayans however population pressure and food scarcity made...

A Simultaneous Density-Integral System for Estimating Stem Profile and Biomass: Slash Pine and Willow Oak

Treesearch

Bernard R. Parresol; Charles E. Thomas

1996-01-01

In the wood utilization industry, both stem profile and biomass are important quantities. The two have traditionally been estimated separately. The introduction of a density-integral method allows for coincident estimation of stem profile and biomass, based on the calculus of mass theory, and provides an alternative to weight-ratio methodology. In the initial...

Responses of Wound-Inoculated Seedlings of Pinus elliottii var. elliottii and Pinus taeda to Mycelial Cultures Derived from Multople and Singel Basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme

Treesearch

T. Miller; K.P. Gramacho; R.A. Schmidt; H.V. Amerson; E.G. Kuhlman

1998-01-01

In 1991, a series of experiments was initiated to examine the effectiveness and research value of inoculating 6-week-old seedlings of slash (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. raeda) with suspensions of basidiospores of Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme...

Soil and air temperature and biomass after residue treatment.

Treesearch

W.B. Fowler; J.D. Helvey

1981-01-01

Air temperature at 0.5 m and soil temperature at 0.01 m were measured during May and early June after forest harvest on four residue treatment sites and a control. Broadcast burning or burning in piles increased daily accumulation of heat in air while scattered chips and scarified and cleared treatments were equal to the control (broadcast, untreated slash). During mid...

Occurrence of mycorrhizae after logging and slash burning in the Douglas-fir forest type.

Treesearch

Ernest Wright; Robert F. Tarrant

1958-01-01

The association of certain fungi with plant roots results in formation of an organ called a mycorrhiza. There are two principal types of mycorrhizae: those with the fungus confined internally in the root, or endotrophic mycorrhizae, and those with both internal fungus development and an external fungal mantle enveloping the root tips, or ectotrophic mycorrhizae....

Bucking the Bad Economy, a Few Universities Plan to Hire Hundreds of Faculty

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mole, Beth

2012-01-01

When Brad R. Simpson visited the University of Connecticut for a job interview in February, he was struck by a vibe that he finds increasingly rare on college campuses. People, he says, were optimistic. At a time when he encounters many demoralized professors, as campuses across the nation slash budgets and freeze hiring, the University of…

Merchandizer: Adapting USLYCOWG to the Marketplace

Treesearch

1984-01-01

USLYCOWG is a computer model that estimates yields in cubic feet per acre from unthinned slash and loblolly pine plantations established on cutover sites in the West Gulf states. However, most stumpage in the West Gulf region is sold in other volumetric units, such as cords, tons, and board feet, or by weight. A series of computer routines has been developed that...

Timber Production and Its Environmental Impacts. AIO Red Paper #21.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Provost, Julia K.

The supply of the nation's forests is very great, and of this supply, approximately 1 1/2 percent comes from American Indian forests. Timber resources are three-fold: the slash (unusable limbs, tops, and stumps), as well as the unmarketable trees, provide wood for fuel; the sale of timber provides tribal revenue from a renewable source; and the…

Photo guide for estimating fuel loading and fire behavior in mixed-oak forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region

Treesearch

Patrick H. Brose

2009-01-01

A field guide of 45 pairs of photographs depicting ericaceous shrub, leaf litter, and logging slash fuel types of eastern oak forests and observed fire behavior of these fuel types during prescribed burning. The guide contains instructions on how to use the photo guide to choose appropriate fuel models for prescribed fire planning.

Silvicultural tools applicable in forests burned by a mixed severity fire regime

Treesearch

Russell T. Graham; Theresa B. Jain

2005-01-01

The silvicultural tools applicable for use in forests burned by mixed severity fire regimes are as highly variable as the structures and compositions the fires have historically created. Singly or in combination chunking, chipping, slashing, and piling can alter the character of surface fuels (e.g., small trees, shrubs, branches, and stems). These treatments can be...

Modeling soil heating and moisture transport under extreme conditions: Forest fires and slash pile burns

Treesearch

W. J. Massman

2012-01-01

Heating any soil during a sufficiently intense wildfire or prescribed burn can alter it irreversibly, causing many significant, long-term biological, chemical, and hydrological effects. Given the climate-change-driven increasing probability of wildfires and the increasing use of prescribed burns by land managers, it is important to better understand the dynamics of the...

Expanding the Karyotype of Slash Pine as a Prelude to Physical Mapping

Treesearch

M. Oard

1999-01-01

Cytological exploration of the pine genome has been ongoing for more than a century. For the first seventy years we knew little more than chromosome number for pines. Constancy in chromosome number throughout the genus coupled with uniformity in size and morphology between chromosomes within species has given cytologists few practical means by which to distinguish...

Chopper herbicide site preparation for different bedding timings and vegetation complexes in North Florida

Treesearch

Dwight K. Lauer; Harold E. Quicke; David Adams

2006-01-01

The use of Chopper® (BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC) herbicide applied with an oil and water carrier was tested for site preparation. Tests were installed at eight locations to examine slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) response and vegetation control with different vegetation types and timings of bedding. Chopper was applied in...

Release of sugar pine seedlings and saplings by harvest cutting.

Treesearch

William E. Hallin

1959-01-01

Sugar pine, the preferred species to grow on many forest areas in southwestern Oregon, is often seeded or planted on clearcuts there. Advance growth in the form of seedlings, saplings, and poles is common in the mixed- conifer type, and costly planting can be eliminated if this advance growth can be saved during logging and slash disposal. However, if the necessary...

Ten Years of Timber Management in the Middle Coastal Plain of Georgia

Treesearch

E.P. Jones; F.A. Bennett

1965-01-01

The pilot forest on the George Walton Experimental Forest represents the medium-size forest ownership in the middle coastal plain of Georgia. Tbis 2,200-acre forest of slash and longleaf pine has been under planned management for 10 years. Gross earnings have been $7.03 per acre per year, with an annual cost of $1.15 per acre.

US nuclear repository in jeopardy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwynne, Peter

2009-04-01

Physicists have expressed uneasiness about the future of nuclear-waste storage in the US after President Barack Obama's administration proposed slashing funds for a long-planned repository at Yucca Mountain in Nevada. If approved by Congress, the cuts seem likely to spell the death knell of the project, which has been in the works since 1987 and has so far cost the government 9.5bn.

Highlights, FY 2003-05 Biennial Operating Budget for Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connecticut State Board of Governors for Higher Education, Hartford.

This report explains that the General Fund budget: provides $1,232.6 million for the FY 2003-05 biennium; slashes student financial aid funding by 8.6 percent; includes a reduction of 3 percent for Early Retirement Incentive Plan salary savings; represents a budget that is 16.5 percent below requested current services funding, $15.8 million below…

Susceptibility of parent and interspecific Fl hybrid pine trees to tip moth damage in a coastal North Carolina planting

Treesearch

Maxine T. Highsmith; John Frampton; David 0' Malley; James Richmond; Martesa Webb

2001-01-01

Tip moth damage arnong families of parent pine species and their interspecific F1 hybrids was quantitatively assessed in a coastal planting in North Carolina. Three slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.), two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), and four interspecific F1 hybrid pine families were used. The...

A trial of direct control of pine engraver beetles on a small logging unit

Treesearch

W. L. Jackson

1960-01-01

Laboratory tests and small-scale field trials have shown the insecticide lindane to be highly toxic to pine engraver beetles. On the basis of that information, the insecticide was applied to fresh logging slash heavily infested with pine engraver beetles at Challenge Experimental Forest in 1959. Costs were reasonable and no insurmountable problems were encountered....

Laser Ignition Device and Its Application to Forestry, Fire and Land Management

Treesearch

Michael D. Waterworth

1987-01-01

A laser ignition device for controlled burning of forest logging slash has been developed and successfully tested. The device, which uses a kilowatt class carbon dioxide laser, operates at distances of 50 to 1500 meters. Acquisition and focus control are achieved by the use of a laser rangefinder and acquisition telescope. Additional uses for the device include back...

Advancing investigation and physical modeling of first-order fire effects on soils

Treesearch

William J. Massman; John M. Frank; Sacha J. Mooney

2010-01-01

Heating soil during intense wildland fires or slash-pile burns can alter the soil irreversibly, resulting in many significant long-term biological, chemical, physical, and hydrological effects. To better understand these long-term effects, it is necessary to improve modeling capability and prediction of the more immediate, or first-order, effects that fire can have on...

Tree Sizes Harvested in Different Thinnings -- Another Look

Treesearch

W.F. Mann; D.P. Feduccia

1976-01-01

In loblolly planted at 10 by 10 feet, light- and medium- thinned plots had slightly more sawtimber-sized trees and board-foot volume than unthinned checks and heavily thinned plots at all ages. Average diameters of all trees were largest on checks, followed by light-thinned plots. Trends were similar for 32-year-old slash pine planted at 6 by 7 feet.

Influence of Tylenchorhynchus ewingi on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, and host suitability of legumes and small grains

Treesearch

Stephen W. Fraedrich; Michelle M. Cram; Zafar A. Handoo; Stanley J. Zarnoch

2012-01-01

Tylenchorhynchus ewingi, a stunt nematode, causes severe injury to slash pine seedlings and has been recently associated with stunting and chlorosis of loblolly pine seedlings at some forest tree nurseries in southern USA. Experiments confirmed that loblolly pine is a host for T. ewingi, and that the nematode is capable of causing...

Harvesting forest residues for bioenergy influences amphibian and herbaceous plant community assemblages in northern hardwood forests

Treesearch

Deahn M. Donner; Christine A. Ribic; Matthew St. Pierre; Daniel Eklund

2011-01-01

The most readily available source of woody biomass is through whole-tree harvesting that removes what has been traditionally left as slash [i.e., fine woody debris (FWD)]. While FWD has the potential to be used as energy feedstock, a critical element of managing for biodiversity is maintaining woody debris on the forest floor.

36 CFR 251.14 - Conditions, rules and regulations to govern exercise of timber rights reserved in conveyance to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... locality for sales of similar National Forest timber and timber products. (4) Slash and debris resulting... rates for equipment or manpower furnished by operator. (9) Only one cutting shall be made on any portion... will result. (b) The conditions, rules and regulations set forth in paragraphs (a)(1) through (14) of...

36 CFR 251.14 - Conditions, rules and regulations to govern exercise of timber rights reserved in conveyance to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... locality for sales of similar National Forest timber and timber products. (4) Slash and debris resulting... rates for equipment or manpower furnished by operator. (9) Only one cutting shall be made on any portion... will result. (b) The conditions, rules and regulations set forth in paragraphs (a)(1) through (14) of...

36 CFR 251.14 - Conditions, rules and regulations to govern exercise of timber rights reserved in conveyance to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... locality for sales of similar National Forest timber and timber products. (4) Slash and debris resulting... rates for equipment or manpower furnished by operator. (9) Only one cutting shall be made on any portion... will result. (b) The conditions, rules and regulations set forth in paragraphs (a)(1) through (14) of...

36 CFR 251.14 - Conditions, rules and regulations to govern exercise of timber rights reserved in conveyance to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... locality for sales of similar National Forest timber and timber products. (4) Slash and debris resulting... rates for equipment or manpower furnished by operator. (9) Only one cutting shall be made on any portion... will result. (b) The conditions, rules and regulations set forth in paragraphs (a)(1) through (14) of...

36 CFR 251.14 - Conditions, rules and regulations to govern exercise of timber rights reserved in conveyance to...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... locality for sales of similar National Forest timber and timber products. (4) Slash and debris resulting... rates for equipment or manpower furnished by operator. (9) Only one cutting shall be made on any portion... will result. (b) The conditions, rules and regulations set forth in paragraphs (a)(1) through (14) of...

Two Years Necessary for Successful Natural Seeding in Nonbrushy Black Spruce Bogs

Treesearch

Elon S. Verry; Arthur E. Elling

1978-01-01

Natural seeding in a strip-cut black spruce bog was adequate, averaging 1,800 stems per acre and 80 percent milacre stocking. natural seeding in a completely cut bog was inadequate, averaging 630 stems per acre and 40 percent milacre stocking. Slash was removed to expose sphagnum seedbeds in both cases. Progressive cutting every other year is recommended.

Assessing visual soil disturbance on eight commercially thinned sites in northeastern Washington.

Treesearch

Jeffrey S. Tepp

2002-01-01

Randomly located transects were used to assess visual soil disturbance on eight units in the Fritz Timber Sale, Colville National Forest. Equipment trails, mostly designated, accounted for about 25 percent of the total area. The cut-to-length harvester and forwarder combination with 130-foot trail spacing produced the least visual disturbance. Leaving slash on trails...

The effect on vegetation and soil temperature of logging flood-plain white spruce.

Treesearch

C.T. Dyrness; L.A. Vlereck; M.J. Foote; J.C. Zasada

1988-01-01

During winter 1982-83, five silvicultural treatments were applied on Willow Island (near Fairbanks, Alaska): two types of shelterwood cuttings, a clearcutting, a clearcutting with broadcast slash burning, and a thinning. The effects of these treatments on vegetation, soil temperature, and frost depth were followed from 1983 through 1985. In 1984 and 1985, logged plots...

Methods to reduce forest residue volume after timber harvesting and produce black carbon

Treesearch

Deborah S. Page-Dumroese; Matt D. Busse; James G. Archuleta; Darren McAvoy; Eric Roussel

2017-01-01

Forest restoration often includes thinning to reduce tree density and improve ecosystem processes and function while also reducing the risk of wildfire or insect and disease outbreaks. However, one drawback of these restoration treatments is that slash is often burned in piles that may damage the soil and require further restoration activities. Pile burning is...

Social Studies on the Outside Looking In: Redeeming the Neglected Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hermeling, Andrew Dyrli

2013-01-01

Many social studies teachers are nervous about the coming of Common Core State Standards. With so much emphasis placed on literacy, social studies teachers fear they will see content slashed to leave time for meeting English's non-fiction standards. Already reeling from a lack of attention from the benchmarks put in place by No Child Left Behind,…

Developing resilient ponderosa pine forests with mechanical thinning and prescribed fire in central Oregon's pumice region

Treesearch

Matt D. Busse; P.H. Cochran; William E. Hopkins; William H. Johnson; Gregg M. Riegel; Gary O. Fiddler; Alice W. Ratcliff; Carol J. Shestak

2009-01-01

Thinning and prescribed burning are common management practices for reducing fuel buildup in ponderosa pine forests. However, it is not well understood if their combined use is required to lower wildfire risk and to help restore natural ecological function. We compared 16 treatment combinations of thinning, prescribed fire, and slash retention for two decades...

Guidelines for estimating volume, biomass, and smoke production for piled slash.

Treesearch

Colin C. Hardy

1998-01-01

Guidelines in the form of a six-step approach are provided for estimating volumes, oven-dry mass, consumption, and particulate matter emissions for piled logging debris. Seven stylized pile shapes and their associated geometric volume formulae are used to estimate gross pile volumes. The gross volumes are then reduced to net wood volume by applying an appropriate wood-...

Slash and Learn: Revealing Stakeholder Knowledge, Support, and Preferred Communication Methods Relative to Wood-Based Biofuels Projects

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moroney, Jillian; Laninga, Tamara; Brooks, Randall

2016-01-01

The Northwest Advanced Renewables Alliance (NARA) is examining the feasibility of a woody biomass-to-biofuels supply chain in Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. A part of the ongoing feasibility study involved conducting a survey of informed stakeholders on the use of woody biomass from forest residuals in producing sustainable bioenergy.…

The Preservation of Schwa in the Converging Phonological System of Frenchville (PA) French

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bullock, Barbara E.; Gerfen, Chip

2005-01-01

The phonological system of the French of Frenchville, Pennsylvania (USA) demonstrates a dramatic case of transfer in the latest (and last) generation of bilingual French-English speakers: the mid front round vowels, [ligature of o and e] and [slashed o], have often been replaced by the English rhoticized schwa as found in the word "sir."…

Natural forest succession and fire history

Treesearch

G. E. Gruell; W. C. Schmidt; S. F. Arno; W. J. Reich

1999-01-01

“Succession” is the term applied to a change or sequence of vegetation on a given site through time following disturbance. For example, a succession of plant communities that follows clearcutting with broadcast burning of slash might be (1) grass-forb, (2) shrubfield, (3) saplings and shrubs, (4) pole-size trees, (5) mature forest, and (6) old-growth forest. Succession...

Full Stomachs--Full Minds: How New Mexico Public Schools Can Feed More Children for Less Money, Summer 2009

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Appleseed, 2009

2009-01-01

Every day in New Mexico, student achievement and nutrition are in states of emergency. With families losing jobs and wages, more and more children are going to school malnourished, some having eaten nothing at all. School districts struggle to educate and support their students with fewer available resources. Slashed budgets mean frustrated…