Revitalisation as a Method of Planning Sustainable Development of Old Town Complexes in Historic Towns

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zagroba, Marek; Gawryluk, Dorota

2017-12-01

Old towns in spatial structures of historic towns are the areas which - same as centuries before - serve as the town centres. This is almost invariably true about small towns especially, as the inner town district is more frequently the site where a town was originally located and is often the manifestation of its historic identity. However, functional and spatial problems of many small historic towns arise from the above trend, mostly because of the frequently high density of buildings in the oldest part of a town. The intricate nature of elements creating the structure of a town’s historic centre often calls for certain steps to be taken, which will ensure better exposure of an old town complex against the backdrop of the town’s other areas. Numerous problems need to be solved, not only spatial but also economic and social ones. A town is a living organism, inhabited by people. The key to tackling these issues successfully lies in the creation of such revitalisation programmes that will improve the quality of space and help achieve the sustainable development of inner-town areas in historic towns. The historic centres in the medieval towns of Warmia, a region rich in history and situated in north-eastern Poland, can serve as an example and has been investigated in the following study. All the towns in Warmia located in the Middle Ages, except the capital of the region Olsztyn, can be classified as small urban developments. This group of eleven towns is dominated by the ones whose territorial coverage has not changed considerably since the location and the population ranges from a few thousand to less than twenty thousand. To this day, the historic quarters of these towns have remained the central ones in each town, and their urban structures to a various extent reveal the features characteristic for the period when they were created. The differences are due to the war damage the towns suffered at the end of World War Two and because of the different ways in which they were reconstructed afterwards. In consequence, some elements of the original town master plans have been lost. Revitalisation is an approach whose aim is to improve the quality of space and the ability of inner town areas to function. Revitalisation goes beyond the purely spatial factors, and involves broadly understood economic and social considerations. The conclusions drawn from this research pertain to benefits of using the revitalisation method in planning a sustainable development of urban structures. The development and implementation of revitalisation programmes is a very complex process that takes many years and requires an integrated and interdisciplinary team effort. This method allows us to preserve the identity of historic town areas while enabling them to play functions in the contemporary life of a town.

A Taxonomy of Well-Being for Small-Town Elderly: A Case for Rural Diversity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scheidt, Rick J.

1984-01-01

Describes the development of a taxonomy of social and psychological well-being for 900 elderly small town residents. Compares the four largest groups (partially engaged, fully engaged, disengaged, and frail) in terms of mental and physical health, contact with others, and activity. (JAC)

Mobility and accessibility of hispanics in small towns and rural areas.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2014-07-01

The Hispanic population has increased 43% (from 35.3 million to 50.5 million) in the 2000s in the U.S. Small towns and : rural areas in the U.S. are among the areas that have experienced rapid growth in : the : Hispanic immigrant population in the : ...

Earth Observations taken by Expedition 38 crewmember

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-01-30

ISS038-E-039032 (30 Jan. 2014) --- Prince Albert, South Africa is featured in this image photographed by an Expedition 38 crew member on the International Space Station. Space station crews sometimes take detailed images with an 800mm lens, such as this view of the small town of Prince Albert (population just more than 7,000). The town lies at the foot of the mountains known as the Great Swartberg in southern South Africa, about 220 miles (355 kilometers) east of Cape Town. Prince Albert, named after Queen Victoria's husband, appears as a cluster of whitewashed buildings (left) at the foot of the mountains, larger dwellings nearer the steep mountain front and smaller dwellings further away. Despite its small size, the dry climate and the water supply from gorges immediately upstream (a small reservoir appears extreme left) have made it well-known as a productive point in the Karroo semidesert. Olive groves especially, with other crops, flourish on the valleys floors, surrounded by sheep and ostrich ranches. Founded 250 years ago, this small town retains more than a dozen registered historic buildings in the Victorian and Cape Dutch styles. Based on this and other small Karroo towns as get-aways from South Africa's large, crowded cities, tourism has developed significantly in the last 20 years. Swartberg means Black Mountain in Afrikaans, and winter snow (not visible in this image) along the mountain tops (4,500-6,500 feet; 1,370-1,980 meters, above the town) makes for spectacular scenery. The mountains are part of the ancient Cape Fold Mountain Belt. Gorges through the mountains provide impressive side-on views of tightly folded and broken rock layers associated with the mountain-building episode.

Small City Transit : Chapel Hill, North Carolina : Public Transit Serving a University and Town

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1976-03-01

Chapel Hill, North Carolina, is an illustration of a public transit service providing a high level of service for a town its size and a good example of a cooperative arrangement between a town and a resident university. This case study is one of thir...

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN FOR A REMOTE COMMUNITY IN PANAMA

EPA Science Inventory

Santo Domingo, Panama, is a rural town of 100, located in the Colon province within Chagres National Park. The town’s inhabitants are small-scale farmers and ranchers. The town is only accessible via rugged roads and has neither electric nor phone lines. Since the town i...

The House That Jones Built.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rist, Marilee C.

1992-01-01

Describes lifelong commitment of middle-school principal and major W.J. Jones to Coahoma, a small town in Mississippi Delta. Thanks to his efforts, town recently acquired a sewage system, blacktopped roads, and new housing (through Habitat for Humanity and World Vision). Although town elementary school fell victim to consolidation and children are…

Leukemia incidence and radioactivity in drinking water in 59 Iowa towns.

PubMed Central

Fuortes, L; McNutt, L A; Lynch, C

1990-01-01

Fifty-nine towns in Iowa with single source drinking water supplies were stratified on the basis of radium content in finished non-softened water to test the hypothesis of an association with total or acute myeloid leukemia. Fourteen towns had radium concentrations in drinking water exceeding the EPA safety limit of 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). A small increasing trend existed for total leukemia with increased radium content in drinking water that is in accordance with either the hypothesis of no effect or of a small effect. PMID:2400041

Profiles in Rural Economic Development: A Guidebook of Selected Successful Rural Area Initiatives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Margaret G.

This guidebook presents 64 profiles of successful economic development initiatives in the small towns and rural areas of 37 states. Intended for use by rural and small town leaders and rural economic development specialists, the guide provides ideas, encouragement, and an "insider perspective" on alternative rural development strategies.…

Using a Crisis to Redefine School Culture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huddleston, Lisa

2014-01-01

This case involves a small town in the southwestern United States. Background descriptions of the community and school are provided, including historical and demographic information. As the community and school transition from a small ranching town into a bedroom community for the large city nearby, tensions related to race and wealth erupt in a…

Autonomy and interdependence: beliefs of Brazilian mothers from state capitals and small towns.

PubMed

Vieira, Mauro Luis; Seidl-de-Moura, Maria Lucia; Macarini, Samira Mafioletti; Martins, Gabriela Dal Forno; Lordelo, Eulina da Rocha; Tokumaru, Rosana Suemi; Oliva, Angela Donate

2010-11-01

This study aimed to investigate characteristics of Brazilian mothers' beliefs system, in the dimensions of autonomy and interdependence. A group of 600 women, half from state capitals and half from small towns, participated in the study. They were individually interviewed with Scales of Allocentrism, Beliefs about Parental Practices and Socialization Goals. Paired and Independent samples t tests and Multivariate GLM were performed. The results indicate that although mothers from both contexts value autonomy, mothers inhabiting small towns considered the relational dimension as the most important; whereas mothers inhabiting capitals valued equally both dimensions, either in their beliefs about practices or in the socialization goals for their children. Mothers from small towns have a higher mean score for allocentrism than mothers living in capitals. Thus, place of residence proved to be a relevant variable in the modulation of maternal beliefs. Educational level was not a significant factor in the variables considered and with this group of mothers. The study results are discussed in terms of their contribution to the understanding of the complex relationship between dimensions of autonomy and interdependence in mothers' beliefs system.

Does Core Area Theory Apply to STIs in Rural Environments?

PubMed Central

Gesink, Dionne C; Sullivan, Ashleigh B; Norwood, Todd; Serre, Marc L; Miller, William C

2012-01-01

Background Our objective was to determine the extent to which geographical core areas for gonorrhea and syphilis are located in rural areas, as compared to urban areas. Methods Incident gonorrhea (January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2010) and syphilis (January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2010) rates were estimated and mapped by census tract and quarter. Rurality was measured using percent rural and rural-urban commuting area (RUCA; rural, small town, micropolitan, or urban). SaTScan was used to identify spatiotemporal clusters of significantly elevated rates of infection. Clusters lasting five years or longer were considered core areas; clusters of shorter duration were considered outbreaks. Clusters were overlaid on maps of rurality and qualitatively assessed for correlation. Results Twenty gonorrhea core areas were identified; 65% in urban centers, 25% in micropolitan areas, and the remaining 10% were geographically large capturing combinations of urban, micropolitan, small town and rural environments. Ten syphilis core areas were identified with 80% in urban centers and 20% capturing two or more RUCAs. All ten of the syphilis core areas (100%) overlapped with gonorrhea core areas. Conclusions Gonorrhea and syphilis rates were high for rural parts of North Carolina; however, no core areas were identified exclusively for small towns or rural areas. The main pathway of rural STI transmission may be through the interconnectedness of urban, micropolitan, small town and rural areas. Directly addressing STIs in urban and micropolitan communities may also indirectly help address STI rates in rural and small town communities. PMID:23254115

Traveling with Eighth-Grade Students to Learn about State and Local History

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Ronald V.

2016-01-01

Eighth-grade students from three school districts in three small towns in Crosby County, Texas, received academic credit for working together with the biannual Crosby County Pioneer Memorial Museum summer travel education program. Each of the three districts radiate from a small town. They were within one county, and the museum was located in the…

Interdistrict Transfers, Latino/White School Segregation, and Institutional Racism in a Small California Town

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Prins, Esther

2007-01-01

This article examines how the interdistrict transfer of White students from a majority-Latino school to a majority-White school increased school segregation in a small California town. The article argues that White parents' decisions to transfer their children, coupled with the sending school district's decision to allow the transfers, constituted…

Reimagining Education in Small Towns

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carr, Patrick J.; Kefalas, Maria J.

2010-01-01

Things are not going so well in small-town America. While the so-called "Great Recession" of the moment has focused considerable attention on the travails of Main Street and Middle America, the truth is that the troubles that plague such places have been a long time in the making. For the past 30 years, nonmetropolitan counties and the…

Age of First Use of Cigarettes among Rural and Small Town Elementary School Children in Illinois.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarvela, Paul D.; Monge, Eduardo A.; Shannon, Dan V.; Nawrot, Robynn

1999-01-01

Investigated the age at first cigarette use among rural and small town elementary students. Age-appropriate surveys of kindergarten through sixth-grade students indicated no significant difference in smoking between students in grades K-5, but smoking increased significantly in sixth grade. The strongest predictor variables were having tried…

Sundown Town to "Little Mexico": Old-Timers and Newcomers in an American Small Town

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McConnell, Eileen Diaz; Miraftab, Faranak

2009-01-01

For more than a century, communities across the United States legally employed strategies to create and maintain racial divides. One particularly widespread and effective practice was that of "sundown towns," which signaled to African Americans and others that they were not welcome within the city limits after dark. Though nearly 1,000…

International Female Students' Experiences of Navigating the Canadian Health Care System in a Small Town Setting

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burgess, K.; McKenzie, W.; Fehr, F.

2016-01-01

This pilot study explored the international female (IF) students' (n = 17) lived experiences of health care accessibility while studying in a small town in Canada. Analysis guided by a phenomenological method resulted in three major themes--(1) after arriving to attend university, IF students experienced challenges in staying healthy, such as…

Out of Sight, Out of Mind: Homeless Children and Families in Small-Town America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vissing, Yvonne M.

Homelessness in small towns and rural areas is on the rise, and a substantial portion of the rural homeless consists of families with children. This book draws on interviews and case studies of over 300 homeless children and their families, primarily in New Hampshire, and on supporting statistics to provide individual and sociological perspectives…

Factors shaping the HIV-competence of two primary schools in rural Zimbabwe

PubMed Central

Campbell, Catherine; Andersen, Louise; Mutsikiwa, Alice; Pufall, Erica; Skovdal, Morten; Madanhire, Claudius; Nyamukapa, Connie; Gregson, Simon

2016-01-01

We present multi-method case studies of two Zimbabwean primary schools – one rural and one small-town. The rural school scored higher than the small-town school on measures of child well-being and school attendance by HIV-affected children. The small-town school had superior facilities, more teachers with higher morale, more specialist HIV/AIDS activities, and an explicit religious ethos. The relatively impoverished rural school was located in a more cohesive community with a more critically conscious, dynamic and networking headmaster. The current emphasis on HIV/AIDS-related teacher training and specialist school-based activities should be supplemented with greater attention to impacts of school leadership and the nature of the school-community interface on the HIV-competence of schools. PMID:26997748

Water quality of Lake Austin and Town Lake, Austin, Texas

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andrews, F.L.; Wells, F.C.; Shelby, W.J.

1988-01-01

Lake Austin and Town Lake are impoundments on the Colorado River in Travis County, central Texas, and are a source of water for municipal industrial water supplies, electrical-power generation, and recreation for more than 500,000 people in the Austin metropolitan area. Small vertical temperature variations in both lakes were attributed to shallow depths in the lakes and short retention times of water in the lakes during the summer months. The largest areal variations in dissolved oxygen generally occur in Lake Austin during the summer as a result of releases of water from below the thermocline in Lake Travis. Except formore » iron, manganese, and mercury, dissolved concentrations of trace elements in water collected from Lake Austin and Town Lake did not exceed the primary or secondary drinking water standards set by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Little or no effect of stormwater runoff on temperature, dissolved oxygen, or minor elements could be detected in either Lake Austin or Town Lake. Little seasonal or areal variation was noted in nitrogen concentrations in Lake Austin or Town lake. Total phosphorus concentrations generally were small in both lakes. Increased concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus were detected after storm runoff inflow in Town Lake, but not in Lake Austin; densities of fecal-coliform bacteria increased in Lake Austin and Town Lake, but were substantially greater in Town Lake than in Lake Austin. 18 refs., 38 figs., 59 tabs.« less

Residential fencing in a metropolitan area and three small towns.

Treesearch

Edwin Kallio; Jerry A. Sesco

1967-01-01

Many types of fences were found on residential lots in the metropolitan-suburban area of St. Louis County, Missouri, and three small towns in southern Illinois. Wire fences predominated. More wooden fences were found on village lots than on city lots. In general, the more expensive homes had the most wooden fencing. Homes over 5 years old had more fencing of all...

Practice location factors influencing South Dakota School of Medicine graduates (1977-85).

PubMed

Jarratt, L G; Leonardson, G R; Nord, W J

1989-12-01

Physician numbers and placement continue to be major health delivery concerns in the rural state of South Dakota. This study of four-year graduates (1977-1985) of the South Dakota School of Medicine looks at current factors affecting physician placement and compares placement and location selection factors to a previous study of graduates of the medical school when it was a two-year program (1969-1973). Factors influencing physicians locating in South Dakota were: closeness to their home town and or spouses' home town, residency training in small towns, payment of educational loans, medical school clerkships, time of decision, etc. Factors influencing physicians locating in rural communities (less than 5,000) were: growing up in small communities, residency training in small communities, early location decisions, payment of loans, and high medical need.

Not just a rural occurrence: differences in agricultural equipment crash characteristics by rural-urban crash site and proximity to town.

PubMed

Harland, Karisa K; Greenan, Mitchell; Ramirez, Marizen

2014-09-01

Although approximately one-third of agricultural equipment-related crashes occur near town, these crashes are thought to be a rural problem. This analysis examines differences between agricultural equipment-related crashes by their urban-rural distribution and distance from a town. Agricultural equipment crashes were collected from nine Midwest Departments of Transportation (2005-2008). Crash zip code was assigned as urban or rural (large, small and isolated) using Rural-Urban Commuting Areas. Crash proximity to a town was estimated with ArcGIS. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the odds of crashing in an urban versus rural zip codes and across rural gradients. ANOVA analysis estimated mean distance (miles) from a crash site to a town. Over four years, 4444 crashes involved agricultural equipment. About 30% of crashes occurred in urban zip codes. Urban crashes were more likely to be non-collisions (aOR=1.69[1.24-2.30]), involve ≥2 vehicles (2 vehicles: aOR=1.58[1.14-2.20], 3+ vehicles: aOR=1.68[0.98-2.88]), occur in a town (aOR=2.06[1.73-2.45]) and within one mile of a town (aOR=1.65[1.40-1.95]) than rural crashes. The proportion of crashes within a town differed significantly across rural gradients (P<0.0001). Small rural crashes, compared to isolated rural crashes, were 1.98 (95%CI[1.28-3.06]) times more likely to be non-collisions. The distance from the crash to town differed significantly by the urban-rural distribution (P<0.0001). Crashes with agricultural equipment are unexpectedly common in urban areas and near towns and cities. Education among all roadway users, increased visibility of agricultural equipment and the development of complete rural roads are needed to increase road safety and prevent agricultural equipment-related crashes. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comprehensive evaluation of the main technology for new sewage treatment plants in small towns along the Duliujian river basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Yiming; Zhou, Beihai; Yuan, Rongfang; Bao, Xiangming; Li, Dongwei

2018-02-01

In recent years, water contamination problem has been becoming more and more serious due to increasing wastewater discharge. So our country has accelerated the pace of constructing sewage treatment plant in small towns. But in China it has not been issued any corresponding technical specifications about the choice of treatment technology. So the article is based on the basin of Duliujian river, through field research, data collection and analysis of relevant documentations, preliminarily elects seven kinds of technology: Improved A2/O, Integrated oxidation ditch, Orbal oxidation ditch, CASS, A/O+refined diatomite, BIOLAK and UNITANK as alternatives for Tianjin sewage discharge local standard.Then the article use the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to evaluate the seven kinds of alternatives, finally it is concluded that CASS technology is most suitable for the main technology of new sewage treatment plants in small towns along the Duliujian River basin.

Wastewater management in small towns - understanding the failure of small treatment plants in Bolivia.

PubMed

Cossio, Claudia; McConville, Jennifer; Rauch, Sebastien; Wilén, Britt-Marie; Dalahmeh, Sahar; Mercado, Alvaro; Romero, Ana M

2018-06-01

Wastewater management in developing countries is a challenge, especially in small towns with rapid population growth. This study aims at assessing the performance and management of five treatment plants (TPs) in rural areas of Cochabamba, Bolivia. Pollutants' concentrations, wastewater flows, hydraulic and organic loads and hydraulic retention times were determined in three small treatment plants (2000-10,000 population equivalent [p.e.]; flow > 432 m 3 /d) and two very small treatment plants (<2000 p.e.; flow < 432 m 3 /d). The performance assessment was based on operational parameters, treatment efficiency and effluent quality. Management data were collected through semi-structured interviews with managers of local water associations. The results support that the poor performance of the TPs is due to lack of operational expertise and financial resources for adequate operation and maintenance (O&M). Additionally, effective treatment was affected by the type of technology used and whether the plant design included plans for O&M with available resources. This study contributes to a better understanding of actual operating conditions of wastewater TPs in small towns, thus providing needed information regarding technology selection, design, implementation and operation.

Investigating Town Design and Social Organization at Port Tobacco, Maryland Through the Use of Archaeology and Geophysics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quantock, Peter C.

This thesis examines the connection between town planning and social organization at the small town site of Port Tobacco in south-central Charles County, Maryland from the beginning of the 18th century through to the end of the 19th century. By employing a methodology of both geophysical techniques and archaeological excavations, I was able to locate and map numerous structures and features associated with town planning and examine how these spaces were used. This data was used to show how social order, power, and wealth transformed the town layout from a linear settlement along the river into a grid-like pattern. Specifically, I was able to show that these changes in town layout were dominated by the power of the local elite landowners and tobacco merchants.

Road to Recovery: Bringing Recovery to Small Town America

ScienceCinema

Nettamo, Paivi

2018-01-08

The Recovery Act hits the road to reach out to surrounding towns of the Savannah River Site that are struggling with soaring unemployment rates. This project helps recruit thousands of people to new jobs in environmental cleanup at the Savannah River Site.

The Colorado Gambling Boom: An Experiment in Rural Community Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stokowski, Patricia A.

1992-01-01

Three small Colorado towns that faced a declining economy as the mining resource ran out used gambling-based tourism as a strategy for community development. Although economic benefits to the towns have far exceeded expectations, negative social, environmental, and political changes, such as crime alcoholism, traffic problems, and conflicts…

The Town/Gown Syndrome in Higher Education. CELCEE Digest No. 98-6.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brawer, Florence B.

This digest examines some of the literature on entrepreneurial arrangements within academic institutions--arrangements that often mirror the conflicted town/gown attitude between small cities and the institutions of higher education located within their limits. The main reason cited for the involvement of higher education institutions in…

When Rural Reality Goes Virtual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Husain, Dilshad D.

1998-01-01

In rural towns where sparse population and few business are barriers, virtual reality may be the only way to bring work-based learning to students. A partnership between a small-town high school, the Ohio Supercomputer Center, and a high-tech business will enable students to explore the workplace using virtual reality. (JOW)

Evaluating the Struggles with International Students and Local Community Participation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kusek, Weronika A.

2015-01-01

International students are not only important for universities, but even more so to the host communities, towns and regions where higher education institutions are located. This pilot study looked at a public university located in a small college town in Ohio. The study explored the relationship between international students and the local…

Innovation Engine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stuart, Reginald

2012-01-01

This article describes how Wayne State University's TechTown is helping revive Detroit's hard-hit economy. TechTown got its start when then-Wayne State President Irvin Reid and a small group of business leaders in the city and state officials decided Detroit needed to embrace the business incubator idea that had been so successful in other regions…

International Mathematics Tournament of the Towns.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Liu, Andy

The International Mathematics Tournament of the Towns is a mathematics competition for junior and senior high school students all over the world. The tournament began in 1980 in the former Soviet Union. Participants write contest papers locally, with emphasis on solving within a very generous time allowance a small number of interesting problems.…

Partnering for Economic Development: How Town-Gown Relations Impact Local Economic Development in Small and Medium Cities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Massey, Jennifer; Field, Sean; Chan, Yolande

2014-01-01

Universities play an increasingly prominent role in shaping regional, social, and economic development. In Canada, however, spatial, economic, and social differences between universities and their host communities continue to challenge positive town--gown relationships and undermine the benefits associated with high concentrations of prospective…

Spatial Analysis of Urban Master Plans of Towns in North-Eastern Poland in the Context of Urban Revalorisation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zagroba, Marek; Klopotowski, Maciej

2017-12-01

The research subject raised in this study is the urban structure of small towns in Warmia, a region rich in history, situated in the north-eastern Poland. This area, together with the neighbouring region of Mazury, is referred to as the Land of a Thousand Lakes. The historical events, such as the conquest of this territory by the Teutonic Order in 13th century, gave rise to the foundation of twelve towns in Warmia, which have survived until our time. Of these settlements, only one, which is Olsztyn, grew to a larger size over the centuries and eventually became the capital of Warmia. The others are still small towns, with a population from a few to less than twenty thousand inhabitants. The policy and economic goals of the Teutonic Order underlay the spread of a uniform type of urban master plan in the entire region. The establishment of urban centres was dictated by military considerations - all towns had fortified castles and were 15-30 km distant from one another, which stemmed from the organisation of the Teutonic State. The location of new towns in Warmia coincided in time with the general urban planning principles governing urban development in the Middle Ages. The medieval towns, which grew on the foundations of ancient cultures, were developed on a regular grid of streets, delineating land lots for compact town houses and a central square serving as a market place. Within this structure, the town’s most significant spatial dominants, such as a town hall, a church and a fortified castle, were situated. The castle often stood on the outskirts of a town, as it had to be connected to the town’s fortifications. The location of medieval towns in Warmia proceeded according to a similar concept. All these towns are distinguished by characteristically medieval, regular urban layouts, which - while being similar - have certain intrinsic features. Differences can be seen in the design of main streets, the size and proportions of market squares, the ways in which land parcels were developed as well as the location of public buildings. However, the space occupied by the old town has remained dominant in all these urban developments. This, to a large extent, explains the synthetic character of the following research. Spatial analysis of urban patterns developed in the twelve towns of Warmia was the principal objective of this study. Another aim was to confirm the hypothesis that medieval urban structures in Warmia (their old town’s area) are the manifestation of the historical identity of these towns and bear some influence on their contemporary development. The conclusions drawn from the investigation, its objectives and the method employed, focus on the connections between the original functions of old towns with the modern-day needs and aspirations to further the towns’ development whilst preserving the historic heritage. Processes designed in line with the above recommendations should eliminate threats to the structure of developed areas and the whole town’s image. Another objective should be to improve the composition-related and aesthetic values of the inner-town space.

Learning Capitalist Culture: Deep in the Heart of Tejas. Contemporary Ethnography Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Foley, Douglas E.

This ethnography is about life in a small south Texas town painfully undergoing cultural and political change since the late 1960s. Since its inception, the Chicano civil rights movement has challenged local vestiges of racial segregation, and confrontation between Mexicanos and Anglos has created new tensions for the town's youth. This book…

It Comes from the People: Community Development and Local Theology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hinsdale, Mary Ann; And Others

The closing of local mines and factories collapsed the economic and social structure of Ivanhoe, Virginia, a small rural town once considered a dying community. This book is a case study that tells how the people of Ivanhoe organized to revitalize their town. It documents the community development process--a process that included hard work, a…

Sociodemographic and Environmental Correlates of Active Commuting in Rural America

PubMed Central

Fan, Jessie X.; Wen, Ming; Kowaleski-Jones, Lori

2014-01-01

Purpose This research investigated participation rates in 3 modes of active commuting (AC) and their sociodemographic and physical environmental correlates in rural America. Methods The 2000 Census supplemented with other datasets were used to analyze AC rates in percentage of workers walking, biking, and taking public transportations to work in 14,209 nonmetropolitan rural tracts identified by RUCA codes, including 4,067 small rural and 10,142 town-micropolitan rural tracts. Sociodemographic and physical environmental variables were correlated with 3 AC modes simultaneously using Seemingly Unrelated Regression for nonmetro rural, and for small rural and town-micropolitan rural separately. Findings The average AC rates in rural tracts were 3.63%, 0.26%, and 0.56% for walking, biking, and public transportation to work, respectively, with small rural tracts having a higher rate of walking but lower rates of biking and public transportation to work than town-micropolitan tracts. In general, better economic well-being was negatively associated with AC but percentage of college-educated was a positive correlate. Population density was positively associated with AC but greenness and proximity to parks were negative correlates. However, significant differences existed for different AC modes, and between small rural and town-micropolitan rural tracts. Conclusions Sociodemographic factors explained more variance in AC than physical environmental factors but the detailed relationships were complex, varying by AC mode and by degree of rurality. Any strategy to promote AC in rural America needs to be sensitive to the population size of the area and assessed in a comprehensive manner to avoid a “one size fits all” approach. PMID:25066252

Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of active commuting in rural America.

PubMed

Fan, Jessie X; Wen, Ming; Kowaleski-Jones, Lori

2015-01-01

This research investigated participation rates in 3 modes of active commuting (AC) and their sociodemographic and physical environmental correlates in rural America. The 2000 Census supplemented with other data sets were used to analyze AC rates in percentage of workers walking, biking, and taking public transportation to work in 14,209 nonmetropolitan rural tracts identified by RUCA codes, including 4,067 small rural and 10,142 town-micropolitan rural tracts. Sociodemographic and physical environmental variables were correlated with 3 AC modes simultaneously using Seemingly Unrelated Regression for nonmetro rural, and for small rural and town-micropolitan rural separately. The average AC rates in rural tracts were 3.63%, 0.26%, and 0.56% for walking, biking, and public transportation to work, respectively, with small rural tracts having a higher rate of walking but lower rates of biking and public transportation to work than town-micropolitan tracts. In general, better economic well-being was negatively associated with AC but percentage of college-educated was a positive correlate. Population density was positively associated with AC but greenness and proximity to parks were negative correlates. However, significant differences existed for different AC modes, and between small rural and town-micropolitan rural tracts. Sociodemographic factors explained more variance in AC than physical environmental factors but the detailed relationships were complex, varying by AC mode and by degree of rurality. Any strategy to promote AC in rural America needs to be sensitive to the population size of the area and assessed in a comprehensive manner to avoid a "one size fits all" approach. © 2014 National Rural Health Association.

Quality of water in the upper Ohio River basin and at Erie, Pennsylvania

USGS Publications Warehouse

Lewis, Samuel James

1906-01-01

This paper discusses the quality of water on the most important tributaries of Ohio River in Pennsylvania, New York, West Virginia, and Maryland, and the nature of the water supply at Erie, Pa. The amount and character of the pollution is described and the results of drinking contaminated water as shown by typhoid statistics are indicated. The conditions on the tributaries of Ohio River in Ohio are discussed in Water-Supply and Irrigation Paper No. 79, United States Geological Survey, pages 129-187. The water supplies and sewerage of small towns high up toward the head of a large drainage system do not in many cases receive the attention they should. Epidemics of a waterborne disease which affect large municipalities near the mouth of the river and therefore attract attention must necessarily have their origin in the pollution of the watershed above. It is evident, therefore, that adequate sanitation of the small towns and a water supply as carefully guarded as that of a large city would prevent disease at its very source and be far less expensive than the costly battles which are waged against epidemics in huge centers of population after disease has broken out. Typhoid fever statistics for small towns in this section are seldom available and are more or less unreliable at best. The few figures given show the existence of virulent typhoid fever in most towns of the drainage areas in certain years, and as these towns drain into the streams the liability ofthe water to infection is evident. The significance of typhoid fever death rates will be better understood from the statistics presented below, which have been collated from a number of cities having excellent water supplies.

The respiratory health and lung function of Anglo-American children in a smelter town

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dodge, R.

1983-02-01

Cooper smelters are large, usually isolated, sources of air pollution. Arizona has several such plants on the periphery of small communities. The smelters emit predominantly sulfur oxides and particulates, and the residents of these communities intermittently are exposed to high concentrations (24-h sulfur dioxide (SO2) . 250 to 500 micrograms/m3) of smelter smoke but little other pollution. This study compared the respiratory health of Anglo-American school children who lived in one smelter community with children living in another small community in Arizona that was free of smelter air pollution. The prevalence of cough, as determined by questionnaire, was 25.6% inmore » the smelter town children and 14.3% in the nonsmelter town children (p less than 0.05). Pulmonary function at the study onset was equal in the two groups. Over the course of the 4 yr of study, lung function growth (measured as actual forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) after 4 yr of study minus predicted FEV1) was also equal in the smelter town and nonsmelter town children. These results suggest that children in smelter communities have slightly more cough when compared with children living in other communities, but no differences in initial lung function or lung function at yearly testing over the period of the study.« less

Managing landscape connectivity for a fragmented area using spatial analysis model at town scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Shiliang; Dong, Yuhong; Fu, Wei; Zhang, Zhaoling

2009-10-01

Urban growth has great effect on land uses of its suburbs. The habitat loss and fragmentation in those areas are a main threat to conservation of biodiversity. Enhancing landscape functional connectivity is usually an effective way to maintain high biodiversity level in disturbed area. Taking a small town in Beijing as an example, we designed potential landscape corridors based on identification of landscape element quality and "least-cost" path analysis. We described a general approach to establish the corridor network in such fragmented area at town scale. The results showed that landscape elements position has various effects on landscape suitability. Small forest patches and other green lands such as meadow, shrub, even farmland could be a potential stepping-stone or corridor for animal movements. Also, the analysis reveals that critical areas should be managed to facilitate the movement of dispersers among habitat patches.

Simulating the conversion of rural settlements to town land based on multi-agent systems and cellular automata.

PubMed

Liu, Yaolin; Kong, Xuesong; Liu, Yanfang; Chen, Yiyun

2013-01-01

Rapid urbanization in China has triggered the conversion of land from rural to urban use, particularly the conversion of rural settlements to town land. This conversion is the result of the joint effects of the geographic environment and agents involving the government, investors, and farmers. To understand the dynamic interaction dominated by agents and to predict the future landscape of town expansion, a small town land-planning model is proposed based on the integration of multi-agent systems (MAS) and cellular automata (CA). The MAS-CA model links the decision-making behaviors of agents with the neighbor effect of CA. The interaction rules are projected by analyzing the preference conflicts among agents. To better illustrate the effects of the geographic environment, neighborhood, and agent behavior, a comparative analysis between the CA and MAS-CA models in three different towns is presented, revealing interesting patterns in terms of quantity, spatial characteristics, and the coordinating process. The simulation of rural settlements conversion to town land through modeling agent decision and human-environment interaction is very useful for understanding the mechanisms of rural-urban land-use change in developing countries. This process can assist town planners in formulating appropriate development plans.

Support to the DoD Comprehensive Review Working Group Analyzing the Impact of Repealing ’Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’. Volume 2: Findings from the Qualitative Research Tasks

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-11-01

Tell military.” (male) “You must consider that most of your troops come from small town America , and while in the city and other progressive areas...in the country, it may be acceptable to be gay, it is generally not acceptable in small town America . Therefore, you are creating a situation in...state favors the demands of the homosexual activists over the First Amendment, it is only a matter of time before the military censors the religious

A note on the microeconomics of migration.

PubMed

Stahl, K

1983-11-01

"The purpose of this note is to demonstrate in a simple model that an individual's migration from a small town to a large city may be rationalized purely by a consumption motive, rather than the motive of obtaining a higher income. More specifically, it is shown that in a large city an individual may derive a higher utility from spending a given amount of income than in a small town." A formal model is first developed that includes the principal forces at work and is then illustrated using a graphic example. The theoretical and empirical issues raised are considered in the concluding section. excerpt

Rural Community and Rural Resilience: What Is Important to Farmers in Keeping Their Country Towns Alive?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McManus, Phil; Walmsley, Jim; Argent, Neil; Baum, Scott; Bourke, Lisa; Martin, John; Pritchard, Bill; Sorensen, Tony

2012-01-01

Many studies have highlighted the phenomenon of rural decline in parts of the developed world, summarised as a loss in agricultural employment leading to a decline in the number and size of rural settlements. This study of small towns in part of Australia's inland rural "heartland" employs the concepts of interactional rural community of…

Developmental and Cross-Cultural Differences in the Cooperative and Competitive Behavior of Young Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madsen, Millard C.

An experimental task with accompanying apparatus was developed for use in the study of developmental and cultural differences in the cooperative-competitive behavior of children in a small Mexican town and in California. Two groups of 20 Mexican children (aged 7-8 and 10-11), from an elementary school in a town in Baja, California, Mexico, were…

Youth Employment, Psychosocial Health and the Importance of Person/Environment Fit: A Case Study of Two Scottish Rural Towns.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pavis, Stephen; Platt, Stephen; Hubbard, Gill

2002-01-01

Reports on the employment experiences of young people from two small rural Scottish towns. The majority of available employment was repetitive, and involved poor working conditions and limited opportunity for skill development or promotion. Most respondents recognized that in the longer term such work was detrimental to their quality of life and…

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL ALTERNATIVES: DRINKING WATER TREATMENT FOR SMALL COMMUNITIES

EPA Science Inventory

This document provides information for small system owners, operators, managers, and local decision makers, such as town officials, regarding drinking water treatment requirements and the treatment technologies suitable for small systems. t is not intended to be a comprehensive m...

Berlin, Maryland - How One Small City is Using Science to Change its World

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Allen, L.; Silbergeld, E.

2016-12-01

Small cities are uniquely challenged to mitigate environmental issues in their communities because they usually lack the financial resources and technical expertise to address them. The Town of Berlin, population 4,500, recently purchased approximately 60 acres of private property located at 9943 Old Ocean City Boulevard. The property was previously owned by Tyson Chicken, Inc. and contains a chicken processing plant which has not been in use for over 10 years. Historically the plant emitted significant odors which limited the Town's ability to diversify its economic base. The plant closure provided an opportunity to convert the property to another use, but the downturn in the economy delayed that change. The Town intends to establish recreation oriented uses on the property with the following goals in mind: Create a common ground for the people of Berlin that will unite various neighborhoods. Create synergy between ecological sustainability and community resilience Upgrade the ponds on the property to make them the design focal point Through the Thriving Earth Exchange, the Town of Berlin connected with Dr. Ellen Silbergeld to resolve the question of how to remediate the ponds. Dr. Silbergeld is trained as an environmental engineer and public health researcher, with substantial experience in environmental issues in the poultry industry. This case study will show how one small city is working with a volunteer scientist to convert a blighted piece of property into a multi-use public space for the benefit of its residents and guests.

Heavy Metal Content in Airborne Dust of Childhood Leukemia Cluster Areas: Even Small Towns Have Air Pollutants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheppard, P. R.; Witten, M. L.

2004-12-01

Currently in the US, there are at least two ongoing clusters of childhood leukemia, where the incidence rate over the last several years has exceeded the national norm. In Fallon, Nevada, a town of 8,000 people, 16 children have been diagnosed with leukemia since 1995, three of whom have died. In Sierra Vista, Arizona, a town of 38,000 people, 12 children have been diagnosed since 1998, two of whom have died. A possible third cluster of childhood leukemia and other cancers is being monitored in Elk Grove, California, a suburb of Sacramento. For the purpose of characterizing the heavy metal content of airborne dust of these three communities, total suspended particulate samples were collected from each town as well as from nearby towns that could be considered as control comparisons. Sampling was done using portable high-volume blowers and glass- or quartz-fiber filter media. Filters were measured for elemental concentrations using inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. To date, our most notable results are from the Nevada region. Compared to other control towns in the region, Fallon had significantly more tungsten in its airborne dust. Uranium was also higher in dust of Fallon than in other control towns. Uranium is a known health hazard, though it is not necessarily specifically related to childhood leukemia. The role of tungsten in childhood leukemia has not been widely studied. However, other research has identified tungsten exposure as an environmental concern in Fallon. A CDC study of human tissue samples from Fallon has shown high tungsten levels in people of Fallon, and a USGS study of drinking water in Fallon also has shown high tungsten there. Tree-ring research on selected trees has shown high tungsten values in recent rings compared to earlier rings. While these multiple indications of tungsten in the Fallon environment do not directly lead to the conclusion that tungsten causes leukemia, they do combine to suggest that biomedical research on the role of tungsten in childhood leukemia is justified. It is also worth noting in this session on megacities that environmental pollution issues are concerns not just of large cities, but also of small rural towns.

Development Opportunities: The Effect of UMES on the Town of Princess Anne, Maryland.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sann, David; Tervala, Victor K.

A study was done of the potential economic effect of the University of Maryland Eastern Shore (UMES) campus on the nearby town of Princess Anne, a small rural community. The study used estimates made by a UMES faculty member which projected that UMES students in 1990 spent over $7 million on goods and services unrelated to educational expenses.…

The Original "Brown" Town after 50 Years: Desegregated, Not Integrated

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, Glenn

2004-01-01

The story of Summerton and its schools is a footnote to history. On the surface, daily life in this small South Carolina town today is a far cry from a half century ago. At the same time, little seems to have changed--and many residents seem to prefer it that way. And with good reason, for the townspeople, especially whites, still cast a wary eye…

Simulating the Conversion of Rural Settlements to Town Land Based on Multi-Agent Systems and Cellular Automata

PubMed Central

Liu, Yaolin; Kong, Xuesong; Liu, Yanfang; Chen, Yiyun

2013-01-01

Rapid urbanization in China has triggered the conversion of land from rural to urban use, particularly the conversion of rural settlements to town land. This conversion is the result of the joint effects of the geographic environment and agents involving the government, investors, and farmers. To understand the dynamic interaction dominated by agents and to predict the future landscape of town expansion, a small town land-planning model is proposed based on the integration of multi-agent systems (MAS) and cellular automata (CA). The MAS-CA model links the decision-making behaviors of agents with the neighbor effect of CA. The interaction rules are projected by analyzing the preference conflicts among agents. To better illustrate the effects of the geographic environment, neighborhood, and agent behavior, a comparative analysis between the CA and MAS-CA models in three different towns is presented, revealing interesting patterns in terms of quantity, spatial characteristics, and the coordinating process. The simulation of rural settlements conversion to town land through modeling agent decision and human-environment interaction is very useful for understanding the mechanisms of rural-urban land-use change in developing countries. This process can assist town planners in formulating appropriate development plans. PMID:24244472

Strategies for waste management in small and medium towns of developing countries: a case study of India.

PubMed

Sundaravadivel, M; Vigneswaran, S

2003-01-01

This paper evaluates the issues of waste management in small and medium towns (SMTs) (with population in the range of 10,000-100,000) of India, and identifies the need for a multi-disciplinary approach encompassing technological, economic and financial aspects of the issues to effect improvements. A comprehensive set of cross-disciplinary strategies is suggested to improve the prevailing conditions with environmentally appropriate, economically efficient and financially self-sustaining waste management services. Based on a case study of four SMTs in the State of Tamil Nadu in India, this paper evaluates the application of the suggested strategies and offers policy recommendations.

Small-Town Rock Trade

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robarge, Thomas J.

1977-01-01

Describes an eighth grade rock exchange project in which small groups of students researched, then wrote letters to schools throughout the United States requesting samples of local rocks and minerals. Provides experience in use of the atlas and letter writing. (CS)

Big Project, Small Leaders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schon, Jennifer A.; Eitel, Karla B.; Bingaman, Deirdre; Miller, Brant G.; Rittenburg, Rebecca A.

2014-01-01

Donnelly, Idaho, is a small town surrounded by private ranches and Forest Service property. Through the center of Donnelly runs Boulder Creek, a small tributary feeding into Cascade Lake Reservoir. Boulder Creek originates from a mountain lake north of Donnelly. Since 1994 it has been listed as "impaired" by the Environmental Protection…

Civilian Morale under Aerial Bombardment 1914-1939. Part 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1948-12-01

the people’s battle -front,ർ During the autoran of 1936 lesser towns had undergone severe bombings from the ...September and October, Webb Miller went through some of the battle for this city when he succeeded in passing over the Loyalist lines. He...hands of the Franco troops, most of whom were Italians sent to Spain by Mussolini to aid his brother Fascist.^ Brihuega, a small town some 50

Passive tick surveillance, dog seropositivity, and incidence of human Lyme disease

USGS Publications Warehouse

Johnson, Jaree L.; Ginsberg, Howard S.; Zhioua, Elyes; Whitworth, Ulysses G.; Markowski, Daniel; Hyland, Kerwin E.; Hu, Renjie

2004-01-01

Data on nymphal Ixodes scapularis ticks submitted by the public to the University of Rhode Island Tick Research Laboratory for testing from 1991 to 2000 were compared with human case data from the Rhode Island Department of Health to determine the efficacy of passive tick surveillance at assessing human risk of Lyme disease. Numbers of ticks submitted were highly correlated with human cases by county (r = 0.998, n = 5 counties) and by town (r = 0.916, n = 37 towns), as were the numbers of positive ticks submitted (r = 0.989 by county, r = 0.787 by town). Human cases were correlated with ticks submitted by town each year, and with positive ticks in all but 2 years. Thus, passive tick surveillance effectively assessed geographical risk of human Lyme disease. In contrast, tick submissions through time were not correlated with human cases from year to year. Dog seropositivity was significantly correlated with human cases by county in both years tested, but by town in only one of two years. Numbers of ticks submitted were correlated with dog seropositivity by county but not by town, apparently because of high variability among towns with small sample sizes. Our results suggest that passive tick surveillance, using ticks submitted by the public for Lyme spirochete testing, can be used to assess the geographical distribution of Lyme disease risk, but cannot reliably predict Lyme incidence from year to year.

[Spatiotemporal differentiation of construction land expansion in a typical town of south Jiangsu Province].

PubMed

Zhou, Rui; Li, Yue-hui; Hu, Yuan-man; Su, Hai-long; Wang, Jin-nian

2011-03-01

Choosing Xinzhuang Town in south Jiangsu Province as study area, and by using 1980, 1991, 2001, and 2009 high-resolution remote sensing images and GIS spatial analysis technology, an integrated expansion degree index model was established based on the existing indicators of construction land expansion, and the general and spatiotemporal differentiation characteristics of construction land expansion in the Town in three time periods of 1980-2009 were quantitatively analyzed. In 1980-2009, with the acceleration of rural urbanization and industrialization, the area of construction land in the Town increased significantly by 19.24 km2, and especially in 2001-2009, the expanded area, expanded contribution rate, and expansion intensity reached the maximum. The construction land expansion had an obvious spatial differentiation characteristic. In 1980-1991, the newly increased construction land mainly concentrated in town area. After 1991, the focus of construction land gradually spread to the villages with developed industries. Most of the increased construction lands were converted from paddy field and dry land, accounting for 88.1% of the total increased area, while the contribution from other land types was relatively small.

Small Village Planning Problems in the Netherlands.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Groot, Jacob P.

The problems associated with small villages are among the most difficult in Dutch physical planning, for they encompass the support of minimum social services in small towns and villages; the preservation of areas of ecological and scenic value; the acommodation of a growing population desirous of a home in the country or continued country living;…

Small Town in Mass Society Revisited.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, Frank W.

1996-01-01

A 1958 New York community study dramatized the thesis that macro forces (urbanization, industrialization, bureaucratization) have undermined all small communities' autonomy. Such "oppositional case studies" succeed when they render the dominant view immediately obsolete, have plausible origins, are testable, and generate new research.…

Of Settlements and Subdivisions...

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Harold S.

1991-01-01

Subdivisions are the dominant form of new housing, characterized by nonlinear patterns, pure residential land use, and resident homogeneity. Advocates traditional small town approach to development, which provides a range of residents and opportunities for frequent social interactions. Recommends strategies to overcome barriers to small town…

Committing driving violations: an observational study comparing city, town and village.

PubMed

Rosenbloom, Tova; Ben-Eliyahu, Adar; Nemrodov, Dan; Biegel, Ariela; Perlman, Amotz

2009-01-01

This article compares observed driving behavior in a city, a town, and a village. Unobtrusive observations were made at intersections in each residential type. Five violation types were observed: (a) not wearing a seat belt (seat belt violation); (b) not using a safety seat for a child (safety seat violation for children); (c) not using a speaker while speaking on the phone (on-phone violation); (d) failing to comply with a 'give way' sign ('give way' sign violation); and (e) stopping in an undesignated area (undesignated stop violation). It was expected that in accordance with the anonymity hypothesis that the bigger residential areas' rate of traffic violations would be higher. The effects of the residential type, drivers' gender, and age were assessed using the multiple regression model. The stepwise method of evaluation was employed. The model converged on step 3 (Adjusted R square=0.039). Residential type and gender contributed significantly to the model. Consistent with prior research, male drivers committed more violations than female drivers. Chi-square analyses were used to test the distribution of violations by the settlement types. Overall, more drivers committed violations in the two small residential areas than in the city, with 30% of city drivers, 43% of town drivers, and 51% of village drivers committing at least one violation (chi2 (2)=37.65, p<0.001). Moreover, in the town and the village, a combination of one or more violations was committed more often than in the city(chi2 (1)=34.645, p<0.001). Accordingly, more drivers committed violations in the two small settlements (48.4%) than in the city (30.6%). Possible explanations for the observed results were provided in the Discussion section. The conclusions of this paper are that drivers in small villages tend to disobey traffic laws. Therefore, efforts have to be made in companies to take this issue in consideration while running fleets in companies located in small places far from the center.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilson, Charles

University Park, Maryland (“UP”) is a small town of 2,540 residents, 919 homes, 2 churches, 1 school, 1 town hall, and 1 breakthrough community energy efficiency initiative: the Small Town Energy Program (“STEP”). STEP was developed with a mission to “create a model community energy transformation program that serves as a roadmap for other small towns across the U.S.” STEP first launched in January 2011 in UP and expanded in July 2012 to the neighboring communities of Hyattsville, Riverdale Park, and College Heights Estates, MD. STEP, which concluded in July 2013, was generously supported by a grant from the U.S.more » Department of Energy (DOE). The STEP model was designed for replication in other resource-constrained small towns similar to University Park - a sector largely neglected to date in federal and state energy efficiency programs. STEP provided a full suite of activities for replication, including: energy audits and retrofits for residential buildings, financial incentives, a community-based social marketing backbone and local community delivery partners. STEP also included the highly innovative use of an “Energy Coach” who worked one-on-one with clients throughout the program. Please see www.smalltownenergy.org for more information. In less than three years, STEP achieved the following results in University Park: • 30% of community households participated voluntarily in STEP; • 25% of homes received a Home Performance with ENERGY STAR assessment; • 16% of households made energy efficiency improvements to their home; • 64% of households proceeded with an upgrade after their assessment; • 9 Full Time Equivalent jobs were created or retained, and 39 contractors worked on STEP over the course of the project. Estimated Energy Savings - Program Totals kWh Electricity 204,407 Therms Natural Gas 24,800 Gallons of Oil 2,581 Total Estimated MMBTU Saved (Source Energy) 5,474 Total Estimated Annual Energy Cost Savings $61,343 STEP clients who had a home energy upgrade invested on average $4,500, resulting in a 13% reduction in annual energy use and utility bill savings of $325. Rebates and incentives covered 40%-50% of retrofit cost, resulting in an average simple payback of about 7 years. STEP has created a handbook in which are assembled all the key elements that went into the design and delivery of STEP. The target audiences for the handbook include interested citizens, elected officials and municipal staff who want to establish and run their own efficiency program within a small community or neighborhood, using elements, materials and lessons from STEP.« less

A Factory without Walls: Microbusinesses in Appalachia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baldwin, Fred D.

1999-01-01

Describes various programs in Appalachia that offer small loans and extensive technical assistance and training to entrepreneurs that operate microbusinesses (businesses with five or fewer employees). Discusses the potential of entrepreneurs and microbusinesses to stimulate economic development in small towns and rural areas such as Garrett…

Adaptation Of Forgotten Buildings The Example Of The Ruins Of The Kościelec Protestant Church In Piaski

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gleń, Piotr; Jarocka-Mikrut, Aleksandra

2015-12-01

Small towns in the Lublin Province are abundant with buildings possessed of outstanding historical and architectural values, representing the culture of past generations. Piaski, about 30 km east of Lublin, also boasts some of the remarkable characteristic of small towns. Not only does it feature post-Jewish tenements, but also a palace and complexes of religious buildings situated on its outskirts. This article focuses on the Kościelec - an unused, dilapidated former Protestant church. Now, works are being carried out that have inspired the Piaski town authorities to try to find a best-use scenario for the former church, in order to preserve its architectural values for future generations. The authors of this article aim to prove the necessity of research and analysis in finding the best new functions for properties whose function has already been imposed. The example of successfully completed revitalisation works at the palace and park complex in Gardzienice, located not far from the baroque Protestant church in Piaski, illustrates the advantages of some of the adaptation processes that can be employed in such buildings.

Keep Your Small Network Sailing Safely in Dangerous Waters

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Semmelroth, Jim

2006-01-01

Asmall library's essential technical problem is that it has to chart a course through the technology shoals without a navigator on board. Small libraries in small towns often have a very low level of technical skill on staff. Furthermore, obtaining skilled technical support can frequently be pretty expensive. Even when one is available, a clever…

Economic Development for Small Communities and Rural Areas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Phillips, Phillip D.

This book is designed to provide an introductory understanding of challenges, goals, processes, and procedures for economic developers, particularly economic development volunteers, in rural areas and small towns. Chapter 1 defines economic development and basic terms. Chapter 2 describes major economic, social, and demographic trends that…

Records and Notes on Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) Collected in Egypt

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

Ae. detritus. 117. El- Giza Gov., Saqqara, 1.5 km north of town at entrance to Zoser’s Pyramid (36RUU285053), 18 m; 22 Apr 1983. Plantation... Giza Gov., Saqqara, 1.6 km north of town at entrance to Zoser’s Pyramid (36RUU287055), 18 m; 22 Apr 1983. Plantation/cultivated area, medium-sized...unguiculata. 119. El- Giza Gov., Saqqara, 1 km from entrance to Zoser’s Pyramid (36RUU290054), 18 m; 22 Apr 1983. Plantation, small ditch at edge of

Earth observations Cape Town, South Africa taken during the STS-97 mission

NASA Image and Video Library

2000-12-10

STS097-711-069 (30 Nov. - 11 Dec. 2000) This view featuring Cape Town and the Western Cape Province in the Republic of South Africa was provided by one of the STS-97 astronauts using a 70mm handheld camera aboard the Earth-orbiting Space Shuttle Endeavour. The capital and largest city of Western Cape Province, Cape Town (1995 population in the urban and suburban area shows in excess of 1.9 million), is visible between False Bay (large, U-shaped bay) and a smaller bay along the Atlantic coast of the peninsula. Within the urban built-up area some of the infrastructure of Cape Town, including the city center and the harbor and waterfront facilities, can be identified near the small bay (middle left edge of the image). Table Mountain elevation of 3563 feet (1086 meters above sea level) separates the city center (north of the mountain) from the southern suburbs of Cape Town. The Cape of Good Hope, long famous as the gateway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean, is located at the southern tip of the claw-shaped peninsula. False Bay is a popular recreational region for the local residents of the greater Cape Town region, as well as a tourist attraction for people who live beyond the borders of South Africa. The lighter-colored terrain, mainly north of Cape Town, shows a landscape of large, cultivated field patterns. These coastal plains are separated from the interior by a chain of folded mountain ranges that include the Cedarberg (dark, linear, north/south aligned feature in the upper right corner) and the more complex, folded Herrivierberge Mountains (dark structure, right middle) that are located northeast of Cape Town.

The ownership of small private forest-land holdings in 23 New England towns

Treesearch

Solon Barraclough; James C. Rettie

1950-01-01

Much of the forest land in New England, as elsewhere in the United States, is in small private holdings. How to get these small holdings under reasonably good forest management so that they can better contribute to the country?s need for a high sustained yield of good timber products is one of the forestry?s big problems.

Trees in the small city retail business district: comparing resident and visitor perceptions

Treesearch

Kathleen L. Wolf

2005-01-01

Many small cities and towns are located near resource lands, and their central business districts serve both residents and visitors. Such quasi-rural retail centers face competitive challenges from regional shopping malls, online purchasing, and big box discount retailers. District merchants must strategically enhance their market...

Small Town Renewal Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kenyon, Peter

Over the last 2 decades, the loss of population and businesses in many small, inland, and remote Australian rural communities has intensified, largely because of the stress and uncertainty of volatile world commodity markets. This manual presents a range of survival and revival strategies that some communities have used to build resilient…

New Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossils from Ecuador: Invertebrates, vertebrates, plants, and microfossils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cadena, Edwin A.; Mejia-Molina, Alejandra; Brito, Carla M.; Peñafiel, Sofia; Sanmartin, Kleber J.; Sarmiento, Luis B.

2018-04-01

Ecuador is well known for its extensive extant biodiversity, however, its paleobiodiversity is still poorly explored. Here we report seven new Mesozoic and Cenozoic fossil localities from the Pacific coast, inter-Andean depression and Napo basin of Ecuador, including vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, and microfossils. The first of these localities is called El Refugio, located near the small town of Chota, Imbabura Province, from where we report several morphotypes of fossil leaves and a mycetopodid freshwater mussel of the Upper Miocene Chota Formation. A second site is also located near the town of Chota, corresponding to potentially Pleistocene to Holocene lake deposits from which we report the occurrence of leaves and fossil diatoms. A third locality is at the Pacific coast of the country, near Rocafuerte, a town in Esmeraldas Province, from which we report a late Miocene palm leaf. We also report the first partially articulated skull with teeth from a Miocene scombridid (Mackerels) fish from El Cruce locality, and completely preserved seeds from La Pila locality, both sites from Manabí Province. Two late Cretaceous fossil sites from the Napo Province, one near Puerto Napo showing a good record of fossil shrimps and a second near the town of Loreto shows the occurrence of granular amber and small gymnosperms seeds and cuticles. All these new sites and fossils show the high potential of the sedimentary sequences and basins of Ecuador for paleontological studies and for a better understanding of the fossil record of the country and northern South America.

Keeping our charm: residents, growth, and quality of life issues in a small but growing Texas coastal community

Treesearch

Jiaying Lu; Michael A. Schuett

2009-01-01

This study assessed residents' perceptions of quality of life, conservation, and growth in a small, fast-growing coastal community. Data were collected from an on-site survey in Aransas County, TX, from 2006 to 2007. Results show that the residents are concerned about preserving their natural resources, maintaining a small-town atmosphere in their community, and...

Nuclear Medicine | RadTown USA | US EPA

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

2018-05-01

>Nuclear medicine procedures can help detect and treat disease by using a small amount of radioactive material, called a radiopharmaceutical. Some radiopharmaceuticals are used with imaging equipment to detect diseases.

Facing Extinction: Organizational Learning in a Small Secondary School under Duress

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Symons, Cam

2005-01-01

This study examined the process of organizational learning in a small secondary school in a company town during a protracted period of turbulence, arising from the downsizing of the community's main employer. The hypothesis was that distributed leadership among school staff created a change in teaching practices from a limited repertoire of…

Strategic Planning and the Small Public Library: A Case Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barrish, Alan; Carrigan, Dennis

1991-01-01

Discussion of the need for strategic planning in public libraries highlights a case study of a small resort town library, the Crawford Memorial Library, in Monticello, New York. Deciding on specific library roles and planning their implementation are described, and the importance of environment and competition in strategic planning is explained.…

Why Waste a Second Chance? A Small Town Guide to Recycling.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Association of Towns and Townships, Washington, DC.

In many communities, garbage disposal--solid waste management--is the third largest municipal expenditure and a fast growing budget item. Many small local governments have controlled the growth of these costs by recycling up to 40% of the total solid waste they produce. This guidebook can help communities identify and develop opportunities…

How Relevant Are Science Curricula for Rural and Remote Students?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lyons, Terry; Quinn, Frances

2014-01-01

This paper reports findings from the Choosing Science study (Lyons & Quinn, 2010) indicating that Australian Year 10 students in small rural or remote areas tend to regard their science lessons as less relevant than do students in larger towns and cities. Specifically, those in small rural or remote schools were significantly more inclined…

Small Town Renewal: Overview and Case Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kenyon, Peter, Ed.; Black, Alan, Ed.

Many small, inland, and remote Australian rural communities continue to lose population and businesses, a trend that has intensified over the last 2 decades. Mean age continues to rise, while the 15-24 age group contracts dramatically. Such declining demographics are caused by the stress and uncertainty of volatile world commodity markets, as well…

Communication: A Plan for Small School Districts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Council of Communicators, Austin, TX.

Since communication is the working link between the school district and the community it serves, public school administrators serving small towns or rural areas are developing a planned program of two-way communication based on a clear policy statement adopted by the board of trustees which basically upholds the public's right to know. In order to…

Developing Local Businesses as Job Providers. Hard Times: Communities in Transition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coppedge, Robert O.

Economic development efforts in small towns should focus on the birth, expansion, and retention of small enterprises. A consistent and rational policy towards new growth and an enthusiastic development team composed of individuals with knowledge of or access to others with knowledge of industrial sites, financing, utilities, labor, transportation,…

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-22

A small roadside park honoring spaceflight is seen in Minamitane Town, Saturday Feb. 22, 2014, Tanegashima Island, Japan. Minamitane Town is located not far from the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC), where the launch of an H-IIA rocket carrying the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory is planned for Feb. 28, 2014. The NASA-JAXA GPM spacecraft will collect information that unifies data from an international network of existing and future satellites to map global rainfall and snowfall every three hours. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Radiation in Tobacco | RadTown USA | US EPA

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

2017-08-07

Tobacco used to make cigarettes and other tobacco products contains small amounts of radioactive materials. Stay away from secondhand smoke. Remember, smoking makes radon exposure more likely to cause cancer.

Lobster Town Saves Economy and Ecology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gustafson, George D.

1979-01-01

The small coastal city of Rockland, Maine solved its pollution problems by building a treatment plant to handle the combined domestic and industrial wastewaters that were being discharged into Rockland Harbor. (BB)

A small-area analysis of inequalities in chronic disease prevalence across urban and non-urban communities in the Province of Nova Scotia, Canada, 2007-2011.

PubMed

Terashima, Mikiko; Rainham, Daniel G C; Levy, Adrian R

2014-05-13

Small-area studies of health inequalities often have an urban focus, and may be limited in their translatability to non-urban settings. Using small-area units representing communities, this study assessed the influence of living in different settlement types (urban, town and rural) on the prevalence of four chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, diabetes and stroke) and compared the degrees of associations with individual-level and community-level factors among the settlement types. The associations between community-level and individual-level characteristics and prevalence of the chronic diseases were assessed using logistic regression (multilevel and non-multilevel) models. Individual-level data were extracted from the Canadian Community Health Survey (2007-2011). Indices of material deprivation and social isolation and the settlement type classification were created using the Canadian Census. Respondents living in towns were 21% more likely to report one of the diseases than respondents living in urban communities even after accounting for individual-level and community-level characteristics. Having dependent children appeared to have protective effects in towns, especially for males (OR: 0.49 (95% CI 0.27 to 0.90)). Unemployment had a strong association for all types of communities, but being unemployed appeared to be particularly damaging to health of males in urban communities (OR: 2.48 (95% CI 1.43 to 4.30)). The study showed that those living in non-urban settings, particularly towns, experience extra challenges in maintaining health above and beyond the socioeconomic condition and social isolation of the communities, and individual demographic, behavioural and socioeconomic attributes. Our findings also suggest that health inequality studies based on urban-only settings may underestimate the risks by some factors. Ways to devise meaningful small-area units comparable in all settlement types are necessary to help plan effective provision of chronic disease-related health services and programmes on a regional scale. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Application of ATAD technology for digesting sewage sludge in small towns: Operation and costs.

PubMed

Martín, M A; Gutiérrez, M C; Dios, M; Siles, J A; Chica, A F

2018-06-01

In an economic context marked by increasing energy costs and stricter legislation regarding the landfill disposal of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sewage sludge, and where biomethanization is difficult to implement in small WWTPs, an efficient alternative is required to manage this polluting waste. This study shows that autothermal thermophilic aerobic digestion (ATAD) is a feasible technique for treating sewage sludge in small- and medium-sized towns. The experiments were carried out at pilot scale on a cyclical basis and in continuous mode for nine months. The main results showed an optimal hydraulic retention time of 7 days, which led to an organic matter removal of 34%. The sanitized sludge meets the microbial quality standards for agronomic application set out in the proposed European sewage sludge directive. An economic assessment for the operation of ATAD technology was carried out, showing a treatment cost of €6.5/ton for dewatered sludge. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Intersectionality in the Lives of LGBTQ Youth: Identifying as LGBTQ and Finding Community in Small Cities and Rural Towns.

PubMed

Hulko, Wendy; Hovanes, Jessica

2018-01-01

This article presents an analysis of the views of younger bisexual and lesbian women and transgender youth living in a western Canadian small city on their sexual and gender identities. Data were collected through focus groups and interviews and analyzed thematically through an intersectional lens. The purposive sample was composed of 13 youth who identified as lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer (LGBTQ) and whose average age was 19.8 years. The analytical themes of (1) living in a small town, (2) identifying and being identified, and (3) talking intersectionality indicate that the sexual identities and gender identities and expressions of LGBTQ youth change across time and context and are impacted by often overlooked factors including faith, Indigenous ancestry, disability, and class. Further, the size and character of the community significantly impacts LGBTQ youth identity development and expression. This research demonstrates the uniqueness of individual youth's experiences-opposing notions of milestone events as singularly important in queer youth identity development.

Smart Growth Self-Assessment for Rural Communities

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Tool to help small towns and rural communities assess their existing policies, plans, codes, and zoning regulations to determine how well they work to create healthy, environmentally resilient, and economically robust places.

Field experiment evidence of substantive, attributional, and behavioral persuasion by members of Congress in online town halls.

PubMed

Minozzi, William; Neblo, Michael A; Esterling, Kevin M; Lazer, David M J

2015-03-31

Do leaders persuade? Social scientists have long studied the relationship between elite behavior and mass opinion. However, there is surprisingly little evidence regarding direct persuasion by leaders. Here we show that political leaders can persuade their constituents directly on three dimensions: substantive attitudes regarding policy issues, attributions regarding the leaders' qualities, and subsequent voting behavior. We ran two randomized controlled field experiments testing the causal effects of directly interacting with a sitting politician. Our experiments consist of 20 online town hall meetings with members of Congress conducted in 2006 and 2008. Study 1 examined 19 small meetings with members of the House of Representatives (average 20 participants per town hall). Study 2 examined a large (175 participants) town hall with a senator. In both experiments we find that participating has significant and substantively important causal effects on all three dimensions of persuasion but no such effects on issues that were not discussed extensively in the sessions. Further, persuasion was not driven solely by changes in copartisans' attitudes; the effects were consistent across groups.

Field experiment evidence of substantive, attributional, and behavioral persuasion by members of Congress in online town halls

PubMed Central

Minozzi, William; Neblo, Michael A.; Esterling, Kevin M.; Lazer, David M. J.

2015-01-01

Do leaders persuade? Social scientists have long studied the relationship between elite behavior and mass opinion. However, there is surprisingly little evidence regarding direct persuasion by leaders. Here we show that political leaders can persuade their constituents directly on three dimensions: substantive attitudes regarding policy issues, attributions regarding the leaders’ qualities, and subsequent voting behavior. We ran two randomized controlled field experiments testing the causal effects of directly interacting with a sitting politician. Our experiments consist of 20 online town hall meetings with members of Congress conducted in 2006 and 2008. Study 1 examined 19 small meetings with members of the House of Representatives (average 20 participants per town hall). Study 2 examined a large (175 participants) town hall with a senator. In both experiments we find that participating has significant and substantively important causal effects on all three dimensions of persuasion but no such effects on issues that were not discussed extensively in the sessions. Further, persuasion was not driven solely by changes in copartisans’ attitudes; the effects were consistent across groups. PMID:25775516

Some Issues of Micro and Small Enterprises in Wolaita Soddo Town of SNNPR, Ethiopia and Implication for Technical and Vocational Education and Skills Training: Leather Sector in Extra Emphasis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ginja, Tamirat Gibon

2016-01-01

Technical and Vocational Education & skills Training (TVET) and Micro & Small Enterprises (MSEs) are so significant sectors in socio-economic development journey of a country. This Article was aimed at investigating empirically the challenges that Micro and Small Enterprises facing and the extent of business development services provided…

Land use mapping in Erie County, Pennsylvania: A pilot study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtry, G. J.; Petersen, G. W. (Principal Investigator); May, G. A.

1974-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. A pilot study was conducted to determine the feasibility of mapping land use in the Great Lakes Basin area utilizing ERTS-1 data. Small streams were clearly defined by the presence of trees along their length in predominantly agricultural country. Field patterns were easily differentiated from forested areas; dairy and beef farms were differentiated from other farmlands, but no attempt was made to identify crops. Large railroad lines and major highway systems were identified. The city of Erie and several smaller towns were identified, as well as residential areas between these towns, and docks along the shoreline in Erie. Marshes, forests, and beaches within Presque Isle State Park were correctly identified, using the DCLUS program. Bay water was differentiated from lake water, with a small amount of misclassification.

Trace-element interactions in Rook Corvus frugilegus eggshells along an urbanisation gradient.

PubMed

Orłowski, Grzegorz; Kasprzykowski, Zbigniew; Dobicki, Wojciech; Pokorny, Przemysław; Wuczyński, Andrzej; Polechoński, Ryszard; Mazgajski, Tomasz D

2014-11-01

Concentrations of seven trace elements [arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd)] in the eggshells of Rooks Corvus frugilegus, a focal bird species of Eurasian agricultural environments, are increased above background levels and exceed levels of toxicological concern. The concentrations of Cr, Ni, Pb, Cu, and Zn are greater in eggshells from urban rookeries (large cities) compared with rural areas (small towns and villages) suggesting an urbanisation gradient effect among eggs laid by females. In the present study, the investigators assessed whether the pattern of relationships among the seven trace elements in eggshells change along an urbanisation/pollution gradient. Surprisingly, we found that eggshells with the greatest contaminant burden, i.e., from urban rookeries, showed far fewer significant relationships (n = 4) than eggshells from villages (n = 10), small towns (n = 6), or rural areas (n = 8). In most cases, the relationships were positive. As was an exception: Its concentration was negatively correlated with Ni and Cd levels in eggshells from small town rookeries (where As levels were the highest), whereas eggshells from villages (with a lower As level) showed positive relationships between As and Cd. Our findings suggest that at low to intermediate levels, interactions between the trace elements in Rook eggshells are of a synergistic character and appear to operate as parallel coaccumulation. A habitat-specific excess of some elements (primarily Cr, Ni, Cu, As) suggests their more competitively selective sequestration.

Place of residence as a factor differentiating physical activity in the life style of Ukrainian students.

PubMed

Bergier, Józef; Bergier, Barbara; Tsos, Anatolii

2016-12-23

Determining the state of physical activity of societies as an important component of a health promoting life style is a very up-to-date problem. Studies of physical activity among students, the future elites in their environments, become of increasing importance. An important problem is the recognition of factors differentiating this activity on the example of place of residence. For this purpose, the study covered 2,125 students (60.8% females and 39.2% males) from the National Institute in Lutsk, Ukraine, aged 17-22 (mean age: 20.4). The method of a diagnostic survey was applied which included the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The following measures of physical activity according to the place of residence (rural area, small town with a population up to 100,000; medium-size town - 100,000-200,000 inhabitants; large city - over 200,000) were taken into consideration: level of physical activity, self-reported physical fitness, sports disciplines practiced by the respondents, and those which they would like to practice, and the BMI, and leisure time possessed. The study showed that the place of residence positively differentiated physical activity among students from medium-size towns and rural areas, compared to their contemporaries from small towns and large cities. Significant differences were also found with respect to the BMI, which was significantly less favourable among respondents from the rural environment. However, no differences were observed between the place of residence for leisure time, self-reported physical activity, and forms of physical activity practiced, and those which the respondents would like to practice.

Cost-benefit of the telecardiology service in the state of Minas Gerais: Minas Telecardio Project.

PubMed

Andrade, Mônica Viegas; Maia, Ana Carolina; Cardoso, Clareci Silva; Alkmim, Maria Beatriz; Ribeiro, Antônio Luiz Pinho

2011-10-01

Telecardiology is a tool that can aid in cardiovascular care, mainly in towns located in remote areas. However, economic assessments on this subject are scarce and have yielded controversial results. To evaluate the cost-benefit of implementing a Telecardiology service in remote, small towns in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study used the database from the Minas Telecardio (MTC) Project, developed from June 2006 to November 2008, in 82 towns in the countryside of the state. Each municipality received a microcomputer with a digital electrocardiograph, with the possibility of transmitting ECG tracings and communicating with the on-duty cardiologist at the University hospital. The cost-benefit analysis was carried out by comparing the cost of performing an ECG in the project versus the cost of performing it by patient referral to another city. The average cost of an ECG in the MTC project was R$ 28.92, decomposed into R$ 8.08 for the cost of implementation and R$ 20.84 for maintenance. The cost simulation of the ECG with referral ranged from R$ 30.91 to R$ 54.58, with the cost-benefit ratio being always favorable to the MTC program, regardless of the type of calculation used for referral distance. The simulations considered the financial sponsor's and society's points-of-view. The sensitivity analysis with variation of calibration parameters confirmed these results. The implementation of a Telecardiology system as support to primary care in small Brazilian towns is feasible and economically beneficial, and can be used as a regular program within the Brazilian public health system.

Contributors to the Excess Stroke Mortality in Rural Areas in the United States.

PubMed

Howard, George; Kleindorfer, Dawn O; Cushman, Mary; Long, D Leann; Jasne, Adam; Judd, Suzanne E; Higginbotham, John C; Howard, Virginia J

2017-07-01

Stroke mortality is 30% higher in the rural United States. This could be because of either higher incidence or higher case fatality from stroke in rural areas. The urban-rural status of 23 280 stroke-free participants recruited between 2003 and 2007 in the REGARDS study (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) was classified using the Rural-Urban Commuting Area scheme as residing in urban, large rural town/city, or small rural town or isolated areas. The risk of incident stroke was assessed using proportional hazards analysis, and case fatality (death within 30 days of stroke) was assessed using logistic regression. Models were adjusted for demographics, traditional stroke risk factors, and measures of socioeconomic status. After adjustment for demographic factors and relative to urban areas, stroke incidence was 1.23-times higher (95% confidence intervals, 1.01-1.51) in large rural town/cities and 1.30-times higher (95% confidence intervals, 1.03-1.62) in small rural towns or isolated areas. Adjustment for risk factors and socioeconomic status only modestly attenuated this association, and the association became marginally nonsignificant ( P =0.071). There was no association of rural-urban status with case fatality ( P >0.47). The higher stroke mortality in rural regions seemed to be attributable to higher stroke incidence rather than case fatality. A higher prevalence of risk factors and lower socioeconomic status only modestly contributed to the increased risk of incident stroke risk in rural areas. There was no evidence of higher case fatality in rural areas. © 2017 American Heart Association, Inc.

Large Industries in Small Towns: Who Benefits? Working Paper RID 73.9.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clemente, Frank; Summers, Gene F.

The impact of a large manufacturing plant on a small village in "middle America" was explored in this paper. Research was conducted in Illinois using Putnam County as an "experimental" region and Iroquois County as a "control." In the spring of 1966, the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation began construction of a…

75 FR 5788 - Notice of Availability of Draft National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-04

... Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permits for Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4... at 40 CFR 122.26(b)(16) define a small municipal separate storm sewer system as ``* * * all separate storm sewers that are: (1) Owned or operated by the United States, a State, city, town, borough, county...

Influence of air pollution on exhaled carbon monoxide levels in smokers and non-smokers. A prospective cross-sectional study.

PubMed

Maga, Mikołaj; Janik, Maciej K; Wachsmann, Agnieszka; Chrząstek-Janik, Olga; Koziej, Mateusz; Bajkowski, Mateusz; Maga, Paweł; Tyrak, Katarzyna; Wójcik, Krzysztof; Gregorczyk-Maga, Iwona; Niżankowski, Rafał

2017-01-01

The poor air quality and cigarette smoking are the most important reasons for increased carbon monoxide (CO) level in exhaled air. However, the influence of high air pollution concentration in big cities on the exhaled CO level has not been well studied yet. To evaluate the impact of smoking habit and air pollution in the place of living on the level of CO in exhaled air. Citizens from two large cities and one small town in Poland were asked to complete a survey disclosing their place of residence, education level, work status and smoking habits. Subsequently, the CO level in their exhaled air was measured. Air quality data, obtained from the Regional Inspectorates of Environmental Protection, revealed the differences in atmospheric CO concentration between locations. 1226 subjects were divided into 4 groups based on their declared smoking status and place of living. The average CO level in exhaled air was significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers (p<0.0001) as well as in non-smokers from big cities than non-smokers from small ones (p<0.0001). Created model showed that non-smokers from big cities have odds ratio of 125.3 for exceeding CO cutoff level of 4ppm compared to non-smokers from small towns. The average CO level in exhaled air is significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers. Among non-smokers, the average exhaled CO level is significantly higher in big city than small town citizens. These results suggest that permanent exposure to an increased concentration of air pollution and cigarette smoking affect the level of exhaled CO. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

California bypass study : the economic impacts of bypasses.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-05-01

The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) sponsored the California : Bypass Study to improve basic knowledge about the impacts of bypasses on small-town : economies. The study included an investigation into the economic impacts of recent...

G3 Program

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The G3 initiative was designed to build a collaborative network for small to mid-sized towns and communities that are interested in adopting Green Streets to address urban stormwater, improve community health and livability, and encourage economic growth.

Zuwanderung und Integration als strategischer Ansatzpunkt städtischer Regenerierung - Das Beispiel der westfälischen Stadt Altena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mantel, Anna; Engel, Susen; Nuissl, Henning

2018-03-01

The small town of Altena is among the fastest-shrinking cities in western Germany and has recently attracted national and international attention due to its "welcoming culture" for refugees. This can be understood within the context of the town's strategic urban development policies aiming to counter the demographic change. This article argues that a regeneration strategy directed towards immigration and integration can offer a chance for shrinking cities but is simultaneously faced with considerable challenges and uncertainties, which could be dealt with through an "integrative approach" to urban development.

Zuwanderung und Integration als strategischer Ansatzpunkt städtischer Regenerierung. Das Beispiel der westfälischen Stadt Altena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mantel, Anna; Engel, Susen; Nuissl, Henning

2018-04-01

The small town of Altena is among the fastest-shrinking cities in western Germany and has recently attracted national and international attention due to its "welcoming culture" for refugees. This can be understood within the context of the town's strategic urban development policies aiming to counter the demographic change. This article argues that a regeneration strategy directed towards immigration and integration can offer a chance for shrinking cities but is simultaneously faced with considerable challenges and uncertainties, which could be dealt with through an "integrative approach" to urban development.

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-22

A sign with a model of the Japanese H-IIB rocket welcomes visitors to Minamitane Town, one of only a few small towns located outside of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC), where the launch of an H-IIA rocket carrying the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory will take place in the next week, Saturday, Feb. 22, 2014, Tanegashima Island, Japan. The NASA-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) GPM spacecraft will collect information that unifies data from an international network of existing and future satellites to map global rainfall and snowfall every three hours. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Wastewater collection and treatment technologies for semi-urban areas of India: a case study.

PubMed

Sundaravadivel, M; Vigneswaran, S

2001-01-01

Sanitation and wastewater management problems in small and medium towns in India (referred to as "semi-urban areas"--SUAs) are distinctly different from those of large cities or rural villages. There is an apparent lack of choices of appropriate sanitation options for these semi-urban areas, leading them to adopt on-site sanitation technologies. A field study of four such small towns in India was conducted to evaluate the suitability of available low-cost wastewater collection and treatment technologies, in light of their current practice. Based on the field study, this paper suggests a system comprising "combined surface sewers" and "reed-bed channel" for collection and treatment of wastewater for semi-urban areas, that can utilize all the existing infrastructure to effect better sanitation at lower costs. The suggested system involves converting the existing open wastewater collection drains on the road sides, as "decentralized" networks of covered drains with simple structural modifications to collect both wastewater and stormwater; and, converting the large open drains on the outskirts of SUAs that carry wastewater to agricultural fields, as gravel media filled beds planted with local reeds. Cost estimates for the towns studied indicate this system to be over 70% cheaper compared to conventional collection and treatment systems.

Becoming PREPaREd in Canada: NASP Crisis Prevention and Intervention Curriculum International Debut

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marr, Allen

2008-01-01

New Brunswick is a small Maritime province in Canada bordering on Maine. With just 700,000 people, the population is clustered in small cities and towns. Nevertheless, tragedies happen here as they do elsewhere and there is a need to be prepared. The National Association of School Psychologists (NASP) had developed PREPaRE, a curriculum founded…

A dolichopodid hotspot: Montana's Milligan Creek Canyon

Treesearch

Justin B. Runyon

2016-01-01

In southwest Montana, near the town of Three Forks, Milligan Creek cuts a small and seemingly mundane notch through dry limestone hills. Milligan Creek is unassuming and small enough to be effortlessly stepped over in most places. In fact, it flows underground for much of its 4-5 mile journey to the Jefferson River. Incredibly, forty-nine species of long-legged flies (...

Madisonville Community College: Training Small Manufacturers To Be Competitive in the Global Economy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Regional Technology Strategies, Inc., Carrboro, NC.

Madisonville Community College (MCC) is in Madisonville, Kentucky, a small town with a strong coal industry presence. Mine closings and layoffs in the 1980s prompted the region to reorient itself toward light industry and manufacturing, but the recession of the early 1990s and globalization led to closings of several of the largest employers. In…

Population Mobility in the People's Republic of China. Papers of the East-West Population Institute, No. 95.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldstein, Sidney; Goldstein, Alice

In attempts to forestall problems inherent in too-rapid urbanization, China has instituted a migration policy designed to strictly control changes in permanent residence from rural areas or small urban places to larger cities and to encourage the development of small cities and towns. The policy is enforced through the household registration…

Mexicano Resistance to Schooling in a South Texas Colony

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smith, W. Elwood; Foley, Douglas E.

1978-01-01

This study of Mexicano resistance against coercive identity formation (schooled ethnicity) in a small south Texas town focuses on a particular facet of ethnic selfhood: awareness of the self as a social power wielder. (Author)

Evaluation of Speed Control Signs for Small Rural Towns

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-04-14

This report presents the results of the national evaluation of the Sacramento-Watt Avenue Transit Signal Priority Project, a cooperative project between Sacramento County and the Sacramento Regional Transit District (RT) to deploy transit signal prio...

Growing with nature

Treesearch

Robert H. Twiss; Louise Parker

1971-01-01

In the Marin County hills just 25 miles north of San Francisco, Calif., the small town of Nicasio looks much like it did a century ago ... a quiet community of some 500 people, surrounded by rolling grass-covered hills and wooded canyons.

An apparent cluster of aplastic anemia in a small population of teenagers.

PubMed

Linet, M S; Tielsch, J M; Markowitz, J A; Sensenbrenner, L L; McCaffrey, L D; Warm, S G; Vanderslice, S F; Morgan, W F; Bearden, J D; Szklo, M

1985-04-01

Four teenagers with severe aplastic anemia, initially diagnosed and evaluated over a seven-year period at The Johns Hopkins Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, Baltimore, were residents of the same small town in South Carolina. Estimated annual incidence for that age group in the town, based on the four cases, was 100 times the expected rate. All four of the teenagers had attended one of two junior high schools. An exploratory survey of all high-school students, comparing risk factors of those who had attended the "affected" junior high school with those who had attended the "unaffected" junior high school, showed no associations with exposure to glue, paint or varnishes, pesticides, history of hepatitis or infectious mononucleosis, or use of chloramphenicol or other suspected drugs. Weak associations were found between the affected junior high school and employment in the textile industry and in agriculture (specifically peach orchards).

Small town health care safety nets: report on a pilot study.

PubMed

Taylor, Pat; Blewett, Lynn; Brasure, Michelle; Call, Kathleen Thiede; Larson, Eric; Gale, John; Hagopian, Amy; Hart, L Gary; Hartley, David; House, Peter; James, Mary Katherine; Ricketts, Thomas

2003-01-01

Very little is known about the health care safety net in small towns, especially in towns where there is no publicly subsidized safety-net health care. This pilot study of the primary care safety net in 7 such communities was conducted to start building knowledge about the rural safety net. Interviews were conducted and secondary data collected to assess the community need for safety-net care, the health care safety-net role of public officials, and the availability of safety-net care at private primary care practices and its financial impact on these practices. An estimated 20% to 40% of the people in these communities were inadequately insured and needed access to affordable health care, and private primary care practices in most towns played an important role in making primary care available to them. Most of the physician practices were owned or subsidized by a hospital or regional network, though not explicitly to provide charity care. It is likely this ownership or support enabled the practices to sustain a higher level of charity care than would have been possible otherwise. In the majority of communities studied, the leading public officials played no role in ensuring access to safety-net care. State and national government policy makers should consider subsidy programs for private primary care practices that attempt to meet the needs of the inadequately insured in the many rural communities where no publicly subsidized primary safety-net care is available. Subsidies should be directed to physicians in primary care shortage areas who provide safety-net care; this will improve safety-net access and, at the same time, improve physician retention by bolstering physician incomes. Options include enhanced Medicare physician bonuses and grants or tax credits to support income-related sliding fee scales.

Piped water consumption in Ghana: A case study of temporal and spatial patterns of clean water demand relative to alternative water sources in rural small towns.

PubMed

Kulinkina, Alexandra V; Kosinski, Karen C; Liss, Alexander; Adjei, Michael N; Ayamgah, Gilbert A; Webb, Patrick; Gute, David M; Plummer, Jeanine D; Naumova, Elena N

2016-07-15

Continuous access to adequate quantities of safe water is essential for human health and socioeconomic development. Piped water systems (PWSs) are an increasingly common type of water supply in rural African small towns. We assessed temporal and spatial patterns in water consumption from public standpipes of four PWSs in Ghana in order to assess clean water demand relative to other available water sources. Low water consumption was evident in all study towns, which manifested temporally and spatially. Temporal variability in water consumption that is negatively correlated with rainfall is an indicator of rainwater preference when it is available. Furthermore, our findings show that standpipes in close proximity to alternative water sources such as streams and hand-dug wells suffer further reductions in water consumption. Qualitative data suggest that consumer demand in the study towns appears to be driven more by water quantity, accessibility, and perceived aesthetic water quality, as compared to microbiological water quality or price. In settings with chronic under-utilization of improved water sources, increasing water demand through household connections, improving water quality with respect to taste and appropriateness for laundry, and educating residents about health benefits of using piped water should be prioritized. Continued consumer demand and sufficient revenue generation are important attributes of a water service that ensure its function over time. Our findings suggest that analyzing water consumption of existing metered PWSs in combination with qualitative approaches may enable more efficient planning of community-based water supplies and support sustainable development. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Extensions of the lost letter technique to divisive issues of creationism, darwinism, sex education, and gay and lesbian affiliations.

PubMed

Bridges, F Stephen; Anzalone, Debra A; Ryan, Stuart W; Anzalone, Fanancy L

2002-04-01

Two field studies using 1,004 "lost letters" were designed to test the hypotheses that returned responses would be greater in small towns than from a city, that addressees' affiliation with a group either (1) opposed to physical education in schools, (2) supporting gay and lesbian teachers, or (3) advocating Creationism or Darwinism would reduce the return rate. Of 504 letters "lost" in Study A, 163 (32.3%) were returned in the mail from residents of southeast Louisiana and indicated across 3 addressees and 2 sizes of community, addressees' affiLiations were not associated with returned responses. Community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with significantly different rates of return in the city. Return rates from sites within a city were lower when letters were addressed to an organization which opposed (teaching) health education in the schools than to one supporting daily health education. Of 500 letters "lost" in Study B, 95 (19.0%) were returned from residents of northwest Florida and indicated across 5 addressees and 2 sizes of community, addressees' affiliations were significantly associated with returned responses overall (5 addressees) and in small towns (control, Creationism, Darwinism addressees), but not with community size. Community size and addressees' affiliations were associated with significantly different rates of return in small towns, with returns greater than or equal to those in the city (except for the addressee advocating teaching Darwinism in public schools). The present findings appear to show that applications of the lost letter technique to other divisive social issues are useful in assessing public opinion.

Neighbourhood food environment and area deprivation: spatial accessibility to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in urban and rural settings.

PubMed

Smith, Dianna M; Cummins, Steven; Taylor, Mathew; Dawson, John; Marshall, David; Sparks, Leigh; Anderson, Annie S

2010-02-01

The 'deprivation amplification' hypothesis suggests that residents of deprived neighbourhoods have universally poorer access to high-quality food environments, which in turn contributes to the development of spatial inequalities in diet and diet-related chronic disease. This paper presents results from a study that quantified access to grocery stores selling fresh fruit and vegetables in four environmental settings in Scotland, UK. Spatial accessibility, as measured by network travel times, to 457 grocery stores located in 205 neighbourhoods in four environmental settings (island, rural, small town and urban) in Scotland was calculated using Geographical Information Systems. The distribution of accessibility by neighbourhood deprivation in each of these four settings was investigated. Overall, the most deprived neighbourhoods had the best access to grocery stores and grocery stores selling fresh produce. Stratified analysis by environmental setting suggests that the least deprived compared with the most deprived urban neighbourhoods have greater accessibility to grocery stores than their counterparts in island, rural and small town locations. Access to fresh produce is better in more deprived compared with less deprived urban and small town neighbourhoods, but poorest in the most affluent island communities with mixed results for rural settings. The results presented here suggest that the assumption of a universal 'deprivation amplification' hypothesis in studies of the neighbourhood food environment may be misguided. Associations between neighbourhood deprivation and grocery store accessibility vary by environmental setting. Theories and policies aimed at understanding and rectifying spatial inequalities in the distribution of neighbourhood exposures for poor diet need to be context specific.

A Privilege and a Happiness.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ledford, Loretta

1987-01-01

Presents first impressions of attitudes toward education and education facilities in China. Compares Chinese education to rural or small town education in the U. S. Describes the positive attitudes of Chinese students and the helpful involvement of parents and grandparents. (SKW)

Sexual networks in Uganda: mixing patterns between a trading town, its rural hinterland and a nearby fishing village.

PubMed

Pickering, H; Okongo, M; Ojwiya, A; Yirrell, D; Whitworth, J

1997-08-01

The study was based in south-west Uganda where significant differences in HIV prevalence have been found between urban and rural areas. Longitudinal data collected in a diary format was used to determine the extent to which high-risk men and women living in a truck stop/trading town had sexual contact with people from surrounding rural areas and a nearby fishing village. Study participants were 143 men, 75 of whom were resident in the town, 40 in a fishing village and 28 in rural areas, and 81 women, of whom 47 were resident in the town, 25 in the fishing village and 9 in a rural area. During 1687 man weeks the 143 men made 3149 trips and had 5189 sexual contacts. Ninety-two per cent of these sexual contacts occurred in the man's current place of residence and 21% were with a new partner. The 81 women participated for 1280 women weeks during which they recorded 6378 sexual contacts. Women who lived in the fishing village and the rural area had around 90% of their contacts with local men while those who lived in the town fell into 3 categories: women who charged a relatively high price for commercial sex had only 11% of contacts with men living in the town, while those who charged a tenth of the price had 71% of contacts with town men. The small number of women who fell into an intermediate category, in terms of price, had sexual contact with a wide variety of men. These findings show that there is little scope for HIV infection to spread between different residential or occupational groups. This may help to explain how large differences in HIV seropositivity between neighbouring localities can be maintained for long periods, despite considerable social and economic mixing between groups and high levels of sexual partner change within groups.

Retailing in Tennessee 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1980-01-01

Data on retail sales compiled from sales tax records are summarized. Contained in this report are retail sales estimates for the 95 counties in the State of Tennessee and 303 cities, towns, or parts of towns which are shown in various degrees of detail depending on disclosure restrictions. Number of firms is determined by the total number of reports submitted. Sales and percent distribution of sales are shown for the State of Tennessee and counties by Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) designation and by various county groupings based on the size of largest city. A list of counties by SMSAmore » designation and by size class of largest city is given in the Appendix. The number of firms and estimated retail sales are also shown for 10 business groups defined by the US Department of Commerce along with the total retail sales for each of the 95 counties in Tennessee and for 137 of the larger cities, towns, or parts of towns in the state. Sales for 37 smaller incorporated places or parts of towns are given. Any attempt to report retail activity in the same detail that is possible for large cities is hampered by disclosure restrictions for towns in this group. Through the use of fewer categories, the amount of information that can be revealed is maximized while maintaining confidentiality for individual businesses. A classification widely adopted by economists and planners is the use of the broad retail categories of shoppers' goods, convenience goods, and all other stores. Shoppers' goods stores include department and variety stores, apparel and accessory shops, and furniture and home furnishings outlets. Convenience goods stores are food stores, gasoline service stations, drug stores, and eating and drinking places. The remaining category of all other stores includes building materials, hardware, automotive, and miscellaneous retail stores. Total sales are given for 129 very small incorporated towns.« less

Effects of social intervention on detection and efficacy of treatment for arterial hypertension. Main results of the Polish Four Cities Programme.

PubMed

Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Głuszek, Jerzy; Posadzy-Małaczyńska, Anna; Drygas, Wojciech; Ornoch-Tabedzka, Małgorzata; Januszko, Wiktor; Tykarski, Andrzej; Dylewicz, Piotr; Kwaśniewska, Magdalena; Krupa-Wojciechowska, Barbara; Wyrzykowski, Bogdan

2004-12-01

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in the adult Polish population. Beside lipid disorders and cigarette smoking, hypertension represents the most important risk factor leading to cardiovascular complications. Representative studies conducted in Poland in 1994-2002 showed that in 2002 the number of respondents in the survey who stated they knew their own blood pressure values dropped by 3.5 million, compared with 1994. This decrease was predominantly seen in small towns and in the countryside. Preventive programmes should therefore be addressed mainly to the most vulnerable communities. Modern methods of social marketing may play a substantial role in the creation of a healthy lifestyle. The aim of the Polish Four Cities Programme (PP4M), conducted in 2000-2001, was to develop the most effective methods of detection of and improvement in treatment for hypertension among the residents of small towns and rural areas. One of the programme tasks was to compare the effectiveness of a standard medical screening intervention with a similar approach combined with the use of social marketing methods.Methods. The programme was conducted by an interdisciplinary team in three small Polish towns -- Kartuzy, Oborniki Wlkp. and Braniewo, as well as in one of the districts of a large city Łódź -- Olechów. Medical intervention combined with social marketing (community intervention) took place in Oborniki Wlkp. whereas the residents of Kartuzy and Łódź were subjected only to the traditional medical intervention. Braniewo served as a control location -- neither medical nor community intervention was implemented. Community intervention with elements of social marketing consisted of a three-month, intensive education and information campaign, initiated four weeks prior to the start of medical intervention. Epidemiological situation was assessed in all the four cities before and after the completion of the preventive interventions (screening), using representative surveys, with the objective to assess the changes in the awareness of one's own blood pressure values, detection of hypertension and knowledge concerning cardiovascular risk factors.Results. In two survey locations -- Kartuzy and Łódź - awareness of one's own blood pressure values after the medical intervention did not significantly change (61% and 67.6% at baseline versus 62.1% and 71.6% after the intervention, respectively). In contrast, social marketing activities conducted in Oborniki significantly increased this parameter from 61.5% to 79.8% (p<0.01). While medical intervention did not change the proportion of non-diagnosed hypertension in a small town (a non-significant decrease from 49% to 45% in Kartuzy), its effect in a large city was clearly visible (a decrease from 46% to 28% in Łódź). In Oborniki Wlkp. (medical intervention combined with social marketing) the effects were the most noticeable -- a reduction from 50% to 27% was achieved. The efficacy of hypertension treatment at baseline was low (4.7% in Kartuzy, 6.6% in Oborniki, and 6.5% in Łódź), but it then improved significantly (a twofold increase in Kartuzy and Oborniki, and more than twofold increase in Łódź). When the target value of blood pressure was set at 160/95 mmHg, the highest efficacy of hypotensive therapy was observed directly after the completion of medical and community intervention in Oborniki (an almost twofold increase in treatment efficacy). 1. Medical intervention combined with a community intervention and marketing campaign leads to a statistically significant improvement in self-awareness of blood pressure values among residents of small towns. 2. Medical intervention combined with community intervention brings the detection rate of hypertension in small towns up to the level observed in large cities. 3. Medical intervention, especially when combined with community intervention, improves the efficacy of the treatment of hypertension, regardless of the size of agglomeration.

A Sense of Place on Campus: Urban Students Find the Stars at a Small Rural College

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sauerwein, David A.

2017-01-01

This qualitative study utilizing grounded theory examined sense of place for a group of 15 urban students at a small, rural college. The setting is a traditional campus in New England with academic, residential, administrative, and support buildings that sit in a town of 3,500 residents. The area is mountainous and wooded with wetlands, and the…

The Migration Plans of Upper-Grade Students in Small Towns of Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Florinskaia, Iu. F.; Roshchina, T.G.

2006-01-01

This article presents a survey that was carried out in 2004 to assess the level of migration mobility on the part of young inhabitants in the small cities of Russia. The survey was participated in by eleventh-grade (senior) students. The total number of respondents was 500 (100 in each community); 61% were girls and 39% were boys. The statistical…

Taking off the Color-Blind Glasses: Recognizing and Supporting Latina/o Students in a Predominantly White School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marx, Sherry; Larson, Larry L.

2012-01-01

This article reports findings of a collaborative research project examining and seeking to improve the schooling experiences of a small but growing population of Latina/o students in a small-town secondary school over a 4-year period. The school was studied through ethnographic methods and surveys in 2005 and 2008. Initial findings were shared…

Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-02-22

Roadside flags welcome the NASA team and visitors to Minamitame Town, one of only a few small towns located outside of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s (JAXA) Tanegashima Space Center (TNSC), where the launch of an H-IIA rocket carrying the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Core Observatory will take place in the next week, Saturday, Feb. 22, 2014, Tanegashima Island, Japan. The NASA-Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) GPM spacecraft will collect information that unifies data from an international network of existing and future satellites to map global rainfall and snowfall every three hours. The launch is planned for Feb. 28, 2014. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

Mt. Vesuvius and Naples, Italy as seen from STS-58

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1993-01-01

The ancient eruption of Vesuvius (the volcanoe near the center of the frame) destroyed the town of Pompeii located on the southeast flank. But the larger town of Naples, between Vesuvius (to the south) and the large, circular, lake-filled caldera of Campi Flegrei (to the west) is also close to volcanic hazards. In this view, Naples is the gray urban area with substantial coastal development just northwest of Vesuvius. Other landmarks marking the Italian coast include the small island of Capri, just off the west-pointing peninsula, and the city of Salerno on the coast just south of the same peninsula.

EPA and USDA to Help Two Maine Communities with Economic Development Goals

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Department of Agriculture have selected Eastport & Millinocket, Maine, as partners in Cool & Connected, an innovative initiative that helps small towns use broadband service for economic development.

Finding Fairness for Rural Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Strange, Marty

2011-01-01

High-poverty schools in rural areas and small towns are under attack from state policy makers who want to consolidate these schools in order to save money. In addition to calls for consolidation, rural schools also are threatened by unfair and inadequate funding formulas.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Morgan, T.L.; George, W.E.; Hensley, W.K.

As part of the Hydrogeochemical and Stream Sediment Reconnaissance (HSSR) of the National Uranium Resource Evaluation (NURE) sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) conducted a detailed hydrogeochemical survey of well waters in a 4250-km/sup 2/ area near Pie Town in west-central New Mexico. A total of 300 well samples was collected and analyzed for uranium and 23 other elements. The results of these analyses and carbonate and bicarbonate ion concentrations are presented in the Appendixes of this report. Uranium concentrations range from below the detection limit of 0.02 parts per billion (ppB)more » to 293.18 ppB and average 8.71 ppB. Samples containing high levels of uranium were collected from the Largo Creek valley west of Quemado, from a small area about 6 km east of Quemado, from a small area surrounding Pie Town, and from scattered locations in the area surrounding Adams Diggings north of Pie Town. Most of the samples containing high uranium concentrations were collected from wells associated with the volcanic sedimentary facies of the Datil formation. This formation is a likely source of mobile uranium that may be precipitating in the underlying Baca formation, a known uranium host unit. Bicarbonate ion concentration, while proportional to uranium concentration in some cases, is not a strong controlling factor in the uranium concentrations in samples from this area.« less

[The effect of new industries on changes in population].

PubMed

Meng, C; Zou, N

1985-05-29

Since 1978, China's Qionggang township (population, 8023; area, 3 sq. km), traditionally a fishing village on Jiangsu province's Huanghai coast, has been investing its local capital in an effort to establish several industrial enterprises including its own full-time local labor force. Currently, the rapidly expanding factory work force exceeds the number of fishermen. In addition to providing a statistically detailed chronology of the socioeconomic transition from a small fishing settlement to a rapidly growing industrial town, free-time activities, educational pursuits, and life styles of the newly formed labor force are discussed. From 1981 to 1983, Qionggang's industrial sector produced 4 metal vessels which were delivered directly to the town's fishing sector. With the town's newly generated economic wealth, commercial and public service facilities (i.e., a hospital, a kindergarten, several stores, a bank, and a credit union) have emerged. The economic development of Qionggang township has inspired other rural villages to clear and develop nearby land for similar industrial growth.

Denise Giardina. Interview.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Douglass, Thomas E.

1993-01-01

Novelist Denise Giardina discusses growing up in a small West Virginia coal mining town, educational experiences, her career as writer, the manner in which she creates and develops characters in novels, the influence of other Appalachian writers on her career, and the political content of her writing. (LP)

Some Libraries Do Everything Well! An Example of School/Public Library Cooperation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kitchens, James A.; Bodart, Joni

1980-01-01

Describes the combined school and public library in Olney, Texas. The result of a community planning program, the combined facility offers a small town's solution for providing adequate library services for education and general use with limited resources. (RAA)

New Impetus for Several General Assistance Programs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reeder, Rick

1999-01-01

Describes 1999 federal funding to large general-assistance programs affecting small towns and rural areas (including Housing and Urban Development, federal disaster relief, rural extension activities, and Bureau of Indian Affairs assistance programs); increased funding for Empowerment Zones/Enterprise Communities; reauthorization of the Economic…

Dietary intakes of energy and macronutrients by lactating women of different ethnic groups living in Yakutia

PubMed Central

Burtseva, Tatiana; Solodkova, Irina; Savvina, Maya; Dranaeva, Galina; Shadrin, Victor; Avrusin, Sergei; Sinelnikova, Elena; Chasnyk, Vyacheslav

2013-01-01

Background There should be a substantial increase in the intake of dietary energy, protein and other nutrients by lactating women, though these special increments can be different in different ethnic groups. Objective To evaluate the influence of maternal ethnicity and diet on the quality of breast milk and its potential effect on early childhood development. Design A total of 185 mothers (150 Native and 35 Russian) living in settlements and small towns of rural Yakutia and 54 mothers (26 Native and 28 Russian) living in Yakutsk were surveyed and average food intake was recorded during 3 successive days before the survey was analyzed. Results The amount of protein varied from 18 to 168.3 g/day, fat – from 12 to 176.1 g/day, energy – from 900 to 3680.4 kcal/day. Protein intake was at the level of current recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in Russians and was higher than in Natives living in rural settlements and small towns (p=0.02) and in Yakutsk (p=0.03). Carbohydrate intake was higher, though not significantly, in both ethnic groups compared with the current recommendations. Protein, fat, carbohydrates and, therefore, energy intake were lower (p<0.03) in Native women living in Yakutsk compared with the intake of Native women living in rural settlements and small towns. Conclusions The dietary intakes of energy and macronutrients depended on the place where a woman lived rather than on her ethnicity. Overall, energy intake was considered to be at the lower limit (basal energy expenditure 2002/2005) for lactating women, with the exception of Native women living in Yakutsk whose energy intake was below the lower limit. PMID:23971015

Dietary intakes of energy and macronutrients by lactating women of different ethnic groups living in Yakutia.

PubMed

Burtseva, Tatiana; Solodkova, Irina; Savvina, Maya; Dranaeva, Galina; Shadrin, Victor; Avrusin, Sergei; Sinelnikova, Elena; Chasnyk, Vyacheslav

2013-01-01

There should be a substantial increase in the intake of dietary energy, protein and other nutrients by lactating women, though these special increments can be different in different ethnic groups. To evaluate the influence of maternal ethnicity and diet on the quality of breast milk and its potential effect on early childhood development. A total of 185 mothers (150 Native and 35 Russian) living in settlements and small towns of rural Yakutia and 54 mothers (26 Native and 28 Russian) living in Yakutsk were surveyed and average food intake was recorded during 3 successive days before the survey was analyzed. The amount of protein varied from 18 to 168.3 g/day, fat--from 12 to 176.1 g/day, energy--from 900 to 3680.4 kcal/day. Protein intake was at the level of current recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in Russians and was higher than in Natives living in rural settlements and small towns (p = 0.02) and in Yakutsk (p = 0.03). Carbohydrate intake was higher, though not significantly, in both ethnic groups compared with the current recommendations. Protein, fat, carbohydrates and, therefore, energy intake were lower (p < 0.03) in Native women living in Yakutsk compared with the intake of Native women living in rural settlements and small towns. The dietary intakes of energy and macronutrients depended on the place where a woman lived rather than on her ethnicity. Overall, energy intake was considered to be at the lower limit (basal energy expenditure 2002/2005) for lactating women, with the exception of Native women living in Yakutsk whose energy intake was below the lower limit.

Generating sustainable towns from Chinese villages: a system modeling approach.

PubMed

Levine, Richard S; Hughes, Michael T; Ryan Mather, Casey; Yanarella, Ernest J

2008-04-01

The great majority of China's developing towns will be extensions of already existing villages. With the prospect of hundreds of millions of Chinese farmers projected to leave their villages to become industrial workers in new and expanded towns within the next few years, new challenges will be faced. As expansion and modernization progress, this development moves from the traditional village model that operates not far from resource sustainability to increasingly unsustainable patterns of commerce, urban development, and modern life. With such an unprecedented mass migration and transformation, how can Chinese culture survive? What is to become of the existing million plus agricultural villages? How can these massively unsustainable new industrial towns survive? In the European Commission sponsored research program SUCCESS, researchers worked from the scale of the Chinese village to find viable answers to these questions. To address these issues, the Center for Sustainable Cities, one of the SUCCESS teams, studied the metabolism of several small villages. In these studies, system dynamics models of a village's metabolism were created and then modified so that inherently unsustainable means were eliminated from the model (fossil fuels, harmful agricultural chemicals, etc.) and replaced by sustainability-oriented means. Small Chinese farming villages are unlikely to survive in anything like their present form or scale, not least because they are too small to provide the range of life opportunities to which the young generation of educated Chinese aspires. As a response to this realization as well as to the many other threats to the Chinese village and its rural way of life, it was proposed that one viable path into the future would be to enlarge the villages to become full service towns with sufficient diversity of opportunity to be able to attract and keep many of the best and brightest young people who are now migrating to the larger cities. Starting with the village in its sustainability-oriented model form, the village model would be enlarged both quantitatively and qualitatively through many trial iterations. A research program is described whereby an operational definition of the sustainable city is developed as a means of creating these enlarged models through citizen participation assisted by outside experts using software under development called the Sustainability Engine to guide the process and provide feedback as to the consequences of various proposals that are brought to the table. As this process is continued, the village would be incrementally enlarged and made more diverse and more complex through a variety of scenarios until it would emerge as a modern, sustainable town or city. In this way, through a participatory, balance-seeking civil society process involving villagers and scientists in what the Center for Sustainable Cities calls the Sustainable City Game, the villages can become the DNA for generating future sustainable Chinese towns and cities. As an extension of this discussion, a new urban model, the Sustainable City-as-a-Hill, is presented that responds to both the qualities of the traditional Chinese village as well as to the modern demands of industrial and post-industrial economies and, in particular, to the need for sustainable urban patterns. In addition a new concept, the Sustainable Area Budget (SAB) is introduced which definitively creates the boundary condition for both modeling the sustainable city and presenting the quest for the sustainable city-region as a coherent, scientific design process.

Small Town Insurgency: The Struggle for Information Dominance to Reduce Gang Violence

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

focuses on the importance of information dominance , there has been little research into component factors that might either promote, or inhibit, the... information dominance with respect to a counter-gang strategy. Through comparative analysis, our research suggests that improving relationships between

Big School Change in a Small Town.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edmondson, Jacqueline; Thorson, Gregory; Fluegel, David

2000-01-01

A rural Minnesota district with a declining regional population and little public support involved the community in developing a consensus for reforms and creating a common vision and action plan for each school. Innovations were adopted regarding curriculum, scheduling, technology use, and marketing approaches. (MLH)

What's Cooking in America's Schoolyard Gardens?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salter, Cathy

2010-01-01

This article discusses what's cooking in America's schoolyard gardens. From First Lady Michelle Obama's world-famous Kitchen Garden, to Alice Waters' groundbreaking Edible Schoolyard in Berkeley, California, to a nationally recognized elementary school learning garden in the small Midwestern town of Ashland, Missouri, school children are planting…

75 FR 45592 - Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for Carex lutea

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

... prescribed fires in the winter of 2010 opened this area to sunlight, allowing the Carex lutea plants to... city and town governments that serve fewer than 50,000 residents; and small businesses (13 CFR 121.201...

Health evaluation of the 2nd International "Quit and Win" Antinicotine Campaign participants ten years later.

PubMed

Kowalska, Alina; Stelmach, Włodzimierz; Krakowiak, Jan; Rzeźnicki, Adam; Pikala, Małgorzata; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Drygas, Wojciech

2008-01-01

Smoking is one of the most often noticed types of negative behaviour among the Poles. In the work, the results of the health evaluation are presented of the participants of the 'Quit and Win' competition ten years after making a decision to refrain from smoking, also the dependency between this evaluation and behaviour connected with smoking among the people living in big cities and small towns and villages was analysed. Among the 648 respondents, majority, which is 302 people (46.6%) evaluated their health as good, 236 (36.4%) as average, and 76 of the questioned (11.7%) as very good, 29 people (4.5%) as bad, and 5 of the questioned (0.8%) as very bad. The respondents most often evaluated negatively their health in the group of the still smoking living in the big cities, and the least often in the group of the non-smokers living in small towns and villages.

The solar capital of the midwest

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilkerson, M.W.

1996-09-01

A small Illinois town boasts one of the highest per resident concentrations of solar and wind energy technologies in North America. Why would a small town of 50 homes located in north central Illinois grow into a haven for solar and wind energy? Perhaps a glimpse at the history of Stelle (rhymes with bell) will provide a clue. The community was founded in 1973 in a rural setting about sixty miles southwest of Chicago. Stelle was created by The Stelle Group, a philosophical organization chartered as an Illinois not-for-profit corporation. The Stelle Group set out to create a supportive environmentmore » in which individual human development would be a top priority. During the early years of building Stelle, when it was a private community, residents stressed values such as personal responsibility, life-long education, positive attitude, cooperation and democracy. These values continue to influence the way of life in Stelle and, as elements of its rich and unique heritage, remain a vital part of the community`s identity.« less

The Black Cholera Comes to the Central Valley of America in the 19th Century - 1832, 1849, and Later

PubMed Central

Daly, Walter J.

2008-01-01

In mid-19th Century, cholera was epidemic throughout the world. Small towns of the American Midwest were not spared. The disease was blamed on miasmas arising from local causes, so flight from affected localities were logical and common. Flight, added to mortality, caused virtual depopulation of many small towns. Drinking water was drawn from rivers or shallow wells, often near seeping cesspools. Local merchants tried unsuccessfully to calm panic by suppressing information. Cholera was not good for business. Business was depressed. Organized religion thrived. National and state days of prayer were appointed to appease an angry God. During these frightening times, the people learned nothing about the infectiousness of cholera or about its prevention through sanitation. Their experiences tended to reinforce their belief in miasmas or divine retribution. The great epidemics of mankind describe human behavior in times of unavoidable and incurable crisis. Nineteenth Century cholera experiences illustrate a people's reaction to catastrophic disease, which they believed was incurable and unpreventable. PMID:18596846

The black cholera comes to the central valley of America in the 19th century - 1832, 1849, and later.

PubMed

Daly, Walter J

2008-01-01

In mid-19th Century, cholera was epidemic throughout the world. Small towns of the American Midwest were not spared. The disease was blamed on miasmas arising from local causes, so flight from affected localities were logical and common. Flight, added to mortality, caused virtual depopulation of many small towns. Drinking water was drawn from rivers or shallow wells, often near seeping cesspools. Local merchants tried unsuccessfully to calm panic by suppressing information. Cholera was not good for business. Business was depressed. Organized religion thrived. National and state days of prayer were appointed to appease an angry God. During these frightening times, the people learned nothing about the infectiousness of cholera or about its prevention through sanitation. Their experiences tended to reinforce their belief in miasmas or divine retribution. The great epidemics of mankind describe human behavior in times of unavoidable and incurable crisis. Nineteenth Century cholera experiences illustrate a people's reaction to catastrophic disease, which they believed was incurable and unpreventable.

[Monitoring microbiological safety of small systems of water distribution. Comparison of two sampling programs in a town in central Italy].

PubMed

Papini, Paolo; Faustini, Annunziata; Manganello, Rosa; Borzacchi, Giancarlo; Spera, Domenico; Perucci, Carlo A

2005-01-01

To determine the frequency of sampling in small water distribution systems (<5,000 inhabitants) and compare the results according to different hypotheses in bacteria distribution. We carried out two sampling programs to monitor the water distribution system in a town in Central Italy between July and September 1992; the Poisson distribution assumption implied 4 water samples, the assumption of negative binomial distribution implied 21 samples. Coliform organisms were used as indicators of water safety. The network consisted of two pipe rings and two wells fed by the same water source. The number of summer customers varied considerably from 3,000 to 20,000. The mean density was 2.33 coliforms/100 ml (sd= 5.29) for 21 samples and 3 coliforms/100 ml (sd= 6) for four samples. However the hypothesis of homogeneity was rejected (p-value <0.001) and the probability of II type error with the assumption of heterogeneity was higher with 4 samples (beta= 0.24) than with 21 (beta= 0.05). For this small network, determining the samples' size according to heterogeneity hypothesis strengthens the statement that water is drinkable compared with homogeneity assumption.

Mt. Vesuvius and Naples, Italy as seen from STS-58

NASA Image and Video Library

1993-10-20

STS058-73-024 (18 Oct-1 Nov 1993) --- The ancient eruption of Vesuvius (the volcano near the center of the frame) destroyed the town of Pompeii located on its southeast flank. But the larger town of Naples, between Vesuvius (to the south) and the large, circular, lake-filled caldera of Campi Flegrei (to the west) also lives with the constant threat of volcanic hazards. In this view, Naples is the gray urban area with substantial coastal development just northwest of Vesuvius. Other landmarks marking the Italian coast include the small island of Capri, just off the west-pointing peninsula, and the city of Salerno on the coast just south of the same peninsula.

BIG SCHOOL - SMALL SCHOOL. STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF HIGH SCHOOL SIZE UPON THE BEHAVIOR AND EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS. FINAL REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BARKER, ROGER G.; AND OTHERS

STUDIES WERE MADE IN KANSAS HIGH SCHOOLS TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF SCHOOL SIZE UPON THE BEHAVIOR AND EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS. THE FOLLOWING AREAS WERE CONSIDERED-- THE SCHOOL INVOLVED IN THE STUDY, THE DATA GATHERED FROM RECORDS AND RESEARCH, OUT-OF-SCHOOL ACTIVITIES, AND THE PLACE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE TOTAL LIFE OF FOUR SMALL TOWNS.…

High-Level Data Fusion Software for SHOALS-1000TH FY07 Annual Report

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

This survey covered the lakeside town of Alpena , Michigan, and the shoreline of Lake Huron. Additionally a small set of ground reflectance...Figure 2. SHOALS green laser reflectance image of the eastern part of Alpena , Michigan, and the shoreline of Thunder Bay

Community Evaluation for Economic Development. Small Town Strategy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gault, George H.; Coppedge, Robert O.

Many communities have economic development efforts, which are generally undertaken in an attempt to create productive employment opportunities and to strengthen the local tax base. Unfortunatley, the economic development efforts of many communities, especially rural communities, are not productive ones. Many rural development efforts fail because…

From Hometown to Nontown: Rural Community Effects of Suburbanization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Salamon, Sonya

2003-01-01

Regional suburbanization processes are transforming rural America socially and physically, threatening the uniqueness of small towns whose diversity is a national resource. This article reviews existing holistic descriptions of American rural communities since post-World War II by rural sociologists and anthropologists. Three new community case…

Turkish Students' Parenting Beliefs and Practices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tufekci, Aysel

This study investigated parenting beliefs and practices of Turkish students attending a university in a small U.S. town. Data sources included interviews with the parents, and observations of their children. Highlighting differences between the Turkish students and other Turkish migrants, the study found that the most commonly mentioned…

Social Organization in Montana. Montana Economic Study-Staff Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bigart, Robert J.

The four papers in this publication discusses Montana's social structure as it relates to culture, income, urbanism, and communal religious communities. "Montana Social Structure and Culture" includes rural and suburban life styles; the history of rural community organization; rural-small town communities; urban physical conditions;…

ESL Small Town.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Lynn

A curriculum designed by the Maury, Tennessee, Literacy Council to address deficiencies in English-language skills is presented. Maury County, Tennessee, is a rural area south of Nashville whose automotive industries and ethnic restaurants have immigrant populations in need of English instruction. A state 353 teacher training grant was obtained to…

Obituary: Louise May Russell, 1905-2009

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

This tribute is presented in recognition of a truly remarkable woman scientist– Miss Louise May Russell. She transformed herself from a farm girl in a small town in upstate New York to a world renowned entomologist who studied aphids, psyllids, scale insects, and whiteflies. She started her scient...

Spatial variation of insecticide resistance in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti presents unique vector control challenges.

PubMed

Deming, Regan; Manrique-Saide, Pablo; Medina Barreiro, Anuar; Cardeña, Edgar Ulises Koyoc; Che-Mendoza, Azael; Jones, Bryant; Liebman, Kelly; Vizcaino, Lucrecia; Vazquez-Prokopec, Gonzalo; Lenhart, Audrey

2016-02-04

Dengue is a major public health problem in Mexico, where the use of chemical insecticides to control the principal dengue vector, Aedes aegypti, is widespread. Resistance to insecticides has been reported in multiple sites, and the frequency of kdr mutations associated with pyrethroid resistance has increased rapidly in recent years. In the present study, we characterized patterns of insecticide resistance in Ae. aegypti populations in five small towns surrounding the city of Merida, Mexico. A cross-sectional, entomological survey was performed between June and August 2013 in 250 houses in each of the five towns. Indoor resting adult mosquitoes were collected in all houses and four ovitraps were placed in each study block. CDC bottle bioassays were conducted using F0-F2 individuals reared from the ovitraps and kdr allele (Ile1016 and Cys1534) frequencies were determined. High, but varying, levels of resistance to chorpyrifos-ethyl was detected in all study towns, complete susceptibility to bendiocarb in all except one town, and variations in resistance to deltamethrin between towns, ranging from 63-88% mortality. Significant associations were detected between deltamethrin resistance and the presence of both kdr alleles. Phenotypic resistance was highly predictive of the presence of both alleles, however, not all mosquitoes containing a mutant allele were phenotypically resistant. An analysis of genotypic differentiation (exact G test) between the five towns based on the adult female Ae. aegypti collected from inside houses showed highly significant differences (p < 0.0001) between genotypes for both loci. When this was further analyzed to look for fine scale differences at the block level within towns, genotypic differentiation was significant for both loci in San Lorenzo (Ile1016, p = 0.018 and Cys1534, p = 0.007) and for Ile1016 in Acanceh (p = 0.013) and Conkal (p = 0.031). The results from this study suggest that 3 years after switching chemical groups, deltamethrin resistance and a high frequency of kdr alleles persisted in Ae. aegypti populations. The spatial variation that was detected in both resistance phenotypes and genotypes has practical implications, both for vector control operations as well as insecticide resistance management strategies.

Rural-urban differences in end-of-life nursing home care: facility and environmental factors.

PubMed

Temkin-Greener, Helena; Zheng, Nan Tracy; Mukamel, Dana B

2012-06-01

This study examines urban-rural differences in end-of-life (EOL) quality of care provided to nursing home (NH) residents. We constructed 3 risk-adjusted EOL quality measures (QMs) for long-term decedent residents: in-hospital death, hospice referral before death, and presence of severe pain. We used CY2005-2007 100% Minimum Data Set, Medicare beneficiary file, and inpatient and hospice claims. Logistic regression models were estimated to predict the probability of each outcome conditional on decedents' risk factors. For each facility, QMs were calculated as the difference between the actual and the expected risk-adjusted outcome rates. We fit multivariate linear regression models, with fixed state effects, for each QM to assess the association with urban-rural location. We found urban-rural differences for in-hospital death and hospice QMs, but not for pain. Compared with NHs located in urban areas, facilities in smaller towns and in isolated rural areas have significantly (p < .001) worse EOL quality for in-hospital death and hospice use. Whereas the differences in these QMs are statistically significant between facilities located in large versus small towns, they are not statistically significant between facilities located in small towns and isolated rural areas. This study provides empirical evidence for urban-rural differences in EOL quality of care using a national sample of NHs. Identifying differences is a necessary first step toward improving care for dying NH residents and for bridging the urban-rural gap.

Ghostly events: A review of the namesakes of LLNL nuclear tests of the past few years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Olsen, C.W.

1993-02-01

Beginning in Fiscal Year 1986, the LLNL named its tests at the Nevada Test Site for ghost towns and other historical place names in California and Nevada. The first test so named was GOLDSTONE conducted on December 28, 1985. The list of names was used until recently when a new set of names was adopted for use in FY-93 and later. The locations used for event names often had interesting histories of their own. Some sites have virtually disappeared, some are still identifiable ghost towns, some never were towns, and others are relatively recent or still inhabited locations. This papermore » is a compilation of brief histories of the locations for which tests were named. The towns mostly, but not entirely, date from the mining booms of about 1850 to the early twentieth century. Many of these communities had brief existences; populations ranged from a few hardy souls to several thousand, and amenities ranged from primitive to, in a few rare cases, opulent. The development tended to follow a similar pattern based on size and duration of activity, usually starting with a collection of tents, commonly known as rag-towns''. Generally even the small communities soon had a store, some sort of lodging, and a saloon and gambling hall. As towns grew, if they lasted long enough, they would often acquire a post office, more saloons and stores, better water supplies and transportation, more permanent hotels, sometimes a newspaper, and often a red-light district. This was followed finally by permanent residences and by churches and schools, possibly even a library, and the other trappings of a real community; the ultimate goal was to have a court house. Most sites, of course, went through boom and bust before the full cycle could be realized. These places are the remains of a fascinating and important part of our heritage.« less

Ghostly events: A review of the namesakes of LLNL nuclear tests of the past few years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Olsen, C.W.

1993-02-01

Beginning in Fiscal Year 1986, the LLNL named its tests at the Nevada Test Site for ghost towns and other historical place names in California and Nevada. The first test so named was GOLDSTONE conducted on December 28, 1985. The list of names was used until recently when a new set of names was adopted for use in FY-93 and later. The locations used for event names often had interesting histories of their own. Some sites have virtually disappeared, some are still identifiable ghost towns, some never were towns, and others are relatively recent or still inhabited locations. This papermore » is a compilation of brief histories of the locations for which tests were named. The towns mostly, but not entirely, date from the mining booms of about 1850 to the early twentieth century. Many of these communities had brief existences; populations ranged from a few hardy souls to several thousand, and amenities ranged from primitive to, in a few rare cases, opulent. The development tended to follow a similar pattern based on size and duration of activity, usually starting with a collection of tents, commonly known as ``rag-towns``. Generally even the small communities soon had a store, some sort of lodging, and a saloon and gambling hall. As towns grew, if they lasted long enough, they would often acquire a post office, more saloons and stores, better water supplies and transportation, more permanent hotels, sometimes a newspaper, and often a red-light district. This was followed finally by permanent residences and by churches and schools, possibly even a library, and the other trappings of a real community; the ultimate goal was to have a court house. Most sites, of course, went through boom and bust before the full cycle could be realized. These places are the remains of a fascinating and important part of our heritage.« less

The Forced Surrender of Infants Born to Unwed Mothers in Southern Italy. A Case Study of Late Nineteenth Century Practices in the Town of Forio d'Ischia.

PubMed

Imperato, Pascal James

2015-10-01

For many centuries, unwed mothers in southern Italy were forced to surrender their infants because of a number of social, religious, economic, and political pressures. This study focuses on the policies and practices that were in place in southern Italy regarding illegitimate infants in the late nineteenth century. A detailed analysis of the policies and practices present in the town of Forio d'Ischia during the 20-year period 1880-1899 is also presented. During these two decades, there were 37 illegitimate live births representing 0.70% of the 5249 live births recorded in this town. Although small in number, these illegitimate births, referred to as spuri in Italian, from the Latin spurius, meaning bastard, were managed by standard predetermined procedures. These included anonymity for the parents, the transfer of such infants to an official town receiver of foundlings, and their transport to Naples' orphanage, the Real Casa Santa dell'Annunziata. This orphanage maintained fairly detailed records about the children who were delivered to it. After a few days at the orphanage, infants were often entrusted to the care of external wet nurses, preferably outside of Naples. This was done in the belief that infant survival was better assured in more rural environments. The case of an illegitimate infant, Antonino Spinalbese, is presented in detail. Born on 14 February 1882 in the town of Forio d'Ischia, he was brought to the orphanage 4 days later. Following a two-day stay at the orphanage, he was entrusted to an external wet nurse, Michele Mondella, and her husband, Ciro Fiscale di Felice, a mariner in the town of Torre del Greco. The available evidence indicates that Antonino Spinalbese became a mariner like his stepfather. As a crew member of the passenger ship, Vulcano, he made three trips from Naples to New York City in 1922 and 1923.

Big City/Small Town Partnerships.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brouillette, Mary; Bothereau, Elizabeth

1984-01-01

Describes (1) the Dallas (Texas) Adopt-a-School program, which is a partnership not only between the Dallas Independent School District and business, its primary source of support, but also with higher education, civic groups, the religious community, and individual volunteers; and (2) Minneapolis Suburban Partnerships, a program of mutual benefit…

Revitalizing the Small Town Mainstreet. Hard Times: Communities in Transition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cook, Edward A.; Bentley, Marion T.

Presenting a base of general information that local business people and government officials involved with downtown revitalization should be familiar with in order to understand the range of options available and factors that will influence the outcomes of any revitalization program, the paper summarizes current theories, trends, studies, and…

Response to a Community-Based Information and Communication System.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trachtman, Leon E.; And Others

A study investigated the introduction of an experimental school-centered and neighborhood-oriented communication system in a small midwestern town. It was anticipated that normal parent-teacher-school communication would be enhanced by the electronic messaging potential of the system. Researchers observed the entire adoption process from the…

Mercury hair levels and factors that influence exposure for residents of Huancavelica, Peru

EPA Science Inventory

Between 1564 and 1810, nearly 17,000 metric tons of mercury (Hg) vapor were released to the environment during cinnabar refining in the small town of Huancavelica, Peru. The present study characterizes individual exposure to mercury using total and speciated Hg from residential s...

Creole Carpentry in 1800 -- Building Practices and Carpenter's Tools that created Alexandria's Kent Plantation House

Treesearch

N.H. Sand; P. Koch

1975-01-01

It is the year 1796 or thereabouts. Louisiana is a Spanish colony with French traditions and culture. Pierre Baillio II, of a prominent French family, has a sizeable grant of land along the Red River near a small town called El Rapido.

Working Hard and Making Do: Surviving in Small Town America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Margaret K.; Smith, Joan

This book reports on the effects of economic restructuring on the livelihood of working families in a rural Vermont county. Specifically, a study investigated family strategies to ensure and enhance daily survival including gainful employment (informal and formal), moonlighting, self-provisioning efforts, and non-monetary exchanges with other…

The Self-Esteem of Rural Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yang, Raymond K.; Fetsch, Robert J.

2007-01-01

The self-esteem of children in small towns was assessed. Comparing these children's self-rated competencies to extant norms suggests that rural children's self-perceptions are not distinctly different from suburban and urban children. Rural children's feelings of self-worth and self-assessments of scholastic competence are comparable to or higher…

Turning Points: Ideas in Books Affecting American Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parker, Franklin

Ideas in ten books which marked turning points in American educational directions are analyzed. William H. McGuffey's "Readers" (1836-44) set the moral and inspirational tone that still exists in American education, though now lessened and mainly in small-town America. "Medical Education in the United States and Canada"…

Children's Disputes in Three Speech Communities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lein, Laura; Brenneis, Donald

1978-01-01

Focuses on arguments among White American children in a small town in New England, Black American children of migrant harvesters, and rural Hindi-speaking Fiji Indian children. Findings suggest that, while repetition, inversion, and escalation are common to all three cultures, there is considerable variation as to how they are used. (EJS)

Caste, Class and the Love-Marriage: Social Change in India

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corwin, Lauren A.

1977-01-01

The present study of a small town in rural West Bengal, India, reveals a number of "love-marriages" involving individuals from castes of distinctly different ranks in the local caste hierarchy. Despite the prevailing rule of caste endogamy, inter-caste couples appear to face little difficulty. (Author)

Some Moral Correlates of Town and Gown: "Non Multa Sed Multam" (Too Much of a Good Thing)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gallop, R.

1973-01-01

Article seeks to analyze from a personal viewpoint, some of the problems in relationship between a large University and a small community, and also studies the effect of a student population on the cultural ethos of local cinemas. (Editor)

The Collision of Athletics & Consolidation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graves, Bill

2010-01-01

For decades, people questioned the sense of having two school districts, each with its own superintendent, central office and high school, operating in the same small town of The Dalles on the banks of the Columbia River in north-central Oregon. But election campaigns to consolidate repeatedly failed because each community had strong emotional…

Industrialization in the Rural Southeast: The Role of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fratoe, Frank A.

Focusing on contributions of educational resources to the growth of nonfarm enterprises in small towns and sparsely populated areas of the Southeast, this paper discusses four major problems which are at least partly amenable to educational solutions and examines various educational means for overcoming those problems. Research and development…

Tourist Attraction: The Moore Library of Lexington, Michigan, 1903-1953

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiegand, Wayne A.

2011-01-01

This essay challenges traditional assumptions about the small-town American public library and the roles it has played in its community. Conventional thinking and professional rhetoric grounded on a "user in the life of the library" perspective identifies the public library as a neutral agency "essential to democracy" that…

Safety Check

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hurst, Marianne D.

2005-01-01

The Columbine High School shootings were still fresh in the minds of educators across the nation in May 1999, when school district officials in the small, quiet town of Port Huron, Michigan, unearthed a similarly violent student plot targeted for one of their middle schools. Four students from Holland Woods Middle School had allegedly written out…

"Really Really Different Different": Rurality, Regional Schools and Refugees

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Colvin, Neroli

2017-01-01

This article explores the dynamics of difference-making in a regional Australian town. Despite Australia's high levels of cultural diversity, many rural and regional areas remain predominantly "white" spaces, presided over by people of Anglo-Celtic ancestry but with small populations of indigenous Australians. Over the past decade,…

Small-Town Dreamers Build $1.8-Million Community Library.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fuhr, Sandra

1996-01-01

Describes how the people of Redwood Falls, Minnesota worked together to build a new public library facility in their community. Library personnel and volunteers held various fundraising activities which matched donations from a department store owner and a local grant. Discusses the architecture of the new library which includes computer…

Similarities of School Shootings in Rural and Small Town Communities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kidd, Scott T.; Meyer, Cheryl L.

2002-01-01

A study examined characteristics common among young offenders from rural communities who were involved in multiple-fatality school shootings. Data on six cases involving eight offenders revealed six common offender characteristics: verbal threats, peer rejection, interest in violent media, previous violent behavior, suicidal ideation, and violent…

Burrowing owl foods in Conata Basin, South Dakota

Treesearch

James C. MacCracken; Daniel W. Uresk; Richard M. Hansen

1985-01-01

Burrowing Owls (Athene cunicularia) were studied in a prairie dog town of southwestern South Dakota. Pellets regurgitated by Burrowing Owls contained a wide variety of prey remains. Insects, spiders, small mammals, and vegetation were the most frequent items identified in the pellets. Mammals were consumed most frequently during spring and early...

Fleeting Smile

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davidson, Sally

2006-01-01

The author's students were an unhappy, skeptical group of middle school students. Many of them had emotional issues. Many had drug addiction and prostitution in their broken and poverty-ridden families. Her school, which is a small charter school in a remote Arizona town, was a place of last resort for these students, who probably would not…

Early School Transfer: Teacher Voices

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maun, Ian; Trend, Roger

2009-01-01

This empirical research involves the investigation of teachers' perceptions of a school transfer scheme whereby children aged 11+ years transfer permanently from primary to secondary school four weeks before the end of the summer term, in mid-June, in a small English town. Expressed perceptions of the secondary school staff concerning the…

The Air Advisor: The Face of US Air Force Engagement

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-08-01

Zadalis, USAF Nestled in the local townships of small-town New Jersey is an Air Education and Training Command (AETC) schoolhouse with a small faculty of...of the 36th Airlift Squadron at Yokota Air Base (AB), Ja- pan, preparing these Airmen for the multiple partner-nation engage- ment activities planned...comprise the newly activated US Aviation Detachment, 52nd Operations Group’s Detachment 1, assigned to Lask AB, Poland. Four instructors from the Air

Economic analysis of a small-sized combined heat and power plant using forest biomass in the Republic of Korea

Treesearch

Yeongwan Seo; Han-Sup Han; Edward M. (Ted) Bilek; Jungkee Choi; Dusong Cha; Jungsoo Lee

2017-01-01

Economic analysis was conducted on the feasibility of operating a small-sized (500kW/hour) gasification power plant producing heat and electricity in a rural town surrounded by forests in the Republic of Korea. Cost factors that were considered over the plant’s 20-year life included wood procurement, a wood grab loader, a chipper, a chip dryer, a gasifier, a generator...

Informal support networks of low-income senior women living alone: evidence from Fort St. John, BC.

PubMed

Ryser, Laura; Halseth, Greg

2011-01-01

Within the context of an aging Canadian rural and small-town landscape, there is a growing trend of low-income senior women living alone. While there is a perception that rural seniors have well-developed social networks to meet their daily needs, some research suggests that economic and social restructuring processes have impacted the stability of seniors' support networks in small places. While much of the research on seniors' informal networks focuses upon small towns in decline, booming resource economies can also produce challenges for low-income senior women living alone due to both a higher cost of living and the retrenchment of government and service supports. Under such circumstances, an absence of informal supports can impact seniors' health and quality of life and may lead to premature institutionalization. Drawing upon a household survey in Fort St. John, British Columbia, we explore informal supports used by low-income senior women living alone in this different context of the Canadian landscape. Our findings indicate that these women not only have a support network that is comparable to other groups, but that they are also more likely to draw upon such supports to meet their independent-living needs. These women rely heavily on family support, however, and greater efforts are needed to diversify both their formal and informal sources of support as small family networks can quickly become overwhelmed.

Measuring the food environment in three rural towns in New South Wales, Australia.

PubMed

Innes-Hughes, Christine; Boylan, Sinead; King, Lesley A; Lobb, Elizabeth

2012-08-01

Food availability affects eating habits, and in the Australian context, refers to the numbers and locations of food retail and food service outlets and the types and range of foods in those outlets. The aim of this study was to assess the community and consumer food environment in three small rural towns in New South Wales, Australia. Geographical analyses were used to measure the diversity, variety and locations of food outlets (community food environment); and checklists were used to assess the availability of selected indicator foods within food outlets (consumer food environment). Supermarkets provided access to the full range of healthy indicator foods, with convenience stores selling a more limited set of healthy food items. There were high numbers of take-away food outlets in each town that had no, or a limited number of, healthy food items. Energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods such as soft drinks and potato crisps were readily available across all food retail outlets in all towns. This study illustrates a valid, reliable and practical way of systematically describing food availability at a local level. The findings emphasise the ubiquity of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods, and suggest that interventions to promote the availability of healthier food items in take-away food outlets are required. Further research is required to assess other factors which may affect residents' food access, such as cost and transport.

Outcomes of a community-based HIV-prevention pilot programme for township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa.

PubMed

Batist, Elizabeth; Brown, Benjamin; Scheibe, Andrew; Baral, Stefan D; Bekker, Linda-Gail

2013-12-02

Men who have sex with men (MSM) in Cape Town's townships remain in need of targeted HIV-prevention services. In 2012, a pilot community-based HIV-prevention programme was implemented that aimed to reach MSM in five Cape Town townships, disseminate HIV-prevention information and supplies, and promote the use of condoms and HIV services. Convenience sampling was used to recruit self-identified MSM who were 18 years old or older in five Cape Town townships. The six-month pilot programme trained five community leaders who, along with staff, provided HIV-prevention information and supplies to MSM through small-group meetings, community-based social activities and inter-community events. After the completion of the pilot programme, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with a subset of conveniently sampled participants and with each of the community leaders. Qualitative data were then analyzed thematically. Overall, 98 mostly gay-identified black MSM consented to participate, 57 community-based activities were facilitated and 9 inter-community events were conducted. Following their enrollment, 60% (59/98) of participants attended at least one pilot activity. Of those participants, 47% (28/59) attended at least half of the scheduled activities. A total of 36 participants took part in FGDs, and five in-depth interviews were completed with community leaders. Participants reported gaining access to MSM-specific HIV-prevention information, condoms and water-based lubricant through the small-group meetings. Some participants described how their feelings of loneliness, social isolation, self-esteem and self-efficacy were improved after taking part. The social activities and group meetings were viable strategies for disseminating HIV-prevention information, condoms and water-based lubricant to MSM in this setting. Many MSM were also able to receive social support, reduce social isolation and improve their self-esteem. Further research is needed to explore factors affecting attendance and the sustainability of these activities. Perspectives of MSM who did not attend pilot activities regularly were not equally represented in the final qualitative interviews, which could bias the findings. The use of community-based activities and small-group meetings should be explored further as components to ongoing HIV-prevention interventions for MSM in this setting.

Reconnaissance study of the geology of U.S. vermiculite deposits: Are asbestos minerals common constituents?

USGS Publications Warehouse

Van Gosen, Bradley S.; Lowers, Heather; Bush, Alfred L.; Meeker, Gregory P.; Plumlee, Geoffrey S.; Brownfield, Isabelle K.; Sutley, Stephen J.

2002-01-01

Unusually high incidences of asbestos-related mortality and respiratory disease in the small town of Libby, Montana, have been linked to amphibole mineral fibers intergrown with the vermiculite deposits mined and milled near the town from 1923 to 1990. A study conducted by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry concluded that mortality due to asbestosis in Libby mine and mill workers and residents during 1979 to 1998 was much higher than expected for a similar Montana or United States population group. Recent medical testing of past and present mineworkers and residents of Libby showed lung abnormalities in nearly one-fifth of the adult study participants. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, under Superfund authority, is completing sampling and cleanup of asbestos-bearing materials in the mine, mill, and town sites. The U.S. Geological Survey is conducting a study, reviewed herein, to investigate the mineral content of other U.S. vermiculite deposits and to determine if the amphibole asbestos minerals like those found in the Libby deposits are common in other vermiculite deposits.

Sustaining active-living communities over the decades: lessons from a 1930s Greenbelt town.

PubMed

Ahrentzen, Sherry

2008-06-01

Greendale, Wisconsin, was intentionally created with many of the design and planning principles that active-living advocates promote today. This case study examines the processes behind sustaining these particular planning and design principles over time in light of economic and regional challenges that have faced not just Greendale but most town centers over the last fifty years. Despite these challenges, the walkable nature of Greendale's center remains strong today, in terms of both activity and community identity. While many circumstances are specific to this particular town, useful lessons can be drawn for those new urbanist (NU) communities being developed in greenfields and suburbs today, many of which are strikingly similar to Greendale - relatively small, low density, and located within metropolitan areas. Greendale's success resulted from (1) attending to the retail/commercial product mix; (2) attracting nonresidents to use the community's retail and public space; and (3) capitalizing on community investment not simply from residents' organizing efforts but, more important in this case, from corporate community involvement by a Greendale business firm whose interests and values coincided with those of the community.

The use of remote sensing for rapid post-disaster assessment - an example from Kedarnath, Uttarakhand, north India (Invited)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petley, D. N.

2013-12-01

Kedarnath is small town built around in important Hindu temple in the Rudraprayag district, Uttarakhand in northern India. Located at an elevation of 3,583 m, it is situated in a remote valley with no vehicular access. In summer, the temple is an important pilgrimage destination, with thousands of visitors per day, all of whom have to access the location via a 14 km trek or horse ride along a paved pathway, or via a helicopter ride. Between 14th and 17th June 2013, Uttarakhand was affected by unusually heavy early monsoonal rainfall. Whilst the rainfall totals did not reach record levels, the precipitation fell onto thawing snow, inducing very large debris flows. Kedarnath was affected by two major debris flows. According to eyewitness reports the first struck without warning in the evening of 16th June at about 7 pm local time. The second, larger, event occurred the following morning at about 6 am. The two debris flows destroyed most of the buildings in Kedarnath, although the temple survived with some damage. Across Uttarakhand it is estimated that about 5700 people died in the debris flows; the majority of these losses were at Kedarnath and in the immediate downstream communities. In the aftermath of the disaster there was considerable uncertainty as to the cause of the debris flows, with much speculation about the possibility that either a rock avalanche had developed on the flanks of the adjacent mountains or that there had been a catastrophic glacial collapse event upstream of the town. On 18th June the Indian Remote Sensing Organisation (IRSO) captured and released a RISAT-1 image of Kedarnath. Although the resolution was insufficient to determine what had occurred to trigger the disaster, it served to highlight two potential sources of the debris flows. One of these was an area of disturbance at the snout of the Charobari Glacier upslope from the town; the other was a possible landslide scar on an adjacent slope. On 23rd June 2013 NASA captured a Landsat 8 image of the site, which suggested that both of these sources might have been responsible for the debris flows. Finally, on 27th June IRSO released a high resolution RISAT-1 image of the Kedarnath region. This showed clearly that the first (16th June) debris flow originated from a landslide event upstream and to the east of the town. This took the form of an initially small, superficial landslide that entrained large volumes of debris before striking the town as a highly mobile debris flow. The second debris flow (on 17th June) was caused when an ephemeral lake, trapped behind a lateral moraine from the Charobari glacier upstream and to the east of the town, overtopped and catastrophically breached its barrier. The resultant flood scoured a large volume of sediment from the steep channel above the town, generating a very dense debris flow that was exceptionally destructive. Subsequent analyses by ground-based teams has suggested that this initial interpretation from remotely-sensed data was correct. Both of the sources of the debris flows were clearly evident on images captured before the event, and it is also clear that temple and the adjacent town were built on a terrace constructed in an earlier debris event. Thus, remotely sensed images could have played a role in the management of the hazard prior to the disaster.

The Flying Newsboy: A Small Daily Attempts Air Delivery.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watts, Elizabeth A.

For 10 months in 1929-30, subscribers to "The McCook (Nebraska) Daily Gazette" (a daily newspaper serving 33 towns in southwestern Nebraska and northwestern Kansas) received their newspapers via air delivery with "The Newsboy," a Curtis Robin cabin monoplane. In an age when over-the-road travel was difficult and air travel was…

School Contribution to Rural Communities: Leadership Issues. CRLRA Discussion Paper Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johns, Susan; Kilpatrick, Sue; Falk, Ian; Mulford, Bill

A case study exploring the relationship between local leadership and the school-community partnership was conducted in a small, isolated Australian mining town. Data were generated from written materials such as the local newspaper and interviews with 8 school staff members and 11 community members involved with the schools or representing…

One College, One World: A Small Town Community College and the Impact of Globalization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frost, Robert A.

2011-01-01

Globalization is a highly contested notion of the rapid changes taking place through the movement of labor, capital, communications, and information transcending all previous notions of borders and similarly defined territories. Historically, community college missions have been limited by their district borders. This study presents findings from…

Schools as Entrepreneurs: Helping Small Towns Survive.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wall, Milan; Luther, Vicki

Because schools are often the biggest employers in rural areas, it may make sense for rural schools to initiate economic development partnerships with the community, rather than wait for business to take the initiative, as is more commonly the case with urban school-business partnerships. This booklet reports findings of a national research…

Rooted in the Land: Essays on Community and Place.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vitek, William, Ed.; Jackson, Wes, Ed.

This collection of 31 essays examines the idea of community rooted in a particular place, usually a small town or rural place. Many essays comment on the role of education in promoting the transient materialistic lifestyle or suggest ways in which education could foster place attachment and community building. Essays specifically focused on…

Operationalizing Place: Discovering, Reasoning about, and Exploring Place Knowledge from Descriptions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Benjamin Thomas

2012-01-01

Places and place types, such as "small town", play a fundamental role in how people organize knowledge about the world. Although places are commonly referenced in human communication, often they are not canonically defined and many of the properties people associate with them have proved difficult to operationalize. In information…

Closing the Achievement Gap: Rural Schools. CSR Connection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Doris Terry

Twenty percent of the children enrolled in rural and small-town schools are non-Caucasian, children of color. As in nonrural schools, rural schools have yet to close the achievement gap across various racial and economic subgroups of this diverse population. Overall, rural students perform as well as or better than their nonrural peers on…

Getting the Pieces to Fall into Place

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Conner, John A., Jr.; Gaddy, Katherine

1978-01-01

Documented here is the story of how a small town's recreation department, faced with limited resources of its own, mobilized diverse members of the community to fill the gaps in its summer recreation program. New activities--free daily lunches, girls' softball, canoe lessons--were instituted, and a unique citizen partnership was forged. (Author/DS)

Ruralmicro: Computers and "Excellence" in Small Town New Hampshire.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDonald, Joseph P.; Thompson, Charles L.

The successful computer program in rural Hillsboro-Deering (New Hampshire) Cooperative School District was the result of a program of excellence in education adopted by a completely new and inexperienced school board in 1978. Supported both by oldtimers and by newcomers, the board acquired new administrators, purged the faculty, and acquired…

Poor Rural Children Attract Close Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Viadero, Debra

2008-01-01

Growing up poor in isolated rural areas and small towns is qualitatively different from growing up poor in the city. Yet most of what experts know about the effects of poverty on children's development comes from studies conducted in big cities. Now, an ambitious project run by universities in Pennsylvania and North Carolina is putting what some…

The Revival of Population Growth in Nonmetropolitan America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beale, Calvin L.

Population grew faster in nonmetro than in metro countries of the United States between 1970 and 1973. This trend reverses the previous pattern of inmigration to cities. Among the reasons for increases in rural areas and small towns are: (1) decentralization of manufacturing and other industry; (2) increased settlement of retired people; (3)…

Traffic Light Geography: A Fifth Grade Community Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zirschky, E. Dwight

1989-01-01

Describes a community study project that uses history and the five fundamental themes of geography as a framework. The project involves organizing committees to study the need for a traffic signal in a small town. By studying various dimensions of the issue, the committees are able to demonstrate the need for a signal. (KO)

Values Education at Greenfield Lower School: The Seamless Robe

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alexander, Elise; Thomas, Diane

2004-01-01

In this article the author describes a whole-school values education programme at Greenfield Lower School, a small village school near the town of Flitwick, England. The programme, based on the work of Neil Hawkes, senior advisor with Oxfordshire LEA, is designed "to help the school community think about and reflect upon positive universal…

Community Amenity Measurement for the Great Fly-Over Zones

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Besser, Terry L.; Miller, Nancy J.; Malik, Roshan

2012-01-01

The purpose of this paper is to provide an alternative operationalization of amenities that does not privilege certain kinds of natural resources and climatic conditions and that can be used for assessing the quality of life in small towns. The amenity inventory presented here extends previous literature by including a broad range of amenities…

Escuela de la Frontera (Border School)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilman, Carrie

2006-01-01

This article features Lourdes Catholic School, a small Catholic school where students grapple with life and learning in the shadow of two nations. The school, which is governed by the Minim Daughters of Mary Immaculate, is located in Nogales, a desert mountain town straddling the line that separates Arizona from the Mexican state of Sonora. Though…

Italian, Ukrainian or Russian? Language and Identity in Crimea

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bocale, Paola

2015-01-01

This paper presents the results of fieldwork conducted among the small Italian minority living in Kerch, a coastal town in Crimea, between 2012 and 2013. After introducing the socio-historical background and the current situation of the minority, it presents and discusses the attitudes of members of the community towards the different languages…

Defense Small Business Innovation Research Program (SBIR). Abstracts of Phase 2 Awards. 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

MEASUREMENT CONCEPTS INC ARMY 41 HWY 34 SOUTH - COLTS TOWNE PLAZA COLTS NECK, NJ 07722 CONTRACT NUMBER: DR EDWARD COLLET TITLE: DIGITAL REFRACTOMETRY OF...BEAM DIGITAL REFRACTOMETRY . BY FOLLOWING A DUAL-BEAM CONFIGURATION WE SHOW THAT IT IS POSSIBLE TO OVERCOME 1) THE OPTICAL SOURCE FLUCTUATIONS, 2) THE

A Case Study of School District Consolidation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cronin, Joseph M.

2010-01-01

Several New England states have been rethinking the system whereby small towns make the key decisions about school budgets and staffing under the banner of local control. Maine already has mandated a reduction in the number of local school districts from 290 to 80, allowing localities to vote on the larger districts. This consolidation, unpopular…

Impact of Engineering Ambassador Programs on Student Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anagnos, Thalia; Lyman-Holt, Alicia; Marin-Artieda, Claudia; Momsen, Ellen

2014-01-01

This study highlights the positive impact of participation in an engineering ambassador program on students from two universities: Oregon State University which is a large public university in a college town with a 13% minority student body, and Howard University, a medium sized private university with a relatively small engineering program in an…

The Art of Community Development: A Wisconsin Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Domack, Dennis

A strong local economy which allows residents of a community to work and shop near their homes is perhaps the best safeguard against the threats of urban sprawl, economic stagnation, physical deterioration and loss of unique identity facing many small towns. Utilizing a six-phase process advocated by the University of Wisconsin-Extension,…

Creating Vibrant Communities & Economies in Rural America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beaulieu, Lionel J.

Although the economic expansion of the 1990s was felt even in small towns and rural areas, events in recent months point out that the economic health of rural America remains fragile. Rural manufacturing has suffered sizable employment declines in recent months and only modest expansion has occurred in the service sector--the lifeblood of rural…

Reno: Your Best Bet

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aas, Anne

2007-01-01

This article features Reno located in Nevada. Beyond the glamour and glitz of the casinos, Reno has much to offer visiting tourists. It claims to be "The Biggest Little City in the World," an apt name because, while Reno has the amenities of a larger city, it also offers the friendliness and convenience of a small town. Reno offers…

Knowing the Odds: Parameters that Predict Passing or Failing School District Bonds

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bowers, Alex J.; Metzger, Scott Alan; Militello, Matthew

2010-01-01

This study investigates parameters affecting the likelihood of passing school facility construction bonds by local district election. Using statewide data from Michigan, this study analyzes school bond data for urban (n = 30), suburban (n = 164), small town (n = 70), and rural (n = 241) school districts that held capital improvement bond elections…

In the Winter

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lensmire, Timothy J.

2003-01-01

In this article, the author recounts his experiences at Michigan State University during his graduate studies and at Washington University in St. Louis, when he worked as an assistant professor. He focuses his narrative on his struggle to define his quest, to avoid both success and failure. The author was born in a small town in rural Wisconsin…

Constructing a Social Justice Tour: Pedagogy, Race, and Student Learning through Geography

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barnd, Natchee

2016-01-01

This article describes a high-impact learning project that combines geography, history, and ethnic studies. It describes the construction of the course, student outcomes, and the final and publicly presented collaborative project: the Social Justice Tour of Corvallis. Based on work in a small largely white town, this project presents a…

Widening Access through Partnerships with Working Life

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Casson, Andrew

2006-01-01

Dalarna University has doubled its student numbers during the past five years, and now has the highest proportion of students from non-academic backgrounds of Swedish universities (37%). The province of Dalarna combines steel and paper industry in a number of relatively small towns with large areas of sparsely populated countryside. By tradition,…

Big Hopes for a Small Town

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldman, Jay P.

2004-01-01

Not long after Dennis Roseleip received a superintendency appointment in his native state of Montana, the district's entire administrative team departed, leaving him to fill three principalships in the opening months of his new post. The sudden vacancies were not a statement on the choice of Roseleip, then 44, to lead the Cut Bank Public Schools…

Catering to a Diverse Crowd

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fogg, Piper

2008-01-01

Isolation and lack of services for members of minority groups can be real hurdles for colleges in small towns and rural areas that want to diversify their work forces. The chance to meet people from the same background, worship in a shared faith, or share cultural interests can make or break someone's living experience. This article describes…

Reviewing for the Mass Media.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hunt, Todd

Covered in this handbook is the craft of reviewing from multiple points of view: the established critic on a metropolitan newspaper, a national magazine, or a television station; the newcomer who is trying to review all forms of entertainment for a small-town daily paper; the New York drama critic; and the freelance reviewer whose work appears in…

Stealth Evangelism and the Public Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boston, Bob

2010-01-01

United Methodist minister David Jenkins was meeting with fellow clergy last year in the small Kansas community of Sharon Springs when one of the pastors made what sounded like a routine request. He noted that the Todd Becker Foundation was coming to town, and the evangelical Christian organization, which purports to warn youngsters about the…

Countering Gang Violence: What Small Town Communities Can Learn from the US Military

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-05-03

city is also home to two of the most notorious Hispanic gangs operating in the US. The Nuestra Familia and the Mexican Mafia have approximately 11...within Salinas until all communities are capable of self-policing. Critical to this mission will be Salinas‟ ability to actually „connect‟ with the

Geographic variation in the relationship between body mass index and the built environment.

PubMed

Adachi-Mejia, Anna M; Lee, Chanam; Lee, Chunkuen; Carlos, Heather A; Saelens, Brian E; Berke, Ethan M; Doescher, Mark P

2017-07-01

Studies examining associations between weight status and neighborhood built environment (BE) have shown inconsistent results and have generally focused on urban settings. However, many Americans do not live in metropolitan areas and BE impacts may be different outside of metropolitan areas. We sought to examine whether the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and neighborhood BE exists and varies by geographic region across small towns in the United States. We conducted telephone surveys with 2156 adults and geographic information systems data in nine towns located within three geographic regions (Northeast, Texas, Washington) in 2011 and 2012. Multiple regression models examined the relationship between individual BMI and BE measures. Most physical activity variables were significantly associated with lower BMI in all geographic regions. We saw variation across geographic region in the relationship between characteristics of the BE variables and BMI. Some perceived and objectively-measured characteristics of the BE were significantly associated with adult BMI, but significant relationships varied by geographic region. For example, in the Northeast, perceived attractiveness of the neighborhood as a reason for why they chose to live there was associated with lower BMI; in Texas, the perceived presence of a fast food restaurant was negatively associated with BMI; in Washington, perceived presence of trees along the streets was associated with lower BMI. Our findings suggest that regional variation plays a role in the relationship between adult BMI and BE characteristics in small towns. Regardless of geographic location, interventions should encourage utilitarian walking and other forms of physical activity. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Longitudinal changes in anthropometric characteristics of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

PubMed

de Groot, C P; Perdigao, A L; Deurenberg, P

1996-07-01

Assess longitudinal changes in height, body weight, triceps skinfold thickness and circumferences in elderly Europeans. Longitudinal study including baseline measurements taken in 1988/1989 which were repeated in 1993. Baseline and follow-up data were collected in nine European research towns: Hamme/Belgium (H/F), Roskilde/Denmark (R/DK), Haguenau/France (H/F), Romans/France (R/F), Padua/Italy (P/I), Culemborg/the Netherlands (C/NL), Vila Franca de Xira/Portugal (V/P), Betanzos/Spain (B/E), Yverdon/Switzerland (Y/CH). Single 1993 measurements were carried out in 4 towns: Coimbra/Portugal (C/P), Marki/Poland (M/PL), Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart/Northern Ireland/UK (BLP/NI/UK), Mansfield/Connecticut/USA (M/CT/USA). Using standardized methodologies data were collected from a random stratified sample of elderly men and women born between 1913 and 1918 including a total of 1242 subjects in 1993. At most sites stature had decreased by 1-2cm. Median weight changed by -1.5 kg to -3.5 kg in only three towns. An increase of at least 5 kg of body weight had taken place in 9% of men and 6% of women whereas 16% of both men and women had lost at least 5 kg of their baseline weight. Serial changes in triceps skinfold thickness, arm circumference and waist-to-hip ratio were small. Height declined with age. Median changes in other anthropometric characteristics of interest were small. These changes resulted from both considerable gains and losses of body weight in a significant proportion of the SENECA populations.

Final base case community analysis: Indian Springs, Nevada for the Clark County socioeconomic impact assessment of the proposed high- level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1992-06-18

This document provides a base case description of the rural Clark County community of Indian Springs in anticipation of change associated with the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain. As the community closest to the proposed site, Indian Springs may be seen by site characterization workers, as well as workers associated with later repository phases, as a logical place to live. This report develops and updates information relating to a broad spectrum of socioeconomic variables, thereby providing a `snapshot` or `base case` look at Indian Springs in early 1992. With this as a background, future repository-related developments maymore » be analytically separated from changes brought about by other factors, thus allowing for the assessment of the magnitude of local changes associated with the proposed repository. Given the size of the community, changes that may be considered small in an absolute sense may have relatively large impacts at the local level. Indian Springs is, in many respects, a unique community and a community of contrasts. An unincorporated town, it is a small yet important enclave of workers on large federal projects and home to employees of small- scale businesses and services. It is a rural community, but it is also close to the urbanized Las Vega Valley. It is a desert community, but has good water resources. It is on flat terrain, but it is located within 20 miles of the tallest mountains in Nevada. It is a town in which various interest groups diverge on issues of local importance, but in a sense of community remains an important feature of life. Finally, it has a sociodemographic history of both surface transience and underlying stability. If local land becomes available, Indian Springs has some room for growth but must first consider the historical effects of growth on the town and its desired direction for the future.« less

Postpartum Depression among African-American and Latina Mothers Living in Small Cities, Towns, and Rural Communities.

PubMed

Ceballos, Miguel; Wallace, Gail; Goodwin, Glenda

2016-10-19

The presence of postpartum depression can lead to poor maternal-child attachment, failure to thrive, and even infant death. Postpartum depression affects 13-19 % of parturients. However, among racial and ethnic minority parturients, postpartum depression rates have been shown to reach up to 35-67 % (as reported by O'Hara and McCabe, Annu Rev Clin Psychol 9:379-407, 2013; Boury et al., Women Health. 39(3):19-34, 2004; Ramos-Marcuse et al.. J Affect Disord. 122(1-2):68-75, 2010; Lucero et al., J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 24(12):726-34, 2012). This is more concerning when considering the fact that these mothers are also hardest to reach because they are usually marginalized and displaced within mainstream US society. The current study assesses potential risk factors that contribute to postpartum depression among African-American and Latina mothers. We analyze data from 3317 Healthy Start participants living in small cities, towns, and rural areas in Pennsylvania using a logistic regression analysis controlling for known contributing risk factors, including maternal health, family life, social support, socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, and community of residence. We use a multiple imputation multivariate analysis to account for the potential effects of missing data. The results show that the odds of a risk of postpartum depression is nearly 80 and 40 % greater for African-American (OR = 1.80, p < .001) and Latina mothers (OR = 1.41, p < .01), respectively, as compared to white mothers. While the higher risks of postpartum depression for Latinas is explained in part by socioeconomic status, community of residence, and immigrant status, the significantly higher risk among African-American mothers cannot be completely ameliorated by the controlled variables. Our study highlights the need for further research into the impact of social and environmental stressors on postpartum depression among racial and ethnic minority populations living in small cities, towns, and rural areas.

The effects of household wealth on HIV prevalence in Manicaland, Zimbabwe – a prospective household census and population-based open cohort study

PubMed Central

Schur, Nadine; Mylne, Adrian; Mushati, Phyllis; Takaruza, Albert; Ward, Helen; Nyamukapa, Constance; Gregson, Simon

2015-01-01

Introduction Intensified poverty arising from economic decline and crisis may have contributed to reductions in HIV prevalence in Zimbabwe. Objectives To assess the impact of the economic decline on household wealth and prevalent HIV infection using data from a population-based open cohort. Methods Household wealth was estimated using data from a prospective household census in Manicaland Province (1998 to 2011). Temporal trends in summed asset ownership indices for sellable, non-sellable and all assets combined were compared for households in four socio-economic strata (small towns, agricultural estates, roadside settlements and subsistence farming areas). Multivariate logistic random-effects models were used to measure differences in individual-level associations between prevalent HIV infection and place of residence, absolute wealth group and occupation. Results Household mean asset scores remained similar at around 0.37 (on a scale of 0 to 1) up to 2007 but decreased to below 0.35 thereafter. Sellable assets fell substantially from 2004 while non-sellable assets continued increasing until 2008. Small-town households had the highest wealth scores but the gap to other locations decreased over time, especially for sellable assets. Concurrently, adult HIV prevalence fell from 22.3 to 14.3%. HIV prevalence was highest in better-off locations (small towns) but differed little by household wealth or occupation. Initially, HIV prevalence was elevated in women from poorer households and lower in men in professional occupations. However, most recently (2009 to 2011), men and women in the poorest households had lower HIV prevalence and men in professional occupations had similar prevalence to unemployed men. Conclusions The economic crisis drove more households into extreme poverty. However, HIV prevalence fell in all socio-economic locations and sub-groups, and there was limited evidence that increased poverty contributed to HIV prevalence decline. PMID:26593453

Cross-cultural healthcare challenges: an insight into small American community hospitals.

PubMed

Kothari, M P; Kothari, V

1997-01-01

The healthcare industry in the United States is faced with many strategic challenges, because of the nation's growing culturally diverse population. Growing cultural diversity now calls for better trained medical staff that is capable of handling language, religious and cultural differences. In the rural communities, where cultural diversity is rapidly becoming a demographic fact, small hospitals with limited resources are especially confronted with medical challenges for which they seem to be least prepared. Based on an exploratory research that includes a study of small town hospitals, this paper provides insights into cross-cultural problems facing healthcare professionals in small communities. The paper highlights also the ways in which hospitals are responding to such challenges.

"Coming to town": the impact of urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and network norms on the smoking attitudes of black women in Cape Town, South Africa.

PubMed

Williams, Chyvette T; Grier, Sonya A; Marks, Amy Seidel

2008-07-01

This study was conducted to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes among black African women in South Africa. We examine how urbanicity affects attitudes toward smoking and how it moderates the relationship between both advertising exposure and network norms on black women's smoking attitudes. Respondents were 975 black women currently living in Cape Town townships, some of which were raised in rural villages or small towns. Respondents completed a cross-sectional survey, which included data on smoking attitudes, norms, and exposure to cigarette advertising. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed with smoking attitudes as the response variable, and urbanicity, cigarette advertising exposure, and network smoking norms as primary explanatory variables. Interactions were tested to determine whether urbanicity modified the effect of advertising exposure and network norms on smoking attitudes. Independent effects of urbanicity, exposure to cigarette advertising, and greater smoking prevalence within women's networks were associated with more favorable smoking attitudes. In addition, urbanicity moderated the relationship between network smoking norms and smoking attitudes, but not cigarette advertising exposure and smoking attitudes. Urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and networks play important roles in women's attitudes toward smoking, and potentially, smoking behavior. Overall, our results suggest that strong and creative anti-smoking efforts are needed to combat the potential for a smoking epidemic among an increasingly urbanized population of black women in South Africa and similar emerging markets. Additional research is warranted.

Negotiating the Curriculum: Surviving the First Year

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Poland, Molly

2013-01-01

Molly Poland is a first year English and Home Economics teacher who began her career in a small Far North Queensland town. In this article, she writes about her first year teaching and the last year of her degree and the challenges she faced as both teacher and student. Reading Boomer's "Negotiating the Curriculum" forced her to think a…

Paradoxes of Providing Rural Social Services: The Case of Homeless Youth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Edwards, Mark Evan; Torgerson, Melissa; Sattem, Jennifer

2009-01-01

Economic and demographic changes in rural areas continue to introduce big-city problems in small towns. These communities' ability and willingness to respond are likely to be influenced by the geography, culture, and array of organizations in rural places. But how these characteristics of rural places shape local response is hard to predict and as…

Challenges for Global Learners: A Qualitative Study of the Concerns and Difficulties of International Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gautam, Chetanath; Lowery, Charles L.; Mays, Chance; Durant, Dayan

2016-01-01

The authors in this study seek to inform academia about international students' experiences and challenges while attending universities in Small Town USA. Despite their eagerness to study in the United States (U.S.), international students are faced with setbacks that many universities fail to recognize or realize. The researchers conducted…

Overhills: Entrance Compound. Historic Building Survey

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-01-01

13 2 Cover of Lindley Nursery Catalog, 1919...derived from the great longleaf pine forests that covered this region. The McDiarmid plantation seat of Ardnave (razed in the 1960s) commanded a view...Railroad. The town will cover 200 acres and every lot will be a small farm almost... (Fayetteville Observer, August 30, 1911). Despite the glowing

Little Mosie from the Margaree: A Biography of Moses Michael Coady.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Welton, Michael R.

This book examines the life of the Reverend Moses Michael Coady (1890-1959), a Roman Catholic priest who led the Antigonish Movement. During the Antigonish Movement, residents of the small maritime town of Antigonish, Nova Scotia, worked to achieve a nonviolent alternative to communism and fascism and to effect the social and economic…

Digital Storytelling: Preserving a Cultural Tradition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, Jeff

2010-01-01

In this article, the author shows how digital photography could be an effective cultural preservation enabler. On July 1, 2007, with initial funding from Research in Motion and Merit Travel and support of more than 300 family and friends, the author and his team arrived in the small town of Monduli, Tanzania with the purpose of teaching digital…

Teachers' Computer Self-Efficacy and Their Use of Educational Technology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Turel, Vehbi

2014-01-01

This study examined the use of educational technology by primary and subject teachers (i.e. secondary and high school teachers) in a small town in the eastern part of Turkey in the spring of 2012. The study examined the primary, secondary and high school teachers': (1) personal and computer related (demographic) characteristics; (2) their computer…

Traffic Congestion on a University Campus: A Consideration of Unconventional Remedies to Nontraditional Transportation Patterns

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaplan, Dave; Clapper, Thomas

2007-01-01

U.S. transportation data suggest that the number of vehicle miles traveled has far surpassed new capacity, resulting in increased traffic congestion in many communities throughout the country. This article reports on traffic congestion around a university campus located within a small town. The mix of trip purposes varies considerably in this…

From the Middle to the Top of the Heap! Excellence in Rural Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carr, John C.

Since 1975 the Contoocook Valley District, a small rural cooperative school district in southwestern New Hampshire, has developed a performance-based student competency program which has resulted in a dramatic increase in scores on the Stanford Achievement Test. The district is comprised of 9 towns, covers an area of almost 300 square miles, and…

An economic analysis of localized pollution: rendering emissions in a residential setting

Treesearch

J. Michael Bowker; H.F. MacDonald

1991-01-01

The contingent value method is employed to estimate economic damages to households resulting from rendering plant emissions in a small town. Household willingness to accept (WTA) and willingness to pay (WTP) are estimated individually and in aggregate. The influence of household characteristics on WTP and WTA is examined via regression models. The perception of health...

System Thinking Skills at the Elementary School Level

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Assaraf, Orit Ben-Zvi; Orion, Nir

2010-01-01

This study deals with the development of system thinking skills at the elementary school level. It addresses the question of whether elementary school students can deal with complex systems. The sample included 40 4th grade students from one school in a small town in Israel. The students studied an inquiry-based earth systems curriculum that…

Water Use Patterns in a Small Oklahoma City During Drought and Implications for Leaking Underground Storage Tanks

EPA Science Inventory

The City of Ada Oklahoma obtains water from the Simpson-Arbuckle aquifer located 19 km south of town. During winter the typical water demand is approximately 15,000 m3 per day, while during the drought of 2011 demand more than doubled. In order to understand water use patterns,...

New Schools for Older Neighborhoods: Strategies for Building Our Communities' Most Important Assets.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kauth, Ann

The case studies in this booklet highlight how five communities, in big cities and small towns, overcame the obstacles inherent in creating good new schools in existing neighborhoods. These studies illustrate the creativity that people across the United States have brought to the task of creating new schools in older neighborhoods. There is…

Career and Technical Education Works for Rural Communities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Warnock, Tania

2004-01-01

In Oklahoma, the state's CareerTech system is helping to provide resources and expertise to preserve the quality of life in rural communities. Just as many metropolitan areas feel the choke of urban sprawl, rural Oklahoma has, to a great extent, become the carbon copy of small towns across this country that are losing jobs, people and wealth.…

Gardening Provides Valuable Time to Talk

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyd, Margaret

2016-01-01

Like many schools, Hornsea Community Primary School, which is situated in a rural coastal town in East Yorkshire, has a long wish list of both curriculum and pastoral ideals. A gardening club was started at the school with the intention of transforming two small areas of the school grounds that were very visible to the school community and to…

The Effect of a Constructivist-Based Approach on Fifth Grade Reading Achievement

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harkness, Lori M.

2016-01-01

The problem investigated in this quantitative study was that schools in a small, rural East Texas town were falling below acceptable ratings in reading on the Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) and the State of Texas Assessment of Academic Readiness (STAAR). Researchers have found that constructive-based learning environments (CBLEs)…

Students in Rural Schools Have Limited Access to Advanced Mathematics Courses. Issue Brief No. 7

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Suzanne E.

2009-01-01

This Carsey brief reveals that students in rural areas and small towns have less access to higher-level mathematics courses than students in urban settings, which results in serious educational consequences, including lower scores on assessment tests and fewer qualified students entering science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) job…

Rural High School Students' Attitudes towards School Science

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lyons, Terry; Quinn, Frances

2012-01-01

This paper reports findings from an Australian survey of Year 10 students (N=3759) indicating that those in small rural and remote areas tend to enjoy school science significantly less than their peers in larger towns and cities (Lyons & Quinn, 2010). The study also found that rural and remote students were less inclined than those in other…

Teaching English to Refugees: A Family Model.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Andre, Elise; Brown, Dorothy S.

The instructional program in English as a second language (ESL) followed by a family of 12 Hmong refugees in a small midwestern town is described. Eight of the younger members of the family met for one hour three times each week. Instruction was under the guidance of two teachers, thus allowing for individual help. Other volunteers assisted from…

Teaching Children Science: Hands-On Nature Study in North America, 1890-1930

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory

2010-01-01

In the early twentieth century, a curriculum known as nature study flourished in major city school systems, streetcar suburbs, small towns, and even rural one-room schools. This object-based approach to learning about the natural world marked the first systematic attempt to introduce science into elementary education, and it came at a time when…

The Joseph Bellamy House: Great Awakening in Puritan New England. Teaching with Historic Places.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pape, Barbara Bradbury

The small rural town of Bethlehem, Connecticut, contains pristine examples of modest 18th-century houses that surround a charming village green. Opposite the village green, the Reverend Joseph Bellamy's immense white clapboard house rises from a hilltop, an imposing presence that makes the village appear diminutive. The house stands today as a…

Therapeutic Art Practices with Orphan Children in Bulgaria

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ivanova, Alexandra S.

2004-01-01

This paper presents therapeutic art practices carried out with 60 orphan children in the small town of Ugarchin in northern Bulgaria. In 1999, a group of artists and teachers developed a varied program of art activities for these children. These activities included two 1-week visits and the opening of five art workshops--Art History, Ceramics,…

Catholic Women Teachers and Scottish Education in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDermid, Jane

2009-01-01

Catholics remained outside the Scottish educational system until 1918. The Church preferred mixed-sex infant schools and either single-sex schools or separate departments. In small towns and rural areas the schools were mixed-sex. Women were considered naturally best suited to teach infants and girls, but even in boys' schools, female assistants…

Year One of School Improvement: Examples from Nine Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gordon, Stephen P.; Stiegelbauer, Suzanne; Diehl. Julie

2006-01-01

This study reports on the process and outcomes of schoolwide action research by nine schools in their first year as Network members. The participants were a blend of urban, suburban, small town, and rural schools in Central Texas. Focal points of the case studies and cross-case comparison included: (1) how the schools organized for action…

Beyond the Metropolis: The Forgotten History of Small-Town Teachers' Unions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scribner, Campbell F.

2015-01-01

This article examines the legal and political significance of teacher unionization in rural and suburban school districts between 1960 and 1975. While most historians focus on the growth of unions in urban areas, strikes in outlying districts played a determinative role in the development of public sector labor law, particularly in the arbitration…

Education and Outreach Programs at the Reagan Library.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cumming, Gregory G.

This exploration of the need and potential for education and outreach programs at the Reagan Library begins by examining factors that make the Reagan library unique, i.e., its proximity to Los Angeles and a small town setting, closeness to the Nixon Library and birthplace, and Ronald Reagan's popularity. It is noted that, since the Reagan Library…

The Rural Turnaround in Ohio: Some Evidence Related to Implications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Donald W.; Bachtel, Douglas C.

Limited to residents of small towns, villages and the rural open country, the study assessed the implications of the rural turnaround in the southern Ohio counties of Athens, Gallia, Jackson, Meigs, and Vinton. All five counties experienced outmigration in the 1950s, and all but Athens County lost population through outmigration in the 1960s. In…

Learning Curve: Adapting Library Workspaces

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haug, James C.

2008-01-01

One of the hubs of campus life at Longwood University--located in the small central Virginia town of Farmville--is the Janet D. Greenwood Library. In fall 2004, reference materials were relocated to free up space, and 15 computer workstations, which had been lined up against a wall, were replaced with 48 new PCs. In 2005, library staff began…

Evolution of the Chocolate Bar: A Creative Approach to Teaching Phylogenetic Relationships within Evolutionary Biology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burks, Romi L.; Boles, Larry C.

2007-01-01

Chocolate calms the mind, yet excites the senses. Chocolate also unites cultures. "Chocolat" (2000), a movie about a small town French chocolate shop, made millions internationally. Starring actors contributed partly to the film's success, but the film also drew salivating viewers worldwide to the multiple applications of chocolate. With its…

Technology, Learning, and Change: Community Development Revisited

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Anne H.

2004-01-01

Bordering on North Carolina, the Dan River region of Southside Virginia is a largely rural area south of the state capitol, Richmond, and 135 miles east of Virginia Tech's main residential campus in Blacksburg. The structural problems evident today in this expanse of wooded areas, fields, small cities, and towns were born, in large measure, of the…

Mutually Dependent Relationships between Rural Community Colleges and Their Communities

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Betz, Leslie M.

2009-01-01

The population of rural America has faced changes as the manufacturing industries that once assured jobs for those living in rural areas have moved or closed. Small towns have become smaller as younger residents move away for employment or educational opportunities. As these changes take place rural citizens face increased challenges in the wake…

Can U.S. Forces Lean from Mistakes Made by British during First and Second Anglo-Afghan Wars in the 19th Century?

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-29

INDIVIDUAL STUDENT AUTHOR AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF EITHER THE MARINE COPS COMMAND AND STAFF COLLEGE OR · ANY OTHER GOVERNMENTAL...entered Afghanistan in April1842. This army destroyed small towns, slaughtered livestock, burned crops and chased villagers into the countryside as

Motivation, Stress and Learning Support Assistants: An Examination of Staff Perceptions at a Rural Secondary School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammett, Neil; Burton, Neil

2005-01-01

The context of this study is an "improving" 11?18 secondary school in a small English market town, where the role of Learning Support Assistants (LSAs) is being developed as prime supporters of the renewed emphasis on improving teaching and learning processes. National initiatives, including the teachers workload agreement and national…

Play Ball? Reflections on My Father's Youth Baseball Experiences and Why They Matter

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kimiecik, Jay C.

2016-01-01

The author uses his father's autobiographical writings about the small-town, baseball experiences of his youth as background for discussing the significant cultural shifts that have dramatically changed the nature of the game from a free-play experience for neighborhood kids to an organized youth-league sport. In contrast to his father's day, the…

Federal Funds in Nonmetro Areas: Patterns and Trends.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reid, J. Norman; Whitehead, Eleanor

Federal funds to rural areas and small towns grew more rapidly in 1976-79 (the most recent data available for analysis) than Federal funding to metropolitan areas, but were still 10% less than the 1979 average. Nonmetro Federal funding per capita reached $1,994 (87% of the metro level). The South received $172 billion in Federal funds, more than…

The Poor Little Rich District: The Effects of Suburbanization on a Rural School and Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howley, Aimee; Carnes, Marilyn; Eldridge, Anita; Huber, Donna; Lado, Longun Moses; Kotler, Ruth; Turner, Maryalice

2005-01-01

Contextualized in relationship to other case studies about rural districts that have experienced population growth and decline as well as in relationship to the small sociological literature on "boom towns," this study considered the dynamics that seem to be interfering with one previously rural and now suburbanizing district's ability to address…

Youth Violence in Middle America.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Benson, Peter L.; Roehlkepartain, Eugene

1992-01-01

Although most of the national concern about violence has focused on major cities, no community is free from violence. Violent acts in suburbs, small towns, and rural areas may not be as severe as in urban areas, yet they exist. The Profiles of Student Life survey of 47,000 students in grades 6-12 included questions about violent behavior. The…

Higher Educational Aspirations of African American Male High School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kester, Jonathan

2017-01-01

This quantitative study examined the influence of family, school, and peers on the educational aspirations of African American male high school students in the ninth and tenth grade who live in a small Midwest town. Increasing the higher education aspirations of African American males is the first step needed to attend college, which according to…

Profile Of A Rural Teachers' Center. Teachers' Center Exchange. Occasional Paper No. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Martin, Peter H.

Project RISE (Regional In-Service Education) is an inservice center serving teachers, administrators, support staff and parents in central Connecticut. It began in 1976 with state funding, and serves 500 teachers in nine rural and small town districts. An initial needs assessment provided a basis for planning and responding to individual teachers'…

Run for the Gold: Small Town Fun(ding) Runs.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morris, Judson H., Jr.

This paper examines the organization, planning, development, and staging of foot races, bicycle races, or multi-event competitions as fund raisers for public or private groups in rural areas. Local businesses often assist in sponsoring such events in order to get free advertising and make money from newcomers drawn to the event. Organizers must be…

Talisman Sabre Offers Unique Training in Remote Aussie Towns | DoDLive

Science.gov Websites

. Pacific Command and the Australian Defence Force, helps both countries plan and execute contingency temperatures currently range from 66-86 degrees Fahrenheit. These Australian sites might be small, but they are : Darwin is named after Charles Darwin, the British naturalist who is famous for his theory of natural

Use of the 1990 census to defire wildland urban interface problems

Treesearch

James B. Davis

1991-01-01

Predicting the movement of people into rural wildlands previously has been limited to studies of population and housing growth in counties or other large geographical areas. In these studies, the areas of high fire danger that contain dispersed rural housing cannot be distinguished from the areas less vulnerable to wildfire (small towns and adjacent urban...

Partnerships in Sustainable Tourism Development: The Case of Canmore, Alberta, Canada

Treesearch

Dianne Draper

1992-01-01

A variety of formal and informal "partnerships" have evolved in the course of planning for the first two of several large-scale, multi-million dollar private sector tourism development projects proposed for the small town of Canmore, adjacent to Banff National Park, Canada. This paper briefly identifies the major impetuses for and the nature of these...

A Sense of Place: Rural Training at a Regional Medical School Campus

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Crump, William J.; Barnett, Darel; Fricker, Steve

2004-01-01

Traditionally, rural students experience urban disruption during the many years of education and training in urban environments before choosing a practice site. Regional rural campuses that allow students to live and work in small towns during the last 2 years of medical school are one strategy to address this issue. Purpose: To report the…

Community participation in tsunami early warning system in Pangandaran town

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hadian, Sapari D.; Khadijah, Ute Lies Siti; Saepudin, Encang; Budiono, Agung; Yuliawati, Ayu Krishna

2017-07-01

Disaster-resilient communities are communities capable of anticipating and minimizing destructive forces through adaptation. Disaster is an event very close to the people of Indonesia, especially in the small tourism town of Pangadaran located at West Java, Indonesia. On July 17, 2006, the town was hit by a Mw 7.8 earthquake and tsunami that effected over 300 km of the coastline, where the community suffered losses in which more than 600 people were killed, with run up heights exceeding 20 m. The devastation of the tsunami have made the community more alert and together with the local government and other stakeholder develop an Early Warning System for Tsunami. The study is intended to discover issues on tsunami Early Warning System (EWS), disaster risk reduction measures taken and community participation. The research method used is descriptive and explanatory research. The study describe the Tsunami EWS and community based Disaster Risk Reduction in Pangandaran, the implementation of Tsunami alert/EWS in disaster preparedness and observation of community participation in EWS. Data were gathered by secondary data collection, also primary data through interviews, focus group discussions and field observations. Research resulted in a description of EWS implementation, community participation and recommendation to reduce disaster risk in Pangandaran.

Solid waste characterization in Ketao, a rural town in Togo, West Africa.

PubMed

Edjabou, Maklawe Essonanawe; Møller, Jacob; Christensen, Thomas H

2012-07-01

In Africa the majority of solid waste data is for big cities. Small and rural towns are generally neglected and waste data from these areas are often unavailable, which makes planning a proper solid waste management difficult. This paper presents the results from two waste characterization projects conducted in Kétao, a rural town in Togo during the rainy season and the dry season in 2010. The seasonal variation has a significant impact on the waste stream. The household waste generation rate was estimated at 0.22 kg person(-1) day(-1) in the dry season and 0.42 in the rainy season. Likewise, the waste moisture content was 4% in the dry season while it was 33-63% in the rainy season. The waste consisted mainly of soil and dirt characterized as 'other' (41%), vegetables and putrescibles (38%) and plastic (11%). In addition to these fractions, considerable amounts of material are either recycled or reused locally and do not enter the waste stream. The study suggests that additional recycling is not feasible, but further examination of the degradability of the organic fraction is needed in order to assess whether the residual waste should be composed or landfilled.

Scenic drive landslide of January-March 1998, La Honda, San Mateo County, California

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jayko, Angela S.; Rymer, Michael J.; Prentice, Carol S.; Wilson, Ray C.; Wells, Ray E.

1998-01-01

The small rural town of La Honda, Calif., is an unincorporated region of San Mateo County situated in the Santa Cruz Mountains in the western part of the San Francisco peninsula. Much of the town is underlain by a previously recognized ancient landslide complex. The ancient slide complex covers about 1.0 to 1.25 km2, parts of which have been historically active. This report describes a recent landslide involving part of Scenic Drive, La Honda, that became active in January 1998. This report does not describe other currently active landslides in La Honda, such as the January 1998 slide on lower Recreation Drive, or the history of sliding in the area. This report concerns the principal morphological features we observed and mapped between 11 February and 21 March 1998 on an enlargement of a 1:7500-scale air photo acquired 6 March 1998 and prior to that on a town property-line map, and by laser survey carried out between 26 February and 8 March. The principal objective of this report is to make available the detailed photographic and topographic base maps and associated description of surface morphological features.

Differentials in measures of dietary quality among adolescents in Jimma zone, Southwest Ethiopia.

PubMed

Belachew, Tefera; Hadley, Craig; Lindstrom, David

2008-04-01

nutritionally adequate, safe and good quality diet is essential for human health, school performance, and employment output. Dietary diversity, consumption of animal source food and food variety score are commonly used measures of dietary quality. This study aimed to assess gender & sociodemographic differentials in measures of dietary quality among male and female adolescents. As part of the Jimma Family Longitudinal Study of Youth households with a youth between 13-17 years were randomly sampled from Jimma Town, the small towns and nearby rural Kebeles. Dietary diversity was assessed by asking youth about the consumption of 32 different food items included in the survey, which were regrouped into four major food groups. The four groups included animal source foods (10 items), fruits-vegetables (11 items), cereals (7 items) and legumes-nuts (2 items). From these food groups, measures of dietary diversity, food variety score, and animal source food consumption were calculated Logistic regression model was done using SPSS for windows version 12.0.1 to determine the odds ratios and predicted probabilities of consuming diversified diet. Overall, 826 (39.7%), 819 (39.4%) and 955 (45.9%) of adolescents had low quality diet as measured by dietary diversity, consumption of animal source food and food variety score, respectively. Predictors of a diversi-fied diet consumption were male gender, (1.3 OR, 95% CI 1.1, 1, 5), living in small towns (1.7 OR (95% 1.3, 2.1) and being a member of household in the high-income quartile (2.1 OR 95% CI 1.5, 2.8). Intake of animal source foods was associated with the highest level of education achieved in the household (1.4 OR 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8), being male (1.3 OR 95% CI: 1.1, 1.5), being in a households with highest income quartile (2.3 OR 95% CI: 1.6, 3.1). Adolescents who lived in households with the highest income quartile and those who lived in the small towns were 1.6 and 1.4 times more likely to have high food variety score. Large proportion of adolescents consumed low quality diets, which may effect on their education and work productivity and contribute to an intergenerational cycle of malnutrition. Interventions designed to improve dietary quality should target female adolescents, those in the poorest households, and households with low levels of education. Rural areas should also be targeted Thus targeted interventions to promote dietary quality and programmatic interventions to increases schooling may positively influence dietary quality in this area.

Secondary GIS built environment data for health research: guidance for data development

PubMed Central

Stewart, Orion T.; Carlos, Heather A.; Lee, Chanam; Berke, Ethan M.; Hurvitz, Philip M.; Li, Li; Moudon, Anne Vernez; Doescher, Mark P.

2016-01-01

Built environment (BE) data in geographic information system (GIS) format are increasingly available from public agencies and private providers. These data can provide objective, low-cost BE data over large regions and are often used in public health research and surveillance. Yet challenges exist in repurposing GIS data for health research. The GIS data do not always capture desired constructs; the data can be of varying quality and completeness; and the data definitions, structures, and spatial representations are often inconsistent across sources. Using the Small Town Walkability study as an illustration, we describe (a) the range of BE characteristics measurable in a GIS that may be associated with active living, (b) the availability of these data across nine U.S. small towns, (c) inconsistencies in the GIS BE data that were available, and (d) strategies for developing accurate, complete, and consistent GIS BE data appropriate for research. Based on a conceptual framework and existing literature, objectively measurable characteristics of the BE potentially related to active living were classified under nine domains: generalized land uses, morphology, density, destinations, transportation system, traffic conditions, neighborhood behavioral conditions, economic environment, and regional location. At least some secondary GIS data were available across all nine towns for seven of the nine BE domains. Data representing high-resolution or behavioral aspects of the BE were often not available. Available GIS BE data - especially tax parcel data - often contained varying attributes and levels of detail across sources. When GIS BE data were available from multiple sources, the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of the data could be reasonable ensured for use in research. But this required careful attention to the definition and spatial representation of the BE characteristic of interest. Manipulation of the secondary source data was often required, which was facilitated through protocols. PMID:28459001

When a LIC came to town: the impact of longitudinal integrated clerkships on a rural community of healthcare practice.

PubMed

Hudson, Judith N; Thomson, Brett; Weston, Kathryn M; Knight-Billington, Patricia J

2015-01-01

Two small rural towns in Australia, where medical practitioners provide primary care to the population, including emergency, anaesthetic and obstetric services, were early adopters of an innovative year-long integrated clerkship (clinical placement) designed to foster medical student skill attainment and a commitment to underserved rural communities. Primary care vocational trainees had previously trained in the region. Engaging with the university to participate in the clerkship initiative for undergraduate medical education offered the local healthcare service an opportunity to really integrate education with service. This study sought perspectives from a multidisciplinary group of stakeholders on the impact of the longitudinal integrated clerkship (LIC) on the healthcare community. Three analysts independently analysed the transcripts arising from semi-structured interviews with a range of health care clinicians and managers (N=23). Themes were identified using inductive content analysis methodology. Four major themes emerged from the perspectives of a multi-professional group of participants from both towns: transforming a community of practice, realising the potential of the health service, investment in rural return, and sustainability. There was significant clinical exposure, skill and teaching capacity in these previously unrecognised rural placements but realising the potential of the health service needs careful management to sustain this resource. Early engagement and initial enthusiasm have produced many positive outcomes for the healthcare community, but this alone is not sufficient to sustain an increasing role for rural primary care in medical education. The study identified issues that need addressing for sustainability, namely validation, time and costs. Strategies to address these are key to continuation of LICs in small rural communities.

Secondary GIS built environment data for health research: guidance for data development.

PubMed

Stewart, Orion T; Carlos, Heather A; Lee, Chanam; Berke, Ethan M; Hurvitz, Philip M; Li, Li; Moudon, Anne Vernez; Doescher, Mark P

2016-12-01

Built environment (BE) data in geographic information system (GIS) format are increasingly available from public agencies and private providers. These data can provide objective, low-cost BE data over large regions and are often used in public health research and surveillance. Yet challenges exist in repurposing GIS data for health research. The GIS data do not always capture desired constructs; the data can be of varying quality and completeness; and the data definitions, structures, and spatial representations are often inconsistent across sources. Using the Small Town Walkability study as an illustration, we describe (a) the range of BE characteristics measurable in a GIS that may be associated with active living, (b) the availability of these data across nine U.S. small towns, (c) inconsistencies in the GIS BE data that were available, and (d) strategies for developing accurate, complete, and consistent GIS BE data appropriate for research. Based on a conceptual framework and existing literature, objectively measurable characteristics of the BE potentially related to active living were classified under nine domains: generalized land uses, morphology, density, destinations, transportation system, traffic conditions, neighborhood behavioral conditions, economic environment, and regional location. At least some secondary GIS data were available across all nine towns for seven of the nine BE domains. Data representing high-resolution or behavioral aspects of the BE were often not available. Available GIS BE data - especially tax parcel data - often contained varying attributes and levels of detail across sources. When GIS BE data were available from multiple sources, the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of the data could be reasonable ensured for use in research. But this required careful attention to the definition and spatial representation of the BE characteristic of interest. Manipulation of the secondary source data was often required, which was facilitated through protocols.

[Does time spent traveling to regional hub cities to receive healthcare influence mortality in small towns in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil?

PubMed

Zuanazzi, Pedro Tonon; Cabral, Pedro Henrique Vargas; Stella, Milton André; Moraes, Gustavo Inácio de

2017-12-18

The current study aims to determine whether the time spent travelling to regional hub cities to receive healthcare affects mortality from avoidable causes and the standardized crude mortality rate in towns with up to 5,000 inhabitants in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Without adjusting for control variables, the longest time spent to reach cities with 100,000 inhabitants or more was associated with an increase in both rates. However, while the pattern in the avoidable mortality rate was similar after including controls, the standardized crude mortality rate reversed its signal. This suggests that if other socioeconomic and healthcare characteristics are kept constant, the distance to reference cities is associated with both a reduction in deaths from avoidable causes and an increase in other causes of death.

The development of community water supplies in Ghana*

PubMed Central

Ferguson, W. R. W.

1962-01-01

Ghana, with a population of 6 700 000, largely distributed in rural districts, is representative of many a country where the problem of water supply is associated with the construction of numerous small supplies for the villages and towns scattered over the whole area. This paper gives a general impression of the various methods in use for tackling the problem. Well-sinking, drilling, and pond-digging, and the advantages and disadvantages of a variety of methods, are described, and the problems met with under different geological conditions are considered. Details of the various systems for pumping the water from the source to the villages and towns are given. The important question of standardization, both in design and equipment, is dealt with, and reference is made to the operation of supplies and to the training of operatives. PMID:13892347

77 FR 21791 - Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-11

... Town Hall, 2 Renshaw Road, Darien, CT 06820. Town of Fairfield John J. Sullivan Independence Hall, 725 Old Post Road, Fairfield, CT 06824. Town of Greenwich Town Hall, 101 Field Point Road, Greenwich, CT... at: http://www.rampp-team.com/md.htm Town of Accident Town Hall, 104 South North Street, Accident, MD...

The effect of season and latitude on in vitro vitamin D formation by sunlight in South Africa.

PubMed

Pettifor, J M; Moodley, G P; Hough, F S; Koch, H; Chen, T; Lu, Z; Holick, M F

1996-10-01

To assess the effect of season and latitude on the in vitro formation of previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 from 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) by sunlight in two cities in South Africa, Cape Town and Johannesburg. An in vitro study utilising vials containing 7-DHC, which were exposed to sunlight for a period of 1 hour between 8:00 and 17:00 on 1 day a month for a year. Previtamin D3 and vitamin D3 were separated from 7-DHC by high-performance liquid chromatography, and the amounts formed were calculated with the use of external standards. A marked seasonal variation in vitamin D3 production was noted in Cape Town, with very little being formed during the winter months of April through September. In Johannesburg, in vitro formation changed little throughout the year, and was similar to that found in Cape Town during the summer. During sunlit hours, vitamin D3 production was maximal at midday and small quantities were still being formed between 8:00 and 9:00, and between 16:00 and 17:00 during the summer. During winter in Cape Town, peak formation at midday was less than one-third of that in Johannesburg, and negligible amounts were formed before 10:00 and after 15:00. The previously documented seasonal variation in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D recorded in patients in Johannesburg is probably a consequence of the increased clothing worn and the decreased time spent out of doors during winter, rather than decreased ultraviolet radiation reaching the earth. The limited in vitro formation of vitamin D3 during winter in Cape Town may have clinical implications insofar as the management of metabolic bone diseases like rickets and osteoporosis is concerned. Breast-fed infants resident in the area are likely to suffer from vitamin D deficiency rickets unless vitamin D supplements are provided, or the mothers are encouraged to take their children out of doors.

Pilot testing a methodology to measure the marginal increase in economic impact of rural tourism sites

Treesearch

April Evans; Hans Vogelsong

2008-01-01

Rural tourism is a rapidly expanding industry which holds some promise of improving the economy in small towns and farming regions. However, rural communities have limited funding available for promotional efforts. To understand if limited funds are effective in producing the desired economic impacts, it is important that rural communities evaluate their promotional...

Where Should We Start? Indications of a Nurturant Ethic for Music Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bates, Vince

2004-01-01

The author teaches music to students from kindergarten through twelfth grade in Eureka, a small mining town in Utah. Over the past decade the author has observed both the positive and negative, short-term and long-term affects of his teaching decisions. He struggles daily with what John Goodlad calls the "burden of judgment," the ongoing…

Economic Assessment of Rural District Heating by Bio-Steam Supplied by a Paper Mill in Canada

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marinova, Mariya; Beaudry, Catherine; Taoussi, Abdelaziz; Trepanier, Martin; Paris, Jean

2008-01-01

The article investigates the feasibility of district heating in a small town adjacent to a Kraft pulp mill in eastern Canada. A detailed heat demand analysis is performed for all buildings using a geographical information system and archived data provided by the municipality. The study shows that the entire space heating requirement of the town…

Viewing Indians: Native Encounters with Power, Tourism, and the Camera in the Wisconsin Dells, 1866-1907

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoelscher, Steven

2003-01-01

In the winter of 1883, the photographer H. H. Bennett decided to spice up his descriptive catalogue of stereo views with something new. Several years earlier, a simple listing of his photographs--mostly landscape views of the area surrounding the Wisconsin River Dells--brought the small-town studio photographer considerable renown and enhanced…

A Study to Determine the Relationship between the Workplace and the Home. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Felstehausen, Ginny; And Others

The reciprocal relationship between an individual's home and family life and his/her perceived work performance was studied. The sample was drawn from eight major regions of Texas and included urban, small town, and rural areas. One hundred organizations with a reputation of support for projects of this nature were contacted; 68 agreed to…

4. VIEW LOOKING WEST DOWN CENTRAL AVENUE AT THE INTERSECTION ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

4. VIEW LOOKING WEST DOWN CENTRAL AVENUE AT THE INTERSECTION WITH SEVENTH STREET. THE PLANT HAS MOST OF THE AMENITIES OF A SMALL TOWN - WATER SUPPLY, WASTE WATER TREATMENT, POLICE FORCE, FIRE DEPARTMENT, FOOD SERVICES, HOSPITAL, COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK, STEAM GENERATION, VEHICLE MAINTENANCE, TRANSPORTATION, AND A GOVERNMENT. - Rocky Flats Plant, Bounded by Indiana Street & Routes 93, 128 & 72, Golden, Jefferson County, CO

The "Bended Elbow" News, Kenora 1974: How a Small-Town Newspaper Promoted Colonization

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Mark; Robertson, Carmen

2007-01-01

By exploring the ways in which Kenora's daily newspaper spoke to the deep-seated, endemic, systemic anti-native racism woven into the fabric of Canadian society since its inception as a political entity in the nineteenth century, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of the nature of Canada's colonial imagination as expressed in…

Mark Twain, Walt Disney, and the Playful Response to Pirate Stories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

West, Mark I.

2010-01-01

Like many a modern play theorist, both Mark Twain and Walt Disney were enchanted by the way children act out stories, in particular pirate tales. For both Twain and Disney, this fascination grew out of their small-town, midwestern boyhoods, where avid reading and fantasy play helped stave off boredom and fill emotional gaps for both of them. Even…

Curriculum as a Safe Place: Parental Perceptions of New Literacies in a Rural Small Town School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Corbett, Michael; Vibert, Ann

2010-01-01

New literacies have challenged all players in the educational enterprise in many different ways. Youth are now engaged in literacies that extend well beyond the safe and respected traditional texts that their parents experienced in school. In this research we analyze parents' perceptions of the relative educational value of their children's…

APPROACHES TO JUVENILE DELINQUENCY PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN RURAL SETTINGS. RURAL AND SMALL-TOWN DELINQUENCY--NEW UNDERSTANDING AND APPROACHES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

SCHAFER, WALTER E.

ALTHOUGH THERE IS A LOWER DELINQUENCY RATE IN RURAL AREAS, THE PROBLEM OF DELINQUENCY IS OF MAJOR CONCERN. THE NATURE OF DELINQUENT ACTS IS USUALLY IN THE FORM OF MINOR BURGLARY, TRESPASSING, AND GENERAL MISCONDUCT, WHILE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DELINQUENTS INCLUDE LACK OF ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, NEGATIVE ATTITUDES TOWARD SELF AND COMMUNITY, CHOICE…

Assessing Number Sense Performance of Indonesian Elementary School Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Purnomo, Yoppy Wahyu; Kowiyah; Alyani, Fitri; Assiti, Saliza S.

2014-01-01

The intention of the present study is to know how students' performance on number sense based on the components of number sense and also the sub-components in it. The participants of the study are 80 six graders (12-13 year-old) from three different schools that represent the city, rural, and small town areas. The data were collected using the…

The St. Louis Post-Dispatch and Early Coverage of Times Beach: Watchdog or Muted Trumpet?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

La Pierre, Yvette

Times Beach, Missouri, a small town close to the Meramec River and about 25 miles from St. Louis, is now deserted due to contamination from dioxin, a contaminant generated during the production of some cleansers, herbicides, and pesticides. From November 30, 1982, until the end of January 1983, the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" ran 55…

The Impact of Industrial Relocation on Displaced Workers: A Case Study of Cortland, NY.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beneria, Lourdes

1998-01-01

This report examines a typical case of a small town within a predominantly rural county losing its largest employer of many years. During 1992-95, over 850 workers were laid off in Cortland, New York, as Smith-Corona Corporation transferred its manufacturing operations from Cortland to Tijuana, Mexico. Interviews with laid-off workers, conducted…

Combined Report, 1994: Selected Research and Extension Projects of the Four Regional Rural Development Centers. NERCRD Publication No. 69.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zuber, Eileen, Ed.; Heasley, Daryl K., Ed.

Small towns and rural places face numerous barriers to development. In response, the four Regional Rural Development Centers serve as regional and national networks to catalyze, initiate, facilitate, and evaluate research and educational programs that have potential to improve rural economic and social well-being. Such programs focus on developing…

ACHP | Working Together to Build a More Inclusive Preservation Program

Science.gov Websites

History. Gurley worked on his Master's in Applied History at the University of South Carolina. He is a preservation field? Robert Gurley has a love for history. Growing up in a small town in North Carolina, about , such as timber framing or brick and masonry construction. Then, Gurley became a history major and

Development Towns in Israel: The Role of Community in Creating Ethnic Disparities in Labor Force Characteristics. Discussion Papers No. 230-74.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spilerman, Seymour; Habib, Jack

Israel is a society with a considerable tradition of social planning and centralized decision making. The government, consequently, was in a position to undertake far-reaching decisions concerning population redistribution. The instrument to accomplish population redistribution was to be a network of small and medium sized urban settlements,…

Women in History--Marian Wright Edelman: Crusader for Civil and Children's Rights

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mills, Shirley J.

2006-01-01

This article profiles Marian Wright Edelman, a crusader for civil and children's rights. She was born June 6, 1939, at a time when prejudice and segregation were the norm. The Wright family lived in a small, southern town of Bennetsville, South Carolina, where Marian was the youngest of five children. Her father, the Reverend Arthur Jerome Wright,…

A Heart as Big as Texas: Small-Town Roots Nurture a Houston Music Teacher's Success

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moore, Patience

2011-01-01

Teaching music to nearly a thousand elementary students each week would make any educator break a sweat. But one would never know that from talking to MaryElla Neeley Stevens. After 30-plus years teaching K-4 music in the Aldine Independent School District of Houston, Texas, she still radiates positivity. Whether it's mentoring and training…

Don't Sweat It: How Some Schools Do--and Don't Do--PE

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cullen, Bob

2006-01-01

Overweight children would not be the first thing a visitor to Grafton, West Virginia, would think of when seeing the small farms that cling to steep hillsides and cultivate the bottomland along the Tygart River as one drives into town. Like most of the state, the landscape around this village nods to pastoral enterprise, suggesting a place where…

"Making It Relevant": A Rural Teacher's Integration of an International Studies Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lee, Mimi Miyoung

2007-01-01

This paper presents a case study in which a series of international programs was delivered via interactive videoconferencing technology to a middle school classroom in a small rural town in the USA. Despite positive reactions to the international programs, a deeper look at the use of the programs pointed to some reason for concern regarding the…

Teenage Delinquency in Small Town America. Research Report No. 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, MD. Center for Studies of Crime and Delinquency.

This brief pamphlet reports on a study of teenage delinquency outside cities. For seven years, the author followed the careers of all boys who were sophomores in 1964 in 14 high schools in one of Oregon's nonmetropolitan counties to see what patterns of delinquency developed in the group. By correlating his findings with those of a slightly later…

Bakhtin and the Russian Avant Garde in Vitebsk: Creative Understanding and the Collective Dialogue

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

White, E. Jayne; Peters, Michael A.

2017-01-01

This paper locates its genesis in a small town called Vitebsk in Belorussia which experienced a flowering of creativity and artistic energy that led to significant modernist experimentation in the years 1917-1921. Marc Chagall, returning from the October Revolution took up the position of art commissioner and developed an academy of art that…

"Why Don't They Show Those on TV?": Documentary Film Festivals, Media and Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roy, Carole

2012-01-01

The importance of alternative forms of information is undeniable in a democratic society. Yet mass media often ignore important issues as well as grassroots struggles and victories. Over the past two decades, citizens of one small Canadian town have initiated a documentary film festival as a means to learn about diverse problems and/or share…

Teachers' and Students' Perceptions of Motivational Teaching Strategies in an Indonesian High School Context

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Astuti, Sri Puji

2013-01-01

The primary purpose of this multiple case study is to explore teachers' and learners' perceptions of motivational teaching strategies. The data were obtained from two schools in a small town in West Sumatra, Indonesia; one is from an international standard high school and the other is from a local high school. This study is underpinned by…

How to Organize a Community Assembly Based on a New England Town Meeting Format: A Technique for Determining Community Priorities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bolton Inst., Inc., Wellesley, MA.

This model, developed and tested in Vermont, involved a two-day assembly using a technique concentrating on small-group dynamics to encourage productive community assessment and decision-making. Included are exhaustive documentation of an example assembly to consider options for integrating human and environmental requirements in Vermont as a…

Civility in an English Village.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stephens, William

The English town of Clevelode, population of approximately 700, has solved most of the U.S. social problems. The village is not perfect, but in many ways it stands as a lesson for everyone. This small community is probably fairly temporary. People can live in Clevelode and commute to work in the city of Worcester or to the urban center of Malvern.…

Perceived Needs of At-Risk Families in a Small Town: Implications for Full-Service Community Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Voyles, Martha M.

2012-01-01

Researchers agree that a needs assessment is a critical first step in designing a full-service school, but the large task of orchestrating the necessary community collaboration for such projects has occupied most of the literature to date. This study examines the process of planning and implementing a needs assessment for a rural school serving…

Dear World: How Children around the World Feel about Our Environment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Temple, Lannis, Ed.

This book is a collection of letters and drawings created by children, that illustrate what they like to do with nature, their fears about the future of nature, and how they would like to treat nature. The book's author traveled the world and visited schools from a variety of areas, including large, medium, and small cities, country towns, and…

Can Young Students Think Systemically about the Environment? The Case of Pollution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Iliopoulou, Ifigenia

2018-01-01

This paper reports on the thoughts 6-year-olds and 9-year-olds have related to the serious issue of air and sea pollution. More specifically, twenty seven 6-year-olds and thirty 9-year-olds attending two state schools in Volos, a small provincial town in Greece participated in the research which assessed the students' competence to think…

3 CFR 8715 - Proclamation 8715 of September 16, 2011. National Employer Support of the Guard and Reserve Week...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... abroad. During America’s struggle for independence, ordinary individuals in small towns across the... Reserve Week, 2011By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation Since September 11, 2001... brave men and women who served before them. More than five million volunteers have worn our country’s...

For a Dialogue on Relations between the Generations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lisovskii, Vladimir Timofeevich

2004-01-01

This article reports the findings of a study examining how young people in Russia rate themselves and their parents' generation. The sociological survey was carried out in 1999 and 2001 in a number of big and small towns of Russia. The focus of the study was on three generations: the "generation of the 1960s" (children of the thaw);…

Evaluating nature and wilderness in Iceland

Treesearch

Thora Ellen Thorhallsdottir

2002-01-01

Iceland is sparsely populated with towns and farms mostly restricted to coastal lowlands. The country’s ca 50,000 km2 (19,000 mi2) interior is an uninhabited highland with isolated mountains and large glaciers. At present, only a small part of Iceland’s rich geothermal and hydroelectric resources have been harnessed, but if political commitments to largescale...

Voice of Ouray

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trotter, Andrew

2005-01-01

This article features KURA 98.9 LP-FM, a student-run radio station in a small Colorado town named Ouray. KURA is one of only a few radio stations in the U.S. managed and produced by high school students 24 hours a day, seven days a week, all year long. Since first hitting the airwaves in 2002, the station has been a public forum for teenagers'…

Teacher Expectations and Students from Low Socioeconomic Background: A Perspective from Costa Rica

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Regalla, Michele

2013-01-01

This study explores teachers' academic expectations of students from low socioeconomic status (SES) in Costa Rica for the purpose of cross-cultural comparison. A group of 17 teachers from two different elementary schools located in a small town in Costa Rica were questioned about their expectations of low SES students enrolled in their classes.…

Health Behaviors of Elementary School Children in Rural Southern Illinois.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarvela, Paul D.; Monge, Eduardo A.

1999-01-01

A study of patterns of health behavior among rural and small-town children surveyed 1,950 K-6 students from seven southern Illinois elementary schools. Findings indicate that less than half of the students ate the recommended amounts of fruits, vegetables, and grain each day. Males and females smoked at about the same rates, but sixth-grade boys…

The Meaning of Non-Work Activities to Smalltown-Non Metropolitan Residents of the Piedmont Region.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Payne, Barbara P.

Part of a larger study of recreation and leisure patterns of adults in the Piedmont Region, this report focused on the activities of small town and non-metropolitan residents. The Piedmont Region was defined as counties where the western/northern boundary is fixed by the Appalachian Mountains and the eastern/southern boundary by the coastal plains…

Library Builder: Kimberly Martin--Bonner Springs City Library, KS

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Library Journal, 2004

2004-01-01

Kimberly Martin is just 30, but she's been reinventing the Bonner Springs City Library since late 1998, even before she earned her library degree. Some 20 minutes west of Kansas City, Bonner Springs is a small town (service population around 10,000) in a bustling metropolitan area. Martin's goal is to provide service on a par with the larger…

Immigration and earnings inequality in America's new small-town destinations.

PubMed

Hyde, Allen; Pais, Jeremy; Wallace, Michael

2015-01-01

Research on the relationship between immigrant population concentration and earnings inequality is divided between two perspectives. Supply-side arguments maintain that areas attracting large numbers of immigrants experience minimal wage growth at the bottom of the earnings distribution, which increases local levels of earnings inequality. Demand-side arguments contend that industrial restructuring reduces the pay of manual labor regardless of, and even prior to, the arrival of foreign-born workers. Adjudicating between these two perspectives is hindered by issues of potential endogeneity, which confound attempts to independently assess the effects of immigration on inequality or vice versa using OLS regression. We consider a third perspective called the reciprocal effects hypothesis which contends that immigrant concentration and earnings inequality emerge together through a mutually reinforcing feedback process. We explore this question in America's "new small-town destinations" using data from U.S. micropolitan statistical areas. We use three-stage least squares estimation to address the endogeneity problem and to test these three hypotheses. While we find support for both the supply- and demand-side perspectives, the results are best explained by the reciprocal effects hypothesis. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The State of Nursing Home Information Technology Sophistication in Rural and Nonrural US Markets.

PubMed

Alexander, Gregory L; Madsen, Richard W; Miller, Erin L; Wakefield, Douglas S; Wise, Keely K; Alexander, Rachel L

2017-06-01

To test for significant differences in information technology sophistication (ITS) in US nursing homes (NH) based on location. We administered a primary survey January 2014 to July 2015 to NH in each US state. The survey was cross-sectional and examined 3 dimensions (IT capabilities, extent of IT use, degree of IT integration) among 3 domains (resident care, clinical support, administrative activities) of ITS. ITS was broken down by NH location. Mean responses were compared across 4 NH categories (Metropolitan, Micropolitan, Small Town, and Rural) for all 9 ITS dimensions and domains. Least square means and Tukey's method were used for multiple comparisons. Methods yielded 815/1,799 surveys (45% response rate). In every health care domain (resident care, clinical support, and administrative activities) statistical differences in facility ITS occurred in larger (metropolitan or micropolitan) and smaller (small town or rural) populated areas. This study represents the most current national assessment of NH IT since 2004. Historically, NH IT has been used solely for administrative activities and much less for resident care and clinical support. However, results are encouraging as ITS in other domains appears to be greater than previously imagined. © 2016 National Rural Health Association.

76 FR 50443 - Proposed Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-15

... the of Hull, Town of intersection of Brant Marion, Town of Beach Avenue and Ocean Mattapoisett, Town..., MA 02043. Town of Hull Maps are available for inspection at the Town Hall, 253 Atlantic Avenue, Hull...

Micronized coal-fired retrofit system for SO{sub x} reduction: Krakow Clean Fossil Fuels and Energy Efficiency Program. Technical progress report No. 3, October 1996--December 1996

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The PROJECT proposes to install a new TCS micronized coal-fired heating plant for the Produkcja I Hodowla Roslin Ogrodniczych (PHRO) Greenhouse Complex; Krzeszowice, Poland (about 20 miles west of Krakow). PHRO currently utilizes 14 heavy oil-fired boilers to produce heat for its greenhouse facilities and also home heating to several adjacent apartment housing complexes. The boilers currently burn a high-sulfur content heavy crude oil, called Mazute. For size orientation, the PHRO Greenhouse complex grows a variety of vegetables and flowers for the Southern Poland marketplace. The greenhouse area under glass is very large and equivalent to approximately 50 football fields.more » The new micronized coal fired boiler would: (1) provide a significant portion of the heat for PHRO and a portion of the adjacent apartment housing complexes, (2) dramatically reduce sulfur dioxide air pollution emissions, while satisfying new Polish air regulations, and (3) provide attractive savings to PHRO, based on the quantity of displaced oil. Currently, the Town of Krzeszowice is considering a district heating program that would replace some, or all, of the 40 existing small in-town heating boilers that presently burn high-sulfur content coal. Potentially the district heating system can be expanded and connected into the PHRO boiler network; so that, PHRO boilers can supply all, or a portion of, the Town`s heating demand. The new TCS micronized coal system could provide a portion of this demand.« less

Can personal health record booklets improve cancer screening behaviors?

PubMed

Newell, Sallie Anne; Sanson-Fisher, Rob William; Girgis, Afaf; Davey, Heather Maree

2002-01-01

Despite the widespread use of written health education materials as interventions, relatively few studies have adequately evaluated the effectiveness of such materials on changing healthcare behaviors in the general population. The study consisted of ten matched pairs of small rural towns in New South Wales, Australia, with a total combined population of approximately 25,000 in both the intervention and control group towns. A randomized controlled trial was used. Personal Health Record Booklets (PHRBs) that include the latest evidence-based recommendations for reducing risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease were developed using leading behavioral change theories to maximize effectiveness. The booklets included an explanatory letter, a gender-specific Better Health Booklet, and a gender-specific Better Health Diary. Following a media campaign, the PHRBs were mailed to all residents aged 20 to 60 years (about 12,600 people) in the ten intervention towns. Family practitioners in the intervention towns were recruited to support and encourage people to use the PHRBs. Health Insurance Commission data for Papanicolaou (Pap) tests, mammograms, and skin operations were obtained for 5 years before the intervention, and 3 months and 1 year after the intervention. No significant increases in the rates of Pap tests, mammograms, and skin operations were detected in either short- or long-term follow-ups. While PHRBs may represent an inexpensive, easy-to-produce, and time-efficient method of communicating information to the general population, it appears unlikely that any significant behavioral change will result unless such materials are targeted toward high-risk groups or constitute the first intervention for a particular risk factor.

Job stress and burnout among urban and rural hospital physicians in Japan.

PubMed

Saijo, Yasuaki; Chiba, Shigeru; Yoshioka, Eiji; Kawanishi, Yasuyuki; Nakagi, Yoshihiko; Ito, Toshihiro; Sugioka, Yoshihiko; Kitaoka-Higashiguchi, Kazuyo; Yoshida, Takahiko

2013-08-01

To elucidate the differences in job stress and burnout status of Japanese hospital physicians between large cities, small cities, and towns and villages. Cross-sectional study. Postal self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 2937 alumni of Asahikawa Medical University. Four hundred and twenty-two hospital physicians. The Brief Job Stress Questionnaire was used to evaluate job demand, job control and social support. The Japanese version of the Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey (MBI-GS) was used to evaluate burnout. An analysis of covariance was conducted on the mean scores on the Brief Job Stress Questionnaire and the MBI-GS scales after adjusting for sex, age and specialties. In adjusted analyses, the job demand score was significantly different among physicians in the three areas. In Bonferroni post-hoc tests, scores in large cities was significantly higher than those in small cities and towns and villages. The job control score showed a significant difference and a marginally significant trend, with large cities associated with lower job control. There were significant differences in support from supervisors and that from family/friends, and scores in large cities was significantly higher than those in small cities in the post-hoc test. There was a significant effect on the exhaustion scale of the MBI-GS, with large cities associated with higher exhaustion, and scores in large cities was significantly higher than those in small cities. Urban hospital physicians had more job demand, less job control and exhaustion caused by burnout, and rural hospital physicians had less social support. © 2013 The Authors. Australian Journal of Rural Health © National Rural Health Alliance Inc.

Malnutrition and mortality patterns among internally displaced and non-displaced population living in a camp, a village or a town in Eastern Chad.

PubMed

Guerrier, Gilles; Zounoun, Malaïka; Delarosa, Olimpia; Defourny, Isabelle; Lacharite, Michelo; Brown, Vincent; Pedalino, Biagio

2009-11-26

Certain population groups have been rendered vulnerable in Chad because of displacement of more than 200,000 people over the last three years as a result of mass violence against civilians in the east of the country. The objective of the study was to assess mortality and nutritional patterns among displaced and non-displaced population living in camps, villages and a town in the Ouddaï and Salamat regions of Chad. Between May and October 2007, two stage, 30-cluster household surveys were conducted among 43,900 internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in camps in Ouaddai region (n = 898 households), among 19,400 non-displaced persons (NDPs) living in 42 villages in Ouaddai region (n = 900 households) and among 17,000 NDPs living in a small town in Salamat region (n = 901 households). Data collection included anthropometric measurements, measles vaccination rates and retrospective mortality. Crude mortality rate (CMR), mortality rate among children younger than 5 years (U5MR), causes of death and the prevalence of wasting (weight-for-height z score <-2) among children aged 6 to 59 months were the main outcome measures. The CMR among the 4902 IDPs in Gozbeida camps, 4477 NDPs living in a village and 4073 NDPs living in a town surveyed was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2-2.8), 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2-0.4), 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2-0.5) per 10,000 per day, respectively. The U5MR in a camp (n = 904), a village (n = 956) and a town (n = 901) was 4.1 (95% CI, 2.1-7.7), 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3-0.9) and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-1.4) per 10,000 per day, respectively. Diarrhoea was reported to be the main cause of death. Acute malnutrition rates (according to the WHO definition) among 904 IDP children, 956 NDPs children living in a village, 901 NDP children living in a town aged 6 to 59 months were 20.6% (95% CI, 17.9%-23.3%), 16.4% (95% CI, 14.0%-18.8%) and 10.1% (95% CI, 8.1%-12.2%) respectively. The study found a high mortality rate among IDPs and an elevated prevalence of wasting not only in IDP camps but also in villages located in the same region. The town-dweller population remains at risk of malnutrition. Appropriate contingency plans need to be made to ensure acceptable living standards for these populations.

78 FR 77481 - Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-23

.... Town of Bethel Secretary's Residence, 908 West Street, Bethel, DE 19931. Town of Blades Town Hall, 20 West Fourth Street, Blades, DE 19973. Town of Bridgeville Town Hall, 101 North Main Street, Bridgeville... Township Office, 1224 Buffalo Run Road, Bellefonte, PA 16823. Essex County, Virginia, and Incorporated...

78 FR 14577 - Final Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-06

... above. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Luis Rodriguez, Chief, Engineering Management Branch, Federal... Office, 2 Main Street, Livermore Falls, ME 04254. Town of Mechanic Falls Town Office, 108 Lewiston Street, Mechanic Falls, ME 04256. Town of Minot Town Office, 329 Woodman Hill Road, Minot, ME 04258. Town of Poland...

Hitler's hysterical blindness: fact or fiction?

PubMed

Maranhão-Filho, Péricles; Silva, Carlos Eduardo da Rocha E

2010-10-01

This article deals with a little known episode that occurred near the end of the Great War in a military reserve hospital located in the small town of Pasewalk, part of the distant region of Pomerania in northern Poland. The story is centered around the transient visual loss of a 29-year-old Austrian messenger of the 16th Bavarian Infantry Regiment. His name: Adolf Hitler.

EVENTS AT ORANGEBURG, A REPORT BASED ON STUDY AND INTERVIEWS IN ORANGEBURG, SOUTH CAROLINA, IN THE AFTERMATH OF TRAGEDY.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

ROUGEAU, WELDON; WATTERS, PAT

THIS REPORT ON THE RACIAL CONFLICT IN ORANGEBURG, SOUTH CAROLINA, ATTEMPTS TO PRESENT A "CAREFUL AND IMPARTIAL" ANALYSIS OF THE SITUATION, BASED ON INTERVIEWS WITH STUDENTS AND FACULTY, NEWSMEN, TOWNSPEOPLE, AND OFFICIALS. THE VIOLENCE IN THIS SMALL NEGRO COLLEGE TOWN BROKE OUT OVERTLY OVER THE ISSUE OF A SEGREGATED BOWLING ALLEY BUT IN…

CLINTON, TENNESSEE, A TENTATIVE DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE SCHOOL DESEGREGATION CRISIS. FIELD REPORTS ON DESEGREGATION IN THE SOUTH, FR. 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

HOLDEN, ANNA; AND OTHERS

THIS FIELD REPORT ANALYZES THE CONFLICT WHICH DEVELOPED IN A SMALL TENNESSEE TOWN IN 1956 OVER EFFORTS TO DESEGREGATE THE SCHOOLS. ALONG WITH BACKGROUND INFORMATION ABOUT THE COMMUNITY, THE REPORT CONTAINS (1) A CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS, (2) A DISCUSSION OF THE OPINIONS AND ATTITUDES OF THE COMMUNITY ABOUT RACE RELATIONS, DESEGREGATION, AND…

Letters for the Living: Teaching Writing in a Violent Age. Refiguring English Studies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blitz, Michael; Hurlbert, C. Mark

This book takes up issues of violence in the lives of college students and looks for possibilities of teaching composition as an act of peace making. Through a variety of writings, the book illustrates students' experiences on the city streets of New York and in the small mining and steel towns of western Pennsylvania. One section of the book…

The "Pageant of Paha Sapa": An Origin Myth of White Settlement in the American West

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sundstrom, Linea

2008-01-01

As a literary work initiated and directed by a committee of women, the "Pageant of Paha Sapa" captures the zeitgeist of the post-frontier era through the eyes of the influential women of one small town. Like all origin myths, this script presented the current populace as the rightful heirs of the place and its resources, having won them…

Frontiers of Forestry Research - Priest River Experimental Forest, 1911-1976

Treesearch

Charles A. Wellner

1976-01-01

The Priest River Experiment Station was established in 1911 as the center for forest research in the productive forests of northern Idaho, western Montana, and northeastern Washington. Located out in the forest of northern Idaho, 15 miles from the nearest small town, it was to be the hub of forest research in this large forested area. Within a few years it became...

"These Things Do Not Ring True to Me": Preservice Teacher Dispositions to Social Justice Literature in a Remote State Teacher Education Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Han, Keonghee Tao

2013-01-01

This study describes preservice teachers' (PTs) dispositions toward diversity education in a remote small town university. The purpose of the study is to find out whether PTs in an undergraduate elementary literacy methods class in this locale are willing to accept and adopt multicultural children's and youth literature as pedagogical tools and…

The Effect of Ear Playing Instruction on Adult Amateur Wind Instrumentalists' Musical Self-Efficacy: An Exploratory Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartz, Barry; Bauer, William

2016-01-01

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to examine the effect of ear playing instruction on adult amateur wind instrumentalists' musical self-efficacy. Ten volunteer members of a community band in a small town in Ohio completed the "Ear Playing Profile" both prior to and following an eight-week period of instruction in playing by ear…

Technology Integration: Do They or Don't They? A Self-Report Survey from PreK through 5th Grade Professional Educators

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fletcher, Donna

2006-01-01

The practice of integrating technology into classroom instruction is mandated by the State of Texas (TEA, 2005, http://www.tea.state.tx.us/teks/index.html). Using a self-report survey, this study investigated technology integration practices on two elementary campuses in a suburban, small-town independent school district, which resides on the…

Cultural Differences and Students' Spontaneous Models of the Water Cycle: A Case Study of Jewish and Bedouin Children in Israel

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ben-Zvi Assaraf, Orit; Eshach, Haim; Orion, Nir; Alamour, Yousif

2012-01-01

The present research aims at pinpointing differences in spontaneous and non-spontaneous mental models of water cycle conceptions of two 4th grade student groups: the Jewish residents of a small provincial town and a group of students from an indigenous Bedouin community. Students' conceptions were elicited using the Repertory Grid technique as…

Social Justice Practices on Gender, Race, and Environment within a School in Granada

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soza Vergara, Ximena; Hartlep, Nicholas Daniel

2015-01-01

In this article we discuss the experience of the Institute Ilíberis, a public high school in a small town in Granada, Spain, that has been engaged in innovative ways of teaching. Located in Atarfe, one of the few rural Spanish municipalities with expanding, rather than shrinking demographics, in the last 2 decades the Institute Ilíberis has…

The Self, the Spirit and the Social Being: The Formation of Adolescent Identity within Community--Wesley College at Clunes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lloyd, Doug; McDonough, Sharon

Wesley College, a private urban secondary school, operates a campus in the small, rural town of Clunes, Victoria (Australia), where ninth-grade students can spend a term in a community-based, experientially-derived curriculum to enhance their sense of self and community. Students are accommodated in houses of eight as single-sex groups and are…

Which Green Jobs Look Promising for Rural Illinois? Rural Research Report. Volume 20, Issue 6, Winter 2009-2010

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gruidl, John; Markov, Ilya

2010-01-01

The prospect of clean, well-paying jobs spurred by green development is attractive to many small Illinois towns. It is important for local leaders to understand this emerging sector of economic opportunity and implement policies that promote green jobs. Unfortunately, since the green movement is a new approach, there is a lot of misunderstanding…

The Lived Experience of African American Teachers Utilizing Co-Cultural Adaptation at Predominantly White Rural Schools in Central Appalachia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sweatt, Tony E.

2017-01-01

Primary and secondary schools across the nation are becoming increasingly heterogeneous, yet the teacher population remains homogenous. In fairness, this is not a new issue: At the turn of the century, Whites represented a significant aggregate of the teacher population: 73% in the inner city; 81% in suburban schools; 91% in small towns; and 98%…

Consolidation of Schools and Transportation of Pupils. Bulletin, 1923, No. 41

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Abel, J. F.

1923-01-01

The rural school project of the continental United States consists in educating over 18 million young people between the ages of 5 and 20 who live in small towns and villages, or in the open country. The 300,000 or more schools classified as rural enrolled nearly 12.5 million pupils in 1920, employed 425,00 teachers, supervisors, and principals,…

How I Use Multicultural Education to Impact Student Learning and Develop Critical Thinking Skills

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moreno, Marisol

2015-01-01

Marisol Moreno works at an elementary school along the United States and Mexican border. The school is located in a small town outside of the city's limits. It is in a low socio-economic neighborhood and serves nearly 1,300 students. Despite research that shows that students who live in poverty preform academically lower than the rest of their…

Health Promotion Efforts in an Isolated Hispanic Community: The Mora Substance Abuse Prevention Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duryea, Elias J.; And Others

An alcohol and drug use education program was developed by teachers and administrators in Mora, a small, isolated Hispanic community in northern New Mexico, in cooperation with the town's public health nurses and a University of New Mexico research team. Pre- and posttests were given to 150 students in grades 7-9 in the Mora Public Schools to…

Education, Place and Sustainability: A Literature Review and Overview of Curriculum and Policy in the States and the Territory of the Murray-Darling Basin

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roberts, Philip; Downes, Natalie; Cook, Louise; Heiner, Irmgard; Caffery, Jo

2014-01-01

This report has been developed as part of the MDBfutures Collaborative Research Network project "Towards Place Based Education in the Murray-Darling Basin." The project explores the ways in which sustainability is understood in Murray Darling Basin (MDB) communities of Australia (including Indigenous, rural, small towns and regional…

Information for a Rural Community: The South Molton Community Information Project. Library and Information Research Report 40.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Venner, David G.; Cotton, Sally

Of potential interest to small towns in rural areas, this report describes England's first attempt at applying to a rural area the concept of a multi-agency information and advice center based on a library. The comprehensive review covers all phases of the project: (1) identification of a community's information and advice needs; (2) consultation…

Advancing Local e-Government through Town-Gown Collaboration in the Web 2.0 Environment: A Comparative Case Study of Six Small Municipalities in Pennsylvania

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levy, Anna

2015-01-01

E-government is often defined as the public organization's use of information and communication technologies for the production and delivery of information and services. Since the early 1990s, e-government initiatives have been understood as a technological innovation mechanism aimed at reaching greater levels of efficiency, effectiveness, and…

The Crystal Ball Project: Predicting the Future of Composition and the Preparation of Composition Teachers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hill, Crag; Ericsson, Patricia Freitag

2014-01-01

In this article the authors peer into current elementary classrooms and college composition courses in 2020 to envision what K-12 and composition curricula can do now to ensure today's students are prepared for those future composition classes. The authors interviewed veteran (20 or more years) K-6 teachers in a small university town and…

Retention of Text Information as a Function of the Nature, Timing, and Number of Quizzes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, Richard C.; And Others

Two experiments were conducted, the purpose of which was to investigate the direct effects of questioning. In experiment one, 240 sophomores, juniors, and seniors from a small town high school read one of two versions of a 550-word passage describing the social behavior of the army ant. The subjects then took either a verbatim or paraphrase quiz,…

An offer they can't refuse. As mergers and acquisitions make a comeback, hospitals large and small are choosing consolidation over competition.

PubMed

Galloro, Vince

2004-07-12

Hospital deals are heating up as summer settles in, fueled in part by Medicare reform and the "Tenet effect." One recent move by Christus Health made Alice, Texas, a one-hospital town again. Christus' Peter Maddox, left, denies that the consolidation means prices will rise. "It's not a retail world anymore," he says.

Opportunity of a Lifetime: A Student's Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gomez, Carlos

2010-01-01

In this article, the author shares his journey of obstacles he has endured in his life. The author's journey begins in Tequila, a small town of Mexico, with his cherished and young mother giving birth at the age of 16. He is the oldest and only son, in a family of two younger sisters and two hard-working parents. Poverty has been a reality for his…

Acculturation and Perceived Social Distance among Arabs and Saudi Arabians in an ESL Situation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Al-Qahtani, Abdulkhaleq A.

2016-01-01

The main purpose of this study was to explore the perceived social distance among a small Arab community residing in a college town in the Midwest of the USA. The study examines its possible impact on the process of learning/acquiring English as a second language (ESL). It draws on the findings and contentions of the acculturation model as…

Relationships between Work and Life away from Work among University Faculty: Gender and Rank Effects.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sorcinelli, Mary Deane; Near, Janet P.

Spillover between work and life away from work was studied with 100 college faculty, who lived in a small college town, where work and life outside of work appear closely bound. The effects of gender and academic rank on the incidence of spillover between work and nonwork were assessed. Faculty from humanities and natural sciences departments and…

[Myanmar mission].

PubMed

Alfandari, B; Persichetti, P; Pelissier, P; Martin, D; Baudet, J

2004-06-01

The authors report the accomplishment of humanitarian missions in plastic surgery performed by a small team in town practice in Yangon, about their 3 years experience in Myanmar with 300 consultations and 120 surgery cases. They underline the interest of this type of mission and provide us their reflexion about team training, the type of relation with the country where the mission is conducted and the type of right team.

Investigating the Impact of the Cisco 21st Century Schools Initiative on Forrest County Agricultural High School. Summative Report

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ba, Harouna; Meade, Terri; Pierson, Elizabeth; Ferguson, Camille; Roy, Amanda; Williams, Hakim

2009-01-01

Forrest County Agricultural High School (FCAHS) is located in Brooklyn, a small rural town in southern Mississippi and part of the Hattiesburg Metropolitan Statistical Area. Unlike the other schools that participated in the Cisco 21S initiative, FCAHS is not part of a larger school district. Therefore, the unit of analysis throughout this summary…

Scotts Bluff County Nebraska Juniors Educated in Class I Elementary Schools v. Juniors Educated in Class II or Class III Elementary Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Boskirk, La Rita

In Nebraska, where nearly 70% of elementary school districts are rural, there is much debate about whether students from small rural schools have educational opportunities equal to those of students from town or city schools. This paper compares the performance, participation, and behavior of high school juniors who attended elementary schools in…

Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (83rd, Phoenix, Arizona, August 9-12, 2000). Civic Journalism Interest Group.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication.

The Civic Journalism Interest Group section of the proceedings contains the following five papers: "A Tale of Two Cities: Do Small-Town Dailies Practice Public Journalism Without Knowing It?" (David Loomis); "Engaging the Literature: A Civic Approach" (Kathryn B. Campbell); "Resolving Public Conflict: Civic Journalism and…

The Gift of the Poinsettia = El regalo de la flor de Nochebuena.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mora, Pat; Berg, Charles Ramirez

This bilingual (English and Spanish) illustrated children's book relates the story of Carlos, a young boy who lives with his aunt Nina and dog Chico in the small Mexican town of San Bernardo. Nina and Carlos are poor, but their house is full of love. Carlos is excited because he is getting ready to attend the first night of "las…

Maniac Talk - Charles Ichoku

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-07-25

Charles Ichoku Maniac Lecture, July 25, 2016 NASA climate scientist Charles Ichoku presented a Maniac lecture entitled, "Reminiscences of a scientist's journey from Nawfia to NASA." Born in a small town in Nigeria, Charles traced his captivating journey to NASA, which was full of surprises, and related his experiences with the great people he met and interacted with along the way, as well as some of his work.

Obesity and diet awareness among Polish children and adolescents in small towns and villages.

PubMed

Stankiewicz, Marta; Pieszko, Magdalena; Sliwińska, Aleksandra; Małgorzewicz, Sylwia; Wierucki, Łukasz; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Wyrzykowski, Bogdan; Łysiak-Szydłowska, Wiesława

2014-03-01

In addition to genetic predispositions and environmental factors, healthy lifestyle education is very important for children and adolescents. The purpose of this research was to estimate the number of overweight and obese children and adolescents from small towns and villages and to find out an association between health awareness in children and the risk of becoming overweight or obese. The research was conducted in 1,515 healthy children aged 6-18 years from small towns and villages in Poland. Overweight was diagnosed when BMI for age and sex was over the 90th percentile; obesity--when it was over the 95th percentile. The study consisted of a lifestyle interview and anthropometrical measurements. The lifestyle interview was conducted with the use of an anonymous questionnaire form and included questions about food frequency, diet habits and physical activity. The research was analysed using the SAS System for Windows, release 8.02. Overweight status was diagnosed in 9.0% and obesity in 5.1% of respondents. Excess body mass was statistically more frequently diagnosed in girls than in boys aged 14-18 years. Girls of this age group significantly more frequently chose wholemeal bread, smoked sausages, meat and poultry as products that are believed to keep them fit. Older children substantially more often indicated that stress, smoking cigarettes, consuming fatty meat, sweets, being obese, and a lack of physical activity are factors that damage health. Boys spent more time in front of a computer or TV than girls; in the older group of children, the phenomenon even intensified. Awareness of healthy lifestyle behaviour is not sufficient to maintain optimal body mass. Knowledge about proper eating habits is better among girls than among boys, especially in the older age groups. However, in older groups, there was less physical activity due to spending more time in front of TV or the computer. High percentage of obese/overweight children and insufficient knowledge of nutrition may consequently result in increased risk of cardio-vascular diseases in adult population.

Travelling waves and spatial hierarchies in measles epidemics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grenfell, B. T.; Bjørnstad, O. N.; Kappey, J.

2001-12-01

Spatio-temporal travelling waves are striking manifestations of predator-prey and host-parasite dynamics. However, few systems are well enough documented both to detect repeated waves and to explain their interaction with spatio-temporal variations in population structure and demography. Here, we demonstrate recurrent epidemic travelling waves in an exhaustive spatio-temporal data set for measles in England and Wales. We use wavelet phase analysis, which allows for dynamical non-stationarity-a complication in interpreting spatio-temporal patterns in these and many other ecological time series. In the pre-vaccination era, conspicuous hierarchical waves of infection moved regionally from large cities to small towns; the introduction of measles vaccination restricted but did not eliminate this hierarchical contagion. A mechanistic stochastic model suggests a dynamical explanation for the waves-spread via infective `sparks' from large `core' cities to smaller `satellite' towns. Thus, the spatial hierarchy of host population structure is a prerequisite for these infection waves.

Keeping watch over Colombia’s slumbering volcanoes

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ordoñez, Milton; López, Christian; Alpala, Jorge; Narváez, Lourdes; Arcos, Dario; Battaglia, Maurizio

2015-01-01

Located in the Central Cordillera (Colombian Andes), Nevado del Ruiz is a volcanic complex, topped by glaciers, rising 5,321 m above sea level. A relatively small explosive eruption from Ruiz's summit crater on November 13, 1985, generated an eruption column and sent a series of pyroclastic flows and surges across the volcano's ice-covered summit. Pumice and meltwater produced by the hot pyroclastic flows and surges swept into gullies and channels on the slopes of Ruiz as a series of lahars. Within two hours of the beginning of the eruption, lahars had traveled 100 km and left behind a wake of destruction: more than 25,000 people were killed (23,000 in the town of Armero and 2,000 in the town of Chinchiná), about 5,000 injured, and more than 5,000 homes destroyed along the Chinchiná, Gualí, and Lagunillas rivers.

75 FR 29258 - Proposed Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-05-25

... Barker, Town Reach 1. of Chenango, Town of Dickinson, Town of Fenton, Village of Port Dickinson... River. Town of Fenton. Approximately 2.5 miles None +1011 upstream of Ballyhack Road. Page Brook At the confluence with +876 +878 Town of Fenton. the Chenango River. Approximately 630 feet +877 +878 downstream of...

75 FR 8814 - Final Flood Elevation Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-26

... +1014 Town of Marathon, Village downstream of Main of Marathon. Street. Approximately 0.85 mile +1023..., Cortland, NY 13045. Town of Marathon Maps are available for inspection at the Town of Marathon Highway Department, 16 Brink Street, Marathon, NY 13803. Town of Preble Maps are available for inspection at the Town...

Job-housing imbalance and commuting of coastal industrial town in Liaoning province, China

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Fei; Lu, Wei; Cai, Jun; Yang, Qiyao

2017-11-01

During the Twelve Five period, China promulgated industrial policies promote the energy-intensive industries relocate to coastal areas in order to utilize marine shipping resources. Consequently, some major state-owned steel and petrochemical enterprises have relocated and resulted in a large scale coastal area development. Restricted by the port construction, most of the coastal industrial areas are located in the outer suburbs. To balance between employment and housing, new industrial coastal towns were constructed. In this paper, we adopt a case-study approach to analysis some typical industrial coastal towns of Liaoning Province situated in the Bohai Bay, which is currently under rapid economic growth. Our investigations reflect the common phenomenon of long distance commuting and massive amount of vacant residences. More specifically, large plant relocation caused hundreds of kilometers of daily commute and enterprises had to provide housing subsidies and education incentives to motivate employees to relocate to coastal areas. Nonetheless, many employees still refuse to relocate due to job stability, diverse needs of family members and access to convenient services. These employees averaged 4 hours of commute daily and some who lived further had to reside in temporary industrial housing units and subject to long-term family separation. As a result, only a small portion of employees purchase new coastal residences but mostly for investment and retirement purposes, leading to massive vacancy and ghost-town phenomenon. In contrast to the low demand, coastal areas tend to develop large amount of residences prior to industrial relocation, which may be directly related to local government finances. Some local governments have sold residential land to developers to general revenue to support the subsequent industrial development. Subject to the strong preference of ocean- view, residential housing developers tend to select coast-line land to construct new residential towns, which further reduces the access of marine resources for major industrial enterprises. This violates the original intent of developing industrial coastal towns and drastically limits the availability of marine resources. Lastly, we analyze the co-existence of over-exploiting residential areas and massive vacancies in reference to the demand and supply of land, as well as the demand of residential housing units with the choice criteria of enterprise employees.

The use of town refuse ash in urban agriculture around Jos, Nigeria: health and environmental risks.

PubMed

Pasquini, M W

2006-01-15

This paper reports on a study that examines the health and environmental risks of using town refuse ash in urban vegetable production in Jos, Nigeria, in terms of heavy metal accumulation in the food chain. Soil and crop samples, collected from five study farms, and samples of the river water used for irrigation, were analysed for seven heavy metals Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb. On the basis of the field data the paper discusses: (1) the potential soil deficiencies and toxicities; (2) the probable links between soil heavy metal levels and fertilisation practices; (3) the heavy metal concentrations in crop tissue in relation to crop growth and human health. The findings suggest that soil concentrations of the seven metals fall within 'typical' soil levels, and that there should not be any problems of either toxicities or deficiencies for crop growth. There was evidence of slight accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd on some of the farms with a history of town refuse ash use. However, in all farms lettuce crops contained very large concentrations of Fe, and Pb concentrations that were 20 to 40 times higher than the WHO/FAO maximum recommended level in leafy vegetables for human consumption. The Cd content of carrot tissue was 10 times higher than the WHO/FAO recommended limit. The relatively small number of soil and crop samples precluded any formal attempt at correlating the concentrations of heavy metals found in the vegetable crops with the farm levels. Nevertheless, the data suggested that these were not linked. The paper goes on to consider various potential sources of the metals found in the crops, including irrigation water, town refuse ash and air-borne dust, and discusses additional health and environmental risks pertaining to the use of town refuse ash. Undoubtedly, the heavy Pb and Cd contamination of certain crops indicates the urgent need for future studies to ascertain the precise source of these metals, and although the practice of using town refuse ash does not appear to have resulted in large-scale contamination of soil in the farming area, there are a number of unsafe practices associated with it that call for the identification of strategies for the safe utilisation of urban waste in Jos.

[Cervicobrachial disorders in school-lunch female cooks].

PubMed

Amano, M; Yatsuki, K; Umeda, G

1987-09-01

To clarify the relationship between the cervicobrachial disorders in the school-lunch female cooks and number of lunch, 15 elementary school-lunch cooks of O town whose quorum were observed by the standard of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture and 19 cooks of M town whose quorum was one more than the standard were examined medically and their work conditions were also investigated. Results were as follows: 1) There were significantly (p less than 0.01) more cooks medically classified as "Normal (A)" in M town than in O town. Conversely, cooks classified as "Need therapy (C)" were more numerous in O town (p less than 0.01) than in M town (p less than 0.05). 2) In clinical findings prevalence rates such as median nerve extension test, cinesalgia in the neck, tenderness (flexor tendon of the lst finger of the hand, trapezius muscle, rhomboid muscle, teres minor muscle, brachioradial muscle) were higher in O town cooks than in M town cooks significantly (p less than 0.05). Complaint rates of the subjective symptoms or activities of daily living such as "pain in the neck," "pain in the arms," "want to lie down at free time" were higher in O town cooks than those in M town cooks significantly (p less than 0.05). 3) Average numbers of lunch and classes per cook were 137 lunch and 3.3 classes for O town cooks, and 114 and 2.9 for M town cooks, respectively. The average number of lunch of two towns were significantly different (p less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Caries occurrence in a fluoridated and a nonfluoridated town in Finland: a retrospective study using longitudinal data from public dental records.

PubMed

Seppä, L; Hausen, H; Kärkkäinen, S; Larmas, M

2002-01-01

The tap water of Kuopio, Finland, was fluoridated from 1959 to 1992. In the first decade of fluoridation, children in Kuopio had lower DMF values than children in Jyväskylä, a nearby low-fluoride town, but later differences between the towns have been small and inconsistent. The present study aimed to gain further insight into caries occurrence in Kuopio and Jyväskylä using longitudinal tooth-specific data from public health records on cohorts born in 1970/71 and 1980/81 (total n = 1,503). Survival analyses were used to summarize the tooth-specific times elapsed between eruption and the first filling (used as a proxy for dental caries). Generally, the first filling was placed sooner after eruption in the 1970/71 cohort than in the 1980/81 cohort. The curves for the two towns were virtually identical except for the first molars of the 1970/71 cohort, for which the percentage of filled first molars was consistently lower in Jyväskylä than in Kuopio. This study indicates that, among children and adolescents whose permanent teeth erupted in the mid-1970s or thereafter, even a longitudinal approach did not reveal a lower caries occurrence in the fluoridated than in the low-fluoride reference community. The main reason for the modest effect of water fluoridation in Finnish circumstances is probably the widespread use of other measures for caries prevention. The children have been exposed to such intense efforts to increase tooth resistance that the effect of water fluoridation does not show up any more. The results must not be extrapolated to countries with less intensive preventive dental care. Copyright 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

Who Networks? The Social Psychology of Virtual Communities

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-06-01

virtual life: the open side - characterized by communities of interest, civil society movements, virtual “states,” and 4 online gaming communities...network of people hailing from Sicily. Sometimes the offline/ online similari- ties mesh even more, as when a gaming society in a small Swedish town...Commercially owned and regulated graphics-based Massively Multi- Player Gaming Communities (EverQuest, The Matrix Online ®, etc.) • UseNET

Teacher Ratings of Academic Achievement of Children between 6 and 12 Years Old from Intact and Non-Intact Families

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Molepo, Lephodisa S.; Maunganidze, Levison; Mudhovozi, Pilot; Sodi, Tholene

2010-01-01

We investigated teacher ratings of the impact of parental divorce on academic achievement of children between 6 and 12 years old up to 12 months after their parents divorced. A purposive sample of 120 children attending four different primary schools in a small South African town took part in the study. One third (n = 40) of the children had…

Small Towns, Big Plans: Building a Stronger Network of Workforce Education Programs in Rural America

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pulley, John

2014-01-01

John Pulley begins this article by sharing the story of Richard Quiroga, a shining example of what can happen when an at-risk student in an economically disadvantaged region gets the right training at the right time. As a young man, Quiroga was living on his own and at risk of getting sucked into the whirlpool of poverty and despair that often…

On the Border of Opportunity: Education, Community, and Language at the U.S.-Mexico Line. Sociocultural, Political, and Historical Studies in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pugach, Marleen C.

The U.S.-Mexican border is an extensive geographical region that is socially and economically distinct from either the United States or Mexico. It has always been a multilingual and multicultural place. This book examines the social and cultural complexities of life in one small rural border town and its high school. Chapter 1 describes Havens,…

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL MOTION PICTURES AND A DERIVATION OF PRINCIPLES RELATING TO THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THESE MEDIA.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

VANDERMEER, A. W.; AND OTHERS

THIS RESEARCH INVOLVED THE SELECTION OF TWO EXTANT TEACHING FILMS, DEVELOPMENT OF TESTS ON THEIR CONTENT, REVISION OF THE FILMS, AND A COMPARISON OF THE TWO VERSIONS. THE FILMS SELECTED WERE "WHY FOODS SPOIL" AND "ATOMS AND MOLECULES." THE SUBJECTS CONSISTED OF STUDENTS IN SMALL TOWN SCHOOLS FROM 5TH TO 12TH GRADES.…

The Status of Rural Education in the United States. Bulletin, 1913, No. 8. Whole Number 515

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monahan, A. C.

1913-01-01

In the Federal Census of 1910, 58.5 per cent of the population of the United States from 6 to 20 years of age, both inclusive, are classed as rural, which means that nearly three-fifths of the total American school population live in the open country, or in villages and small towns, under rural conditions. The total rural population of this class…

Teenager-, Mother-, Daughter-, Who Am I? Navajo Adolescent Mothers' Perceptions of the Maternal Role & Implications for Child Developmental Outcomes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dalla, Rochelle L.

This study explored the meaning of motherhood among Navajo teenagers, their mothers, and community informants living in a small, rural town on a Navajo Reservation. Participating were 8 Navajo teenage mothers ranging from 16 to 19 years, 7 grandmothers (mothers of the teens) who ranged from 41 to 57 years, and 6 community informants: two teachers,…

The Role of the Armed Forces in the Mexican Economy in the 1980’s.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

integrating role, especially in 17 " . - _ .. .. .~- ... . .. . . . . . .. . ....._ • ,,.- .. . 1 .. .. •, , ," remote geographic regions, and have...integration of the Armed Forces insures their integration with the population in every town. This is especially important in the small villages. The...Jefe Edo Mayor de la Armada Revillagigedo No. 11 Primer Piso Mexico 1, D.F. 99 141. Vicealmirante Doroteo Silva Lopez Director de Educacion Naval Dr

Once a physicist: Subhankar Banerjee

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Banerjee, Subhankar

2008-11-01

Why did you originally choose to study engineering and physics? I was born in Berhampore, a small town in West Bengal, India. I was immersed in literature and cinema from early in my life, and at 13 my great uncle introduced me to painting. But growing up in a middle-income family, art was not something I could pursue as a career. I chose science and engineering as a practical option.

Yakov Abramovich Smorodinsky

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smorodinskaya, Noemi

2013-06-01

My father Yakov Abramovich Smorodinsky (Ya.A. hereafter) was born on December 30, 1917 in a small town of Malaya Vishera located about 100 miles south-east of St. Petersburg. His mother Roza Smorodinsky (Fitingof) originated from a big family. She married a young railroad engineer and a dance competition winner named Abram Smorodinsky, who died of typhus in 1921, when little Yakov was four years old. So, he was brought up solely by his mother...

Nature talk in an Appalachian newspaper: What environmental discourse analysis reveals about efforts to address exurbanization and climate change

Treesearch

Brian J. Burke; Meredith Welch-Devine; Seth Gustafson

2015-01-01

As the people of Southern Appalachia confront the challenges of climate change and exurban development, their foundational beliefs about the environment and human-environment relations will significantly shape the types of individual and collective action that they imagine and pursue. In this paper, we use critical discourse analysis of an influential small-town...

RadTown USA: Basic Information

MedlinePlus

... Burbs Countryside Waterfront Downtown Did you know? RadTown Games Educational Materials Bring RadTown into the classroom with ... Waterfront Downtown Educational Materials RadTown A to Z Games Link to Us Glossary Subscribe to Listserv News ...

40 CFR 81.90 - Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region (Maine-New Hampshire) consists of the territorial... New Hampshire: Cass County. ..., New Sharron Town, New Vineyard Town, Perkins Township, Phillips Town, Salem Township, Strong Town...

40 CFR 81.90 - Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region (Maine-New Hampshire) consists of the territorial... New Hampshire: Cass County. ..., New Sharron Town, New Vineyard Town, Perkins Township, Phillips Town, Salem Township, Strong Town...

40 CFR 81.90 - Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Androscoggin Valley Interstate Air Quality Control Region (Maine-New Hampshire) consists of the territorial... New Hampshire: Cass County. ..., New Sharron Town, New Vineyard Town, Perkins Township, Phillips Town, Salem Township, Strong Town...

Access to recreational physical activities by car and bus: an assessment of socio-spatial inequalities in mainland Scotland.

PubMed

Ferguson, Neil S; Lamb, Karen E; Wang, Yang; Ogilvie, David; Ellaway, Anne

2013-01-01

Obesity and other chronic conditions linked with low levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with deprivation. One reason for this could be that it is more difficult for low-income groups to access recreational PA facilities such as swimming pools and sports centres than high-income groups. In this paper, we explore the distribution of access to PA facilities by car and bus across mainland Scotland by income deprivation at datazone level. GIS car and bus networks were created to determine the number of PA facilities accessible within travel times of 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Multilevel negative binomial regression models were then used to investigate the distribution of the number of accessible facilities, adjusting for datazone population size and local authority. Access to PA facilities by car was significantly (p<0.01) higher for the most affluent quintile of area-based income deprivation than for most other quintiles in small towns and all other quintiles in rural areas. Accessibility by bus was significantly lower for the most affluent quintile than for other quintiles in urban areas and small towns, but not in rural areas. Overall, we found that the most disadvantaged groups were those without access to a car and living in the most affluent areas or in rural areas.

The Urban-Rural Disparity in Nursing Home Quality Indicators: The Case of Facility-Acquired Contractures

PubMed Central

Bowblis, John R; Meng, Hongdao; Hyer, Kathryn

2013-01-01

Objective To identify and quantify the sources of the urban-rural disparity in facility-acquired contracture rates in nursing homes. Data Sources Survey inspection data of U.S. nursing homes from 1999 to 2008 and standardized national rural definition file from the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. Study Design We estimated regressions of facility-level contracture rate as a function of urban-rural categories (urban, micropolitan, small rural town, and isolated small rural town) and other related facility characteristics to identify size of the urban-rural disparity. We used Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition techniques to determine the extent to which the disparity is attributable to the differences in facility and aggregate resident characteristics. Principal Findings Rural nursing homes have higher contracture rates than urban nursing homes. About half of the urban-rural disparity is explained by differences in observable characteristics among urban and rural nursing homes. Differences in staffing levels explain less than 5 percent of the disparity, case-mix explains 6–8 percent, and structure and operational characteristics account for 10–22 percent of the disparity. Conclusion While a lower level and quality of staffing are a concern for rural nursing homes, facility structure and funding sources explain a larger proportion of the urban-rural disparity in the quality of care. PMID:22670847

Tire-breeding mosquitoes of public health importance along an urbanisation gradient in Buenos Aires, Argentina.

PubMed

Rubio, Alejandra; Cardo, María Victoria; Vezzani, Darío

2011-09-01

Used vehicle tires are a source of mosquito vectors and a means of their introduction and expansion. With the aim of assessing the effects of urbanisation on the main mosquito vectors in temperate Argentina, the infestation levels of Aedes aegypti (L.) and Culex pipiens L. were studied in used tires from highly urbanised cities to low-urbanised small towns in Buenos Aires. Immatures of both species accounted for 96% of the 9,722 individuals collected; the total individuals collected represented seven species. The percentage of water-filled tires containing mosquitoes [container index (CI)] was 33% and the percentage of infested sites [site index (SI)] was 65.2%. These indexes decreased significantly from low to high urbanisation levels for both mosquito species. The relative abundance (RA) of Ae. aegypti immatures was slightly higher toward large cities, but showed no difference for Cx. pipiens. The CI of shaded tires was significantly higher than the CI of exposed tires for both mosquito species. There was no difference in RA values between shaded and sunlit tires. The CI and the SI were highest during the summer across the urbanisation levels, except for Cx. pipiens, which continued to increase during the autumn in small towns. Results related to urbanisation gradient, sunlit exposure and seasonality are discussed.

The urban-rural disparity in nursing home quality indicators: the case of facility-acquired contractures.

PubMed

Bowblis, John R; Meng, Hongdao; Hyer, Kathryn

2013-02-01

To identify and quantify the sources of the urban-rural disparity in facility-acquired contracture rates in nursing homes. Survey inspection data of U.S. nursing homes from 1999 to 2008 and standardized national rural definition file from the Rural-Urban Commuting Area Codes. We estimated regressions of facility-level contracture rate as a function of urban-rural categories (urban, micropolitan, small rural town, and isolated small rural town) and other related facility characteristics to identify size of the urban-rural disparity. We used Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition techniques to determine the extent to which the disparity is attributable to the differences in facility and aggregate resident characteristics. Rural nursing homes have higher contracture rates than urban nursing homes. About half of the urban-rural disparity is explained by differences in observable characteristics among urban and rural nursing homes. Differences in staffing levels explain less than 5 percent of the disparity, case-mix explains 6-8 percent, and structure and operational characteristics account for 10-22 percent of the disparity. While a lower level and quality of staffing are a concern for rural nursing homes, facility structure and funding sources explain a larger proportion of the urban-rural disparity in the quality of care. © Health Research and Educational Trust.

Malnutrition and Mortality Patterns among Internally Displaced and Non-Displaced Population Living in a Camp, a Village or a Town in Eastern Chad

PubMed Central

Guerrier, Gilles; Zounoun, Malaïka; Delarosa, Olimpia; Defourny, Isabelle; Lacharite, Michelo; Brown, Vincent; Pedalino, Biagio

2009-01-01

Background Certain population groups have been rendered vulnerable in Chad because of displacement of more than 200,000 people over the last three years as a result of mass violence against civilians in the east of the country. The objective of the study was to assess mortality and nutritional patterns among displaced and non-displaced population living in camps, villages and a town in the Ouddaï and Salamat regions of Chad. Methodology Between May and October 2007, two stage, 30-cluster household surveys were conducted among 43,900 internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in camps in Ouaddai region (n = 898 households), among 19,400 non-displaced persons (NDPs) living in 42 villages in Ouaddai region (n = 900 households) and among 17,000 NDPs living in a small town in Salamat region (n = 901 households). Data collection included anthropometric measurements, measles vaccination rates and retrospective mortality. Crude mortality rate (CMR), mortality rate among children younger than 5 years (U5MR), causes of death and the prevalence of wasting (weight-for-height z score <−2) among children aged 6 to 59 months were the main outcome measures. Conclusions The CMR among the 4902 IDPs in Gozbeida camps, 4477 NDPs living in a village and 4073 NDPs living in a town surveyed was 1.8 (95% CI, 1.2–2.8), 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2–0.4), 0.3 (95% CI, 0.2–0.5) per 10,000 per day, respectively. The U5MR in a camp (n = 904), a village (n = 956) and a town (n = 901) was 4.1 (95% CI, 2.1–7.7), 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.9) and 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4–1.4) per 10,000 per day, respectively. Diarrhoea was reported to be the main cause of death. Acute malnutrition rates (according to the WHO definition) among 904 IDP children, 956 NDPs children living in a village, 901 NDP children living in a town aged 6 to 59 months were 20.6% (95% CI, 17.9%–23.3%), 16.4% (95% CI, 14.0%–18.8%) and 10.1% (95% CI, 8.1%–12.2%) respectively. The study found a high mortality rate among IDPs and an elevated prevalence of wasting not only in IDP camps but also in villages located in the same region. The town-dweller population remains at risk of malnutrition. Appropriate contingency plans need to be made to ensure acceptable living standards for these populations. PMID:19956627

Urban Policies and Earthquake Risk Mitigation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarlo, Antonella

2008-07-01

The paper aims at proposing some considerations about some recent experiences of research carried out on the theme of earthquake risk mitigation and combining policies and actions of mitigation with urban development strategies. The objective was to go beyond the classical methodological approach aiming at defining a "technical" evaluation of the earthquake risk through a procedure which can correlate the three "components" of danger, exposure and vulnerability. These researches experiment, in terms of methodology and application, with a new category of interpretation and strategy: the so-called Struttura Urbana Minima (Minimum urban structure). Actually, the introduction of the Struttura Urbana Minima establishes a different approach towards the theme of safety in the field of earthquake risk, since it leads to a wider viewpoint, combining the building aspect of the issue with the purely urban one, involving not only town planning, but also social and managerial implications. In this sense the constituent logic of these researches is strengthened by two fundamental issues: - The social awareness of earthquake; - The inclusion of mitigation policies in the ordinary strategies for town and territory management. Three main aspects of the first point, that is of the "social awareness of earthquake", characterize this issue and demand to be considered within a prevention policy: - The central role of the risk as a social production, - The central role of the local community consent, - The central role of the local community capability to plan Therefore, consent, considered not only as acceptance, but above all as participation in the elaboration and implementation of choices, plays a crucial role in the wider issue of prevention policies. As far as the second point is concerned, the inclusion of preventive mitigation policies in ordinary strategies for the town and territory management demands the identification of criteria of choice and priorities of intervention and, as a consequence, the opportunity to promote an approach to the theme of mitigation policies realized through strategic principles and systemic logics able to shift the problem from the building to the town. The critical aspects of this theme are tied to three main issues: - The sharing of the way of interpreting town planning, - The integration of multiple objectives in one intervention tool, - The measures which can be adopted for an effective prevention policy. The above-mentioned elements have inspired these researches experimented on Calabrian towns. In particular, in this paper the experience carried out on Reggio Calabria is proposed. Its cultural roots derive from the principles and criteria experimented in small Calabrian towns, but it modifies them according to the complexity of the urban settlement, introducing also some experimental concepts and methodological approaches.

40 CFR 81.307 - Connecticut.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Attainment Plymouth Town Middlesex County (part) 1/2/96 Attainment Cromwell Town, Durham Town, E. Hampton.../Attainment Middlesex County (part) All portions except cities and towns in Hartford Area New London County... Middlesex County Nonattainment Serious. New Haven County Nonattainment Serious. New London County...

Study on the natural and humanistic environment of runcheng town

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Huijun, Nie; Jinping, Wang

2018-03-01

Runcheng town is one of the first Chinese characteristic towns to be selected in Shanxi province. It is 38 kilometers from the Jin city and 7 kilometers from Yangcheng County. It’s also an important undertaking place for the project “Industrial Westward Move of Jincheng City” and an important tourist town of Qin Castle Valley. The Runcheng town has a history of thousands of years, with a deep cultural background and unique natural landscape. This paper studies the history and cultural resources and makes a preliminary study on the natural and humanistic environment of the Runcheng town.

[Radon levels in interiors in Valtellina, on the Angera hills and in the high valley of the Cervo river].

PubMed

Facchini, U; Valli, G; Vecchi, R; Dezzuto, C; Lainati, D; Trabucchi, M T; Bonetti, R; Capra, L

1992-10-01

The results are reported of an investigation carried out from 1988 to 1990 in many houses in various sites in Lombardy and Piedmont. Measurements were actually carried out in Valtellina, in Angera--on the Lombard side of lake Maggiore--and in the high valley of the river Cervo, north of Biella. The patterns of radon immission in houses due to buildings materials and also to soil emissions are described. Average values of radon levels were obtained using track-etch detectors, whereas fluctuations were recorded daily with a unit capable of detecting alpha particles in real time. Some of the values obtained in 28 Valtellina towns were quite high--e.g., about 1,000 Bq/m3 in towns along the Insubrica fault. The area around Bormio and the Masino valley did not exhibit high radioactivity levels. A total number of nearly 100 houses were investigated in Angera; the highest radon concentrations were observed in cellars and especially in the areas where fractures are bigger and more diffuse. One particular house was accurately examined with real-time analysis of radon fluctuations. Four small towns in the pluton area were investigated in the valley of the river Cervo. In this instance, values were generally high (mean concentration: 842 Bq/m3); the highest concentrations were found in cellars and in ground-floor rooms.

Perceived descriptive safety-related driving norms within and outside Arab towns and villages in Israel.

PubMed

Baron-Epel, Orna; Obid, Samira; Fertig, Shahar; Gitelman, Victoria

2016-01-01

Involvement in car crashes is higher among Israeli Arabs compared to Jews. This study characterized perceived descriptive driving norms (PDDNs) within and outside Arab towns/villages and estimated their association with involvement in car crashes. Arab drivers (594) living in 19 towns and villages were interviewed in face-to-face interviews. The questionnaire included questions about involvement in car crashes, PDDNs within and outside the towns/villages, attitudes toward traffic safety laws, traffic law violations, and socioeconomic and demographic variables. PDDNs represent individuals' perceptions on how safe other people typically drive. The low scores indicate a low percentage of drivers performing unsafe behaviors (safer driving-related norms). A structural equation modeling analysis was applied to identify factors associated with PDDNs and involvement in car crashes. A large difference was found in PDDNs within and outside the towns/villages. Mostly, the respondents reported higher rates of unsafe PDDNs within the towns/villages (mean = 3.76, SD = 0.63) and lower rates of PDDNs outside the towns/villages (mean = 2.12, SD = 0.60). PDDNs outside the towns/villages were associated with involvement in a car crash (r = -0.12, P <.01), but those within the towns/villages were not. Within the towns/villages, attitudes toward traffic laws and PDDNs were positively associated with traffic law violations (r = 0.56, P <.001; r = 0.11, P <.001 respectively), where traffic law violations were directly associated with involvement in a car crash (r = -0.14, P <.001). Unsafe PDDNs may add directly and indirectly to unsafe driving and involvement in car crashes in Arab Israelis. Because PDDNs outside towns/villages were better, increased law enforcement within towns/villages may improve these norms and decrease involvement in car crashes.

The Macroseismic Intensity Distribution of the 30 October 2016 Earthquake in Central Italy (Mw 6.6): Seismotectonic Implications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Galli, Paolo; Castenetto, Sergio; Peronace, Edoardo

2017-10-01

The central Italy Apennines were rocket in 2016 by the strongest earthquakes of the past 35 years. Two main shocks (Mw 6.2 and Mw 6.6) between the end of August and October caused the death of almost 300 people, and the destruction of 50 villages and small towns scattered along 40 km in the hanging wall of the N165° striking Mount Vettore fault system, that is, the structure responsible for the earthquakes. The 24 August southern earthquake, besides causing all the casualties, razed to the ground the small medieval town of Amatrice and dozens of hamlets around it. The 30 October main shock crushed definitely all the villages of the whole epicentral area (up to 11 intensity degree), extending northward the level of destruction and inducing heavy damage even to the 30 km far Camerino town. The survey of the macroseismic effects started the same day of the first main shock and continued during the whole seismic sequence, even during and after the strong earthquakes at the end of October, allowing the definition of a detailed picture of the damage distribution, day by day. Here we present the results of the final survey in terms of Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg intensity, which account for the cumulative effects of the whole 2016 sequence (465 intensity data points, besides 435 related to the 24 August and 54 to the 26 October events, respectively). The distribution of the highest intensity data points evidenced the lack of any possible overlap between the 2016 earthquakes and the strongest earthquakes of the region, making this sequence a unique case in the seismic history of Italy. In turn, the cross matching with published paleoseismic data provided some interesting insights concerning the seismogenic behavior of the Mount Vettore fault in comparison with other active normal faults of the region.

Twin Town in South Brazil: a Nazi's experiment or a genetic founder effect?

PubMed

Tagliani-Ribeiro, Alice; Oliveira, Mariana; Sassi, Adriana K; Rodrigues, Maira R; Zagonel-Oliveira, Marcelo; Steinman, Gary; Matte, Ursula; Fagundes, Nelson J R; Schuler-Faccini, Lavinia

2011-01-01

Cândido Godói (CG) is a small municipality in South Brazil with approximately 6,000 inhabitants. It is known as the "Twins' Town" due to its high rate of twin births. Recently it was claimed that such high frequency of twinning would be connected to experiments performed by the German Nazi doctor Joseph Mengele. It is known, however, that this town was founded by a small number of families and therefore a genetic founder effect may represent an alternatively explanation for the high twinning prevalence in CG. In this study, we tested specific predictions of the "Nazi's experiment" and of the "founder effect" hypotheses. We surveyed a total of 6,262 baptism records from 1959-2008 in CG catholic churches, and identified 91 twin pairs and one triplet. Contrary to the "Nazi's experiment hypothesis", there is no spurt in twinning between the years (1964-1968) when Mengele allegedly was in CG (P = 0.482). Moreover, there is no temporal trend for a declining rate of twinning since the 1960s (P = 0.351), and no difference in twinning among CG districts considering two different periods: 1927-1958 and 1959-2008 (P = 0.638). On the other hand, the "founder effect hypothesis" is supported by an isonymy analysis that shows that women who gave birth to twins have a higher inbreeding coefficient when compared to women who never had twins (0.0148, 0.0081, respectively, P = 0.019). In summary, our results show no evidence for the "Nazi's experiment hypothesis" and strongly suggest that the "founder effect hypothesis" is a much more likely alternative for explaining the high prevalence of twinning in CG. If this hypothesis is correct, then this community represents a valuable population where genetic factors linked to twinning may be identified.

Solving Guzman's Problem: "An Other" Narrative of "La Gran Familia Puertorriquena" in Judith Ortiz Cofer's "The Line of the Sun"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waldron, John V.

2009-01-01

The first half of Judith Ortiz Cofer's novel "The Line of the Sun" (1989) narrates events that take place in the small fictional town of Salud, Puerto Rico, during the 1940s and 50s. In the second part of the novel, starting with chapter six, the readers see how two characters from the first half, Rafael and Ramona, and their young…

Structural Reform: The Experience of Ten Schools Driving the Development of an All-Age Hard Federation across a Market Town in Northern England

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howland, Gill

2015-01-01

This article provides a narrative which illustrates the experiences of one group of UK schools as they have attempted to introduce innovation in order to achieve their collective vision of improving educational opportunity for all pupils in their care. It considers the findings of a small-scale research project which follows, over a 3-year period,…

The Increasingly Long Road to School in Rural China: The Impacts of Education Network Consolidation on Broadly Defined Schooling Distance in Xinfeng County of Rural China

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhao, Dan; Barakat, Bilal

2015-01-01

In the early 2000s, China's Ministry of Education embarked on a program of school mapping restructure (SMR) that involved closing small rural schools and opening up larger centralized schools in towns and county seats.The stated aim of the policy was to improve educational resources and raise the human capital of rural students. Any progress that…

Use of fire spread and hydrology models to target forest management on a municipal watershed

Treesearch

Anurag Srivastava; William J. Elliot; Joan Wu

2015-01-01

A small town relies on a forested watershed for its water supply. The forest is at risk for a wildfire. To reduce this risk, some of the watershed will be thinned followed by a prescribed burn. This paper reports on a study to evaluate the impact of such watershed disturbances on water yield. To target management activities, a fire spread model was applied to the...

Interdisciplinary Student/Teacher Materials in Energy, the Environment, and the Economy: 4, Transportation and the City, Grades 8, 9.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Childs, Barbara; And Others

This instructional unit for grades eight and nine tells why and how American small towns declined as a result of the availability and acceptance of automobiles, and it tells of the growth of suburbs and their effect on the city. The learning activities also relate the story of the demand for cars and explain the drain on the cities' sense of…

Life in Challenge Mills, Yuba County, California, 1875–1915, with emphasis on its people, homes, and businesses

Treesearch

Philip M. McDonald; Lona F. Lahore

2013-01-01

A shout of gold, the groan of oxen, the whoosh of lumber down a flume, the shriek of a locomotive whistle, the laughter of children, and the distress of unemployment— all portray the people and their activities in and around Challenge Mills, a small lumber-mill town in the foothills of the northern Sierra Nevada. This report is about the people of...

Bigger Is Not Always Better: Bardstown, Kentucky. Rural Research Report. Volume 22, Issue 3, Spring 2011

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Huston, Kim

2011-01-01

Since we were young, we have been raised to believe that "bigger is better" and that the big city is the place you have to go to live an exciting life and have a successful career. Far too many individuals believe that small and rural towns are not the places for opportunity but that they are places to live for those who have no…

Never a Yellow Bird, Always a Blue Bird: Ethnodrama of a Latina Learner's Educational Experiences in 1950-60s South Texas

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gillen, Norman; Bhattacharya, Kakali

2013-01-01

This article is a response to calls for more first-person accounts from researchers using narrative formats to interpret data. The authors examine the practice of ethnodrama as a means of exploring and analyzing the experiences of a Latina public-school student in a small South Texas coastal town during the 1950s and 1960s as she attempted to…

How Did an Antismoking Campaign with a Neuro Linguistic Program Work out? A Case Study of Secondary School Students' Experiences in One Finnish School

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sahi, Salme; Maatta, Kaarina

2013-01-01

This article describes the use of a Neuro Linguistic Program (NLP) in an antismoking campaign and studies how successful this campaign was according to secondary school students. This campaign was carried out in a small town in northern Finland as an intensive three-day-long campaign. The data consisted of the essays and interviews of those…

A Mixed Methods Study of Shared Leadership in a K-12 School District Enhanced by a Case Study of the Former Superintendent's Role

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Ronald

2008-01-01

The purpose of this mixed methods study was to identify what practical applications of shared leadership have been applied and which initiatives will further the building of trust and vision in a small town school district in an eastern region of a western state. A quantitative assessment survey was conducted in the fall of 2004 by the school…

Medical relief for the 2011 Japan earthquake: a nursing account.

PubMed

Mitani, Satoko; Kako, Mayumi; Mayner, Lidia

2014-03-01

In 2011 the east coast of Japan experienced a massive earthquake which triggered a devastating tsunami destroying many towns and killing over 15 000 people. The work presented in this paper is a personal account that outlines the relief efforts of the Humanitarian Medical Assistance team and describes the efforts to provide medical assistance to evacuees. The towns most affected had a large proportion of older people who were more likely to have chronic conditions and required medication to sustain their health. Since personal property was destroyed in the tsunami many older people were left without medication and also did not remember which type of medication they were taking. Some evacuees had brought a list of their medication with them, this assisted relief teams in obtaining the required medication for these people. The more successful evacuation centers had small numbers of evacuees who were given tasks to administer the center that kept them occupied and active. © 2013 Wiley Publishing Asia Pty Ltd.

Perceived risks of HIV/AIDS and first sexual intercourse among youth in Cape Town, South Africa.

PubMed

Tenkorang, Eric Y; Rajulton, Fernando; Maticka-Tyndale, Eleanor

2009-04-01

The 'Health Belief Model' (HBM) identifies perception of HIV/AIDS risks, recognition of its seriousness, and knowledge about prevention as predictors of safer sexual activity. Using data from the Cape Area Panel Survey (CAPS) and hazard models, this study examines the impact of risk perception, considered the first step in HIV prevention, set within the context of the HBM and socio-economic, familial and school factors, on the timing of first sexual intercourse among youth aged 14-22 in Cape Town, South Africa. Of the HBM components, female youth who perceive their risk as 'very small' and males with higher knowledge, experience their sexual debut later than comparison groups, net of other influences. For both males and females socio-economic and familial factors also influence timing of sexual debut, confirming the need to consider the social embeddedness of this sexual behavior as well as the rational components of decision making when designing prevention programs.

Introductory astronomy course at the University of Cape Town: Probing student perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajpaul, Vinesh; Allie, Saalih; Blyth, Sarah-Louise

2014-12-01

We report on research carried out to improve teaching and student engagement in the introductory astronomy course at the University of Cape Town. This course is taken by a diverse range of students, including many from educationally disadvantaged backgrounds. We describe the development of an instrument, the Introductory Astronomy Questionnaire (IAQ), which we administered as pre- and posttests to students enrolled in the course. The instrument comprised a small number of questions which probed three areas of interest: student motivation and expectations, astronomy content, and worldview. Amongst our findings were that learning gains were made in several conceptual areas, and that students appeared to develop a more nuanced view of the nature of astronomy. There was some evidence that the course had a positive impact on students' worldviews, particularly their attitudes towards science. We also identified a promising predictor of course success that could in the future be used to identify students requiring special teaching intervention.

Radon in Drinking Water and Cancer Mortality: An Ecological Study in Japan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoshinaga, Shinji; Ishikawa, Tetsuo; Tokonami, Shinji; Mizoue, Tetsuya; Narazaki, Yukinori; Mizuno, Shoichi; Akiba, Suminori

2008-08-01

There is limited information on the health effects of radon in drinking water in spite of their potential exposures. We conducted an ecological study in a small town in Japan where the groundwater with high concentrations of radon is supplied as utilities. A total of 607 cancer deaths were ascertained by vital statistics in that town from 1972 to 1997. Standardized mortality ratios on the basis of national rates were 1.01 (95% confidence interval; 0.93-1.09) for all cancers, 1.10 (0.95-1.28) for stomach cancer, 0.88 (0.70-1.10) for lung cancer, and 1.14 (0.87-1.48) for liver cancer. Mortality from liver cancer was significantly higher than that of two surrounding control cities combined, with a relative risk of 1.40 (1.04-1.89) based on Poisson regression analysis. Lack of information on possible confounders including diet, alcohol drinking, smoking and hepatitis virus infection, is the main limitation of the study, which precludes the evaluation of causal associations.

A New Neighborhood Every Fall: Aging in Place in a College Town.

PubMed

Powell, Kathleen H

Older adults who live in residential neighborhoods adjacent to college and university campuses have a unique experience that makes them vulnerable to marginalization and displacement. As these neighborhoods become increasingly dominated by college students living in rental properties, older adults find themselves in the minority in a neighborhood where they have lived for many years. In addition, these neighborhoods are attractive to universities, city governments, and private companies for their development potential, which can result in gentrification. A year-long ethnographic study of a campus-adjacent neighborhood in a small US college town that is home to a medium-sized public university sheds light on the relationships between members of 5 stakeholder groups that have a vested interest in the neighborhood. The study highlights the need for additional research on different types of neighborhoods and their effects on aging in place in addition to outlining social work interventions in campus-adjacent neighborhoods that are designed to enhance these intergenerational spaces.

The interactive impacts of high school gay-straight alliances (GSAs) on college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals: an investigation of high school characteristics.

PubMed

Worthen, Meredith G F

2014-01-01

Although gay-straight alliances (GSAs) are becoming more popular in high schools across the U.S., empirical studies investigating GSAs and their impact are sparse. Utilizing a sample of college students drawn from a large Southern university (N = 805; 78% White; 61% female; average age 22), the current study investigates the ways that the presence of high school GSAs affect college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals and how these relationships may vary by high school GSA location (South vs. non-South), town type (rural/small town, suburban, large city), and high school student population size. Overall, results from the current study show that the presence of a GSA in high school is a robust positive predictor of supportive attitudes toward LGBT individuals, even when considering many control variables. Such results suggest that the presence of GSAs in high schools may have significant positive and potentially long-lasting effects on college students' attitudes toward LGBT individuals.

Determination of Heavy Metals in Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Collected from Different Cultivation Regions

PubMed Central

Fu, Yurong; Lai, Weiyong; Zhang, Junqing

2016-01-01

20 batches of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. were collected from Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Hainan province in China. The contents of heavy metals of As, Hg, Pb, Cd, and Cu were determined and compared. The results indicated that geographical source might be a major factor to influence the contents of heavy metals of arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) in Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. Compared to the criteria of heavy metals, the contents of As, Hg, Pb, and Cd in almost all the samples were in accordance with The Green Trade Standards. The contents of Cu were higher than the criteria for heavy metals except the samples from Changxing town, Qiongzhong county, Maoyang town, Qiongzhong county, Wupo town, Tunchang county, and Nanlv town, Tunchang county, in Hainan province. The best cultivation regions of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. were from Changxing town, Qiongzhong county, Maoyang town, Qiongzhong county, Wupo town, Tunchang county, and Nanlv town, Tunchang county, in Hainan province. This research would provide the scientific basis for quality control and standardization of Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. PMID:27293963

The quest to be "modern": The adoption of electric light, heat, and power technology in small-town America, 1883-1929

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hellrigel, Mary Ann

This dissertation is a social, business, and technological history of electrification in the United States. It examines the origins of the electric utility industry, the development of light, heat and power technology, the marketing of electric service, and the adoption of electricity and domestic appliances in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in two communities: Harrisburg and West Chester, Pennsylvania. Beginning in the 1880s, manufactured gas and electric utilities waged an intense and lengthy battle for the urban energy marketplace. Many villages, small towns and big cities had multiple gas and electric companies, driving technological change as they worked to increase reliability, lower costs, and improve lamps, lighting fixtures, and appliances. Producers as well as consumers grappled with these new sources of energy, looking for profitable and practical ways to incorporate them into everyday life. Gas and utility executives, locked in head-to-head competition, realized that marketing their invisible product was an uncertain process. Utilities redefined the concepts of "tradition" and "modernity" to attract investors and offer appliances and installation in addition to selling energy. Upper and middle class households seeking a modern comfortable home could use gas or electricity (and often both), while working classes made do with kerosene, coal and wood. Mixed technologies, based on consumer preference, access, product availability, price, and service greatly influenced the creation of "modern" America. Initially, Pennsylvania law mandated local energy systems-electricity and gas had to be consumed within the same town. Only in the early twentieth century were these laws amended to permit inter-connections, allowing merger and consolidation of utilities to serve a wider geographic area. By the 1910s, law, technology, and capital made it possible to abandon local central stations. In only a few decades, the industry shifted from locally-owned small scale generation plants to larger regional systems capable of long distance transmission and directed by a cadre of engineering, financial, and managerial experts. In 1928, Harrisburg's electric utility merged into the Pennsylvania Power & Light Company and the next year West Chester's electric and gas companies became part of the Philadelphia Electric Company, marking the beginning of a new era.

CTC Sentinel. Volume 7, Issue 11. November/December 2014

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

Europe and Kurds in Turkey Could Elect Erdogan ,” Policywatch However, there is no shortage of critics of this current status of Turkish- Kurdish...for doubt, and perhaps allaying the conservative remnants of the Turkish deep-state, Erdogan recently stated (in reference to siege of the town of... Erdogan was to allow a select number of members of the Free Syrian Army access to Kobani.12 The YPG were also aided by a small Arab FSA brigade

The Eco-Behavioral Approach to Surveys and Social Accounts for Rural Communities: Exploratory Analyses and Interpretations of Roger G. Barker's Microdata from the Behavior Setting Survey of Midwest, Kansas in 1963-64.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fox, Karl A.

The concept of behavior settings--the environments shaping individual behavior--was originated by Roger Barker in 1950 in connection with his community surveys in a small Kansas town, code-named Midwest. This book seeks to provide rural social scientists with an understanding of Barker's eco-behavioral approach and proposed adaptations of it to…

El Dia de la Independencia, September 16, 1810: El Grito de Dolores (Independence Day, September 16, 1810: The Cry of Dolores).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Oakland Unified School District, CA.

Each year on the eve of September 16, when the President of the Republic of Mexico has rung the church bell that once hung in the belfry at the Church of Our Lady of Sorrows in the small town of Dolores Hidalgo, he has once more proclaimed Independence Day. When Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla rang that same bell on September 16, 1810, he rang it…

Access to Recreational Physical Activities by Car and Bus: An Assessment of Socio-Spatial Inequalities in Mainland Scotland

PubMed Central

Ferguson, Neil S.; Lamb, Karen E.; Wang, Yang; Ogilvie, David; Ellaway, Anne

2013-01-01

Obesity and other chronic conditions linked with low levels of physical activity (PA) are associated with deprivation. One reason for this could be that it is more difficult for low-income groups to access recreational PA facilities such as swimming pools and sports centres than high-income groups. In this paper, we explore the distribution of access to PA facilities by car and bus across mainland Scotland by income deprivation at datazone level. GIS car and bus networks were created to determine the number of PA facilities accessible within travel times of 10, 20 and 30 minutes. Multilevel negative binomial regression models were then used to investigate the distribution of the number of accessible facilities, adjusting for datazone population size and local authority. Access to PA facilities by car was significantly (p<0.01) higher for the most affluent quintile of area-based income deprivation than for most other quintiles in small towns and all other quintiles in rural areas. Accessibility by bus was significantly lower for the most affluent quintile than for other quintiles in urban areas and small towns, but not in rural areas. Overall, we found that the most disadvantaged groups were those without access to a car and living in the most affluent areas or in rural areas. PMID:23409012

Rural Disparities in the Distribution of Policies that Support Healthy Eating in US Secondary Schools

PubMed Central

Nanney, Marilyn S.; Davey, Cynthia S.; Kubik, Martha Y.

2017-01-01

The distribution of food and nutrition policies and practices from 28 US states representing 6,732 secondary schools was evaluated using data from the 2008 School Health Profiles principal survey. School policies and practices evaluated were: availability of low-nutrient, energy-dense (LNED) snacks/drinks; use of healthy eating strategies; banning food marketing; availability of fruits and vegetables; and food package sizes. For each school, school-level demographic characteristics (percentage of students enrolled in free/reduced-price meals, minority enrollment, and geographic location) were also evaluated. Schools in small town/rural locations had significantly fewer policies that support healthy eating strategies and ban food marketing, and were less likely to serve fruits and vegetables at school celebrations, have fruits and vegetables available in vending or school stores, and limit serving-size packages. Schools serving the highest percentage of minority students consistently reported the same or better school food environments. However, schools serving the highest percentage of low-income students had varied results: vending and LNED vending policies were consistently better and fruit and vegetable availability–related policies were consistently worse. Disparities in the distribution of policies and practices that promote healthy school food environments seem most pronounced in small town/rural schools. The data also support the need for continued reinforcement and the potential for expansion of these efforts in urban and suburban areas and schools with highest minority enrollment. PMID:23885703

Are students prone to depression and suicidal thoughts? Assessment of the risk of depression in university students from rural and urban areas.

PubMed

Mojs, Ewa; Warchoł-Biedermann, Katarzyna; Głowacka, Maria Danuta; Strzelecki, Wojciech; Ziemska, Beata; Marcinkowski, Jerzy T

2012-01-01

Depressive disorders in adolescents and young adults may have serious developmental and functional consequences, such as academic failure or persistent psychosocial problems. University students are affected by specific agents which may play a role in the onset of depression. The problem of student depression is particularly important in Poland because of a recent increase in student numbers, therefore, the aim of the presented study was to evaluate the prevalence of the risk of depression and suicidal thoughts among university students in Poznan, Poland, and to analyze the role of gender, current living arrangements, background (rural/small town or urban permanent place of residence), and reported financial status. 1,065 respondent students, mean age 21.1 years, 72% of whom were females, anonymously answered a questionnaire on the risk of depression (Kutcher's KADS) and a demographics survey. The obtained data were then analyzed statistically with the SPSS programme. 6.1 subjects were at risk of depression while 1.6 % of them had suicidal thoughts. Among analyzed determinants, perceived financial status and student's background (permanent place of residence) were found to have a statistically significant influence on the risk of depression. Students with rural/small town background and/or lower rather than good reported financial status are more likely to become depressed.

A sense of place: rural training at a regional medical school campus.

PubMed

Crump, William J; Barnett, Darel; Fricker, Steve

2004-01-01

Traditionally, rural students experience urban disruption during the many years of education and training in urban environments before choosing a practice site. Regional rural campuses that allow students to live and work in small towns during the last 2 years of medical school are one strategy to address this issue. To report the results of the first 10 years of a rural campus in western Kentucky, including response to difficulties filling openings for third- and fourth-year medical students at the campus. A survey was sent to all 76 students who had shown interest in the rural campus, asking them to prioritize the important issues in their campus choice. Students not choosing the rural campus placed a higher priority on large-city amenities, better opportunities for their spouse, and proximity to family in eastern and central Kentucky. Students who chose the rural campus placed a higher priority on one-on-one clinical training and interest in small town life. For the rural clinical campus to reach its potential, more rural students from the western part of the state must be admitted to medical school and then choose this campus. Strategies to reinforce the sense of place among rural students focus on experiential programs in rural areas. Initial results suggest that medical educators should consider geography more carefully when designing approaches to address physician maldistribution.

Geographical Areas and Plant Facilities for Educational Purposes in Vermont.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunham, Paul C.

School districts in Vermont are organized generally along town boundary lines with no clear distinction between town and school governmental units. State financial distributions are usually made to the town, and taxes are billed and collected by the town. There is a need for school district reorganization in terms of larger unified or 12-grade…

An Experimental Investigation of News Source and the Hostile Media Effect.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arpan, Laura M.; Raney, Arthur A.

2003-01-01

Examines the interaction among different news sources, individual levels of partisanship, and the hostile media effect in sports news. Explains that university students read a balanced story about their home-town college football team in one of three newspapers: the home-town, the cross-state rival university's town, or a neutral town paper.…

75 FR 58411 - Medicare Program; Town Hall Meeting on the Physician Compare Web Site, October 27, 2010

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-24

...] Medicare Program; Town Hall Meeting on the Physician Compare Web Site, October 27, 2010 AGENCY: Centers for... establish a Physician Compare Web site by January 1, 2011. This notice announces a Town Hall meeting to discuss the Physician Compare Web site. The purpose of this Town Hall meeting is to solicit input from...

Assessment of arsenic concentrations in domestic well water, by town, in Maine 2005-09

USGS Publications Warehouse

Nielsen, M.G.; Lombard, P.J.; Schalk, L.F.

2010-01-01

Prior studies have established that approximately 10 percent of domestic wells in Maine have arsenic levels greater than the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant limit (10 micrograms per liter (ug/L)). Of even greater concern are multiple discoveries of wells with very high arsenic levels (> 500 ug/L) in several areas of the State. A study was initiated to assist the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (ME-CDC) in developing a better understanding of the statewide spatial occurrence of wells with elevated arsenic levels at the individual town level, identify areas of the State that should be targeted for increased efforts to promote well-water testing, and generate data for potential use in predicting areas of the State likely to have very high levels of arsenic. The State's Health and Environmental and Testing Laboratory (HETL) annually analyzes samples from thousands of domestic wells for arsenic. Results of arsenic analyses of domestic well water submitted to the HETL from 2005 to 2009 were screened and organized, by town, in order to summarize the results for all towns with samples submitted to the HETL. In order to preserve the privacy of well owners, the screening and organization of samples was conducted in the offices of the ME-CDC, following applicable Maine and United States laws, rules, and privacy policies. After screening, the database contained samples from 531 towns in Maine and from 11,111 individual wells. Of those towns, 385 had samples from 5 or more individual wells, 174 towns had samples from 20 or more individual wells, and 49 towns had samples from 60 or more wells. These samples, because they were submitted by homeowners and were not part of a random sample, may not be representative of all wells in a given area. The minimum, maximum, and median arsenic values for the towns with five or more samples were calculated, and the maximum and median values were mapped for the State. The percentages of samples exceeding 10, 50, 100, and 500 ug/L were calculated for the 174 towns with 20 or more sampled wells, and statewide maps were prepared for each of these categories. More than 25 percent of the sampled wells in 44 towns exceeded 10 ug/L. Many fewer towns had wells with samples that exceeded the 50, 100, or 500 ug/L categories. For 19 towns, more than 10 percent of the sampled wells had arsenic concentrations that exceeded 50 ug/L, and in 45 towns, 1 percent or more exceeded 100 ug/L. Of these, Surry in Hancock County had 120 wells tested, and 23 percent of those wells had arsenic concentrations that exceeded 100 ug/L, which is a much higher rate than for other towns. In only four towns (Danforth in Washington County, Surry and Blue Hill in Hancock County, and Woolwich in Sagadahoc County), 1 percent or more of the sampled wells had arsenic concentrations greater than 500 ug/L during 2005-09. The distribution of high arsenic concentrations in wells follows some geographic patterns, which are generally geologically controlled. There are clusters or belts of towns with high arsenic concentrations (> 50 ug/L), such as in southern coastal areas, the Kennebec County area, and towns along the central coastal part of Maine. In contrast, there are areas of the State with low arsenic concentrations, such as the northernmost towns, as well as towns in the western and west-central areas. There appear to be three distinct large-scale areas of high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater-one in southern coastal areas, one in central Kennebec County, and one in the town of Ellsworth (Hancock County) and the surrounding areas. In addition, several smaller clusters of isolated high concentrations of arsenic in groundwater exist. Earlier testing has identified other clusters of very high arsenic concentrations in groundwater in the towns of Northport, Buxton/Hollis, and Waldoboro, but those samples were collected before 2005 and did not factor in this analysis.

Data on microscale atmospheric pollution of Bolshoy Kamen town (Primorsky region, Russia)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kholodov, Aleksei; Ugay, Sergey; Drozd, Vladimir; Maiss, Natalia; Golokhvast, Kirill

2017-10-01

The paper discusses the study of atmospheric particulate matter of Bolshoy Kamen town by means of laser granulometry of snow water samples. Snow sampling points were selected close to major enterprises, along the main streets and roads of the town and in the residential area. The near-ground layer of atmospheric air of the town contains particulate matter of three main size classes: under 10 microns, 10-50 microns and over 700 microns. It is shown that the atmosphere of this town is lightly polluted with particles under 10 μm (PM10). Only in 5 sampling points out of 11 we found microparticles potentially hazardous to human health in significant quantities - from 16.2% to 34.6%. On the most territory of the town large particles (over 400 μm) dominate reaching 79.2%. We can conclude that judging by the particle size analysis of snow water samples Bolshoy Kamen town can be considered safe in terms of presence of particles under 10 μm (PM10) in the atmosphere.

Age at menarche: the influence of environmental conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saar, E.; Shalev, C.; Dalal, I.; Sod-Moriah, U. A.

1988-03-01

Age at menarche was studied by the recollection method in two groups of Causasian Jewish high school girls, inhabitants of two towns in Israel, Safad and Elat. The two towns differ mainly in climatic conditions. The age at menarche was found to be significantly lower ( P<0.02) in the hot town of Elat than in the temperate town of Safad: 13.30±1.21 and 13.58±0.9 years, respectively (mean ±SD). A significant association was found between the age at menarche and the town in which the girls lived. Accordingly, in the hot town of Elat, the percentage of girls who had their first menstrual cycle by the age of 12 years and earlier, was more than double that of the girls in Safad (17.9% and 7.1%, respectively). It is concluded that the environmental temperature, with or without any possible interaction of humidity, is probably responsible for the tendency for an earlier onset of menarche in girls living in the hot town of Elat.

Developmental trajectories of substance use from early to late adolescence: a comparison of rural and urban youth.

PubMed

Martino, Steven C; Ellickson, Phyllis L; McCaffrey, Daniel F

2008-05-01

This study investigated differences in the development of heavy drinking and marijuana use among students in urban and rural areas and assessed whether any such differences can be accounted for by locality differences in racial/ethnic makeup, social disorganization/low social bonding, feelings of despondency and escapism, and the availability of drugs. Drawn from 62 South Dakota middle schools involved in a drug prevention field trial, participating students were assigned to a locality category based on the location of their seventh-grade school. Schools in metropolitan areas were distinguished from schools in nonmetropolitan areas. Schools in nonmetropolitan areas were further distinguished into those in micropolitan (medium and large towns) and noncore (rural areas without towns and with small towns) areas. We used latent growth curve analysis to model the influence of locality on the development of heavy drinking and marijuana use from ages 13 to 19 and to determine whether differences in development across locality were attributable to location-based differences in race/ethnicity, social disorganization/bonding, feelings of despondency and escapism, and alcohol and marijuana availability. Heavy drinking increased at a faster rate among youth living in micropolitan areas compared with youth living in metropolitan areas. Marijuana use increased at a faster rate among youth living in metropolitan and micropolitan areas compared with youth living in noncore areas. Differences in the rate of change in heavy drinking were attributable to differences in the racial/ethnic composition of metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Differences in the rate of change in marijuana use were attributable to differences in residential instability and marijuana availability. This study underscores the diversity of drug use within rural communities, suggesting that living in a very rural area is protective against some forms of drug use but that living in a rural area that includes a medium or large town is not.

Developmental Trajectories of Substance Use From Early to Late Adolescence: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Youth*

PubMed Central

MARTINO, STEVEN C.; ELLICKSON, PHYLLIS L.; McCAFFREY, DANIEL F.

2013-01-01

Objective This study investigated differences in the development of heavy drinking and marijuana use among students in urban and rural areas and assessed whether any such differences can be accounted for by locality differences in racial/ethnic makeup, social disorganization/low social bonding, feelings of despondency and escapism, and the availability of drugs. Method Drawn from 62 South Dakota middle schools involved in a drug prevention field trial, participating students were assigned to a locality category based on the location of their seventh-grade school. Schools in metropolitan areas were distinguished from schools in nonmetropolitan areas. Schools in nonmetropolitan areas were further distinguished into those in micropolitan (medium and large towns) and noncore (rural areas without towns and with small towns) areas. We used latent growth curve analysis to model the influence of locality on the development of heavy drinking and marijuana use from ages 13 to 19 and to determine whether differences in development across locality were attributable to location-based differences in race/ethnicity, social disorganization/bonding, feelings of despondency and escapism, and alcohol and marijuana availability. Results Heavy drinking increased at a faster rate among youth living in micropolitan areas compared with youth living in metropolitan areas. Marijuana use increased at a faster rate among youth living in metropolitan and micropolitan areas compared with youth living in noncore areas. Differences in the rate of change in heavy drinking were attributable to differences in the racial/ethnic composition of metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Differences in the rate of change in marijuana use were attributable to differences in residential instability and marijuana availability. Conclusions This study underscores the diversity of drug use within rural communities, suggesting that living in a very rural area is protective against some forms of drug use but that living in a rural area that includes a medium or large town is not. PMID:18432386

Estimation of water withdrawal and distribution, water use, and wastewater collection and return flow in Cumberland, Rhode Island, 1988

USGS Publications Warehouse

Horn, M.A.; Craft, P.A.; Bratton, Lisa

1994-01-01

Water-use data collected in Rhode Island by different State agencies or maintained by different public suppliers and wastewater- treatment facilities need to be integrated if these data are to be used in making water- resource management decisions. Water-use data for the town of Cumberland, a small area in northeastern Rhode Island, were compiled and integrated to provide an example of how the procedure could be applied. Integration and reliability assessment of water-use data could be facilitated if public suppliers, wastewater- treatment facilities, and State agencies used a number of standardized procedures for data collection and computer storage. The total surface water and ground water withdrawn in the town of Cumberland during 1988 is estimated to be 15.39 million gallons per day, of which 11.20 million gallons per day was exported to other towns. Water use in Cumberland included 2.51 million gallons per day for domestic use, 0.68 million gallons per day for industrial use, 0.27 million gallons per day for commercial use, and 0.73 million gallons per day for other use, most of which were unmetered use. Disposal of waste- water in Cumberland included 2.03 million gallons per day returned to the hydrologic system and 1.73 million gallons per day exported from Cumberland for wastewater treatment. Consumptive use during 1988 is estimated to be 0.43 million gallons per day.

Availability and costs of single cigarettes in Guatemala.

PubMed

de Ojeda, Ana; Barnoya, Joaquin; Thrasher, James F

2013-01-01

Single-cigarette sales have been associated with increased cigarette accessibility to less educated, lower-income populations, and minors; lower immediate cost, and increased smoking cues. Since 1997, Guatemalan Law bans the sale of single cigarettes and packs with fewer than 20 cigarettes. In 2005, Guatemala ratified the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC); it is therefore obliged to "prohibit sale of cigarettes individually or in small packets." Blocks were numbered and randomly selected in Guatemala City and 3 neighboring towns. All stores in each block were surveyed. Single-cigarette and fewer than 20-cigarette pack sales were assessed by observation and purchase attempts. Cigarette brands and manufacturers (Philip Morris, PM or British American Tobacco, BAT) were also recorded. Percentages and means were used to describe data. Analyses were done using STATA 11.0. Of 398 stores and street vendors surveyed, 75.6% (301) sold cigarettes. Of these, 91% (275) sold single cigarettes and none sold fewer than 20-cigarette packs. Only informal economic sectors sold singles. There was no difference on sales between Guatemala City and neighboring towns and by store type. Buying 20 single cigarettes was US$ 0.83 more expensive than buying a 20-cigarette pack. The most prevalent brands were Rubios (PM), Marlboro (PM), Payasos (BAT), and After Hours (BAT). Single-cigarettes sales are highly prevalent among informal economic sectors in Guatemala City and its neighboring towns. Our data should prove useful to advocate for FCTC Article 16 enforcement in Guatemala.

“Coming to Town”: The Impact of Urbanicity, Cigarette Advertising, and Network Norms on the Smoking Attitudes of Black Women in Cape Town, South Africa

PubMed Central

Williams, Chyvette T.; Marks, Amy Seidel

2008-01-01

This study was conducted to examine the effect of urban living on smoking attitudes among black African women in South Africa. We examine how urbanicity affects attitudes toward smoking and how it moderates the relationship between both advertising exposure and network norms on black women’s smoking attitudes. Respondents were 975 black women currently living in Cape Town townships, some of which were raised in rural villages or small towns. Respondents completed a cross-sectional survey, which included data on smoking attitudes, norms, and exposure to cigarette advertising. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed with smoking attitudes as the response variable, and urbanicity, cigarette advertising exposure, and network smoking norms as primary explanatory variables. Interactions were tested to determine whether urbanicity modified the effect of advertising exposure and network norms on smoking attitudes. Independent effects of urbanicity, exposure to cigarette advertising, and greater smoking prevalence within women’s networks were associated with more favorable smoking attitudes. In addition, urbanicity moderated the relationship between network smoking norms and smoking attitudes, but not cigarette advertising exposure and smoking attitudes. Urbanicity, cigarette advertising, and networks play important roles in women’s attitudes toward smoking, and potentially, smoking behavior. Overall, our results suggest that strong and creative anti-smoking efforts are needed to combat the potential for a smoking epidemic among an increasingly urbanized population of black women in South Africa and similar emerging markets. Additional research is warranted. PMID:18563573

Longitudinal changes in the intake of energy and macronutrients of elderly Europeans. SENECA Investigators.

PubMed

Moreiras, O; van Staveren, W A; Amorim Cruz, J A; Carbajal, A; de Henauw, S; Grunenberger, F; Roszkowski, W

1996-07-01

To assess longitudinal changes in intakes of energy and macronutrients in elderly Europeans. Longitudinal study including a dietary assessment in 1988/1989, which was repeated in 1993. Serial data were collected in nine European towns: Belgium: Hamme (H/B); Denmark: Roskilde (R/DK); France: Haguenau (H/F) and Romans (R/F); Italy: Padua (P/I); the Netherlands: Culemborg (C/NL); Portugal: Vila Franca de Xira (V/P); Spain: Betanzos (B/E) and Switzerland: Yverdon (Y/CH). In other centres dietary intake data were collected in 1993 only: Portugal: Coimbra (C/P); Poland: Marki (M/PL); Northern Ireland: Ballymoney-Limavady-Portstewart (BLP/NI/UK) and United States: Mansfield (Connecticut) (M/CT/USA). Using standardized methodologies, data were collected from a random stratified sample of elderly men and women born between 1913 and 1918. In 1993 dietary intake data were collected from 1125 subjects by a modified validated dietary history method. Over the 4-year study period, a decline in mean energy intake of one MJ or less per day was observed in most towns, which was significant (P < 0.01) in only four of the towns. The within- and between-centre variation of change was large. Overall, a slight decline was reported for all macronutrients and with the exception of protein, large within and between centre variations were observed in both men and women. Intake of energy and macronutrients was found to decline with age. This may be of special concern for small eaters.

78 FR 8179 - Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-05

... panels of experts in hydrology, hydraulics, and other pertinent sciences established to review.../dnr/water/7359.htm Town of Medaryville Town Hall, 409 East Main Street, Medaryville, IN 47957. Town of...

Perchloroethylene-contaminated drinking water and the risk of breast cancer: additional results from Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA.

PubMed Central

Aschengrau, Ann; Rogers, Sarah; Ozonoff, David

2003-01-01

In 1998 we published the results of a study suggesting an association between breast cancer and perchloroethylene (PCE; also called tetrachloroethylene) exposure from public drinking water. The present case-control study was undertaken to evaluate this association further. The cases were composed of female residents of eight towns in the Cape Cod region of Massachusetts who had been diagnosed with breast cancer from 1987 through 1993 (n = 672). Controls were composed of demographically similar women from the same towns (n = 616). Women were exposed to PCE when it leached from the vinyl lining of water distribution pipes from the late 1960s through the early 1980s. A relative delivered dose of PCE that entered a home was estimated using an algorithm that took into account residential history, water flow, and pipe characteristics. Small to moderate elevations in risk were seen among women whose exposure levels were above the 75th and 90th percentiles when 0-15 years of latency were considered (adjusted odds ratios, 1.5-1.9 for > 75th percentile, 1.3-2.8 for > 90th percentile). When data from the present and prior studies were combined, small to moderate increases in risk were also seen among women whose exposure levels were above the 75th and 90th percentiles when 0-15 years of latency were considered (adjusted odds ratios, 1.6-1.9 for > 75th percentile, 1.3-1.9 for > 90th percentile). The results of the present study confirm those of the previous one and suggest that women with the highest PCE exposure levels have a small to moderate increased risk of breast cancer. PMID:12573900

Medicine and art: facial palsy depicted in archaic Greek art on Crete.

PubMed

Pirsig, W; Helidonis, E; Velegrakis, G

1995-01-01

A small earthenware statuette was evacuated from the votive-depot of acropolis of Gortys, an ancient town in South-Crete/Greece. This ex-voto is dated approximately 7th to 6th century BC and very probably represents some symptoms of a stroke, especially the left facial palsy and the contracture of the left arm. Since the Minoan time until today, people of Crete have been offering ex-votos to gods or saints to ask for help in specific diseases.

Fort Riley Military Family Survey: Family Decisions to Accompany Soldiers Study

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-30

that I would be in, and not be coddled by my family at home. (Survey Participant) My husband loved the unit. They were cohesive and looked out for...was to finish my schooling. We just love this area! Friendly Community and they used to be very military friendly. But / guess with the shape our...conveniences in with a small town feel, and loved our former church and neighbors, and were looking forward to reconnecting with our fiends here. The position

Proceedings of the DICE THROW Symposium 21-23 June 1977. Volume 2

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-01

structure between 2.7 km and 4.3 km MSL that could cause distant blast focusing. Detailed acoustic ray calculations showed a caustic ring about 10 km...depending on just wheie the focus or caustic wave might strike. Propagation toward Truth or Consequences, MM, shown by Figure 14, was slightly ducted...layer. Thus there probably was no focus or caustic that struck any part of that small town. The recorded signal with 370-Pa amplitude was noisy

China: A Country Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-01

into a nearby town to work in a small factory, open a noodle stand, or set up a machine repair business. Farmers, however, still could not legally...steamed bread and noodles . ler cal)i; cansum)tion has risen, and the demand for wheat flou r has IncTeasc I as inc(oncs have risen. Wheat has been f)v far...1975 state constitution was charac- terized by instant , arbitrary arrest. Impromptu trials were con- ducted either by a police officer on the spot, by a

The Iraqi Ballistic Missile Program: The Gulf War and the Future of the Missile Threat.

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-01

Personal Author: Jones, G.S. Corporate Author Or Publisher: American Institute for Strategic Cooperation, P.O. Box 9844, Marina de Descriptors...have their signif- icant elements distributed over their entire area so that any missile which hits the target area will de - stroy some small part of...Military City (KKMC), but wartime accounts of at least one of these attacks de - scribed damage to the town of Hafr Al Batin. These cities are 70 km

Naval War College Review. Volume 60, Number 3, Summer 2007

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

you a new idea, and in that context it is interesting to think for a moment about the name of this beautiful , small town on the Narragansett Bay. It is...at everyone’s fingertips • Exploding Internet with bloggers , hackers, and chat rooms • Cell-phone cameras and recorders, making everyone a “reporter...simply The Road, and it is notable in every sense, most particularly for the heartbreaking beauty of its poetic language and as well for the utterly

A Comparative Analysis of the Military Leadership Styles of Ernest J. King and Chester W. Nimitz

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-05-01

characteristics will provide a framework for analyzing and understanding leadership styles. In addition, there are some nuances of leadership in the navy that...grew up and lived in a small or large town or even a city. Children are by their very nature young and impressionable and have an understanding that...Eternal Father, strong to save, whose arm hath bound by the restless wave.” In addition, at his burial site the following music was played

Measuring the scale of sustainability of new town development based on the assessment of the residents of the native settlement around the new town area of Gading Serpong Tangerang

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ischak, M.; Setioko, B.; Nurgandarum, D.

2018-01-01

The growth trend of Jakarta city as a Metropolitan city nowadays is the construction of large-scale planned settlement that is often referred to as a new town and is carried out by major developers. The process of land tenure and the process of constructing the new town are directly tangent to the original pre-existing settlements and shape the pattern or types of original settlements in the context of their relationship with the new town. This research was intended to measure the scale of sustainability due to land expansion by new town developers and was measured from the side of the original settlers who still exist. The research method used was descriptive explorative that is by formulating sustainability criteria that match best with research context and using the criteria as a tool to measure the sustainability level of new city development at research site that is new town of Gading Serpong Tangerang. The research concludes that despite the apparent displacement and restriction of original settlement’ lands, it indicates, overall, that new town development meets sustainability criteria when viewed from the residents of three types of the original settlements.

Hong Kong New Town Sustainability Analysis from the Perspective of Low-Carbon Eco-City—Taking Tseung Kwan O New Town as an Example

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Siqi; Huang, Guanqi

2018-01-01

Recent years, people have paid more attentions to environmental issues involving air pollution, urban heat island effect and accessibility of green space. Hong Kong is a representative high-density city. The mission of Hong Kong New Town Development is to scatter the densely urban centre population and to improve living quality. Based on the ArcGIS and CFD scientific simulation, this paper focus on the sustainability analysis of Hong Kong new town from the view of Low-Carbon Eco-City, taking Tseung Kwan O new town as the research object.

Picher, Oklahoma

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-05-30

NASA Terra spacecraft acquired this image of Picher, Oklahoma which once boasted 20,000 people in this mining town in northeast Oklahoma. Now, after a 2009 tornado, and a federal cleanup program, the town is a modern-day ghost town.

Teaching Our Town in Our Town

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haberling, Jennifer A.; White, Brian

2004-01-01

Teachers from a high school and university collaborated to analyze the obstacles students encountered while understanding the theatre play "Our Town". A description on the activities undertaken to help students approach and appreciate the play is presented.

Some problems of Maryland towns as seen by their mayors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peake, H. J.

1978-01-01

Conversations were held with the mayors of six Maryland towns to discuss possible models and needs for technology transfer. An unexpected outcome of the discussions was a considerable insight into local problems as perceived by the mayors. Problems, whether administrative, socio-economic, or technological, are different, from town to town, in degree, not in kind. Recognition of this feature of local priorities is vital to any considerations of external assistance.

Preliminary investigation of some large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, China

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wang, F.; Cheng, Q.; Highland, L.; Miyajima, M.; Wang, Hongfang; Yan, C.

2009-01-01

The M s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake or "Great Sichuan Earthquake" occurred at 14:28 p.m. local time on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Damage by earthquake-induced landslides was an important part of the total earthquake damage. This report presents preliminary observations on the Hongyan Resort slide located southwest of the main epicenter, shallow mountain surface failures in Xuankou village of Yingxiu Town, the Jiufengchun slide near Longmenshan Town, the Hongsong Hydro-power Station slide near Hongbai Town, the Xiaojiaqiao slide in Chaping Town, two landslides in Beichuan County-town which destroyed a large part of the town, and the Donghekou and Shibangou slides in Qingchuan County which formed the second biggest landslide lake formed in this earthquake. The influences of seismic, topographic, geologic, and hydro-geologic conditions are discussed. ?? 2009 Springer-Verlag.

Case Studies of Two American Towns That Have Recently Developed Geotourism Venues: A Comparison of Steps Taken in Geoscience Education Program Development

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wandersee, J. H.; Clary, R. M.

2005-12-01

In June, 2003, CNN reported that there were three US public fossil parks (in OH, NY, and IA) that embraced educational missions and allowed the public to collect and actually keep the fossils they found. The new parks moved beyond exhibiting fossils to allowing the park visitor to have a direct, tangible, and authentic geobiological field experience, typically culminating in the visitor's identification and ownership of a small number of personally collected fossils. Our site-based, qualitative, comparative geoscience educational analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the first three parks was presented at the 2004 International Geological Congress. We subsequently developed a fossil park design model for others contemplating the establishment or instructional use of such parks. Today there are five specially developed, public fossil parks in the US. All are owned and operated by city or county governments, or by non-profit organizations. Each considers its primary mission to be advancing geoscience education. In the current investigation, we conducted on-site, multiple case study research on the two newest US fossil parks. Both are located in small towns: Trammel Fossil Park in Sharonville, Ohio (population 13,000), and Fossil Beds Park in Fossil, Oregon (population 430). The former site is Ordovician in age, with four fossiliferous marine formations. The latter is an Oligocene lake bed and contains approximately 35 species of identified plant fossils. Our focus in both case studies was on identifying the steps of successful fossil park development that lead to a sound informal geoscience education program, based on principles of active, meaningful, and mindful learning (Langer, 1998; Michael and Modell, 2003; Mintzes, Wandersee, and Novak, 2000). We found that each town had developed a collaborative, community-driven, pedagogically innovative, field-based geotourism venue. Each was noteworthy in specific ways for its geoscience education potential as an outdoor teaching laboratory. We report on the results of actual fossil collecting and interpretation at each site, evaluating the opportunities we found to discover common fossils and to learn geobiology in the field. Our study's findings outline the steps of educational program development and support underlying each park. While one utilizes a very effective interpretive signage system that aims to be self-teaching, the other employs a helpful on-site geological interpreter. In one, following the collapse of the timber industry, the town's entire economic recovery plan is now predicated on geotourism and geoscience education activities centered around its fossil park. In the other, the fossil park has become the enticing geoscience jewel of the town's park system. We think the two different fossil park program development approaches we have elucidated (e.g., Wheeler County Oregon's Paleo Project and Sharonville's university-city-local developer collaboration) could be replicated at other appropriate fossil sites. We also correlated our findings with the new National Research Council study, America's Lab Report (2005), to show that fossil parks can offer scientific experiences to the public that contribute to the nation's scientific literacy.

The injury epidemiology of cyclists based on a road trauma registry.

PubMed

Amoros, Emmanuelle; Chiron, Mireille; Thélot, Bertrand; Laumon, Bernard

2011-08-17

Bicycle use has increased in some of France's major cities, mainly as a means of transport. Bicycle crashes need to be studied, preferably by type of cycling. Here we conduct a descriptive analysis. A road trauma registry has been in use in France since 1996, in a large county around Lyon (the Rhône, population 1.6 million). It covers outpatients, inpatients and fatalities. All injuries are coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Proxies were used to identify three types of cycling: learning = children (0-10 years old); sports cycling = teenagers and adults injured outside towns; cycling as means of transport = teenagers and adults injured in towns. The study is based on 13,684 cyclist casualties (1996-2008). The percentage of cyclists injured in a collision with a motor vehicle was 8% among children, 17% among teenagers and adults injured outside towns, and 31% among those injured in towns. The percentage of serious casualties (MAIS 3+) was 4.5% among children, 10.9% among adults injured outside towns and 7.2% among those injured in towns. Collisions with motor-vehicles lead to more internal injuries than bicycle-only crashes. The description indicates that cyclist type is associated with different crash and injury patterns. In particular, cyclists injured in towns (where cycling is increasing) are generally less severely injured than those injured outside towns for both types of crash (bicycle-only crashes and collisions with a motor vehicle). This is probably due to lower speeds in towns, for both cyclists and motor vehicles.

An experimental study of a change from over-the-counter to self-service sales of alcoholic beverages in monopoly outlets.

PubMed

Skog, O J

2000-01-01

To evaluate if a change from over-the-counter to self-service sales of alcoholic beverages in monopoly outlets has an impact on the sales volume. Fourteen Swedish towns were selected, each having only one state-run monopoly shop selling alcoholic beverages. Seven pairs were formed by matching towns in terms of demographic and economic criteria, and according to sales of alcoholic beverages. Within each pair, one town continued with the traditional over-the-counter sales, while the other switched to self-service sales of beer, wine and spirits. This was decided by randomization. The effect of switching to self-service was evaluated by comparing monthly sales volume of experimental and control towns over an extended period of time. In order to evaluate changes due to transfer of customers from neighboring towns, the sales statistics in these towns were analyzed. In two towns, this transfer was also evaluated with the aid of customer surveys before and after the change. It was found that the change produced an increase in sales volume of 17%. The increase was permanent. Approximately one half of the increase could be explained by an inflow of new customers from neighboring towns. The self-service shops became quite popular among the customers, and sales volume increased substantially. About one half of the increase appears to be due to new customers from neighboring towns. The remaining increase may be due to increased consumption by the local residents. Thus, the results seem to confirm the hypothesis that the physical availability of alcoholic beverages may affect consumption levels.

The injury epidemiology of cyclists based on a road trauma registry

PubMed Central

2011-01-01

Background Bicycle use has increased in some of France's major cities, mainly as a means of transport. Bicycle crashes need to be studied, preferably by type of cycling. Here we conduct a descriptive analysis. Method A road trauma registry has been in use in France since 1996, in a large county around Lyon (the Rhône, population 1.6 million). It covers outpatients, inpatients and fatalities. All injuries are coded using the Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS). Proxies were used to identify three types of cycling: learning = children (0-10 years old); sports cycling = teenagers and adults injured outside towns; cycling as means of transport = teenagers and adults injured in towns. The study is based on 13,684 cyclist casualties (1996-2008). Results The percentage of cyclists injured in a collision with a motor vehicle was 8% among children, 17% among teenagers and adults injured outside towns, and 31% among those injured in towns. The percentage of serious casualties (MAIS 3+) was 4.5% among children, 10.9% among adults injured outside towns and 7.2% among those injured in towns. Collisions with motor-vehicles lead to more internal injuries than bicycle-only crashes. Conclusion The description indicates that cyclist type is associated with different crash and injury patterns. In particular, cyclists injured in towns (where cycling is increasing) are generally less severely injured than those injured outside towns for both types of crash (bicycle-only crashes and collisions with a motor vehicle). This is probably due to lower speeds in towns, for both cyclists and motor vehicles. PMID:21849071

Cape Town, South Africa, Perspective View, Landsat Image over SRTM Elevation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

Cape Town and the Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, appear in the foreground of this perspective view generated from a Landsat satellite image and elevation data from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). The city center is located at Table Bay (at the lower left), adjacent to Table Mountain, a 1,086-meter (3,563-foot) tall sandstone and granite natural landmark.

Cape Town enjoys a Mediterranean climate but must deal with the limited water supply characteristic of that climate. Until the 1890s the city relied upon streams and springs along the base of Table Mountain, then built a small reservoir atop Table Mountain to capture and store rainfall there. Now the needs of a much larger population are met in part by much larger reservoirs such as seen here far inland (mid-distance left) at the Theewaterskloof Dam.

False Bay is the large bay to the south (right) of Cape Town, just around the Cape of Good Hope. It is one of the largest bays along the entire South African coast, but nearby Cape Town has its harbor at Table Bay. False Bay got its name because mariners approaching Cape Town from the east would see the prominent bay and falsely assume it to be the entrance to Cape Town harbor. Similarly, people often mistake the Cape of Good Hope as the southernmost point of Africa. But the southernmost point is actually Cape Agulhas, located just to the southeast (upper right) of this scene.

This Landsat and SRTM perspective view uses a 2-times vertical exaggeration to enhance topographic expression. The back edges of the data sets form a false horizon and a false sky was added. Colors of the scene were enhanced by image processing but are the natural color band combination from the Landsat satellite.

Elevation data used in this image was acquired by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour, launched on February 11, 2000. SRTM used the same radar instrument that comprised the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR) that flew twice on the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1994. SRTM was designed to collect three-dimensional measurements of the Earth's surface. To collect the 3-D data, engineers added a 60-meter-long (200-foot) mast, installed additional C-band and X-band antennas, and improved tracking and navigation devices. The mission is a cooperative project between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), and the German and Italian space agencies. It is managed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., for NASA's Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, D.C.

View Size: 66 kilometers (41 miles) wide by 134 kilometers (83 miles) distance Location: 34.2 degrees South latitude, 18.7 degrees East longitude Orientation: View toward east-southeast Image Data: Landsat Bands 1, 2, 3 in blue, green, red Date Acquired: February 2000 (SRTM), June 13, 2000 (Landsat)

[Genetic diversity and mating system Pinus brutia var. Stankewiczii sukacz. in small localities of Sudak (Crimea)].

PubMed

Korshikov, I I; Kalafat, L A; Milchevskaya, Ya G

2015-01-01

A comparative analysis of genetic variation at 12 polymorphic isozyme loci, and the mating system has been carried out in mature trees and their seed progeny in three small localities of Pinus brutia var. stankewiczii Sukacz. near the town of Sudak--settlement of Novyi Svet in the Crimea. We found that embryos maintain the same allelic diversity as mother plants but their observed heterozygosity is lower on the average by 37.4%. The significant deviation of genotype distribution from the theoretically expected ratios caused by the deficiency of heterozygotes was observed at 8 out of 12 loci. Multilocus estimate of outcrossing rate (t(m)) in populations varied from 68.9 to 94.9% making on the average 80.7%.

The postural stability of children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders during one-leg stance: A feasibility study

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

Background Postural control may be impaired in children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The study assessed the protocol feasibility in terms of (1) recruiting children with FASD in a rural, small town; (2) using the measurement instruments in a real-life setting; (3) the one-leg standing (OLS) task and (4) presenting preliminary results on postural stability of children with and without FASD. Methods Nine-year-old children diagnosed with and without FASD were invited to participate. Twenty-eight children performed OLS. Feasibility outcomes included recruitment, measurement instrument use and task instruction. Postural stability outcomes included standing duration, centre of pressure (COP) and body segment acceleration. Results Participants recruitment was feasible in terms of the (1) ability to sample a reasonable participant number in a rural town setting and the capacity to increase the sample size if more schools are included in the sampling frame and (2) use of assent and consent forms that were appropriate for this population. The measurement instruments were user-friendly, cost-effective and time-efficient. Instructions for the task require amendment to address foot placement of the non-weight–bearing leg. There was a significant difference between cases and controls on mean COP velocity (p = 0.001) and the pelvis segment acceleration in the mediolateral direction (p = 0.01) and the anteroposterior direction (p = 0.027). The control children took longer to achieve postural control. The girls demonstrated a significant difference for the COP anteroposterior displacement (p = 0.008) and velocity (p = 0.049). Conclusions The recruitment of children with and without FASD in a rural, small town and the administration of measurement instruments in a real-life, school-based setting was feasible. However, the verbal instructions for the task require revision. The male control group took longer to achieve postural control because the task was performed differently between the two groups. However, the case girls were slower to achieve postural control than control girls though performing the task similarly. PMID:29707515

Acceptability of residential development in a regional landscape: Potential effects on wildlife occupancy patterns

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bettigole, Charles A.; Donovan, Therese; Manning, Robert; Austin, John; Long, Robert

2014-01-01

The conversion of natural lands to developed uses may pose the single greatest human threat to global terrestrial biodiversity. Continued human growth and development over the next century will further exacerbate these effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Natural resource managers are tasked with managing wildlife as a public trust, yet often have little say in land use decisions. Generally speaking, decision makers could benefit from an understanding of what different regulations mean in terms of wildlife distribution. In a previous paper (Bettigole et al., 2013), we surveyed town residents throughout Vermont to measure how respondents feel about a range of development levels within their town boundaries. We estimated the “social carrying capacity for development” – orSKd – for 251 towns in Vermont. SKd provides an estimate of the level of developed land cover classes that town residents deem “acceptable” within their town boundaries. In this paper, we design a framework for linking the town-specific SKd estimates with the wildlife distribution patterns for three wide-ranging mammalian species: American black bear (Ursus americanus), fisher (Martes pennanti), and bobcat (Lynx rufus). We simulated landscape conditions at SKd for each town in Vermont, and then used existing occupancy models for the three target species to spatially map and compare occupancy rates in the baseline year 2000 with occupancy rates at SKd. With nearly 90% of Vermont towns willing to increase developed landcover classes within town boundaries compared to baseline levels, significant state-wide changes in occupancy rates were predicted for all three focal species. Average occupancy rates declined by −15.9% and −3.1% for black bear and bobcats, respectively. Average occupancy rates for fisher increased by 9.0%. This study provides a method for linking development standards within a town with wildlife occurrence. Across towns, the methodology spatially identifies areas that may be at risk of future development, as well as identifying areas where wildlife distribution patterns may face future change as a result of increased human population growth and development.

The Conversion of Social Capital into Community Development: an intervention in Australia's outback.

PubMed

Onyx, Jenny; Leonard, Rosemary

2010-01-01

The research presented in this article employed a deliberate intervention to mobilize social capital and then studied the dynamics of the way in which it influenced community development. Whether or not social capital is able to facilitate development depends on the specific context in which it occurs. Although the general context of this study was that of small rural towns in Australia's outback that are experiencing decline, each of the four towns studied had unique features which could influence the mobilization of social capital. Rural communities have the willingness and capacity to mobilize but whether this capacity is actualized may well depend on the presence of other mobilizing factors. Specifically the intervention study found that a structure needs to be in place which can take the initiative and work across the community - engaging a range of organizations. Second, the structure needs to be supported, but not controlled, by local government. Third, it needs the kind of social entrepreneurship that can sustain a community-wide vision and bring together the diverse groups within the community.

A community approach to health.

PubMed

Hagland, M

1997-01-01

Improving the health and well-being of a community may seem like a daunting task-particularly when you consider the vast number of factors that can influence the quality of life of a neighborhood or a region. It's not impossible, however, as six widely different communities across the U.S. are discovering. The Accelerating Community Transformation (ACT) project--now underway by The Healthcare Forum through a five-year, $5 million grant from pharmaceutical joint venture Astra Merck Inc.--is an innovative attempt to create real-life learning laboratories in communities as diverse as an inner-city neighborhood on the west side of Chicago; the small southern town of Aiken, S.C.: the semi-desert city of San Bernardino, Calif.; a corner of America's heartland where Missouri, Kansas. Nebraska and Iowa meet; the new town of Celebration, Fla.; and St. Louis, Mo. The goals: to evaluate and accelerate community-wide efforts that result in healthier, more desirable places for people to live, work and play; to build community capacity; and to achieve measurable improved health and quality of life outcomes.

A waterborne outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections and hemolytic uremic syndrome: implications for rural water systems.

PubMed

Olsen, Sonja J; Miller, Gayle; Breuer, Thomas; Kennedy, Malinda; Higgins, Charles; Walford, Jim; McKee, Gary; Fox, Kim; Bibb, William; Mead, Paul

2002-04-01

In the summer of 1998, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections occurred in Alpine, Wyoming. We identified 157 ill persons; stool from 71 (45%) yielded E. coli O157:H7. In two cohort studies, illness was significantly associated with drinking municipal water (town residents: adjusted odds ratio=10.1, 95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.8-56.4; visitors attending family reunion: relative risk=9.0, 95% CI=1.3-63.3). The unchlorinated water supply had microbiologic evidence of fecal organisms and the potential for chronic contamination with surface water. Among persons exposed to water, the attack rate was significantly lower in town residents than in visitors (23% vs. 50%, p<0.01) and decreased with increasing age. The lower attack rate among exposed residents, especially adults, is consistent with the acquisition of partial immunity following long-term exposure. Serologic data, although limited, may support this finding. Contamination of small, unprotected water systems may be an increasing public health risk.

A Waterborne Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Implications for Rural Water Systems1

PubMed Central

Miller, Gayle; Breuer, Thomas; Kennedy, Malinda; Higgins, Charles; Walford, Jim; McKee, Gary; Fox, Kim; Bibb, William; Mead, Paul

2002-01-01

In the summer of 1998, a large outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections occurred in Alpine, Wyoming. We identified 157 ill persons; stool from 71 (45%) yielded E. coli O157:H7. In two cohort studies, illness was significantly associated with drinking municipal water (town residents: adjusted odds ratio=10.1, 95% confidence intervals [CI]=1.8-56.4; visitors attending family reunion: relative risk=9.0, 95% CI=1.3-63.3). The unchlorinated water supply had microbiologic evidence of fecal organisms and the potential for chronic contamination with surface water. Among persons exposed to water, the attack rate was significantly lower in town residents than in visitors (23% vs. 50%, p<0.01) and decreased with increasing age. The lower attack rate among exposed residents, especially adults, is consistent with the acquisition of partial immunity following long-term exposure. Serologic data, although limited, may support this finding. Contamination of small, unprotected water systems may be an increasing public health risk. PMID:11971769

Town Flush with Benefits from New Water System

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

An EPA-funded project to replace the aging and undersized water lines in a Virginia town has transformed the community–providing cost savings, improved water quality and greater public safety, while eliminating leaks that drained half of the town' water.

Rural disparities in the distribution of policies that support healthy eating in US secondary schools.

PubMed

Nanney, Marilyn S; Davey, Cynthia S; Kubik, Martha Y

2013-08-01

The distribution of food and nutrition policies and practices from 28 US states representing 6,732 secondary schools was evaluated using data from the 2008 School Health Profiles principal survey. School policies and practices evaluated were: availability of low-nutrient, energy-dense (LNED) snacks/drinks; use of healthy eating strategies; banning food marketing; availability of fruits and vegetables; and food package sizes. For each school, school-level demographic characteristics (percentage of students enrolled in free/reduced-price meals, minority enrollment, and geographic location) were also evaluated. Schools in small town/rural locations had significantly fewer policies that support healthy eating strategies and ban food marketing, and were less likely to serve fruits and vegetables at school celebrations, have fruits and vegetables available in vending or school stores, and limit serving-size packages. Schools serving the highest percentage of minority students consistently reported the same or better school food environments. However, schools serving the highest percentage of low-income students had varied results: vending and LNED vending policies were consistently better and fruit and vegetable availability-related policies were consistently worse. Disparities in the distribution of policies and practices that promote healthy school food environments seem most pronounced in small town/rural schools. The data also support the need for continued reinforcement and the potential for expansion of these efforts in urban and suburban areas and schools with highest minority enrollment. Copyright © 2013 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Dietary human exposure to mercury in two artisanal small-scale gold mining communities of northwestern Colombia.

PubMed

Salazar-Camacho, Carlos; Salas-Moreno, Manuel; Marrugo-Madrid, Siday; Marrugo-Negrete, José; Díez, Sergi

2017-10-01

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the largest anthropogenic source of mercury pollution worldwide, posing a grave threat to human health. The present study identifies current levels of mercury in the human population from mining areas of the Chocó Department, Colombia, through total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) measurements in human hair. Mercury exposure of the local population was assessed in two towns affected by ASGM and was related to different variables of interest. Concentrations of THg in human hair ranged from 0.06 to 17.54ppm and the mean value for the subjects under study was 2.48ppm. Men had significantly higher levels than women in both towns (3.29ppm vs. 0.77ppm). Fish consumption was related to a marked increase of THg in hair, with mean values close to five times higher in frequent fish consumers (5-7 times/week) than in non-fish consumers (4.80ppm vs. 0.90ppm). A multiple linear regression model was fitted successfully (R=0.671) and reveals that gender, fish consumption and location of residence were significant indicators of Hg levels in hair, while no significant relationship was found for age. Approximately 60% of subjects tested had THg levels that exceeded the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reference dose of 1.0ppm, while 25% surpassed that of the World Health Organization (2.2ppm). Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

General dentist characteristics associated with rural practice location.

PubMed

McKernan, Susan C; Kuthy, Raymond A; Kavand, Golnaz

2013-08-01

To examine whether there is a difference in the likelihood that a general dentist practices in a rural location based on individual characteristics, including dental school attended, birth state, practice arrangement, sex, and age. All private practice, general dentists in Iowa were included in this study. Data were extracted from the year 2010 version of the Iowa Dentist Tracking System, which monitors practice patterns of active dentists. Rurality of primary office location, categorized using Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes, served as the outcome variable. Chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression were used to explain associations between rural practice location and dentist characteristics. Fifteen percent of the state's population resided in isolated small rural towns, but only 8% of general dentists practiced here. Approximately 17% of dentists in isolated small rural towns were age 40 or younger, compared to 32% of dentists in urban areas. Among male dentists, those who were born in Iowa (P = .002) were older (P = .020), and graduated from dental schools other than the University of Iowa (P = .009) were more likely to practice in rural areas than were their counterparts. Conversely, among female dentists, solo practice (P = .016) was the only variable significantly associated with rural practice location. The dentist workforce in rural areas of Iowa is dominated by older males who were born in Iowa. As this generation retires and increasing numbers of women enter the profession, state policy makers and planners will need to monitor changing trends in the rural workforce. © 2013 National Rural Health Association.

Mexican doctors serve rural areas.

PubMed

Grossi, J

1991-02-01

The Mexican Foundation for Family Planning (MEXFAM) worked to solve the unemployment problems of physicians and to increase health services to underserved rural areas. In Mexico, 75% of practicing physicians were located in 16 urban areas. Mexico had a large population of 83 million, of whom many in rural areas have been deprived of family planning and medical services. MEXFAM initiated the Community Doctors Project in 1986. The aim was to help Mexican doctors set up a medical practice in marginal urban towns and small towns with low income residents. Funding to physicians was provided for conducting a market survey of the proposed region and for advertising the new medical services. Loans of furniture and medical supplies were provided, and options were provided for purchase of equipment at a later date. During the promotion, services for maternal and child health care were provided for a small fee, while family planning was provided for free. Doctors usually become self-sufficient after about two years. The MEXFAM project established 170 community doctor's offices in 30 out of 32 states. Services were provided for at least 2500 families per office. In 1990, 13 offices were opened to serve an estimated 182,000 clients. A new effort is being directed to owners of Mexican factories. MEXFAM will set up a medical and family planning clinic very close to factories for a company contribution of only $12,000. The clinic promotion is being marketed through videos. MEXFAM found two companies that agreed to support a clinic.

Interdisciplinary rural immersion week.

PubMed

Deutchman, Mark E; Nearing, Kathryn; Baumgarten, Brenda; Westfall, John M

2012-01-01

Health professions students interested in future rural practice locations spend a week learning about and investigating all aspects of small town personal, professional and community life. This augments the mainly clinical experience provided by clinical rotations they complete as part of their professional academic training program. Students from professional programs in medicine, physician assistant, pharmacy, nursing, public health and psychology travel to a small community, receive an orientation and in small interprofessional groups investigate health care, education, government, law enforcement, public health, economy and natural resources. Participants report that the experience raises their interest in future rural practice, answers questions they have about rural life and enhances their understanding of the issues they must learn more about before making a career location choice. The interdisciplinary rural immersion program provides students with the time, structure and permission to move out of their clinical 'comfort zone' and think about the cultural, economic and environmental aspects of rural life and work.

The impact of deprivation on youth violence: a comparison of cities and their feeder towns.

PubMed

Jones, S J; Sivarajasingam, V; Shepherd, J

2011-06-01

66,000 children and adolescents are treated at emergency departments (EDs) in England and Wales each year for assault injury. The aim of this study was to compare adolescent assault injury rates in cities and towns and determine how assault injury varies with deprivation and gender. The study was set in three cities in Wales, UK, and their surrounding towns. Subjects were 11-17 year olds treated for assault injury at one of seven EDs from 1 October 2005 to 30 September 2006. Area of residence (electoral divisions, EDivs) was identified from patient postcode. EDivs were aggregated into deprivation fifths for males and females and cities and towns. Assault injury rates, rate ratios and 95% CIs were calculated. 1472 children and adolescents of 11-17 years old were treated for assault injury. Male city assault injury rates were 14.2/1000 11-17 year olds; and 13.1 in towns. Female city assault injury rates were 6.0; and 5.6 in towns. In the most deprived city areas males had assault injury rates 2.6 times (95% CI 1.85 to 3.59) that of the most affluent, compared with 2.0 times in towns (95% CI 1.39 to 2.86). For females, the most deprived city areas had assault injury rates 5.3 times that of the most affluent (95% CI 2.93 to 9.41), compared with 2.8 times in towns (95% CI 1.47 to 5.28). Injury in youth violence increased with increasing deprivation in cities and their feeder towns. This was true for boys and girls, though rates for boys were consistently higher. This link between assault injury and deprivation was stronger for girls in cities than in feeder towns. Strategies to prevent youth violence need to include improved safeguarding arrangements for girls living in the most deprived city areas.

No gynecologist in town: the gynecological care of women in rural Taiwan

PubMed Central

Lai, Li-Jung; Chou, Chia-Lin; Su, H Irene; Chen, Tzeng-Ji; Chou, Li-Fang; Chou, Yueh-Ching; Hwang, Shinn-Jang; Yu, Hann-Chin

2015-01-01

Background A shortage of gynecologists exists in many countries. Even within an affluent country, gynecological clinics might not be evenly distributed. The purpose of the study was to investigate the disparity in gynecological care between adult women living in towns with and without gynecologists in Taiwan. Methods Data sources were the cohort datasets of the National Health Insurance Research Database, with claims data of 1 million beneficiaries in 2010. A woman’s residency was operationally inferred from the locations where she had most frequently visited physicians’ clinics or local community hospitals within the year. Results In Taiwan, 145 (39.4%) of 368 towns had no practicing gynecologist. Of 382,167 women with health care use in the datasets, 21,794 (5.7%) lived in towns without a gynecologist. The overwhelming majority of these towns lay in sparsely populated, rural areas. During the year, 132,702 women (34.7%) had sought medical help for gynecological diseases and 113,698 (29.8%) had visited gynecologists for gynecological diseases. Women in towns without a gynecologist were less likely to consult for gynecological diseases (23.8% versus 35.4%; P<0.001) and visit gynecologists (18.7% versus 30.4%; P<0.001) than women in towns with a gynecologist. The disparity existed in each age group. Among 5,189 adult women living in towns without a gynecologist and having gynecological diseases, 78.5% (number [n]=4,074) visited gynecologists out of town, especially for infertility, benign disorders of the uterus and ovaries, gynecological examinations, and contraceptive problems, and by contrast 23.3% (n=1,209) visited nongynecologists in town, most commonly for menopausal disorders, endometriosis and pelvic pain, menstrual disorders and hormonal dysfunction, and genital dysplasia. Conclusion Gynecological care of rural women was adversely affected by the shortage of gynecologists. The consequences of accessibility in underserved areas deserve further investigation. PMID:26251581

Guidelines for Speed Reduction in Towns Along Rural Highways

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-10-01

This report presents the results of the study undertaken to develop a guideline for setting up speed limit in towns along rural highways of Nevada. Generally, speed zones are provided in towns along rural highways to reduce speed-related crashes. How...

77 FR 25495 - Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-30

... Docket No. FEMA-B-1250, to Luis Rodriguez, Chief, Engineering Management Branch, Federal Insurance [email protected] . FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Luis Rodriguez, Chief, Engineering Management... Mechanic Falls Town Office, 108 Lewiston Street, Mechanic Falls, ME 04256. Town of Minot Town Office, 329...

Mystery #2 Answer

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-04-22

... D.   A lakeside town hosts an annual celebration of Celtic music. Answer: B is false Lake Constance provides drinking water for ... lakeside town of   Konstanz, Germany. An annual Celtic music festival is hosted on the Swiss shores of Lake Constance at the town of ...

TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO: Definition and List of Community Land Grants in New Mexico. Exposure Draft

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-01-01

grant would receive individual parcels of land designated for dwelling (solar de casa ) and growing food (suerte). Unlike the common lands, these...Sandoval Casa Colorado (Town of) 1823 Socorro Cebolla (Juan Carlos Santistevan) 1846 Taos Domingo Fernández (Ethan W. Eaton; Pueblo de San Cristóbal...Sevilleta (La Joya) 1819 Socorro Socorro (Town of) 1817 Socorro Tierra Amarilla 1832 Río Arriba Town of Abiquiú 1754 Río Arriba Town of Albuquerque 1706

Relation between local restaurant smoking regulations and attitudes towards the prevalence and social acceptability of smoking: a study of youths and adults who eat out predominantly at restaurants in their town.

PubMed

Albers, A B; Siegel, M; Cheng, D M; Biener, L; Rigotti, N A

2004-12-01

To examine the relation between strength of local restaurant smoking regulations and smoking related social norms among youths and adults. We used generalised estimating equations logistic regression analysis to examine the relation between regulation strength and youths' and adults' perceptions of adult smoking prevalence and the social acceptability of smoking in their town, while controlling for baseline anti-smoking sentiment in the town. Each of the 351 Massachusetts towns were classified as having strong (complete smoking ban), medium (restriction of smoking to enclosed, separately ventilated areas), or weak (all others) restaurant smoking regulations. 1147 Massachusetts youths ages 12-17 years and 2116 adults who reported that they often or always eat out in their own town, drawn from a random digit dial survey. Perceived adult smoking prevalence and perceived social acceptability of smoking in restaurants, in bars, or in general. Compared to youths from towns with weak regulations, youths from towns with strong regulations were more likely to perceive lower adult smoking prevalence (odds ratio (OR) 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 2.84) and social unacceptability of adult smoking (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.08) in their town. Adults from towns with strong regulations were not more likely to perceive lower adult smoking prevalence, but had more than twice the odds of perceiving that smoking was unacceptable in restaurants (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.58 to 3.02) or bars (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.90 to 3.31). Strong local restaurant smoking regulations are associated with favourable smoking related social norms among youths and adults.

Relation between local restaurant smoking regulations and attitudes towards the prevalence and social acceptability of smoking: a study of youths and adults who eat out predominantly at restaurants in their town

PubMed Central

Albers, A; Siegel, M; Cheng, D; Biener, L; Rigotti, N

2004-01-01

Objective: To examine the relation between strength of local restaurant smoking regulations and smoking related social norms among youths and adults. Design: We used generalised estimating equations logistic regression analysis to examine the relation between regulation strength and youths' and adults' perceptions of adult smoking prevalence and the social acceptability of smoking in their town, while controlling for baseline anti-smoking sentiment in the town. Setting: Each of the 351 Massachusetts towns were classified as having strong (complete smoking ban), medium (restriction of smoking to enclosed, separately ventilated areas), or weak (all others) restaurant smoking regulations. Subjects: 1147 Massachusetts youths ages 12–17 years and 2116 adults who reported that they often or always eat out in their own town, drawn from a random digit dial survey. Main outcome measures: Perceived adult smoking prevalence and perceived social acceptability of smoking in restaurants, in bars, or in general. Results: Compared to youths from towns with weak regulations, youths from towns with strong regulations were more likely to perceive lower adult smoking prevalence (odds ratio (OR) 1.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02 to 2.84) and social unacceptability of adult smoking (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.08) in their town. Adults from towns with strong regulations were not more likely to perceive lower adult smoking prevalence, but had more than twice the odds of perceiving that smoking was unacceptable in restaurants (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.58 to 3.02) or bars (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.90 to 3.31). Conclusions: Strong local restaurant smoking regulations are associated with favourable smoking related social norms among youths and adults. PMID:15564617

Going, Going, Gone.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Koepke, Mary

1991-01-01

In one Missouri farming community, school district consolidation threatens the existence of the town's only school and the town itself. The school is the area's largest employer, and it carries the town's history. Though consolidation is not being forced, the financial burden of supporting the school is overwhelming. (SM)

Urban Shanty Town Recognition Based on High-Resolution Remote Sensing Images and National Geographical Monitoring Features - a Case Study of Nanning City

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

He, Y.; He, Y.

2018-04-01

Urban shanty towns are communities that has contiguous old and dilapidated houses with more than 2000 square meters built-up area or more than 50 households. This study makes attempts to extract shanty towns in Nanning City using the product of Census and TripleSat satellite images. With 0.8-meter high-resolution remote sensing images, five texture characteristics (energy, contrast, maximum probability, and inverse difference moment) of shanty towns are trained and analyzed through GLCM. In this study, samples of shanty town are well classified with 98.2 % producer accuracy of unsupervised classification and 73.2 % supervised classification correctness. Low-rise and mid-rise residential blocks in Nanning City are classified into 4 different types by using k-means clustering and nearest neighbour classification respectively. This study initially establish texture feature descriptions of different types of residential areas, especially low-rise and mid-rise buildings, which would help city administrator evaluate residential blocks and reconstruction shanty towns.

78 FR 20341 - Proposed Flood Hazard Determinations

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-04

... sciences established to review conflicting scientific and technical data and provide recommendations for... of Bolton Town Hall, 663 Main Street, Bolton, MA 01740. Town of Boxborough Town Hall, 29 Middle Road... South School Street, Mayville, WI 53050. City of Watertown City Hall, 106 Jones Street, Watertown, WI...