Posttraumatic Stress in U.S. Marines: The Role of Unit Cohesion and Combat Exposure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armistead-Jehle, Patrick; Johnston, Scott L.; Wade, Nathaniel G.; Ecklund, Christofer J.

2011-01-01

Combat exposure is a consistent predictor of posttraumatic stress (PTS). Understanding factors that might buffer the effects of combat exposure is crucial for helping service members weather the stress of war. In a study of U.S. Marines returning from Iraq, hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that unit cohesion and combat exposure…

Optoelectronics applications in multimedia shooting training systems: SPARTAN

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glogowski, Tomasz; Hlosta, Pawel; Stepniak, Slawomir; Swiderski, Waldemar

2017-10-01

Multimedia shooting training systems are increasingly being used in the training of security staff and uniformed services. An advanced practicing-training system SPARTAN for simulation of small arms shooting has been designed and manufactured by Autocomp Management Ltd. and Military Institute of Armament Technology for the Polish Ministry of National Defence. SPARTAN is a stationary device designed to teach, monitor and evaluate the targeting of small arms and to prepare soldiers for: • firing the live ammunition at open ranges for combat targets and silhouettes • detection, classification and engagement of real targets upon different terrains, weather conditions and periods during the day • team work as a squad during the mission by using different types of arms • suitable reactions in untypical scenarios. Placed in any room the training set consists of: • the projection system that generates realistic 3D imaging of the battlefield (such as combat shooting range) in high-resolution • system that tracks weapons aiming points • sound system which delivers realistic mapping of acoustic surroundings • operator station with which the training is conducted and controlled • central processing unit based on PC computers equipped with specialist software realizing individual system functions • units of smart weapons equipped with radio communication modules, injection laser diodes and pneumatic reloading system. The system make possible training by firing in dynamic scenarios, using combat weapons and live ammunition against visible targets moving on a screen. The use of infrared camera for detecting the position of impact of a projectile.

Combating Transnational Terrorism in the East African Region: The Role of the African Union Mission in Somalia

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

four main groups : prevention; disruption; prosecution; and coordination and information sharing. Under prevention, counterterrorism forces are... group has transformed into small active units capable of conducting assassinations, kidnapping, planting improvised explosive devices, and attacking...remaining challenges and highlights 1 International Crisis Group , “Working to Prevent Conflict Worldwide

26 CFR 49.4253-4 - Exemption for servicemen in combat zone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... originating at (Point of origin) within a combat zone from (Name) a member of the Armed Forces of the United... zone, as defined in section 112, from a member of the Armed Forces of the United States performing... which Armed Forces of the United States are or have engaged in combat, and only if it is performed on or...

Modeling Operations Other Than War: Non-Combatants in Combat Modeling

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-09-01

supposition that non-combatants are an essential feature in OOTW. The model proposal includes a methodology for civilian unit decision making . The model...combatants are an essential feature in OOTW. The model proposal includes a methodology for civilian unit decision making . Thi- model also includes...numerical example demonstrated that the model appeared to perform in an acceptable manner, in that it produced output within a reasonable range. During the

Rescinding the Ground Combat Exclusion Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-07

restrict women from assignment to ground combat roles. 2 Clearly, women have been in combat in Iraq and Afghanistan, though both the Defense Department...but were not required to, restrict the assignment of women "where units and positions are doctrinally required to physically collocate and remain...with direct ground combat units that are closed to women .Ŝ This statement was likely a nod to the Army’s 1992 assignment policy, which restricts

Fresh whole blood transfusions in coalition military, foreign national, and enemy combatant patients during Operation Iraqi Freedom at a U.S. combat support hospital.

PubMed

Spinella, Philip C; Perkins, Jeremy G; Grathwohl, Kurt W; Repine, Thomas; Beekley, Alec C; Sebesta, James; Jenkins, Donald; Azarow, Kenneth; Holcomb, John B

2008-01-01

United States military doctrine permits the use of fresh whole blood (FWB), donated by U.S. military personnel on site, for casualties with life-threatening injuries at combat support hospitals. U.S. Military Medical Department policy dictates that all patients treated at military facilities during combat (coalition military personnel, foreign nationals, and enemy combatants) are to be treated equally. The objectives of this study were to describe admission vital signs and laboratory values and injury location for patients transfused with FWB, and to determine if FWB was employed equally among all patient personnel categories at a combat support hospital. This retrospective cohort study evaluated admission vital signs and laboratory values, injury location, and personnel category for all patients receiving FWB at a U.S. Army combat support hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, between January and December 2004. Eighty-seven patients received 545 units of FWB. Upon admission, the average (+/-S.D.) heart rate was 144 bpm (+/-25); systolic blood pressure, 106 mmHg (+/-33); base deficit, 9 (+/-6.5); hemoglobin, 9.0 g/dl (+/-2.6); platelet concentration, 81.9 x 10(3)/mm(3) (+/-81); international normalized ratio (INR), 2.0 (+/-1.1); and temperature 95.7 degrees F (+/-2.6). The percentages of intensive care patients who received FWB by personnel category were as follows: coalition soldiers, 51/592 (8.6%); foreign nationals, 25/347 (7.2%); and enemy combatants, 11/128 (8.5% (p = 0.38). The amount of FWB transfused by personnel category was as follows: coalition soldier, 4 units (1-35); foreign national, 4 units (1-36); and enemy combatant, 4 units (1-11) (p = 0.9). Fresh whole blood was used for anemic, acidemic, hypothermic, coagulopathic patients with life-threatening traumatic injuries in hemorrhagic shock, and it was transfused in equal percentages and amounts for coalition soldiers, foreign nationals, and enemy combatants.

Refractive surgery in Israel Defense Forces recruits.

PubMed

Horowitz, Josepha; Mezer, Eedy; Shochat, Tzippora; Mandel, Yossi; Buckman, Gila; Sasson, Adi; Geyer, Orna

2008-02-01

To determine the prevalence of refractive surgery history in recruits for military service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) between 1998 to 2005 and to evaluate the effect of surgery on the recruits' fitness to serve in combat units. Surgeon General's HQ, Medical Corps, Israel Defense Forces. The computerized medical records of all ametropic Israeli army inductees were reviewed. They included spectacle-wearing, contact lens-wearing, and post refractive-surgery individuals who were examined in the recruitment office before their compulsory military service. The extracted data from the personal files consisted of the assignment to combat units of those who had refractive surgery and those who wore corrective eyewear and the first and last military position of all ametropic recruits who were assigned to combat units. Five hundred ninety-seven inductees (513 men, 84 women) had refractive surgery before their military service during the study period. The prevalence of recruits who had refractive surgery increased from 0.8/1000 ametropes in 1998 to 4.9/1000 ametropes in 2005. Significantly more recruits who had surgery (73.5%) than recruits who wore corrective eyewear were assigned to combat units (P<.001). The dropout rate from combat units of the former was significantly lower than that of the latter (13.1% versus 29.2%) (P<.001). More corrective eyewear users had refractive surgery before their IDF military service, and relatively more of them applied for combat duty. The high percentage of recruits who had refractive surgery who serve uninterruptedly in combat units indicates that the procedure has no deleterious effect on the recruits' fitness.

Automated Information System (AIS) Support for FMF Units When Deployed or in Combat (1985-1995).

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-13

1995 ) MAJOR T. J. DUNN DEPUTY CHIEF OF STAFF FOR DEVELOPMENTAL COORDINATION DEVELOPMENT CENTER MARINE CORPS DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION COMMAND...Support for FMF Units When Deployed or in Combat (1985- 1995 ) (Deployed AIS-88) Study (SCN: 60-81-02) 1. The objectives of the study were: a. To...S. TYPE OF REPORT 6 PERIOD COVERED Automated Information System (AIS) Support for Final Report FMF Units When Deployed or in Combat (1985- 1995 ) 6

Unit Reconstitutions: Combat Stress as an Indicator of Unit Effectiveness

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

Soldier and unit readiness by- A. Enhancing adaptive stress reactions. B. Preventing maladaptive stress reactions. 8 C. Assisting Soldiers with......and intensity of the most recent combat experience. 4. Physical condition of the soldiers. This includes their nutritional status, number and status

The Combat-Exclusion Policy for Military Women.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schneider, Dorothy; Schneider, Carl J.

1986-01-01

Reviews the history and meaning of the combat exclusion policy for United States servicewomen. Noting that combat duty is often essential to career advancement in the military, this article describes several cases of discrimination resulting from the effects of the combat exclusion. (JDH)

A Pilot Project Demonstrating that Combat Medics Can Safely Administer Parenteral Medications in the Emergency Department.

PubMed

Schauer, Steven G; Cunningham, Cord W; Fisher, Andrew D; DeLorenzo, Robert A

2017-12-01

Introduction Select units in the military have improved combat medic training by integrating their functions into routine clinical care activities with measurable improvements in battlefield care. This level of integration is currently limited to special operations units. It is unknown if regular Army units and combat medics can emulate these successes. The goal of this project was to determine whether US Army combat medics can be integrated into routine emergency department (ED) clinical care, specifically medication administration. Project Design This was a quality assurance project that monitored training of combat medics to administer parenteral medications and to ensure patient safety. Combat medics were provided training that included direct supervision during medication administration. Once proficiency was demonstrated, combat medics would prepare the medications under direct supervision, followed by indirect supervision during administration. As part of the quality assurance and safety processes, combat medics were required to document all medication administrations, supervising provider, and unexpected adverse events. Additional quality assurance follow-up occurred via complete chart review by the project lead. Data During the project period, the combat medics administered the following medications: ketamine (n=13), morphine (n=8), ketorolac (n=7), fentanyl (n=5), ondansetron (n=4), and other (n=6). No adverse events or patient safety events were reported by the combat medics or discovered during the quality assurance process. In this limited case series, combat medics safely administered parenteral medications under indirect provider supervision. Future research is needed to further develop this training model for both the military and civilian setting. Schauer SG , Cunningham C W, Fisher AD , DeLorenzo RA . A pilot project demonstrating that combat medics can safely administer parenteral medications in the emergency department. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):679-681.

Hearing Protection Evaluation for the Combat Arms Earplug at Idaho National Laboratory

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

James Lovejoy

2007-03-01

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) is managed by Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC (BEA) for the Department of Energy. The INL Protective Security Forces (Pro Force) are involved in training exercises that generate impulse noise by small arms fire. Force-on-force (FOF) training exercises that simulate real world scenarios require the Pro Force to engage the opposition force (OPFOR) while maintaining situational awareness through verbal communications. The Combat Arms earplug was studied to determine if it provides adequate hearing protection in accordance with the requirements of MIL-STD-1474C/D. The Combat Arms earplug uses a design that allows continuous noise through a critical orificemore » while effectively attenuating high-energy impulse noise. The earplug attenuates noise on a non linear scale, as the sound increases the attenuation increases. The INL studied the effectiveness of the Combat Arms earplug with a Bruel & Kjaer (B&K) head and torso simulator used with a selection of small arms to create impulse sound pressures. The Combat Arms earplugs were inserted into the B&K head and torso ears, and small arms were then discharged to generate the impulse noise. The INL analysis of the data indicates that the Combat Arms earplug does provide adequate protection, in accordance with MIL-STD-1474C/D, when used to protect against impulse noise generated by small arms fire using blank ammunition. Impulse noise generated by small arms fire ranged from 135–160 dB range unfiltered un-weighted. The Combat Arms earplug attenuated the sound pressure 10–25 dB depending on the impulse noise pressure. This assessment is consistent with the results of previously published studies on the Combat Arms earplug (see Section 5, “References”). Based upon these result, the INL intends to use the Combat Arms earplug for FOF training exercises.« less

Designing a Campaign: Forbes’ March to the Ohio

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-14

detachment of Virginia militia and Ohio Indians at a group of French soldiers led by Ensign Jumonville on a wooded hillside about sixty miles southeast...British operational commander. William Pitt personally selected Brigadier General John Forbes for the task.45 Forbes, a Scot by birth, had served...Indians early in the campaign. They already possessed experience in frontier warfare and had trained specifically for small- unit combat in a wooded

Updating Tradition: Necessary Changes to Marine Corps Recruit Training

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-31

Crucible does retain some of its initial value. From a training standpoint, the free play conducted at pre-planned stations makes the Crucible the...players, and conducting debriefs, the interior guard package has the potential to become an excellent small-unit leadership exercise. Free play during...Those combat skills, rehearsed with the same intensity as close-order drill, can be reinforced during free play exercises conducted during the

An Evaluation of an Attitudinal Model to Measure the Potential for Combat Effectiveness of U.S. Air Force Organizations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-01

Fight Combat Effectiveness Organizational Assessment Package Morale Combat Effectiveness Model Cohesion Leadership 20. AIISTRACT (COe/Mie do ,eae aide If...of combat readiness. The major psychosocial dimensions which contribute to combat effectiveness of a military unit (morale leadership , cohesion, and...psychosocial dimensions in the combat effectiveness model (morale, leadership , and cohesion) in addition to training, logistics, alienation, and work group

Assessment of Psychophysiological Response and Specific Fine Motor Skills in Combat Units.

PubMed

Sánchez-Molina, Joaquín; Robles-Pérez, José J; Clemente-Suárez, Vicente J

2018-03-02

Soldiers´ training and experience can influence the outcome of the missions, as well as their own physical integrity. The objective of this research was to analyze the psycho-physiological response and specific motor skills in an urban combat simulation with two units of infantry with different training and experience. psychophysiological parameters -Heart Rate, blood oxygen saturation, glucose and blood lactate, cortical activation, anxiety and heart rate variability-, as well as fine motor skills were analyzed in 31 male soldiers of the Spanish Army, 19 belonging to the Light Infantry Brigade, and 12 to the Heavy Forces Infantry Brigade, before and after an urban combat simulation. A combat simulation provokes an alteration of the psycho-physiological basal state in soldiers and a great unbalance in the sympathetic-vagal interaction. The specific training of Light Infantry unit involves lower metabolic, cardiovascular, and anxiogenic response not only previous, but mainly after a combat maneuver, than Heavy Infantry unit's. No differences were found in relation with fine motor skills, improving in both cases after the maneuver. This fact should be taken into account for betterment units´ deployment preparation in current theaters of operations.

United States Air Force Statistical Digest, Fiscal Year 1966, Twenty First Edition

DTIC Science & Technology

1966-09-30

Economic Repair "m.. Abnor- Normal Ene "", Flying Cause Ene "", Aban- MISSION, DESIGN,Tested Fair ""’ Storage AND SERIESum to De - Deter- Deter- Action... De - Wear Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentor struc- and Iore- tors- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene ""School tion Tear tion tion Mission Mission...AND SERIESFairum to De - .Deter- Deter- on on on Non- mentWearor strue- iora- tore- Combat Combat Combat Combat Ene "\\YandSchool tion tion tion Mission

Cross (Unit)-Level Effects of Cohesion on Relationships of Suicide Thoughts to Combat Exposure, Postdeployment Stressors, and Postdeployment Social Support.

PubMed

Griffith, James

2015-01-01

A behavioral health concern for the US military has been suicide, largely due to its increased prevalence in the last several years during US involvement in the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM), the present study examined relationships among combat exposure, postdeployment stressors, social support, and unit cohesion. Survey data were obtained from 4,567 soldiers who were members of 50 company-sized units. At the individual level, combat exposure and postdeployment stressors were associated with suicidal thoughts. Postdeployment social support was associated with fewer suicidal thoughts. There was no evidence of the stress-buffering effect of social support. At the group level, reduced risk for suicidal thoughts was associated with units having higher than average cohesion. Reduced risk for suicidal thoughts in conjunction with combat experiences was observed in units having higher than average cohesion, though not reaching a traditional level of statistical significance.

Development of a Novel, Two-Processor Architecture for a Small UAV Autopilot System,

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-07-26

is, and the control laws the user implements to control it. The flight control system board will contain the processor selected for this system...Unit (IMU). The IMU contains solid-state gyros and accelerometers and uses these to determine the attitude of the UAV within the three dimensions of...multiple-UAV swarming for combat support operations. The mission processor board will contain the processor selected to execute the mission

Perceived demands during modern military operations.

PubMed

Boermans, Sylvie M; Kamphuis, Wim; Kamhuis, Wim; Delahaij, Roos; Korteling, J E Hans; Euwema, Martin C

2013-07-01

Using a cross-sectional design, this study explored operational demands during the International Security Assistance Force for Afghanistan (2009-2010) across distinct military units. A total of 1,413 Dutch soldiers, nested within four types of units (i.e., combat, combat support, service support, and command support units) filled out a 23-item self-survey in which they were asked to evaluate the extent to which they experienced operational characteristics as demanding. Exploratory factor analysis identified six underlying dimensions of demands. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that distinct units are characterized by their own unique constellation of perceived demands, even after controlling for previous deployment experience. Most notable findings were found when comparing combat units to other types of units. These insights can be used to better prepare different types of military units for deployment, and support them in the specific demands they face during deployment. Reprint & Copyright © 2013 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Application of Athletic Movement Tests that Predict Injury Risk in a Military Population: Development of Normative Data.

PubMed

Teyhen, Deydre S; Shaffer, Scott W; Butler, Robert J; Goffar, Stephen L; Kiesel, Kyle B; Rhon, Daniel I; Boyles, Robert E; McMillian, Daniel J; Williamson, Jared N; Plisky, Phillip J

2016-10-01

Performance on movement tests helps to predict injury risk in a variety of physically active populations. Understanding baseline measures for normal is an important first step. Determine differences in physical performance assessments and describe normative values for these tests based on military unit type. Assessment of power, balance, mobility, motor control, and performance on the Army Physical Fitness Test were assessed in a cohort of 1,466 soldiers. Analysis of variance was performed to compare the results based on military unit type (Rangers, Combat, Combat Service, and Combat Service Support) and analysis of covariance was performed to determine the influence of age and gender. Rangers performed the best on all performance and fitness measures (p < 0.05). Combat soldiers performed better than Combat Service and Service Support soldiers on several physical performance tests and the Army Physical Fitness Test (p < 0.05). Performance in Combat Service and Service Support soldiers was equivalent on most measures (p < 0.05). Functional performance and level of fitness varied significantly by military unit type. Understanding these differences will provide a foundation for future injury prediction and prevention strategies. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

An Introduction to Human Factors and Combat Models

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

Combat Models by Timothy F. Schroth Captain, United States Army B . A., Temple University, 1982 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for...INTRODUCTION .......... ................. 4 B . DEFINING HUMAN FACTORS - AN HISTORICAL APPROACH 4 C. BEFORE/AFTER THE BATTLE ...... ........... 8 1. Culture...16 III. COMBAT MODELS ....... .................. 18 A. INTRODUCTION ....... ................. 18 B . PURPOSE OF COMBAT MODELS ... ........... 20 1

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Oversight Issues and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-11

Summary The Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) is a small, fast ship that uses modular “plug- and-fight” mission packages, including unmanned vehicles (UVs). The...small, fast ship that uses modular “plug-and- fight” mission packages, including unmanned vehicles (UVs). The basic version of the LCS, without any...including unmanned vehicles (UVs). Rather than being a multimission ship like the Navy’s current large surface combatants, the LCS is a focused-mission ship

Combat Leadership Styles: Empowerment versus Authoritarianism

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-01

Combat Leadership Styles : Empowerment versus Authoritarianism FARIS R. KIRKLAND Recent research in Israel and the United States suggests that...Combat Leadership Styles : Empowerment versus Authoritarianism 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d

Networked sensors for the combat forces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klager, Gene

2004-11-01

Real-time and detailed information is critical to the success of ground combat forces. Current manned reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) capabilities are not sufficient to cover battlefield intelligence gaps, provide Beyond-Line-of-Sight (BLOS) targeting, and the ambush avoidance information necessary for combat forces operating in hostile situations, complex terrain, and conducting military operations in urban terrain. This paper describes a current US Army program developing advanced networked unmanned/unattended sensor systems to survey these gaps and provide the Commander with real-time, pertinent information. Networked Sensors for the Combat Forces plans to develop and demonstrate a new generation of low cost distributed unmanned sensor systems organic to the RSTA Element. Networked unmanned sensors will provide remote monitoring of gaps, will increase a unit"s area of coverage, and will provide the commander organic assets to complete his Battlefield Situational Awareness (BSA) picture for direct and indirect fire weapons, early warning, and threat avoidance. Current efforts include developing sensor packages for unmanned ground vehicles, small unmanned aerial vehicles, and unattended ground sensors using advanced sensor technologies. These sensors will be integrated with robust networked communications and Battle Command tools for mission planning, intelligence "reachback", and sensor data management. The network architecture design is based on a model that identifies a three-part modular design: 1) standardized sensor message protocols, 2) Sensor Data Management, and 3) Service Oriented Architecture. This simple model provides maximum flexibility for data exchange, information management and distribution. Products include: Sensor suites optimized for unmanned platforms, stationary and mobile versions of the Sensor Data Management Center, Battle Command planning tools, networked communications, and sensor management software. Details of these products and recent test results will be presented.

Evaluation of the Operational Stress Control and Readiness (OSCAR) Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

Responding to Combat Stress Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4. Team Leaders’ View of Stigma Associated with Combat Stress...leaders’ perceptions of OSCAR’s impact on attitudes toward stress response and recovery; unit cohesion and morale; stigma around mental health and...Continuum, a tool for identi- fying combat stress problems of varying severity, and Combat and Operational Stress First Aid (COSFA), a psychological

Bite protection analysis of permethrin-treated U.S. Military uniforms

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Historically, combat casualties from diseases have greatly outnumbered battle injuries received from actual combat during military operations. Since 1951, United States military combat uniforms have been treated within insecticides to protect personnel from arthropod attack. In the 1970s and 1980s,...

An Investigation of Combat Knowledge and Attitudes of Women in the United States Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

66 How well are military. women educated on their combat role? . . . . . . 66 What are the attitudes of military women toward the...military women educated on their combat role? 5 , H . . ., I I I 2. What are the attitudes of military women toward the physical, psychological and...activities do not include actual combat, as a chaplain; any civilian in iýartime. B L.i Womeli in Combat; The- -Ia This chapter focuses on the history of the

Stakeholder Analysis of Integrating Women Into Ground Combat Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

article posted on SaukValley.com titled “Sources: Pentagon Rules Shift on Women in Combat,” Lolita C. Baldor cites Bhagwati regarding news about plans...Jan-13 AP Sources: Pentagon Open Combat Roles to Women Lolita C. Baldor Associated Press 17-Jan-14 Military Women in Combat Nancy Carol Squidoo...Security Journal 9-Feb-12 Sources: Pentagon rules shift on women in combat Lolita C. Baldor SaukValley.com 24-Oct-13 A Voice for Men None named

The People in the PLA: Recruitment, Training, and Education in China’s Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

action training (feizhanzheng xingdong xunlian, 非 战 争 行动训练, includes nontraditional security missions, such as anti- terrorism, disaster relief...texts: Soviet Red Army Combat Regulations, (Sulian hongjun zhandou tiaoling; 苏联红军 战 斗条令) and Soviet Army Field Operations Regulations (Sujun yezhan...tiaoling; 苏军 野 战 条令), as well as classes on small unit tactics and fighting in different types of terrain.9 In 1937 the Red Army School was renamed the

Heterotopic Ossification in Combat Amputees from Afghanistan and Iraq wars: Five Case Histories and Results from a Small Series of Patients

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

symptoms. This patient also had severe soft-tissue injuries to his nonamputated left arm that required a skin graft . Subse- quent to surgery, the...illustrates the use of preventive medi- cation and symptomatic HO following breakdown of a skin graft . This patient had bilateral transfemoral amputa...United States. He was fitted with prostheses and successfully learned to walk. This patient had a split-thickness skin graft on his right residual

Analysis of the Sustainment Organization and Process for the Marine Corps’ RQ-11B Raven Small Unmanned Aircraft System (SUAS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

Vehicle UAS Unmanned Aircraft System UCAV Unmanned Combat Air Vehicles xvii UNS Universal Needs Statement USMC United States Marine Corps VLC ...she helped motivate me to finish this project—as challenging as it may be to work under the conditions set by an infant. And, finally, thanks to...In every aspect of program management, the DoD acquisition workforce is constantly challenged to balance cost, schedule, and performance. In a

U. S. Fleet Marine Force, Pacific, Special Action Report, Iwo Jima Campaign

DTIC Science & Technology

1945-01-01

authorized by Tables of filio winces. , (a) One TD-14 Bulldozer to be used as a prime mover and for construction of revetments for reproduction...Evacuation Hospital $ 1. ’ ! (a) The congestion on this small island combined with the violence of combat to make selection of a site for the Corps...his parent organization with timely, accurate and .complete information of what is happening in the unit to which he is sent. In order to effectively

Circumstances around weapon injury in Cambodia after departure of a peacekeeping force: prospective cohort study

PubMed Central

Meddings, David R; O’Connor, Stephanie M

1999-01-01

Objective To examine the circumstances surrounding weapon injury and combatant status of those injured by weapons. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Northwestern Cambodia after departure of United Nations peacekeeping force. Subjects 863 people admitted to hospital for weapon injuries over 12 months. Main outcome measures Annual incidence of weapon injury by time period; proportions of injuries inflicted as a result of interfactional combat (combat injuries) and outside such combat (non-combat injuries) by combatant status and weapon type. Results The annual incidence of weapon injuries was higher than the rate observed before the peacekeeping operation. 30% of weapon injuries occurred in contexts other than interfactional combat. Most commonly these were firearm injuries inflicted intentionally on civilians. Civilians accounted for 71% of those with non-combat injuries, 42% of those with combat related injuries, and 51% of those with weapon injuries of either type. Conclusions The incidence of weapon injuries remained high when the disarmament component of a peacekeeping operation achieved only limited success. Furthermore, injuries occurring outside the context of interfactional combat accounted for a substantial proportion of all weapon injuries, were experienced disproportionately by civilians, and were most likely to entail the intentional use of a firearm against a civilian. Key messagesThe study took place in Cambodia after a United Nations peacekeeping operation that achieved only limited success in disarmamentA substantial proportion of weapon injuries was inflicted in contexts unrelated to interfactional combatThese injuries were most commonly firearm injuries inflicted intentionally on civiliansWidespread availability of weapons can facilitate social violence PMID:10445922

[Principles of surgical care organization and structural characteristics of sanitary casualties in counter-terrorist operations in the Northern Caucasus (Report I)].

PubMed

Gumanenko, E K; Samokhvalov, I M; Trusov, A A; Severin, V V

2005-01-01

Two operational-and-tactical factors had the main influence on organization of the surgical care rendered to the casualties on the Northern Caucasus: the fulminant and maneuverable nature of combat operations at the beginning of both armed conflicts and rather small territory of war theatre. The main special features of organization of surgical care to the casualties were the use of Medical Squads of Special Purpose in the combat conditions and maximal approximation of the specialized surgical care to the wounded by echelonment of medical units and wide use of helicopter evacuation. The structure of sanitary losses was characterized by the increase in the frequency of mechanical traumas, thermal and combined injuries, by the high share of the casualties with head injuries. Besides the number of seriously wounded and critical casualties has increased.

Study on combat effectiveness of air defense missile weapon system based on queuing theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhao, Z. Q.; Hao, J. X.; Li, L. J.

2017-01-01

Queuing Theory is a method to analyze the combat effectiveness of air defense missile weapon system. The model of service probability based on the queuing theory was constructed, and applied to analyzing the combat effectiveness of "Sidewinder" and "Tor-M1" air defense missile weapon system. Finally aimed at different targets densities, the combat effectiveness of different combat units of two types' defense missile weapon system is calculated. This method can be used to analyze the usefulness of air defense missile weapon system.

Women in Combat: The Operational Impact of Meeting A National Security Necessity

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-11

of physical strength and emotional stamina and impai.red male -bonding: United States public opinion; and the perceptions of America’s allies and...on the main thesis p6ints of demographics and noncombatants in the changing scenario of combat, and provides the arguments on both sides of the three...9 Unit Cohesion and Male -Bonding .................. 11 United States Public Opinion ......................... 12 Perceptions or Friend and Foe

Recent Human Factors Contributions to Improve Military Operations (Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Bulletin. Volume 46, Number 12, December 2003)

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-01

operations run the full gamut from large-scale, theater-wide combat, as witnessed in Operation Iraqi Freedom, to small-scale operations against terrorists, to... gamut from large-scale, theater-wide combat, as witnessed in Operation Iraqi Freedom, to small-scale operations against terror- ists, to operations

Imaging of Combat-Related Thoracic Trauma - Review of Penetrating Trauma.

PubMed

Lichtenberger, John P; Kim, Andrew M; Fisher, Dane; Tatum, Peter S; Neubauer, Brian; Peterson, P Gabriel; Carter, Brett W

2018-03-01

Combat-related thoracic trauma is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality of the casualties from Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF). Penetrating, blunt, and blast injuries were the most common mechanisms of trauma. Imaging plays a key role in the management of combat-related thoracic trauma casualties. This review discusses the imaging manifestations of thoracic injuries from penetrating trauma, emphasizing epidemiology and diagnostic clues seen during OEF and OIF. The assessment of radiologic findings in patients who suffer from combat-related thoracic trauma is the basis of this review article. The imaging modalities for this study include multi-detector computed tomography and chest radiography. High-velocity penetrating projectile injuries appear as hemorrhage and re-expansion pulmonary edema from the temporary cavity and a linear, blood-filled track from the permanent cavity. In cases where the projectile passes totally through the body, entrance wounds at the skin surface and tracks through the subcutaneous tissues may be the only indications of penetrating trauma. When assessing vascular injury, special attention should be paid to the right hilum in contrast-enhanced multi-detector computed tomography, as contrast is concentrated in the superior vena cava and superior cavoatrial junction may obscure small fragments. Additionally, CT angiography may show vessel disruption or extravasation of contrast distal to normal vessel location in addition to intraluminal filling defects and pseudo-aneurysms. Tension pneumopericardium may rarely complicate penetrating or blunt chest trauma. On imaging, distension of the pericardial sack by pneumopericardium and compression of the heart support the diagnosis of tension. On multi-detector computed tomography in the acute trauma setting, fluid in the pleural space should be considered hemothorax, particularly when Hounsfield units are above 35. Acutely, extravasated blood will have similar attenuation to the thoracic vasculature, whereas clotted blood will have higher values of 50-90 Hounsfield units. Combat-related thoracic trauma continues to be a significant contributor to the morbidity and mortality of those injured during OEF and OIF. This review of the imaging manifestations of penetrating thoracic injury during OEF and OIF focuses on key diagnostic findings for clinicians caring for combat casualties. The distinct injury pattern and atypical imaging manifestations of penetrating trauma are important to recognize early due to the acuity of this patient population and the influence of accurate diagnosis on clinical management.

U.S. Service Member Deployment in Response to the Ebola Crisis: The Psychological Perspective.

PubMed

Sipos, Maurice L; Kim, Paul Y; Thomas, Stephen J; Adler, Amy B

2018-03-01

In the fall of 2014, the United States and other nations responded to the worst outbreak of the Ebola virus disease in history. As part of this effort, U.S. service members deployed to West Africa to support a spectrum of activities that did not involve direct patient care. Although previous studies identified the psychological impact of responding to an outbreak, these studies were limited to retrospective data, small sample sizes, and medical personnel. The goals of the present study were to (a) document the mental health and well-being of troops deploying in response to an infectious disease outbreak; (b) identify their stressors, attitudes toward deployment, and health risk concerns; and (c) understand the role of combat experience in adjusting to these types of missions. Study participants at both pre- and during deployment were active duty U.S. soldiers in a combat aviation battalion from a large U.S. military installation. U.S. soldiers were surveyed (n = 251) 3 wk before deploying to Liberia (October 2014) and surveyed again during their deployment (February 2015; n = 173). Participants were primarily male (86.1%), junior ranking (56.0%), and just over half had previous combat deployment experience (51.2%). Surveys were anonymous and not linked to one another over time. Overall rates of mental health problems were low (2.4% at pre-deployment and 5.8% during deployment), whereas sleep problems were reported by 4.9% at pre-deployment and 12% during deployment. At pre-deployment, top stressors focused on health threats; fewer stressors were reported during deployment. Soldiers were relatively less concerned about contracting Ebola than other more prevalent diseases. Soldiers with combat experience reported more somatic and sleep problems at pre-deployment than those without previous combat experience. There were no significant differences during deployment between those with and without previous combat experience. Overall, a small proportion of respondents reported significant rates of mental health problems. In contrast, sleep problems were reported by 12% during deployment. In terms of attitudes toward the mission, the vast majority reported that they knew what to do to protect themselves from disease and that they understood the potential risk involved. The study also confirmed previous findings that soldiers with previous combat experience had more somatic symptoms at pre-deployment than those without, although this distinction appeared limited to the pre-deployment phase. Results can be used to address anxiety by personnel during pre-deployment and to inform leadership preparing personnel to deploy in response to future infectious disease outbreaks.

Expeditionary Force 21. Forward and Ready: Now and in the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-03-04

single commander. Each MAGTF is composed of a command element (CE), a ground combat element ( GCE ), an aviation combat element (ACE), and logistics...headquarters group, a ground combat element ( GCE ) with one Marine Division, an aviation combat element (ACE) with one Marine Aircraft Wing, and a...remain the Marine Corps’ standard unit of deployment; however, company landing teams may take on a larger role in crisis response and may form the GCE

The Lessons of Modularity in Informing Australian Army Transformation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-12

States) CALL Center for Army Lessons Learned (United States) Cbt Bde Combat Brigade (Australian) CTC Combat Training Center DOTMLPF Doctrine ...Center ix TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command US United States x ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. The Australian Cbt Bde Structure...that could be task-organized for deployment and provide a sustained capability over multiple rotations. The changes to organization, doctrine , training

A Big Bang versus a Small Bang Approach: A Case Study of the Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS) and the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Initiative (MROi)

DTIC Science & Technology

resource planning (ERP) solution called the Expeditionary Combat Support System (ECSS), a big - bang approach. In early 2012, the ECSS program was cancelled...Repair, and Overhaul initiative (MROi), a small- bang approach, to increase enterprise visibility and efficiency across all three Air Logistics

Approval of System MANPRINT Management Plan (SMMP) for the Modernized Demolitions Initiators (MDI) Set

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-01

at the different skill levels are: C-1 a. MOSC 12B10. Assists combat engineers by performing combat construction, combat demolitions, and related...duties. b. MOSC 12B20. Performs as team leader and assistant squad leader in combat construction, demolition, and duties. c. MOSC 12B30. Serves as squad...instructor. d. MOSC 12B40. Serves as platoon sergeant; as operations sergeant; as construction inspector; as advisor to supported units, allied forces

Showtime: An Analysis of the Embedded News Media Program During the Pre-Combat and the Combat Phases of Operation Iraqi Freedom

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-05-26

program, but that did not affect the effectiveness of the program in the United States. Though the program was effective during Operation Iraqi...Their collective opinion is that it was a “good thing.” In the international environment, the program was not as effective as it was in the United...in the international environment did not affect the effectiveness of the program in the United States. The embedded program proved to be effective

Naval Coastal Warfare Operations from 2000 to Operation Iraqi Freedom and the Deficiencies that Prompted their Addition to the Naval Expeditionary Combat Command

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-03

overmatched small boats sought refuge with the Boutwell but very little could be done and the 25ft boats were sent back to MABOT under the escort of a zodiac ...solely those of the author, and do not represent the views of the US Army School of Advanced Military Studies, the US Army Command and General Staff...College, the United States Army, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: distribution unlimited

Enabling Rapid Integration of Combined Arms Teams into a Brigade Combat Team Organizational Structure

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

organizational structure , fixed vs. mobile forward operating base (FOB) synchronization, prior preparation, and unit capabilities. 5. Ideas to Improve...Technical Report 1356 Enabling Rapid Integration of Combined Arms Teams into a Brigade Combat Team Organizational Structure ...2012 - May 2014 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Enabling Rapid Integration of Combined Arms Teams into a Brigade Combat Team Organizational Structure

A Method for Increasing the Training Effectiveness of Marine Corps Tactical Exercises: A Pilot Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rocklyn, Eugene H.; And Others

Methods for better utilizing simulated combat systems for training officers are required by the Marine Corps to ensure efficient acquisition of combat decision-making skills. In support of this requirement, a review and analysis of several combat training systems helped to identify a set of major training problems. These included the small number…

Developing a Capacity Assessment Framework for Marine Logistics Groups

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-20

test the framework for assessing logistics capacity on a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Combat Logistics Battalion (CLB). The study proceeded along...and (5) test the framework for assessing logistics capacity on a Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) Combat Logistics Battalion (CLB), time permitting...Marine Logistics Group 21 Impact of New Organization on Logistics Support Under the FSSG structure prior to 2006, the Marine Corps employed a

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures (TTP) for Migrant Camp Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-04-15

interchangeable and, therefore, usually do not degrade a combat unit if tasked to deploy independently. Also, the Air Force frequently tasks composite...Prime BEEF teams from multiple bases rather than degrade a combat unit’s capabilities. (2) Horizontal construction capabilities, usually airfield or...special understanding and sympathy. They should receive all necessary assistance, and they should not be subject to cruel , inhumane, or degrading

Defense Headquarters: Geographic Combatant Commands Rely on Subordinate Commands for Mission Management and Execution

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-30

These figures do not include personnel performing contract services. The service component commands , subordinate unified commands , and joint task forces...GAO has previously found that the combatant commands do not have oversight or visibility over authorized manpower or assigned personnel at the...Jack Reed Ranking Member Committee on Armed Services United States Senate Defense Headquarters: Geographic Combatant Commands Rely on Subordinate

Enhanced Night Vision Goggle Customer Test

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-01

TASK NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Christian B. Carstens, Charles C. Bonnett, and Elizabeth S. Redden ( all of ARL) 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7...Soldier’s ability to engage and execute close combat, combat support, and combat service support operations in all levels of illumination, adverse...participation: copies of the consent form were provided to all participating subjects. They were given an opportunity to review the experiment

Mercy Killings in Combat: Ending the Suffering of Gravely Wounded Combatants -- A Brief History, Applicable Law, Recent Prosecutions, and Proposals for Much Needed Change

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

Recent combat-related mercy killings 10 D. Roadmap for change 10 II. Survey of the history of combat-related mercy killings 14 A. General reports of...part of armed conflict for thousands of years ,4 and since the United States is currently engaged in multiple military operations that require long...Defense Authorization Request for Fiscal Year 2007 and the Future Years Defense Program: Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Armed Svcs., 109th Cong., 2d Sess

EphB1 as a Novel Drug Target to Combat Pain and Addiction

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-09-01

AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-14-1-0220 TITLE: EphB1 as a Novel Drug Target to Combat Pain and Addiction PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Mark Henkemeyer...as a Novel Drug Target to Combat Pain and Ad 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER EphB1 as a Novel Drug Target to Combat Pain and Addiction 5b. GRANT NUMBER W81XWH...identify small molecular weight drug -like compounds from a >200,000 complex library that antagonize EphB1 protein-protein interactions. While we

Pediatric inpatient humanitarian care in combat: Iraq and Afghanistan 2002 to 2012.

PubMed

Edwards, Mary J; Lustik, Michael; Burnett, Mark W; Eichelberger, Martin

2014-05-01

The purpose of this study was to define the scope of combat- and noncombat-related inpatient pediatric humanitarian care provided from 2002 to 2012 by the United States (US) Military in Iraq and Afghanistan. A review of the Patient Administration Systems and Biostatistics Activity (PASBA) database for all admissions from 2002 to 2012 by US military hospitals in Afghanistan and Iraq for children 14 years of age and younger provided data to analyze the use of medical care. North Atlantic Treaty Organization Standardization Agreement (STANAG) injury codes provided injury cause and the ICD-codes provided diagnosis. In-hospital mortality, blood usage, number of invasive procedures, and hospital stay were analyzed by country and injury category. There were 6,273 admissions that met inclusion criteria. In Afghanistan, there were more than twice as many pediatric noncombat-related admissions (2,197) as pediatric combat-related admissions (1,095). In Iraq, the difference was minimal (1,391 noncombat vs 1,590 combat). The most common cause of noncombat-related admission in both countries was injury: primarily motor vehicle related and burns, which varied significantly by age. Older patients (older than 8 years in Afghanistan and older than 4 years in Iraq) were more likely combat victims. Mortality was highest for combat trauma in Iraq (11%) and noncombat trauma in Afghanistan (8%). The in-hospital mortality in both countries was 5% for admissions unrelated to trauma. Resource use was highest for combat trauma in both countries. Noncombat-related medical care was the primary reason for pediatric humanitarian admissions to United States military combat hospitals in Iraq and Afghanistan from 2002 to 2012. Combat-related injuries have a higher mortality than noncombat injuries or other admissions. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Comparison of combat and non-combat burns from ongoing U.S. military operations.

PubMed

Kauvar, David S; Cancio, Leopoldo C; Wolf, Steven E; Wade, Charles E; Holcomb, John B

2006-05-15

Military burns result from either combat or non-combat causes. We compared these etiologies from patients involved in ongoing conflicts to evaluate their impact and provide prevention recommendations. All military patients with significant burns treated at the United States Army Institute of Surgical Research from April 2003 to May 2005 were reviewed. Injuries were categorized as having resulted from combat or non-combat causes. Demographics, burn severity and pattern, mortality, and early outcomes were compared. There were 273 burn patients seen with 63% injured in combat. A high early rate of non-combat injuries was noted. Feedback on non-combat burn prevention was provided to the combat theater, and the incidence of non-combat burns decreased. Mean age and time from injury to admission did not differ. The majority of combat injuries resulted from explosive device detonation. Waste burning, ammunition handling, and gasoline caused most non-combat injuries. Combat casualties had more associated and inhalation injuries and greater full-thickness burn size; total body surface area burned was equivalent. The hands and the face were the most frequently burned body areas. Mortality was 5% in combat and 2% in non-combat patients. The majority of survivors in both groups returned to military duty. The disparity in full-thickness burn size and incidence of inhalation and associated injuries resulted from differing mechanisms of injury, with explosions and penetrating trauma more common in combat wounds. Despite the severity of combat burns, mortality was low and outcomes generally good. Non-combat burns are preventable and have decreased in incidence.

Combat Ready Clamp Addition to the Tactical Combat Casualty Care Guidelines

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-23

Combat Gauze™ is currently the onl ( CoTCCC-endorsed intervention for bleeding in areas not amenable to a tourniquet. L Research and anecdotal evidence...them effectively as a battlefield trauma care research , development, test and evaluation (RDT&E) project. 17 In anticipation of this recommendation...the United States Army Medical Research and Materiel Command (USAMRMC) posted a Request for Information (RFI) for devices that could potentially stop

Defense Management: More Reliable Cost Estimates and Further Planning Needed to Inform the Marine Corps Realignment Initiatives in the Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

8The Unified Command Plan establishes combatant commanders’ missions and geographic responsibilities. Combatant...military power through the combatant commands. 9The III Marine Expeditionary Force is a formation of multiple Marine units forward- deployed in Japan...Decision for Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Military Relocation (September 2010). dThe $9 billion and $12.1 billion figures

Women in Combat Compendium

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

support area • Location of unit TOC or HQ • Location of actual combat operations • No basis to answer this question 4. Given the U.S. Army’s current...welfare issue. I recall that part of General Order #1 was no sexual relations when deployed. Obviously, soldiers discovering pregnancy in the middle of...and had discussion about sexual relations and the 60 effect on unit cohesion, pregnancy testing, and affairs of the heart; whether appropriate or

Combat musculoskeletal wounds in a US Army Brigade Combat Team during operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Belmont, Philip J; Thomas, Dimitri; Goodman, Gens P; Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Zacchilli, Michael; Burks, Rob; Owens, Brett D

2011-07-01

A prospective, longitudinal analysis of musculoskeletal combat injuries sustained by a large combat-deployed maneuver unit has not previously been performed. A detailed description of the musculoskeletal combat casualty care statistics, distribution of wounds, and mechanisms of injury incurred by a US Army Brigade Combat Team during "The Surge" phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom was performed using a centralized casualty database and an electronic medical record system. Among the 4,122 soldiers deployed, there were 242 musculoskeletal combat wounds in 176 combat casualties. The musculoskeletal combat casualty rate for the Brigade Combat Team was 34.2 per 1,000 soldier combat-years. Spine, pelvis, and long bone fractures comprised 55.9% (33 of 59) of the total fractures sustained in combat. Explosions accounted for 80.7% (142 of 176) of all musculoskeletal combat casualties. Musculoskeletal combat casualty wound incidence rates per 1,000 combat-years were as follows: major amputation, 2.1; minor amputation, 0.6; open fracture, 5.0; closed fracture, 6.4; and soft-tissue/neurovascular injury, 32.8. Among musculoskeletal combat casualties, the likelihood of a gunshot wound causing an open fracture was significantly greater (45.8% [11 of 24]) when compared with explosions (10.6% [15 of 142]) (p = 0.0006). Long bone amputations were more often caused by explosive mechanisms than gunshot wounds. A large burden of complex orthopedic injuries has resulted from the combat experience in Operation Iraqi Freedom. This is because of increased enemy reliance on explosive devices, the use of individual and vehicular body armor, and improved survivability of combat-injured soldiers.

Correlates of current and heavy smoking among U.S. soldiers returning from combat.

PubMed

Lopez, Alexa A; Toblin, Robin L; Riviere, Lyndon A; Lee, James D; Adler, Amy B

2018-06-01

Smoking rates are higher in U.S. soldiers than civilians, with combat-experienced soldiers particularly at risk for heavy smoking (≥20 cigarettes/day). While heavy smoking is correlated with mental health symptoms in civilian samples, the extent to which these symptoms, background variables, and unit climate (self-reported assessments of cohesion, organizational support, and leadership) are linked to smoking in at-risk soldiers remains unclear. The present study examines a range of correlates of smoking-related behavior. Cross-sectional, anonymous surveys were collected from 3,380 soldiers following a deployment in 2008-2009. Measures included demographics, combat exposures, unit climate (e.g., unit cohesion, perceived organizational support, leadership), short sleep duration, and behavioral health variables (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, alcohol misuse, aggression, adverse childhood experiences [ACEs]). Logistic regression modeled the effects of these variables on two outcome variables: daily smoking and heavy smoking. In the current sample, nearly half (47%) of soldiers reported smoking daily, with 35% of all smokers reporting heavy smoking (17% of the entire sample). Daily smoking was associated with demographic (age, gender, education, rank), behavioral health (ACE, alcohol misuse, sleep duration, aggression), and unit characteristics (unit cohesion); only increased combat exposures and aggression were specifically associated with heavy smoking. Interventions focused on the postdeployment period could incorporate messages about alternatives to smoking as a coping strategy while unit interventions or individual counseling addressing aggression could also address smoking as a negative coping strategy. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).

Attrition due to orthopedic reasons during combat training: rates, types of injuries, and comparison between infantry and noninfantry units.

PubMed

Schwartz, Oren; Levinson, Tal; Astman, Nadav; Haim, Lavon

2014-08-01

The purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence and types of orthopedic injuries in infantry and noninfantry units responsible for attrition from combat training. 18,651 soldiers consecutively recruited to combat units (5 infantry and 4 noninfantry units) were included in this study. All recruited soldiers underwent and successfully passed a meticulous medical selection process. In all units, the soldiers participated in a suited fitness program that included marching, running, and strength training. Data were collected directly from attrite soldiers' files and detailed lists provided by the units' medical clinics. Out of 18,651 recruits, 641 (3.44%) attrite because of medical reasons. The leading cause of attrition was orthopedic diagnoses, and their overall rate was 43% (274 out of 641). Overuse injuries accounted for 90% of all orthopedic injuries. Low-back and lower extremity injuries accounted for 71.5% of all orthopedic injuries. There was high similarity in orthopedic injuries types and rates between infantry and noninfantry units. On the basis of our results, we recommend a multidisciplinary intense effort including physicians, physical training officers, physiotherapists, and commanders to significantly reduce overuse injuries, especially in the low-back and lower extremity regions. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

The United States Army Medical Department Journal. Force Health Protection April - June 2009

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

programs, and looking at the absolutely critical area of the health and well- being of behavioral health providers assigned to combatant commands. This...The July-September 2008 issue of the AMEDD Journal focused on behavioral and mental healthcare of our Soldiers as they face the demands and...challenges faced by behavioral health providers who accompany Army brigade combat teams into the combat theater. In their excellent, well-researched

Wartime Requirements for Ammunition Materiel and Personnel (WARRAMP). Volume I. Materiel Postprocessor User’s Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-08-01

ZONE IV ZONE V FEBA DIVISION DIVISION CORPS COMZ COMBAT SUPPORT SUPPORT 0.1 Km i4lKm 6-30Km 30-50’(m 50 +Km Figure 1.4.3 WARF Matrix MDA .) Z. -3 Z 7...publication date, the Combat Support Units (i.e., AG Company, TMT Company, Combat Engineer Company, etc.) will not be arrayed in the COSAGE stylized units...TmE "Y)(" POWTIPTVd OF TmT 3:4n𔃿 ELE’Er4T %AmE MUST bF ChE~ifE 0 TO ’AfFLICT THE1 APPD,PFIAT.. 33:. PT POSTuRE I!L. AT. D_, [t JP ’LI. 34 :.ASC ,T p

An Examination of the Conceptual Basis of a Tactical, Logistical, and Air Simulation (ATLAS).

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

guides the simulation from the start. From this scenario and the de - veloping tactical situation comes information which triggers the tactical-decision...effect of tactical aircraft in a combat situation together with the effect of weapons to destroy the aircraft. The presence of transport aircraft is...sector, the ability of that sector to resupply existing combat units, to transport replacement items and supplies, and to move the new unit through

Physical Tasks of Military Occupational Specialties as Risk Factors for Knee-Related Disability Discharge.

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-02-01

also associated with certain sports , such as professional or recreational volleyball, soccer, basketball, and rugby.58 One study showed injuries in...hyperextended.5 Another study showed sports with contact, such as rugby, to have higher levels of knee injuries than non-contact sports .8 Physical...housing, and amount of weekly exercise. Also, combat units had higher injury rates than non- combat units. Rates of injury also increased with the amount of

The Political Economy of the United States Military Market: 1963-2005

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

military’s core activity is combat, the traditional military culture can be described in terms of a combat, masculine warrior (CMW) paradigm . Since...Contribution Although the American military’s sophisticated weapons technologies have changed the nature of battle to a large degree, the role of the foot...States that occurred on September 116’, 2001. The strains on active duty units following the attacks resulted in an increasing use of Guard forces

The National Mastitis Council: A Global Organization for Mastitis Control and Milk Quality, 50 Years and Beyond.

PubMed

Middleton, John R; Saeman, Anne; Fox, Larry K; Lombard, Jason; Hogan, Joe S; Smith, K Larry

2014-12-01

The National Mastitis Council was founded in 1961 based on the desire of a forward-thinking group of individuals to bring together "all forces of organized agriculture in the United States to combat, through every practical device, the mastitis threat to the Nation's health and food safety". What started as a small organization focused on mastitis of dairy cattle in the United States has grown into a global organization for mastitis and milk quality. Over the last 50-plus years the concerted efforts of the membership have led to the synthesis and dissemination of a considerable body of knowledge regarding udder health, milk quality, and food safety which has improved dairy cattle health and well-being and farm productivity.

Hand-to-Hand Combat and the Use of Combatives Skills: An Analysis of United States Army Post Combat Surveys from 2004-2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-19

to develop virtual environments for practicing stress management skills with military personnel prior to deployment. Cyberpsychology , Behavior , and... Social Networking , 13, 83-94. doi: 10.1089=cyber.2009.0336 Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative... Behavioral Science and Leadership, was very helpful in providing insight and advice as the project progressed. Matt Larsen, US Army (Retired), former

Women in the Army - Review of the Combat Exclusion Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-24

regarding the assignment of women to reflect how women Soldiers are serving and what women Soldiers are contributing to military operations today . In...The sub-unit will be closed to women.12 Today , the requirement to reassess the Army’s combat exclusion policy and the DOD law has never been more...direct combat operations were most likely and those area where it was unlikely. However, on the nonlinear battlefields of today with the asymmetric

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Program: Oversight Issues and Options for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-18

including unmanned vehicles (UVs). The basic version of the LCS, without any mission packages, is referred to as the LCS sea frame. The first LCS was...Littoral Combat Ship (LCS). The LCS is a small, fast ship that uses modular “plug-and- fight” mission packages, including unmanned vehicles (UVs). The...fight” mission packages, including unmanned vehicles (UVs). Rather than being a multimission ship like the Navy’s current large surface combatants

The Combat Vehicle Command and Control System. Combat Performance of Armor Battalions Using Distributed Interactive Simulation

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-09-16

research staff members manned the TOC, and assumed key roles in the battalion staff. TOC staff members were selected for their extensive military ...CRA&I DTIC TAB Unannounced 0 Justification SBy - Distibution I Availability Codes Avail and / or Dist SpecialI 1 Field Unit at Fort Knox, Kentucky...Project Number Training Simulation 3 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. I iii I I I FOREWORD The Fort Knox Field Unit of the U.S

Impact of the Manning, Training, and Utilization of Black Combat Units during World War II on the Racial Integration of the Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-10

still originated at the beaches of Normandy. In September 1944, Allies captured the ports of Brest , France and Antwerp, Belgium; however it would...the origins and implementation of the US Army’s segregationist policies and practices for the formation and utilization of black combat units from... originally opposed creating more black divisions based upon feedback about their ineffectiveness in World War I, it approved this action to

Tomorrow’s Handgun: Ensuring the Right Gun for All Military Law Enforcement Officers

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

www.military.com/equipment/m9-pistol. 23 Ibid. 24 Russell, Sara M. Soldier Perspectives on Small Arms in Combat. Tech. no. CRM D0015259.A2. Alexandria...pistol-of- choice-1749620057. Russell, Sara M. Soldier Perspectives on Small Arms in Combat. Tech. no. CRM D0015259.A2. Alexandria, VA: CNA...Tech. no. CRM D0015259.A2. Alexandria, VA: CNA, 2006. Print. "The Avalon Project: Laws of War - Declaration on the Use of Bullets Which Expand or

Teaching Combative Sports through Tactics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kozub, Francis M.; Kozub, Mary L.

2004-01-01

Martial arts have become popular in the United States and have transitioned from being spectator sports to avenues for active participation by people of all ages. The purpose of this article is to highlight tactical similarities in selected combative sport activities and to provide martial arts and wrestling instructors with an alternative…

Alternative Futures: United States Air Force Security Police in the Twenty-First Century

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

34What policies should today’s Air Force leadership be pursuing to prepare for tomorrow’s combat support and security police roles?’ The monograph...Further, it addresses the capability of the Air Force to respond to its future combat support and security police missions and their integration into the...security police organizations. His most recent assignments were as the deputy commander of a combat support group and the commander of a security police

Computational Analysis and Characterization of RC-135 External Aerodynamics

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

date date date AFIT/GAE/ENY/12-M06 Abstract Both the RC-135V/W Rivet Joint (RJ) and the RC-135U Combat Sent (CS) aircraft are United States Air...Page 1.1. RC-135V/W Rivet Joint [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.2. RC-135U Combat Sent [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2...1.3. RC-135V/W Rivet Joint BL9 antenna locations [2] . . . . . . . 3 1.4. RC-135U Combat Sent showing LCS with louver installed over exhaust [1

Models of Information Aggregation Pertaining to Combat Identification: A Review of the Literature (Modele du Regroupement de L’information Concernant L’identification au Combat: Une Analyse Documentaire)

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-01

communication from the gunner who is able to offer enhanced visual information about the entity (e.g., insignia, type of weaponry) or radio contact may...1999 (Fuzzy Logic); Clemen & Winkler, in press (Bayes Theorem); Sentz & Ferson, 2002 (Dempster-Shafer)). Humansystems® Combat Identification...incidents when other units get lost and appear in unexpected locations. The formation radios for additional information from the operations officer

2007 Joint Services Small Arms Systems Annual Symposium, Exhibition and Firing Demonstration

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-05-10

CAN Chairman Combat Clothing Individual Equipment & Protection Henk Reulink – NLD Chairman Dan Fitzgerald – USA Deputy C4I & Systems Architecture Rune ...Chairman Combat Clothing Individual Equipment & Protection Henk Reulink – NLD Chairman Dan Fitzgerald – USA Deputy C4I & Systems Architecture Rune

The role of sexual assault on the risk of PTSD among Gulf War veterans.

PubMed

Kang, Han; Dalager, Nancy; Mahan, Clare; Ishii, Erick

2005-03-01

The 1991 Gulf War was the first major military deployment where female troops were integrated into almost every military unit, except for combat ground units. We evaluated the impact of reported sexual trauma during this deployment on the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after the war. A nested case-control analysis was conducted using the data collected in a population-based health survey of 30,000 Gulf War era veterans. A total of 1381 Gulf War veterans with current PTSD were compared with 10,060 Gulf veteran controls without PTSD for self-reported in-theater experiences of sexual harassment/assault and combat exposure. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for PTSD associated with a report of sexual assault was 5.41 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.19-9.17) in female veterans and 6.21 (95% CI, 2.26-17.04) in male veterans. The aOR for PTSD associated with "high" combat exposure was also statistically significant (aOR, 4.03 [95% CI, 1.97-8.23] for females; aOR, 4.45 [95% CI, 3.54-5.60] for males). Notwithstanding a possibility of recall bias of combat and sexual trauma, for both men and women, sexual trauma as well as combat exposure appear to be strong risk factors for PTSD.

Occupational therapists as dog handlers: the collective experience with animal-assisted therapy in Iraq.

PubMed

Fike, Lorie; Najera, Cecilia; Dougherty, David

2012-01-01

The first pair of US Army animal-assisted therapy (AAT) dogs deployed to Iraq in December 2007 with the 85th Medical Detachment Combat and Operational Stress Control unit. As of this writing, 6 dogs have deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan, offering Soldiers a small reminder of home. Army occupational therapists led the way in this endeavor as primary handlers; the path has been rocky but ultimately rewarding. This article depicts how occupational therapists used AAT and animal-assisted activities to help Soldiers cope with the stressors of living in a deployed environment. Challenges and lessons-learned, including anecdotal examples, are discussed.

The Costs and Benefits of High Speed Vessels Relative to Traditional C-17 Military Airlift

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-12-01

37 APPENDIX D SWOT Analysis...Port Action Officers Group IBCT Interim Brigade Combat Team LCS Littoral Combat Ship LST Landing ship tank LSV Logistics Support Vessel... SWOT Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat TACOM Tank and Automotive Command TSV Theater Support Vessel USS United States Ship USTRANSCOM

Effects of training and simulated combat stress on leg tourniquet application accuracy, time, and effectiveness.

PubMed

Schreckengaust, Richard; Littlejohn, Lanny; Zarow, Gregory J

2014-02-01

The lower extremity tourniquet failure rate remains significantly higher in combat than in preclinical testing, so we hypothesized that tourniquet placement accuracy, speed, and effectiveness would improve during training and decline during simulated combat. Navy Hospital Corpsman (N = 89), enrolled in a Tactical Combat Casualty Care training course in preparation for deployment, applied Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT) and the Special Operations Forces Tactical Tourniquet (SOFT-T) on day 1 and day 4 of classroom training, then under simulated combat, wherein participants ran an obstacle course to apply a tourniquet while wearing full body armor and avoiding simulated small arms fire (paint balls). Application time and pulse elimination effectiveness improved day 1 to day 4 (p < 0.005). Under simulated combat, application time slowed significantly (p < 0.001), whereas accuracy and effectiveness declined slightly. Pulse elimination was poor for CAT (25% failure) and SOFT-T (60% failure) even in classroom conditions following training. CAT was more quickly applied (p < 0.005) and more effective (p < 0.002) than SOFT-T. Training fostered fast and effective application of leg tourniquets while performance declined under simulated combat. The inherent efficacy of tourniquet products contributes to high failure rates under combat conditions, pointing to the need for superior tourniquets and for rigorous deployment preparation training in simulated combat scenarios. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Rethinking Combat Identification. Joint Center for Lessons Learned Quarterly Bulletin. Volume 4, Issue 3, June 2002

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-06-01

Countermeasures Unit Chief Special Events Management Unit Chief Domestic Terrorism/ Counterterrorism Section Chief International Terrorism Section...Asstistant Director Counter- Terrorism Division Figure 3 Division/Section/Unit Hierarchies The LNO also supports the Special Events Management Unit (SEMU

Integrated Electronic Warfare Systems Aboard the United States Navy 21st Century Warship

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

automated operation using a Human-In-the-Loop that could be integrated into existing and future combat systems. A model was developed that demonstrates...complete range of automated operation using a Human-In-the-Loop that could be integrated into existing and future combat systems. A model was developed...44 1. Base Case Model

Improving Soldier and Unit Effectiveness with the Stryker Brigade Combat Team Warfighters’ Forum

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Figures S.1. Differences Attributable to the ICEA Handbook During a Training Rotation . . . . . . . . . . . xiii 2.1. Distribution of Respondents...of Differences Attributable to the Handbook During a Training Rotation ...in an SBCT that received the ICEA did significantly better on tactical tasks during combat training center rotations than platoons that did not

The "Gay Comfort Level": Examining a Media Advocacy Group's Efforts to Combat Youth Homophobia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kachgal, Tara M.

2011-01-01

This article scrutinizes the efforts of a media advocacy group to redress the stigma of youth homosexuality among United States youth: a report published in 2003 by the Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation called, "How Youth Media Can Help Combat Homophobia Among American Teenagers." The report, authored by Rodger Streitmatter, concluded…

Task Force 62 Medical Brigade combat healthcare support system in the mature Iraq theater of operations.

PubMed

Sargent, Patrick D

2008-01-01

Leading a deployed combat healthcare system is a very complex task and requires a command and control structure that is a unique blend of technical and tactical expertise to efficaciously deliver world-class medical care to America's sons and daughters. The medical task force in Iraq has successfully managed the transformation of the medical footprint from a tactically arrayed set of disparate medical units to a nascent integrated healthcare system with many features similar to the best healthcare systems in the United States. The American public demands, and Soldiers, Marines, Sailors, Airmen, and Coast Guardsmen deserve US quality medical care, whether they are being treated at a military medical center in the US, or a US medical facility in Iraq. This article presents an overview of the 62nd Medical Brigade's development of the combat healthcare support system during its tenure leading the US medical task force in Iraq.

The fog of war: decrements in cognitive performance and mood associated with combat-like stress.

PubMed

Lieberman, Harris R; Bathalon, Gaston P; Falco, Christina M; Morgan, Charles A; Niro, Philip J; Tharion, William J

2005-07-01

Anecdotal reports from military conflicts suggest cognitive performance and mood are severely degraded by the stress of combat. However, little objective information is available to confirm these observations. Our laboratory had several unique opportunities to study cognitive function in warfighters engaged in exercises designed to simulate the stress of combat. These studies were conducted in different environments with two different types of military volunteers. In one study, subjects were officers, with an average 9 yr of military service, who were members of an elite U.S. Army unit, the Rangers. In the other study, participants were younger, mostly enlisted, trainees with only 3 yr of military experience on average, in training to determine if they would qualify for an elite U.S. Navy unit, the SEALS. We administered a variety of identical, computer-based cognitive tests to both groups. In both groups, during stressful combat-like training, every aspect of cognitive function assessed was severely degraded compared with baseline, pre-stress performance. Relatively simple cognitive functions such as reaction time and vigilance were significantly impaired, as were more complex functions, including memory and logical reasoning. The deficits observed were greater than those typically produced by alcohol intoxication, treatment with sedating drugs, or clinical hypoglycemia. Undoubtedly, such decrements would severely degrade operational effectiveness. Furthermore, it is likely such cognitive decrements would be greater during actual combat. War planners, doctrine developers, and warfighters, especially leaders, need to be aware that combat stress will result in extensive and severe deficits in cognitive performance.

Female United States Air Force (USAF) pilots: themes, challenges, and possible solutions.

PubMed

McGlohn, S E; King, R E; Butler, J W; Retzlaff, P D

1997-02-01

Identification of stresses of mixed-gender squadrons, attention to the psychological concerns of pilots in combat, and recognition of the difficulties of balancing a career and family are important in today's United States Air Force (USAF). What qualities are desirable in male and female pilots in combat situations, how do men and women view their career and family goals, and how do men and women work together in day-to-day squadron activities versus deployment and combat situations? A semi-structured clinical interview sought in formation about personal/family health, squadron relationships, and career/deployment stresses. The interview covered the effect of grounding for more than 30 d, motivation to fly, health decrements due to aircraft design, teamwork difficulties and blocks to success, career demands, combat and prisoner of war (POW) concerns, stress and coping styles, flying goals, and family/health concerns. There were 114 (64 male and 50 female) pilots who participated in the study. The majority of male pilots interviewed asserted that they would be more protective of a woman in combat than a man and were concerned about their reaction to a female POW. Many women were concerned about being used to exploit men in a POW camp. The majority of pilots believed women were well integrated into their squadrons. Those interviewed reported that the squadron members with the most difficulty dealing with women were older males, including enlisted crew and some commanders. The information gained from this study will assist the USAF in understanding and coping with the psychological stresses associated with combat, deployment, and mixed-gender squadrons.

Leadership, cohesion, morale, and the mental health of UK Armed Forces in Afghanistan.

PubMed

Jones, Norman; Seddon, Rachel; Fear, Nicola T; McAllister, Pete; Wessely, Simon; Greenberg, Neil

2012-01-01

UK Armed Forces (AF) personnel deployed to Afghanistan are frequently exposed to intense combat and yet little is known about the short-term mental health consequences of this exposure and the potential mitigating effects of military factors such as cohesion, morale, and leadership. To assess the possible modulating influence of cohesion, morale, and leadership on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and common mental disorders resulting from combat exposure among UK AF personnel deployed to Afghanistan, UK AF personnel, during their deployment to Afghanistan in 2010, completed a self-report survey about aspects of their current deployment, including perceived levels of cohesion, morale, leadership, combat exposure, and their mental health status. Outcomes were symptoms of common mental disorder and symptoms of PTSD. Combat exposure was associated with both PTSD symptoms and symptoms of common mental disorder. Of the 1,431 participants, 17.1% reported caseness levels of common mental disorder, and 2.7% were classified as probable PTSD cases. Greater self-reported levels of unit cohesion, morale, and perceived good leadership were all associated with lower levels of common mental disorder and PTSD. Greater levels of unit cohesion, morale, and good leadership may help to modulate the effects of combat exposure and the subsequent development of mental health problems among UK Armed Forces personnel deployed to Afghanistan. © 2012 Guilford Publications, Inc.

Instilling Combat Effectiveness during the Italian Campaign (1943-1945): The Allied Experience with Folgore and Friuli Combat Groups

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

the Chief of the Italian Army, General Mario Roatta, directed the army staff to reorganize some units to take control of Southern Italy in support of...colonies. This concept, codenamed Super - Gymnast and later renamed Torch, worried the Americans due to its demands upon the 20Joint Chiefs of Staff...

Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Selected Acquisition Report ( SAR ) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-374 Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget Defense Acquisition...Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) UNCLASSIFIED LCS December 2015 SAR UNCLASSIFIED 2 Table of Contents Common Acronyms and Abbreviations for...and Support PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost LCS December 2015 SAR UNCLASSIFIED 3 PB - President’s Budget PE - Program Element PEO - Program

Women in Combat: Is the Current Policy Obsolete

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-23

gender issues were cited by fewer than 1 percent of their respondents when asked about issues that affect morale in recently gender -integrated units...37 GENDER ISSUES /POLICIES THAT EFFECT MILITARY CAPABILITY..................42 Pregnancy... Gender Issues ,” Report No. GAO/NSAID-99-7, 19 October 1998, p. 4. 2 personal experiences as a combat pilot and military commander frame my

NASA Launches CubeSat to Study Bacteria in Space

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-08

Ever wonder what would happen if you got sick in space? NASA is sending samples of bacteria into low-Earth orbit to find out. One of the latest small satellite missions from NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley is the E. coli Anti-Microbial Satellite, or EcAMSat for short. This CubeSat – a spacecraft the size of a shoebox built from cube-shaped units – will explore how effectively antibiotics can combat E. coli bacteria in the low gravity of space. This information will help us improve how we fight infections, providing safer journeys for astronauts on their future voyages, and offer benefits for medicine here on Earth.

Display integration for ground combat vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Busse, David J.

1998-09-01

The United States Army's requirement to employ high resolution target acquisition sensors and information warfare to increase its dominance over enemy forces has led to the need to integrate advanced display devices into ground combat vehicle crew stations. The Army's force structure require the integration of advanced displays on both existing and emerging ground combat vehicle systems. The fielding of second generation target acquisition sensors, color digital terrain maps and high volume digital command and control information networks on these platforms define display performance requirements. The greatest challenge facing the system integrator is the development and integration of advanced displays that meet operational, vehicle and human computer interface performance requirements for the ground combat vehicle fleet. The subject of this paper is to address those challenges: operational and vehicle performance, non-soldier centric crew station configurations, display performance limitations related to human computer interfaces and vehicle physical environments, display technology limitations and the Department of Defense (DOD) acquisition reform initiatives. How the ground combat vehicle Program Manager and system integrator are addressing these challenges are discussed through the integration of displays on fielded, current and future close combat vehicle applications.

Medical capability team: the clinical microsystem for combat healthcare delivery in counterinsurgency operations.

PubMed

Clark, Susz; Van Steenvort, Jon K

2008-01-01

Today's operational environment in the support of counterinsurgency operations requires greater tactical and operational flexibility and diverse medical capabilities. The skills and organizations required for full spectrum medical operations are different from those of the past. Combat healthcare demands agility and the capacity for rapid change in clinical systems and processes to better support the counterinsurgency environment. This article proposes the Army Medical Department (AMEDD) develop and implement the medical capability team (MCT) for combat healthcare delivery. It discusses using the concept of the brigade combat team to develop medical capability teams as the unit of effectiveness to transform frontline care; provides a theoretical overview of the MCT as a "clinical microsystem"; discusses MCT leadership, training, and organizational support, and the deployment and employment of the MCT in a counterinsurgency environment. Additionally, this article proposes that the AMEDD initiate the development of an AMEDD Combat Training Center of Excellence to train and validate the MCTs. The complexity of combat healthcare demands an agile and campaign quality AMEDD with joint expeditionary capability in order to promote the best patient outcomes in a counterinsurgency environment.

Gender differences in the risk and protective factors associated with PTSD: a prospective study of National Guard troops deployed to Iraq.

PubMed

Kline, Anna; Ciccone, Donald S; Weiner, Marc; Interian, Alejandro; St Hill, Lauren; Falca-Dodson, Maria; Black, Christopher M; Losonczy, Miklos

2013-01-01

This study examines gender differences in post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and PTSS risk/protective factors among soldiers deployed to Iraq. We pay special attention to two potentially modifiable military factors, military preparedness and unit cohesion, which may buffer the deleterious psychological effects of combat. Longitudinal data were collected on 922 New Jersey National Guard soldiers (91 women) deployed to Iraq in 2008. Anonymous surveys administered at pre- and post-deployment included the PTSD Checklist (PCL), the Unit Support Scale, and a preparedness scale adapted from the Iowa Gulf War Study. Bivariate analyses and hierarchical multiple regression were used to identify predictors of PTSS and their explanatory effects on the relationship between gender and PTSS. Women had a higher prevalence of probable post-deployment PTSD than men (18.7% vs. 8.7%; OR = 2.45; CI [1.37, 4.37]) and significantly higher post-deployment PTSS (33.73 vs. 27.37; p = .001). While there were no gender differences in combat exposure, women scored higher on pre-deployment PTSS (26.9 vs. 23.1; p ≤ .001) and lower on military preparedness (1.65 vs. 2.41; p ≤ .001) and unit cohesion (32.5 vs. 38.1; p ≤ .001). In a multivariate model, controlling for all PTSS risk/resilience factors reduced the gender difference as measured by the unstandardized Beta (B) by 45%, with 18% uniquely attributable to low cohesion and low preparedness. In the fully controlled model, gender remained a significant predictor of PTSS but the effect size was small (d = .26). Modifiable military institutional factors may account for much of the increased vulnerability of women soldiers to PTSD.

Women in Combat: What Next?

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-16

other things, they must consider deployment issues, coalition partners, pregnancy, unit cohesion, strength issues, sexual harassment and fraternization...Among other things, they must consider deployment issues, coalition partners, pregnancy, unit cohesion, strength issues. sexual harassment and...11 Deployment Issues - Pregnancy/Absenteeism ... ...... 12 Unit Cohesion and Bonding .... .............. ... 14 Sexual Harassment

Addressing the United States Navy Need for Software Engineering Education

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-01

taught in MA 1996 (5 - 0). Precalculus review, complex numbers and algebra, complex plane, DeMovire’s Theorem, matrix algebra, LU decomposition...This course was designed for the METOC and Combat Systems curricula. PREREQUISITE: Precalculus mathematics. MA1996 MATHEMATICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND...description for MAI995 (5 - 0). This course was designed for the METOC and Combat Systems curricula. PREREQUISITE: Precalculus mathematics. PHYSICS/SYSTEMS

Task Force Butler: A Case Study in the Employment of an Ad Hoc Unit in Combat Operations, During Operation Dragoon, 1-30 August 1944

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-14

13 It was not until 2 July 1944, that General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, the Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater, was ordered to launch...John. I Remember, Stories of a Combat Infantrymen in World War II. Livermore: Camino Press, 1993. Summer, Ian . The French Army 1939-45 (1). Men-at

Combating Drug Trafficking: Variation in the United States’ Military Cooperation with Colombia and Mexico

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. COMBATING DRUG...Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) N/A 10...degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (WESTERN HEMISPHERE) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2017 Approved by: Diego

Mobilization Base Requirements Model (MOBREM) Study. Phases I-V.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

Department Health Services Command Base Mobilization Plan; DARCOM; Army Communications Command (ACC); Military Transportation Manage- ment Command...Chief of Staff. c. The major commands in CONUS are represented on the next line. FORSCOM, DARCOM, TRADOC, and Health Service Commands are the larger...specialized combat support and combat service support training. Tile general support force (GSF) units are non- deployable ’inits supporting tne CONUS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Powell, D.R.; Hutchinson, J.L.

Eagle 11 is a prototype analytic model derived from the integration of the low resolution Eagle model with the high resolution SIMNET model. This integration promises a new capability to allow for a more effective examination of proposed or existing combat systems that could not be easily evaluated using either Eagle or SIMNET alone. In essence, Eagle II becomes a multi-resolution combat model in which simulated combat units can exhibit both high and low fidelity behavior at different times during model execution. This capability allows a unit to behave in a highly manner only when required, thereby reducing the overallmore » computational and manpower requirements for a given study. In this framework, the SIMNET portion enables a highly credible assessment of the performance of individual combat systems under consideration, encompassing both engineering performance and crew capabilities. However, when the assessment being conducted goes beyond system performance and extends to questions of force structure balance and sustainment, then SISMNET results can be used to ``calibrate`` the Eagle attrition process appropriate to the study at hand. Advancing technologies, changes in the world-wide threat, requirements for flexible response, declining defense budgets, and down-sizing of military forces motivate the development of manpower-efficient, low-cost, responsive tools for combat development studies. Eagle and SIMNET both serve as credible and useful tools. The integration of these two models promises enhanced capabilities to examine the broader, deeper, more complex battlefield of the future with higher fidelity, greater responsiveness and low overall cost.« less

Improvements in undergraduate oncology education introduced at Polish medical universities between 2004 and 2010 under Poland's "National Program for Combating Neoplastic Diseases".

PubMed

Matkowski, Rafał; Szelachowska, Jolanta; Szewczyk, Krzysztof; Staszek-Szewczyk, Urszula; Kornafel, Jan

2014-09-01

Cancer patient treatment in Poland remains unsatisfactory when compared to that in other countries. In 2005, this alarming situation prompted the Polish government to launch the "National Program for Combating Neoplastic Diseases" (NPCND). One part of this project was to improve the quality of oncology instruction at the undergraduate level over the years 2006 and 2007 (subsequently extended until 2010 thanks to promising results and the relatively small financial outlay). The program's main aims were to improve existing oncology therapy and to ameliorate the quality of undergraduate oncology education. To evaluate the changes in the quality of undergraduate education as a result of the NPCND program, medical universities were asked to fill out a questionnaire. Responses indicate that the program had a major positive impact on the quality of cancer education mainly as a result of the introduction of a uniform program of training and an increase in the number of classes devoted to oncology. The main unresolved problem is that university hospitals seldom have integrated units catering in-house for surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc., and most such "hands-on" teaching still has to be done externally.

The effects of surfing and the natural environment on the well-being of combat veterans.

PubMed

Caddick, Nick; Smith, Brett; Phoenix, Cassandra

2015-01-01

Although researchers have identified the benefits of physical activity on well-being, there is little evidence concerning the effects of nature-based physical activity. We investigated the effect of one nature-based activity-surfing-on the well-being of combat veterans experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We conducted interviews and participant observations with a group of combat veterans belonging to a United Kingdom-based veterans' surfing charity. Our primary analytical approach was dialogical narrative analysis. Based on our rigorous analysis and findings, we suggest that surfing facilitated a sense of respite from PTSD. Respite was a fully embodied feeling of release from suffering that was cultivated through surfing and shaped by the stories veterans told of their experiences. We significantly extend previous knowledge on physical activity, combat veterans, and PTSD by highlighting how nature-based physical activity, encapsulated in the conceptual notion of the "blue gym," can promote well-being among combat veterans. © The Author(s) 2014.

Provision of nutrition support therapies in the recent Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts.

PubMed

Stankorb, Susan M; Ramsey, Casside; Clark, Heidi; Osgood, Tamara

2014-10-01

This article describes the experience of nutrition support practitioners, specifically dietitians, providing care to combat casualties. It provides a brief overview of dietitians' induction into armed service but focuses primarily on their role in providing nutrition support during the most recent conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. The current system of combat casualty care is discussed with specific emphasis on providing early and adequate nutrition support to U.S. combat casualties from injury, care in theater combat support hospitals (CSHs)/expeditionary medical support (EMEDs), and en route care during critical care air transport (CCAT) up to arrival at treatment facilities in the United States. The article also examines practices and challenges faced in the CSHs/EMEDs providing nutrition support to non-U.S. or coalition patients. Over the past decade in armed conflicts, dietitians, physicians, nurses, and other medical professionals have risen to challenges, have implemented systems, and continue working to optimize treatment across the spectrum of combat casualty care.

Enhancing US-Japan Cooperation to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is aimed at preventing, detecting, and responding to infectious disease threats. To move toward these goals, the United States has committed to partner with at least 30 countries around the world. One of the objectives of the GHSA includes “[p]reventing the emergence and spread of antimicrobial drug resistant organisms.” Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a growing global health security problem, with inappropriate use of antimicrobial medications in humans and animals and a lack of new antimicrobial medications contributing to this problem. While AMR is a growing global concern, working on it regionally can make this multifaceted problem more manageable. The United States and Japan, both world leaders in the life sciences, are close allies that have established cooperative programs in medical research and global health that can be used to work on combating AMR and advance the GHSA. Although the United States and Japan have cooperated on health issues in the past, their cooperation on the growing problem of AMR has been limited. Their existing networks, cooperative programs, and close relationships can and should be used to work on combating this expanding problem. PMID:25470465

Illness Behavior and Transitional States: A Study of Outpatient Rates and Symptom Presentation in Relation to Troop Deployment during Peacetime. The Health Consequences of Deployment. Types and Rates of Outpatient Sickcall Visits. June 1980 - May 1981. Combat Arms and Support Troops

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-06

study I are listed In Appendix A. The combat and support groups are different in several ways. They were picked for the vast differences in their I...a week. These differences allow us to Nighlight the Medical problems related to highly stressed soldiers. The clinirs providing first line care to...these two groups were ;lj, different,. The combat arms unit had Battalion Aid "Stations (DAS) to provide medical care to each battalion f (approximately

Land Combat Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

systems many key automation and robotic technologies necessary for the autonomous operations desired of future systems. GDLS is in charge of the AAAV...TITLE AND SUBTITLE 2002 Industry Studies: Land Combat Systems 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6 . AUTHOR(S) 5d...PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) The Industrial College of the Armed Forces

An Educational Methodology for Enhancing Familiarity with United States Air Force Combat Logistics.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

degree of specialization in the supply 5 system and recommended an alternative organizational struc- ture under combat conditions (29:5,9). Two needs...many sub-issues. CLASSROOM MATERIAL SOURCES: Alternatives to standard air base functions should definitely be brought out also, especially the Air Force...C . -’ , - . . . .... .-. -... . or aspects of the subject. The investigative format we use should be flexible enough that we can explore

Combating Terrorism, Rebel Groups, and Armed Militias in the Face of Economic Prosperity Opportunities

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-04

FINAL 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER Combatting Terrorism, Rebel Groups , and Armed...facing many security threats. Al-Shabaab in Somalia, armed rebel groups , and armed militia in South Sudan pose the greatest security challenges to the...these groups . 15. SUBJECT TERMS United States Africa Command, Al-Shabaab, Lamu Oil Pipeline, Security. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17

The Strategic Bomber and Low-Intensity Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-01

of combat forces can be limited by current capabilities and other constraints. Aplication for Strategic Bombers Although the total United States...labeled the long-range combat aircraft. (31:1) The bomber’s characteristic of long-range provides mobility and mission flexibility which is not available...Summer 1989, pp. 46-55. 47. Ropelewski, Robert R. "Target Mobility , Arms Control Challenge SAC Modernization," Armed Forces Journo-1 £Dt~raflii~1

The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-11

Engineering • Operations Research • Space Systems • Systems Engineering • Air Mobility • Combating Weapons of Mass Destruction • Cost Analysis • Cyber...Fight - Win Graduate Certificate Programs • Systems Engineering • Space Systems • Advanced Geospatial Intelligence • Combating Weapons of Mass ...over five years • Critical enabler for SSA: extending the satellite catalog to small objects Current Works: • Converting satellite catalog to KAM Tori

Amphibian Engineers in the Southwest Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-08

groups supporting Marine ground combat on small island chains. Such actions dominate the central Pacific. The ideal depiction of combat is Marine...to: first capture Tulagi and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, second capture the remainder of the Solomon Islands plus Lae and Salamaua, and...air, sea, and ground operations from New Guinea through the Solomons and into the Marianas. Seizing Rabaul was critical to the allied forces in the

Incidence and epidemiology of combat injuries sustained during "the surge" portion of operation Iraqi Freedom by a U.S. Army brigade combat team.

PubMed

Belmont, Philip J; Goodman, Gens P; Zacchilli, Michael; Posner, Matthew; Evans, Clifford; Owens, Brett D

2010-01-01

A prospective, longitudinal analysis of injuries sustained by a large combat-deployed maneuver unit has not been previously performed. A detailed description of the combat casualty care statistics, distribution of wounds, and mechanisms of injury incurred by a U.S. Army Brigade Combat Team during "The Surge" phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom was performed using a centralized casualty database and an electronic medical record system. Among the 4,122 soldiers deployed, there were 500 combat wounds in 390 combat casualties. The combat casualty rate for the Brigade Combat Team was 75.7 per 1,000 soldier combat-years. The % killed in action (KIA) was 22.1%, and the %died of wounds was 3.2%. The distribution of these wounds was as follows: head/neck 36.2%, thorax 7.5%, abdomen 6.9%, and extremities 49.4%. The percentage of combat wounds showed a significant increase in the head/neck region (p < 0.0001) and a decrease in the extremities (p < 0.03) compared with data from World War II, Korea, and Vietnam. The percentage of thoracic wounds (p < 0.03) was significantly less than historical data from World War II and Vietnam. The %KIA was significantly greater in those soldiers injured by an explosion (26.3%) compared with those soldiers injured by a gunshot wound (4.6%; p = 0.003). Improvised explosive devices accounted for 77.7% of all combat wounds. There was a significantly higher proportion of head/neck wounds compared with previous U.S. conflicts. The 22.1% KIA was comparable with previous U.S. conflicts despite improvements in individual/vehicular body armor and is largely attributable to the lethality of improvised explosive devices. The lethality of a gunshot wound in Operation Iraqi Freedom has decreased to 4.6% with the use of individual body armor.

Women in Combat: Framing the Issues of Health and Health Research for America's Servicewomen.

PubMed

McGraw, Kate; Koehlmoos, Tracey Perez; Ritchie, Elspeth Cam

2016-01-01

Although women have served in the U.S. military officially since 1901, the medical needs of women in combat have historically been poorly understood. Recent expansion of the opportunities females may now play in combat roles has created an urgent need for a review of how Department of Defense supports females as they transition into these new roles, as well as current science related to key aspects of the health of female warriors. There is currently no systematic institutional structure in place to regularly and methodically examine gaps in policy, research, and treatment for issues related to women in combat. This article serves as a brief overview and introduction to some of the critical topics related to the health of women in combat roles, to include women's health issues research and treatment efforts, physiological differences between sexes, and leadership and unit factors. The Department of Defense should continue to explore and address policy, research, and practice related to the complex ongoing needs of military females in combat roles, and ensures sufficient staffing, resources and support from senior military leaders. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Physiological employment standards IV: integration of women in combat units physiological and medical considerations.

PubMed

Epstein, Yoram; Yanovich, Ran; Moran, Daniel S; Heled, Yuval

2013-11-01

Anthropometric and physiological factors place the average female soldier at a disadvantage relative to male soldiers in most aspects of physical performance. Aerobic and anaerobic fitness levels are lower in women than in men. Thus, women have a lower overall work capacity and must therefore exert themselves more than men to achieve the same output. The lower weight and fat-free mass and the higher body fat of women are associated with lower muscle strength and endurance, placing them at disadvantage compared with men in carrying out military tasks such as lifting and carrying weights or marching with a load. Working at a higher percentage of their maximal capacity to achieve the same performance levels as men, women tire earlier and are at increased risk of overuse injuries. Their smaller size, different bone geometry and lower bone strength also predispose women to a higher incidence of stress fractures. Although training in gender-integrated groups narrows the gaps in fitness, significant differences between the genders after basic training still remain. Nevertheless, integration of women into military combat professions is feasible in many cases. Some 'close combat roles' will still be an exception, mainly because of the extreme physical demands that are required in those units that are beyond the physiological adaptability capacities of an average female. There is no direct evidence that women have a negative impact on combat effectiveness. Once the gender differences are acknowledged and operational doctrines adjusted accordingly, female soldiers in mixed-gender units can meet the physical standards for the assigned missions.

Analysis of the Strategy to Combat Maritime Piracy

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-11

26  Contemporary Maritime Piracy: Causative Factors...NSC National Security Council PUC Persons Under Control viii SLOC Sea lines of communication SSA Ships Security Assessment SSP Ships Security Plan...UNCLOS United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea USD United States Dollar U.S. United States ix ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figure 1.  Factors

Punishment sustains large-scale cooperation in prestate warfare

PubMed Central

Mathew, Sarah; Boyd, Robert

2011-01-01

Understanding cooperation and punishment in small-scale societies is crucial for explaining the origins of human cooperation. We studied warfare among the Turkana, a politically uncentralized, egalitarian, nomadic pastoral society in East Africa. Based on a representative sample of 88 recent raids, we show that the Turkana sustain costly cooperation in combat at a remarkably large scale, at least in part, through punishment of free-riders. Raiding parties comprised several hundred warriors and participants are not kin or day-to-day interactants. Warriors incur substantial risk of death and produce collective benefits. Cowardice and desertions occur, and are punished by community-imposed sanctions, including collective corporal punishment and fines. Furthermore, Turkana norms governing warfare benefit the ethnolinguistic group, a population of a half-million people, at the expense of smaller social groupings. These results challenge current views that punishment is unimportant in small-scale societies and that human cooperation evolved in small groups of kin and familiar individuals. Instead, these results suggest that cooperation at the larger scale of ethnolinguistic units enforced by third-party sanctions could have a deep evolutionary history in the human species. PMID:21670285

A comparison of posttraumatic stress disorder between combat casualties and civilians treated at a military burn center.

PubMed

Gaylord, Kathryn M; Holcomb, John B; Zolezzi, Maria E

2009-04-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been identified in 12% to 20% of noninjured veterans and in 32% of combat casualties. Eight percent of the US general population experience PTSD symptoms, whereas 25.5% of civilians with major burns have PTSD. Known predictors of physical outcomes of patients with burn are age, total body surface area (TBSA) burned, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). The United States Army Institute of Surgical Research Burn Center provides burn care for combat casualties and civilians. We hypothesized that we would find no difference in PTSD incidence between these two populations and that age, TBSA, and ISS are associated with PTSD. We retrospectively examined the clinical records of 1,792 patients admitted between October 2003 and May 2008. Records were stratified by PTSD, age, TBSA, and ISS. PTSD scores were compared. Descriptive analyses were used. Four hundred ninety-nine patients (372 military [74.5%]; 127 civilians [25.5%]) were assessed for PTSD using PTSD checklist military and civilian versions. PTSD was defined as >or=44 on the PTSD checklist instruments. We found no significant difference in PTSD between combat casualties and civilians (25% vs. 17.32%, p = 0.761). TBSA and ISS were significantly associated with PTSD; however, no association between age and PTSD was found. The incidence of PTSD is not significantly different in burned combat casualties and civilians treated at the same burn unit. These findings suggest that PTSD is related to the burn trauma and not to the circumstances surrounding the injury.

National Commission on the Structure of the Air Force: Report to the President and Congress of the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-30

August 20, 2013, with public hearing in Oklahoma City Alpena CRTC, Mich., September 13, 2013 Selfridge ANGB, Mich., September 14, 2013, with public...Colonel Bryan Teff (ANG), Commander, Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center, Michigan Colonel Sean Southworth (ANG), Commander, 217th Air Operations...Group, W.K. Kellogg ANGB, Michigan Lieutenant Colonel Matt Trumble (ANG), Director of Operations, Grayling Air Gunnery Range, Alpena Combat Readiness

AIDS Epidemic. Hearing before the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, One Hundredth Congress, First Session on Reviewing Federal Efforts Being Conducted toward Combating the AIDS Epidemic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources.

The text of a Senate hearing called to review federal efforts combating acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is presented in this document. Opening statements reviewing the AIDS crisis are given by Senators Edward Kennedy and Lowell Weicker, Jr. Prepared statements are included by Senators Orrin Hatch and Ted Stevens. David Baltimore and…

Combat Rescue Helicopter (CRH)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Selected Acquisition Report ( SAR ) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-479 Combat Rescue Helicopter (CRH) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget Defense Acquisition...Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) March 17, 2016 15:16:47 UNCLASSIFIED CRH December 2015 SAR March 17, 2016 15:16:47 UNCLASSIFIED 2 Table of...Office of the Secretary of Defense O&S - Operating and Support PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost CRH December 2015 SAR March 17, 2016 15:16:47

Digital Gunnery: How Combat Vehicle Gunnery Training Creates a Model for Training the Mission Command System.

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

DIGITAL GUNNERY: HOW COMBAT VEHICLE GUNNERY TRAINING CREATES A MODEL FOR TRAINING THE MISSION COMMAND SYSTEM A thesis presented...Training Creates a Model for Training the Mission Command System 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...digital systems that give commanders an unprecedented ability to understand and lead in the battlefields where they operate. Unfortunately, units

Strategies for Preparing United States Combat Organizations for the Inevitability of Casualties

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

heart, nausea and diarrhea , and anxiety and indecisiveness (Bethea 2010, 79). These mild stress reactions seem to align with what is occurring during...The technique used to exercise combat fear inoculation was by requesting the cooperation of police attack dogs . The members of de Beckers...organization all became attack dog victims by donning the appropriate protective gear and allowing attack dogs to have their way with them. Grossman explains

Soviet Non-Linear Combat: The Challenge of the 90s

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

with powerful air and artillery fire strikes, will allow a combatanL to rapidly insert ground units, air-assault forces, and other specially-trained Q...dynamic and highly maneuverable, forcing subunits to change rapidly from attack to defense and back again, and to change frequently its combat formation...two. Team members rapidly coalesce into temporary attack or defensive groups and then disperse again. The Soviets see non-linear battle as one in which

Risk of Suicide Attempt Associated with Previous Attempts in One’s Army Unit

PubMed Central

Ursano, Robert J.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Naifeh, James A.; Mash, Holly Herberman; Fullerton, Carol S.; Bliese, Paul D.; Zaslavsky, Alan M.; Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Wynn, Gary H.; Dinh, Hieu M.; McCarroll, James E.; Sampson, Nancy A.; Kao, Tzu-Cheg; Schoenbaum, Michael; Heeringa, Steven G.; Stein, Murray B.

2017-01-01

Objective Soldiers’ mental health is adversely affected by the death and injury of other unit members, but it is not known if risk of suicide attempt is influenced by previous suicide attempts in one’s unit. Method Using administrative data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS), we identified person-month records for all active duty Regular Army enlisted soldiers who attempted suicide from 2004–2009 (n=9,650) and an equal-probability sample of control person-months (n=153,528). Logistic regression analyses examined the number of past-year suicide attempts in one’s unit as a predictor of subsequent suicide attempt, controlling for socio-demographics, service-related characteristics, prior mental health diagnosis, and other unit variables, including suicide-, combat-, and accident-related unit deaths. We also examined whether the influence of previous unit suicide attempts varied by military occupational specialty (MOS) and unit size. Results In adjusted models, soldiers were more likely to attempt suicide if one or more suicide attempts occurred in their unit during the past year (OR=1.4–2.3; p<0.001), with odds increasing as the number of unit attempts increased. The odds of suicide attempt among soldiers in a unit with five or more past-year attempts was more than twice that of soldiers in a unit with no previous attempts (OR=2.3; 95% CI=2.1–2.6). The association of previous unit suicide attempts with subsequent risk was significant whether soldiers had a combat arms MOS or other MOS (OR=1.4–2.3; p<0.001). It was also significant regardless of unit size, with the highest risk for those in smaller units (1–40 soldiers) (OR=2.1–5.9; p<0.001). The population-attributable risk proportion for one or more unit suicide attempts in the past year indicated that if this risk could be reduced to no unit attempts, 18.2% of attempts would not occur. Conclusions Soldiers’ risk of suicide attempt increased as the number of past-year suicide attempts within their unit increased. This was true for both combat arms and other MOSs, and for units of any size, but particularly for smaller units. Units with a history of suicide attempts may be important targets for preventive interventions. PMID:28746705

The balance and harmony of control power for a combat aircraft in tactical maneuvering

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bocvarov, Spiro; Cliff, Eugene M.; Lutze, Frederick H.

1992-01-01

An analysis is presented for a family of regular extremal attitude-maneuvers for the High Angle-of-Attack Research Vehicle that has thrust-vectoring capability. Different levels of dynamic coupling are identified in the combat aircraft attitude model, and the characteristic extremal-family motion is explained. It is shown why the extremal-family trajectories develop small sideslip-angles, a highly desirable feature from a practical viewpoint.

The combat experience of military surgical assets in Iraq and Afghanistan: a historical review.

PubMed

Schoenfeld, Andrew J

2012-09-01

The Forward Surgical Team and Combat Support Hospital have been used extensively only during the past decade in Iraq and Afghanistan. The scope of their operational experience and historical development remain to be described. The literature was searched to obtain publications regarding the historical development of Forward Surgical Teams and Combat Support Hospitals, as well as their surgical experiences in Iraq and Afghanistan. Relevant publications were reviewed in full and their results summarized. The doctrine behind the use of modern military surgical assets was not well developed at the start of the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. The Forward Surgical Team and Combat Support Hospital were used in practice only over the past decade. Because of the nature of these conflicts, both types of modern military surgical assets have not been used as intended and such units have operated in various roles, including combat support elements and civilian medical treatment facilities. As more research comes to light, a better appreciation for the future of American military medicine and surgery will develop. Published by Elsevier Inc.

US Policy Approaches for Combating Violence in Northern Mexico

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-14

5 Aaron Terrazak, “Mexican Immigrants in the United States,” February 2010, linked from Migration Policy Institute Home Page at Migration ...Sentenced For Conspiracy That Supplied Weapons to Sinaloa Cartel, Ambassador Pascual Congratulates Mexico for Arrest of Edger Valdes Villarreal,” United

Combat Maintenance Concepts and Repair Techniques Using Shape Memory Alloys for Fluid Lines, Control Tubes, and Drive Shafts.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

BUREAU OF STANDARDS-1963-A ,,...:-. .-. -.’" :.- --. . 4 Iq " USAAVRADCOM-TR-82-D-37 COMBAT MAINTENANCE CONCEPTS AND REPAIR TECHNIQUES USING SHAPE MEMORY...O APPLIED TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY POSITION STATEMENT The results of this effort determined the feasibility of using the full-ring shape memory alloy...specifications, or other data are used for any purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procurement operation, the United

Journal of Special Operations Medicine. Volume 2, Edition 4, Fall 2002

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

Blessing Journal of Special Operations Medicine6 GENERAL RULES FOR SUBMISSIONS 1. Use the active voice when possible. 2. Secure permission before...Afghanistan to the Philippines . I am currently writ- ing this at the "Advanced Technology Applications for Combat Casualty Care" (ATACCC) meeting...ference some of the time. 91W Transition- All active component SOF units with medics that are not 18D are 91Ws as 91W_W1 Special Operations Combat

Optimization of Turkish Air Force SAR Units Forward Deployment Points for a Central Based SAR Force Structure

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-26

Turkish Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW& C ) aircraft in the combat arena. He examines three combat scenarios Turkey might encounter to cover and...to limited SAR assets, constrained budgets, logistic- maintenance problems, and high risk level of military flights. In recent years, the Turkish Air...model, Set Covering Location Problem (SCLP), defines the minimum number of SAR DPs to cover all fighter aircraft training areas (TAs). The second

Littoral Combat Ship Mission Modules (LCS MM)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

Selected Acquisition Report ( SAR ) RCS: DD-A&T(Q&A)823-443 Littoral Combat Ship Mission Modules (LCS MM) As of FY 2017 President’s Budget Defense...Acquisition Management Information Retrieval (DAMIR) March 9, 2016 08:50:12 UNCLASSIFIED LCS MM December 2015 SAR March 9, 2016 08:50:12 UNCLASSIFIED...Document OSD - Office of the Secretary of Defense O&S - Operating and Support PAUC - Program Acquisition Unit Cost LCS MM December 2015 SAR March 9

Assessment of the Combat Developer’s Role in Post-Deployment Software Support (PDSS) 30 June 1980 - 28 February 1981. Volume II.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-30

systems is provided by the Intelligence School, Fort Devens , Massachusetts. 3. TRADOC System Manager for specified Corps Tactical EW/Intelligence...UNITED STATES ARMY COMBINED ARMS COMBAT DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY E, FORT LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS 66027 BOM SERVICES COMPANY LEAVENWORTH, KANSAS 66048 SION...ATZLCA-CI-M, Mr. R. K. Schwabe UNCLASSIFIED Fort eavenorth Kanss 6607I15. DECLASSI FICATION/ DOWNGRADINGFortLeaenwothKanss 6027SCHEDULE 16

The Silent Enemy. Combat Stress Reaction.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-04-01

intense anxiety, thus the term "shell shock." Such men were thought to have brain damage resulting from the concussion of high explosive shell blasts...French casualties returning to combat. (23:989) Upon the entrance of United States forces into World War I, Thomas W. Salmon, who held the job as...that battle stress is directly related to battle intensity. This was clearly 9 Shown in the Battle of Metz from September to November, 1944. The 5th

The Role of Combat Heavy Engineer Battalions in Nation Assistance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-07

project can be built, it must first be designed and planned. Someone must assess what the user needs and provide a set of specifications, blueprints, and...the soldiers 65 of both Niger and the United States grew to respect and appreciate each other.1 9 Still much can be learned from the number of...the lessons learned from these projects to assess when combat heavy battalions can be most effectively used for nation assistance. 96 ENDNOTES

Old Tricks for New Dogs? John Caddy and the Victorian Origins of TCCC.

PubMed

Reynolds, Penny S

2018-01-01

The success of Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) in reducing potentially preventable combat deaths may rely on both specific interventions (such as tourniquets) and the systematized application of immediate care. Essential elements of a combat care system include clear specification of immediate care priorities, standardized methodology, and inclusion and training of all nonmedical personnel in early response. Although TCCC is fairly recent, the construct is similar to that first suggested during the mid-nineteenth century by John Turner Caddy (1822-1902), a British Royal Navy staff surgeon. Although naval warfare engagements at the time were relatively infrequent, casualties could be numerous and severe and often overwhelmed the small medical staff on board. Caddy recognized that nonmedical personnel properly trained in the fundamentals of combat injury management would result in lives saved and greatly improved morale. The novelty was in his attempt to make procedures simple enough to be performed by nonmedical personnel under stress. However, Caddy's guidelines were completely overlooked for nearly two centuries. The principles of best practice for managing combat trauma injuries learned in previous wars have often been lost between conflicts. Understanding the historical roots of combat first responder care may enable us to better understand and overcome barriers to recognition and retention of essential knowledge. 2018.

Assessing the Operational Effectiveness of a Small Surface Combat Ship in an Anti-Surface Warfare Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

realistically representing the world in a simulation environment. A screenshot of the combat model used for this research is shown below. There are six...changes in use of technology (Ryan & Jons, 1992). Cost effectiveness and operational effectiveness are important, and it is extremely hard to achieve...effectiveness of ships using simulation and analytical models, to create a ship synthesis model, and most importantly, to develop decision making tools

A Novel Vector Control Measure to Combat the Spread of Artemisinin Resistance in the Greater Mekong Subregion

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-10-01

Prevention and Disease Control , Department of Disease Control , and obtained permission to perform study (9 May 2017) - Small group discussions with...AWARD NUMBER: W81XWH-16-2-0021 TITLE: A novel vector control measure to combat the spread of artemisinin resistance in the Greater Mekong...s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy or decision unless so designated by other documentation

Complexity of the Relationships of Pain, Posttraumatic Stress, and Depression in Combat-Injured Populations: An Integrative Review to Inform Evidence-Based Practice.

PubMed

Giordano, Nicholas A; Bader, Christine; Richmond, Therese S; Polomano, Rosemary C

2018-04-01

Understanding the complex interrelationships between combat injuries, physical health, and mental health symptoms is critical to addressing the healthcare needs of wounded military personnel and veterans. The relationship between injury characteristics, pain, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depression among combat-injured military personnel is unique to modern conflicts and understudied in the nursing literature. This integrative review synthesizes clinical presentations and relationships of combat injury, PTSD, depression, and pain in Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) United States military service members and veterans. A literature search was conducted using relative key terms across databases to identify peer-reviewed publications between 2001 and 2016 that examined health outcomes of combat-injured persons in OEF and OIF. The quality of evidence was evaluated and results synthesized to examine the association of combat injury as a risk factor for PTSD, the relationship of PTSD and depression pre- and postinjury, and pain management throughout care. Twenty-two articles were included in this review. Greater injury and pain severity poses risks for developing PTSD following combat injury, while early symptom management lessens risks for PTSD. Depression appears to be both a contributing risk factor to postinjury PTSD, as well as a comorbidity. Findings demonstrate a compelling need for improvements in standardized assessment of pain and mental health symptoms across transitions in care. This integrative review informs nurse researchers and providers of the clinical characteristics of pain, PTSD, and depression following combat injury and offers implications for future research promoting optimal surveillance of symptoms. © 2018 Sigma Theta Tau International.

Organizational characteristics of the austere intensive care unit: the evolution of military trauma and critical care medicine; applications for civilian medical care systems.

PubMed

Grathwohl, Kurt W; Venticinque, Steven G

2008-07-01

Critical care in the U.S. military has significantly evolved in the last decade. More recently, the U.S. military has implemented organizational changes, including the use of multidisciplinary teams in austere environments to improve outcomes in severely injured polytrauma combat patients. Specifically, organizational changes in combat support hospitals located in combat zones during Operation Iraqi Freedom have led to decreased intensive care unit mortality and length of stay as well as resource use. These changes were implemented without increases in logistic support or the addition of highly technologic equipment. The mechanism for improvement in mortality is likely attributable to the adherence of basic critical care medicine fundamentals. This intensivist-directed team model provides sophisticated critical care even in the most austere environments. To optimize critically injured patients' outcomes, intensive care organizational models similar to the U.S. military, described in this article, can possibly be adapted to those of civilian care during disaster management to meet the challenges of emergency mass critical care.

Racial Inequality in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Troyna, Barry, Ed.

Contributors to this book are united in their commitment to combating racial inequality in education and in outlining the extent and manner in which racism and its associated practices have become embedded in the institutional and sociopolitical structures of the United Kingdom. The following chapters are included: (1) "A Conceptual Overview…

Female Service Members and Symptom Reporting after Combat and Non-Combat-Related Mild Traumatic Brain Injury.

PubMed

Brickell, Tracey A; Lippa, Sara M; French, Louis M; Kennedy, Jan E; Bailie, Jason M; Lange, Rael T

2017-01-15

Females are often excluded from military-related mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) research because of its relatively low prevalence in this population. The purpose of this study was to focus on outcome from mTBI in female service members, compared with males. Participants were 172 United States military service members selected from a larger sample that had sustained an mTBI, and were evaluated within 24 months of injury (Age: mean = 28.9, SD = 8.1) at one of six military medical centers. Eighty-six women were matched to 86 men on nine key variables: TBI severity, mechanism of injury, bodily injury severity, days post-injury, age, number of deployments, theater where wounded, branch of service, and rank. Participants completed the Neurobehavioral Symptom Inventory (NSI) and the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist (PCL-C). There were no meaningful gender differences across all demographic and injury-related variables (p > 0.05). There were significant group differences and medium effect sizes for the NSI total score and all four NSI cluster scores. Symptoms most affected related to nausea, sensitivity to light, change in taste/smell, change in appetite, fatigue, and poor sleep. There were significant group differences and small-medium effect sizes for the PCL-C total score and two of the three PCL-C cluster scores. Symptoms most affected related to poor concentration, trouble remembering a stressful event, and disturbing memories/thoughts/images. Females consistently experienced more symptoms than males. As females become more active in combat-related deployments, it is critical that future studies place more emphasis on this important military population.

COMBAT: Initial experience with a randomized clinical trial of plasma-based resuscitation in the field for traumatic hemorrhagic shock

PubMed Central

Chapman, Michael P.; Moore, Ernest E.; Chin, Theresa L; Ghasabyan, Arsen; Chandler, James; Stringham, John; Gonzalez, Eduardo; Moore, Hunter B.; Banerjee, Anirban; Silliman, Christopher C; Sauaia, Angela

2015-01-01

The existing evidence shows great promise for plasma as the first resuscitation fluid in both civilian and military trauma. We embarked on the Control of Major Bleeding After Trauma (COMBAT) trial with the support of the Department of Defense, in order to determine if plasma-first resuscitation yields hemostatic and survival benefits. The methodology of the COMBAT study represents not only three years of development work, but the integration of nearly two-decades of technical experience with the design and implementation of other clinical trials and studies. Herein, we describe the key features of the study design, critical personnel and infrastructural elements, and key innovations. We will also briefly outline the systems engineering challenges entailed by this study. COMBAT is a randomized, placebo controlled, semi-blinded prospective Phase IIB clinical trial, conducted in a ground ambulance fleet based at a Level I trauma center, and part of a multicenter collaboration. The primary objective of COMBAT is to determine the efficacy of field resuscitation with plasma first, compared to standard of care (normal saline). To date we have enrolled 30 subjects in the COMBAT study. The ability to achieve intervention with a hemostatic resuscitation agent in the closest possible temporal proximity to injury is critical and represents an opportunity to forestall the evolution of the “bloody vicious cycle”. Thus, the COMBAT model for deploying plasma in first response units should serve as a model for RCTs of other hemostatic resuscitative agents. PMID:25784527

United States Air Force Academy: A Bibliography 2011-2015

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-11-23

Tactical Arms Training with the Cadet Combat Shooting Team." Checkpoints 39.4 (March 2011): 18-23. Print. 703. Do, James J., et al. "Gender Bias and...34 Checkpoints 41.3 (December 2012): 30-35. Print. 753. ---. "The Line of Fire: Tactical Arms Training with the Cadet Combat Shooting Team." Checkpoints...June 2013): 18-22. Print. 831. Thomas, Bill. " Hearts and Bones: There Was a Problem with the Last Burial in the Tomb of the Unknowns: The Soldier

Combating Gangs: Better Coordination and Performance Measurement Would Help Clarify Roles of Federal Agencies and Strengthen Assessment of Efforts. Report to the Ranking Member, Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives. GAO-09-708

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

US Government Accountability Office, 2009

2009-01-01

The Department of Justice (DOJ) estimates that the United States has about a million gang members. While state and local agencies have primary responsibility for combating gang crime, the federal government has key roles to enforce laws and help fund programs to provide alternatives to gang membership for at-risk youth. GAO was asked to examine…

Air Traffic Control and Combat Control Team Operations, AFS 272X0/D.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

LN4LASSIFXED DE 8.NuAD.___ UNITED STATES AIR FORCE A-’IR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND COMBAT/ . _ ) ~E: ;ONTROLIEAM OPERATIONS E’.. . --.ET E AFS 272xG/D,) O...Occupational Measurement Center, Randolph AFB, Texas 78148. Computer programs for analyzing the occupational data were designed by Dr. Raymond E...remained relatively the same in terms of numerical designation and tasks performed. Formal training for both 272X0 and 272XOD entry-level personnel consists

The Army’s Ground Combat Vehicle Program and Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-01

the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and underbelly armor. Weighta Number of Vehicle (Tons) Passengers Ground Combat...RCWS = remotely controlled weapon station; n.a. = not applicable. a. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used in Iraq, which includes reactive armor and...trade-offs that the Army made to reduce the average procurement unit cost to $13.5 million (in 2013 dollars). b. Version of the M2A3 Bradley IFV used

Weekend Warriors for Water: Combating Water Scarcity in West Africa with United States Army National Guard and Reserve Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

if leveraged appropriately. Primary Research Question Water scarcity issues affect many areas of the world and are expected to become a significant... water scarcity in West Africa and the RC leads us to the primary research question, "should the DOD leverage existing RC programs over the next ten...RC in combating water scarcity in West Africa without becoming the primary stakeholder in any particular program. Secondary Research Questions

United States Counterinsurgency Doctrine and Implementation in Iraq

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-18

combat force until the host nation can stabilize the situation and that, The primary role for US military forces in combat operations is to support...they are to the insurgent as the water is to a fish . Not only does water sustain the life of the fish , it also drowns the enemy. Discipline in the...the populous by building trust and then sharing ideology. Because this process can take time, he makes the point in his Primer on Guerrilla War that

Brigade Combat Team the World’s Police: Understanding the United States Army Brigade Combat Team’s role in Developing Foreign Police

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-13

September 2013, fifteen gunmen associated with the terrorist group Al- Shabaab conducted an attack in the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi, Kenya. The... theory , current U.S. Army doctrine, and the lessons learned from the police development efforts in Iraq, a foreign police development model is...civilian police enablers and an understanding of police theory and the lessons learned from previous police reform efforts. 15. SUBJECT TERMS

Divisional Electronic Warfare Combat (DEWCOM) Model - User Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

ulated combat hours. DTIC TA% 1~ Il m I UNCLASSIFIED SIECURITY CLASSIFICATION Or THIS PAGEft7n Date Entered) 4 ’ ./ .7"* t l DIVISIONAL ELECTRONIC WARFARE...277 4.2.1 Report M (Unit Status) ....... .......................... 277 4.2.2 Report M2 (Link Status...NONE in the first 4 spaces. 27 Mai -RF DEWCOM M S aoNE_ DAF INPUT DATA PREPARATI toI 2 4 . 8 1() 1 12 ,1 14 15 1 1718 lq2n2122 21242526 2728293031 3233

An Evaluation of Law Enforcement Application of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act 3P Strategy from 2003 to 2014

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT Human Trafficking ( HT ) is the modern day form of...slavery. In 2000, the United States joined the worldwide efforts and made to the commitment to combat HT with passing of the Trafficking Victims...Protection Act (TVPA). In 2003, they adopted the world approach to combating HT through the 3P paradigm of prevention, protection, and prosecution. Since

The Mexican Education System, the Keystone to Combatting Crime and Improving Economic Well-Being

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-10-28

2 Nabeel Alsalam and Jonathan Schwabish. "A Description of the Immigrant Population:." Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office... Nabeel , and Jonathan Schwabish. "A Description of the Immigrant Population:." Congress of the United States Congressional Budget Office, Last modified

Guidelines for Promoting MyPlate and Its Website among College Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Sandra Deppen

2013-01-01

With the pressing concern of overweight, obesity and other nutritional inadequacies among the general United States population and college students in particular, devising solutions to combat these problems is warranted. This investigation researched undergraduate students' perceptions of the United States Department of Agriculture's MyPlate icon…

75 FR 17839 - National Cancer Control Month, 2010

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-07

... Cancer Control Month, 2010 By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Cancer is.... During National Cancer Control Month, let us renew our commitment to combat this disease by raising... as ``Cancer Control Month.'' NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of...

78 FR 14625 - National Consumer Protection Week, 2013

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-06

... Security Proclamation 8939--100th Anniversary of the United States Department of Labor Order of March 1..., we established a new unit to combat fraud and investigate the abusive lending and mortgage packaging... across the Federal Government joined with consumer advocates to launch www.NCPW.gov , an online resource...

EcAMSat Video News File

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-11-03

A video news file (or a collection of raw video and interview clips) about the EcAMSat mission. Ever wonder what would happen if you got sick in space? NASA is sending samples of bacteria into low-Earth orbit to find out. One of the latest small satellite missions from NASA’s Ames Research Center in California’s Silicon Valley is the E. coli Anti-Microbial Satellite, or EcAMSat for short. The CubeSat – a spacecraft the size of a shoebox built from cube-shaped units – will explore how effectively antibiotics can combat E. coli bacteria in the low gravity of space. This information will help us improve how we fight infections, providing safer journeys for astronauts on their future voyages, and offer benefits for medicine here on Earth.

A Small-Unit Amphibious Operation Combat Model.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

7THE FuNCTICNS HloSPD, IND PNG, "tHE ARGUMENT T C IS 71IE TIME SIhCE 11-E ’othvE 6EYNG 40ORESSE-D C CPCSSEO IHE 50CO PETER GFFSHCFE M4ARK~ C...SSpD𔃿FFD0(I m PXX()-A.ACCNG5SI.* G /SZPO PXY( ! )-(?.! !ANLC4-’,*( -Al ISSP; C ALL VAL(,ES N~C% IN PETERS CN 0 -- 109000 GRID 1CC CCT114UE REtC(5...EACH SUCH ELLIPSE NE IS=0 C lIiiAXaC . IF(NCVcL!*EQ.Cl GCIO 270 Do ZeC K;I;fGFSC I A’IGX( I) I 𔄁. IGY (K I NaNC(IX, IY) IF(?d.EQ.0D GC TC 26C 128

Surface Warfare: A Total Force. Volume 19. Number 4, July/August 1994

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-08-01

USS Puget Sound (AD 38) (AOE 1) Support USS Grasp (ARS 51) Combat Logistics (med/small) USS Mauna Lea (AE 22) COMINEWARCOM: Repair USS Acadia (AD 42...structure is Operational Reserve Carrier ( ORC ). When USS John being shaped to expand this role. In the recently P. Eznnedy (CV 67) joins the NRF in...A typical Aegis engagement sequence begins as a engineer and test the fought in the waters of Port RoyalAegis Combat System. Sound and on the adjacent

Re: Coagulation and Fluid Resuscitation by HyperHES in Severe Hemorrhage

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

aid kit, and we cannot envisage to load them with so much weight. In the context of trauma combat casualty care, fluid resuscitation byHyperHES...coagulation following femur injury and severe hemorrhage in pigs. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2013; 74(3):732Y740. 2. Dubick MA, Atkins JL. Small-volume...fluid resuscitation for the far-forward combat envi- ronment: current concepts. J Trauma . 2003;54: S43YS45. 3. Sharma P, Benford B, Karaian JE

Infectious disease complications of combat-related injuries.

PubMed

Murray, Clinton K

2008-07-01

: Strategies currently used to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with combat-related injuries include better training of frontline medical personnel, improved personal protective equipment, and deployment of fast-forward surgical assets with state-of-the-art equipment. These strategies allow patients to survive near-catastrophic injuries, placing a greater emphasis on the medical infrastructure to mitigate short- and long-term complications associated with these injuries. : Wounds have certain characteristics that promote the development of infections: the presence of devitalized tissue, foreign bodies, clots, fluid collections, and contamination of wounds with bacteria from the casualty's skin, the environment, and the hospital. All of these factors culminate in placing the casualty at risk of developing an infection. : This article reviews the lessons learned from combat-related wound infections throughout history and in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Many of the management strategies used to prevent infections of combat-related injuries are applicable to the management of civilian trauma, whether associated with small arms fire or related to natural disasters such as earthquakes or tornadoes.

The US framework for understanding, preventing, and caring for the mental health needs of service members who served in combat in Afghanistan and Iraq: a brief review of the issues and the research

PubMed Central

Castro, Carl Andrew

2014-01-01

This paper reviews the psychological health research conducted in the United States in support of combat veterans from Iraq and Afghanistan, using the Military Psychological Health Research Continuum, which includes foundational science, epidemiology, etiology, prevention and screening, treatment, follow-up care, and services research. The review is limited to those studies involving combat veterans and military families. This review discusses perplexing issues regarding the impact of combat on the mental health of service members such as risk and resilience factors of mental health, biomarkers of posttraumatic stress syndrome (PTSD), mental health training, psychological screening, psychological debriefing, third location decompression, combat and suicide, the usefulness of psychotherapy and drug therapy for treating PTSD, role of advanced technology, telemedicine and virtual reality, methods to reduce stigma and barriers to care, and best approaches to the dissemination of evidence-based interventions. The mental health research of special populations such as women, National Guardsmen and reservists, and military families is also presented. The review concludes by identifying future areas of research. PMID:25206943

Emergency Physicians at War.

PubMed

Muck, Andrew E; Givens, Melissa; Bebarta, Vikhyat S; Mason, Phillip E; Goolsby, Craig

2018-05-01

Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF-A) in Afghanistan and Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) represent the first major, sustained wars in which emergency physicians (EPs) fully participated as an integrated part of the military's health system. EPs proved invaluable in the deployments, and they frequently used the full spectrum of trauma and medical care skills. The roles EPs served expanded over the years of the conflicts and demonstrated the unique skill set of emergency medicine (EM) training. EPs supported elite special operations units, served in medical command positions, and developed and staffed flying intensive care units. EPs have brought their combat experience home to civilian practice. This narrative review summarizes the history, contributions, and lessons learned by EPs during OEF-A/OIF and describes changes to daily clinical practice of EM derived from the combat environment.

Evaluation and management of combat-related spinal injuries: a review based on recent experiences.

PubMed

Schoenfeld, Andrew J; Lehman, Ronald A; Hsu, Joseph R

2012-09-01

The current approach to the evaluation and treatment of military casualties in the Global War on Terror is informed by medical experience from prior conflicts and combat encounters from the last 10 years. In an effort to standardize the care provided to military casualties in the ongoing conflicts, the Department of Defense (DoD) has published Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPGs) that deal specifically with the combat casualty sustaining a spinal injury. However, the combat experience with spine injuries in the present conflicts remains incompletely described. To describe the CPGs for the care of the combat casualty with suspected spine injuries and discuss them in light of the published military experience with combat-related spinal trauma. Literature review. A literature review was conducted regarding published works that discussed the incidence, epidemiology, and management of combat-related spinal trauma. The CPGs, established by the DoD, are discussed in light of actual military experiences with spine trauma, the present situation in the forward surgical teams and combat support hospitals treating casualties in theater, and recent publications in the field of spine surgery. In the conventional wars fought by the United States between 1950 and 1991 (Korea, Vietnam, Gulf War I), the incidence of spine injuries remained close to 1% of all combat casualties. However, in the Global War on Terror, the enemy has relied on implements of asymmetric warfare, including sniper attacks, ambush, roadside bombs, and improvised explosive devices. The increase in explosive mechanisms of injury has elevated the number of soldiers exposed to blunt force trauma and, consequently, recent publications reported the highest incidence of combat-related spinal injuries in American military history. Wounded soldiers are expeditiously evacuated through the echelons of care but typically do not receive surgical management in theater. The current CPGs for the care of soldiers with combat-related spinal injuries should be re-examined in light of data regarding the increasing number of spine injuries, new injury patterns, such as lumbosacral dissociation and low lumbar burst fractures, and recent reports within the field of spine surgery as a whole. American and coalition forces are sustaining the highest spine combat casualty rates in recorded history and previously unseen injuries are being encountered with increased frequency. While the CPGs provide useful direction in terms of the evaluation and management of combat casualties with spine injuries, such recommendations may warrant periodic re-evaluation in light of recent combat experiences and evolving scientific evidence within the spine literature. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Should the Army’s Well-Being Programs Be Funded on a Higher Priority

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-03-15

environment that allows Soldiers, civilians, and their families to achieve a satisfying work - life balance and fulfillment in their lives. A healthy...life-style climate allows for a unit to have their unit ready for combat with healthy work - life balance for Soldiers and civilians, as well as their

33 CFR 25.405 - Claims not payable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... States in combat; (b) Is purely contractual in nature; (c) Results wholly or partly from the negligent or... applicable under local law; (d) Is for death or personal injury of a United States employee for whom benefits... directly or indirectly by the United States on behalf of the injured employee; (e) Is cognizable under...

Oregon Driver Education. Alcohol/Drugs and Driving.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oregon State Dept. of Education, Salem. Div. of Curriculum and School Improvement.

This curriculum unit contains 10 modules, to be used in 10 driver education class sessions, on driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs (DUI). The unit aims to combat the Oregon DUI problem, especially among 15- to 24-year-olds, with values clarification, awareness of risk factors and personal boundaries, refusal skills, social…

Biological Efficacy of Permethrin Treatment on New U.S. Military Uniforms

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The United States Army and United States Marine Corps (USMC) are fielding uniforms that incorporate fire resistant fibers into the uniform material. For the U.S. Army, the change in uniform composition to produce the Fire-Resistant Army Combat Uniform (FRACU) results in a uniform that does not reta...

Compilation of Theses Abstracts

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-12-01

Lieutenant, United States Navy Master of Business Administration–December 2004 Jonathan C. Byrom–Captain, United States Army Master of Business...Hyperspectral Imagery, Principal Components Analysis, Minimum Noise Transform ALTERNATE CONFIGURATIONS FOR BLOCKED-IMPURITY-BAND DETECTORS Jonathan C...Yew Sing Quek –Captain, Republic of Singapore Armed Forces B.E., Nanyang Technological University-Singapore, 1999 Master of Science in Combat

Small Wars 2.0: A Working Paper on Land Force Planning After Iraq and Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-01

official examination of future ground combat demands that look genetically distinct from those undertaken in the name of the WoT. The concept of...under the worst-case rubric but for very different reasons. The latter are small wars. However, that by no means aptly describes their size

Oxytocin selectively modulates brain response to stimuli probing social synchrony.

PubMed

Levy, Jonathan; Goldstein, Abraham; Zagoory-Sharon, Orna; Weisman, Omri; Schneiderman, Inna; Eidelman-Rothman, Moranne; Feldman, Ruth

2016-01-01

The capacity to act collectively within groups has led to the survival and thriving of Homo sapiens. A central group collaboration mechanism is "social synchrony," the coordination of behavior during joint action among affiliative members, which intensifies under threat. Here, we tested brain response to vignettes depicting social synchrony among combat veterans trained for coordinated action and following life-threatening group experience, versus controls, as modulated by oxytocin (OT), a neuropeptide supporting social synchrony. Using a randomized, double-blind, within-subject design, 40 combat-trained and control male veterans underwent magnetoencephalography (MEG) twice following OT/placebo administration while viewing two social vignettes rated as highly synchronous: pleasant male social gathering and coordinated unit during combat. Both vignettes activated a wide response across the social brain in the alpha band; the combat scene triggered stronger activations. Importantly, OT effects were modulated by prior experience. Among combat veterans, OT attenuated the increased response to combat stimuli in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) - a hub of social perception, action observation, and mentalizing - and enhanced activation in the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) to the pleasant social scene. Among controls, OT enhanced inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) response to combat cues, demonstrating selective OT effects on mirror-neuron and mentalizing networks. OT-enhanced mirror network activity was dampened in veterans reporting higher posttraumatic symptoms. Results demonstrate that the social brain responds online, via modulation of alpha rhythms, to stimuli probing social synchrony, particularly those involving threat to survival, and OT's enhancing versus anxiolytic effects are sensitive to salient experiences within social groups. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An unusual case of an immersion hand presentation in a military signaller operating in the jungle in Belize.

PubMed

Forbes, Kirstie E; Foster, P

2017-12-01

Belize, hosting one of the British Army's overseas training areas, provides access to challenging terrain and austere environments, which allows the delivery of training to soldiers on survival and combat within the jungle environment. A 26-year-old infanteer on exercise in Belize presented with progressive bilateral dry, painful, oedematous hands, secondary to the harsh environmental conditions of the jungle and inadequate drying of his hands resulting in his inability to perform his combat duties. The symptoms completely resolved with drying, emollient application and analgesia. While there are no reported cases of immersion hand, comparisons can be made with the well-reported warm weather immersion foot. This case highlights the importance of force preparation and soldier education for units deploying to the jungle. Simple preventive measures, including adequate 'wet-dry' drills and use of emollients can reduce the prevalence of immersion hand, a preventable condition, which can have a significant impact on the overall combat effectiveness of the unit. © Article author(s) (or their employer(s) unless otherwise stated in the text of the article) 2017. All rights reserved. No commercial use is permitted unless otherwise expressly granted.

The Land Combat Model (DYNCOM). Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1970-01-01

maneuver units. While moving, each element guides on his maneuver unit leader who designates routes and formations. , If the maneuver unit is...occupying a stationary position, the decision to Initiate movement is made by the man- euver unit leader . ,K... •■«mriamnii-K mmäi —^-- i’fafc-Ja-M...vided a communication net known as the platoon tactical net. The platoon leaders and other elements, designated by input data, are on a net

Research on air and missile defense task allocation based on extended contract net protocol

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Yunzhi; Wang, Gang

2017-10-01

Based on the background of air and missile defense distributed element corporative engagement, the interception task allocation problem of multiple weapon units with multiple targets under network condition is analyzed. Firstly, a mathematical model of task allocation is established by combat task decomposition. Secondly, the initialization assignment based on auction contract and the adjustment allocation scheme based on swap contract were introduced to the task allocation. Finally, through the simulation calculation of typical situation, the model can be used to solve the task allocation problem in complex combat environment.

IVTS-CEV (Interactive Video Tape System-Combat Engineer Vehicle) Gunnery Trainer.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-07-01

video game technology developed for and marketed in consumer video games. The IVTS/CEV is a conceptual/breadboard-level classroom interactive training system designed to train Combat Engineer Vehicle (CEV) gunners in target acquisition and engagement with the main gun. The concept demonstration consists of two units: a gunner station and a display module. The gunner station has optics and gun controls replicating those of the CEV gunner station. The display module contains a standard large-screen color video monitor and a video tape player. The gunner’s sight

The Enrichment of Smoler’s Model of Land Combat.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-01

of land Combat RupIe ICSO ( -. AU TWORVS) 4. CONTRACT OR GRANT NIANG9WO) Glenn M. Mills 9, 09m0000000 0RGANIZATION "NME AU AGGRS Is. :00OGRAN £LMEN61T...each unit prior to the initiation of the battle. This realization, A is determined by using a random Uniform(O,1) number and the above formula. A new...move to an alternate position the user has selected. The duration of the move is also a user input. He simply specifies the number of 10 second time

United States Army Rangers in Somalia: an analysis of combat casualties on an urban battlefield.

PubMed

Mabry, R L; Holcomb, J B; Baker, A M; Cloonan, C C; Uhorchak, J M; Perkins, D E; Canfield, A J; Hagmann, J H

2000-09-01

This study was undertaken to determined the differences in injury patterns between soldiers equipped with modern body armor in an urban environment compared with the soldiers of the Vietnam War. From July 1998 to March 1999, data were collected for a retrospective analysis on all combat casualties sustained by United States military forces in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3 and 4, 1993. This was the largest and most recent urban battle involving United States ground forces since the Vietnam War. There were 125 combat casualties. Casualty distribution was similar to that of Vietnam; 11% died on the battlefield, 3% died after reaching a medical facility, 47% were evacuated, and 39% returned to duty. The incidence of bullet wounds in Somalia was higher than in Vietnam (55% vs. 30%), whereas there were fewer fragment injuries (31% vs. 48%). Blunt injury (12%) and burns (2%) caused the remaining injuries in Somalia. Fatal penetrating injuries in Somalia compared with Vietnam included wounds to the head and face (36% vs. 35%), neck (7% vs. 8%), thorax (14% vs. 39%), abdomen (14% vs. 7%), thoracoabdominal (7% vs. 2%), pelvis (14% vs. 2%), and extremities (7% vs. 7%). No missiles penetrated the solid armor plate protecting the combatants' anterior chests and upper abdomens. Most fatal penetrating injuries were caused by missiles entering through areas not protected by body armor, such as the face, neck, pelvis, and groin. Three patients with penetrating abdominal wounds died from exsanguination, and two of these three died after damage-control procedures. The incidence of fatal head wounds was similar to that in Vietnam in spite of modern Kevlar helmets. Body armor reduced the number of fatal penetrating chest injuries. Penetrating wounds to the unprotected face, groin, and pelvis caused significant mortality. These data may be used to design improved body armor.

Social and Business Entrepreneurship as Career Options for University Students in the United Arab Emirates: The Drive-Preparedness Gap

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ashour, Sanaa

2016-01-01

With limited employment opportunities, entrepreneurship is becoming a viable option to combat unemployment. This study explores undergraduate students' attitudes towards business and social entrepreneurship in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), assuming that the lack of awareness among students regarding social entrepreneurship and the lack of…

We the People: Law-Related Lessons on Teaching the Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Constitutional Rights Foundation, Chicago, IL.

The Unites States Constitution and the Bill of Rights set forth the basic principles of the U.S. democratic constitutional order. It is from these documents that the fundamental political concepts of the United States are derived. The program presented here was developed for junior high school students and is intended to combat the apathy toward…

Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of Leadership/Management Training Within Army Battalions: Volume I: Summary of Findings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fry, John P.; Cliborn, Robert E.

The report describes the development and evaluation of an in-unit, leadership/management training program (based on experimental training methodology for providing Army leaders with behavioral skills and techniques) implemented within three battalion-sized combat units at Fort Bliss, Texas, in 1974. The program was organized around workshops…

Defense.gov - Special Report - Travels With Mullen

Science.gov Websites

Adm. Mike Mullen, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, brings to Afghanistan. Story» Navy Medical Unit Helps Africa, Asia Combat Medical Threats CAIRO, April 21, 2009 – The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff visited a joint-service medical research unit in Cairo and received briefings on how it

Exploring Collaboration System Effectiveness at the United States Army Brigade Echelon

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herring, Terry W.

2012-01-01

Since the attacks on September 11, 2001, a major transformation of the United States Army began to create a modular, scalable, and modernized military force. This effort was the most significant restructuring of military forces in the last 80 years. However, after 6 years of sustained combat operations in the Middle East many of the collaboration…

Developing close combat behaviors for simulated soldiers using genetic programming techniques.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Pryor, Richard J.; Schaller, Mark J.

2003-10-01

Genetic programming is a powerful methodology for automatically producing solutions to problems in a variety of domains. It has been used successfully to develop behaviors for RoboCup soccer players and simple combat agents. We will attempt to use genetic programming to solve a problem in the domain of strategic combat, keeping in mind the end goal of developing sophisticated behaviors for compound defense and infiltration. The simplified problem at hand is that of two armed agents in a small room, containing obstacles, fighting against each other for survival. The base case and three changes are considered: a memory of positionsmore » using stacks, context-dependent genetic programming, and strongly typed genetic programming. Our work demonstrates slight improvements from the first two techniques, and no significant improvement from the last.« less

Combat cueing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kachejian, Kerry C.; Vujcic, Doug

1998-08-01

The combat cueing (CBT-Q) research effort will develop and demonstrate a portable tactical information system that will enhance the effectiveness of small unit military operations by providing real-time target cueing information to individual warfighters and teams. CBT-Q consists of a network of portable radio frequency (RF) 'modules' and is controlled by a body-worn 'user station' utilizing a head mounted display . On the battlefield, CBT-Q modules will detect an enemy transmitter and instantly provide the warfighter with an emitter's location. During the 'fog of battle', CBT-Q would tell the warfighter, 'Look here, right now individuals into the RF spectrum, resulting in faster target engagement times, increased survivability, and reduce the potential for fratricide. CBT-Q technology can support both mounted and dismounted tactical forces involved in land, sea and air warfighting operations. The CBT-Q system combines robust geolocation and signal sorting algorithms with hardware and software modularity to offer maximum utility to the warfighter. A single CBT-Q module can provide threat RF detection. Three networked CBT-Q modules can provide emitter positions using a time difference of arrival (TDOA) technique. The TDOA approach relies on timing and positioning data derived from a global positioning systems. The information will be displayed on a variety of displays, including a flat-panel head mounted display. The end results of the program will be the demonstration of the system with US Army Scouts in an operational environment.

Revaluating US Land Ownership and Management in Order to Effectively Combat Soil Degradation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Drohan, Patrick

2017-04-01

Land privatization has resulted throughout history in: a variety of governance types; wealth imbalances; fluctuating degrees of food production; industrialization; and the privatization of intellectual ideas/property. USA government strategies to combat soil degradation have in large been reactive and driven by land privatization and the entrepreneurial nature of the US economy, especially agriculture. This has led to boom and bust cycles of agriculture and soil resilience. Further straining the capability to combat soil degradation are weaknesses in land management legislation due to separation of federal and state law and unfunded mandates. Last, the sheer size of the United States may be its greatest weakness in effectively developing a coherent national soil degradation policy. The recent failure of the European Soil Directive emphasizes the continual struggle between land privatization, food production, and the generation of wealth. We suggest several new strategies to combat USA soil degradation based on existing and new land management schemes, which have the potential to more effectively buffer the unpredictable future of increasing population and climate change.

Not Again! 20th Century Hollow Force Lessons Learned for the 21st Century Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-17

capabilities in combat units . Although further research is required to determine the optimal balance between the Active and Reserve Component forces, a... UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT Joint Forces Staff College NUMBER Joint Advanced...SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT This paper investigates the problem of how United States Department of Defense (DoD) planners should organize the

Marksmanship Requirements From the Perspective of Combat Veterans - Volume I: Main Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-02-01

Research Report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position, unless so designated by other authorized documents. i REPORT... designated marksmanship (SDM) training was cited, but it was not always clear whether this course was given by the unit or by the United States Army...Appendix D. Some units designed specific marksmanship training programs. Collective training. Collective training was also cited (215 comments

Immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: current concepts and clinical trials

PubMed Central

Mayor, Marissa; Yang, Neng; Sterman, Daniel; Jones, David R.; Adusumilli, Prasad S.

2016-01-01

Recent successes in immunotherapeutic strategies are being investigated to combat cancers that have less than ideal responses to standard of care treatment, such as non-small-cell lung cancer. In this paper, we summarize concepts and the current status of immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer, including salient features of the major categories of immunotherapy—monoclonal antibody therapy, immune checkpoint blockade, immunotoxins, anticancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy. PMID:26516195

Gender differences in the effects of deployment-related stressors and pre-deployment risk factors on the development of PTSD symptoms in National Guard Soldiers deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Polusny, Melissa A; Kumpula, Mandy J; Meis, Laura A; Erbes, Christopher R; Arbisi, Paul A; Murdoch, Maureen; Thuras, Paul; Kehle-Forbes, Shannon M; Johnson, Alexandria K

2014-02-01

Although women in the military are exposed to combat and its aftermath, little is known about whether combat as well as pre-deployment risk/protective factors differentially predict post-deployment PTSD symptoms among women compared to men. The current study assesses the influence of combat-related stressors and pre-deployment risk/protective factors on women's risk of developing PTSD symptoms following deployment relative to men's risk. Participants were 801 US National Guard Soldiers (712 men, 89 women) deployed to Iraq or Afghanistan who completed measures of potential risk/protective factors and PTSD symptoms one month before deployment (Time 1) and measures of deployment-related stressors and PTSD symptoms about 2-3 months after returning from deployment (Time 2). Men reported greater exposure to combat situations than women, while women reported greater sexual stressors during deployment than men. Exposure to the aftermath of combat (e.g., witnessing injured/dying people) did not differ by gender. At Time 2, women reported more severe PTSD symptoms and higher rates of probable PTSD than did men. Gender remained a predictor of higher PTSD symptoms after accounting for pre-deployment symptoms, prior interpersonal victimization, and combat related stressors. Gender moderated the association between several risk factors (combat-related stressors, prior interpersonal victimization, lack of unit support and pre-deployment concerns about life/family disruptions) and post-deployment PTSD symptoms. Elevated PTSD symptoms among female service members were not explained simply by gender differences in pre-deployment or deployment-related risk factors. Combat related stressors, prior interpersonal victimization, and pre-deployment concerns about life and family disruptions during deployment were differentially associated with greater post-deployment PTSD symptoms for women than men. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Analysis of Humanitarian Assistance Cargo Transportation

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

deliver materiel to people in need in their areas of responsibility. This report analyzes the options available to these commands in seeking...Thus, United States combatant commands increasingly rely on humanitarian assistance cargo transportation programs to deliver material to people in need...United States Navy and Marine Corps personnel and people overseas. PH may also arrange for space-available transportation of NGO material to consigned

A resolution recognizing the 40th anniversary of the withdrawal of United States combat troops from the Vietnam War and expressing renewed support for United States veterans of that conflict.

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Sen. Thune, John [R-SD

2013-10-31

Senate - 11/07/2013 Resolution agreed to in Senate without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Mental health care in the Lebanon War, 1982.

PubMed

Noy, S; Levy, R; Solomon, Z

1984-04-01

Lessons in mental health care learned from the October 1973 War were applied in the Lebanon War 1982. A three-echelon system of management was followed according to the practices prevalent in Western armies. The clinical pictures were essentially similar to those observed in other wars. Combat stress reactions (CSR) comprised 15 to 20% of the total casualties during the active phase of the war; the rate of late reactions was 30 to 40% of the total CSR. Treatment on the battlefield was more effective than treatment following airlift to the rear, in returning soldiers to their units. The role of stress in causing CSR, and the importance of leadership and cohesion in its prevention were evident. The important lessons learned from the Lebanon War are discussed and include: 1) the need for a broad definition of CSR; 2) the importance of forward unit intervention; 3) the necessity of mobility and divisibility of mental health treatment units; 4) fighting units should not be dispersed immediately after combat; and 5) the management of stress reactions to be the responsibility not only of the mental health services, but of all sections of the medical corps, both in treatment and prevention.

U.S. Marine Aviation in World War II: VMF 124 in the Solomons.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

identify by block number) \\M r in e Fi jhter Squadron (’MF) 124 was formed in 1942 to fly the new F4U Corsair in combat 3 ~a jn t thie Japanese Zero to win...VNF) 124 was formed in September 1942 at Ne Camp Kearney, California. It was the first unit to fly the new F4U Corsair in combat--its purpose was to...war over the Solomons. The pilots, averaging just 21-22 years in age, each had less than 30 hours total flight time in the new Corsair before arriving

Desertification treaty includes key role for scientists

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Showstack, Randy

When Lois Barber, executive director of the non-profit group EarthAction, began efforts to press for U.S. Senate ratification of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification several years ago, the treaty's purpose tripped up some people, she said. They wondered whether it might be a treaty related to military personnel who had abandoned their service, de-certification of something or other, or even an overabundance of after-dinner treats. While the issue may not yet rate highly on the U.S. radar screen, U.S. Senate ratification of the Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD) on November 17, 2000 and entry into force of the treaty in the United States on February 2, 2001, could bring additional focus on desertification from the scientific community and policy-makers, according to a number of experts involved with the issue. The treaty now has been ratified by 174 countries.

The Battle of Aschaffenburg: An Example of Late World War 2 Urban Combat in Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-02

Division (LTC Abams) German Units - ARMY: Seventh ( Gen . der Inf. Felber) ( Gen . der Inf. Obstfelder, 26 March) CORPS: L)XOII ( Gen . dir Inf. Hahn...4 Armored Division (LTC Abrams) Ist Bn, 104 Infantry (attached to 4 AD) German Units - ARMY: Seventh ( Gen . dir Inf. Obstfelder) CORPS: DOCOII ( Gen ...Haislip) DIVISION: 44 Infantry Division (MG Dean) 45 Infantry Division (MG Fredericks) German Units - ARMY: Seventh ( Gen . dir Inf. Obstfelder) CORPS

The Origins of the Golden Hour of Medical Care and Its Applicability to Combat Medicine

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-12

Joint Publication (United States Department of Defense) KIA Killed In Action MASH Mobile Army Surgical Hospital MAST Military Assistance to Safety...evacuation time as defined above is synonymous with “the Golden Hour” time frame. Killed in Action, ( KIA ), and Died of Wounds, (DOW): Killed in action...vehicle accidents alone within the continental United States than the entire number of United States KIA in eleven years of conflict in the Vietnam War

Self-Compassion as a Prospective Predictor of PTSD Symptom Severity Among Trauma-Exposed U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans

PubMed Central

Hiraoka, Regina; Meyer, Eric C.; Kimbrel, Nathan A.; DeBeer, Bryann B.; Gulliver, Suzy Bird; Morissette, Sandra B.

2016-01-01

U. S. combat veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars have elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the general population. Self-compassion, characterized by self-kindness, a sense of common humanity when faced with suffering, and mindful awareness of suffering, is a potentially modifiable factor implicated in the development and maintenance of PTSD. We examined the concurrent and prospective relationship between self-compassion and PTSD symptom severity after accounting for level of combat exposure and baseline PTSD severity. Participants at baseline assessment were 115 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans exposed to 1 or more traumatic events during deployment (n = 101 at follow-up). PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV at baseline and 12 months. Self-compassion and combat exposure were assessed at baseline via self-report. Self-compassion was associated with baseline PTSD symptoms after accounting for combat exposure (β = −.59; p < .001; ΔR2 = .34; f2 = .67; large effect) and predicted 12-month PTSD symptom severity after accounting for combat exposure and baseline PTSD severity (β = −.24; p = .008; ΔR2 = .03; f2 = .08; small effect). Findings suggest that interventions that increase self-compassion may be beneficial for treating chronic PTSD symptoms among some Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. PMID:25808565

Self-Compassion as a prospective predictor of PTSD symptom severity among trauma-exposed U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans.

PubMed

Hiraoka, Regina; Meyer, Eric C; Kimbrel, Nathan A; DeBeer, Bryann B; Gulliver, Suzy Bird; Morissette, Sandra B

2015-04-01

U.S. combat veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars have elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to the general population. Self-compassion, characterized by self-kindness, a sense of common humanity when faced with suffering, and mindful awareness of suffering, is a potentially modifiable factor implicated in the development and maintenance of PTSD. We examined the concurrent and prospective relationship between self-compassion and PTSD symptom severity after accounting for level of combat exposure and baseline PTSD severity in 115 Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans exposed to 1 or more traumatic events during deployment. PTSD symptoms were assessed using the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-IV (CAPS-IV) at baseline and 12 months (n =101). Self-compassion and combat exposure were assessed at baseline via self-report. Self-compassion was associated with baseline PTSD symptoms after accounting for combat exposure (β = -.59; p < .001; ΔR(2) = .34; f(2) = .67; large effect) and predicted 12-month PTSD symptom severity after accounting for combat exposure and baseline PTSD severity (β = -.24; p = .008; ΔR(2) = .03; f(2) = .08; small effect). Findings suggest that interventions that increase self-compassion may be beneficial for treating chronic PTSD symptoms among some Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. Copyright © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company.

There's always a villain to punish: group processes contributing to violence and its remediation.

PubMed

Thomas, Nina K

2015-01-01

This paper considers the widespread use of violent metaphors, such as "combat" and "war," to represent the current social, psychological, and political problems within the United States. I apply Lakoff and Johnson's (1980) thesis that metaphor shapes thought, policy, and behavior. I examine how use of such metaphors inclines the national consciousness toward violence and punishment for it. In addition, I discuss shame and humiliation as psychological precursors of violence, particularly as these play out in the exclusion and extrusion via group scapegoating of individuals and whole groups from active participation in an esteemed or powerful other group. Included within the concept of "violence" are those harmful social policies that invalidate the experiences of disempowered people within the United States. I consider the role of group processes in resolving the injuries wrought by violence, particularly as these operate within such restorative justice projects as the Glencree Ex-Combatants Programme in Northern Ireland. Lessons emerge from restorative justice projects installed internationally for ameliorating conflict within and between "victim" groups in the United States.

Racial Harmony, Leadership, and Unit Effectiveness in Combat Units: An Exploratory Assessment of Causal Relationships

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-15

located in the continental United States, with 30 units selected from each of the two divisions. The particular units to be sampled at each division were...Divada 3 2 Air Cavalry 1 - Cavalry - 2 Engineering 4 2 Total 30 30 Survey data were obtained from 3,196 enlisted soldiers, ranks EI-E4, 83 first...74 .68 .82 .73 U_POT .68 .40 .87 .67 .39 .08 U_REBV .73 .36 .61 .13 .59 .15 U LAWB .65 . 30 .82 .45 .67 .22 U.FIGHT .71 .23 .87 .38 .90 .52 UCLOSE

Operational Physical Performance and Fitness in Military Women: Physiological, Musculoskeletal Injury, and Optimized Physical Training Considerations for Successfully Integrating Women Into Combat-Centric Military Occupations.

PubMed

Nindl, Bradley C; Jones, Bruce H; Van Arsdale, Stephanie J; Kelly, Karen; Kraemer, William J

2016-01-01

This article summarizes presentations from a 2014 United States Department of Defense (DoD) Health Affairs Women in Combat symposium addressing physiological, musculoskeletal injury, and optimized physical training considerations from the operational physical performance section. The symposium was held to provide a state-of-the-science meeting on the U.S. DoD's rescinding of the ground combat exclusion policy opening up combat-centric occupations to women. Physiological, metabolic, body composition, bone density, cardiorespiratory fitness, and thermoregulation differences between men and women were briefly reviewed. Injury epidemiological data are presented within military training and operational environments demonstrating women to be at a higher risk for musculoskeletal injuries than men. Physical training considerations for improved muscle strength and power, occupational task performance, load carriage were also reviewed. Particular focus of this article was given to translating physiological and epidemiological findings from the literature on these topics toward actionable guidance and policy recommendations for military leaders responsible for military physical training doctrine: (1) inclusion of resistance training with special emphasis on strength and power development (i.e., activation of high-threshold motor units and recruitment of type II high-force muscle fibers), upper-body strength development, and heavy load carriage, (2) moving away from "field expediency" as the major criteria for determining military physical training policy and training implementation, (3) improvement of load carriage ability with emphasis placed on specific load carriage task performance, combined with both resistance and endurance training, and (4) providing greater equipment resources, coaching assets, and increased training time dedicated to physical readiness training. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Navy Expeditionary Support

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-27

Officer, Explosive Ordnance Disposal Mobil Unit TWO, conversation with author, March 2010. 12 Marc Carmichael , Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy, Deputy...Combat Service Support Reorganization Conference, 17-27 Jan 1977. Washington, D. C.: Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps, January 17, 1977. "Armed

Enhancement by Enlargement: The Proliferation Security Initiative

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

Minister Mahathir Mohammad. In any event, Malaysia’s expressions of common interest with the United States in cooperative efforts to combat terrorism...instances 10 The sharp change in the current Malaysian government’s stance toward cooperation with the United States from that of the preceding, Mahathir ...preceding prime minister, Mahathir , Malaysia was implicated in the proliferation network of Pakistan’s A. Q. Khan. As part of that network

Company Level Logistics on the Future Battlefield.

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-17

also expands the terrain envelope in which responsive logistics can be provided. Self diagnostic equipment is currently imbedded in many of our new ...satellite systems, improved sensors, better communications, and long range weapons systems. The combined effect of these systems creates a new ...battlefield. To support combat operations in light of these changes, logistics units must adapt to the new environment. In the past American logistics units

The United States’ Role in Combating Militant Islam in France

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-16

United States Army DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A : Approved for Public Release. Distribution is Unlimited. This SRP is submitted in partial...provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently...SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Distribution A : Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Knowing Your Partner: The Evolution of Brazilian Special Operations Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

Government Palace in Port au Prince, Haiti. (Photo courtesy Brazilian Army Special Operations Brigade) Bottom left: Members from the Navy Combat Divers...States Government , Department of Defense, United States Special Operations Command, the Joint Special Operations University, or the Government of...its people, its economy, its government , and Brazilian policy toward the United States. General Pinheiro then presents a history and overview of

Unit Ministry Team Essential Materiel Requirements for the Battlefield

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-21

School UMT Unit Ministry Team FLC Family Life Center CPE Clinical Pastoral Education BOS Battlefield Operating System NBC Nuclear, Biological...includes rites, ceremonies, sacraments, ordinances, services, pastoral care, and religious education. 5. On the battlefield, the UMT will not have the...visitations, pastoral counseling, and individual and group wor- ship experiences. During engagement or combat, the UMT’s priori- ty function shifts to

Replicating Impact of a Primary School HIV Prevention Programme: Primary School Action for Better Health, Kenya

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maticka-Tyndale, E.; Mungwete, R.; Jayeoba, O.

2014-01-01

School-based programmes to combat the spread of HIV have been demonstrated to be effective over the short-term when delivered on a small scale. The question addressed here is whether results obtained with small-scale delivery are replicable in large-scale roll-out. Primary School Action for Better Health (PSABH), a programme to train teachers to…

Impact of combat and sexual harassment on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder among men and women peacekeepers in Somalia.

PubMed

Fontana, A; Litz, B; Rosenheck, R

2000-03-01

The impact of combat and sexual harassment on the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is compared for 1,307 men and 197 women peacekeepers who served in the same military units. A theoretical model was proposed to express the nature of the impact. Structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the model separately for men and women. Good-fitting, parsimonious models were developed that showed substantial similarity for men and women. For men, severity of PTSD symptoms was impacted by exposure to combat directly and indirectly through fear and sexual harassment. For women, severity of PTSD symptoms was impacted by combat indirectly through the same two influences, although the mechanisms involving fear and sexual harassment were somewhat different. For both genders, moreover, PTSD severity was impacted directly by exposure to the dying of the Somali people. These similarities suggest that in modern stressful overseas military missions, both genders may be susceptible to the same types of risk for the development of PTSD. The incidence and impact of sexual harassment is particularly noteworthy in the case of men and calls for more detailed investigation in future studies.

The effects of elevated hearing thresholds on performance in a paintball simulation of individual dismounted combat.

PubMed

Sheffield, Benjamin; Brungart, Douglas; Tufts, Jennifer; Ness, James

2017-01-01

To examine the relationship between hearing acuity and operational performance in simulated dismounted combat. Individuals wearing hearing loss simulation systems competed in a paintball-based exercise where the objective was to be the last player remaining. Four hearing loss profiles were tested in each round (no hearing loss, mild, moderate and severe) and four rounds were played to make up a match. This allowed counterbalancing of simulated hearing loss across participants. Forty-three participants across two data collection sites (Fort Detrick, Maryland and the United States Military Academy, New York). All participants self-reported normal hearing except for two who reported mild hearing loss. Impaired hearing had a greater impact on the offensive capabilities of participants than it did on their "survival", likely due to the tendency for individuals with simulated impairment to adopt a more conservative behavioural strategy than those with normal hearing. These preliminary results provide valuable insights into the impact of impaired hearing on combat effectiveness, with implications for the development of improved auditory fitness-for-duty standards, the establishment of performance requirements for hearing protection technologies, and the refinement of strategies to train military personnel on how to use hearing protection in combat environments.

Combat casualty care: the Alpha Surgical Company experience during Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Marshall, Thomas J

2005-06-01

Operation Iraqi Freedom was the first large-scale combat operation involving the U.S. Marine Corps since the Persian Gulf War in 1991. Data from a combat surgical company are presented. Records of all U.S. and Iraqi combat casualties admitted to the surgical company were reviewed. Fifty-three (57%) of 93 patients suffered penetrating injuries. Most wounds were produced by high-explosive munitions (mines, hand grenades, and rocket-propelled grenades), and the majority (51%) of wounds were to the extremities. The time to surgical care averaged 4.7 hours (range, 1.5-48 hours), and 98% of the patients seen at our facility survived. The time from injury to surgical care was considered long by civilian standards; however, this did not appear to affect outcomes substantially. A small percentage (5.2%) of injuries were to the torso. Hypothermia was commonly present. Because of the nature of their wounds, all patients required additional surgery after evacuation to rear area facilities. The outcomes of individual patients are not known, although it is known that only one Marine died after reaching medical care and, to date, no Marines have subsequently died of their wounds.

Evaluation, Analysis, and Documentation Support for the 10kW Signature Suppressed Lightweight Electric Energy Plant (SLEEP)

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-14

HAEMP. This issue will be resolved during the Technical Test. (8) Will the 10kW SLEEP handle brief overload conditions? Air conditioners and other...signal units; air defense units; combat arms command, control, and commnunications units; and logistics functions in the brigade area. Priority...Skid mounting o Lifting attachments and tiedowns o Transportable by USAF C-130, C-141 and all US Army aircraft o Capability for low velocity air drop

A Model of Family Factors and Individual and Unit Readiness: Literature Review

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-02-01

ability of forces, units, weapon systems, or equipment to deliver the outputs for which they were designed (includes the ability to deploy and employ...the Army’s "Extracts of Non -Divisional TOE," FM 101-10-2, 1977.) At last count, there were approximately a zillion company-sized units in the Army...Hawley (1985) lays out the minimum considerations that must be addressed in designing cross-training programs for surge (i.e., combat condition

ASC Addresses Unit Commanders’ Concerns through LBE and Reset Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

Distribution Management Center (DMC). The DMC, based at ASC Headquarters on Rock Island Arsenal, Ilinois, has become the single ASC integrator for LBE and field-level reset in support of ARFORGEN. The reset of units returning from OEF/OIF consists of a series of actions to restore the units to a desired level of combat capability commensurate with future mission requirements. These actions include the repair of equipment, replacement of equipment lost during operations, and recapitalization of equipment where feasible and

Red Tides: Mass casualty and whole blood at sea Red Tides.

PubMed

Miller, Benjamin T; Lin, Andrew H; Clark, Susan C; Cap, Andrew P; Dubose, Joseph J

2018-02-13

The U.S. Navy's casualty-receiving ships provide remote damage control resuscitation (RDCR) platforms to treat injured combatants deployed afloat and ashore. We report a significant mass casualty incident aboard the USS Bataan, and the most warm fresh whole blood (WFWB) transfused at sea for traumatic hemorrhagic shock since the Vietnam War. Casualty-receiving ships have robust medical capabilities, including a frozen blood bank with packed red blood cells (pRBC) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP). The blood supply can be augmented with WFWB collected from a "walking blood bank" (WBB). Following a helicopter crash, six patients were transported by MV-22 Osprey to the USS Bataan. Patient 1 had a pelvic fracture, was managed with a pelvic binder, and received 4 units of pRBC, 2 units of FFP, and 6 units of WFWB. Patient 2, with a comminuted tibia and fibula fracture, underwent lower extremity four-compartment fasciotomy, and received 4 units of WFWB. Patient 3 underwent several procedures, including left anterior thoracotomy, aortic cross-clamping, exploratory laparotomy, small bowel resection, and tracheostomy. He received 8 units of pRBC, 8 units of FFP, and 28 units of WFWB. Patients 4 and 5 had suspected spine injuries and were managed non-operatively. Patient 6, with open tibia and fibula fractures, underwent lower extremity four-compartment fasciotomy with tibia external fixation and received 1 unit of WFWB. All patients survived aeromedical evacuation to a Role 4 medical facility and subsequent transfer to local hospitals. Maritime military mass casualty incidents are challenging, but the U.S. Navy's casualty-receiving ships are ready to perform RDCR at sea. Activation of the ship's WBB to transfuse WFWB is essential for hemostatic resuscitations afloat. V STUDY TYPE: Case series.

Optimizing Artillery Fires at the Brigade Level

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-09

order to determine changes needed to meet the demands placed upon units based on their mission set. The structured progression of increased readiness in...Brigade Combat Team (BCT). Through the construct of Doctrine, Organizational , Training, Material, Leadership and Education, Personnel, and Facilities...

Influence Small State Force Design

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR), and sustainment formations, become clusters of joint combat power that have the capacity for operations...Global System: Analisis and Ilustrationd from the Case of Island, (Aldershod: Ashgate, 1998), 8-10. 4 Davif Vital, The inequality of States: A

Patella Fracture in US Servicemember in an Austere Location.

PubMed

Schermerhorn, Sophia M; Auchincloss, Paul J; Kraft, Kyle; Nelson, Kenneth J; Pamplin, Jeremy C

Review the management of a patient with acute patella fracture supported by telemedical consultation. Clinical Context: Regionally Aligned Forces (RAF) supporting US Army Africa/Southern European Task Force (USARAF/ SETAF) in Africa Command area of responsibility. Care was provided by a Role I facility on the compound. Organic Expertise: Three 68W combat medics; one Special Operations Combat Medic (SOCM). Closest Medical Support: Organic battalion physician assistant (PA) located in the United States; USARAF PA located in a European country; French Role II located in nearby West African country; telemedical consults via e-mail, phone, or videoteleconsultation. Earliest Evacuation: Estimated at 12 to 24 hours with appropriate clearances. 2018.

Anything, Anywhere, Any Time: Combat Cargo in the Korean War

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

War 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7...Anything, Anywhere, Any Time Combat Cargo in the Korean War William M. Leary A I R F O R C E H I S T O R Y A N D M U S E U M S P R O G R A M 2000... War II had been marked by a series of draconian cuts in the military budget by President Harry S Truman, culminating in a spending cap of $14.3

Overuse Injuries Among Female Combat Warriors in the Israeli Defense Forces: A Cross-sectional Study.

PubMed

Schwartz, Oren; Malka, Itzik; Olsen, Cara H; Dudkiewicz, Israel; Bader, Tarif

2018-03-14

Integration of females in combat units poses a unique challenge for army commanders around the world. The purpose of this study is to provide a detailed up-to-date situation report regarding overuse injuries among combat female warriors in the IDF (Israeli Defense Forces) in order to enable evidence-based decision-making, prevention policy, and further research of this highly significant military public health issue. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted including 2,519 females recruited to combat duties during the year of 2013. The main data source was the IDF's computerized medical consultation records package (CPR). Descriptive statistics was performed and some results were compared with males using data from other reports and studies of the IDF. The overall injury rate was 28.3%. Of all injuries, 86% were in the ankle and calf (41%), the lower back (23%), and the knee (22%) regions. The average lost training days was 11 d for females as compared with 8 d for males. The overall rates of stress fractures and the rates of femur and femoral neck stress fractures were significantly higher among females as compared with males (11.2% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.0032, and 7.8% vs. 1.6% p = 0.00001, respectively). The overuse injury rates among females in the IDF are high and may be considered a significant military public health problem. In order to reduce the numbers of overuse injuries, which is expected to significantly increase after the IDF's policy change regarding to combat duties open for females, we recommend planning and implementation of policies and intervention programs and further research regarding to overuse injuries among female combat warriors with special focus on the calf and ankle, lower back, and knee regions and femoral stress fractures.

NOS1AP is associated with increased severity of PTSD and depression in untreated combat veterans.

PubMed

Lawford, Bruce R; Morris, Charles P; Swagell, Christopher D; Hughes, Ian P; Young, Ross McD; Voisey, Joanne

2013-05-01

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depressive disorder are over represented in combat veterans. Veterans with both disorders have an increased risk of suicide. The nitric oxide synthase 1 adaptor protein (NOS1AP) gene, which modulates stress-evoked N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) activity, was investigated in combat veterans. A comprehensive genetic analysis of NOS1AP and its association with PTSD was investigated in Vietnam combat veterans with PTSD (n=121) and a group of healthy control individuals (n=237). PTSD patients were assessed for symptom severity and level of depression using the Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD and the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI). The G allele of NOS1AP SNP rs386231 was significantly associated with PTSD (p=0.002). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences in BDI-II and Mississippi scores between genotypes for rs386231 with the GG genotype associated with increased severity of depression (p=0.002 F=6.839) and higher Mississippi Scale for Combat-Related PTSD scores (p=0.033). Haplotype analysis revealed that the C/G haplotype (rs451275/rs386231) was significantly associated with PTSD (p=0.001). The sample sizes in our study were not sufficient to detect SNP associations with very small effects. In addition the study was limited by its cross sectional design. This is the first study reporting that a variant of the NOS1AP gene is associated with PTSD. Our data also suggest that a genetic variant in NOS1AP may increase the susceptibility to severe depression in patients with PTSD and increased risk for suicide. Crown Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

United States Marine Corps Cost Reduction and the Joint Battle Command Platform

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-09-01

2013) ...................... 20   Figure 4.   Hierarchical multi- level representation of the JBC-P FoS capability areas and metrics (After Han et...Technician FY Fiscal Year GAO Government Accountability Office GCE Ground Combat Element GOTS Government off the Shelf HMMWV High...widely dispersed units across the battlefield (HQMC, 2013). This control is desired to be extended down to the company level and below. The vision

Running on Empty: The Development of Helicopter Aerial Refueling and Implications for Future USAF Combat Rescue Capabilities

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-03-01

Haiti, Somalia, Liberia, and Bosnia. The future appears very busy for Air Force rescue units as well. According to ?Strategic Assessment 1996?Instruments...13 COMTEMPORARY ROLE OF AIR REFUELING IN US AIR FORCE SEARCH AND RESCUE...places such as Haiti, Somalia, Liberia, and Bosnia. The future appears very busy for Air Force rescue units as well. According to “Strategic Assessment

Land Combat Systems Industry Study 2004

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-01-01

David Barnhart, Florida Air National Guard Lt Col Warren Anderson, United States Air Force Lt Col Phillip Chudoba, United States Marine Corps Mr...beginning with the current condition of GD. CURRENT CONDITION In the business world, the rearview mirror is always clearer than the windshield. Warren ... Buffett The ICAF coursework and field trips presented the study team with ample historic data for assessing the current condition of the LCS firms

History of Special Operations Forces in Malaysia

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

Transformation,” an article for the 11th International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, 2006, http://www.dodccrp.org/events...the 91 Grup Operasi Perisikan (GOP). This unit is a special combat unit in the Army Intelligence Corps, placed under the operational control of the...and Control Research and Technology Symposium 2006, http://www.dodccrp.org/events/11th_ICCRTS/html/papers/061.pdf (accessed February 29, 2012

Travailleurs-Euses, Étudiant-Es : Même Combat! Association of Graduate Students Employed at McGill (AGSEM), 2012-2013 Teaching Assistants' Unit Executive

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McGill Journal of Education, 2013

2013-01-01

In the wake of the Québec student movement, graduate students of the 2012-2013 executive team for the Teaching Assistants' Unit of the Association of Graduate Students Employed at McGill (AGSEM) reflect on their individual backgrounds and motivations for pursuing union work. With various opportunities for employment on and off campus, what compels…

Web-Based Army Repeatable Lesson in Operational Combat (WARLOC)

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

United States Army B.A., St. John’s University, 1996 Austin T. Starken Captain, United States Army B.S., Florida Institute of Technology, 2005 Submitted...Simulation Games. New York, NY: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2012. [25] J. Peterson , Playing at the World: A History of Simulating Wars, People...Serious Games and Virtual Worlds in Education, Professional Development, and Healthcare. Ed. Hershey , PA: IGI Global, 2013. [Online]. Available

Case report: severe heat stroke with multiple organ dysfunction – a novel intravascular treatment approach

PubMed Central

Broessner, Gregor; Beer, Ronny; Franz, Gerhard; Lackner, Peter; Engelhardt, Klaus; Brenneis, Christian; Pfausler, Bettina; Schmutzhard, Erich

2005-01-01

Introduction We report the case of a patient who developed a severe post-exertional heat stroke with consecutive multiple organ dysfunction resistant to conventional antipyretic treatment, necessitating the use of a novel endovascular device to combat hyperthermia and maintain normothermia. Methods A 38-year-old male suffering from severe heat stroke with predominant signs and symptoms of encephalopathy requiring acute admission to an intensive care unit, was admitted to a ten-bed neurological intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. The patient developed consecutive multiple organ dysfunction with rhabdomyolysis, and hepatic and respiratory failure. Temperature elevation was resistant to conventional treatment measures. Aggressive intensive care treatment included forced diuresis and endovascular cooling to combat hyperthermia and maintain normothermia. Results Analyses of serum revealed elevation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha, IL-6), cytokines (IL-2R), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4) and chemokines (IL-8) as well as signs of rhabdomyolysis and hepatic failure. Aggressive intensive care treatment as forced diuresis and endovascular cooling (CoolGard® and CoolLine®) to combat hyperthermia and maintain normothermia were used successfully to treat this severe heat stroke. Conclusion In this case of severe heat stroke, presenting with multiple organ dysfunction and elevation of cytokines and chemokines, which was resistant to conventional cooling therapies, endovascular cooling may have contributed significantly to the reduction of body temperature and, possibly, avoided a fatal result. PMID:16285034

A randomized, controlled trial of virtual reality-graded exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder in active duty service members with combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder.

PubMed

McLay, Robert N; Wood, Dennis P; Webb-Murphy, Jennifer A; Spira, James L; Wiederhold, Mark D; Pyne, Jeffrey M; Wiederhold, Brenda K

2011-04-01

Abstract Virtual reality (VR)-based therapy has emerged as a potentially useful means to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but randomized studies have been lacking for Service Members from Iraq or Afghanistan. This study documents a small, randomized, controlled trial of VR-graded exposure therapy (VR-GET) versus treatment as usual (TAU) for PTSD in Active Duty military personnel with combat-related PTSD. Success was gauged according to whether treatment resulted in a 30 percent or greater improvement in the PTSD symptom severity as assessed by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) after 10 weeks of treatment. Seven of 10 participants improved by 30 percent or greater while in VR-GET, whereas only 1 of the 9 returning participants in TAU showed similar improvement. This is a clinically and statistically significant result (χ(2) = 6.74, p < 0.01, relative risk 3.2). Participants in VR-GET improved an average of 35 points on the CAPS, whereas those in TAU averaged a 9-point improvement (p < 0.05). The results are limited by small size, lack of blinding, a single therapist, and comparison to a relatively uncontrolled usual care condition, but did show VR-GET to be a safe and effective treatment for combat-related PTSD.

Incidence and morbidity of concomitant spine fractures in combat-related amputees.

PubMed

Bevevino, Adam J; Lehman, Ronald A; Tintle, Scott M; Kang, Daniel G; Dworak, Theodora C; Potter, Benjamin K

2014-04-01

High-energy blasts are the most frequent cause of combat-related amputations in Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom (OIF/OEF). The nondiscriminating effects of this mechanism often result in both appendicular and axial skeletal injuries. Despite this recognized coincident injury pattern, the incidence and consequence of spine fractures in trauma-related combat amputees are unknown. This study sought to determine the incidence and morbidity of the associated spine fractures on patients with traumatic lower extremity amputation sustained during OIF/OEF. Retrospective case control. Two hundred twenty-six combat-related lower extremity amputees presenting to a single institution and injured between 2003 and 2008 were included for analysis. Physiologic and functional outcome measures were used to determine the influence of spine fractures on combat amputees. Physiologic measures included intensive care unit (ICU) admission rates, injury severity score (ISS), rate of narcotic/neuropathic pain use, and heterotopic ossification (HO) rates. Functional outcome measures included return-to-duty rates and ambulatory status at final follow-up. Data from 300 consecutive combat-related lower extremity amputations were retrospectively reviewed and grouped. Group 1 consisted of amputees with associated spine fractures, and Group 2 consisted of amputees without spine fractures. The results of the two groups were compared with regard to initial presentation and final functional outcomes. A total of 226 patients sustained 300 lower extremity amputations secondary to combat-related injuries, the most common mechanism being an improvised explosive device. Twenty-nine of these patients had a spine fracture (13%). Group 1 had a higher ISS than Group 2 (30 vs. 19, p<.001). Group 1 patients were also more likely to be admitted to the ICU (86% vs. 46%, p<.001). Furthermore, Group 1 patients had a significantly higher rate of HO in their residual limbs (82% vs. 55%, p<.005). The incidence of spine fractures in combat-related amputees is 13%. The results suggest that combat-related amputees with spine fractures are more likely to sustain severe injuries to other body systems, as indicated by the significantly higher ISS and rates of ICU admission. This group also had a significantly higher rate of HO formation, which may be attributable to the greater local and/or systemic injuries sustained by these patients. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Boxing, wrestling, and martial arts related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2002-2005.

PubMed

Pappas, Evangelos

2007-01-01

The incidence of injury in combat sports has not been adequately reported although it is important to identify the nature and frequency of injuries prior to the implementation of prevention programs. This study compared injury rates treated in Hospital Emergency Departments between different combat sports of boxing, wrestling, and martial arts. A secondary objective described anatomic region and diagnosis of these injuries. Data were obtained on all boxing, wrestling, and martial arts-related injuries that were in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database and resulted in Emergency Department visits between 2002 and 2005. Pearson's chi-square statistics were calculated to compare injury rates for each activity accounting for complex sample design. Martial arts had lower injury rates compared to boxing and wrestling for all diagnoses (p<0.001). Boxing had lower injury rates compared to wrestling for strains/sprains and dislocations. Boxing and wrestling had similar injury rates for concussions. Injury prevention efforts should consider the distribution of injuries and concentrate on preventing strains/sprains in wrestling, concussions in boxing and wrestling, and fractures for all three activities. The findings of the present study do not provide evidence that combat sports have alarmingly high rates of injuries resulting in emergency department visits. Key pointsMartial arts have lower emergency department injury rates compared to boxing and wrestling.Wrestling has higher strains/sprains and dislocation injury rates compared to boxing.Combat sports do not appear to have higher injury rates compared to non-combat sports.

Combating Daesh: A Socially Unconventional Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

is relying on a minimalist strategy through military partnerships and air support. This research contends that this fairly conventional approach is...ultimately destroy Daesh, yet afraid to mire itself in another Middle Eastern conflict, the United States is relying on a minimalist strategy through

Olecranon Bursitis in a Military Population: Epidemiology and Evidence for Prolonged Morbidity in Combat Recruits.

PubMed

Schermann, Haggai; Karakis, Isabella; Dolkart, Oleg; Maman, Eran; Kadar, Assaf; Chechik, Ofir

2017-09-01

Olecranon bursitis (OB) is a benign but disturbing condition that may adversely affect a military recruit's combat preparedness. This study was designed to assess incidence, risk factors, and associated medical burden of OB in the Israel Defense Forces. This is a retrospective study drawing on medical records of all Israel Defense Forces soldiers diagnosed as having OB between 2005 and 2015. OB was classified as septic and noninfectious. Crude incidence rates and duty-specific incidence rates were calculated. Medical burden was defined by the number of physician visits, referrals to orthopedic specialist consultations, duration of symptoms, and duration of pharmaceutical treatment. Demographic and occupational information (age, sex, height, weight, socioeconomic status, country of origin, type of military service, time of presentation to medical services) was used to identify risk factors for septic bursitis and longer duration of symptoms. Statistical analysis was performed in R statistical software. Risk factors were evaluated using the Chi-square test for categorical variables and Pearson correlation coefficients were used for continuous variables. The study was approved by the Israeli Defense Force IRB. A total of 2,692 soldiers were diagnosed with OB during the study period. The crude annual incidence rate of OB was 29/100,000 person-years (PY). Combat duty had an incidence of 97/100,000 PY, and noncombat duties had an incidence of 12/10,000 PY (p < 0.001). Female incidence (8.4/100,000 PY) was similar to male incidence (11/100,000 PY) in administrative duties (p = 0.54). More cases were diagnosed during summer and autumn than in other seasons (p = 0.016). Septic bursitis constituted 24% of all cases, was more frequent in combat soldiers (32%), and on average presented earlier in service than noninfectious OB (13 vs. 17 weeks since recruitment). The mean duration of symptoms was estimated at 17.58 weeks, with a mean of 1.75 physician visits per soldier. About 19% received a specialist referral. Origin from the former USSR was associated with a higher duration of symptoms (p = 0.012). Type of military service was the principal risk factor for OB, as indicated by a higher incidence of the disorder among combat compared to noncombat units, possibly the result of field training without protective gear and repetitive trauma to elbows. The greater number of diagnoses of OB during summer and autumn, when training is more intensive, support that explanation. Sex did not affect incidence of OB in administrative units. The medical burden appears to be relatively low, since most of the soldiers had only one physician visit. OB is highly prevalent in military compared to civilian populations. Outdoor training involving crawling is a probable explanation for the much higher rates among combat units and increased number of diagnoses during warm summer and autumn months. Prevention by use of protective gear seems to be the most promising intervention. Reprint & Copyright © 2017 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

78 FR 40619 - Combating Wildlife Trafficking

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-05

... follows: Section 1. Policy. The poaching of protected species and the illegal trade in wildlife and their... that continues to escalate. Poaching operations have expanded beyond small-scale, opportunistic actions... protected wildlife species such as elephants, rhinos, great apes, tigers, sharks, tuna, and turtles has...

Workforce Development and Succession Planning to Prepare the Rural Transit Industry for the Future.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2016-07-01

As Americas transportation workforce continues to age, there is an increased need to invest in workforce development to combat the impending retirement tsunami. This is especially true within the small urban and rural transit industry. A literatur...

ARL participation in the C4ISR OTM experiment: integration and performance results

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zong, Lei; O'Brien, Barry J.

2007-04-01

The Command, Control, Communication, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance (C4ISR) On-The- Move (OTM) demonstration is an annual showcase of how innovative technologies can help modern troops increase their situational awareness (SA) in battlefield environments. To evaluate the effectiveness these new technologies have on the soldiers' abilities to gather situational information, the demonstration involves United States Army National Guard troops in realistic war game scenarios at an Army Reserve training ground. The Army Research Laboratory (ARL) was invited to participate in the event, with the objective demonstrating system-level integration of disparate technologies developed for gathering SA information in small unit combat operations. ARL provided expertise in Unattended Ground Sensing (UGS) technology, Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) technology, information processing and wireless mobile ad hoc communication. The ARL C4ISR system included a system of multimodal sensors (MMS), a trip wire imager, a man-portable robotic vehicle (PackBot), and low power sensor radios for communication between an ARL system and a hosting platoon vehicle. This paper will focus on the integration effort of bringing the multiple families of sensor assets together into a working system.

Critical Velocity Is Associated With Combat-Specific Performance Measures in a Special Forces Unit.

PubMed

Hoffman, Mattan W; Stout, Jeffrey R; Hoffman, Jay R; Landua, Geva; Fukuda, David H; Sharvit, Nurit; Moran, Daniel S; Carmon, Erez; Ostfeld, Ishay

2016-02-01

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between critical velocity (CV) and anaerobic distance capacity (ADC) to combat-specific tasks (CST) in a special forces (SFs) unit. Eighteen male soldiers (mean ± SD; age: 19.9 ± 0.8 years; height: 177.6 ± 6.6 cm; body mass: 74.1 ± 5.8 kg; body mass index [BMI]: 23.52 ± 1.63) from an SF unit of the Israel Defense Forces volunteered to complete a 3-minute all-out run along with CST (2.5-km run, 50-m casualty carry, and 30-m repeated sprints with "rush" shooting [RPTDS]). Estimates of CV and ADC from the 3-minute all-out run were determined from data downloaded from a global position system device worn by each soldier, with CV calculated as the average velocity of the final 30 seconds of the run and ADC as the velocity-time integral above CV. Critical velocity exhibited significant negative correlations with the 2.5-km run time (r = -0.62, p < 0.01) and RPTDS time (r = -0.71, p < 0.01). In addition, CV was positively correlated with the average velocity during the 2.5-km run (r = 0.64, p < 0.01). Stepwise regression identified CV as the most significant performance measure associated with the 2.5-km run time, whereas BMI and CV measures were significant predictors of RPTDS time (R(2) = 0.67, p ≤ 0.05). Using the 3-minute all-out run as a testing measurement in combat, personnel may offer a more efficient and simpler way in assessing both aerobic and anaerobic capabilities (CV and ADC) within a relatively large sample.

Spine-area pain in military personnel: a review of epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

PubMed

Cohen, Steven P; Gallagher, Rollin M; Davis, Shelton A; Griffith, Scott R; Carragee, Eugene J

2012-09-01

Nonbattle illnesses and injuries are the major causes of unit attrition in modern warfare. Spine-area pain is a common disabling injury in service members associated with a very low return-to-duty (RTD) rate. To provide an overview of the current understanding of epidemiology, possible causes, and relative prognosis of spine-area pain syndromes in military personnel, including a discussion of various treatment options available in theaters of operation. Literature review. Search focusing on epidemiology, etiology and associative factors, and treatment of spinal pain using electronic databases, textbooks, bibliographic references, and personal accounts. Spine-area pain is the most common injury or complaint "in garrison" and appears to increase during training and combat deployments. Approximately three-quarters involve low back pain, followed by cervical and midback pain syndromes. Some predictive factors associated with spine-area pain are similar to those observed in civilian cohorts, such as psychosocial distress, heavy physical activity, and more sedentary lifestyle. Risk factors specific to military personnel include concomitant psychological trauma, g-force exposure in pilots and airmen, extreme shock and vibration exposure, heavy combat load requirements, and falls incurred during airborne, air assault, and urban dismounted ground operations. Effective forward-deployed treatment has been difficult to implement, but newer strategies may improve RTD rates. Spine-area pain syndromes comprise a major source of unit attrition and are often the result of duty-related burdens incurred during combat operations. Current strategies in theaters of operation that may improve the low RTD rates include individual and unit level psychological support, early resumption of at least some forward-area duties, multimodal treatments, and ergonomic modifications. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Marine Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS) Field Development System-1 (FDS-1) assessment: Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Avery, L.W.; Hunt, S.T.; Savage, S.F.

1992-04-01

The United State Marine Corps (USMC) is continuing the development and fielding of the Marine Corps Tactical Command and Control System (MTACCS), a system which exists in varying states of development, fielding, or modernization. MTACCS is currently composed of the following components: Tactical Combat Operations System (TCO) for ground command and control (C2), Intelligence Analysis System (IAS) with a Genser terminal connected to a TCO workstation for intelligence C2, Marine Integrated Personnel System (MIPS) and a TCO workstation using the Marine Combat Personnel System (MCPERS) software for personnel C2, Marine Integrated Logistics System (MILOGS) which is composed of the Landingmore » Force Asset Distribution System (LFADS), the Marine Air-Ground Task Force (MAGTF) II, and a TCO terminal using the Marine Combat Logistics System (MCLOG) for logistics C2, Marine Corps Fire Support System (MCFSS) for fire support C2, and Advanced Tactical Air Command Central (ATACC) and the Improved Direct Air Support Central for aviation C2.« less

Update: Exertional rhabdomyolysis, active component, U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps, 2011-2015.

PubMed

Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch

2016-03-01

Among active component members of the U.S. Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps in 2015, there were 456 incident episodes of rhabdomyolysis likely due to physical exertion or heat stress ("exertional rhabdomyolysis"). Annual rates of incident diagnoses of exertional rhabdomyolysis increased 17% between 2014 and 2015. In 2015, the highest incidence rates occurred in service members who were male; younger than 20 years of age; black, non-Hispanic; members of the Marine Corps and Army; recruit trainees; and in combat-specific occupations. Most cases of exertional rhabdomyolysis were diagnosed at installations that support basic combat/recruit training or major ground combat units of the Army or Marine Corps. Medical care providers should consider exertional rhabdomyolysis in the differential diagnosis when service members (particularly recruits) present with muscular pain and swelling, limited range of motion, or the excretion of dark urine (e.g., myoglobinuria) after strenuous physical activity, particularly in hot, humid weather.

Association Between Barracks Type and Acute Respiratory Infection in a Gender Integrated Army Basic Combat Training Population

PubMed Central

White, Duvel W.; Feigley, Charles E.; McKeown, Robert E.; Hout, Joseph J.; Hebert, James R.

2015-01-01

Background Acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are the leading cause of acute morbidity and lost work time in the United States. Few studies have looked at building design and transmission of ARIs. Objectives This study explores the association of ventilation design, room occupancy numbers, and training week with ARI rates in Army Basic Combat Training barracks. Methods This observational study captured the overall incidence of ARI in a cohort of 16,258 individuals attending basic combat training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Results ARI risk was higher among trainees living in the 60-person room barracks compared with those living in 8-person rooms, which increased rapidly for the first few weeks of training and then declined to baseline. Conclusions Findings support direct contact as primary ARI transmission mode in this study population based on observed lower ARI risk in smaller room barracks and similar risk in large room barracks despite heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system variability. PMID:21882781

Epidemiology and prevention of substance use disorders in the military.

PubMed

Sirratt, Deborah; Ozanian, Alfred; Traenkner, Barbara

2012-08-01

U.S. military service members have been in active combat for more than 10 years. Research reveals that combat exposure increases the risk of substance use disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder, major depression, and tobacco use. The Services and the field of addiction medicine are working hard to find a common definition for prescription drug misuse, which is a growing concern in both the general U.S. population and the force. Meanwhile, leaders at all levels of Department of Defense are diligently working to address barriers to care, particularly stigma related to substance abuse care, by seeking a balance between improving service member privacy in order to encourage self-referral for medical care and a commander's need to know the status of the unit and its combat readiness. The treatment and management of substance abuse disorders are a complex force health issue that requires the use of evidence-based medical interventions and policies that are consistent with them.

Training the combat and operational stress control dog: an innovative modality for behavioral health.

PubMed

Krol, William

2012-01-01

Combat and operational stress control (COSC) dogs represent a new category of military working dog. America's VetDogs, a nongovernmental, not-for-profit organization, trains and provides therapy dogs to work with the US Army's combat and operational stress control teams deployed to Afghanistan or Iraq. By taking the therapy/service dog concept to the next level, these dogs have become an important modality in the Army's initiative to safeguard Soldiers' behavioral health while deployed, allowing COSC unit members to break down stigmas that are still present when dealing with behavioral health issues. The training process begins by choosing a pool of dogs, exposing them to different sensory experiences over several months, and training the primary and secondary handlers who will be responsible for the dogs while deployed in theater. After their deployment ends, the dogs are retrained by America's VetDogs to further serve in military or Veterans Administration medical centers as physical, occupational, or behavioral therapy dogs.

Lack of efficacy for fluoxetine in PTSD: a placebo controlled trial in combat veterans.

PubMed

Hertzberg, M A; Feldman, M E; Beckham, J C; Kudler, H S; Davidson, J R

2000-06-01

Fluoxetine and placebo were studied in a population of combat veterans with severe, chronic PTSD. Twelve male veterans with PTSD were enrolled in a 12 week double-blind evaluation of fluoxetine and placebo. Mean fluoxetine dose at endpoint (week 12) was 48 mg/day with a range of 10 mg to 60 mg. One fluoxetine patient responded (17%) and two of the six placebo patients responded (33%). Fluoxetine patients did not show a greater response than placebo patients in this small sample of male combat veterans with severe, chronic PTSD. Fluoxetine has displayed an efficacious response in controlled studies of patients with PTSD who were predominantly female, suffered civilian (noncombat) traumas, and were overall experiencing less severe PTSD. The reasons for the low response rate to fluoxetine in our study is unknown and will await further study examining variables other than symptoms that might influence outcome, such as gender, comorbidity, prior treatment history, trauma type, severity and chronicity.

Effectiveness of battlefield-ethics training during combat deployment: a programme assessment.

PubMed

Warner, Christopher H; Appenzeller, George N; Mobbs, Angela; Parker, Jessica R; Warner, Carolynn M; Grieger, Thomas; Hoge, Charles W

2011-09-03

Breakdowns in the ethical conduct of soldiers towards non-combatants on the battlefield are of grave concern in war. Evidence-based training approaches to prevent unethical conduct are scarce. We assessed the effectiveness of battlefield-ethics training and factors associated with unethical battlefield conduct. The training package, based on movie vignettes and leader-led discussions, was administered 7 to 8 months into a 15-month high-intensity combat deployment in Iraq, between Dec 11, 2007, and Jan 30, 2008. Soldiers from an infantry brigade combat team (total population about 3500) were randomly selected, on the basis of company and the last four digits of each soldier's social security number, and invited to complete an anonymous survey 3 months after completion of the training. Reports of unethical behaviour and attitudes in this sample were compared with a randomly selected pre-training sample from the same brigade. The response patterns for ethical behaviour and reporting of ethical violations were analysed with chi-square analyses. We developed two logistic regression models using self-reported unethical behaviours as dependent variables. Factors associated with unethical conduct, including combat experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), were assessed with validated scales. Of 500 randomly selected soldiers 421 agreed to participate in the anonymous post-training survey. A total of 397 soldiers of the same brigade completed the pre-training survey. Training was associated with significantly lower rates of unethical conduct of soldiers and greater willingness to report and address misconduct than in those before training. For example, reports of unnecessary damage or destruction of private property decreased from 13·6% (54 of 397; 95% CI 10·2-17·0) before training to 5·0% (21 of 421; 2·9-7·1) after training (percent difference -63·2%; p<0·0001), and willingness to report a unit member for mistreatment of a non-combatant increased from 36·0% (143 of 397; 31·3-40·7) to 58·9% (248 of 421; 54·2-63·6; percent difference 63·6; p<0·0001). Nearly all participants (410 [97%]) reported that training made it clear how to respond towards non-combatants. Combat frequency and intensity was the strongest predictor of unethical behaviour; PTSD was not a significant predictor of unethical behaviour after controlling for combat experiences. Leader-led battlefield ethics training positively influenced soldiers' understanding of how to interact with and treat non-combatants, and reduced reports of ethical misconduct. Unethical battlefield conduct was associated with high-intensity combat but not with PTSD. None. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leveraging Venture Capital and Commercial Business: Enhancing Stability Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-24

Economic Stability Operations have emerged as a new element of United States national strategic power. The creation of jobs, through commercial...examine the key strategic factors influencing long-term economic stability following the withdrawal of combat forces. This paper provides a model for

48 CFR 25.301-3 - Weapons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Weapons. 25.301-3 Section... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Contracts Performed Outside the United States 25.301-3 Weapons. The contracting officer shall follow agency procedures and the weapons policy established by the combatant commander or...

48 CFR 25.301-3 - Weapons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Weapons. 25.301-3 Section... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Contracts Performed Outside the United States 25.301-3 Weapons. The contracting officer shall follow agency procedures and the weapons policy established by the combatant commander or...

48 CFR 25.301-3 - Weapons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Weapons. 25.301-3 Section... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Contracts Performed Outside the United States 25.301-3 Weapons. The contracting officer shall follow agency procedures and the weapons policy established by the combatant commander or...

48 CFR 25.301-3 - Weapons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Weapons. 25.301-3 Section... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Contracts Performed Outside the United States 25.301-3 Weapons. The contracting officer shall follow agency procedures and the weapons policy established by the combatant commander or...

48 CFR 25.301-3 - Weapons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Weapons. 25.301-3 Section... FOREIGN ACQUISITION Contracts Performed Outside the United States 25.301-3 Weapons. The contracting officer shall follow agency procedures and the weapons policy established by the combatant commander or...

Summary of Research 1998, Department of Operations Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-08-01

Data System OSD PA&E, and Vince Roeske , Scientific Advisor The Joint Staff): Taylor, J.G., "Initial Theoretical Evaluation of JWARS Ground-Combat...THE ARSENAL SHIP CONCEPT: VULNERABILITIES TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS Christian A. Dunbar-Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., University of Notre Dame

Problems in Developing Morally Sound Strategy in Low-Intensity Conflict.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

includes the less recognized but more valuable PSYOPS, Civil Affairs, and Judge Advocate Gen - eral units, and may be stretched to include combat support and...enforcement jargon. "Patrolling, observation, surveil- fance , and investigation, combined with patience and common sense, are . . . necessary skills

5 CFR 831.301 - Military service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... is not receiving military retired pay awarded for reasons other than (i) service-connected disability incurred in combat with an enemy of the United States, (ii) service-connected disability caused by an... receiving military retired pay awarded for reasons other than (i) service-connected disability incurred in...

Tackling racism in the NHS.

PubMed

Dean, Erin

2016-11-30

Essential facts Trade union Unite has developed a policy briefing on a new toolkit to combat racism in the NHS. It can help nurses and other staff tackle racial discrimination in health, with black and minority ethnic (BME) nurses often treated unequally compared with their white colleagues.

The U.S. Militarys Force Structure: A Primer

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-07-01

that it helps to produce a common culture in the two sea services that promotes trust and cooperation . Such close integration is also seen as a...Infantry Brigade Combat Teams 32 Other Department of the Army Units and Activities 36 Special Topics Integration of the Army’s Active and Reserve...Submarines 59 Amphibious Ships 61 Marine Corps Infantry Battalions 65 Other Department of the Navy Units and Activities 68 Special Topics Integration of

Computer Decision Support Software Safely Improves Glycemic Control in the Burn Intensive Care Unit: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Program Jointly Managed by the USA MRMC, NIH, NASA, and the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation and Combat Casualty Care Division, United States Army...were performed in the CP group (p = 0.0003), and nursing staff compliance with CP recommendations was greater (p < 0.0001). Conclusions—Glycemic...enhanced consistency in practice, providing standardization among nursing staff. Keywords Glycemic control; hypoglycemia; computer decision support

Intelligence Community Legal Reference Book

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

examination by the United States of any witness with respect to such information. INTERLOCUTORY APPEAL SEC. 7. [18 U.S.C. App. §7 ] (a) An interlocutory ...Tribunal that an alien is properly detained as an enemy combatant. (B) LIMITATION ON CLAIMS.—The jurisdiction of the United States Court of Appeals ... Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on any claims with respect to an alien under this paragraph shall be limited to the consideration of— (i

Unity of Command and Interdiction

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-07-01

8217RobWt F. Fuftff Idea, Cancept, Doctrine: Basic Thinking i The United States Air Force. vol. 1 1O7-IMO W( Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1989...Futrell, Ideas, Concepts, Doctrine: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, vol. 2, 1961-1984 ( Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1989...in Vietnam and Why. Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air University Press, 1991. Warden, Col John A. HI. The Air Campaign - Planning For Combat. Washington, D.C

Employing U.S. Navy Hospital Ships in Support of Soft Power Projection

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-24

the employment of hard power such as military engagements in multiple countries that support non-state actors and terrorists. One way to stem the...The United State‟s seeming decline in foreign policy can be directly attributed to the employment of hard power such as military engagements in...the Vietnam conflict, the USS REPOSE (AH-16) and USS SANCTUARY (AH-17), Haven class hospital ships, provided significant support to combat units

United Nations-Led Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration (DDR) in the Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

absorb rebel units into the national army failed to deconstruct previous personal and ideological allegiances to the former rebel movement and thus...victors our outside interveners, such as India in Sri Lanka, the U.S. in Somalia and Haiti, and UN interventions in Albania and Haiti.30 Nevertheless...Reconstructing Masculinities : The Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration of Former Combatants in Colombia.” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol.31

Understanding Attitudes on Gender and Training at the United States Air Force Academy

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

hypotheses ................................................. 44 3. Correlations among sexism scales and impact of women on the physical fitness standards...fitness standards. Specifically, levels of sexism regarding women in society, the roles of women in combat, women and certain military jobs, and the ...at the United States Air Force Academy. Items 1 to 8 are the Modem Sexism Scale (MSS) developed by Swim, Aikin, Hall, and Hunter (1995), items 9-12

Combating Sex Trafficking: The Strategies of the United States and United Kingdom

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose of exploitation shall be considered “trafficking in persons” even if this does not involve any...of the means set forth in subparagraph ( a ) of this article; ( d ) “ Child ” shall mean any person under eighteen years of age.86 Therefore...industry, such as Prostitution Research and Education, Standing Against Global Exploitation (SAGE), Stop Porn Culture, and the Coalition Against

From the Andes to the Hindu Kush: Columbian Airpower Lessons for Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-20

includes both rotary and fixed wing assets to conduct a variety of air operations. The ANAAC build plan includes fifty-four Mi-17. Twenty of these are to...Win. Dulles: Potomac Books, Inc., 2007. Renner , Stephen L., Major. A Modest Proposal for Air Attack Combat Aviation Advisors. School of Advanced Air ...by Major William J Maher United States Air Force School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General

Army Officer Duty Module Manual.

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-10-01

14l 3( RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF THIS Not Least (2) (3) The most PART (MOOULE) TO ENTIRE JOB aplicable critical Average Critical critical a. In actual...3 Directs and controls operations of mobile communications O- support unit -36- I. - O-G-5 Establishes and controls mobile area signal center 0-6-6...ENGINEERING O-EE-1 Directs .and controls combat engineer unit O-EE-2 Directs and controls portable bridging O-EE-3 Directs and controls mobile water

Assessment of an alternative postdeployment reintegration strategy with soldiers returning from Iraq.

PubMed

Sipos, Maurice L; Foran, Heather M; Wood, Michael D; Wright, Kathleen M; Barnhart, Vincent J; Riviere, Lyndon A; Adler, Amy B

2014-05-01

The present study examined behavioral health outcomes, risk behaviors, aggression, alcohol misuse, marital satisfaction, and attitudes toward reintegration associated with an alternative, front-loaded reintegration strategy compared with a more standardized reintegration process in soldiers returning from combat deployments. The type of reintegration strategy used did not predict differences in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, alcohol misuse, aggression, and marital satisfaction, although slightly higher reports of risk behaviors were found in the unit using the standard reintegration approach even after controlling for demographic covariates and combat exposure. These findings may help guide leadership when making decisions regarding reintegration approaches in the future. PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved.

China, U.S. and Africa: Competition or Cooperation

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-31

3444 This information campaign asked the public to write letters to the Olympic corporate sponsors like Johnson & Johnson, Coca - Cola , General Electric...Department of Defense (DoD) initiated the formation of a new combatant command known as United States Africa Command or AFRICOM. Advertised as a war

Training Humans for the Human Domain

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-01

combat operations in Afghanistan had “been reduced by 60 percent since the scientists arrived in February [2007],” while Colo- nel David Woods of the...quested political asylum in the UK. With police and additional British Army personnel from another Scot - tish unit brought in to Bassingbourn to

Medical Treatment in Lieu of Evacuation: Techniques for Combat Casualty Care Physicians

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

or clerkship training. These physicians are traditionally labeled as General Medical Officers ( GMO ), and may or may not have had additional...logistical throughput or change to the unit power plant . Additionally, the study assumes any increased ability to treat patients at Role 1

Alcohol Education: Curriculum Guide for Grades K-6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York State Education Dept., Albany. Bureau of Drug Education.

This alcohol curriculum guide was designed to assist school personnel to more effectively combat the alcohol problem through education as a primary prevention vehicle. "Practice experiences" comprise the most important components of the elementary health education curriculum for decision making. There are units with separate sections at…

Unlawful Combatants at the Controls: The CIA, Armed RPAS and LOAC

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-16

career judge advocate, beginning military service with the Judge Advocate General’s Corps, United States Navy . After a brief stint in private...of Xe Services, formerly known as Blackwater , the private security firm that has been at the forefront of other allegations concerning civilians

Evaluating U.S. and EU Trans Sahel Policies

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

elected leaders as well as young Africans who are leaders in civil society and entrepreneurship . Protecting Human Rights, Civil Society, and...GSPC: Newest Franchise in al-Qa‘ida‘s Global Jihad,‖ The Combating Terrorism Center, United States Military Academy, West Point, April 2007, 2. 40

Racial Justice in Broadcasting.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

United Church of Christ, New York, NY.

In response to allegations of blacks that broadcasting stations, especially in the South, discriminate against their interests, the Office of Communications of the United Church of Christ undertook a two-year project (1968-70) to combat discriminatory practices. The project attacked two widespread practices: non-employment or under-employment of…

Some Tactical Mistakes Have Theater-Strategic Consequences

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-06

PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER Paper Advisor (if Any): N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES... Robo -Cruiser, due to its automated combat system and the aggressive reputation of its Commanding Officer, Captain Will Rogers.9 Unfortunately, on 03

Reluctant Samurai? Partnering with Japan to Combat Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-04-01

Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002), 7. 5 Saunders, 151. 6 Inazo Nitobe , Bushido: The Soul...Officer, March 2002, 38-41. Napoleoni, Loretta. Terror Incorporated. New York: Seven Stories Press, 2005. Nitobe , Inazo . Bushido: The Soul of Japan

Occupational Health--Organizing for the Right to Breathe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dotson, David

1979-01-01

The problem of occupational diseases must be addressed by social workers who are trained to actively work for changes on a social level. A training model is described, wherein graduate students organized a small community to combat and prevent Brown Lung Disease among textile workers. (DS)

Boxing, Wrestling, and Martial Arts Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments in the United States, 2002-2005

PubMed Central

Pappas, Evangelos

2007-01-01

The incidence of injury in combat sports has not been adequately reported although it is important to identify the nature and frequency of injuries prior to the implementation of prevention programs. This study compared injury rates treated in Hospital Emergency Departments between different combat sports of boxing, wrestling, and martial arts. A secondary objective described anatomic region and diagnosis of these injuries. Data were obtained on all boxing, wrestling, and martial arts-related injuries that were in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System database and resulted in Emergency Department visits between 2002 and 2005. Pearson’s chi-square statistics were calculated to compare injury rates for each activity accounting for complex sample design. Martial arts had lower injury rates compared to boxing and wrestling for all diagnoses (p<0.001). Boxing had lower injury rates compared to wrestling for strains/sprains and dislocations. Boxing and wrestling had similar injury rates for concussions. Injury prevention efforts should consider the distribution of injuries and concentrate on preventing strains/sprains in wrestling, concussions in boxing and wrestling, and fractures for all three activities. The findings of the present study do not provide evidence that combat sports have alarmingly high rates of injuries resulting in emergency department visits. Key points Martial arts have lower emergency department injury rates compared to boxing and wrestling. Wrestling has higher strains/sprains and dislocation injury rates compared to boxing. Combat sports do not appear to have higher injury rates compared to non-combat sports. PMID:24198705

Influencing Helmand: United States Marine Corps Operations in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, in 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-14

8217 Master of Military Studies Research Paper September 2009- April 2010 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Sa. CONTRACT NUMBER Influencing Helmand: United States...Staff College Marine Corps University 2076 South Street Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virginia 22134-5068 MASTER OF MILITARY...THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF MILITARY STUDIES MAJOR SEAN DYNAN AY 09-10 Mentor and Or Approved:ti~~~~::.L~~~~~...,u

The Ratio of Blood Products Transfused Affects Mortality in Patients Receiving Massive Transfusions at a Combat Support Hospital

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

therapy resuscitation, and exacer- bated by hemorrhagic shock, metabolic acidosis, hypother- mia, hyperfibrinolysis, hypocalcemia , and anemia.11,14–19...outcome studies examining the effect of blood product transfusion ratios for trauma patients requiring massive transfusion. Most deaths (80% to 85%) that...calculation of apheresis platelet units transfused, though FWB has previously been shown to be as effective as 10 units of platelet concentrate.33 The

The Antiaircraft Journal. Volume 94, Number 1, January-February 1951

DTIC Science & Technology

1951-02-01

southern area where the units would be returned to the Fifth Air Force control for employment in air de - fense around an important establish- ment. Thus...used, or even accom- panied the units, during the ground de - fense role operations but this was not the case. These troops had collected and re...order that they might not de - teriorate before being called again into use. The considerable combat damage experienced by the guns during ground

Swinging the Sledgehammer: The Combat Effectiveness of German Heavy Tank Battalions in World War II

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-01-01

virtually every theater of Europe against every enemy of Germany. Ultimately, the German military created eleven Army and three Waffen -SS heavy tank...Army assigned the last heavy tank battalion as an organic unit of the elite Panzer Grenadier Division Grossdeutschland. The Waffen -SS allocated all...of their battalions to a different Waffen -SS Corps. Because these units were not fielded until late in 1942, they did not participate in Germany?s

Changing the Officer Promotion System to Support Unit Focused Stability (UFS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-05-26

arms officers will be reduced by one-third.78 This decrement is far from trivial. Since many combat arms officers define career success by these two...their own priorities and definitions of career success , or by inventing informal “work-arounds” to regain the status quo of the old personnel...progression models so that its members are not forced to choose between personal career success and unit cohesion? Perhaps a study of the officer

Solid-State High Power Radio Frequency Directed Energy Systems in Support of USMC Force Protection Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

Washington Post. May 7, 2015. 6 Defense has spent upward of $75 billion on new equipment, specialized units, and infrastructure against the deadly weapon...resources, in blood and treasure, spent to combat them. Observers will argue that vehicles used in suicide attempts have been used against the United...Technology Priorities list. It states that resources should be spent to, “create a capability to detect and neutralize suicide bombers including person

Strategic Landpower and a Resurgent Russia: An Operational Approach to Deterrence

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

conducted by the author on November 4, 2015. 58. Nathan Friesel, “Hybrid Warfare; Four Challenges,” lec- ture to the Defense Advanced Research ... research discussions with NATO International staff for policy member and a NATO staff officer on November 3 and 4, 2015. 35 61. Colby and Solomon , p. 23... experimental , classroom, or field settings. The CBCC uses open source data to compute platform combat values, then, groups them into units. Opposing units

The U.S. Army Reserve’s Private Public Partnership (P3) Program in Support of the Combatant Commander’s Security Cooperation Activities and the Readiness Opportunities for the U.S. Army Reserve

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

reserve force. One of the many innovative opportunities for soldiers, leaders, and units is the USAR’s Private Public Partnership Program (P3). This...opportunities for the reserve force. One of the many innovative opportunities for soldiers, leaders, and units is the USAR’s Private Public Partnership...21 National Strategic Direction

A Pilot Intervention to Increase Women’s Coping Skills in Family Reintegration after Deployment in Combat Areas

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-04-01

Study of Religion. Phase 2-- Quantitative Study --Completed Our hypothesis for this study was that women’s post -deployment individual and family... Post -deployment reintegration experiences • of female soldiers from national guard and reserve units in the United States. Nursing Research , 63, 5...reports and research - based studies appearing after these changes, such as that conducted with 22 Army nurses reintegrating after tours of duty in Iraq and

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 2, February 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-15

Losses to the U. S. population may reach 35 million people. The authors note that in the event that U. S. strategic nuclear forces are used...reserves created to carry out offensive operation (Khyber) (begun at the end of February 1984«), and suffering substantial losses (approximately 20,000...The two sides restored the combat effectiveness of their large units and units, which had suffered heavy losses , and prepared for new battles. The

U.S. Special Operations Forces (SOF): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-08

platforms to include AC-130U, AC-130W, U-28, MQ-1, MQ-9, C-145, C-146 as well as small unmanned aerial systems ( SUAS ), Combat Aviation Advisors, medical...forces can operate in small groups and have the ability to quickly deploy from Navy ships, submarines and aircraft , overseas bases, and forward-based...given greater responsibility for planning and conducting worldwide counterterrorism operations. U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM) has about

Benchmarking Naval Shipbuilding with 3D Laser Scanning, Additive Manufacturing, and Collaborative Product Lifecycle Management

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-20

battle force ships . The changes affect a small number of ship classes designated as (very) small combatants or logistics and support ships . Specifically...accurate, and fast method of helping shipbuilders and manufacturers design , redesign, modify, and salvage ships . However, only a handful of several... ship construction to become a fleet of 306 battle force ships over the next 30 years. It is critical that the Navy capture the full benefits of new

Perspectives of Disciplinary Problems and Practices in Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huger Marsh, Darlene P.

2012-01-01

Ill-discipline in public schools predates compulsory education in the United States. Disciplinary policies and laws enacted to combat the problem have met with minimal success. Research and recommendations have generally focused on the indiscipline problems ubiquitous in intermediate, junior and senior high schools. However, similar misbehaviors…

Issues and consequences of using nutrition to modulate the avian immune response

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Combatting antimicrobial resistant bacteria is a high priority for both public health and agriculture in the United States and globally. Antibiotic use in animals and humans is considered a major risk factor in the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria in animals, humans, and the environment...

"We Are Dumbledore's Army:" Forging the Foundation for Future Upstanders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rodeheaver, Misty D.; Gradwell, Jill M.; Dahlgren, Robert L.

2014-01-01

The profusion of human rights atrocities and purported incidents of genocide across the globe in recent decades has increasingly forced multiple and complicated issues associated with combating these violations onto the political agendas of world leaders and institutions. Scholars are united in recognizing the growing importance and need for…

The Dangerous Decline in the United States Military’s Infectious Disease Vaccine Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-02-17

of the 27th Special Operations Medical Group, Cannon Air Force Base, New Mexico . He has supported numerous combat operations including Operations...Japanese encephalitis.22 In addition, development of licensed vaccines for yellow fever, mumps, measles, varicella and oral polio was supervised

32 CFR 65.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...-called `A' School). (3) In the case of members of the Air Force, Basic Military Training and Technical..., U.S.C. Entry Level and Skill Training. (1) In the case of members of the Army, Basic Combat Training and Advanced Individual Training, which includes members attending One Station Unit Training (OSUT...

Combat Ready Crew Performance Measurement System. Phase IIID. Specifications and Implementation Plan

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-12-01

CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSERf»; F41609-7 l-C-0008 10 PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS 11230101 12. REPORT DATE...the alteratives should be reconsidered. Software, like Disneyland shoSd never be complete as long as there is creative imagination. Historically

Back to the Future Associated Units and ARNG Brigade Combat Teams

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-15

force.” In 1982, Defense Secretary Casper Weinberger narrowed this vision stating the “goal of the DOD is to equip all active, Guard, and Reserve...technology, information, speed, mobility, and lethality. He held strong DOD policy preferences against the Powell- Weinberger doctrine and the buildup of

76 FR 14942 - Procurement List; Additions and Deletions

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

... military management of the 2D Engineer Battalion when it relocates to White Sands Missile Range (WSMR... Engineer Battalion is a deployable, combat unit, it may be absent from WSMR as its mission dictates. When... Industrial Services Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO. Contracting Activity: Dept of the Air Force, FA4613 90...

Intelligence Architecture, Echelons Corps and Below (ECB): Some Near Term Alternatives

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-05

intelligence missions. - Failure to have an annual "MI Table VIII" type evaluation system keeps MI units in the business of supporting other Table...Division) CAC: Combined Arms Center (Ft Leavenworth) CEWI: Combat Electronic Warfare Inteligence C&GSC: Command and General Staff College CI

Suitability and accessibility of immature Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) stages to Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

Treesearch

Michael D. Ulyshen; Jian J. Duan; Leah S. Bauer; Ivich. Fraser

2010-01-01

Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval endoparasitoid, is one of three biocontrol agents from Asia currently being released in the United States to combat the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The current protocol for rearing T....

Use of aerobic spores as a surrogate for cryptosporidium oocysts in drinking water and supplies

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Waterborne illnesses are a growing concern among health agencies worldwide and regulatory efforts to prevent microbial contamination of water supplies are constantly evolving to stay ahead of the threat. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has established several rules to combat the co...

Fires. A Joint Publication for U.S. Artillery Professionals. November - December 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-11-01

Avenger-based units, 12 teams demonstrated their proficiency by engaging and destroying drones flying high above the desert floor. In March, I...Currahee. The Alpha Battery, Archangels created new firing positions at both Combat Outpost Curry and COP Zerok, enabling freedom of maneuver for

3 CFR 8342 - Proclamation 8342 of January 16, 2009. To Suspend Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Foreign Government Officials Responsible for Failing To Combat... January 16, 2009 Proc. 8342 To Suspend Entry as Immigrants and Nonimmigrants of Foreign Government... into the United States, as immigrants or nonimmigrants, of certain senior government officials...

Leader Challenge: What Would You Do?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Chris; Self, Nate; Garven, Sena; Allen, Nate

2011-01-01

Given the complex environment in which the U.S. military operates, leaders at all levels must be prepared for a force that is more responsive to regional combatant commanders needs, better employs joint capabilities, facilitates force packaging and rapid deployment, and fights self contained units in non-linear, non-contiguous battle space. This…

75 FR 47552 - Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-06

... propose a survey research study to determine the most and least effective techniques used to combat stigma... Injury Anti- Stigma Survey; OMB Control Number 0720-TBD. Needs and Uses: The project aims to identify... the United States. Approximately 30 campaigns have been identified to receive a survey. The data/study...

Prohibiting the President from deploying or maintaining United States Armed Forces in a sustained combat role in Iraq without specific, subsequent statutory authorization.

THOMAS, 113th Congress

Rep. McGovern, James P. [D-MA-2

2014-07-11

Senate - 07/28/2014 Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Modeling Sound as a Non-Lethal Weapon in the COMBAT(XXI) Simulation Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

Kilgore in ‘ Apocalypse Now !’ [Ref 4] blasting Wagner from his Cavalry helicopters. Moving from film to recent history, consider how General Noriega...Military Operations Research Society, 71 4. Coppola, F. F. (Producer). (1979). Apocalypse now . [Motion Picture] Hollywood, California: United Artists

Friendly Combat Casualties and Operational Narratives

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-21

turn for the worse on March 31, 2004. On that date, insurgents ambushed a convoy operated by the private security firm Blackwater in the center of the...2011), IV-6. 95 Ibid., III-17 34 Despite its name, the term operational risk management (ORM) as used by the United States Navy reflects

Utilizing Wisconsin Afterschool Programs to Increase Physical Activity in Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cavanagh, Bradley D.; Meinen, Amy

2015-01-01

Background: Approximately 31.7% of children in the United States are overweight or obese. Interventions in the afterschool setting may help combat childhood obesity. Research exists on interventions in school settings, but a few data exist for interventions about afterschool programs. This study investigates increasing physical activity (PA) in…

Beating the Apple Tree: How the University Coerces Activism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thorne, Ashley

2010-01-01

Universities in the United States are increasingly trading their academic mission for a social mission. They see themselves as responsible for contributing to solutions for the great problems of today. These conscience-troubling problems include racism, the unequal distribution of wealth, and impending environmental catastrophe. To combat these…

A Decisive Point in the War on Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-05

in their embryos .”4 The vision articulated in The National Security Strategy for Combating Terrorism requires winning not only the close battles...common set of ideas about the nature and destiny of the world, and a common goal of ushering in totalitarian rule. What unites the movement is the

3 CFR 13648 - Executive Order 13648 of July 1, 2013. Combating Wildlife Trafficking

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... Policy. The poaching of protected species and the illegal trade in wildlife and their derivative parts... continues to escalate. Poaching operations have expanded beyond small-scale, opportunistic actions to... wildlife species such as elephants, rhinos, great apes, tigers, sharks, tuna, and turtles has beneficial...

Using a College Human Sexuality Course to Combat Homophobia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rogers, Anissa; McRee, Nick; Arntz, Diana L.

2009-01-01

The present study seeks to identify factors among university students that may be associated with homophobic attitudes and whether homophobia may be reduced by educational interventions, such as knowledge-based curricula found in college sexuality courses. Participants were 128 undergraduate students attending a small, private university in the…

Fit for Command: Military Leadership Attributes for Small Wars

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-18

Corps Command and StaffCollege Marine Corps University 2076 outh Street Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico, Virgin ia?? 134-5068...by the local imam to join him in the celebration of a religious Shi’a holiday .79 Just before departure to the mosque his translator informed him

Applying Counterinsurgency Theory to Air Base Defense: A New Doctrinal Framework

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-09-01

impact when compared to airpower. However, the combatant commander’s dependence on airpower goes beyond just fire support but, maybe as importantly, on...insurgents do not is because the air base attacks have strategic impact . The insurgents attack because, as the Marine Corps’ Small Wars Manual (2003

Fitting Residual Error Structures for Growth Models in SAS PROC MCMC

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McNeish, Daniel

2017-01-01

In behavioral sciences broadly, estimating growth models with Bayesian methods is becoming increasingly common, especially to combat small samples common with longitudinal data. Although Mplus is becoming an increasingly common program for applied research employing Bayesian methods, the limited selection of prior distributions for the elements of…

LOGWAR 15: Analysis Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-01

Sanitation, and Hygiene WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization Unclassified Unclassified xii This page intentionally left blank...Insurgency Natural Disaster Contamination Visibility Disposition Distribution Sourcing Prioritization Security Financial U.S. Military Services Combatant...supply; restrictions on sourcing; contamination concerns (IV solutions) Small in size; multiple variants with limited interchangeability; requires

Mosquito larvicide BinAB revealed by de novo phasing with an X-ray laser

PubMed Central

Colletier, Jacques-Philippe; Sawaya, Michael R.; Gingery, Mari; Rodriguez, Jose A.; Cascio, Duilio; Brewster, Aaron S.; Michels-Clark, Tara; Hice, Robert H.; Coquelle, Nicolas; Boutet, Sébastien; Williams, Garth J.; Messerschmidt, Marc; DePonte, Daniel P.; Sierra, Raymond G.; Laksmono, Hartawan; Koglin, Jason E.; Hunter, Mark S.; Park, Hyun-Woo; Uervirojnangkoorn, Monarin; Bideshi, Dennis K.; Brunger, Axel T.; Federici, Brian A.; Sauter, Nicholas K.; Eisenberg, David S.

2016-01-01

Summary BinAB is a naturally occurring paracrystalline larvicide distributed worldwide to combat the devastating diseases borne by mosquitoes. These crystals are composed of homologous molecules, BinA and BinB, which play distinct roles in the multi-step intoxication process, transforming from harmless, robust crystals, to soluble protoxin heterodimers, to internalized mature toxin, and finally toxic oligomeric pores. The small size of the crystals, 50 unit cells per edge, on average, has impeded structural characterization by conventional means. Here, we report the structure of BinAB solved de novo by serial-femtosecond crystallography at an X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL). The structure reveals tyrosine and carboxylate-mediated contacts acting as pH switches to release soluble protoxin in the alkaline larval midgut. An enormous heterodimeric interface appears responsible for anchoring BinA to receptor-bound BinB for co-internalization. Remarkably, this interface is largely composed of propeptides, suggesting that proteolytic maturation would trigger dissociation of the heterodimer and progression to pore formation. PMID:27680699

Cognitive Performance in Operational Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Russo, Michael; McGhee, James; Friedler, Edna; Thomas, Maria

2005-01-01

Optimal cognition during complex and sustained operations is a critical component for success in current and future military operations. "Cognitive Performance, Judgment, and Decision-making" (CPJD) is a newly organized U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command research program focused on sustaining operational effectiveness of Future Force Warriors by developing paradigms through which militarily-relevant, higher-order cognitive performance, judgment, and decision-making can be assessed and sustained in individuals, small teams, and leaders of network-centric fighting units. CPJD evaluates the impact of stressors intrinsic to military operational environments (e.g., sleep deprivation, workload, fatigue, temperature extremes, altitude, environmental/physiological disruption) on military performance, evaluates noninvasive automated methods for monitoring and predicting cognitive performance, and investigates pharmaceutical strategies (e.g., stimulant countermeasures, hypnotics) to mitigate performance decrements. This manuscript describes the CPJD program, discusses the metrics utilized to relate militarily applied research findings to academic research, and discusses how the simulated combat capabilities of a synthetic battle laboratory may facilitate future cognitive performance research.

Errors and error rates in surgical pathology: an Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology survey.

PubMed

Cooper, Kumarasen

2006-05-01

This survey on errors in surgical pathology was commissioned by the Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology Council to explore broad perceptions and definitions of error in surgical pathology among its membership and to get some estimate of the perceived frequency of such errors. Overall, 41 laboratories were surveyed, with 34 responding to a confidential questionnaire. Six small, 13 medium, and 10 large laboratories (based on specimen volume), predominantly located in the United States, were surveyed (the remaining 5 laboratories did not provide this particular information). The survey questions, responses, and associated comments are presented. It is clear from this survey that we lack uniformity and consistency with respect to terminology, definitions, and the identification/documentation of errors in surgical pathology. An appeal is made for the urgent need to reach some consensus in order to address these discrepancies as we prepare to combat the issue of errors in surgical pathology.

Combat-related acetabular fractures: Outcomes of open versus closed injuries.

PubMed

Purcell, Richard L; Donohue, Michael A; Saxena, Sameer K; Gordon, Wade T; Lewandowski, Louis L

2018-02-01

Since the onset of the Global War on Terror close to 50,000 United States service members have been injured in combat, many of these injuries would have previously been fatal. Among these injuries, open acetabular fractures are at an increased number due to the high percentage of penetrating injuries such as high velocity gunshot wounds and blast injuries. These injuries lead to a greater degree of contamination, and more severe associated injuries. There is a significantly smaller proportion of the classic blunt trauma mechanism typically seen in civilian trauma. We performed a retrospective review of the Department of Defense Trauma Registry into which all US combat-injured patients are enrolled, as well as reviewed local patient medical records, and radiologic studies from March 2003 to April 2012. Eighty seven (87) acetabular fractures were identified with 32 classified as open fractures. Information regarding mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, transfusion requirements, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and presence of lower extremity amputations was analyzed. The mechanism of injury was an explosive device in 59% (n=19) of patients with an open acetabular fracture; the remaining 40% (n=13) were secondary to ballistic injury. In contrast, in the closed acetabular fracture cohort 38% (21/55) of fractures were due to explosive devices, and all remaining (n=34) were secondary to blunt trauma such as falls, motor vehicle collisions, or aircraft crashes. Patients with open acetabular fractures required a median of 17units of PRBC within the first 24h after injury. The mean ISS was 32 in the open group compared with 22 in the closed group (p=0.003). In the open fracture group nine patients (28%) sustained bilateral lower extremity amputations, and 10 patients (31%) ultimately underwent a hip disarticulation or hemi-pelvectomy as their final amputation level. Open acetabular fractures represent a significant challenge in the management of combat-related injuries. High ISS and massive transfusion requirements are common in these injuries. This is one of the largest series reported of open acetabular fractures. Open acetabular fractures require immediate damage control surgery and resuscitation as well as prolonged rehabilitation due to their severity. The dramatic number of open acetabular fractures (37%) in this review highlights the challenge in treatment of combat related acetabular fractures. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military History Journal, No. 3, March 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-28

S ) After its combat baptism at Sokolovo the Czechoslovak military unit blazed a glorious combat trail together with the Soviet Army. Kiev, Belaya...1988 15 L2 _Q • >> §§■ ocB La < e . ■ .!= SQ P4 cl so leg E < c . SO > c . SO •1 öS Q CL, . ’ S . *7 co 5< « « u o-a-5...o< CO ZQ 10 s.fc > a . z.fc a OS bs *,» . la V. C o n^E ■Sfi .5! E Ic.E ’ S . ^ O fc ’O £ £ -C T> o£«e CJ c- ü< Ub 5 Q o (L, a

Acute respiratory distress syndrome in combat casualties: military medicine and advances in mechanical ventilation.

PubMed

Morris, Michael James

2006-11-01

Military medicine has made numerous enduring contributions to the advancement of pulmonary medicine. Acute respiratory distress syndrome was first recognized as a complication in battlefield casualties in World War I and continued to play a significant role in the treatment of casualties through the Vietnam War. Innovative surgeons during World War II devised methods to assist their patients with positive pressure breathing. This concept was later adopted and applied to the development of mechanical ventilation in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The continued treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome in combat casualties by military physicians has provided a major impetus for advances in modern mechanical ventilation and intensive care unit medicine.

Current radar-responsive tag development activities at Sandia National Laboratories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ormesher, Richard C.; Plummer, Kenneth W.; Wells, Lars M.

2004-08-01

Over the past ten years, Sandia has developed RF radar responsive tag systems and supporting technologies for various government agencies and industry partners. RF tags can function as RF transmitters or radar transponders that enable tagging, tracking, and location determination functions. Expertise in tag architecture, microwave and radar design, signal analysis and processing techniques, digital design, modeling and simulation, and testing have been directly applicable to these tag programs. In general, the radar responsive tag designs have emphasized low power, small package size, and the ability to be detected by the radar at long ranges. Recently, there has been an interest in using radar responsive tags for Blue Force tracking and Combat ID (CID). The main reason for this interest is to allow airborne surveillance radars to easily distinguish U.S. assets from those of opposing forces. A Blue Force tracking capability would add materially to situational awareness. Combat ID is also an issue, as evidenced by the fact that approximately one-quarter of all U.S. casualties in the Gulf War took the form of ground troops killed by friendly fire. Because the evolution of warfare in the intervening decade has made asymmetric warfare the norm rather than the exception, swarming engagements in which U.S. forces will be freely intermixed with opposing forces is a situation that must be anticipated. Increasing utilization of precision munitions can be expected to drive fires progressively closer to engaged allied troops at times when visual de-confliction is not an option. In view of these trends, it becomes increasingly important that U.S. ground forces have a widely proliferated all-weather radar responsive tag that communicates to all-weather surveillance. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent, current, and future radar responsive research and development activities at Sandia National Laboratories that support both the Blue Force Tracking and Combat ID application. Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company for the United States Departments of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Healthcare-Associated Pneumonia among United States Combat Casualties, 2009–2010

PubMed Central

Yun, Heather C.; Weintrob, Amy C.; Conger, Nicholas G.; Li, Ping; Lu, Dan; Tribble, David R.; Murray, Clinton K.

2014-01-01

Although there is literature evaluating infectious complications associated with combat-related injuries from Iraq and Afghanistan, none have evaluated pneumonia specifically. Therefore, we assessed a series of pneumonia cases among wounded military personnel admitted to Landstuhl Regional Medical Center, and then evacuated further to participating U.S. military hospitals. Of the 423 casualties evacuated to the U.S., 36 developed pneumonia (8.5%) and 30 of these (83.3%) were ventilator-associated. Restricting to 162 subjects admitted to intensive care, 30 patients had pneumonia (18.5%). The median Injury Severity Score was higher among subjects with pneumonia (23.0, versus 6.0; p<0.01). There were 61 first-isolate respiratory specimens recovered from 31 pneumonia subjects, of which 56.1% were gram-negative, 18.2% were gram-positive, and 18.2% were fungal. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were most commonly recovered (10.6%, and 9.1%, respectively). Thirteen bacterial isolates (26.5%) were multidrug-resistant. Outcome data were available for 32 patients, of which 26 resolved their infection without progression, 5 resolved after initial progression, and 1 died. Overall, combat-injured casualties suffer a relatively high rate of pneumonia, particularly those requiring mechanical ventilation. Although gram-negative pathogens were common, S. aureus was most frequently isolated. Continued focus on pneumonia prevention strategies is necessary for improving combat care. PMID:25562865

Effect of Uniform Design on the Speed of Combat Tourniquet Application: A Simulation Study.

PubMed

Higgs, Andrew R; Maughon, Michael J; Ruland, Robert T; Reade, Michael C

2016-08-01

Tourniquets are issued to deployed members of both the United States (U.S. military and the Australian Defence Force (ADF). The ease of removing the tourniquet from the pocket of the combat uniform may influence its time to application. The ADF uniform uses buttons to secure the pocket, whereas the U.S. uniform uses a hook and loop fastener system. National differences in training may influence the time to and effectiveness of tourniquet application. To compare the time taken to retrieve and apply a tourniquet from the pocket of the Australian and the U.S. combat uniform and compare the effectiveness of tourniquet application. Twenty participants from both nations were randomly selected. Participants were timed on their ability to remove a tourniquet from their pockets and then apply it effectively. The U.S. personnel removed their tourniquets in shorter time (median 2.5 seconds) than Australians (median 5.72 seconds, p < 0.0001). ADF members (mean 41.36 seconds vs. 58.87 seconds, p < 0.037) applied the tourniquet more rapidly once removed from the pocket and trended to apply it more effectively (p = 0.1). The closure system of pockets on the combat uniform might influence the time taken to apply a tourniquet. Regular training might also reduce the time taken to apply a tourniquet effectively. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Factors contributing to and strategies to combat emerging arboviruses.

PubMed

Callender, David Michael

2018-04-17

Less than half a century ago infectious diseases appeared to be destined to be extinguished via as a culmination of medical triumphs. As focus turned towards combating non-communicable diseases, emerging and re-emerging diseases (EIDs) have bloomed from those ashes. Five epidemic mosquito-borne arboviruses (Yellow Fever virus (YFV), Dengue virus, West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Zika virus) have emerged in the recent past. Arboviruses are of the utmost importance with respect to EIDs due to intensive growth of globalisation, arthropod urban fitness/adaption, and environmental changes. We focus on recent outbreaks of the arthropod borne viruses (arboviruses) Zika virus and YFV. Factors contributing to the blossoming of EIDs (environmental, globalisation, and urbanisation) and combating strategies (surveillance, containment, and prevention) will be discussed. Specifically, Zika virus and YFV will be used in the context of these factors and strategies. YFV is discussed in detail as it pertains to these factors and strategies in the United States (US), 2017 Brazil Outbreak, 2016 Africa Outbreak, and global risk. Vigilance is needed to focus on, prevent, and control the current and next arbovirus EIDs.

Stigma, American military personnel and mental health care: challenges from Iraq and Afghanistan.

PubMed

Schreiber, Michael; McEnany, Geoffry Phillips

2015-02-01

Since 2001, more than 2.5 million United States military personnel have been deployed for combat. Over one million have served multiple deployments. Combat generally involved repeated exposure to highly traumatic events. Personnel were also victims of military sexual trauma (MST), a major risk factor for psychiatric illness. Most survivors do not seek or receive mental health care. Stigma is one of the main barriers to that care. To explore the impact of stigma on personnel with psychiatric illness, and suggest some innovative ways to potentially reduce stigma and improve care. Cinahl and PubMed databases were searched from 2001 to 2014. Anonymity, the use of non-stigmatizing language, peer-to-peer, and stigma-reduction programs help military personnel receive mental health care. Technology offers the opportunity for effective and appropriate education and treatment. Although stigma is formidable, several innovative services are available or being developed for military victims of trauma. Commitment of resources for program development and further research to explore which interventions offer the best clinical outcomes are needed to increase efforts to combat stigma and ensure quality care.

Combat near-death experiences: an exploratory study.

PubMed

Goza, Tracy H; Holden, Janice M; Kinsey, Lee

2014-10-01

The purpose of this study was to add to the professional literature regarding combat near-death experiences (cNDEs) and to help clinicians and experiencers (cNDErs) recognize this phenomenon as an experience that is not indicative of mental illness. cNDErs were military personnel whose NDEs occurred during active combat or sequelae. Sixty-eight self-reported survivors of combat-related close brushes with death completed an online survey that included the Near-Death Experience Scale(1) (NDE Scale), the Life-Changes Inventory-Revised(2), and a few open-ended questions. Respondents were 20 cNDErs-participants who scored at least 7 on the NDE Scale-and 48 non-NDErs. Compared to NDErs from two methodologically similar studies, cNDErs scored lower on Bonferroni corrected t-tests than NDErs on the NDE Scale overall(3) (p < 0.0003) and on Affective and Transcendental subscales; they scored higher on the Cognitive subscale(1) (p < 0.0007). In Life-Changes Inventory-Revised total change and six of seven value clusters, cNDErs, compared to non-NDErs, scored in the same direction as numerous other studies of NDE aftereffects, but none of the differences were statistically significant and all reflected small effect sizes except total change and changes in spirituality that reflected medium effect sizes--a finding that corresponded to analysis of narrative responses. Reprint & Copyright © 2014 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

The Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program: family skills component.

PubMed

Gottman, John M; Gottman, Julie S; Atkins, Christopher L

2011-01-01

Field combat stress clinics and research have identified the signature event that precedes thoughts of suicide and homicide in combat soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan: a distressing personal relationship event with a stateside partner. In response to this alarming information, we have identified critical factors and precipitating incidents as well as critical social skills that form the basis for changing communication between soldiers and their stateside partners. A pilot program is described that proved effective with small groups of soldiers who were led by a male-female professional team and given structured reading and social skills training exercises based on Gottman and Silver's (1999) book The seven principles for making marriage work. Recommendations for future training are made based upon our assessment of the family issues facing the combat soldier in Iraq and Afghanistan. In conclusion, we describe the family fitness interventions and program elements of the skill building trainings within the family component of the Comprehensive Soldier Fitness program, which can be delivered via online interactive technology as well as face to face with families. (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved.

Understanding USSOCOM and US Marine Corps Roles in Crisis Response and Limited Contingency Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-15

are required. For example exploring MAGTF deployments on Littoral Combat Ships or building GCE , LCE, and ACE units that support company level ...objective raids that is likely due to the level of training and in the case of peace enforcement it is likely due to the regional focus of SOF...formed the SOF units and task forces over this period. The inherent “jointness” of USSOCOM is apparent at the lowest tactical level which contrasts

Simplified Resiliency Analysis of U.S. Army TOE (Table of Organization and Equipment) Units

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

leadership , fire support, and comnunications assets are all key factors in determining a military unit’s ability to continue its mission. [Ref 5] A...significantly related to combat effectiveness. The perception of the soldier’s possibility of’ survival, competent leadership , and the soldier’s belief that what...good leadership , high morale and esprit de corps. The second may be ineffective due to the lack of one or all of these same qualities. The second

Transformation of the People’s Army of Vietnam, 1954-1975

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

career. My family, both at home and the Army, are the reason I come to work. vi Acronyms AAA Anti-Aircraft Artillery ARVN Army of the...transformation in response to the United States war effort was the modernization of their Anti-Aircraft Artillery ( AAA ). On 2 March 1965, the United States...the AAA into a capable force, the north sought external support. The DRV turned to the USSR to procure equipment to combat the air threat from the

Outcomes of Bacteremia in Burn Patients Involved in Combat Operations Overseas

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

MD, Mark S Rasnake, MD, Duane R Hospenthal, MD, PhD, FACP, Steven E Wolf, MD, FACS BACKGROUND: Burn patients constitute approximately 5% of...GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) Ressner R. A., Murray C. K., Griffith M. E., Rasnake M. S ., Hospenthal D. R., Wolf S . E...5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) United States Army Institute of Surgical

The Role of Leadership and Peer Behaviors in the Performance and Well-Being of Women in Combat: Historical Perspectives, Unit Integration, and Family Issues.

PubMed

Segal, Mady Wechsler; Smith, David G; Segal, David R; Canuso, Amy A

2016-01-01

This article analyzes how the behaviors of leaders and peers affect the performance and well-being of military women. Locating our analysis within the conceptual model in this issue, we summarize the empirical literature and make practice and policy recommendations. We synthesize results about unit integration, such as research on the conditions for successful integration of previously excluded groups and on the relationship between cohesion and performance. We apply lessons learned from the history of diversity integration in military and civilian organizations, analyzing the treatment of military personnel by race, gender, and sexual orientation. The opening of ground combat specialties and units to women is the latest step in personnel policy changes broadening the recruitment base. We analyze research on gender integration in contemporary armed forces, focusing on positive and negative effects on women of leader and peer behaviors. We discuss conditions for successfully integrating women and those that tend to lead to failure. We analyze military women's family issues, including the effects of deployments and how leaders and peers can help ameliorate problems-or exacerbate them with inappropriate or unsupportive behavior. Reprint & Copyright © 2016 Association of Military Surgeons of the U.S.

Agent-based human-robot interaction of a combat bulldozer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Granot, Reuven; Feldman, Maxim

2004-09-01

A small-scale supervised autonomous bulldozer in a remote site was developed to experience agent based human intervention. The model is based on Lego Mindstorms kit and represents combat equipment, whose job performance does not require high accuracy. The model enables evaluation of system response for different operator interventions, as well as for a small colony of semiautonomous dozers. The supervising human may better react than a fully autonomous system to unexpected contingent events, which are a major barrier to implement full autonomy. The automation is introduced as improved Man Machine Interface (MMI) by developing control agents as intelligent tools to negotiate between human requests and task level controllers as well as negotiate with other elements of the software environment. Current UGVs demand significant communication resources and constant human operation. Therefore they will be replaced by semi-autonomous human supervisory controlled systems (telerobotic). For human intervention at the low layers of the control hierarchy we suggest a task oriented control agent to take care of the fluent transition between the state in which the robot operates and the one imposed by the human. This transition should take care about the imperfections, which are responsible for the improper operation of the robot, by disconnecting or adapting them to the new situation. Preliminary conclusions from the small-scale experiments are presented.

Association of Enterococcus spp. with Severe Combat Extremity Injury, Intensive Care, and Polymicrobial Wound Infection.

PubMed

Heitkamp, Rae A; Li, Ping; Mende, Katrin; Demons, Samandra T; Tribble, David R; Tyner, Stuart D

2018-01-01

Combat-related extremity wound infections can complicate the recovery of injured military personnel. The Enterococcus genus contains both commensal and pathogenic bacteria found in many combat wounds. We describe the patient population susceptible to Enterococcus infection, the characteristics of Enterococcus spp. isolated from combat-related wounds, and the microbiological profile of Enterococcus-positive wounds. Patient and culture data were obtained from the Trauma Infectious Disease Outcomes Study. Subjects were divided into a case group with enterococcal extremity wound infections and a comparator group with wound infections caused by other micro-organisms. Case and comparator subjects had similar patterns of injury and infection. Case subjects had higher Injury Severity Scores (33 vs. 30; p < 0.001), longer hospitalization at U.S. facilities (55 vs. 40 days; p = 0.004), and required more large-volume blood transfusions (>20 units) within 24 h post-injury (53% vs. 30%; p < 0.001). Approximately 60% of case subjects had three or more infections, and 91% had one or more polymicrobial infections, compared with 43% and 50%, respectively, in the comparator group. The thigh was the most common site of Enterococcus spp. isolation, contributing 50% of isolates. Enterococcus faecium was the predominant species isolated from case-group infections overall (66%), as well as in polymicrobial infections (74%). Frequent co-colonizing microbes in polymicrobial wound infections with Enterococcus were other ESKAPE pathogens (64%) (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae [and Escherichia coli], Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) and fungi (35%). The specific pathogenicity of Enterococcus relative to other pathogens in polymicrobial wounds is unknown. Identifying strain-specific outcomes and investigating the interactions of Enterococcus strains with other wound pathogens could provide additional tools and strategies for infection mitigation in combat-related wounds.

Prolonged exposure therapy for combat- and terror-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized control comparison with treatment as usual.

PubMed

Nacasch, Nitzah; Foa, Edna B; Huppert, Jonathan D; Tzur, Dana; Fostick, Leah; Dinstein, Yula; Polliack, Michael; Zohar, Joseph

2011-09-01

Empirically based studies have demonstrated that prolonged exposure therapy effectively reduces posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in a vast range of traumas, yet reports of the efficacy of such therapies in combat- and terror-related PTSD are scarce. In this article, we examine the efficacy of prolonged exposure therapy in combat- and terror-related PTSD in comparison to treatment as usual (TAU). Between July 2002 and October 2005, 30 patients of a trauma unit within a psychiatric outpatient clinic were recruited and randomized into prolonged exposure versus TAU therapies. Patients were diagnosed with chronic PTSD (Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview criteria) related to combat- (n = 19) or terror-related (n = 11) trauma. Main outcome measures included symptoms of PTSD and depression, as measured by the PTSD Symptom Scale-Interview Version and the Beck Depression Inventory. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity was significantly lower in patients who received prolonged exposure therapy in comparison to patients who received TAU (F(1,24) = 35.3, P < .001). Similar results have emerged in measures of depression and state and trait anxiety. In addition, a significant change from pretreatment to follow-up was found for the prolonged exposure group (F(1,14) = 80.5, P < .0001), but not for the TAU group (F(1,10.3) = 0.6, P = .44). Findings indicate that, similar to PTSD related to other types of trauma, prolonged exposure therapy is beneficial in the amelioration of combat- and terror-related PTSD symptoms. In addition, prolonged exposure was superior to TAU in the short- and long-term reduction of PTSD and depression symptoms. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00229372. © Copyright 2011 Physicians Postgraduate Press, Inc.

Psychiatric Diagnoses and Punishment for Misconduct: The Effects of PTSD in Combat-deployed Marines

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-25

between cohorts of veterans with and without mental illness discharged from inpatient units. Psychiatr Serv 2008, 59:178-83. 25. Koenen KC, Lyons MJ ...1991. 44. Edwards JE, Newell CE: Navy pattern-of-misconduct discharges: A study of potential racial effects (NPRDC-TR-94-11). San Diego, CA: Navy

Psychiatric Diagnoses and Punishment for Misconduct: The Effects of PTSD in Combat-Developed Marines

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-25

illness discharged from inpatient units. Psychiatr Serv 2008;59:178-83. 25. Koenen KC, Lyons MJ , Goldberg J, Simpson J, William WM, Toomey R, Eisen SA...Research and Development Center, 1991. 44. Edwards JE, Newell CE: Navy pattern-of-misconduct discharges: A study of potential racial effects (NPRDC-TR

United States-India Strategic Partnership: Opportunities and Challenges in the Twenty-First Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-12-15

67 Civil Nuclear Cooperation...International Monetary Fund ISI Inter Services Intelligence IT Information Technology LCA Light Combat Aircraft MNNA Major Non NATO Ally NAM Non...opportunities and have great expectations from one another. The current climate has resulted in several significant bilateral agreements in the fields of

Sowing the Seeds of Transformation: The United States Military Between the Civil War and World War One

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-11-02

efficiencies of production brought into being by the Industrial Revolution . For the first time, the entire populations of each combatant were involved...killing had been enabled by three “revolutions:” the economic strength of the post- industrial revolution , its ability to mobilize society and excess

Israel and the Iranian Nuclear Infrastructure

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

cascades are buried 8 to 23 meters underground and protected by multiple layers of concrete.29 But recent sales by the United States of GBU – 39 bunker...Israel has already tested both weapons in combat: the GBU–28 against Hizballah (2006) and the GBU – 39 against Hamas (2009).30 What about Reprisal

Causes of Mortality by Autopsy Findings of Combat Casualties and Civilian Patients Admitted to a Burn Unit

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Table 2). Staphylococcus aureus was only recovered twice in the autopsy series, one a case of endocarditis and the other pneumonia...complications and that infarcts were often associated with sepsis or endocarditis . There are a number of interesting findings throughout this study

Improving the Trainee Socialization Process in Basic Combat Training

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

NUMBER 633007 5d. TASK NUMBER 359 5e. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) The Wexford Group Int’l...Fort Benning, GA 31995-2086 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9...Virginia 22202-3926 January 2011 Army Project Number Personnel Performance 633007A792 and Training Approved for public

Examining the Relationship of Business Operations and the Information Security Culture in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wynn, Cynthia L.

2017-01-01

An increase in information technology has caused and increased in threats towards information security. Threats are malware, viruses, sabotage from employees, and hacking into computer systems. Organizations have to find new ways to combat vulnerabilities and threats of internal and external threats to protect their information security and…

Suitability and Accessibility of Immature Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) Stages to Tetrastichus planipennisi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).

Treesearch

Michael Ulyshen; Jian Duan; Leah Bauer; Ivich Fraser

2010-01-01

Tetrastichus planipennisi Yang (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a gregarious larval endoparasitoid, is one of three biocontrol agents from Asia currently being released in the United States to combat the invasive emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The current protocol for rearing T. planipennisi involves presenting the wasps with...

Topical Application of Tranexamic Acid to Reduce Blood Loss during Complex Combat-Related Spine Trauma Surgery

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-01

UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) Washington University St . Louis, MO 63110-1010 Columbia University Medical Center...the Thomas Jefferson University Medical Center and Washington University in St . Louis Medical Center IRB for review and approval, to be completed by

Teaching about Bullying and Cyberbullying with the Internet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Risinger, C. Frederick

2011-01-01

Bullying and cyber bullying are important issues in schools, not only in the United States but in many other nations. In this article, the author recommends sites that he thinks would be helpful for teachers and schools combating bullying and cyber bullying. These recommended sites provide teacher lesson plans and other resources dealing with…

Perspective: Economic Human Rights: The Time Has Come!

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mittal, Anuradha

1998-01-01

Maintains that the high poverty levels in the United States implies that the goals of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) have not yet transformed the reality of U.S. citizens. Describes the national campaign called "Economic Human Rights: The Time Has Come!" that combats the violations of basic human rights like poverty.…

77 FR 22183 - National Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day, 2012

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-12

... Former Prisoner of War Recognition Day, 2012 By the President of the United States of America A... combat and pressing onward in the face of tremendous adversity. Their extraordinary service reflects our... Prisoner of War Recognition Day, we pay solemn tribute to those patriots who gave their freedom to preserve...

The War Next Door: DoD’s Role in Combating Mexican TCOs

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

Zetas, Gulf Cartel, Juárez Cartel, Beltran Leyva Organization (BLO), La Familia Michoacan (LFM), and Tijuana Cartel.17 This has resulted in...entered the United States by way of the Southwest Border.26 In 2002, authorities arrested Salim Mucharrafille, a café owner in Tijuana , Mexico, for

Countering Gray-Zone Hybrid Threats: An Analysis of Russias New Generation Warfare and Implications for the US Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-10-18

education ...Publication (JP) 1, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, there are two forms of warfare, traditional and irregular, and...combat mission in 2010. Looking at OIF, the US Army participated in both traditional and irregular warfare and the characterization of

Airpower and the 1972 Easter Offensive

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-16

so intimately familiar with the topic. Colonel David “ El Cid” Neuenswander, a combat veteran fighter pilot, was a former commander of the United...were the O-2 and the OV-10 Bronco . VNAF FACs were still using the older 0-1s. The fixed-wing gunship pilots also became FAC-A qualified. US Deploys

The Army’s Role in the Air/Sea Battle Concept: A World War II Pacific Theater Case Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-10

bases in the Central Pacific Area were small due to land availability. Even so, these atoll airbases served as, “unsinkable...dividend in preventing combat skills from perishing. An example of this is Eniwetok Atoll . Commissioned as a naval advanced anchorage and training

Defense Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR). Volume 4. Defense Agencies Abstracts of Phase 1 Awards. 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

RI 02871 Program Manager: T. DEEGAN Contract #: Title: LF DETECTION OF AIRCRAFT Topic #: DARPA90-049 Office: ID #: 50506 TECHNICAL ABSTRACT - COMBAT...INNOVATION RESEARCH PROGRAM - PHASE I SDIO Solicitation 90.1 TORRANCE, CA 90505 Program Manager: JAMES E CRAIG Contract #: Title: NONINTRUSIVE OPTICAL

LOGWAR 15: Analysis Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-01

Vertical Replenishment VTC Video Teleconference WASH Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene WFP World Food Programme WHO World Health Organization...issues Pa rt ic ip an ts Contexts Combat Disease Refugees Insurgency Natural Disaster Contamination Visibility Disposition Distribution Sourcing...requirements; limited shelf life; used by many actors; often in short supply; restrictions on sourcing; contamination concerns (IV solutions) Small in

Combat Situation Awareness (CSA) Model-Based Characterizations of Marine Corps Training and Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

nature of basic information exchange to an awareness of the environment. In addition, Experience played a very small role in SA Level 3 (Projection......ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION This report was prepared for prepared for the Office of Naval Research, Arlington, VA, by the Applied Research Branch, Space and

The Impact of Multiple Concussions on Emotional Distress, Post-Concussive Symptoms, and Neurocognitive Functioning in Active Duty United States Marines Independent of Combat Exposure or Emotional Distress

PubMed Central

Lathan, Corinna E.; Bleiberg, Joseph; Tsao, Jack W.

2014-01-01

Abstract Controversy exists as to whether the lingering effects of concussion on emotional, physical, and cognitive symptoms is because of the effects of brain trauma or purely to emotional factors such as post-traumatic stress disorder or depression. This study examines the independent effects of concussion on persistent symptoms. The Defense Automated Neurobehavioral Assessment, a clinical decision support tool, was used to assess neurobehavioral functioning in 646 United States Marines, all of whom were fit for duty. Marines were assessed for concussion history, post-concussive symptoms, emotional distress, neurocognitive functioning, and deployment history. Results showed that a recent concussion or ever having experienced a concussion was associated with an increase in emotional distress, but not with persistent post-concussive symptoms (PPCS) or neurocognitive functioning. Having had multiple lifetime concussions, however, was associated with greater emotional distress, PPCS, and reduced neurocognitive functioning that needs attention and rapid discrimination, but not for memory-based tasks. These results are independent of deployment history, combat exposure, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. Results supported earlier findings that a previous concussion is not generally associated with post-concussive symptoms independent of covariates. In contrast with other studies that failed to find a unique contribution for concussion to PPCS, however, evidence of recent and multiple concussion was seen across a range of emotional distress, post-concussive symptoms, and neurocognitive functioning in this study population. Results are discussed in terms of implications for assessing concussion on return from combat. PMID:25003552

LG based decision aid for naval tactical action officer's (TAO) workstation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stilman, Boris; Yakhnis, Vladimir; Umanskiy, Oleg; Boyd, Ron

2005-05-01

In the increasingly NetCentric battlespace of the 21st century, Stilman Advanced Strategies Linguistic Geometry software has the potential to revolutionize the way that the Navy fights in two key areas: as a Tactical Decision Aid and for creating a relevant Common Operating Picture. Incorporating STILMAN's software into a prototype Tactical Action Officers (TAO) workstation as a Tactical Decision Aid (TDA) will allow warfighters to manage their assets more intelligently and effectively. This prototype workstation will be developed using human-centered design principles and will be an open, component-based architecture for combat control systems for future small surface combatants. It will integrate both uninhabited vehicles and onboard sensors and weapon systems across a squadron of small surface combatants. In addition, the hypergame representation of complex operations provides a paradigm for the presentation of a common operating picture to operators and personnel throughout the command hierarchy. In the hypergame technology there are game levels that span the range from the tactical to the global strategy level, with each level informing the others. This same principle will be applied to presenting the relevant common operating picture to operators. Each operator will receive a common operating picture that is appropriate for their level in the command hierarchy. The area covered by this operating picture and the level of detail contained within it will be dependent upon the specific tasks the operator is performing (supervisory vice tactical control) and the level of the operator (or command personnel) within the command hierarchy. Each level will inform the others to keep the picture concurrent and up-to-date.

Smoking among troops deployed in combat areas and its association with combat exposure among navy personnel in Sri Lanka

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Among military personnel alcohol consumption and binge-drinking have increased but cigarette smoking has declined in the recent past. Although there is a strong association between smoking and PTSD the association between combat exposure and smoking is not clear. Methods This cross sectional study was carried out among representative samples of SLN Special Forces and regular forces deployed in combat areas. Both Special Forces and regular forces were selected using simple random sampling. Only personnel who had served continuously in combat areas during the one year period prior to end of combat operations were included in the study. Females were not included in the sample. The study assessed several mental health outcomes as well as alcohol use, smoking and cannabis use. Sample was classified according to smoking habits as never smokers, past smokers (those who had smoked in the past but not within the past year) and current smokers (those smoking at least one cigarette within the past 12 months). Results Sample consisted of 259 Special Forces and 412 regular navy personnel. Prevalence of current smoking was 17.9% (95% CI 14.9-20.8). Of the sample 58.4% had never smoked and 23.7% were past smokers. Prevalence of current smoking was significantly higher among Special Forces personnel compared to regular forces. (OR 1.90 (95% CI 1.20-3.02). Personnel aged ≥35 years had the lowest prevalence of smoking (14.0%). Commissioned officers had a lower prevalence (12.1%) than non commissioned officers or other ranks. After adjustment for demographic variables and service type there was significant association between smoking and combat experiences of seeing dead or wounded [OR 1.79 (95%CI 1.08-2.9)], handling dead bodies [OR 2.47(95%CI 1.6-3.81)], coming under small arms fire [OR 2.01(95%CI 1.28-3.15)] and coming under mortar, missile and artillery fire [OR 2.02(95%CI 1.29-3.17)]. There was significant association between the number of risk events and current smoking [OR 1.22 (95%CI1.11-1.35)]. Conclusions There was significant association between current smoking and combat experiences. Current smoking was strongly associated with current alcohol use. Prevalence of current smoking was less among military personnel than in the general population. Prevalence of smoking was significantly higher among Special Forces personnel. PMID:22776004

The Evolution of Medical Training Simulation in the U.S. Military.

PubMed

Linde, Amber S; Kunkler, Kevin

2016-01-01

The United States has been at war since 2003. During that time, training using Medical Simulation technology has been developed and integrated into military medical training for combat medics, nurses and surgeons. Efforts stemming from the Joint Programmatic Committee-1 (JPC-1) Medical Simulation and Training Portfolio has allowed for the improvement and advancement in military medical training by focusing on research in simulation training technology in order to achieve this. Based upon lessons learned capability gaps have been identified concerning the necessity to validate and enhance combat medial training simulators. These capability gaps include 1) Open Source/Open Architecture; 2) Modularity and Interoperability; and 3) Material and Virtual Reality (VR) Models. Using the capability gaps, JPC-1 has identified important research endeavors that need to be explored.

From the RNA world to the clinic.

PubMed

Sullenger, Bruce A; Nair, Smita

2016-06-17

The study of RNA has continually emphasized the structural and functional versatility of RNA molecules. This versatility has inspired translational and clinical researchers to explore the utility of RNA-based therapeutic agents for a wide variety of medical applications. Several RNA therapeutics, with diverse modes of action, are being evaluated in large late-stage clinical trials, and many more are in early clinical development. Hundreds of patients are enrolled in large trials testing messenger RNAs to combat cancer, small interfering RNAs to treat renal and hepatic disorders, and aptamers to combat ocular and cardiovascular disease. Results from these studies are generating considerable interest among the biomedical community and the public and will be important for the future development of this emerging class of therapeutic agents. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Collaborative Research on and Successful Implementation of Factory-Level Repellent-Treated Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniforms from 2004-2007

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In August, 2003, a mission to protect an airfield in Monrovia, Liberia failed after 80 of 150 multi-force personnel were infected with the malaria parasite. Over 70 of these personnel were United States Marines. In October, 2003, the representatives from the U.S. Marine Corps requested assistance ...

Defense Energy Support Center Fact Book, Fiscal Year 2008, Thirty-First Edition

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

deregulate electricity in Continental United States (CONUS) added still another mission to DESC. As states deregulate , DESC pursues and awards contracts...Panama, Republic of Korea, the Middle East and Germany . His combat service includes Company Commander in the 528th Support Battalion (Airborne) during...4650 DESC Germany ...........................................................011-49-631-3406-4280 DESC Kuwait

Schools, Sex Education, and Support for Sexual Minorities: Exploring Historic Marginalization and Future Potential

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCarty-Caplan, David Milo

2013-01-01

School-based adolescent sexual health education in the United States has long served as a means of combating emotional and physical threats to the well-being of youth. However, this sex education has since its inception marginalized the experiences and health concerns of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students and contributed to school…

Virtual Red Light Districts: Detecting Covert Networks and Sex Trafficking Circuits in the U.S.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ibanez, Michelle

2015-01-01

The United States is the second leading destination country for sex trafficking in the world. Increased effort to understand patterns of sex trafficking within the U.S. is imperative to combatting this issue. Covert networks are increasingly using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to extend their operations. Due to the increase in…

Education: A Key Strategy of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 2012

2012-01-01

Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, generally known as "drylands". It is a process by which fertile land becomes degraded, typically as a result of drought, deforestation or inappropriate agriculture. Even though desertification is one of the significant challenges of these times, many people do not…

Missing in Action: African American Combat Arms Officers in the United States Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-22

person in b al concerns of a highly efficient and enthusiastic protégé and transmit lucid messages that war is as coming from a strong...objectives and goals as being within their reach. The role model serves as a living dream . He embodies dreams that provide inspiration for his own

Research Challenges in Combating Terrorist Use of Explosives in the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

wheat and wheat flour, one-third of soybean and rice, and almost two-fifths of domestic cotton production is exported via U.S. ports. Records indi...disrupt or disable EDs, by re- mote , semi-remote, or manual means, in a mari- time environment. Solution(s) must address EDs at- tached to ship hulls at

United States Army Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear Corps Capability Combating the Contemporary Weapons of Mass Destruction Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

doctrine is as up to date as possible given the importance of this mission set. In establishing doctrine, doctrine writers must evaluate the ability...radiation and it also unable to identify the radioisotope present. While just being aware of the presence of radiation can be useful, this equipment is

In the Zone: An Investigation into Physical Activity during Recess on Traditional versus Zoned Playgrounds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnas, Jillian; Wunder, Colin, II; Ball, Steve

2018-01-01

Introduction: The prevalence of childhood obesity in the United States has reached epidemic status with some states with rates as high as 20%. The most effective interventions for combating inactivity target children before inactivity develops in their adolescent years. If effective, school-aged physical activity (PA) interventions would decrease…

Prolonged Wars: A Post-Nuclear Challenge

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-10-01

tried to prevent international food and medical aid from reaching SPLA-controlled areas by delaying the signing of agreements with the United Nations...adequate water, food, medical , and other supplies. Tactical intelligence was inconsistent and poorly coordinated with actual combat operations. Soviet...strategies . . . gave ZANA time to muster political and manpower support from its greatest potential strength—the overwhelmingly, and increasingly

Laugh so You Don't Cry: Teachers Combating Isolation in Schools through Humour and Social Support

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mawhinney, Lynnette

2008-01-01

The structure of the teaching profession leaves teachers professionally and personally isolated from other adults. This article will discuss the results of an ethnography focused on the rare informal social interaction that occurs among teachers in a United States' school, with a particular focus on the lunch hour. Specifically, this article…

Combating Poverty: The Third World within the First World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wallis, John

2006-01-01

This study addresses issues related to international strategies of lifelong education. The case of the United Kingdom is used to explore the degree to which approaches based on human-capital strategies can contribute to resolving inequalities. It is argued that claims made for the role of education as a means of protecting individual and national…

A clarion call for aeolian research to engage with global land degradation and climate change

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chappell, Adrian; Lee, Jeffrey A.; Baddock, Matthew; Gill, Thomas E.; Herrick, Jeffrey E.; Leys, John F.; Marticorena, Beatrice; Petherick, Lynda; Schepanski, Kerstin; Tatarko, John; Telfer, Matt; Webb, Nicholas P.

2018-06-01

This editorial represents a clarion call for the aeolian research community to provide increased scientific input to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) and an invitation to apply for ISAR funding to organize a working group to support this engagement.

The Need to Mobilize Armor in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-20

success. 1 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000)34 2 Increasing Combat...4 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 202 5 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under ... Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 198- 202 6 Kenneth W. Estes, Marines Under Armor (Naval Institute Press,2000) 203 8 mechanized unit was needed to

Defense.gov Special Report: 65 Years of Military Integration

Science.gov Websites

Integration 1945 The United States declares victory over Japan on Aug. 15, effectively ending World War II, in ., and Fort Knox, Ky., were the last. Unlike in World War II, African-Americans are serving in combat at after World War II to segregate African-American sailors. In April, the Army European Command's

Integrating Physical Activity into Academic Pursuits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaus, Mark D.; Simpson, Cynthia G.

2009-01-01

Children of today may be the first generation in the United States in more than 200 years to have a life expectancy shorter than their parents. Low levels of fitness caused by physical inactivity and poor nutritional habits of many of today's youth may be a contributing factor. Combating low fitness levels with physical activity is of utmost…

Insurgent Violence: U.S. Involvement in Internal Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

The United States Congress encouraged newly elected President Alvaro Uribe Velez to intensify counter-narcotics...1998. Under the leadership of President Uribe in the 2000s, the Colombian military and police had tremendous success combating the FARC. Uribe ... Uribe was instrumental in promoting Plan Colombia. In addition to stabilizing the economy, Uribe focused Colombia’s efforts on destroying coca

Physical Training Strategies for Military Women's Performance Optimization in Combat-Centric Occupations.

PubMed

Nindl, Bradley C

2015-11-01

The physiological differences, particularly of upper-body strength and power, between women and men, and the rigors of combat-centric occupational demands would seem to place women at a significant disadvantage, as the U.S. military opens up previously closed combat-arms military occupational specialties (MOSs) to women. This inherent disadvantage can be significantly mitigated by implementing effective and comprehensive physical training (PT) regimens for women targeting those fitness components most critical for those tasks considered most essential for solider warfighting duties (i.e., strength and power). Regrettably, the military historical and legacy overemphasis on aerobic fitness and on "field expediency" as the major criteria for implementing training have limited the extent to which the military has fully operationalized state-of-the-science PT policies. This continued legacy approach could be problematic regarding fully enhancing women's abilities to perform physically demanding combat-centric occupations and could place the successful integration of women into ground combat MOSs at significant risk. Seminal studies from the literature indicate that (a) a minimum of 6 months of periodized combined resistance/endurance training preparedness is recommended for untrained women considering entering combat-arms MOS training; (b) any comprehensive PT program should incorporate and emphasize progressive load carriage training; (c) a greater emphasis on upper body on strength/power development in military women is needed; (d) heavy resistance training in the range of 3-8 repetition maximum sets should be incorporated into training programs to target type II motor units and muscle fibers (those fibers that produce the most force and have the greatest capacity to hypertrophy); (e) low-volume, high-intensity interval training should be considered as a time-efficient training method to improve aerobic fitness while protecting against lower-body musculoskeletal injuries; (f) flexible nonlinear periodized programs should be considered to best accommodate the unpredictability and operational functional needs of the military training environment; and (g) serious consideration should be given to revamping the manner in which the military conducts physical readiness training, with a departure from "field expediency" as the major criteria for determining PT policies. With an increased emphasis on the human dimension of soldiering and concerted strategic, operational, and tactical efforts to maximize individual physical readiness and performance, the science of training physiology exists to leverage and better physically prepare women as they enter more combat-centric occupations.

Living with the Eskimos. Young Discovery Library Series: 12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Planche, Bernard

Part of an international series of amply illustrated, colorful, small size books for children ages 5 to 10, this volume describes daily Eskimo life in Greenland: hunting, fishing, what they eat, how they combat the cold, their dogs, and igloos. The book also talks about the animals of the Arctic area: polar bears, seals, and birds. The document…

Native plant restoration combats environmental change: development of carbon and nitrogen sequestration capacity using small cordgrass in European salt marshes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Restoration of salt marshes is critical in the context of climate change and eutrophication of coastal waters, because their vegetation and sediments may act as carbon and nitrogen sinks. Our primary objectives were to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks and sequestration rates in restored m...

Navy Littoral Combat Ship (LCS)/Frigate Program: Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-01-05

and is adding 20 berths to all seaframes. The increased berthing supports small increases in the size of the core crew, mission package detachments...for both the FY2009 ships and the FY2010 ships would determine the allocation of the three FY2010 ships, with the winning team getting two of the

Distributed Surface Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

guided missile destroyer DOD Department of Defense DoN Department of Navy DOE design of experiments DOTMLPF doctrine , organization, training...supportability refueling at 80% capacity. One solution to overcoming patrol endurance limitations of a small combatant is to change the doctrine that...shipwrecks, territorial waters, archipelagic lanes, straits, economic exclusion zones (EEZ), and internal waters make up an elaborate series of criteria

Small Farm Grain Storage. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Manual M-2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindblad, Carl; Druben, Laurel

Designed as a working and teaching tool for development workers in their field activities, this manual combines in one volume the basic principles of grain storage and the practical solutions currently being used and tested around the world to combat grain storage problems. Each of six sections begins with informative material on the topic to be…

The Phenomenon of Xenophobia as Experienced by Immigrant Learners in Johannesburg Inner City Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kruger, Deirdre; Osman, Razia

2010-01-01

This article aims to describe how xenophobia is experienced by a small selection of immigrant participants in five inner city schools in Johannesburg. The May 2008 xenophobic violence prompted the investigation. Theoretically, the article is also concerned with ways to combat xenophobia in schools with a view to bringing about fundamental social…

Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance on sheep and goat farms in the mid-Atlantic region and comparison of in vivo and in vitro detection methods

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Despite strong economic opportunities and incentives for small ruminant production, their health and productivity are often severely affected by parasitic disease. To combat these effects, most farms administer anthelmintics to their animals at frequent intervals, and without consideration to princ...

A Report on Deliverable One: Determine Required Performance Characteristics [of Suction] for Management Of Prehospital Combat Casualty Care Injuries

DTIC Science & Technology

reflect it. There are commercially available manual and powered suction devices on the market , and several are specifically advertised for use in...combine to suggest that no device on the market meets even the most basic requirements of being small, lightweight, rugged, and demonstrating adequate

Marine Corps Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) and Marine Personnel Carrier (MPC): Background and Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-28

teams might now have the ability to generate effects once associated with larger forces, the Marines propose that company landing teams ( CLTs ...might now be a more appropriately sized force for most amphibious operations.14 CLTs are viewed as being small enough to be inserted in a single wave but

Combat stressors and post-traumatic stress in deployed military healthcare professionals: an integrative review.

PubMed

Gibbons, Susanne W; Hickling, Edward J; Watts, Dorraine D

2012-01-01

  While there has been a growing body of literature on the impact of combat stressors and post-traumatic stress on military service members involved in current conflicts, there has been little available information that directly examines the impact of these on healthcare providers. Aims for this integrative review included: (1) identifying exposures, experiences and other factors influencing stress responses in military healthcare providers previously engaged in a war effort and (2) describing the incidence of post-traumatic stress and related mental health problems in this population. Using Cooper's integrative review method, relevant documents were collected and analysed using content categories and a coding scheme to assist with identifying and recording data for units of analysis. Literature searches (including all years to present) were conducted using keywords for stress reaction, for healthcare provider and for military war effort involvement. Literature was obtained using the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, the National Library of Medicine and the American Psychological Association databases. Evidence suggests that similar to military combatants, military healthcare provider exposure to life-threatening situations will increase the probability of adverse psychological disorders following these traumatic experiences. The presence of a strong sense of meaning and purpose, within a supportive environment appear to help mediate the impact of these dangerous and stressful events. Results of this review and other supporting literature indicate the need for a systematic approach to studying combat stress and post-traumatic stress in deployed healthcare providers. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Soldier use of dietary supplements, including protein and body building supplements, in a combat zone is different than use in garrison.

PubMed

Austin, Krista G; McLellan, Tom M; Farina, Emily K; McGraw, Susan M; Lieberman, Harris R

2016-01-01

United States Army personnel in garrison who are not deployed to combat theater report using dietary supplements (DSs) to promote health, increase physical and mental strength, and improve energy levels. Given the substantial physical and cognitive demands of combat, DS use may increase during deployment. This study compared DS use by garrison soldiers with DS use by personnel deployed to a combat theater in Afghanistan. Prevalence and patterns of DS use, demographic factors, and health behaviors were assessed by survey (deployed n = 221; garrison n = 1001). Eighty-two percent of deployed and 74% of garrison soldiers used DSs ≥ 1 time·week(-1). Logistic regression analyses, adjusted for significant demographic and health predictors of DS use, showed deployed personnel were more likely than garrison soldiers to use protein, amino acids, and combination products. Deployed females were more likely to use protein supplements and deployed males were more likely to use multivitamins, combination products, protein, and body building supplements than garrison respondents. Significantly more deployed (17%) than garrison (10%) personnel spent more than $50∙month(-1) on DSs. Higher protein supplement use among deployed personnel was associated with higher frequency of strength training and lower amounts of aerobic exercise for males but similar amounts of strength training and aerobic exercise for females. Protein supplements and combination products are used more frequently by deployed than garrison soldiers with the intent of enhancing strength and energy.

Empirical research on complex networks modeling of combat SoS based on data from real war-game, Part I: Statistical characteristics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Lei; Kou, Yingxin; Li, Zhanwu; Xu, An; Wu, Cheng

2018-01-01

We build a complex networks model of combat System-of-Systems (SoS) based on empirical data from a real war-game, this model is a combination of command & control (C2) subnetwork, sensors subnetwork, influencers subnetwork and logistical support subnetwork, each subnetwork has idiographic components and statistical characteristics. The C2 subnetwork is the core of whole combat SoS, it has a hierarchical structure with no modularity, of which robustness is strong enough to maintain normal operation after any two nodes is destroyed; the sensors subnetwork and influencers subnetwork are like sense organ and limbs of whole combat SoS, they are both flat modular networks of which degree distribution obey GEV distribution and power-law distribution respectively. The communication network is the combination of all subnetworks, it is an assortative Small-World network with core-periphery structure, the Intelligence & Communication Stations/Command Center integrated with C2 nodes in the first three level act as the hub nodes in communication network, and all the fourth-level C2 nodes, sensors, influencers and logistical support nodes have communication capability, they act as the periphery nodes in communication network, its degree distribution obeys exponential distribution in the beginning, Gaussian distribution in the middle, and power-law distribution in the end, and its path length obeys GEV distribution. The betweenness centrality distribution, closeness centrality distribution and eigenvector centrality are also been analyzed to measure the vulnerability of nodes.

Strategies for Small Volume Resuscitation: Hyperosmotic-Hyperoncotic Solutions, Hemoglobin Based Oxygen Carriers and Closed-Loop Resuscitation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kramer, George C.; Wade, Charles E.; Dubick, Michael A.; Atkins, James L.

2004-01-01

Introduction: Logistic constraints on combat casualty care preclude traditional resuscitation strategies which can require volumes and weights 3 fold or greater than hemorrhaged volume. We present a review of quantitative analyses of clinical and animal data on small volume strategies using 1) hypertonic-hyperosmotic solutions (HHS); 2) hemoglobin based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) and 3) closed-loop infusion regimens.Methods and Results: Literature searches and recent queries to industry and academic researchers have allowed us to evaluate the record of 81 human HHS studies (12 trauma trials), 19 human HBOCs studies (3trauma trials) and two clinical studies of closed-loop resuscitation.There are several hundreds animal studies and at least 82 clinical trials and reports evaluating small volume7.2%-7.5% hypertonic saline (HS) most often combined with colloids, e.g., dextran (HSD) or hetastarch(HSS). HSD and HSS data has been published for 1,108 and 392 patients, respectively. Human studies have documented volume sparing and hemodynamic improvements. Meta-analyses suggest improved survival for hypotensive trauma patients treated with HSD with significant reductions in mortality found for patients with blood pressure < 70 mmHg, head trauma, and penetrating injury requiring surgery. HSD and HSS have received regulatory approval in 14 and 3 countries, respectively, with 81,000+ units sold. The primary reported use was head injury and trauma resuscitation. Complications and reported adverse events are surprisingly rare and not significantly different from other solutions.HBOCs are potent volume expanders in addition to oxygen carriers with volume expansion greater than standard colloids. Several investigators have evaluated small volume hyperoncotic HBOCs or HS-HBOC formulations for hypotensive and normotensive resuscitation in animals. A consistent finding in resuscitation with HBOCs is depressed cardiac output. There is some evidence that HBOCs more efficiently unload oxygen from plasma hemoglobin as well as facilitate RBC unloading. We analyzed one volunteer study, 15 intraoperative trials, and 3 trauma studies using HBOCs. Perioperative studies generally suggest ability to deliver oxygen, but one trauma trial using HBOCs (HemAssist) for treatment of trauma resulted in a dramatic increase in mortality, while an intraoperative trauma study using Polyheme demonstrated reductions in blood use and lower mortality compared to historic controls of patients refusing blood. Transfusion reductions with HBOC use have been modest. Two HBOCs (Hemopure and Polyheme) are now in new or planned large-scale multicenter prehospital trials of trauma treatment. A new implementation of small volume resuscitation is closed-loop resuscitation (CLR), which employs microprocessors to titrate just enough fluid to reach a physiologic target . Animal studies suggest less risk of rebleeding in uncontrolled hemorrhage and a reduction in fluid needs with CLR. The first clinical application of CLR was treatment of burn shock and the US Army. Conclusions: Independently sponsored civilian trauma trials and clinical evaluations in operational combat conditions of different small volume strategies are warranted.

Treatment Protocol for High Velocity/High Energy Gunshot Injuries to the Face

PubMed Central

Peled, Micha; Leiser, Yoav; Emodi, Omri; Krausz, Amir

2011-01-01

Major causes of facial combat injuries include blasts, high-velocity/high-energy missiles, and low-velocity missiles. High-velocity bullets fired from assault rifles encompass special ballistic properties, creating a transient cavitation space with a small entrance wound and a much larger exit wound. There is no dispute regarding the fact that primary emergency treatment of ballistic injuries to the face commences in accordance with the current advanced trauma life support (ATLS) recommendations; the main areas in which disputes do exist concern the question of the timing, sequence, and modes of surgical treatment. The aim of the present study is to present the treatment outcome of high-velocity/high-energy gunshot injuries to the face, using a protocol based on the experience of a single level I trauma center. A group of 23 injured combat soldiers who sustained bullet and shrapnel injuries to the maxillofacial region during a 3-week regional military conflict were evaluated in this study. Nine patients met the inclusion criteria (high-velocity/high-energy injuries) and were included in the study. According to our protocol, upon arrival patients underwent endotracheal intubation and were hemodynamically stabilized in the shock-trauma unit and underwent total-body computed tomography with 3-D reconstruction of the head and neck and computed tomography angiography. All patients underwent maxillofacial surgery upon the day of arrival according to the protocol we present. In view of our treatment outcomes, results, and low complication rates, we conclude that strict adherence to a well-founded and structured treatment protocol based on clinical experience is mandatory in providing efficient, appropriate, and successful treatment to a relatively large group of patients who sustain various degrees of maxillofacial injuries during a short period of time. PMID:23449809

Role of the battalion surgeon in the Iraq and Afghanistan War.

PubMed

Moawad, Fouad J; Wilson, Ramey; Kunar, Mathew T; Hartzell, Joshua D

2012-04-01

The battalion surgeon is an invaluable asset to a deploying unit. The primary role of a battalion surgeon is to provide basic primary care medicine and combat resuscitation. Other expectations include health care screening, vaccinations, supervision of medics, and being a medical advisor to the unit's commander. As many physicians who fill this role previously worked at medical treatment facilities or medical centers without prior deployment experience, the objective of this article is to highlight some of the challenges a battalion surgeon may encounter before, during, and following deployment.

HCV Health Policy Developments in Response to the National Viral Hepatitis Action Plan: A Brief Update.

PubMed

Guo, Yuqi; Sims, Omar T

2017-02-17

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) kills 366,000 people worldwide and 17,000 people in the United States each year. In 2011, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) published a national viral hepatitis action plan to control and combat HCV in the United States. This article provides a brief update of HCV health policy developments that have emerged since publication of HHS's national viral hepatitis action plan and concludes with a discussion of the public health impact of these recent HCV health policy developments.

Selective Security Cooperation: A Proposed Index to Measure the Value of Partners and Focus International Engagement

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-02-13

United States Air Force Academy in 1993. As an Air Force pilot, he has flown the T-37C Tweet, the T-38A Talon and the U - 2S Dragon Lady. He served as... property of the United States government. iii Biography Lieutenant Colonel A.J. Werner is a student at the Air War College at Maxwell Air...speaks Bulgarian and German. Colonel Werner has flown over 100 combat missions and 4,200 hours in US and Bulgarian Air Force aircraft . In addition

The U.S. Navy Littoral Combat Ship: Current Issues and How to Employ It in the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-07

Ship: NIA Curr-ent Issues and How to Deploy It in the Future 5b. GRANT NUMBER N/A 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER N/A 6. AUTHORCSl 5d. PROJECT NUMBER...Lieutenant Commander Gregory M Zimmerman, United States Navy N/A 5e. TASK NUMBER N/A 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER NIA 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S...Launch Module, MH-60R helicopter, UAV (Fire Scout), Mission Package Application Software Module, and the optional Maritime Security Module. 27 LCS can

An Expected Value Air Combat Model Simulation Algorithm to Predict Missions Performance in Tactical Air Operations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

Approved by: Me<i W4 1tsZ7 CaifI ,KDpartmento I inistrative Science 3 ( ABSTRACT >This thesis intends to create the basic...a need for a small scale model which allows a student analyst of tactical air operations to create his own battles and to test his own strategies with...iconic model is a large or small-scale repre- sentation of states-objects, or events. For example a scale model airplance resembles the system under the

A descriptive analysis of data from the Department of Defense Joint Trauma System Prehospital Trauma Registry.

PubMed

Schauer, Stephen G; April, Michael D; Naylor, Jason F; Oliver, Joshua J; Cunningham, Cord W; Fisher, Andrew D; Kotwal, Russ S

2017-01-01

The active battlefield is an environment of chaos and confusion. Depending on the scale of combat, the chaos and confusion often extend into the prehospital combat setting with multiple personnel and units involved in the chain of care of casualties. The chaos of the prehospital combat setting has led to limitations in the availability of data for performance improvement and research. The Department of Defense (DoD) Joint Trauma System (JTS) Prehospital Trauma Registry (PHTR) was developed in conjunction with the updated Tactical Combat Casualty Care (TCCC) card and a TCCC after action report (AAR), and currently serves as the prehospital repository and module of the DoD Trauma Registry (DoDTR). We conducted a descriptive analysis of data from the DoDTR PHTR. The JTS collected trauma-associated data which comprise the PHTR are consolidated from TCCC cards and TCCC AARs. Where possible (requires 2 patient identifiers), JTS linked data from the PHTR module to other modules in the DoDTR to maximize availability of prehospital data and gain additional information regarding clinical outcomes. From January 2013 through September 2014, there were 705 patients available for research, of which 94.8% (668/705) had data from TCCC AARs, 3.3% (23/705) had data from TCCC cards, and 2.0% (14/705) had data available from DoDTR collection forms. There were one or more of the following data points per subject: pulse rate (77.4%, n=546), blood pressure (75.9%, n=535), respiratory rate (76.5%, n=539), pulse oximetry (61.8%, n=436), mental status (96.0%, n=677) and pain score (24.5%, n=173). Only 42.4% (647/1,527) of vital sign metrics had an associated time stamp. Documented interventions included limb tourniquets, of which only 27.3% (113/414) had an associated documentation of application time. Only 27.0% (190/705) of patients in the PHTR could be linked to the DoDTR due to missing identifiers. The PHTR data capture was suboptimal with many patients lacking documentation of vital signs and procedural details. Future efforts to improve prehospital data capture will require ownership and enforcement by unit leadership.

Resilience training with soldiers during basic combat training: randomisation by platoon.

PubMed

Adler, Amy B; Williams, Jason; McGurk, Dennis; Moss, Andrew; Bliese, Paul D

2015-03-01

Resilience Training has the potential to mitigate mental health symptoms when provided during initial military training. The present study examined the impact of Resilience Training on US soldier well-being and attitudes during Basic Combat Training. Platoons were randomly assigned to Resilience Training or Military History provided during the first few days of Basic Combat Training. Surveys were conducted at baseline, post-intervention, and 3, 6, and 9 weeks. The sample resulted in a total of 1,939 soldiers who completed at least the baseline and one follow-up survey. There were no significant differences between conditions in terms of depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, or sleep problems. However, while anxiety decreased in both conditions, the rate of decrease was faster in the Resilience Training condition. In contrast, Resilience Training had a slower rate of increase in group cohesion over time than the Military History condition. In addition, Resilience Training was associated with greater confidence in helping others and received more positive ratings than Military History. Findings demonstrate that the brief Resilience Training studied here may have some utility in supporting mental health and peer support but may not benefit unit climate. © 2014 The International Association of Applied Psychology.

Law enforcement and the long gun: do we need a new face in the fight?

PubMed

Cannon, Mark

2013-11-01

The threat of rifles in the hands of criminals is now well recognized within law enforcement. Current emergency response systems are not equipped to operate in this combat-like environment. Growing statistics indicate that of the peace officers that were killed in the line of duty in the United States nearly half died by gunfire evidence. As Emergency Medical Services ("EMS") training and standards evolve, the lessons learned from the Tactical Combat Casualty Care doctrine should be incorporated to improve the safety and outcomes of injured law enforcement officers. Statistics show that deaths by gunfire have the highest average percentage of all officer deaths. Although new weapons, armor, and tactics are continually evolving to meet the challenge of officer safety, in the past decade, little has changed in how our EMS system responds to a critically wounded officer. Combat data from the US military leads us to believe that to save a wounded officer, emergency care must start immediately, regardless of the ongoing gun battle. It is time for the emergency medical system to evolve to meet the critical needs of today's law enforcement environment. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Thromboprophylaxis and VTE rates in soldiers wounded in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom.

PubMed

Holley, Aaron B; Petteys, Sarah; Mitchell, Joshua D; Holley, Paul R; Collen, Jacob F

2013-09-01

US soldiers suffer catastrophic injuries during combat. We sought to define risk factors and rates for VTE in this population. We gathered data each hospital day on all patients injured in Afghanistan or Iraq who were admitted to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (WRAMC). We analyzed prophylaxis rates and efficacy and identified risk factors for VTE. We recorded data on 506 combat casualties directly admitted to WRAMC after medical air evacuation. The average injury severity score for the group was 18.4 ± 11.7, and the most common reason for air evacuation was injury by improvised explosive device (65%). As part of the initial resuscitation, patients received 4.7 ± 9.0 and 4.00 ± 7.8 units of packed RBCs and fresh frozen plasma, respectively, and 42 patients received factor VIIa. Forty-six patients (9.1%) were given a diagnosis of VTE prior to discharge, 18 (3.6%) during air evacuation, and 28 (5.5%) during the hospital stay. In Cox regression analysis, administration of 1 unit of packed RBCs was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.04 (95% CI, 1.02-1.07; P = .002), and enoxaparin, 30 mg bid, administered subcutaneously for the majority of hospital days was associated with a HR of 0.31 (95% CI, 0.11-0.86; P = .02) for VTE during the hospitalization. Patients who suffer traumatic injuries in combat overseas are at high risk for VTE during evacuation and recovery. Those with large resuscitations are at particularly high risk, and low-molecular-weight heparin is associated with a decrease in VTE.

Suitability of Missions for the Air Force Reserve Components

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-01-01

Antenna Systems 116 9.2 123 6.9 1C21 Combat Control 492 9.2 35 6.1 3 1.7 1A81 Airborne Crypto Language Anal 1,365 8.9 79 5.2 28...requirements, represented by the RAP in the case of the F-16 and comparable currency and proficiency requirements for mobility units. Deployment demand and

Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office. 2008 Review

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-15

threat object displayed at the operator control unit of the robotic platform. Remote Utility Conversion Kit The Remote Utility Conversion Kit (RUCK) is a...three- dimensional and isometric simulations and games. Develop crowd models, adversarial behavior models, network-based simulations, mini-simulations...Craft-Littoral The modular unmanned surface craft-littoral ( MUSCL ) is a spin- off of EOD/LIC’s Unmanned Reconnaissance Observation Craft, developed

Report of the Subcommittee on Military Justice in Combat Zones

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-30

required coordination through a civilian prosecuting authority. Criminal investigators also echoed this sentiment. Equally cumbersome is the...during deployment can be a source of frustration and friction that can erode morale. Arguably, culture equities should always be closely considered by...units to ensure equity and uniformity in discipline, and preserve the good order and discipline necessary for a successful

Building Partner Capacity to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

EDUCATION ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT HEALTH AND HEALTH CARE INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS NATIONAL SECURITY POPULATION AND AGING PUBLIC SAFETY SCIENCE AND...also met with officials from the government of the United Kingdom (the 12 The Science Applications International Corporation study team identified...Activity Description Ends Ways International Science and Technology Center Provides weapons experts in CIS the opportunity to redirect their

Combating Ideological Support for Terrorism

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

recently elected the first Muslim-American to Congress, but still does not have a prominent Muslim at the executive level . The United States is known as...keep their level of threat above a mere nuisance. Discrediting the extremist ideology will require an effective information campaign that is well...Scott W. Anderson, Major, USAF A Research Report Submitted to the Faculty In Partial Fulfillment of Graduation Requirements

The Relationship between School Leadership and Graduation Coach Interventions in Rural and Urban Settings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Amos, Christopher Nicholas

2012-01-01

The primary purpose for the Graduation Coach intervention is to increase the graduation rate and help schools produce a student that can be a productive citizen. The increasing dropout rate in the United States of America, coupled with the recent addition of some legislation, has forced schools and districts to implement programs to combat this…

Combat Drug Zone 2010: The United States Southwest Border

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

the Middle State Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606. The Commission on Higher Education...DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Distribution A: Unlimited 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Globalization and associated domestic variables such as...Commission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, (215) 662-5606

Trauma, Disasters and Recovery

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

the development of these studies and recognized their importance to both the military and civilian communities. In particular, we wish to thank Drs...and combat, are an expected part of life. Understanding individual, unit and community responses to traumas and disasters is critical to our developing ...ended questions and standardized psychosocial and psychiatric instruments to assess the amount of stress felt, support obtained and provided, symptoms

Company Level Commander Development In The US Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

pedagogy and andragogy in instruction can have a significant positive impact on developing combat arms officers to be successful company level commanders...Recommendations to achieve these improvements using andragogy are discussed. In the United States (US) Army, when an officer...use Malcom Knowles’ andragogy framework for understanding adults as learners in order to analyze the trainees and maximize the training outcomes for

Analysis of the Effects of the Commander’s Battle Positioning on Unit Combat Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-03-01

Analysis ......... .. 58 Logistic Regression Analysis ......... .. 61 Canonical Correlation Analysis ........ .. 62 Descriminant Analysis...entails classifying objects into two or more distinct groups, or responses. Dillon defines descriminant analysis as "deriving linear combinations of the...object given it’s predictor variables. The second objective is, through analysis of the parameters of the descriminant functions, determine those

The Future of American Landpower: Does Forward Presence Still Matter? The Case of the Army in the Pacific

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

Okinawa. Key units based there include a combat sustainment and support bat- talion, an aviation battalion consisting of UH-60 he- licopters and UC-35...chinese-firm-will-run- strategic-pakistani-port-at-gwadar.html?_r=0. Jamil Anderlini and Gwen Robinson, “China- Myanmar pipeline to open in May

Srebrenica: The Impossible Choices of a Commander

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

ADDRESS(ES) United States Marine Corps, Command and Staff College,Marine Corps University,2076 South Street, Marine Corps Combat Development Command...COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE OR ANY OTHER GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY.’ REFERENCES TO THIS STUDY SHOULD INCLUDE THE FOREGOING STATEMENT. QUOTATION FROM...the humanitarian crisis in the former Yugoslavia was strong, especially when the disturbing images ofprison-camps and ethnic cleansing reached the

CAS, Interdiction, and Attack Helicopters

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-06-01

E.J. Degen, and David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom, (Fort Leavenworth, KA : Combat Studies Institute Press, 2004...Grau and Michael W. Gress, trans. and eds. The Soviet- Afghan War: How a Superpower Fought and Lost, (Lawrence, KA : University Press of Kansas, 2002...149 Grinalds, 73. 150 Michael O’Hanlon and Adriana Lins de Albuquerque, Iraq Index: Tracking Variables

Enhancing Arctic Surveillance With Space-Based Radars

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

shipping, hydrocarbon extraction, fishing, and tourism activities (to name but just a few) are increasing in frequency, duration, and intensity and...maritime activities in the Arctic Circle ranging from relatively benign tourism ventures to adversary naval combatant maneuvers, the United States...activities there (U.S. Northern Command Posture Statement, 2011). Without awareness of human activities such as shipping, tourism , military operations

Afghanistan: Another American Tragedy of Strategic Miscalculations

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-09

relationships, defines security objectives, processes information, organizes force structures, develops new theories , and creates doctrine.9...Afghanistan’s political and strategic culture, the United States will need to profoundly change the American view of time, combat, success, and victory as...operations in 2001, but in the aftermath of 9-11, the emotional need for retaliation overrode rational thoughts of long-term consequences.31 Advisors

The United States Army Functional Concept for Intelligence, 2016-2028

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-13

Intelligence improvement strategies historically addressed the changing operational environment by creating sensors and analytical systems designed to locate...hierarchical centrally- directed combat formations and predict their actions in high-intensity conflict. These strategies assumed that intelligence...4) U.S. operations can be derailed over time through a strategy of exhaustion. (5) U.S. forces distributed over wide areas can be

Electronic Combat Hardware-in-the-Loop Testing in an Open Air Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-09-01

APQ- 126 (F-111) Gun Dish Squat Eye ANAWG-9 (F-14) Grill Pan Straight Flush I-Hawk Hawk Screech Sun Visor Head Light Tall King High Fix Team Work High...the required delay to the IF, the SPCs contain a Teledyne Microwave Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) delay line as well as a Coherent Variable Delay Unit

The G-Men in Kabul: The FBI Combating Public Corruption in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-27

Military Operations Department Naval War College 686 Cushing Road Newport, RI 02841-1207 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME( S ) AND...5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR( S ) SSA Vadim Thomas...5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME( S ) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Joint

Regional Alignment: Phase Zero Logistics Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-01

Brigade TDC Theater Distribution Center TPFDL Time Phased Force Deployment List TSC Theater Sustainment Command v INTRODUCTION Not only are...Center ( TDC ) capability in response to the backlog of supplies and equipment required during major combat operation. The TDC was a contracted...organization, constructed to support units based on amount personnel and equipment. This TDC concept was a part of the logistics concept that supported

Patterns of drug trafficking and countermeasures: the personal view of a veteran.

PubMed

Price, B

1992-01-01

In the present paper, a law enforcement official with nearly 40 years of experience in combating drug trafficking provides insight that may prove useful to persons in other organizations and/or cultures. He examines, in particular, the development, at the national level, of drug control legislation, a drug law enforcement strategy and a drug intelligence unit.

Combating Vigilance Decrements in a Sustained Attention Task: Examination of Two Cognitive Intervention Schedules for a Secondary Task

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

Vroom , V . H . (1964). Work and motivation . New York: Wiley. 16 Distribution A: Approved for public release; Distribution unlimited. 88 ABW Cleared...sustained attention tasks. Theorists have attempted to explain vigilance decrements as a function of arousal/ motivation ( Vroom , 1964; Yerkes & Dodson...DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT. Allen J. Rowe Gregory J. Barbato Work Unit Manager

Quiet Riots: Race and Poverty in the United States. The Kerner Report Twenty Years Later.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harris, Fred R., Ed.; Wilkins, Roger W., Ed.

This book grew out of the national conference "The Kerner Commission: Twenty Years Later." The Kerner Commission found in its 1968 Report that America was moving toward two separate and unequal societies, divided along racial lines, and that major efforts to combat poverty, unemployment, and racism were mandated. The essays in this book…

78 FR 14631 - 100th Anniversary of the United States Department of Labor

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-06

... ordinary citizens, the Department took up the cause of justice in the workplace and lifted it to the..., from the 40-hour work week and the minimum wage to family leave and pensions. As the agency once led by... combated child labor at home and abroad. Today, the Department of Labor is working to restore the basic...

Logistics Force Planner Assistant (Log Planner)

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

elements. The system is implemented on a MS-DOS based microcomputer, using the "Knowledge Pro’ software tool., 20 DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY OF... service support structure. 3. A microcomputer-based knowledge system was developed and successfully demonstrated. Four modules of information are...combat service support (CSS) units planning process to Army Staff logistics planners. Personnel newly assigned to logistics planning need an

The Integration of Women into Combat Units in the Republic of Korea Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-12

five generally accepted methods for gathering data in qualitative research : biography, phenomenology , grounded theory , ethnography , and a case study .1... methods of various research materials to address the primary research question. The case studies of the transition and development of female...Data collection for this study used the case study method , as it focused on

Political Warfare and Contentious Politics

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-06-01

stone for the United States to develop and test Cold War strategies for combating communist expansion and influence around the world . This study...around the world enabled the PCCH to gain valuable 64 support and resources for organizing membership in the rapidly growing working-class unions of...show the world the capitalist model of third- world development worked better than the Marxist one.”134

DefenseLink Special: Remember the Flying Tigers of World War II

Science.gov Websites

Us Remembering The Flying Tigers The Flying Tigers of World War II Americans have not always waited during the early days of World War II before the United States officially became a combatant. Some them as heroes during the early period of World War II when Japan had the upper hand. The Flying Tigers

Combating Tobacco Use in the United States Army

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

videogame , tobacco use, military. 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF PAGES 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE... videogame is theory-guided and uses animations, videos and interactive activities to provide facts about smoking and tobacco use, as well as provides...prevention and cessation interactive multimedia tool ( videogame ) among active Army personnel stationed at Fort Hood, Texas. Body Throughout the

The American Expeditionary Forces Tank Corps in World War I: From Creation to Combat

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-18

United States to provide 1,500 Liberty twelve-cylinder air- -raft P•pr•nri- (from which the tanks name was derived), starters. clutches, rad4itrz-, fanc ...Major’ Gene -al H. B. Crosby, 23 April 192D, Patton Military Papers. Box 47, Personal ’.•Perience Reports of Tank Cperations-1918. Pattc.ri Cc.liection. 99

Child maltreatment among U.S. Air Force parents deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom.

PubMed

Rabenhorst, Mandy M; McCarthy, Randy J; Thomsen, Cynthia J; Milner, Joel S; Travis, Wendy J; Colasanti, Marie P

2015-02-01

This study examined child maltreatment perpetration among 99,697 active-duty U.S. Air Force parents who completed a combat deployment. Using the deploying parent as the unit of analysis, we analyzed whether child maltreatment rates increased postdeployement relative to predeployment. These analyses extend previous research that used aggregate data and extend our previous work that used data from the same period but used the victim as the unit of analysis and included only deploying parents who engaged in child maltreatment. In this study, 2% (n = 1,746) of deploying parents perpetrated child maltreatment during the study period. Although no overall differences were found in child maltreatment rates postdeployment compared to predeployment, several maltreatment-related characteristics qualified this finding. Rates for emotional abuse and mild maltreatment were lower following deployment, whereas child maltreatment rates for severe maltreatment were higher following deployment. The finding that rates of severe child maltreatment, including incidents involving alcohol use, were higher postdeployment suggests a need for additional support services for parents following their return from combat deployment, with a focus on returning parents who have an alcohol use problem. © The Author(s) 2014.

The Lunch Bunch: an innovative strategy to combat depression and delirium through socialization in elderly sub-acute medicine patients.

PubMed

Feyerer, Margot; Kruk, Dawn; Bartlett, Nicole; Rodney, Kathy; McKenzie, Cyndi; Green, Patrice; Keller, Lisa; Adcroft, Pat

2013-01-01

Hospitalized sub-acute medicine patients face challenges to their functional and cognitive abilities as they await transfer to long-term care facilities or return home. The Continuous Quality Improvement (CQI) Council, representing a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals working in the Sub-Acute Medicine Unit (SAMU), implemented a twice-weekly lunch program called the Lunch Bunch in order to combat depression and delirium in our elderly and cognitively impaired patients. The Lunch Bunch initiative includes chaplains, nurses and physiotherapists who have provided a framework through which essential socialization and exercise for this vulnerable population is facilitated. Providing a means for both mental and physical stimulation also allows patients to open up and discuss hidden feelings of loneliness and isolation, thereby beginning a journey of spiritual and emotional healing.

ASSTC and field sensors: new technology for emergency care

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morrison, G. Wayne; Vo-Dinh, Tuan

2000-05-01

The US Army Medical Research and Material Command together with the US Marine Corps Combat Development Command sponsored the design and production of a far-forward, lightweight, small footprint, reconfigurable, highly mobile Advanced Surgical Suite for Trauma Casualties (ASSTC) to reduce combat casualties and morbidity. The KIA fraction has remained relatively constant over major wars and conflicts since the early 1900s. One third of the KIA perish after 10 minutes. ASSTC has the potential to dramatically lower this fraction by providing resuscitative care within a short period of wound infliction and not requiring long transport times to the caregivers. ASSTC is also unique in its capability to serve in multiple missions including humanitarian aid, infectious disease control, and disaster relief. Adding field sensor to ASSTC greatly enhances the capability of this highly mobile system to operate in many areas.

Antiviral Goes Viral: Harnessing CRISPR/Cas9 to Combat Viruses in Humans.

PubMed

Soppe, Jasper Adriaan; Lebbink, Robert Jan

2017-10-01

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) systems are RNA-guided sequence-specific prokaryotic antiviral immune systems. In prokaryotes, small RNA molecules guide Cas effector endonucleases to invading foreign genetic elements in a sequence-dependent manner, resulting in DNA cleavage by the endonuclease upon target binding. A rewired CRISPR/Cas9 system can be used for targeted and precise genome editing in eukaryotic cells. CRISPR/Cas has also been harnessed to target human pathogenic viruses as a potential new antiviral strategy. Here, we review recent CRISPR/Cas9-based approaches to combat specific human viruses in humans and discuss challenges that need to be overcome before CRISPR/Cas9 may be used in the clinic as an antiviral strategy. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Did a "lucky shot" sink the submarine H.L. Hunley?

PubMed

Lance, Rachel M; Warder, Henry; Bass, Cameron R Dale

2017-01-01

The H.L. Hunley was the first submarine to be successful in combat, sinking the Union vessel Housatonic outside Charleston Harbor in 1864 during the Civil War. However, despite marking a milestone in military history, little is known about this vessel or why it sank. One popular theory is the "lucky shot" theory: the hypothesis that small arms fire from the crew of the Housatonic may have sufficiently damaged the submarine to sink it. However, ballistic experiments with cast iron samples, analysis of historical experiments firing Civil War-era projectiles at cast iron samples, and calculation of the tidal currents and sinking trajectory of the submarine indicate that this theory is not likely. Based on our results, the "lucky shot" theory does not explain the sinking of the world's first successful combat submarine. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1152 is a Novel GntR Family Transcriptional Regulator Involved in Intrinsic Vancomycin Resistance and is a Potential Vancomycin Adjuvant Target

PubMed Central

Zeng, Jie; Deng, Wanyan; Yang, Wenmin; Luo, Hongping; Duan, Xiangke; Xie, Longxiang; Li, Ping; Wang, Rui; Fu, Tiwei; Abdalla, Abualgasim Elgaili; Xie, Jianping

2016-01-01

Novel factors involved in Mycobacteria antibiotics resistance are crucial for better targets to combat the ever-increasing drug resistant strains. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Rv1152, a novel GntR family transcriptional regulator and a promising vancomycin adjuvant target, was firstly characterized in our study. Overexpression of Rv1152 in Mycobacterium smegmatis decreased bacterial susceptibility to vancomycin. Moreover, a deficiency in MSMEG_5174, an Rv1152 homolog made M. smegmatis more sensitive to vancomycin, which was reverted by complementing the MSMEG_5174 deficiency with Rv1152 of M. tuberculosis. Rv1152 negatively regulated four vancomycin responsive genes, namely genes encoding the ribosome binding protein Hsp, small unit of sulfate adenylyltransferase CysD, L-lysine-epsilon aminotransferase Lat, and protease HtpX. Taken together, Rv1152 controls the expression of genes required for the susceptibility to vancomycin. This is the first report that links the GntR family transcriptional factor with vancomycin susceptibility. Inhibitors of Rv1152 might be ideal vancomycin adjuvants for controlling multi-drug resistant Mycobacterial infections. PMID:27349953

Accidental overdose in the deep shade of night: a warning on the assumed safety of 'natural substances'.

PubMed

Chadwick, Andrew; Ash, Abigail; Day, James; Borthwick, Mark

2015-11-05

There is an increasing use of herbal remedies and medicines, with a commonly held belief that natural substances are safe. We present the case of a 50-year-old woman who was a trained herbalist and had purchased an 'Atropa belladonna (deadly nightshade) preparation'. Attempting to combat her insomnia, late one evening she deliberately ingested a small portion of this, approximately 50 mL. Unintentionally, this was equivalent to a very large (15 mg) dose of atropine and she presented in an acute anticholinergic syndrome (confused, tachycardic and hypertensive) to our accident and emergency department. She received supportive management in our intensive treatment unit including mechanical ventilation. Fortunately, there were no long-term sequelae from this episode. However, this dramatic clinical presentation does highlight the potential dangers posed by herbal remedies. Furthermore, this case provides clinicians with an important insight into potentially dangerous products available legally within the UK. To help clinicians' understanding of this our discussion explains the manufacture and 'dosing' of the A. belladonna preparation. 2015 BMJ Publishing Group Ltd.

3D vision upgrade kit for the TALON robot system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bodenhamer, Andrew; Pettijohn, Bradley; Pezzaniti, J. Larry; Edmondson, Richard; Vaden, Justin; Hyatt, Brian; Morris, James; Chenault, David; Tchon, Joe; Barnidge, Tracy; Kaufman, Seth; Kingston, David; Newell, Scott

2010-02-01

In September 2009 the Fort Leonard Wood Field Element of the US Army Research Laboratory - Human Research and Engineering Directorate, in conjunction with Polaris Sensor Technologies and Concurrent Technologies Corporation, evaluated the objective performance benefits of Polaris' 3D vision upgrade kit for the TALON small unmanned ground vehicle (SUGV). This upgrade kit is a field-upgradable set of two stereo-cameras and a flat panel display, using only standard hardware, data and electrical connections existing on the TALON robot. Using both the 3D vision system and a standard 2D camera and display, ten active-duty Army Soldiers completed seven scenarios designed to be representative of missions performed by military SUGV operators. Mission time savings (6.5% to 32%) were found for six of the seven scenarios when using the 3D vision system. Operators were not only able to complete tasks quicker but, for six of seven scenarios, made fewer mistakes in their task execution. Subjective Soldier feedback was overwhelmingly in support of pursuing 3D vision systems, such as the one evaluated, for fielding to combat units.

Understanding the Importance and Practice of Credible Leadership at Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS) and Program Executive Office Combat Support and Combat Service Support (PEO CS and CSS)

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-03-30

and Program Executive Office Combat Support and Combat Service Support (PEO CS&CSS) Chad P. Stocker March 30, 2017 Submitted to...to Defense Acquisition University in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the Senior Service College Fellowship CREDIBLE LEADERSHIP AT PEO...of Credible Leadership at Program Executive Office Ground Combat Systems (PEO GCS) and Program Executive Office Combat Support and Combat Service

Mixed-Handedness in Identical Twins Discordant for Combat Exposure in Vietnam: Relationship to Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.

PubMed

Goetz, Jared M; Pitman, Seth R; Tanev, Kaloyan S; Pitman, Roger K; Chemtob, Claude M

2016-01-01

This study evaluated the degree of mixed-handedness in predominantly right-handed Vietnam combat veteran twins and their identical, combat-unexposed cotwins. The "high-risk" cotwins of combat veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) had more mixed-handedness (i.e., less right-handedness) than the "low-risk" cotwins of combat veterans without PTSD. Self-reported combat exposure in combat-exposed twins was a mediator of the association between handedness in their unexposed cotwins and PTSD in the twins themselves. We conclude that mixed-handedness is a familial risk factor for combat-related PTSD. This risk may be mediated in part by a proclivity for mixed-handed soldiers and Marines to experience heavier combat.

The Copyright Infringement Liability of Online and Internet Service Providers. Hearing on S.1146, a Bill To Amend Title 17, United States Code, To Provide Limitations on Copyright Liability Relating to Material Online, and for Other Purposes. Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, One Hundred Fifth Congress, First Session (September 4, 1997).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

This Congressional hearing transcript presents testimony on how to best combat the risk of copyright infringement facing content providers on the Internet. The Internet enables users to reproduce perfectly and distribute globally copies of the digital works that represent some of the most valuable products of American creativity. While some of…

Biomedical equipment in the neonatal intensive care unit: is it a stressor?

PubMed

Gibbons, C; Geller, S; Glatz, E

1998-12-01

The objective of this research was to learn more about nurses' perceptions of the sources of stress in a neonatal intensive care unit and based on the results, to initiate programs to combat stressors. Nurses were asked to complete a demographic sheet and stress audit. Thirty-three (52%) nurses responded and reported that their greatest source of stress was centered on bio-medical equipment--specifically on access, storage, design, and function issues. Nurses reported their least sources were advanced positions, stable infants, and routine procedures. Plans are underway to remedy equipment issues--primarily to inform and collaborate with others.

Lightning Technology (Supplement)

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

material presented in this report was taken from a variety of sources; therefore, various units of measure are used. Use of trade names or names of...Clifford, and W. G. Butters 3. IMPLEMENTATION AND EXPERIENCE WITH LIGHTNING HARDENING MEASURES ON THE NAVY/AIR FORCE COMBAT MANEUVERING RANGES...overall lightning event taken from an appropriate base of wideband measurements . In 1979, the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories began a joint

26 CFR 1.692-1 - Abatement of income taxes of certain members of the Armed Forces of the United States upon death.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

..., disease, or injury incurred while he was serving in a combat zone. (2) If an individuals dies as described... tax (including interest, additions to the tax, and additional amounts) is assessed, the assessment... laws, remaining unpaid as of the date of death. If any such unpaid tax (including interest, additions...

Joint Task Force Headquarters Master Training Guide

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-09-01

roles, and relationships that differ from those of Service organizations. (6) Understand the rotation policy for individual augmentees assigned to the...JTF. Although the Combatant Commander ultimately establishes individual and unit rotation policies, they will not necessarily be uniform. One...Service might have a 90-day rotation policy while the other Services have 120-day or 179-day rotation policies. To stabilize key billets, consider

Critical Combat Performances, Knowledges, and Skills Required of the Infantry Rifle Squad Leader: Human Maintenance under Campaign Conditions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Frank L.; Jacobs, T. O.

The paper covers the performances, skills, and kinds of knowledge demanded of an infantry rifle squad leader to maintain an organized and effective fighting unit under campaign conditions and to set an example as a leader for his men. It covers personal hygiene and field sanitation, the maintenance of minimal fighting and existence loads, water…

Combating Stability Concerns and Promoting Development Through Literacy and Education

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

Leavenworth, Kansas 2016 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. United States Fair Use determination or copyright permission...has been obtained for the use of pictures, maps, graphics, and any other works incorporated into the manuscript. This author may be protected by more...compute using printed and written materials associated with varying contexts. Literacy involves a continuum of learning in enabling individuals to

Augmented Reality at the Tactical and Operational Levels of War

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-10-24

benefits and challenges their personnel will experience once AR systems are fully adopted. This paper will explain these benefits and challenges as...develop, procure, and integrate systems it believes will benefit its tactical combat units and operational leaders. Ultimately, as the capabilities of...friendly forces, can also help to prevent collateral damage and civilian casualties. Beyond the immediate life-and-death benefits at the tactical

Is Combat Exposure Predictive of Higher Preoperative Stress in Military Members?

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-26

Bopp, Eric, Joseph USU Project Number: N12-P16 4 TSNRP Research Priorities that Study or Project Addresses Primary Priority Force Health...of the caregiver Other: Principal Investigator: Bopp, Eric, Joseph USU Project Number: N12-P16 5 Background The preoperative...e.g., diabetes, thyroid disorders), and (c) autoimmune disorders (e.g., Sjogren’s syndrome ). Patients arriving to the Preoperative Teaching Unit

The Genesis of Transformation: The Rise of the United States Army’s Modular Brigade Combat Teams

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

transportation or employment. “Organized around dismounted infantry,” IBCT’s were “optimized for operations in close terrain, such as swamps, woods ...requirements.”132 While many of these 129 John Matsumura, Randall Steeb, Thomas Herbert, Scot ...War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2007. Matsumura, John, Randall Steeb, Thomas Herbert, Scot Eisenhard, John Gordon, Mark Lees, and Gail

The Effect of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder on Military Leadership: An Historical Perspective

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-19

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) on military leadership. For over twenty years, the United States Army has used the Be...Introduction Multiple deployment cycles to Iraq and Afghanistan combat zones and the increase in Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) have resulted...Approved for Public Release; Distribution is Unlimited The Effect of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder on Military Leadership: An

Charles W. Hartman Memorial Lecture. Delivered by the Honorable Edwin Meese, III, Attorney General of the United States at the University of Mississippi.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meese, Edwin, III

In addressing the problem of drugs, Reagan Administration efforts focus on both the supply and the demand of drugs. One problem, the diversion of legal drugs into the illegal market, can be accomplished by pharmacists, drug manufacturers and distributors, or by forged or fraudulent prescriptions. Pharmacists can combat this problem by…

Validation of an Interdisciplinary Food Safety Curriculum Targeted at Middle School Students and Correlated to State Educational Standards

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richards, Jennifer; Skolits, Gary; Burney, Janie; Pedigo, Ashley; Draughon, F. Ann

2008-01-01

Providing effective food safety education to young consumers is a national health priority to combat the nearly 76 million cases of foodborne illness in the United States annually. With the tremendous pressures on teachers for accountability in core subject areas, the focus of classrooms is on covering concepts that are tested on state performance…

Combat Support Forces (1C6C) Naval Surface Forces Requirements-based Budget Determination for Assault Craft Unit ONE

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

228,027 AUG 31,098 107,135 AUG - AUG 38,869 136,669 SEP 81,005 166,854 SEP 215,648 551,379 SEP - SEP 16,505 83,549 USS WHIPPLE (FF...Naval Supply System Command: Afloat Supply Procedures : Volume II. Retrived May 18, 2009, from Navy Storekeeper website: http://www.navystorekeeper.com

The War in Vietnam: A Story in Photographs. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clark, Linda Darus

During the Vietnam War, the U.S. military gave the press unprecedented freedom of access to combat zones. This allowed newspaper reporters, photographers, and television crews to document a war involving U.S. sons and daughters on the other side of the world. This willingness to allow war documentation also was extended to the military's own…

Proceedings on Combating the Unrestricted Warfare Threat: Integrating Strategy, Analysis, and Technology, 20-21 March 2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-03-01

Prosthetics to enable return to units without loss of capability Quantum...and will give us a big advantage in terms of unrestricted warfare. Figure 17 high-Productivity Computing System PRoSThETICS We have an exciting...program in prosthetics (Figure 18). It started with a monkey at Duke University. We put microelectronic implants into her brain, taught her

A resolution commemorating and honoring the service and sacrifice of members of the United States Armed Forces and their families as the official combat mission in Iraq draws to a close.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Whitehouse, Sheldon [D-RI

2011-12-17

Senate - 12/17/2011 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Voice Vote. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

World Epidemiology Review No. 77.

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-12-09

BRAZIL 1 CAMEROON 5 CHAD 5 EAST GERMANY 7 ECUADOR 9 FRANCE 12 GUYANA 13 INDONESIA 14 JORDAN 15 MALAYSIA 17 MOZAMBIQUE 19 PERU 22...134] CONTENTS (Continued) Page II. ANIMAL DISEASES BRAZIL 45 ECUADOR 47 HUNGARY 48 PERU 49 USSR 50 VENEZUELA 56 III. PLANT...anticipates the installation of a total of 509 more units spread throughout national territory. FIRMS TO COMBAT MALARIA, YELLOW FEVER IN AMAZON REGION Sao

U.S. Nuclear Cooperation with India: Issues for Congress

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-11-03

separation list: ! 8 indigenous Indian power reactors ! Fast Breeder test Reactor (FTBR) and Prototype Fast Breeder Reactors (PFBR) under construction...facilities like reprocessing and enrichment plants and breeder reactors could be viewed as providing a significant nonproliferation benefit because the... breeder reactors would support the 2002 U.S. National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction, in which the United States pledged to “continue to

Religious Literacy in the New Latino Diaspora: Combating the "Othering" of Muslim Refugee Students in Nebraska

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sierk, Jessica

2016-01-01

Many communities across the United States have been undergoing recent demographic changes. Since the 1980s, low-skilled labor (e.g. meatpacking) has attracted Latino families to settle in communities that historically have been home to few, if any, Latinos (i.e. the New Latino Diaspora). In more recent years, these same job opportunities have also…

An Engineering Report in Civil Engineering and Management.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

programs as the Apollo program and the Canaveral program. Progress in the late 70s and the 80s has seen advancements in the application of sophisticated...other forces in military operations; subsequent combat service support ashore and defense against overt or clandestine enemy attacks directed toward...construction execution plans; assigns construction projects to NCF units; monitors progress and assures adherence to quality standards: directs

National Guard Forces in the Cyber Domain

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-22

TITLE AND SUBTITLE National Guard Forces in the Cyber Domain 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S...Soldiers. Army Cyber Command (ARCYBER) commander, Lieutenant General Edward Cardon stated that Guard will begin to build combat power with...90 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review, 15. 91 Ibid. 92 Edward C. Cardon , "ARMY.MIL, The Official Homepage of the United

Between Saddam and the American Occupation: Iraq's Academic Community Struggles for Autonomy

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watenpaugh, Keith

2004-01-01

In June 2003, shortly after the fall of the Baathist regime, and after the United States declared an end to major combat, Keith Watenpaugh, assistant professor of Islamic and Middle Eastern history at Le Moyne College and associate director of peace and global studies, re-turned to Baghdad and al-Mutanabbi Street as the leader of a group of …

The Emperor’s New Clothes -- SF Force Structure and EAF Force Protection

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-07-01

Competencies.129 USAF Major Commands and Wings should develop supporting Mission Essential Task Lists tailored to their specific situation. Outsourcing ...United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College Marine Corps University 2076 South Street Marine Corps Combat Development Command Quantico...Within current resource constraints, some present SF functions must be outsourced or reassigned, other present functions must be expanded, and some

Breaking Down Gender Stereotypes: Increasing 5th Grade Physical Education Participation by Building Self Esteem

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jeffries, Cindy A.

2009-01-01

It has become apparent that in recent years the issue of childhood obesity is becoming the number one health risk among children in the United States. Making sure that children participate in daily physical education class is one way to combat the obesity epidemic. The purpose of this action research project was to improve the active participation…

UN: Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS aims to intensify efforts to combat the epidemic.

PubMed

Arkin, Eli

2011-10-01

In June 2011, the United Nations General Assembly issued a Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS as a means to reaffirm its support for human rights and to call for the removal of barriers to treatment. The Declaration also explicitly recognizes key affected groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDUs), and sex workers.

A resolution supporting the goals and ideals of World Malaria Day, and reaffirming United States leadership and support for efforts to combat malaria as a critical component of the President's Global Health Initiative.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Sen. Feingold, Russell D. [D-WI

2010-04-22

Senate - 04/22/2010 Submitted in the Senate, considered, and agreed to without amendment and with a preamble by Unanimous Consent. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in SenateHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The Blurring of Lines Between Combatants and Civilians in Twenty-First Century Armed Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-28

concern for retirement, pensions , placement, or medical care. Speed, technical expertise, continuity, and flexibility are advantages gained by using...including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems , and embedded processors and controllers.”42 Cyberspace and the technologies that... systems . Additionally, the Department of Defense relies heavily on its National Security Agency to defend the United States from attacks against its

Design and Control of Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicles

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

unsteady, low Re aerodynamics, micro-fabrication, and fluid - structure interaction. However, research into flapping wing control of such MAVs...and flown in confined spaces such as urban canyons, caves and indoors. MAVs will provide an organic ISR capability to small combat teams in the...Designing for highly coupled fluid -structure interactions  Micro-fabrication  Stability characterization and control Of these challenges, the most

Fighting Columns in Small Wars: An OMFTS Model

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-01-01

21 Map 3. The FAPLA Offensive to the Lomba River ...encountered by the Israelis in the Bekaa Valley or over the Golan Heights.28 As a result the SAAF had to develop proficiency in tactics such as "toss bombing...1987 Combat Group Bravo engaged two battalions and five tanks from FAPLA’s 21 Brigade as they crossed to the southern bank of the Lomba River

Compendium of Abstracts. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

Framework with Memristors for use in Biomimetic Locomotion Control Systems Albert, Stephen In the future of reconnaissance and combat, small unmanned...standards according to ASTM D1002-2006 and formulation of silane blends to control bonding strength. Once a statistical set of coupons is completed...architectures, Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational – Queueing Networks (ACTR-QN) and Soar. I then identified the aspects of each that can be used to

The Impact of Combat Status on Veterans' Attitudes Toward Help Seeking: The Hierarchy of Combat Elitism.

PubMed

Ashley, Wendy; Brown, Jodi Constantine

2015-01-01

Many veterans do not seek assistance for mental health concerns despite the staggering prevalence of trauma-related symptomatology. Barriers to service provision include personal and professional stigma and inter-veteran attitudes that dictate who is more or less deserving of services. Veteran attitudes are shaped by military culture, which promotes a hyper-masculine paradigm upholding combat experience as the defining feature of the "ideal soldier." The stratification of soldiers into combat or non-combat status creates a hierarchy of combat elitism that extends far beyond active duty. This pilot study surveyed veterans (n = 24) to explore how combat experience may affect attitudes toward help seeking. Findings indicate combat and non-combat veterans are less accepting of non-combat veterans' help-seeking behavior, supporting the notion that veterans' attitudes toward help seeking are influenced by combat status. Despite limitations, the results of this study reflect a need for increased attention to the attitudes veterans have about each other and themselves.

Physiological stress and performance analysis to karate combat.

PubMed

Chaabene, Helmi; Hellara, Ilhem; Ghali, Faten B; Franchini, Emerson; Neffati, Fedoua; Tabben, Montassar; Najjar, Mohamed F; Hachana, Younés

2016-10-01

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between physiological, and parameters of performance analysis during karate contest. Nine elite-level karate athletes participated in this study. Saliva sample was collected pre- and post-karate combat. Salivary cortisol (sC) post-combat 2 raised significantly compared to that recorded at pre-combat 1 (Δ%=105.3%; P=0.04; dz=0.78). The largest decrease of the salivary T/C ratio (sR) compared to pre-combat 1 was recorded post-combat 2 (Δ%=-43.5%; P=0.03). Moreover, blood lactate concentration post-combat 1 correlated positively to sCpost-combat 1 (r=0.66; P=0.05) and negatively to both salivary testosterone (sT) (r=-0.76; P=0.01) and sRpost-combat 1 (r=-0.76; P=0.01). There was no significant relationship between hormonal measures and parameters of match analysis. Although under simulated condition, karate combat poses large physiological stress to the karateka. Additionally, physiological strain to karate combat led to a catabolic hormonal response.

The problem of obesity and dietary nudges.

PubMed

White, Eliah J

2018-01-01

From a psychological perspective, Cass R. Sunstein's 2016 book The Ethics of Influence is an insightful examination of the ethics of using social and cognitive psychological principles to influence behavior and decision-making. The United States has been experiencing what can only be described as an obesity epidemic. Scientists know that this epidemic has been brought about in part by the prevailing choice architecture, which influences what we eat, how much we eat, and how little we exercise. From a public health perspective, the policy issue centers on how a democracy can employ a combination of bans, mandates, and nudges to reshape our dietary habits to combat obesity. In this article, I will address how policymakers must nudge and change the existing psychological and physical choice architecture to combat obesity. The obesity epidemic cannot be won solely by increasing taxes, mandates, and bans on certain food items as that infringes on the personal liberty, welfare, autonomy, and dignity of citizens.