Sample records for small wind certification

  1. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sherwood, Larry

    The Small Wind Certification Council (SWCC) created a successful accredited certification program for small and medium wind turbines using the funding from this grant. SWCC certifies small turbines (200 square meters of swept area or less) to the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard (AWEA Standard 9.1 – 2009). SWCC also certifies medium wind turbines to the International Electrical Commission (IEC) Power Performance Standard (IEC 61400-12-1) and Acoustic Performance Standard (IEC 61400-11).

  2. Robert Preus | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    | 303-384-7284 Robert's expertise is in design and manufacture of small and midsized wind generators certification support for small wind manufacturers. Robert has 28 years of experience in wind energy. He led the section for wind in the National Electrical Code. In 2010, Robert received the Small Wind Advocate award

  3. Tony Jimenez | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    pre-feasibility analysis; wind data analysis; the small wind turbine certification process; economic Regional Test Center effort, analysis of the potential economic impact of large-scale MHK deployment off pre-feasibility analysis. Tony is an engineer officer in the Army Reserve. He has deployed twice

  4. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 36 - Takeoff Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... aircraft noise when the wind speed is in excess of 5 knots (9 km/hr). Sec. G36.107Noise Measurement... OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION Pt. 36, App..., inclusively; (4) Wind speed may not exceed 10 knots (19 km/h) and cross wind may not exceed 5 knots (9 km/h...

  5. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 36 - Takeoff Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... aircraft noise when the wind speed is in excess of 5 knots (9 km/hr). Sec. G36.107Noise Measurement... OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION Pt. 36, App..., inclusively; (4) Wind speed may not exceed 10 knots (19 km/h) and cross wind may not exceed 5 knots (9 km/h...

  6. United States Supports Distributed Wind Technology Improvements; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sinclair, Karin

    2015-06-15

    This presentation provides information on the activities conducted through the Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP), initiated in 2012 by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and executed through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support the distributed wind industry. The CIP provides research and development funding and technical support to improve distributed wind turbine technology and increase the competitiveness of U.S. small and midsize wind turbine manufacturers. Through this project, DOE/NREL assists U.S. manufacturers to lower the levelized cost of energy of wind turbines through component improvements, manufacturing process upgrades, and turbine testing. Ultimately, this support is expected to leadmore » to turbine certification through testing to industry-recognized wind turbine performance and safety standards.« less

  7. 75 FR 27549 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-05-17

    ... Numbers: EG10-33-000. Applicants: Meadow Lake Wind Farm III LLC. Description: Self-Certification of exempt wholesale generator status of Meadow Lake Wind Farm III LLC. Filed Date: 04/20/2010. Accession Number.... Applicants: Meadow Lake Wind Farm IV LLC. Description: Self-Certification of exempt wholesale generator...

  8. 77 FR 20378 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-04

    ... Generator Status of Ensign Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 3/27/12. Accession Number: 20120327-5056. Comments Due: 5... of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Tuscola Bay Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 3/27.... Applicants: Minco Wind III, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator...

  9. 78 FR 61942 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-07

    ... filings: Docket Numbers: EG13-63-000. Applicants: Mountain Wind Power, LLC. Description: Notice Of Self-Certification Of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status Of Mountain Wind Power, LLC. Filed Date: 9/26/13. Accession...: Mountain Wind Power, LLC. Description: Notice Of Self-Certification Of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status Of...

  10. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 36 - Takeoff Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... aircraft noise when the wind speed is in excess of 5 knots (9 km/hr). Sec. G36.107 Noise Measurement... OF TRANSPORTATION AIRCRAFT NOISE STANDARDS: AIRCRAFT TYPE AND AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION Pt. 36, App....201 Corrections to Test Results. G36.203 Validity of results. part d—noise limits G36.301 Aircraft...

  11. Analysis of Near Simultaneous Jimsphere and AMPS High Resolution Wind Profiles

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Adelfang, S. I.

    2003-01-01

    The high-resolution wind profile of the Automated Meteorological Profiling System (HRAMPS) is the proposed replacement for the Jimsphere measurement system used to support NASA Shuttle launches from the Eastern Test Range (ETR). Samples of twenty-six ETR near simultaneous Jimsphere and HRAMPS wind profiles were obtained for Shuttle program HRAMPS certification studies. Shuttle systems engineering certification is to ensure that spacecraft and launch vehicle systems performance and safety evaluations for each launch (derived from flight simulations with Jimsphere wind profile data bases) retain their validity when HRAMPS profiles are used on day-of-launch (DOL) in trajectory and loads simulations to support the commit-to-launch decision. This paper describes a statistical analysis of the near simultaneous profiles. In principle the differences between a Jimsphere profile and an HRAMPS profile should be attributed to tracking technology (radar versus GPS tracking of a Jimsphere flight element) and the method for derivation of wind vectors from the raw tracking data. In reality, it is not technically feasible to track the same Jimsphere balloon with the two systems. The aluminized Mylar surface of the standard Jimsphere flight element facilitates radar tracking, but it interferes with HRAMPS during simultaneous tracking. Suspending a radar reflector from an HRAMPS flight element (Jimsphere without aluminized coating) does not produce satisfactory Jimsphere profiles because of intermittent radar returns. Thus, differences between the Jimsphere and HRAMPS profiles are also attributed to differences in the trajectories of separate flight elements. Because of small sample size and a test period limited to one winter season, test measurements during extreme high winds aloft could not have been expected and did not occur. It is during the highest winds that the largest differences between Jimsphere and HRAMPS would occur because the distance between flight elements would be larger. Jimsphere radar tracking noise increases as a function of balloon displacement downrange. The Jimsphere data processing compensates for tracking signal/noise degradation by increasing the smoothing interval. The Jimsphere wind profile effective resolution is a function of downrange distance and altitude, whereas the effective resolution of the HRAMPS should be independent of those variables. The procedure used for editing Jimsphere spikes in Shuttle DOL profiles was not implemented for the Jimsphere profile measurements during the AMPS field tests. For this analysis a code was developed that essentially mimics DOL Jimsphere spike editing. Jimsphere profiles have somewhat more noise in the wavelength range less than 200m defined as the noise floor. No differences between Jimsphere and HRAMPS wind profile pairs have been found that would support denial of HRAMPS certification for application in Shuttle DOL applications. The reliability of the HRAMPS system, which is an important certification issue, is not addressed in this study.

  12. Use of Smoothed Measured Winds to Predict and Assess Launch Environments

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cordova, Henry S.; Leahy, Frank; Adelfang, Stanley; Roberts, Barry; Starr, Brett; Duffin, Paul; Pueri, Daniel

    2011-01-01

    Since many of the larger launch vehicles are operated near their design limits during the ascent phase of flight to optimize payload to orbit, it often becomes necessary to verify that the vehicle will remain within certification limits during the ascent phase as part of the go/no-go review made prior to launch. This paper describes the approach used to predict Ares I-X launch vehicle structural air loads and controllability prior to launch which represents a distinct departure from the methodology of the Space Shuttle and Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) programs. Protection for uncertainty of key environment and trajectory parameters is added to the nominal assessment of launch capability to ensure that critical launch trajectory variables would be within the integrated vehicle certification envelopes. This process was applied by the launch team as a key element of the launch day go/no-go recommendation. Pre-launch assessments of vehicle launch capability for NASA's Space Shuttle and the EELV heavy lift versions require the use of a high-resolution wind profile measurements, which have relatively small sample size compared with low-resolution profile databases (which include low-resolution balloons and radar wind profilers). The approach described in this paper has the potential to allow the pre-launch assessment team to use larger samples of wind measurements from low-resolution wind profile databases that will improve the accuracy of pre-launch assessments of launch availability with no degradation of mission assurance or launch safety.

  13. Fatigue Test Design: Scenarios for Biaxial Fatigue Testing of a 60-Meter Wind Turbine Blade

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Post, Nathan

    Current practice in commercial certification of wind turbine blades is to perform separate flap and lead-lag fatigue tests. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory has been researching and evaluating biaxial fatigue testing techniques and demonstrating various options, typically on smaller-scale test articles at the National Wind Technology Center. This report evaluates some of these biaxial fatigue options in the context of application to a multimegawatt blade certification test program at the Wind Technology Testing Center in Charlestown, Massachusetts.

  14. Wind Shear/Turbulence Inputs to Flight Simulation and Systems Certification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bowles, Roland L. (Editor); Frost, Walter (Editor)

    1987-01-01

    The purpose of the workshop was to provide a forum for industry, universities, and government to assess current status and likely future requirements for application of flight simulators to aviation safety concerns and system certification issues associated with wind shear and atmospheric turbulence. Research findings presented included characterization of wind shear and turbulence hazards based on modeling efforts and quantitative results obtained from field measurement programs. Future research thrusts needed to maximally exploit flight simulators for aviation safety application involving wind shear and turbulence were identified. The conference contained sessions on: Existing wind shear data and simulator implementation initiatives; Invited papers regarding wind shear and turbulence simulation requirements; and Committee working session reports.

  15. 75 FR 63457 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-15

    ... Company, Wind Capital Holdings, LLC, CR Clearing, LLC, Cow Branch Wind Power LLC, JD WIND 4, LLC, Harvest... Power Marketing, LP, Exelon Energy Company, Cassia Gulch Wind Park, Michigan Wind 1, LLC, Tuana Springs...-000. Applicants: Ashtabula Wind III, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt...

  16. The 2006 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Range Reference Atmosphere Model Validation Study and Sensitivity Analysis to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Space Shuttle

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Decker, Ryan; Burns, Lee; Merry, Carl; Harrington, Brian

    2008-01-01

    NASA's Space Shuttle utilizes atmospheric thermodynamic properties to evaluate structural dynamics and vehicle flight performance impacts by the atmosphere during ascent. Statistical characteristics of atmospheric thermodynamic properties at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) used in Space. Shuttle Vehicle assessments are contained in the Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) Range Reference Atmosphere (RRA) Database. Database contains tabulations for monthly and annual means (mu), standard deviations (sigma) and skewness of wind and thermodynamic variables. Wind, Thermodynamic, Humidity and Hydrostatic parameters 1 km resolution interval from 0-30 km 2 km resolution interval 30-70 km Multiple revisions of the CCAFS RRA database have been developed since initial RRA published in 1963. 1971, 1983, 2006 Space Shuttle program utilized 1983 version for use in deriving "hot" and "cold" atmospheres, atmospheric density dispersions for use in vehicle certification analyses and selection of atmospheric thermodynamic profiles for use in vehicle ascent design and certification analyses. During STS-114 launch preparations in July 2005 atmospheric density observations between 50-80 kft exceeded density limits used for aerodynamic ascent heating constraints in vehicle certification analyses. Mission specific analyses were conducted and concluded that the density bias resulted in small changes to heating rates and integrated heat loading on the vehicle. In 2001, the Air Force Combat Climatology Center began developing an updated RRA for CCAFS.

  17. 14 CFR 139.323 - Traffic and wind direction indicators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Traffic and wind direction indicators. 139... CERTIFICATION OF AIRPORTS Operations § 139.323 Traffic and wind direction indicators. In a manner authorized by...) A wind cone that visually provides surface wind direction information to pilots. For each runway...

  18. 14 CFR 139.323 - Traffic and wind direction indicators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Traffic and wind direction indicators. 139... CERTIFICATION OF AIRPORTS Operations § 139.323 Traffic and wind direction indicators. In a manner authorized by...) A wind cone that visually provides surface wind direction information to pilots. For each runway...

  19. 14 CFR 139.323 - Traffic and wind direction indicators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Traffic and wind direction indicators. 139... CERTIFICATION OF AIRPORTS Operations § 139.323 Traffic and wind direction indicators. In a manner authorized by...) A wind cone that visually provides surface wind direction information to pilots. For each runway...

  20. 14 CFR 139.323 - Traffic and wind direction indicators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Traffic and wind direction indicators. 139... CERTIFICATION OF AIRPORTS Operations § 139.323 Traffic and wind direction indicators. In a manner authorized by...) A wind cone that visually provides surface wind direction information to pilots. For each runway...

  1. 14 CFR 139.323 - Traffic and wind direction indicators.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Traffic and wind direction indicators. 139... CERTIFICATION OF AIRPORTS Operations § 139.323 Traffic and wind direction indicators. In a manner authorized by...) A wind cone that visually provides surface wind direction information to pilots. For each runway...

  2. Integration of Wind Energy Systems into Power Engineering Education Program at UW-Madison

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Venkataramanan, Giri; Lesieutre, Bernard; Jahns, Thomas

    This project has developed an integrated curriculum focused on the power engineering aspects of wind energy systems that builds upon a well-established graduate educational program at UW- Madison. Five new courses have been developed and delivered to students. Some of the courses have been offered on multiple occasions. The courses include: Control of electric drives for Wind Power applications, Utility Applications of Power Electronics (Wind Power), Practicum in Small Wind Turbines, Utility Integration of Wind Power, and Wind and Weather for Scientists and Engineers. Utility Applications of Power Electronics (Wind Power) has been provided for distance education as well asmore » on-campus education. Several industrial internships for students have been organized. Numerous campus seminars that provide discussion on emerging issues related to wind power development have been delivered in conjunction with other campus events. Annual student conferences have been initiated, that extend beyond wind power to include sustainable energy topics to draw a large group of stakeholders. Energy policy electives for engineering students have been identified for students to participate through a certificate program. Wind turbines build by students have been installed at a UW-Madison facility, as a test-bed. A Master of Engineering program in Sustainable Systems Engineering has been initiated that incorporates specializations that include in wind energy curricula. The project has enabled UW-Madison to establish leadership at graduate level higher education in the field of wind power integration with the electric grid.« less

  3. 2012 Market Report on U.S. Wind Technologies in Distributed Applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Orrell, Alice C.; Flowers, L. T.; Gagne, M. N.

    2013-08-06

    At the end of 2012, U.S. wind turbines in distributed applications reached a 10-year cumulative installed capacity of more than 812 MW from more than 69,000 units across all 50 states. In 2012 alone, nearly 3,800 wind turbines totaling 175 MW of distributed wind capacity were documented in 40 states and in the U.S. Virgin Islands, with 138 MW using utility-scale turbines (i.e., greater than 1 MW in size), 19 MW using mid-size turbines (i.e., 101 kW to 1 MW in size), and 18.4 MW using small turbines (i.e., up to 100 kW in size). Distributed wind is defined inmore » terms of technology application based on a wind project’s location relative to end-use and power-distribution infrastructure, rather than on technology size or project size. Distributed wind systems are either connected on the customer side of the meter (to meet the onsite load) or directly to distribution or micro grids (to support grid operations or offset large loads nearby). Estimated capacity-weighted average costs for 2012 U.S. distributed wind installations was $2,540/kW for utility-scale wind turbines, $2,810/kW for mid-sized wind turbines, and $6,960/kW for newly manufactured (domestic and imported) small wind turbines. An emerging trend observed in 2012 was an increased use of refurbished turbines. The estimated capacity-weighted average cost of refurbished small wind turbines installed in 2012 was $4,080/kW. As a result of multiple projects using utility-scale turbines, Iowa deployed the most new overall distributed wind capacity, 37 MW, in 2012. Nevada deployed the most small wind capacity in 2012, with nearly 8 MW of small wind turbines installed in distributed applications. In the case of mid-size turbines, Ohio led all states in 2012 with 4.9 MW installed in distributed applications. State and federal policies and incentives continued to play a substantial role in the development of distributed wind projects. In 2012, U.S. Treasury Section 1603 payments and grants and loans from the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Rural Energy for America Program were the main sources of federal funding for distributed wind projects. State and local funding varied across the country, from rebates to loans, tax credits, and other incentives. Reducing utility bills and hedging against potentially rising electricity rates remain drivers of distributed wind installations. In 2012, other drivers included taking advantage of the expiring U.S. Treasury Section 1603 program and a prosperous year for farmers. While 2012 saw a large addition of distributed wind capacity, considerable barriers and challenges remain, such as a weak domestic economy, inconsistent state incentives, and very competitive solar photovoltaic and natural gas prices. The industry remains committed to improving the distributed wind marketplace by advancing the third-party certification process and introducing alternative financing models, such as third-party power purchase agreements and lease-to-own agreements more typical in the solar photovoltaic market. Continued growth is expected in 2013.« less

  4. 76 FR 23320 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-26

    ...: Dempsey Ridge Wind Farm, LLC. Description: EWG Self-Certification Dempsey Ridge Wind Farm, LLC. Filed Date.... Eastern Time on Tuesday, May 10, 2011. Docket Numbers: ER11-3391-000. Applicants: Dempsey Ridge Wind Farm, LLC. Description: Dempsey Ridge Wind Farm, LLC submits tariff filing per 35.12: Application for Market...

  5. Land-Based Wind Research | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    blades. Technology Research Validation and Certification NREL engineers provide wind industry blades stacked on their sides in a large parking lot ready for shipment. Manufacturing and Supply Chain safety vests and hardhats standing near a land-based wind turbine shaft with its blades on the ground in

  6. Offshore Wind Research | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    validation and certification. A photo of an offshore wind turbine with a yellow foundation floating in the wind turbine with three turbines and blue ocean in the background. Design Methods, Tools, and Standards Applying 35 years of wind turbine validation expertise, NREL has developed instrumentation for high

  7. 77 FR 274 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-04

    ... Capital Holdings, LLC, Cow Branch Wind Power, L.L.C. Description: Updated Market Power Analysis of Exelon..., LLC, AES Alamitos, LLC, AES Redondo Beach, L.L.C., Condon Wind Power, LLC, AES Huntington Beach, L.L.C...-000. Applicants: Erie Wind, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EWG Status of Erie Wind, LLC...

  8. Redefining RECs: Additionality in the voluntary Renewable Energy Certificate market

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gillenwater, Michael Wayne

    In the United States, electricity consumers are told that they can "buy" electricity from renewable energy projects, versus fossil fuel-fired facilities, through participation in a voluntary green power program. The marketing messages communicate to consumers that their participation and premium payments for a green label will cause additional renewable energy generation and thereby allow them to claim they consume electricity that is absent pollution as well as reduce pollutant emissions. Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) and wind energy are the basis for the majority of the voluntary green power market in the United States. This dissertation addresses the question: Do project developers respond to the voluntary REC market in the United States by altering their decisions to invest in wind turbines? This question is investigated by modeling and probabilistically quantifying the effect of the voluntary REC market on a representative wind power investor in the United States using data from formal expert elicitations of active participants in the industry. It is further explored by comparing the distribution of a sample of wind power projects supplying the voluntary green power market in the United States against an economic viability model that incorporates geographic factors. This dissertation contributes the first quantitative analysis of the effect of the voluntary REC market on project investment. It is found that 1) RECs should be not treated as equivalent to emission offset credits, 2) there is no clearly credible role for voluntary market RECs in emissions trading markets without dramatic restructuring of one or both markets and the environmental commodities they trade, and 3) the use of RECs in entity-level GHG emissions accounting (i.e., "carbon footprinting") leads to double counting of emissions and therefore is not justified. The impotence of the voluntary REC market was, at least in part, due to the small magnitude of the REC price signal and lack of long-term contracts that would reduce the risk of relying on revenue the voluntary green power market. Although no simple solutions are identified, a proposal for integrating RECs into a load based cap-and-trade system is presented. Keywords: Renewable Energy Certificate (REC); Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS); emission offset; additionality; attributes

  9. 76 FR 22691 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-22

    ... Power V, LLC, First Wind Energy Marketing, LLC, Milford Wind Corridor Phase I, LLC, Milford Wind...-certification [or self-recertification] listed above, do not institute a proceeding regarding qualifying... lieu of paper, using the FERC Online links at http://www.ferc.gov . To facilitate electronic service...

  10. 77 FR 30519 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-23

    ...-1802-000. Applicants: Southwest Power Pool, Inc. Description: 2234R1 Osage Wind and Public Service Co...-000. Applicants: Pacific Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Pacific Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 5/16/12. Accession Number: 20120516-5102. Comments Due: 5...

  11. 75 FR 54607 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-09-08

    ... Numbers: EG10-62-000. Applicants: LEANING JUPITER WIND POWER II LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification Of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status Of Leaning Jupiter Wind Power II LLC. Filed Date: 08/30/2010...

  12. 77 FR 62505 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-15

    ... Power, LLC. Description: Niagara Wind Power, LLC submits tariff filing per 35.12: Application for Market...: EG13-1-000. Applicants: Big Blue Wind Farm, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EWG Status of Big Blue Wind Farm, LLC. Filed Date: 10/3/12. Accession Number: 20121003-5164. Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 10...

  13. 77 FR 65188 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-25

    ...-000. Applicants: Blue Creek Wind Farm LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EWG of Blue Creek Wind Farm LLC. Filed Date: 10/17/12. Accession Number: 20121017-5087. Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/7/12. Take...

  14. 77 FR 34376 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-11

    ... Numbers: EG12-71-000. Applicants: Patton Wind Farm, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Patton Wind Farm, LLC as an Exempt Wholesale Generator. Filed Date: 6/1/12. Accession Number: 20120601...: Amendment to GIA and DSA for San Gorgonio Farms Wind Farm Proj to be effective 3/23/2012. Filed Date: 6/1/12...

  15. 14 CFR 91.605 - Transport category civil airplane weight limitations.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... than a turbine-engine-powered airplane certificated after September 30, 1958) unless— (1) The takeoff.... (b) No person may operate a turbine-engine-powered transport category airplane certificated after... airport, the runway to be used, the effective runway gradient, the ambient temperature and wind component...

  16. 48 CFR 37.108 - Small business Certificate of Competency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Small business Certificate... proposal and a resultant technical evaluation and source selection, the small business Certificate of... REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Service Contracts-General 37.108 Small...

  17. 48 CFR 37.108 - Small business Certificate of Competency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Small business Certificate... proposal and a resultant technical evaluation and source selection, the small business Certificate of... REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Service Contracts-General 37.108 Small...

  18. 48 CFR 37.108 - Small business Certificate of Competency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Small business Certificate... proposal and a resultant technical evaluation and source selection, the small business Certificate of... REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Service Contracts-General 37.108 Small...

  19. 48 CFR 37.108 - Small business Certificate of Competency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Small business Certificate... proposal and a resultant technical evaluation and source selection, the small business Certificate of... REGULATION SPECIAL CATEGORIES OF CONTRACTING SERVICE CONTRACTING Service Contracts-General 37.108 Small...

  20. 78 FR 14530 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-03-06

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice...-000. Applicants: Prairie Breeze Wind Energy LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Prairie Breeze Wind Energy LLC. Filed Date: 2/27/13. Accession Number...

  1. 76 FR 21732 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-18

    .... Applicants: Evergreen Wind Power III, LLC, Evergreen Gen Lead, LLC. Description: Application of Evergreen Wind Power III, LLC, and Evergreen Gen Lead, LLC. Filed Date: 04/06/2011. Accession Number: 20110406... relates to any qualifying facility filings, the notices of self-certification [or self-recertification...

  2. 75 FR 51453 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-08-20

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 August 13... Numbers: EG10-57-000. Applicants: Lakefield Wind Project, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Lakefield Wind Project, LLC. Filed Date: 08/11/2010...

  3. 77 FR 27042 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-05-08

    ... that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG12-62-000. Applicants: Canadian Hills Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Canadian Hills Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 4/26/12. Accession Number: 20120426-5240...

  4. Development by Design: Mitigating Wind Development's Impacts on Wildlife in Kansas

    PubMed Central

    Obermeyer, Brian; Manes, Robert; Kiesecker, Joseph; Fargione, Joseph; Sochi, Kei

    2011-01-01

    Wind energy, if improperly sited, can impact wildlife through direct mortality and habitat loss and fragmentation, in contrast to its environmental benefits in the areas of greenhouse gas, air quality, and water quality. Fortunately, risks to wildlife from wind energy may be alleviated through proper siting and mitigation offsets. Here we identify areas in Kansas where wind development is incompatible with conservation, areas where wind development may proceed but with compensatory mitigation for impacts, and areas where development could proceed without the need for compensatory mitigation. We demonstrate that approximately 10.3 million ha in Kansas (48 percent of the state) has the potential to provide 478 GW of installed capacity while still meeting conservation goals. Of this total, approximately 2.7 million ha would require no compensatory mitigation and could produce up to 125 GW of installed capacity. This is 1,648 percent higher than the level of wind development needed in Kansas by 2030 if the United States is to get 20 percent of its electricity from wind. Projects that avoid and offset impacts consistent with this analysis could be awarded “Green Certification.” Certification may help to expand and sustain the wind industry by facilitating the completion of individual projects sited to avoid sensitive areas and protecting the industry's reputation as an ecologically friendly source of electricity. PMID:22046333

  5. 77 FR 38044 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-06-26

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 Take notice... Glacier Wind Energy 1, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of NaturEner Glacier Wind Energy 1, LLC. Filed Date: 6/18/12. Accession Number: 20120618-5073...

  6. 77 FR 39491 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-07-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice...-000. Applicants: Flat Ridge 2 Wind Energy LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Flat Ridge 2 Wind Energy LLC. Filed Date: 6/26/12. Accession Number: 20120626...

  7. 76 FR 62790 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-11

    ... Energy Montezuma II Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of NextEra Energy Montezuma II Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 09/27/2011. Accession Numbers: 20110927-5046... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 Take notice...

  8. 77 FR 15747 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-16

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 Take notice...-000. Applicants: Magic Valley Wind Farm I, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Magic Valley Wind Farm I, LLC. Filed Date: 3/7/12. Accession Number: 20120307...

  9. 76 FR 44318 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-25

    ... that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG11-107-000. Applicants: Trinity Hills Wind Farm LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Trinity Hills Wind Farm LLC. File Date: 07/15/2011. Accession Number: 20110715...

  10. 76 FR 32182 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-06-03

    ... that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG11-87-000. Applicants: Sherbino II Wind Farm LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Sherbino II Wind Farm LLC. Filed Date: 05/26/2011. Accession Number: 20110526...

  11. 78 FR 79428 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-30

    ...-000. Applicants: Pleasant Valley Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of EG of Pleasant Valley Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 12/17/13. Accession Number: 20131217-5279. Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 1...-001. Applicants: Canandaigua Power Partners, LLC. Description: Canandaigua Power Partners, LLC submits...

  12. 14 CFR 298.63 - Reporting of aircraft operating expenses and related statistics by small certificated air carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... and related statistics by small certificated air carriers. 298.63 Section 298.63 Aeronautics and Space... aircraft operating expenses and related statistics by small certificated air carriers. (a) Each small... Related Statistics.” This schedule shall be filed quarterly as prescribed in § 298.60. Data reported on...

  13. 14 CFR 298.63 - Reporting of aircraft operating expenses and related statistics by small certificated air carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... and related statistics by small certificated air carriers. 298.63 Section 298.63 Aeronautics and Space... aircraft operating expenses and related statistics by small certificated air carriers. (a) Each small... Related Statistics.” This schedule shall be filed quarterly as prescribed in § 298.60. Data reported on...

  14. 77 FR 12578 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-03-01

    ...-000. Applicants: Kawailoa Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generation Status of Kawailoa Wind, LLC. Filed Date: 2/21/12. Accession Number: 20120221-5272. Comments Due... Annual Adjustment to Traffic Light Costs to be effective 2/1/2012. Filed Date: 2/22/12. Accession Number...

  15. 77 FR 64500 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-22

    ...-000. Applicants: Texas Dispatchable Wind 1, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of Texas Dispatchable Wind 1, LLC. Filed Date: 10/11/12. Accession Number: 20121011-5210. Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/1/12... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 1 Take notice...

  16. 75 FR 35012 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-06-21

    ..., 2010. Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket...: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Alta Wind I, LLC. Filed Date: 06/08... Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Alta Wind II, LLC. Filed Date: 06/08/2010. Accession Number...

  17. 77 FR 105 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-01-03

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG12-22-000. Applicants: Perrin Ranch Wind, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Perrin Ranch Wind, LLC...

  18. 76 FR 21888 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-19

    ... that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG11-61-000. Applicants: Paulding Wind Farm II LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EWG Status of Paulding Wind Farm II LLC. Filed Date: 02/25/2011. Accession Number: 20110225-5126. Comment Date: 5 p.m. Eastern...

  19. 76 FR 72694 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-25

    ...: Rumford Power Inc., Bridgeport Energy, LLC, CP Energy Marketing (US) Inc., CPIDC, Inc., Tiverton Power Inc... Numbers: EG12-12-000. Applicants: Kaheawa Wind Power II, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EG or FC of Kaheawa Wind Power II, LLC. Filed Date: 11/14/2011. Accession Number: 20111114-5412. Comment Date...

  20. 78 FR 78348 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-26

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG14-19-000. Applicants: Border Winds Energy, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EG of Border Winds Energy, LLC. Filed Date: 12/17/13. Accession...

  1. 76 FR 6126 - Combined Notice of Filings # 1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-03

    ... Numbers: EG11-49-000. Applicants: Gratiot County Wind LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Gratiot County Wind LLC. Filed Date: 01/26/2011. Accession Number.... submits tariff filing per 35: Triennial Market Power Update to be effective 7/1/2010. Filed Date: 01/26...

  2. 78 FR 49498 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-08-14

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG13-49-000. Applicants: Buffalo Dunes Wind Project, LLC. Description: Self-Certification of EG of Buffalo Dunes Wind Project, LLC. Filed Date: 8/6/13....

  3. Robotic and Multiaxial Testing for the Constitutive Characterization of Composites

    Treesearch

    John Michopoulos; Athanasios Iliopoulos; John Hermanson

    2012-01-01

    As wind energy production drives the manufacturing of wind turbine blades, the utilization of glass and carbon fiber composites as a material of choice continuousiy increases. Consequently, the needs for accurate structural design and material qualification and certification as well as the needs for aging predictions furlher underline the need for accurate constitutive...

  4. 78 FR 62345 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-10-18

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket Numbers: EG14-3-000. Applicants: Miami Wind I LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of Miami Wind I LLC. Filed Date:...

  5. Role of Wind Tunnels and Computer Codes in the Certification and Qualification of Rotorcraft for Flight in Forecast Icing

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Flemming, Robert J.; Britton, Randall K.; Bond, Thomas H.

    1994-01-01

    The cost and time to certify or qualify a rotorcraft for flight in forecast icing has been a major impediment to the development of ice protection systems for helicopter rotors. Development and flight test programs for those aircraft that have achieved certification or qualification for flight in icing conditions have taken many years, and the costs have been very high. NASA, Sikorsky, and others have been conducting research into alternative means for providing information for the development of ice protection systems, and subsequent flight testing to substantiate the air-worthiness of a rotor ice protection system. Model rotor icing tests conducted in 1989 and 1993 have provided a data base for correlation of codes, and for the validation of wind tunnel icing test techniques. This paper summarizes this research, showing test and correlation trends as functions of cloud liquid water content, rotor lift, flight speed, and ambient temperature. Molds were made of several of the ice formations on the rotor blades. These molds were used to form simulated ice on the rotor blades, and the blades were then tested in a wind tunnel to determine flight performance characteristics. These simulated-ice rotor performance tests are discussed in the paper. The levels of correlation achieved and the role of these tools (codes and wind tunnel tests) in flight test planning, testing, and extension of flight data to the limits of the icing envelope are discussed. The potential application of simulated ice, the NASA LEWICE computer, the Sikorsky Generalized Rotor Performance aerodynamic computer code, and NASA Icing Research Tunnel rotor tests in a rotorcraft certification or qualification program are also discussed. The correlation of these computer codes with tunnel test data is presented, and a procedure or process to use these methods as part of a certification or qualification program is introduced.

  6. Quality Control Algorithms and Proposed Integration Process for Wind Profilers Used by Launch Vehicle Systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Decker, Ryan; Barbre, Robert E., Jr.

    2011-01-01

    Impact of winds to space launch vehicle include Design, Certification Day-of-launch (DOL) steering commands (1)Develop "knockdowns" of load indicators (2) Temporal uncertainty of flight winds. Currently use databases from weather balloons. Includes discrete profiles and profile pair datasets. Issues are : (1)Larger vehicles operate near design limits during ascent 150 discrete profiles per month 110-217 seasonal 2.0 and 3.5-hour pairs Balloon rise time (one hour) and drift (up to 100 n mi) Advantages of the Alternative approach using Doppler Radar Wind Profiler (DRWP) are: (1) Obtain larger sample size (2) Provide flexibility for assessing trajectory changes due to winds (3) Better representation of flight winds.

  7. Robotic and Multiaxial Testing for the Determination of the Constitutive Characterization of Composites

    Treesearch

    John Michopoulos; Athanasios Iliopoulos; John Hermanson

    2012-01-01

    As wind energy production drives the manufacturing of wind turbine blades, the utilization of glass and carbon fiber composites as a material of choice continuously increases. Consequently, the needs for accurate structural design and material qualification and certification as well as the needs for aging predictions further underline the need for accurate constitutive...

  8. 14 CFR 206.5 - Small aircraft operations by certificated carriers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small aircraft operations by certificated carriers. 206.5 Section 206.5 Aeronautics and Space OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION (AVIATION PROCEEDINGS) ECONOMIC REGULATIONS CERTIFICATES OF PUBLIC CONVENIENCE AND NECESSITY: SPECIAL...

  9. 7 CFR 4290.610 - Required certifications for Loans and Investments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... to a Rural Business Concern or Smaller Enterprise, a certification by the Portfolio Concern stating... by the Portfolio Concern certifying that the concern is a Small Business Concern. For securities... is a Small Business Concern. (c) A certification by the Portfolio Concern that it will not...

  10. 75 FR 77737 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Small Disadvantaged Business Self-Certification

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-13

    ...] RIN 9000-AL77 Federal Acquisition Regulation; Small Disadvantaged Business Self-Certification AGENCIES... the Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) to incorporate changes made by the Small Business Administration (SBA) to its Small Disadvantaged Business (SDB) Program. DATES: Effective Date: December 13, 2010...

  11. 24 CFR 3280.403 - Standard for windows and sliding glass doors used in manufactured homes.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-04-01

    ... pressure tests must be conducted at the design wind loads required for components and cladding specified in... certification must be based on tests conducted at the design wind loads specified in § 3280.305(c)(1). (1) All... agency shall conduct pre-production specimen tests in accordance with AAMA 1701.2-95. Further, such...

  12. Post-test data report for the space shuttle full-scale AFRSI sequence of environments test (OS-305-1 to -5) in the NASA/Ames Research Center 11x11-foot wind tunnel

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Marshall, B. A.

    1984-01-01

    The Advanced Flexible Reusable Surface Insulation (AFRSI) test article was wind tunnel tested. The AFRSI was exposed to a simulated ascent airloads environment and data was obtained which could be used to support the AFRSI certification program. The AFRSI sequence of environments also included radiant heating (1500 degrees Fahrenheit) and wind/rain environments. The test article was wind/rain conditioned before each wind tunnel entry and was thermally conditioned after each wind tunnel entry. The AFRSI failed and the test was aborted before reaching the ascent environment. The AFRSI test article sequentially exposed to 50 wind/rain and 49 simulated entry thermal missions, as well as four wind tunnel entries equivalent to 40 ascent missions.

  13. Competitiveness Improvement Project Informational Workshop

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sinclair, Karin C; Preus, Robert W; Dana, Scott

    This presentation was given at the Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) Informational Workshop on December 6, 2017. Topics covered during the workshop include an overview of the CIP, past projects, scoring criteria, technical support opportunities, certification body requirements, standards applicable to distributed wind generators, information on the National Electric Code, certification testing requirements, test site requirements, National Environmental Policy Act, design review, levelized cost of energy, procurement/contracting, project management/deliverables, and outreach materials.

  14. Benchmarking U.S. Small Wind Costs with the Distributed Wind Taxonomy

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Orrell, Alice C.; Poehlman, Eric A.

    The objective of this report is to benchmark costs for small wind projects installed in the United States using a distributed wind taxonomy. Consequently, this report is a starting point to help expand the U.S. distributed wind market by informing potential areas for small wind cost-reduction opportunities and providing a benchmark to track future small wind cost-reduction progress.

  15. 13 CFR 125.5 - What is the Certificate of Competency Program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... Competency Program? 125.5 Section 125.5 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION GOVERNMENT CONTRACTING PROGRAMS § 125.5 What is the Certificate of Competency Program? (a) General. (1) The Certificate of Competency (COC) Program is authorized under section 8(b)(7) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S...

  16. 13 CFR 127.304 - How does a concern obtain certification from an approved certifier?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How does a concern obtain certification from an approved certifier? 127.304 Section 127.304 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES Certification of EDWOSB or WOSB...

  17. SMALL BUSINESS: Status of Small Disadvantaged Business Certifications

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2001-01-01

    Management and Budget. We will also make copies available to others on request.Page 13 GAO-01-273 Small Business If you have questions regarding this...GAO United States General Accounting OfficeReport to Congressional RequestersJanuary 2001 SMALL BUSINESS Status of Small Disadvantaged Business ...34) Title and Subtitle SMALL BUSINESS Status of Small Disadvantaged Business Certifications Contract or Grant Number Program Element Number Authors

  18. 13 CFR 120.612 - Loans eligible to back Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Loans eligible to back Certificates. 120.612 Section 120.612 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.612 Loans eligible to back Certificates. (a) Pool Certificates...

  19. 13 CFR 120.612 - Loans eligible to back Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Loans eligible to back Certificates. 120.612 Section 120.612 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.612 Loans eligible to back Certificates. (a) Pool Certificates...

  20. Small Airframe Manufacturer's Icing Perspective

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hoppins, Jim

    2009-01-01

    This viewgraph presentation describes the icing effects, risk mitigation practices, and icing certifications for various Cessna small aircraft models. NASA's role in the development of simulation tools for icing certifications is also discussed.

  1. 13 CFR 121.408 - What are the size procedures for SBA's Certificate of Competency Program?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What are the size procedures for SBA's Certificate of Competency Program? 121.408 Section 121.408 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... Certificate of Competency Program? (a) A firm which applies for a COC must file an “Application for Small...

  2. 32 CFR 644.511 - Certificate of competency by SBA.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Certificate of competency by SBA. 644.511 Section... Stone § 644.511 Certificate of competency by SBA. Section 8(b)(7) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 637(b)(7)) authorizes the SBA to certify the competency of a small business concern as to capacity and...

  3. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, Suzanne

    Suzanne Tegen made this presentation at the 2017 Small Wind Conference in Bloomington, Minnesota. It provides an overview of DOE-sponsored small wind products, testing, and support; an example of a Regional Resource Center defending distributed wind; the recently published Distributed Wind Taxonomy; the dWind model and recent results; and other recent DOE and NREL publications related to small and distributed wind.

  4. 14 CFR 121.693 - Load manifest: All certificate holders.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... (including corrections for altitude and gradient, and wind and temperature conditions existing at the takeoff... approved limits. (e) Names of passengers, unless such information is maintained by other means by the...

  5. Cloud County Community College Wind Energy Technology Project and Renewable Energy Center of Excellence

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Graham, Bruce

    Cloud County Community College's (CCCC) Wind Energy Technology (WET) program is a leader in the renewable energy movement across Kansas and the USA. The field of renewable energy is a growing industry which continues to experience high demand for career opportunities. This CCCC/DOE project entailed two phases: 1) the installation of two Northwind 100 wind turbines, and 2) the continued development of the WET program curriculum, including enhancement of the CCCC Blade Repair Certificate program. This report provides a technical account of the total work performed, and is a comprehensive description of the results achieved.

  6. 40 CFR 92.12 - Interim provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... covered by a small business certificate of conformity, the requirements of Subpart G of this part (i.e... January 1, 2013. (c) Small business certificates of conformity. (1) Prior to January 1, 2007, small..., except that the applicable standard shall be replaced by: (A) 10.5 g/bhp-hr for the line-haul cycle...

  7. 13 CFR 120.644 - Transfers of Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Transfers of Certificates. 120.644 Section 120.644 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.644 Transfers of Certificates. (a) General rule. Certificates are...

  8. Study of dispersed small wind systems interconnected with a utility distribution system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Curtice, D.; Patton, J.; Bohn, J.; Sechan, N.

    1980-03-01

    Operating problems for various penetrations of small wind systems connected to the distribution system on a utility are defined. Protection equipment, safety hazards, feeder voltage regulation, line losses, and voltage flicker problems are studied, assuming different small wind systems connected to an existing distribution system. To identify hardware deficiencies, possible solutions provided by off-the-shelf hardware and equipment are assessed. Results of the study indicate that existing techniques are inadequate for detecting isolated operation of a small wind system. Potential safety hazards posed by small wind systems are adequately handled by present work procedures although these procedures require a disconnect device at synchronous generator and self commutated inverter small wind systems.

  9. 13 CFR 120.611 - Pools backing Pool Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Pools backing Pool Certificates. 120.611 Section 120.611 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.611 Pools backing Pool Certificates. (a) Pool characteristics. As set...

  10. 13 CFR 120.611 - Pools backing Pool Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Pools backing Pool Certificates. 120.611 Section 120.611 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.611 Pools backing Pool Certificates. (a) Pool characteristics. As set...

  11. 40 CFR 86.094-14 - Small-volume manufacturers certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... vehicles (or engines) covered by the certificate (the manufacturers' sales data book or advertising... Administrator shall notify the manufacturer in writing of his intention to deny certification, setting forth the...

  12. 13 CFR 120.610 - Form and terms of Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Form and terms of Certificates. 120.610 Section 120.610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.610 Form and terms of Certificates. (a) General form and content. Each...

  13. The Career Readiness Certificate: The Foundation for Stackable Credentials

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Bolin, Barbara

    2011-01-01

    This article features the Career Readiness Certificate (CRC) which serves as the founding credential in the six states and one locality in the Career Readiness Certificate Consortium (Tennessee, West Virginia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia and Washington, D.C.). The Career Readiness Certificate was developed by the small consortium…

  14. 48 CFR 19.602-2 - Issuing or denying a Certificate of Competency (COC).

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... Certificate of Competency (COC). 19.602-2 Section 19.602-2 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-2 Issuing or denying a Certificate of Competency (COC). Within 15...

  15. 13 CFR 120.857 - Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... of CDC certification. 120.857 Section 120.857 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Other Cdc Requirements § 120.857 Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification. A CDC may not transfer its certification or withdraw from the...

  16. 13 CFR 120.810 - Applications for certification as a CDC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... a CDC. 120.810 Section 120.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Certification Procedures to Become A Cdc § 120.810 Applications for certification as a CDC. (a) An applicant for certification as a CDC must apply to the SBA...

  17. 13 CFR 120.810 - Applications for certification as a CDC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... a CDC. 120.810 Section 120.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Certification Procedures to Become A Cdc § 120.810 Applications for certification as a CDC. (a) An applicant for certification as a CDC must apply to the SBA...

  18. 13 CFR 120.857 - Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... of CDC certification. 120.857 Section 120.857 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Other Cdc Requirements § 120.857 Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification. A CDC may not transfer its certification or withdraw from the...

  19. 13 CFR 120.810 - Applications for certification as a CDC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... a CDC. 120.810 Section 120.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Certification Procedures to Become A Cdc § 120.810 Applications for certification as a CDC. (a) An applicant for certification as a CDC must apply to the SBA...

  20. 13 CFR 120.810 - Applications for certification as a CDC.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... a CDC. 120.810 Section 120.810 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Certification Procedures to Become A Cdc § 120.810 Applications for certification as a CDC. (a) An applicant for certification as a CDC must apply to the SBA...

  1. 13 CFR 120.857 - Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... of CDC certification. 120.857 Section 120.857 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Other Cdc Requirements § 120.857 Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification. A CDC may not transfer its certification or withdraw from the...

  2. 13 CFR 120.857 - Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... of CDC certification. 120.857 Section 120.857 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Other Cdc Requirements § 120.857 Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification. A CDC may not transfer its certification or withdraw from the...

  3. 13 CFR 120.857 - Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of CDC certification. 120.857 Section 120.857 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Other Cdc Requirements § 120.857 Voluntary transfer and surrender of CDC certification. A CDC may not transfer its certification or withdraw from the...

  4. 13 CFR 120.610 - Form and terms of Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Form and terms of Certificates. 120.610 Section 120.610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Certificates § 120.610 Form and terms of Certificates. (a) General form and content. Each...

  5. Results of the Updated NASA Kennedy Space Center 50-MHz Doppler Radar Wind Profiler Operational Acceptance Test

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Barbre', Robert E., Jr.; Deker, Ryan K.; Leahy, Frank B.; Huddleston, Lisa

    2016-01-01

    We present here the methodology and results of the Operational Acceptance Test (OAT) performed on the new Kennedy Space Center (KSC) 50-MHz Doppler Radar Wind Profiler (DRWP). On day-of-launch (DOL), space launch vehicle operators have used data from the DRWP to invalidate winds in prelaunch loads and trajectory assessments due to the DRWP's capability to quickly identify changes in the wind profile within a rapidly-changing wind environment. The previous DRWP has been replaced with a completely new system, which needs to undergo certification testing before being accepted for use in range operations. The new DRWP replaces the previous three-beam system made of coaxial cables and a copper wire ground plane with a four-beam system that uses Yagi antennae with enhanced beam steering capability. In addition, the new system contains updated user interface software while maintaining the same general capability as the previous system. The new DRWP continues to use the Median Filter First Guess (MFFG) algorithm to generate a wind profile from Doppler spectra at each range gate. DeTect (2015) contains further details on the upgrade. The OAT is a short-term test designed so that end users can utilize the new DRWP in a similar manner to the previous DRWP during mission operations at the Eastern Range in the midst of a long-term certification process. This paper describes the Marshall Space Flight Center Natural Environments Branch's (MSFC NE's) analyses to verify the quality and accuracy of the DRWP's meteorological data output as compared to the previous DRWP. Ultimately, each launch vehicle program has the responsibility to certify the system for their own use.

  6. 75 FR 67992 - Voluntary Private Sector Accreditation and Certification Preparedness Program

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-11-04

    ... DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY Federal Emergency Management Agency [Docket ID FEMA-2008-0017] Voluntary Private Sector Accreditation and Certification Preparedness Program AGENCY: Federal Emergency... on an initial small business plan to address small business concerns in the Voluntary Private Sector...

  7. 14 CFR 121.117 - Airports: Required data.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... and communications aids, and ATC. (b) Each certificate holder conducting supplemental operations must...)Navigational and communications aids. (iv)Construction affecting takeoff, landing, or ground operations. (v)Air... information. (i)Runway visual range measurement equipment. (ii)Prevailing winds under low visibility...

  8. Effects of moisture content on wind erosion thresholds of biochar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Silva, F. C.; Borrego, C.; Keizer, J. J.; Amorim, J. H.; Verheijen, F. G. A.

    2015-12-01

    Biochar, i.e. pyrolysed biomass, as a soil conditioner is gaining increasing attention in research and industry, with guidelines and certifications being developed for biochar production, storage and handling, as well as for application to soils. Adding water to biochar aims to reduce its susceptibility to become air-borne during and after the application to soils, thereby preventing, amongst others, human health issues from inhalation. The Bagnold model has previously been modified to explain the threshold friction velocity of coal particles at different moisture contents, by adding an adhesive effect. However, it is unknown if this model also works for biochar particles. We measured the threshold friction velocities of a range of biochar particles (woody feedstock) under a range of moisture contents by using a wind tunnel, and tested the performance of the modified Bagnold model. Results showed that the threshold friction velocity can be significantly increased by keeping the gravimetric moisture content at or above 15% to promote adhesive effects between the small particles. For the specific biochar of this study, the modified Bagnold model accurately estimated threshold friction velocities of biochar particles up to moisture contents of 10%.

  9. 48 CFR 19.601 - General.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.601 General. (a) A Certificate of Competency (COC) is the certificate issued by the Small Business Administration (SBA) stating... limited to, capability, competency, capacity, credit, integrity, perseverance, tenacity, and limitations...

  10. 13 CFR 127.301 - When may a contracting officer accept a concern's self-certification?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... must refer the concern's self-certification to SBA for verification of the concern's eligibility by... accept a concern's self-certification? 127.301 Section 127.301 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... EDWOSB or WOSB Status § 127.301 When may a contracting officer accept a concern's self-certification? (a...

  11. 13 CFR 120.620 - SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate. 120.620 Section 120.620 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market The Sba Guarantee of A Certificate § 120.620 SBA guarantee of a Pool Certificate...

  12. 13 CFR 107.610 - Required certifications for Loans and Investments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Required certifications for Loans and Investments. 107.610 Section 107.610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT COMPANIES Recordkeeping, Reporting, and Examination Requirements for Licensees...

  13. A Battery Certification Testbed for Small Satellite Missions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cameron, Zachary; Kulkarni, Chetan S.; Luna, Ali Guarneros; Goebel, Kai; Poll, Scott

    2015-01-01

    A battery pack consisting of standard cylindrical 18650 lithium-ion cells has been chosen for small satellite missions based on previous flight heritage and compliance with NASA battery safety requirements. However, for batteries that transit through the International Space Station (ISS), additional certification tests are required for individual cells as well as the battery packs. In this manuscript, we discuss the development of generalized testbeds for testing and certifying different types of batteries critical to small satellite missions. Test procedures developed and executed for this certification effort include: a detailed physical inspection before and after experiments; electrical cycling characterization at the cell and pack levels; battery-pack overcharge, over-discharge, external short testing; battery-pack vacuum leak and vibration testing. The overall goals of these certification procedures are to conform to requirements set forth by the agency and identify unique safety hazards. The testbeds, procedures, and experimental results are discussed for batteries chosen for small satellite missions to be launched from the ISS.

  14. 77 FR 20816 - Combined Notice of Filings #2

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-04-06

    ... Corporation, Puget Sound Energy, Inc., Portland General Electric Company, NorthWestern Corporation... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission Combined Notice of Filings 2 Take notice...-000. Applicants: Alta Wind VII, LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale...

  15. Collaboration on Renewable Energy Standards, Testing, and Certification under the U.S. China Renewable Energy Partnership: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wallace, W.; Kurtz, S.; Lin, W.

    2012-06-01

    During November 2009, the U.S. China Renewable Energy Partnership agreement was authorized in Beijing by Presidents Obama and Hu from the U.S. and China. One of the principle tasks under this new program is the collaboration of the U.S. and China on the topic of renewable energy standards, testing, and certification with an initial focus on solar PV and wind topics. This paper will describe and discuss the activities which have taken place under the bilateral collaboration to date.

  16. Generating Variable Wind Profiles and Modeling Their Effects on Small-Arms Trajectories

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-01

    ARL-TR-7642 ● APR 2016 US Army Research Laboratory Generating Variable Wind Profiles and Modeling Their Effects on Small-Arms... Wind Profiles and Modeling Their Effects on Small-Arms Trajectories by Timothy A Fargus Weapons and Materials Research Directorate, ARL...Generating Variable Wind Profiles and Modeling Their Effects on Small-Arms Trajectories 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM

  17. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Olsen, Tim; Preus, Robert

    Site assessment for small wind energy systems is one of the key factors in the successful installation, operation, and performance of a small wind turbine. A proper site assessment is a difficult process that includes wind resource assessment and the evaluation of site characteristics. These guidelines address many of the relevant parts of a site assessment with an emphasis on wind resource assessment, using methods other than on-site data collection and creating a small wind site assessment report.

  18. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems: First Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spady, Amos A., Jr. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Schlickenmaier, Herbert (Compiler)

    1988-01-01

    The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant, ongoing results gained during the first year of the joint NASA/FAA Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-looking technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of FAA certification requirements and the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment.

  19. ARE660 Wind Generator: Low Wind Speed Technology for Small Turbine Development

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Robert W. Preus; DOE Project Officer - Keith Bennett

    2008-04-23

    This project is for the design of a wind turbine that can generate most or all of the net energy required for homes and small businesses in moderately windy areas. The purpose is to expand the current market for residential wind generators by providing cost effective power in a lower wind regime than current technology has made available, as well as reduce noise and improve reliability and safety. Robert W. Preus’ experience designing and/or maintaining residential wind generators of many configurations helped identify the need for an improved experience of safety for the consumer. Current small wind products have unreliablemore » or no method of stopping the wind generator in fault or high wind conditions. Consumers and their neighbors do not want to hear their wind generators. In addition, with current technology, only sites with unusually high wind speeds provide payback times that are acceptable for the on-grid user. Abundant Renewable Energy’s (ARE) basic original concept for the ARE660 was a combination of a stall controlled variable speed small wind generator and automatic fail safe furling for shutdown. The stall control for a small wind generator is not novel, but has not been developed for a variable speed application with a permanent magnet alternator (PMA). The fail safe furling approach for shutdown has not been used to our knowledge.« less

  20. Security region-based small signal stability analysis of power systems with FSIG based wind farm

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Qin, Chao; Zeng, Yuan; Yang, Yang; Cui, Xiaodan; Xu, Xialing; Li, Yong

    2018-02-01

    Based on the Security Region approach, the impact of fixed-speed induction generator based wind farm on the small signal stability of power systems is analyzed. Firstly, the key factors of wind farm on the small signal stability of power systems are analyzed and the parameter space for small signal stability region is formed. Secondly, the small signal stability region of power systems with wind power is established. Thirdly, the corresponding relation between the boundary of SSSR and the dominant oscillation mode is further studied. Results show that the integration of fixed-speed induction generator based wind farm will cause the low frequency oscillation stability of the power system deteriorate. When the output of wind power is high, the oscillation stability of the power system is mainly concerned with the inter-area oscillation mode caused by the integration of the wind farm. Both the active power output and the capacity of reactive power compensation of the wind farm have a significant influence on the SSSR. To improve the oscillation stability of power systems with wind power, it is suggested to reasonably set the reactive power compensation capacity for the wind farm through SSSR.

  1. A New Non-gaussian Turbulent Wind Field Generator to Estimate Design-Loads of Wind-Turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Schaffarczyk, A. P.; Gontier, H.; Kleinhans, D.; Friedrich, R.

    Climate change and finite fossil fuel resources make it urgent to turn into electricity generation from mostly renewable energies. One major part will play wind-energy supplied by wind-turbines of rated power up to 10 MW. For their design and development wind field models have to be used. The standard models are based on the empirical spectra, for example by von Karman or Kaimal. From investigation of measured data it is clear that gusts are underrepresented in such models. Based on some fundamental discoveries of the nature of turbulence by Friedrich [1] derived from the Navier-Stokes equation directly, we used the concept of Continuous Time Random Walks to construct three dimensional wind fields obeying non-Gaussian statistics. These wind fields were used to estimate critical fatigue loads necessary within the certification process. Calculations are carried out with an implementation of a beam-model (FLEX5) for two types of state-of-the-art wind turbines The authors considered the edgewise and flapwise blade-root bending moments as well as tilt moment at tower top due to the standard wind field models and our new non-Gaussian wind field model. Clear differences in the loads were found.

  2. Wind Shear radar program future plans

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Robertson, Roy E.

    1991-01-01

    The status of the Windshear Radar Program at the Collins Air Transport Division of Rockwell International is given in viewgraph form. Topics covered include goals, modifications to the WXR-700 system, flight test plans, technical approaches, design considerations, system considerations, certification, and future plans.

  3. 13 CFR 120.645 - Redemption of Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Redemption of Certificates. 120.645 Section 120.645 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.645 Redemption of Certificates. (a) Redemption of Individual...

  4. UAS noise certification and measurements status report : Tigershark UAS measurements, tracking system development, and certification metrics status

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    2017-09-01

    This report documents work done by Volpe staff to support the FAAs development of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) noise certification and noise measurement criteria. The primary elements were the development of a small, lightweight Global Navigation...

  5. Towards FAA Certification of UAVs

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nelson, Stacy

    2003-01-01

    As of June 30, 2003, all Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), no matter how small, must adhere to the same FAA regulations as human-piloted aircraft. These regulations include certification for flying in controlled airspace and certification of flight software based on RTCA DO-178B. This paper provides an overview of the steps necessary to obtain certification, as well as a discussion about the challenges UAV's face when trying to meet these requirements. It is divided into two parts: 1) Certifications for Flying in Controlled Airspace; 2) Certification of Flight Software per RTCA DO-178B.

  6. 76 FR 50663 - Revisions to Form, Procedures and Criteria for Certification of Qualifying Facility Status for a...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-08-16

    ... facilities. List of Subjects in 18 CFR Part 292 Electric power, Electric power plants, Electric utilities... to Form, Procedures and Criteria for Certification of Qualifying Facility Status for a Small Power... small power production or cogeneration facility. DATES: August 16, 2011. FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT...

  7. Certification aspects of airplanes which may operate with significant natural laminar flow

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Gabriel, Edward A.; Tankesley, Earsa L.

    1986-01-01

    Recent research by NASA indicates that extensive natural laminar flow (NLF) is attainable on modern high performance airplanes currently under development. Modern airframe construction methods and materials, such as milled aluminum skins, bonded aluminum skins, and composite materials, offer the potential for production of aerodynamic surfaces having waviness and roughness below the values which are critical for boundary layer transition. Areas of concern with the certification aspects of Natural Laminar Flow (NLF) are identified to stimulate thought and discussion of the possible problems. During its development, consideration has been given to the recent research information available on several small business and experimental airplanes and the certification and operating rules for general aviation airplanes. The certification considerations discussed are generally applicable to both large and small airplanes. However, from the information available at this time, researchers expect more extensive NLF on small airplanes because of their lower operating Reynolds numbers and cleaner leading edges (due to lack of leading-edge high lift devices). Further, the use of composite materials for aerodynamic surfaces, which will permit incorporation of NLF technology, is currently beginning to appear in small airplanes.

  8. 76 FR 19344 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-04-07

    ... Wind Energy Marketing, LLC Description: Supplemental Information to Triennial Market-Based Rate Update... Applicants: ArcLight Energy Marketing, LLC Description: ArcLight Energy Marketing, LLC Notice of Non-Material... filings, the notices of self-certification [or self-recertification] listed above, do not institute a...

  9. 13 CFR 126.603 - Does HUBZone certification guarantee receipt of HUBZone contracts?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Does HUBZone certification guarantee receipt of HUBZone contracts? 126.603 Section 126.603 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION HUBZONE PROGRAM Contractual Assistance § 126.603 Does HUBZone certification...

  10. 13 CFR 120.891 - Certifications of disbursement and completion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Certifications of disbursement and completion. 120.891 Section 120.891 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Interim Financing § 120.891 Certifications of disbursement...

  11. 13 CFR 120.891 - Certifications of disbursement and completion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Certifications of disbursement and completion. 120.891 Section 120.891 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Interim Financing § 120.891 Certifications of disbursement...

  12. 13 CFR 120.891 - Certifications of disbursement and completion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certifications of disbursement and completion. 120.891 Section 120.891 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Interim Financing § 120.891 Certifications of disbursement...

  13. 13 CFR 120.891 - Certifications of disbursement and completion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Certifications of disbursement and completion. 120.891 Section 120.891 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Interim Financing § 120.891 Certifications of disbursement...

  14. 13 CFR 120.891 - Certifications of disbursement and completion.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Certifications of disbursement and completion. 120.891 Section 120.891 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Interim Financing § 120.891 Certifications of disbursement...

  15. Load-Direction-Derived Support Structures for Wind Turbines: A Lattice Tower Concept and Preparations for Future Certifications: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Jonkman, Jason; Damiani, Rick R; Struve, Achim

    The call for more cost-effective and environmentally friendly tower concepts is motivated by tower costs [1] and tower CO2-emission contributions [2], which are high relative to the whole wind turbine system. The proposed rotatable tower concept with yaw bearing at the bottom instead of the top of the tower will provide beneficial economic and environmental impacts to the turbine system. This wind alignment capability indicates a load-direction-derived tower design. By combining this approach with a lattice concept, large material and cost savings for the tower can be achieved. This paper presents a way to analyze and verify the proposed designmore » through aero-servo-elastic simulations, which make future certifications of rotatable tower concepts viable. For this reason, the state-of-the-art, open-source lattice-tower finite-element-method (FEM) module SubDyn [10], developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, has been modified to account for arbitrary member cross-sections. Required changes in the beam element stiffness and mass matrix formulation took place according to an energy method [13]. All validated adaptions will be usable within the aero-servo-elastic simulation framework FAST and are also beneficial for other nonrotatable lattice structures.« less

  16. Aerodynamic study of a stall regulated horizontal-axis wind turbine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Constantinescu, S. G.; Crunteanu, D. E.; Niculescu, M. L.

    2013-10-01

    The wind energy is deemed as one of the most durable energetic variants of the future because the wind resources are immense. Furthermore, one predicts that the small wind turbines will play a vital role in the urban environment. Unfortunately, the complexity and the price of pitch regulated small horizontal-axis wind turbines represent ones of the main obstacles to widespread the use in populated zones. Moreover, the energetic efficiency of small stall regulated wind turbines has to be high even at low and medium wind velocities because, usually the cities are not windy places. During the running stall regulated wind turbines, due to the extremely broad range of the wind velocity, the angle of attack can reach high values and some regions of the blade will show stall and post-stall behavior. This paper deals with stall and post-stall regimes because they can induce significant vibrations, fatigue and even the wind turbine failure.

  17. 18 CFR 292.207 - Procedures for obtaining qualifying status.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... notice of self-certification which contains a completed Form 556. (iii) Subsequent notices of self...; such self-certifications and self-recertifications should include a form of notice suitable for... certification or recertification order was issued; (F) A decrease in the amount of fossil fuel used by a small...

  18. 13 CFR 120.621 - SBA guarantee of an Individual Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false SBA guarantee of an Individual Certificate. 120.621 Section 120.621 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market The Sba Guarantee of A Certificate § 120.621 SBA guarantee of an Individual...

  19. 46 CFR 115.925 - Safety Management Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Safety Management Certificate. 115.925 Section 115.925 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS CARRYING MORE THAN 150 PASSENGERS OR WITH OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATIONS FOR MORE THAN 49 PASSENGERS INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION International Convention for Safety...

  20. 13 CFR 126.303 - Where must a concern submit its application and certification?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Where must a concern submit its application and certification? 126.303 Section 126.303 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS... SBA via https://eweb1.sba.gov/hubzone/internet/ or a written application to the D/HUB, U.S. Small...

  1. Computational Acoustic Beamforming for Noise Source Identification for Small Wind Turbines.

    PubMed

    Ma, Ping; Lien, Fue-Sang; Yee, Eugene

    2017-01-01

    This paper develops a computational acoustic beamforming (CAB) methodology for identification of sources of small wind turbine noise. This methodology is validated using the case of the NACA 0012 airfoil trailing edge noise. For this validation case, the predicted acoustic maps were in excellent conformance with the results of the measurements obtained from the acoustic beamforming experiment. Following this validation study, the CAB methodology was applied to the identification of noise sources generated by a commercial small wind turbine. The simulated acoustic maps revealed that the blade tower interaction and the wind turbine nacelle were the two primary mechanisms for sound generation for this small wind turbine at frequencies between 100 and 630 Hz.

  2. 75 FR 61712 - Combined Notice of Filings # 1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-10-06

    ...- 1255-004. Applicants: ArcLight Energy Marketing, LLC, Oak Creek Wind Power, LLC, Coso Geothermal Power... of self-certification [or self-recertification] listed above, do not institute a proceeding regarding... interventions in lieu of paper, using the FERC Online links at http://www.ferc.gov . To facilitate electronic...

  3. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 135 - Extended Operations (ETOPS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... the FAA; (b) The operation is conducted in a multi-engine transport category turbine-powered airplane... Mexico) with multi-engine transport category turbine-engine powered airplanes. The certificate holder may... speed, corrected for wind and temperature) may not exceed the time specified in the Airplane Flight...

  4. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 135 - Extended Operations (ETOPS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... the FAA; (b) The operation is conducted in a multi-engine transport category turbine-powered airplane... Mexico) with multi-engine transport category turbine-engine powered airplanes. The certificate holder may... speed, corrected for wind and temperature) may not exceed the time specified in the Airplane Flight...

  5. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 135 - Extended Operations (ETOPS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... the FAA; (b) The operation is conducted in a multi-engine transport category turbine-powered airplane... Mexico) with multi-engine transport category turbine-engine powered airplanes. The certificate holder may... speed, corrected for wind and temperature) may not exceed the time specified in the Airplane Flight...

  6. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 135 - Extended Operations (ETOPS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... the FAA; (b) The operation is conducted in a multi-engine transport category turbine-powered airplane... Mexico) with multi-engine transport category turbine-engine powered airplanes. The certificate holder may... speed, corrected for wind and temperature) may not exceed the time specified in the Airplane Flight...

  7. 14 CFR Appendix G to Part 135 - Extended Operations (ETOPS)

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... the FAA; (b) The operation is conducted in a multi-engine transport category turbine-powered airplane... Mexico) with multi-engine transport category turbine-engine powered airplanes. The certificate holder may... speed, corrected for wind and temperature) may not exceed the time specified in the Airplane Flight...

  8. 76 FR 82294 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-12-30

    ... Nuclear Power Plant, LLC. Description: Change in Category Status to be effective 1/1/2012. Filed Date: 12... Numbers: ER12-658-000. Applicants: R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, LLC. Description: Change in Category... Ridge Wind Energy LLC. Description: Notice of Self-Certification of Exempt Wholesale Generator Status of...

  9. 76 FR 61684 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-10-05

    .... Description: New England Power Company submits tariff filing per 35.13(a)(2)(iii): Cost Reimbursement... System Cost for sales of electric power to Bonneville Power Administration for 2012-2013 et al. Filed... filings: Docket Numbers: EG11-128-000. Applicants: Record Hill Wind LLC. Description: Self-Certification...

  10. 13 CFR 121.108 - What are the requirements for representing small business size status, and what are the penalties...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... determination may include the firm's internal management procedures governing size representation or certification, the clarity or ambiguity of the representation or certification requirement, and the efforts made to correct an incorrect or invalid representation or certification in a timely manner. An individual...

  11. 46 CFR 176.910 - Passenger Ship Safety Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Passenger Ship Safety Certificate. 176.910 Section 176.910 Shipping COAST GUARD, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY (CONTINUED) SMALL PASSENGER VESSELS (UNDER 100 GROSS TONS) INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1974, as Amended (SOLAS) § 176.910 Passenger Ship...

  12. 40 CFR 60.1190 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1190 Section 60.1190 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which... June 6, 2001 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 60.1190 After the required date for...

  13. 40 CFR 60.1190 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1190 Section 60.1190 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which... June 6, 2001 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 60.1190 After the required date for...

  14. 40 CFR 60.1190 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1190 Section 60.1190 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which... June 6, 2001 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 60.1190 After the required date for...

  15. 40 CFR 60.1190 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1190 Section 60.1190 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which... June 6, 2001 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 60.1190 After the required date for...

  16. 40 CFR 60.1190 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1190 Section 60.1190 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Standards of Performance for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units for Which... June 6, 2001 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 60.1190 After the required date for...

  17. Arlinda Huskey | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    | 303-384-6987 Arlinda joined NREL in 1995. Her activities include field testing of small and large wind for small wind turbines. She also is the secretary of the IEC maintenance team for the wind turbine

  18. Computational Acoustic Beamforming for Noise Source Identification for Small Wind Turbines

    PubMed Central

    Lien, Fue-Sang

    2017-01-01

    This paper develops a computational acoustic beamforming (CAB) methodology for identification of sources of small wind turbine noise. This methodology is validated using the case of the NACA 0012 airfoil trailing edge noise. For this validation case, the predicted acoustic maps were in excellent conformance with the results of the measurements obtained from the acoustic beamforming experiment. Following this validation study, the CAB methodology was applied to the identification of noise sources generated by a commercial small wind turbine. The simulated acoustic maps revealed that the blade tower interaction and the wind turbine nacelle were the two primary mechanisms for sound generation for this small wind turbine at frequencies between 100 and 630 Hz. PMID:28378012

  19. Direct Torque Control of a Small Wind Turbine with a Sliding-Mode Speed Controller

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sri Lal Senanayaka, Jagath; Karimi, Hamid Reza; Robbersmyr, Kjell G.

    2016-09-01

    In this paper. the method of direct torque control in the presence of a sliding-mode speed controller is proposed for a small wind turbine being used in water heating applications. This concept and control system design can be expanded to grid connected or off-grid applications. Direct torque control of electrical machines has shown several advantages including very fast dynamics torque control over field-oriented control. Moreover. the torque and flux controllers in the direct torque control algorithms are based on hvsteretic controllers which are nonlinear. In the presence of a sliding-mode speed control. a nonlinear control system can be constructed which is matched for AC/DC conversion of the converter that gives fast responses with low overshoots. The main control objectives of the proposed small wind turbine can be maximum power point tracking and soft-stall power control. This small wind turbine consists of permanent magnet synchronous generator and external wind speed. and rotor speed measurements are not required for the system. However. a sensor is needed to detect the rated wind speed overpass events to activate proper speed references for the wind turbine. Based on the low-cost design requirement of small wind turbines. an available wind speed sensor can be modified. or a new sensor can be designed to get the required measurement. The simulation results will be provided to illustrate the excellent performance of the closed-loop control system in entire wind speed range (4-25 m/s).

  20. Design and implementation of PKI-based certification authority

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zheng, Ying; Bai, Qinghai; Zhao, Linna; Chun, Hua; Chen, Jing

    2015-12-01

    PKI achieves the management of public key by certificates. It combines the user's public key and his or her identification formation through a trusted third-party organization CA, in order to authenticate the user's identity on the Internet, thus ensuring the authenticity, integrity, confidentiality, and non- repudiation of the information transmitted on the Internet. CA is the most critical agency in the PKI system, mainly responsible for issuing and managing certificates. On the basis of the actual needs of an enterprise, in this paper the author designs and develops a small-sized PKI-based Certification Authority equipped with the functions of root CA initialization, certificate application, certificate issuance, certificate revocation, and the generation of certificate revocation list. The author also points out the problems that need to be mentioned in the design and development.

  1. Small Wind Research Turbine: Final Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Corbus, D.; Meadors, M.

    2005-10-01

    The Small Wind Research Turbine (SWRT) project was initiated to provide reliable test data for model validation of furling wind turbines and to help understand small wind turbine loads. This report will familiarize the user with the scope of the SWRT test and support the use of these data. In addition to describing all the testing details and results, the report presents an analysis of the test data and compares the SWRT test data to simulation results from the FAST aeroelastic simulation model.

  2. Small Wind Electric Systems: A Guide Produced for the Tennessee Valley Authority (Revised) (Brochure)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2009-06-01

    Small Wind Electric Systems: A Guide Produced for the Tennessee Valley Authority provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and their economics. Topics discussed in the guide include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connectmore » a system to the utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a regional wind resource map and a list of incentives and contacts for more information.« less

  3. 13 CFR 124.1005 - How long does an SDB certification last?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false How long does an SDB certification... Protests Relating to Federal Small Disadvantaged Business Programs § 124.1005 How long does an SDB certification last? (a) A firm that is certified to be an SDB will generally be certified for a period of three...

  4. 13 CFR 124.1005 - How long does an SDB certification last?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How long does an SDB certification... Protests Relating to Federal Small Disadvantaged Business Programs § 124.1005 How long does an SDB certification last? (a) A firm that is certified to be an SDB will generally be certified for a period of three...

  5. 13 CFR 124.1005 - How long does an SDB certification last?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false How long does an SDB certification... Protests Relating to Federal Small Disadvantaged Business Programs § 124.1005 How long does an SDB certification last? (a) A firm that is certified to be an SDB will generally be certified for a period of three...

  6. 13 CFR 124.1005 - How long does an SDB certification last?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false How long does an SDB certification... Protests Relating to Federal Small Disadvantaged Business Programs § 124.1005 How long does an SDB certification last? (a) A firm that is certified to be an SDB will generally be certified for a period of three...

  7. 13 CFR 124.1005 - How long does an SDB certification last?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false How long does an SDB certification... Protests Relating to Federal Small Disadvantaged Business Programs § 124.1005 How long does an SDB certification last? (a) A firm that is certified to be an SDB will generally be certified for a period of three...

  8. 40 CFR 62.15130 - What types of operator certification must the chief facility operator and shift supervisor obtain...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... Requirements for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 62.15130 What types of operator certification must the chief....W. Alexander Drive, Room C521C, RTP, NC 27709 or at the National Archives and Records Administration...

  9. 40 CFR 62.15130 - What types of operator certification must the chief facility operator and shift supervisor obtain...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... Requirements for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 62.15130 What types of operator certification must the chief....W. Alexander Drive, Room C521C, RTP, NC 27709 or at the National Archives and Records Administration...

  10. 40 CFR 62.15130 - What types of operator certification must the chief facility operator and shift supervisor obtain...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... Requirements for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 62.15130 What types of operator certification must the chief....W. Alexander Drive, Room C521C, RTP, NC 27709 or at the National Archives and Records Administration...

  11. 40 CFR 62.15130 - What types of operator certification must the chief facility operator and shift supervisor obtain...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... Requirements for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 62.15130 What types of operator certification must the chief....W. Alexander Drive, Room C521C, RTP, NC 27709 or at the National Archives and Records Administration...

  12. 40 CFR 62.15130 - What types of operator certification must the chief facility operator and shift supervisor obtain...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... Requirements for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Good Combustion Practices: Operator Certification § 62.15130 What types of operator certification must the chief....W. Alexander Drive, Room C521C, RTP, NC 27709 or at the National Archives and Records Administration...

  13. 13 CFR 127.302 - What third-party certifications may a concern use as evidence of its status as a qualified EDWOSB...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT... certification from: (1) SBA as an 8(a) BD or SDB women-owned concern in good standing; (2) The Department of... one or more women; or (3) An entity designated as an SBA-approved certifier on SBA's Web site located...

  14. 13 CFR 127.305 - May a concern determined not to qualify as an EDWOSB or WOSB submit a self-certification for a...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false May a concern determined not to qualify as an EDWOSB or WOSB submit a self-certification for a particular EDWOSB or WOSB requirement? 127.305 Section 127.305 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL...

  15. 48 CFR 9.105-2 - Determinations and documentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... integrity and business ethics; and (C) The Small Business Administration does not issue a Certificate of...'s decision to issue a Certificate of Competency and award the contract to the concern. (b) Support...

  16. Computational examination of utility scale wind turbine wake interactions

    DOE PAGES

    Okosun, Tyamo; Zhou, Chenn Q.

    2015-07-14

    We performed numerical simulations of small, utility scale wind turbine groupings to determine how wakes generated by upstream turbines affect the performance of the small turbine group as a whole. Specifically, various wind turbine arrangements were simulated to better understand how turbine location influences small group wake interactions. The minimization of power losses due to wake interactions certainly plays a significant role in the optimization of wind farms. Since wind turbines extract kinetic energy from the wind, the air passing through a wind turbine decreases in velocity, and turbines downstream of the initial turbine experience flows of lower energy, resultingmore » in reduced power output. Our study proposes two arrangements of turbines that could generate more power by exploiting the momentum of the wind to increase velocity at downstream turbines, while maintaining low wake interactions at the same time. Furthermore, simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics are used to obtain results much more quickly than methods requiring wind tunnel models or a large scale experimental test.« less

  17. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems: Fourth Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference, part 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vicroy, Dan D. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Passman, Robert H. (Compiler)

    1992-01-01

    The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant ongoing results of the NASA/FAA joint Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-look technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment and the FAA certification requirements. The present document was compiled to record the essence of the technology updates and discussions which follow each.

  18. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems: Third Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference, part 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vicroy, Dan D. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Schlickenmaier, Herbert (Compiler)

    1991-01-01

    The Third Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference was held in Hampton, Va., on October 16-18, 1990. The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant on-going results of the NASA/FAA joint Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-look technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment and the FAA certification requirements.

  19. Exploring the Power Output of Small Wind Turbines in Urban San Antonio, Texas

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Casillas, Jose; Sperduti, Stephanie; Cardenas, Rosa

    2015-03-01

    The means of transporting power from a centralized power plant by transmission lines has several disadvantages. Electricity transmission and distribution networks are costly, require long planning processes and are unsightly to residents. These networks are also susceptible to natural disasters creating massive disruptions to consumers. For these reasons distributed power sources such as solar panels and small wind turbines are becoming a more desirable and viable means of energy production. We report on the status of a study to determine the maximum output power of small wind turbines in urban San Antonio, Texas. Wind speed data along with power measurements from small wind turbines in urban San Antonio will be reported. U.S. Department of Education Title V HSI-STEM and Articulation Award No. P031C110145.

  20. 76 FR 5572 - Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-02-01

    ... filing per 35.13(a)(2)(iii: 2152 Rio Blanco Wind Farm, LLC GIA to be effective 1/ 5/2011. Filed Date: 01..., 2011. Take notice that the Commission received the following exempt wholesale generator filings: Docket...-Certification as an Exempt Wholesale Generator of Mountain View Power Partners IV, LLC. Filed Date: 01/20/2011...

  1. 26 CFR 1.23-5 - Certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-04-01

    ... energy property (see § 1.23-2(f)), wind energy property (see § 1.23-2(g)), or geothermal energy property... definition of an energy-conserving component or renewable energy source property. Upon the request of a...)(1)). (2) The item meets the definition of an other energy-conserving component specified in section...

  2. 26 CFR 1.23-5 - Certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... energy property (see § 1.23-2(f)), wind energy property (see § 1.23-2(g)), or geothermal energy property... definition of an energy-conserving component or renewable energy source property. Upon the request of a...)(1)). (2) The item meets the definition of an other energy-conserving component specified in section...

  3. A Comprehensive Structural Study of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation and Non-Model Based Damage Detection using Effective Mass with Application to Small Components/ Cables and a Truss Wind Turbine Tower

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Smith, Scott A.

    This research has two areas of focus. The first area is to investigate offshore wind turbine (OWT) designs, for use in the Maryland offshore wind area (MOWA), using intensive modeling techniques. The second focus area is to investigate a way to detect damage in wind turbine towers and small electrical components.

  4. The aeolian wind tunnel

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Iversen, J. D.

    1991-01-01

    The aeolian wind tunnel is a special case of a larger subset of the wind tunnel family which is designed to simulate the atmospheric surface layer winds to small scale (a member of this larger subset is usually called an atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel or environmental wind tunnel). The atmospheric boundary layer wind tunnel is designed to simulate, as closely as possible, the mean velocity and turbulence that occur naturally in the atmospheric boundary layer (defined as the lowest portion of the atmosphere, of the order of 500 m, in which the winds are most greatly affected by surface roughness and topography). The aeolian wind tunnel is used for two purposes: to simulate the physics of the saltation process and to model at small scale the erosional and depositional processes associated with topographic surface features. For purposes of studying aeolian effects on the surface of Mars and Venus as well as on Earth, the aeolian wind tunnel continues to prove to be a useful tool for estimating wind speeds necessary to move small particles on the three planets as well as to determine the effects of topography on the evolution of aeolian features such as wind streaks and dune patterns.

  5. Research Based on the Acoustic Emission of Wind Power Tower Drum Dynamic Monitoring Technology

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Penglin; Sang, Yuan; Xu, Yaxing; Zhao, Zhiqiang

    Wind power tower drum is one of the key components of the wind power equipment. Whether the wind tower drum performs safety directly affects the efficiency, life, and performance of wind power equipment. Wind power tower drum in the process of manufacture, installation, and operation may lead to injury, and the wind load and gravity load and long-term factors such as poor working environment under the action of crack initiation or distortion, which eventually result in the instability or crack of the wind power tower drum and cause huge economic losses. Thus detecting the wind power tower drum crack damage and instability is especially important. In this chapter, acoustic emission is used to monitor the whole process of wind power tower drum material Q345E steel tensile test at first, and processing and analysis tensile failure signal of the material. And then based on the acoustic emission testing technology to the dynamic monitoring of wind power tower drum, the overall detection and evaluation of the existence of active defects in the whole structure, and the acoustic emission signals collected for processing and analysis, we could preliminarily master the wind tower drum mechanism of acoustic emission source. The acoustic emission is a kind of online, efficient, and economic method, which has very broad prospects for work. The editorial committee of nondestructive testing qualification and certification of personnel teaching material of science and technology industry of national defense, "Acoustic emission testing" (China Machine Press, 2005.1).

  6. 13 CFR 107.1610 - Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... (Leverage) Funding Leverage by Use of Sba-Guaranteed Trust Certificates (âtcsâ) § 107.1610 Effect of... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. 107.1610 Section 107.1610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL...

  7. 13 CFR 107.1610 - Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... (Leverage) Funding Leverage by Use of Sba-Guaranteed Trust Certificates (âtcsâ) § 107.1610 Effect of... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. 107.1610 Section 107.1610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL...

  8. 13 CFR 108.1610 - Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... Companies (Leverage) Funding Leverage by Use of Sba Guaranteed Trust Certificates (âtcsâ) § 108.1610 Effect... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. 108.1610 Section 108.1610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL...

  9. 13 CFR 108.1610 - Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... Companies (Leverage) Funding Leverage by Use of Sba Guaranteed Trust Certificates (âtcsâ) § 108.1610 Effect... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. 108.1610 Section 108.1610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL...

  10. 13 CFR 108.1610 - Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Effect of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. 108.1610 Section 108.1610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... of prepayment or early redemption of Leverage on a Trust Certificate. (a) The rights, if any, of a...

  11. 13 CFR 121.603 - How does SBA determine whether a Participant is small for a particular 8(a) BD subcontract?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... determine whether a Participant is small for a particular 8(a) BD subcontract? (a) Self certification by... agency. The Participant also must submit a copy of its offer, including its self-certification as to size... nonmanufacturer rule to, 8(a) BD procurements. (b) Verification of size by SBA. Within 30 days of its receipt of a...

  12. 75 FR 17161 - Job Corps: Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for the Installation of a Small...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-04-05

    ... Impact (FONSI) for the Installation of a Small Wind Turbine at the Pine Ridge Job Corps Center Located at...: Preliminary Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) for a small Wind Turbine Installation to be located at... prepared for a proposed Wind Turbine Installation to be located at the Pine Ridge Job Corps Center, 15710...

  13. Self energized air core superconducting (SEAC) motor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hilal, M. A.; Huang, X.; Lloyd, J. D.; Crapo, A. D.

    1991-03-01

    The SEAC motor described utilizes superconductive windings both for the stator and the rotor and operates the same way as a conventional motor by supplying power to the stator. The rotor of a simple SEAC motor has a small and a large winding and two switches. The axes of the two rotor windings are normal to each other. The rotor is initially stationary, and the windings are exposed to the rotating stator field. Flux pumping is employed to charge the rotor windings. As the field rotates by 180 deg from being parallel to the axis of the small winding of the rotor, a switch connected in series with the windings automatically opens, allowing the magnetic flux to penetrate the winding. The switch is closed during most of the other half of the cycle. The flux trapped in the small winding is partially transferred to the larger rotor winding by opening another switch, which results in series connection of the two windings. This results in charging the large winding and in accelerating the rotor to reach the rotating field angular velocity. Current decay will not take place, since it will automatically trigger flux pumping and recharging of the windings. The use of superconductive windings will also make it feasible to operate at high magnetic field, thus eliminating the need for using iron laminations to magnetically link the rotor and the stator windings.

  14. Sistemas Eolicos Pequenos para Generacion de Electridad (Spanish version of Small Wind Electric Systems: A U.S. Consumer's Guide) (in Spanish)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2005-07-01

    This Spanish version of the popular Small Wind Electric Systems: A U.S. Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and economics. Topics include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a system tomore » the utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a list of contacts for more information.« less

  15. Jobs and Economic Development Impacts from Small Wind: JEDI Model in the Works (Presentation)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Tegen, S.

    2012-06-01

    This presentation covers the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's role in economic impact analysis for wind power Jobs and Economic Development Impacts (JEDI) models, JEDI results, small wind JEDI specifics, and a request for information to complete the model.

  16. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Heeter, J.

    This presentation highlights the status of the voluntary green power market in 2012. The voluntary green power market totaled more than 48 million MWh in 2012, with about 1.9 million customers participating. The supply continues to be dominated by wind, though solar is increasing its share of utility green pricing programs. Prices for voluntary renewable energy certificates (RECs) increased to above $1/MWh.

  17. Wind Energy Workforce Development: Engineering, Science, & Technology

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lesieutre, George A.; Stewart, Susan W.; Bridgen, Marc

    2013-03-29

    Broadly, this project involved the development and delivery of a new curriculum in wind energy engineering at the Pennsylvania State University; this includes enhancement of the Renewable Energy program at the Pennsylvania College of Technology. The new curricula at Penn State includes addition of wind energy-focused material in more than five existing courses in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, engineering science and mechanics and energy engineering, as well as three new online graduate courses. The online graduate courses represent a stand-alone Graduate Certificate in Wind Energy, and provide the core of a Wind Energy Option in an online intercollege professional Mastersmore » degree in Renewable Energy and Sustainability Systems. The Pennsylvania College of Technology erected a 10 kilowatt Xzeres wind turbine that is dedicated to educating the renewable energy workforce. The entire construction process was incorporated into the Renewable Energy A.A.S. degree program, the Building Science and Sustainable Design B.S. program, and other construction-related coursework throughout the School of Construction and Design Technologies. Follow-on outcomes include additional non-credit opportunities as well as secondary school career readiness events, community outreach activities, and public awareness postings.« less

  18. 7 CFR Appendix A to Part 4280 - Technical Reports for Projects With Total Eligible Project Costs of $200,000 or Less

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... of the wind turbine is 100kW or smaller and with a generator hub height of 120 feet or less. Small... demonstrate the amount of local wind resource where the small wind turbine is to be installed. Indicate the... of the individual wind turbine(s) is larger than 100kW. (a) Qualifications of key project service...

  19. 7 CFR Appendix A to Part 4280 - Technical Reports for Projects With Total Eligible Project Costs of $200,000 or Less

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... of the wind turbine is 100kW or smaller and with a generator hub height of 120 feet or less. Small... demonstrate the amount of local wind resource where the small wind turbine is to be installed. Indicate the... of the individual wind turbine(s) is larger than 100kW. (a) Qualifications of key project service...

  20. Automatic systems and the low-level wind hazard

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schaeffer, Dwight R.

    1987-01-01

    Automatic flight control systems provide means for significantly enhancing survivability in severe wind hazards. The technology required to produce the necessary control algorithms is available and has been made technically feasible by the advent of digital flight control systems and accurate, low-noise sensors, especially strap-down inertial sensors. The application of this technology and these means has not generally been enabled except for automatic landing systems, and even then the potential has not been fully exploited. To fully exploit the potential of automatic systems for enhancing safety in wind hazards requires providing incentives, creating demand, inspiring competition, education, and eliminating prejudicial disincentitives to overcome the economic penalties associated with the extensive and riskly development and certification of these systems. If these changes will come about at all, it will likely be through changes in the regulations provided by the certifying agencies.

  1. Reduction in predicted survival times in cold water due to wind and waves.

    PubMed

    Power, Jonathan; Simões Ré, António; Barwood, Martin; Tikuisis, Peter; Tipton, Michael

    2015-07-01

    Recent marine accidents have called into question the level of protection provided by immersion suits in real (harsh) life situations. Two immersion suit studies, one dry and the other with 500 mL of water underneath the suit, were conducted in cold water with 10-12 males in each to test body heat loss under three environmental conditions: calm, as mandated for immersion suit certification, and two combinations of wind plus waves to simulate conditions typically found offshore. In both studies mean skin heat loss was higher in wind and waves vs. calm; deep body temperature and oxygen consumption were not different. Mean survival time predictions exceeded 36 h for all conditions in the first study but were markedly less in the second in both calm and wind and waves. Immersion suit protection and consequential predicted survival times under realistic environmental conditions and with leakage are reduced relative to calm conditions. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

  2. 7 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Technical Reports for Projects With Total Eligible Project Costs of $200,000 or Less

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... of the wind turbine is 100kW or smaller and with a generator hub height of 120 feet or less. Small... demonstrate the amount of local wind resource where the small wind turbine is to be installed. Indicate the... of the individual wind turbine(s) is larger than 100kW. (a) Qualifications of key project service...

  3. 7 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Technical Reports for Projects With Total Eligible Project Costs of $200,000 or Less

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... of the wind turbine is 100kW or smaller and with a generator hub height of 120 feet or less. Small... demonstrate the amount of local wind resource where the small wind turbine is to be installed. Indicate the... of the individual wind turbine(s) is larger than 100kW. (a) Qualifications of key project service...

  4. 7 CFR Appendix A to Subpart B of... - Technical Reports for Projects With Total Eligible Project Costs of $200,000 or Less

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... of the wind turbine is 100kW or smaller and with a generator hub height of 120 feet or less. Small... demonstrate the amount of local wind resource where the small wind turbine is to be installed. Indicate the... of the individual wind turbine(s) is larger than 100kW. (a) Qualifications of key project service...

  5. Environmental Testing Philosophy for a Sandia National Laboratories' Small Satellite Project - A Retrospective

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    CAP,JEROME S.

    2000-08-24

    Sandia has recently completed the flight certification test series for the Multi-Spectral Thermal Imaging satellite (MTI), which is a small satellite for which Sandia was the system integrator. A paper was presented at the 16th Aerospace Testing Seminar discussing plans for performing the structural dynamics certification program for that satellite. The testing philosophy was originally based on a combination of system level vibroacoustic tests and component level shock and vibration tests. However, the plans evolved to include computational analyses using both Finite Element Analysis and Statistical Energy Analysis techniques. This paper outlines the final certification process and discuss lessons learnedmore » including both things that went well and things that should/could have been done differently.« less

  6. Analysis of conditions favourable for small vertical axis wind turbines between building passages in urban areas of Sweden

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Awan, Muhammad Rizwan; Riaz, Fahid; Nabi, Zahid

    2017-05-01

    This paper presents the analysis of installing the vertical axis wind turbines between the building passages on an island in Stockholm, Sweden. Based on the idea of wind speed amplification due to the venture effect in passages, practical measurements were carried out to study the wind profile for a range of passage widths in parallel building passages. Highest increment in wind speed was observed in building passages located on the periphery of sland as wind enters from free field. Wind mapping was performed in the island to choose the most favourable location to install the vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT). Using the annual wind speed data for location and measured amplification factor, energy potential of the street was calculated. This analysis verified that small vertical axis wind turbines can be installed in the passage centre line provided that enough space is provided for traffic and passengers.

  7. 48 CFR 37.108 - Small business Certificate of Competency.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... of Competency. 37.108 Section 37.108 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION... business Certificate of Competency. In those service contracts for which the Government requires the highest competence obtainable, as evidenced in a solicitation by a request for a technical/management...

  8. Blade Testing Trends (Presentation)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Desmond, M.

    2014-08-01

    As an invited guest speaker, Michael Desmond presented on NREL's NWTC structural testing methods and capabilities at the 2014 Sandia Blade Workshop held on August 26-28, 2014 in Albuquerque, NM. Although dynamometer and field testing capabilities were mentioned, the presentation focused primarily on wind turbine blade testing, including descriptions and capabilities for accredited certification testing, historical methodology and technology deployment, and current research and development activities.

  9. Small Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine under High Speed Operation: Study of Power Evaluation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Moh. M. Saad, Magedi; Mohd, Sofian Bin; Zulkafli, Mohd Fadhli Bin; Abdullah, Aslam Bin; Rahim, Mohammad Zulafif Bin; Subari, Zulkhairi Bin; Rosly, Nurhayati Binti

    2017-10-01

    Mechanical energy is produced through the rotation of wind turbine blades by air that convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy. Wind turbines are usually designed to be use for particular applications and design characteristics may vary depending on the area of use. The variety of applications is reflected on the size of turbines and their infrastructures, however, performance enhancement of wind turbine may start by analyzing the small horizontal axis wind turbine (SHAWT) under high wind speed operation. This paper analyzes the implementations of SHAWT turbines and investigates their performance in both simulation and real life. Depending on the real structure of the rotor geometry and aerodynamic test, the power performance of the SHAWT was simulated using ANSYS-FLUENT software at different wind speed up to 33.33 m/s (120km/h) in order to numerically investigate the actual turbine operation. Dynamic mesh and user define function (UDF) was used for revolving the rotor turbine via wind. Simulation results were further validated by experimental data and hence good matching was yielded. And for reducing the energy producing cost, car alternator was formed to be used as a small horizontal wind turbine. As a result, alternator-based turbine system was found to be a low-cost solution for exploitation of wind energy.

  10. High Work, High-Efficiency Turbines for Uninhabited Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-09-01

    controlling highly loaded LP turbine blades have been demonstrated in a low speed linear cascade at the AFRL Low Speed Wind Tunnel (LSWT) facility that...34, pp. 1570-1577. [34] Selig M. S. and Mcgranahan, B. D., “ Wind Tunnel Aerodynamic Tests of Six Airfoils for Use on Small Wind Turbines .” National...aerodynamic flows is of interest in many design domains such as air vehicles, turbomachinery, and wind turbines . Micro-air-vehicles (MAV) which have small

  11. 13 CFR 108.610 - Required certifications for Loans and Investments.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Required certifications for Loans and Investments. 108.610 Section 108.610 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION NEW MARKETS VENTURE CAPITAL (âNMVCâ) PROGRAM Recordkeeping, Reporting, and Examination Requirements...

  12. [The certification of advanced therapy medicinal products. A quality label for product development in small and medium-sized enterprises].

    PubMed

    Berger, A; Schüle, S; Flory, E

    2011-07-01

    Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) are gene therapy, cell therapy, and tissue engineered products. To gain access to the market within the European Union, ATMPs must be authorized by the European Commission (EC). Especially for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), the European centralized procedure of marketing authorization that is conducted by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) constitutes a major challenge, because SMEs often have little experience with regulatory procedures and many have limited financial possibilities. To tackle these challenges, a certification procedure exclusively for SMEs and their ATMP development was introduced by the EC. Independently from a marketing authorization application, development and/or production processes can be certified. An issued certificate demonstrates that the respective process meets the current regulatory and scientific requirements of the EMA, representing a valuable milestone for putative investors and licensees. This article highlights the background, the detailed procedure, the minimum requirements, as well as the costs of certification, while giving further noteworthy guidance for interested parties.

  13. The Effect Of Atributes Product’s Analysis, Halal Certification, And Product Innovation To The Interest Of Consumer Buying-Back Through The Advantage Competitive Of Micro Small And Medium Business (MSMB) In Medan

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Aditi, Bunga

    2017-12-01

    This research is done to know and analyzing the effect of attribute, halal certification product, and product innovation on the competitiveness of Micro Small and Medium Business in Medan, knowing and analyzing the effect of product attribute, halal certification, and product innovation to consumer buying surge. The type of research used is explanatory research with quantitative approach. The population in this study is the community as consumers who are in the area of Medan province of North Sumatera. Total sample of 150 people. Sampling method which use an accidental sampling is the technique of determining samples by chance, example: consumers whomeets with researcher coincidentally can be sampled if the consumer is appropriate or suitable as a source of data. This research uses the method of Structural Equation Modeling analysis. The mainting of this research is showed that product attributes, halal certification, and product innovation had a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage which impact on consumer buy-back (surge) interest. The advantage competitive has affects consumer buying surge interest positively. Keywords: Product attributes, halal certification, product innovation, competitive advantage, consumer buying interest

  14. 48 CFR 219.001 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... OF DEFENSE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS 219.001 Definitions. Small disadvantaged business concern is defined: (1) At FAR 52.219-23(a) (i.e., a firm is considered a small disadvantaged business (SDB) concern by receiving certification by the Small Business Administration and meeting the...

  15. Modeling circulation patterns induced by spatial cross-shore wind variability in a small-size coastal embayment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cerralbo, Pablo; Espino, Manuel; Grifoll, Manel

    2016-08-01

    This contribution shows the importance of the cross-shore spatial wind variability in the water circulation in a small-sized micro-tidal bay. The hydrodynamic wind response at Alfacs Bay (Ebro River delta, NW Mediterranean Sea) is investigated with a numerical model (ROMS) supported by in situ observations. The wind variability observed in meteorological measurements is characterized with meteorological model (WRF) outputs. From the hydrodynamic simulations of the bay, the water circulation response is affected by the cross-shore wind variability, leading to water current structures not observed in the homogeneous-wind case. If the wind heterogeneity response is considered, the water exchange in the longitudinal direction increases significantly, reducing the water exchange time by around 20%. Wind resolutions half the size of the bay (in our case around 9 km) inhibit cross-shore wind variability, which significantly affects the resultant circulation pattern. The characteristic response is also investigated using idealized test cases. These results show how the wind curl contributes to the hydrodynamic response in shallow areas and promotes the exchange between the bay and the open sea. Negative wind curl is related to the formation of an anti-cyclonic gyre at the bay's mouth. Our results highlight the importance of considering appropriate wind resolution even in small-scale domains (such as bays or harbors) to characterize the hydrodynamics, with relevant implications in the water exchange time and the consequent water quality and ecological parameters.

  16. A summary of impacts of wind power integration on power system small-signal stability

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yan, Lei; Wang, Kewen

    2017-05-01

    Wind power has been increasingly integrated into power systems over the last few decades because of the global energy crisis and the pressure on environmental protection, and the stability of the system connected with wind power is becoming more prominent. This paper summaries the research status, achievements as well as deficiencies of the research on the impact of wind power integration on power system small-signal stability. In the end, the further research needed are discussed.

  17. 77 FR 60096 - Adding International Energy Efficiency (IEE) Certificate to List of Certificates a Recognized...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-10-02

    ... Efficiency IMO International Maritime Organization MARPOL Protocol International Convention for the... rule. On July 15, 2011, in resolution MEPC.203(62), the International Maritime Organization's (IMO... think that your business, organization, or governmental jurisdiction qualifies as a small entity and...

  18. Aerodynamic design and analysis of small horizontal axis wind turbine blades

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tang, Xinzi

    This work investigates the aerodynamic design and analysis of small horizontal axis wind turbine blades via the blade element momentum (BEM) based approach and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based approach. From this research, it is possible to draw a series of detailed guidelines on small wind turbine blade design and analysis. The research also provides a platform for further comprehensive study using these two approaches. The wake induction corrections and stall corrections of the BEM method were examined through a case study of the NREL/NASA Phase VI wind turbine. A hybrid stall correction model was proposed to analyse wind turbine power performance. The proposed model shows improvement in power prediction for the validation case, compared with the existing stall correction models. The effects of the key rotor parameters of a small wind turbine as well as the blade chord and twist angle distributions on power performance were investigated through two typical wind turbines, i.e. a fixed-pitch variable-speed (FPVS) wind turbine and a fixed-pitch fixed-speed (FPFS) wind turbine. An engineering blade design and analysis code was developed in MATLAB to accommodate aerodynamic design and analysis of the blades.. The linearisation for radial profiles of blade chord and twist angle for the FPFS wind turbine blade design was discussed. Results show that, the proposed linearisation approach leads to reduced manufacturing cost and higher annual energy production (AEP), with minimal effects on the low wind speed performance. Comparative studies of mesh and turbulence models in 2D and 3D CFD modelling were conducted. The CFD predicted lift and drag coefficients of the airfoil S809 were compared with wind tunnel test data and the 3D CFD modelling method of the NREL/NASA Phase VI wind turbine were validated against measurements. Airfoil aerodynamic characterisation and wind turbine power performance as well as 3D flow details were studied. The detailed flow characteristics from the CFD modelling are quantitatively comparable to the measurements, such as blade surface pressure distribution and integrated forces and moments. It is confirmed that the CFD approach is able to provide a more detailed qualitative and quantitative analysis for wind turbine airfoils and rotors..

  19. Numerical investigation of the optimum wind turbine sitting for domestic flat roofs

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ishfaq, Salman Muhammad; Chaudhry, Hassam Nasarullah

    2018-05-01

    The power capacity of roof mounted wind turbines is dependent on several factors which influence its energy yield. In this paper, an investigation has been carried out using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to determine flow distribution and establish an optimum mounting location for a small wind turbine on a domestic flat roof. The realisable k-ɛ and SST k-ω turbulence models were compared to establish their consistency with one another with respect to the physical domain. Nine mounting locations were considered for a pole mounted wind turbine. Three windward positions on the upwind side of the flat surfaced building were considered as viable locations for mounting the small wind turbine. Out of the three windward locations, the central upwind (1,0) mounting position was seen to be producing the highest velocity of 5.3 m/s from the available ambient velocity which was 4 m/s. Therefore, this mounting location provided the highest extractable power for the wind turbine. Conclusively, wind properties along with the mounting locations can play a significant role in either enhancing or diminishing the small wind turbine's performance on a domestic flat roof.

  20. 48 CFR 1809.206-70 - Small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 true Small businesses. 1809.206...-70 Small businesses. If a small business otherwise eligible for award has been placed in a special... that the small business does not appear to have the capacity to perform, the certificate of competency...

  1. 48 CFR 1809.206-70 - Small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Small businesses. 1809.206...-70 Small businesses. If a small business otherwise eligible for award has been placed in a special... that the small business does not appear to have the capacity to perform, the certificate of competency...

  2. 48 CFR 1809.206-70 - Small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Small businesses. 1809.206...-70 Small businesses. If a small business otherwise eligible for award has been placed in a special... that the small business does not appear to have the capacity to perform, the certificate of competency...

  3. 48 CFR 1809.206-70 - Small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Small businesses. 1809.206...-70 Small businesses. If a small business otherwise eligible for award has been placed in a special... that the small business does not appear to have the capacity to perform, the certificate of competency...

  4. 48 CFR 1809.206-70 - Small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 6 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Small businesses. 1809.206...-70 Small businesses. If a small business otherwise eligible for award has been placed in a special... that the small business does not appear to have the capacity to perform, the certificate of competency...

  5. Ensemble downscaling in coupled solar wind-magnetosphere modeling for space weather forecasting.

    PubMed

    Owens, M J; Horbury, T S; Wicks, R T; McGregor, S L; Savani, N P; Xiong, M

    2014-06-01

    Advanced forecasting of space weather requires simulation of the whole Sun-to-Earth system, which necessitates driving magnetospheric models with the outputs from solar wind models. This presents a fundamental difficulty, as the magnetosphere is sensitive to both large-scale solar wind structures, which can be captured by solar wind models, and small-scale solar wind "noise," which is far below typical solar wind model resolution and results primarily from stochastic processes. Following similar approaches in terrestrial climate modeling, we propose statistical "downscaling" of solar wind model results prior to their use as input to a magnetospheric model. As magnetospheric response can be highly nonlinear, this is preferable to downscaling the results of magnetospheric modeling. To demonstrate the benefit of this approach, we first approximate solar wind model output by smoothing solar wind observations with an 8 h filter, then add small-scale structure back in through the addition of random noise with the observed spectral characteristics. Here we use a very simple parameterization of noise based upon the observed probability distribution functions of solar wind parameters, but more sophisticated methods will be developed in the future. An ensemble of results from the simple downscaling scheme are tested using a model-independent method and shown to add value to the magnetospheric forecast, both improving the best estimate and quantifying the uncertainty. We suggest a number of features desirable in an operational solar wind downscaling scheme. Solar wind models must be downscaled in order to drive magnetospheric models Ensemble downscaling is more effective than deterministic downscaling The magnetosphere responds nonlinearly to small-scale solar wind fluctuations.

  6. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems. Second Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference, part 1

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spady, Amos A., Jr. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Schlickenmaier, Herbert (Compiler)

    1990-01-01

    The Second Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference hosted jointly by NASA Langley (LaRC) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) was held in Williamsburg, Virginia, on October 18 to 20, 1988. The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant, ongoing results gained during the second year of the joint NASA/FAA Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-look technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment and the FAA certification requirements.

  7. 48 CFR 819.602-3 - Resolving differences between VA and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 819.602-3 Resolving differences between VA and the... of correspondence sent to the SBA seeking a certificate of competency determination must be concurrently provided to the Director, OSDBU. Before appealing a certificate of competency, the HCA must seek...

  8. Northwest forest practices regulation and forest management certification

    Treesearch

    Steverson O. Moffat; Frederick W. Cubbage

    2001-01-01

    In the United States, sustainable forestry certification programs and sustainable forestry proof-of-performance programs have now enrolled nearly 36 percent of the nation's timberlands. However, only the American Tree Farm System and the National Woodland Association's Green Tag Forestry program are targeted specifically for small woodland owners. We were...

  9. 13 CFR 120.643 - Requirements before the FTA issues Individual Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirements before the FTA issues Individual Certificates. 120.643 Section 120.643 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.643 Requirements before the FTA issues...

  10. 13 CFR 120.640 - Administration of the Pool and Individual Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Administration of the Pool and Individual Certificates. 120.640 Section 120.640 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.640 Administration of the Pool and...

  11. 13 CFR 120.642 - Requirements before the FTA issues Pool Certificates.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Requirements before the FTA issues Pool Certificates. 120.642 Section 120.642 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.642 Requirements before the FTA issues Pool...

  12. Local diurnal wind-driven variabiity and upwelling in a small coastal embayment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Walter, R. K.; Reid, E. C.; Davis, K. A.; Armenta, K. J.; Merhoff, K.; Nidzieko, N.

    2017-12-01

    The oceanic response to high-frequency local diurnal wind forcing is examined in a small coastal embayment located along an understudied stretch of the central California coast. We show that local diurnal wind forcing is the dominant control on nearshore temperature variability and circulation patterns. A complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of velocities in San Luis Obispo Bay reveals that the first-mode CEOF amplitude time series, which accounts for 47.9% of the variance, is significantly coherent with the local wind signal at the diurnal frequency and aligns with periods of weak and strong wind forcing. The diurnal evolution of the hydrographic structure and circulation in the bay is examined using both individual events and composite-day averages. During the late afternoon, the local wind strengthens and results in a sheared flow with near-surface warm waters directed out of the bay and a compensating flow of colder waters into the bay over the bottom portion of the water column. This cold water intrusion into the bay causes isotherms to shoal toward the surface and delivers subthermocline waters to shallow reaches of the bay, representing a mechanism for small-scale upwelling. When the local winds relax, the warm water mass advects back into the bay in the form of a buoyant plume front. Local diurnal winds are expected to play an important role in nearshore dynamics and local upwelling in other small coastal embayments with important implications for various biological and ecological processes.

  13. Local diurnal wind-driven variability and upwelling in a small coastal embayment

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Walter, Ryan K.; Reid, Emma C.; Davis, Kristen A.; Armenta, Kevin J.; Merhoff, Kevin; Nidzieko, Nicholas J.

    2017-02-01

    The oceanic response to high-frequency local diurnal wind forcing is examined in a small coastal embayment located along an understudied stretch of the central California coast. We show that local diurnal wind forcing is the dominant control on nearshore temperature variability and circulation patterns. A complex empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) analysis of velocities in San Luis Obispo Bay reveals that the first-mode CEOF amplitude time series, which accounts for 47.9% of the variance, is significantly coherent with the local wind signal at the diurnal frequency and aligns with periods of weak and strong wind forcing. The diurnal evolution of the hydrographic structure and circulation in the bay is examined using both individual events and composite-day averages. During the late afternoon, the local wind strengthens and results in a sheared flow with near-surface warm waters directed out of the bay and a compensating flow of colder waters into the bay over the bottom portion of the water column. This cold water intrusion into the bay causes isotherms to shoal toward the surface and delivers subthermocline waters to shallow reaches of the bay, representing a mechanism for small-scale upwelling. When the local winds relax, the warm water mass advects back into the bay in the form of a buoyant plume front. Local diurnal winds are expected to play an important role in nearshore dynamics and local upwelling in other small coastal embayments with important implications for various biological and ecological processes.

  14. National Wind Technology Center | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    . Wind Energy Research Wind turbine blade Wind energy research at the NWTC allows for validation and verification of large and small components and wind turbine systems. Photo by Dennis Schroeder / NREL 40935 Wind energy research at the NWTC has pioneered wind turbine components, systems, and modeling methods

  15. Solo and Small Practices: A Vital, Diverse Part of Primary Care.

    PubMed

    Liaw, Winston R; Jetty, Anuradha; Petterson, Stephen M; Peterson, Lars E; Bazemore, Andrew W

    2016-01-01

    Solo and small practices are facing growing pressure to consolidate. Our objectives were to determine (1) the percentage of family physicians in solo and small practices, and (2) the characteristics of and services provided by these practices. A total of 10,888 family physicians seeking certification through the American Board of Family Medicine in 2013 completed a demographic survey. Their practices were split into categories by size: solo, small (2 to 5 providers), medium (6 to 20 providers), and large (more than 20 providers). We also determined the rurality of the county where the physicians practiced. We developed 2 logistic regression models: one assessed predictors of practicing in a solo or small practice, while the other was restricted to solo and small practices and assessed predictors of practicing in a solo practice. More than one-half of respondents worked in solo or small practices. Small practices were the largest group (36%) and were the most likely to be located in a rural setting (20%). The likelihood of having a care coordinator and medical home certification increased with practice size. Physicians were more likely to be practicing in small or solo practices (vs medium-sized or large ones) if they were African American or Hispanic, had been working for more than 30 years, and worked in rural areas. Physicians were more likely to be practicing in small practices (vs solo ones) if they worked in highly rural areas. Family physicians in solo and small practices comprised the majority among all family physicians seeking board certification and were more likely to work in rural geographies. Extension programs and community health teams have the potential to support transformation within these practices. © 2016 Annals of Family Medicine, Inc.

  16. Solo and Small Practices: A Vital, Diverse Part of Primary Care

    PubMed Central

    Liaw, Winston R.; Jetty, Anuradha; Petterson, Stephen M.; Peterson, Lars E.; Bazemore, Andrew W.

    2016-01-01

    PURPOSE Solo and small practices are facing growing pressure to consolidate. Our objectives were to determine (1) the percentage of family physicians in solo and small practices, and (2) the characteristics of and services provided by these practices. METHODS A total of 10,888 family physicians seeking certification through the American Board of Family Medicine in 2013 completed a demographic survey. Their practices were split into categories by size: solo, small (2 to 5 providers), medium (6 to 20 providers), and large (more than 20 providers). We also determined the rurality of the county where the physicians practiced. We developed 2 logistic regression models: one assessed predictors of practicing in a solo or small practice, while the other was restricted to solo and small practices and assessed predictors of practicing in a solo practice. RESULTS More than one-half of respondents worked in solo or small practices. Small practices were the largest group (36%) and were the most likely to be located in a rural setting (20%). The likelihood of having a care coordinator and medical home certification increased with practice size. Physicians were more likely to be practicing in small or solo practices (vs medium-sized or large ones) if they were African American or Hispanic, had been working for more than 30 years, and worked in rural areas. Physicians were more likely to be practicing in small practices (vs solo ones) if they worked in highly rural areas. CONCLUSIONS Family physicians in solo and small practices comprised the majority among all family physicians seeking board certification and were more likely to work in rural geographies. Extension programs and community health teams have the potential to support transformation within these practices. PMID:26755778

  17. Advanced Offshore Wind Energy - Atlantic Consortium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Kempton, Willett

    This project developed relationships among the lead institution, U of Delaware, wind industry participants from 11 companies, and two other universities in the region. The participating regional universities were University of Maryland and Old Dominion University. Research was carried out in six major areas: Analysis and documentation of extreme oceanic wind events & their impact on design parameters, calibration of corrosivity estimates measured on a coastal turbine, measurment and modeling of tower structures, measurement and modeling of the tribology of major drive components, and gearbox conditioning monitoring using acoustic sensors. The project also had several educational goals, including establishing amore » course in wind energy and training graduate students. Going beyond these goals, three new courses were developed, a graduate certificate program in wind power was developed and approved, and an exchange program in wind energy was established with Danish Technical University. Related to the installation of a Gamesa G90 turbine on campus and a Gamesa-UD research program established in part due to this award, several additional research projects have been carried out based on mutual industry-university interests, and funded by turbine revenues. This award and the Gamesa partnership have jointly led to seven graduate students receiving full safety and climb training, to become “research climbers” as part of their wind power training, and contributing to on-turbine research. As a result of the educational program, already six graduate students have taken jobs in the US wind industry.« less

  18. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    Small Wind Electric Systems: A Colorado Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and economics. Topics include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a system to the utility grid, and whether it'smore » possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a list of contacts for more information.« less

  19. FEM Simulation of Small Wind Power Generating System Using PMSG

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kesamaru, Katsumi; Ohno, Yoshihiro; Sonoda, Daisuke

    The paper describes a new approach to simulate the small wind power generating systems using PMSG, in which the output is connected to constant resistive load, such as heaters, through the rectifier and the dc chopper. The dynamics of the wind power generating system is presented, and it is shown by simulation results that this approach is useful for system dynamics, such as starting phenomena.

  20. State estimation for autopilot control of small unmanned aerial vehicles in windy conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Poorman, David Paul

    The use of small unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) both in the military and civil realms is growing. This is largely due to the proliferation of inexpensive sensors and the increase in capability of small computers that has stemmed from the personal electronic device market. Methods for performing accurate state estimation for large scale aircraft have been well known and understood for decades, which usually involve a complex array of expensive high accuracy sensors. Performing accurate state estimation for small unmanned aircraft is a newer area of study and often involves adapting known state estimation methods to small UAVs. State estimation for small UAVs can be more difficult than state estimation for larger UAVs due to small UAVs employing limited sensor suites due to cost, and the fact that small UAVs are more susceptible to wind than large aircraft. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the ability of existing methods of state estimation for small UAVs to accurately capture the states of the aircraft that are necessary for autopilot control of the aircraft in a Dryden wind field. The research begins by showing which aircraft states are necessary for autopilot control in Dryden wind. Then two state estimation methods that employ only accelerometer, gyro, and GPS measurements are introduced. The first method uses assumptions on aircraft motion to directly solve for attitude information and smooth GPS data, while the second method integrates sensor data to propagate estimates between GPS measurements and then corrects those estimates with GPS information. The performance of both methods is analyzed with and without Dryden wind, in straight and level flight, in a coordinated turn, and in a wings level ascent. It is shown that in zero wind, the first method produces significant steady state attitude errors in both a coordinated turn and in a wings level ascent. In Dryden wind, it produces large noise on the estimates for its attitude states, and has a non-zero mean error that increases when gyro bias is increased. The second method is shown to not exhibit any steady state error in the tested scenarios that is inherent to its design. The second method can correct for attitude errors that arise from both integration error and gyro bias states, but it suffers from lack of attitude error observability. The attitude errors are shown to be more observable in wind, but increased integration error in wind outweighs the increase in attitude corrections that such increased observability brings, resulting in larger attitude errors in wind. Overall, this work highlights many technical deficiencies of both of these methods of state estimation that could be improved upon in the future to enhance state estimation for small UAVs in windy conditions.

  1. 40 CFR 73.90 - Allowance allocations for small diesel refineries.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Allowance allocations for small diesel... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCE SYSTEM Small Diesel Refineries § 73.90 Allowance allocations for small diesel refineries. (a) Initial certification of eligibility. The certifying official of a...

  2. 40 CFR 73.90 - Allowance allocations for small diesel refineries.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... 40 Protection of Environment 16 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Allowance allocations for small diesel... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) SULFUR DIOXIDE ALLOWANCE SYSTEM Small Diesel Refineries § 73.90 Allowance allocations for small diesel refineries. (a) Initial certification of eligibility. The certifying official of a...

  3. Is voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities achieving sustainability goals for small-scale producers? A review of the evidence

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    DeFries, Ruth S.; Fanzo, Jessica; Mondal, Pinki; Remans, Roseline; Wood, Stephen A.

    2017-03-01

    Over the last several decades, voluntary certification programs have become a key approach to promote sustainable supply chains for agricultural commodities. These programs provide premiums and other benefits to producers for adhering to environmental and labor practices established by the certifying entities. Following the principles of Cochrane Reviews used in health sciences, we assess evidence to evaluate whether voluntary certification of tropical agricultural commodities (bananas, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, and tea) has achieved environmental benefits and improved economic and social outcomes for small-scale producers at the level of the farm household. We reviewed over 2600 papers in the peer-review literature and identified 24 cases of unique combinations of study area, certification program, and commodity in 16 papers that rigorously analyzed differences between treatment (certified households) and control groups (uncertified households) for a wide range of response variables. Based on analysis of 347 response variables reported in these papers, we conclude that certification is associated on average with positive outcomes for 34% of response variables, no significant difference for 58% of variables, and negative outcomes for 8% of variables. No significant differences were observed for different categories of responses (environmental, economic and social) or for different commodities (banana, coffee and tea), except negative outcomes were significantly less for environmental than other outcome categories (p = 0.01). Most cases (20 out of 24) investigated coffee certification and response variables were inconsistent across cases, indicating the paucity of studies to conduct a conclusive meta-analysis. The somewhat positive results indicate that voluntary certification programs can sometimes play a role in meeting sustainable development goals and do not support the view that such programs are merely greenwashing. However, results also indicate that certification is not a panacea to improve social outcomes or overall incomes of smallholder farmers. Rigorous analysis, standardized criteria, and independent evaluation are needed to assess effectiveness of certification programs in the future.

  4. Distributed Wind Research | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    evaluation, and improve wind turbine and wind power plant performance. A photo of a snowy road leading to a single wind turbine surrounded by snow-covered pine trees against blue sky. Capabilities NREL's power plant and small wind turbine development. Algorithms and programs exist for simulating, designing

  5. Market Acceleration | Wind | NREL

    Science.gov Websites

    model of a shrouded wind turbine at the 2016 Collegiate Wind Competition. Workforce Development and accurate information that articulates the potential impacts and benefits of wind and water power on education, rural economic development, public power partnerships, and small wind systems. An

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    Small Wind Electric Systems: A Colorado Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and their economics. Topics discussed in the guide include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a system to themore » utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a regional wind resource map and a list of incentives and contacts for more information.« less

  7. Wind energy education projects. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Ziegler, P.; Conlon, T.R.; Arcadi, T.

    Two projects under DOE's Small-Scale Appropriate Energy Technology Grants Program have educated the public in a hands on way about wind energy systems. The first was awarded to Peter Ziegler of Berkeley, California, to design and build a walk-through exhibition structure powered by an adjoining wind-generator. This Wind Energy Pavilion was erected at Fort Funston in the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It currently serves both as an enclosure for batteries and a variety of monitoring instruments, and as a graphic environment where the public can learn about wind energy. The second project, entitled Wind and Kid Power, involved anmore » educational program for a classroom of first through third grades in the Vallejo, Unified School District. The students studied weather, measured wind speeds and built small models of wind machines. They also built a weather station, and learned to use weather instruments. The grant funds enabled them to actually build and erect a Savonius wind machine at the Loma Vista Farm School.« less

  8. 48 CFR 4.1201 - Policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... 52.219-28, Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation, apply, contractors that represented they were small businesses prior to award of a contract must update the representations and certifications in SAM as directed by the clause. Contractors that represented they were other than small...

  9. 48 CFR 4.1201 - Policy.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... 52.219-28, Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation, apply, contractors that represented they were small businesses prior to award of a contract must update the representations and certifications in SAM as directed by the clause. Contractors that represented they were other than small...

  10. Ensemble downscaling in coupled solar wind-magnetosphere modeling for space weather forecasting

    PubMed Central

    Owens, M J; Horbury, T S; Wicks, R T; McGregor, S L; Savani, N P; Xiong, M

    2014-01-01

    Advanced forecasting of space weather requires simulation of the whole Sun-to-Earth system, which necessitates driving magnetospheric models with the outputs from solar wind models. This presents a fundamental difficulty, as the magnetosphere is sensitive to both large-scale solar wind structures, which can be captured by solar wind models, and small-scale solar wind “noise,” which is far below typical solar wind model resolution and results primarily from stochastic processes. Following similar approaches in terrestrial climate modeling, we propose statistical “downscaling” of solar wind model results prior to their use as input to a magnetospheric model. As magnetospheric response can be highly nonlinear, this is preferable to downscaling the results of magnetospheric modeling. To demonstrate the benefit of this approach, we first approximate solar wind model output by smoothing solar wind observations with an 8 h filter, then add small-scale structure back in through the addition of random noise with the observed spectral characteristics. Here we use a very simple parameterization of noise based upon the observed probability distribution functions of solar wind parameters, but more sophisticated methods will be developed in the future. An ensemble of results from the simple downscaling scheme are tested using a model-independent method and shown to add value to the magnetospheric forecast, both improving the best estimate and quantifying the uncertainty. We suggest a number of features desirable in an operational solar wind downscaling scheme. Key Points Solar wind models must be downscaled in order to drive magnetospheric models Ensemble downscaling is more effective than deterministic downscaling The magnetosphere responds nonlinearly to small-scale solar wind fluctuations PMID:26213518

  11. 48 CFR 819.602-3 - Resolving differences between VA and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... between VA and the Small Business Administration. 819.602-3 Section 819.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates... Small Business Administration. The Director, OSDBU, is the VA liaison with the SBA. Information copies...

  12. 48 CFR 570.701 - FAR provisions and clauses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ...-1Small Business Program Representations. 52.219-28Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation (use...-5Women-Owned Business (Other than Small Business). 52.209-5Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension...-8Utilization of Small Business Concerns. 52.223-6Drug-Free Workplace. 52.233-2Service of Protest. (g) the...

  13. 48 CFR 570.701 - FAR provisions and clauses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ...-1Small Business Program Representations. 52.219-28Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation (use...-5Women-Owned Business (Other than Small Business). 52.209-5Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension...-8Utilization of Small Business Concerns. 52.223-6Drug-Free Workplace. 52.233-2Service of Protest. (g) the...

  14. 48 CFR 570.701 - FAR provisions and clauses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ...-1Small Business Program Representations. 52.219-28Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation (use...-5Women-Owned Business (Other than Small Business). 52.209-5Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension...-8Utilization of Small Business Concerns. 52.223-6Drug-Free Workplace. 52.233-2Service of Protest. (g) the...

  15. 48 CFR 570.701 - FAR provisions and clauses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ...-1Small Business Program Representations. 52.219-28Post-Award Small Business Program Rerepresentation (use...-5Women-Owned Business (Other than Small Business). 52.209-5Certification Regarding Debarment, Suspension...-8Utilization of Small Business Concerns. 52.223-6Drug-Free Workplace. 52.233-2Service of Protest. (g) the...

  16. 13 CFR 120.1511 - Certification and other reporting and notification requirements for Other Regulated SBLCs.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certification and other reporting and notification requirements for Other Regulated SBLCs. 120.1511 Section 120.1511 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Risk-Based Lender Oversight Enforcement Actions § 120...

  17. 13 CFR 126.305 - What format must the certification to SBA take?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What format must the certification to SBA take? 126.305 Section 126.305 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION... submit the required information in either a written or electronic application form provided by SBA. An...

  18. 40 CFR 60.1680 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1680 Section 60.1680 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Model Rule-Good Combustion Practices: Operator...

  19. 40 CFR 60.1680 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1680 Section 60.1680 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Model Rule-Good Combustion Practices: Operator...

  20. 40 CFR 60.1680 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1680 Section 60.1680 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Model Rule-Good Combustion Practices: Operator...

  1. 40 CFR 60.1680 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1680 Section 60.1680 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Model Rule-Good Combustion Practices: Operator...

  2. 40 CFR 60.1680 - After the required date for operator certification, who may operate the municipal waste...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... certification, who may operate the municipal waste combustion unit? 60.1680 Section 60.1680 Protection of... NEW STATIONARY SOURCES Emission Guidelines and Compliance Times for Small Municipal Waste Combustion Units Constructed on or Before August 30, 1999 Model Rule-Good Combustion Practices: Operator...

  3. Certified Organic Agriculture in Mexico: Market Connections and Certification Practices in Large and Small Producers

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Tovar, Laura Gomez; Martin, Lauren; Cruz, Manuel Angel Gomez; Mutersbaugh, Tad

    2005-01-01

    Certification within organic agriculture exhibits flexibility with respect to practices used to demonstrate that a product meets published quality standards. This case study of Mexican certified-organic agriculture finds two forms. Indigenous smallholders of southern Mexico undertake a low-input, process-oriented organic farming in which…

  4. 13 CFR 120.651 - Claim to FTA by Registered Holder to replace Certificate.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Claim to FTA by Registered Holder to replace Certificate. 120.651 Section 120.651 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Secondary Market Miscellaneous Provisions § 120.651 Claim to FTA by Registered...

  5. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    This Spanish version of the popular Small Wind Electric Systems: A U.S. Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and economics. Topics include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a system tomore » the utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a list of contacts for more information.« less

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    This Spanish version of the popular Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Mexico Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and economics. Topics include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a systemmore » to the utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a list of contacts for more information.« less

  7. 48 CFR 19.602-1 - Referral.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-1 Referral. (a) Upon determining and documenting that an apparent successful small business offeror lacks..., except that referral is not necessary if the small business concern— (i) Is determined to be unqualified...

  8. 48 CFR 19.602-1 - Referral.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-1 Referral. (a) Upon determining and documenting that an apparent successful small business offeror lacks..., except that referral is not necessary if the small business concern— (i) Is determined to be unqualified...

  9. 48 CFR 19.602-1 - Referral.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-1 Referral. (a) Upon determining and documenting that an apparent successful small business offeror lacks..., except that referral is not necessary if the small business concern— (i) Is determined to be unqualified...

  10. 48 CFR 19.602-1 - Referral.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-1 Referral. (a) Upon determining and documenting that an apparent successful small business offeror lacks..., except that referral is not necessary if the small business concern— (i) Is determined to be unqualified...

  11. Wind for Schools: Developing Educational Programs to Train a New Workforce and the Next Generation of Wind Energy Experts (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Flowers, L.; Baring-Gould, I.

    2010-04-01

    As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by: Developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools; and implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.

  12. Dual stator winding variable speed asynchronous generator: optimal design and experiments

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Tutelea, L. N.; Deaconu, S. I.; Popa, G. N.

    2015-06-01

    In the present paper is carried out a theoretical and experimental study of dual stator winding squirrel cage asynchronous generator (DSWA) behavior in the presence of saturation regime (non-sinusoidal) due to the variable speed operation. The main aims are the determination of the relations of calculating the equivalent parameters of the machine windings to optimal design using a Matlab code. Issue is limited to three phase range of double stator winding cage-induction generator of small sized powers, the most currently used in the small adjustable speed wind or hydro power plants. The tests were carried out using three-phase asynchronous generator having rated power of 6 [kVA].

  13. Small wind systems field evaluation. Volume I. Program description. Final report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dodge, D.M.; Liske, C.

    1982-07-01

    A Field Evaluation Program (FEP) was developed in 1978 to assist in the commercialization process for small wind systems. The program is described, and a description is provided of the institutional issues and barriers encountered and measures taken to assist the state and local governments in resolving them. Barriers were found to involve not only government regulations, but also the distribution of costs and benefits of wind technology and the rate of diffusion of knowledge about wind technology. The availability of capital to finance the production and purchase of wind machines, and the training of qualified dealers and service personnelmore » were also considerable problem areas. (LEW)« less

  14. Wind for Schools: Fostering the Human Talent Supply Chain for a 20% Wind Energy Future (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.

    2011-03-01

    As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by: 1) Developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses. 2) Installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools. 3) Implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.

  15. Renewable energy projects in the Dominican Republic

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Viani, B.

    1997-12-01

    This paper describes a US/Dominican Republic program to develop renewable energy projects in the country. The objective is to demonstrate the commercial viability of renewable energy generation projects, primarily small-scale wind and hydropower. Preliminary studies are completed for three micro-hydro projects with a total capacity of 262 kWe, and two small wind power projects for water pumping. In addition wind resource assessment is ongoing, and professional training and technical assistance to potential investors is ongoing. Projects goals include not less than ten small firms actively involved in installation of such systems by September 1998.

  16. Calibration of averaging total pressure flight wake rake and natural-laminar-flow airfoil drag certification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Irani, E.; Snyder, M. H.

    1988-01-01

    An averaging total pressure wake rake used by the Cessna Aircraft Company in flight tests of a modified 210 airplane with a laminar flow wing was calibrated in wind tunnel tests against a five-tube pressure probe. The model generating the wake was a full-scale model of the Cessna airplane wing. Indications of drag trends were the same for both instruments.

  17. Wind noise spectra in small Reynolds number turbulent flows.

    PubMed

    Zhao, Sipei; Cheng, Eva; Qiu, Xiaojun; Burnett, Ian; Liu, Jacob Chia-Chun

    2017-11-01

    Wind noise spectra caused by wind from fans in indoor environments have been found to be different from those measured in outdoor atmospheric conditions. Although many models have been developed to predict outdoor wind noise spectra under the assumption of large Reynolds number [Zhao, Cheng, Qiu, Burnett, and Liu (2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 4178-4182, and the references therein], they cannot be applied directly to the indoor situations because the Reynolds number of wind from fans in indoor environments is usually much smaller than that experienced in atmospheric turbulence. This paper proposes a pressure structure function model that combines the energy-containing and dissipation ranges so that the pressure spectrum for small Reynolds number turbulent flows can be calculated. The proposed pressure structure function model is validated with the experimental results in the literature, and then the obtained pressure spectrum is verified with the numerical simulation and experiment results. It is demonstrated that the pressure spectrum obtained from the proposed pressure structure function model can be utilized to estimate wind noise spectra caused by turbulent flows with small Reynolds numbers.

  18. A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities

    PubMed Central

    Erickson, Wallace P.; Wolfe, Melissa M.; Bay, Kimberly J.; Johnson, Douglas H.; Gehring, Joelle L.

    2014-01-01

    Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in the United States (US) and Canada, and the most common among bird fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 116 studies conducted in the US and Canada to estimate the annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us to calculate estimates of small-bird fatality rates from reported all-bird rates for 30% of studies. The remaining 70% of studies provided data on small-bird fatalities. We then adjusted estimates to account for detection bias and loss of carcasses from scavenging. These studies represented about 15% of current operating capacity (megawatts [MW]) for all wind energy facilities in the US and Canada and provided information on 4,975 bird fatalities, of which we estimated 62.5% were small passerines comprising 156 species. For all wind energy facilities currently in operation, we estimated that about 134,000 to 230,000 small-passerine fatalities from collision with wind turbines occur annually, or 2.10 to 3.35 small birds/MW of installed capacity. When adjusted for species composition, this indicates that about 368,000 fatalities for all bird species are caused annually by collisions with wind turbines. Other human-related sources of bird deaths, (e.g., communication towers, buildings [including windows]), and domestic cats) have been estimated to kill millions to billions of birds each year. Compared to continent-wide population estimates, the cumulative mortality rate per year by species was highest for black-throated blue warbler and tree swallow; 0.043% of the entire population of each species was estimated to annually suffer mortality from collisions with turbines. For the eighteen species with the next highest values, this estimate ranged from 0.008% to 0.038%, much lower than rates attributed to collisions with communication towers (1.2% to 9.0% for top twenty species). PMID:25222738

  19. A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collisions with turbines at wind energy facilities

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Erickson, Wallace P.; Wolfe, Melissa M.; Bay, Kimberly J.; Johnson, Douglas H.; Gehring, Joelle L.

    2014-01-01

    Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in the United States (US) and Canada, and the most common among bird fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 39 studies conducted in the US and Canada to estimate the annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us to calculate estimates of small-bird fatality rates from reported all-bird rates for 30% of studies. The remaining 70% of studies provided data on small-bird fatalities. We then adjusted estimates to account for detection bias and loss of carcasses from scavenging. These studies represented about 15% of current operating capacity (megawatts [MW]) for all wind energy facilities in the US and Canada and provided information on 4,975 bird fatalities, of which we estimated 62.5% were small passerines comprising 156 species. For all wind energy facilities currently in operation, we estimated that about 134,000 to 230,000 small-passerine fatalities from collision with wind turbines occur annually, or 2.10 to 3.35 small birds/MW of installed capacity. When adjusted for species composition, this indicates that about 368,000 fatalities for all bird species are caused annually by collisions with wind turbines. Other human-related sources of bird deaths, (e.g., communication towers, buildings [including windows]), and domestic cats) have been estimated to kill millions to billions of birds each year. Compared to continent-wide population estimates, the cumulative mortality rate per year by species was highest for black-throated blue warbler and tree swallow; 0.043% of the entire population of each species was estimated to annually suffer mortality from collisions with turbines. For the eighteen species with the next highest values, this estimate ranged from 0.008% to 0.038%, much lower than rates attributed to collisions with communication towers (1.2% to 9.0% for top twenty species).

  20. A comprehensive analysis of small-passerine fatalities from collision with turbines at wind energy facilities.

    PubMed

    Erickson, Wallace P; Wolfe, Melissa M; Bay, Kimberly J; Johnson, Douglas H; Gehring, Joelle L

    2014-01-01

    Small passerines, sometimes referred to as perching birds or songbirds, are the most abundant bird group in the United States (US) and Canada, and the most common among bird fatalities caused by collision with turbines at wind energy facilities. We used data compiled from 116 studies conducted in the US and Canada to estimate the annual rate of small-bird fatalities. It was necessary for us to calculate estimates of small-bird fatality rates from reported all-bird rates for 30% of studies. The remaining 70% of studies provided data on small-bird fatalities. We then adjusted estimates to account for detection bias and loss of carcasses from scavenging. These studies represented about 15% of current operating capacity (megawatts [MW]) for all wind energy facilities in the US and Canada and provided information on 4,975 bird fatalities, of which we estimated 62.5% were small passerines comprising 156 species. For all wind energy facilities currently in operation, we estimated that about 134,000 to 230,000 small-passerine fatalities from collision with wind turbines occur annually, or 2.10 to 3.35 small birds/MW of installed capacity. When adjusted for species composition, this indicates that about 368,000 fatalities for all bird species are caused annually by collisions with wind turbines. Other human-related sources of bird deaths, (e.g., communication towers, buildings [including windows]), and domestic cats) have been estimated to kill millions to billions of birds each year. Compared to continent-wide population estimates, the cumulative mortality rate per year by species was highest for black-throated blue warbler and tree swallow; 0.043% of the entire population of each species was estimated to annually suffer mortality from collisions with turbines. For the eighteen species with the next highest values, this estimate ranged from 0.008% to 0.038%, much lower than rates attributed to collisions with communication towers (1.2% to 9.0% for top twenty species).

  1. On Electron-Scale Whistler Turbulence in the Solar Wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Narita, Y.; Nakamura, R.; Baumjohann, W.; Glassmeier, K.-H.; Motschmann, U.; Giles, B.; Magnes, W.; Fischer, D.; Torbert, R. B.; Russell, C. T.

    2016-01-01

    For the first time, the dispersion relation for turbulence magnetic field fluctuations in the solar wind is determined directly on small scales of the order of the electron inertial length, using four-point magnetometer observations from the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. The data are analyzed using the high-resolution adaptive wave telescope technique. Small-scale solar wind turbulence is primarily composed of highly obliquely propagating waves, with dispersion consistent with that of the whistler mode.

  2. Small Airplane Certification Compliance Program

    DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

    1997-01-02

    This advisory circular (AC) provides a compilation of historically acceptable means of compliance to specifically selected sections of Part 23 of the Federal Aviation Regulations that have become burdensome for small low performance airplanes to show...

  3. Daedalia Planum Windstreak

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2016-10-26

    The "tail" behind the crater at the top of this VIS image is called a windstreak. This feature is formed by winds blowing over/in and around the crater. Turbulence in the wind will erode or deposit fine materials, creating the windstreak. Windstreaks form on the down wind side of the crater, and indicate winds from the ESE. The small hills below the windstreak are small volcanic constructs. This image is located in the extensive lava plains called Daedalia Planum. Orbit Number: 65310 Latitude: -10.2729 Longitude: 226.476 Instrument: VIS Captured: 2016-09-03 11:24 http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA21151

  4. Aerodynamic study of a blade with sine variation of chord length along the height for Darrieus wind turbine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Crunteanu, D. E.; Constantinescu, S. G.; Niculescu, M. L.

    2013-10-01

    The wind energy is deemed as one of the most durable energetic variants of the future because the wind resources are immense. Furthermore, one predicts that the small wind turbines will play a vital role in the urban environment. Unfortunately, the complexity and the price of pitch regulated small horizontal-axis wind turbines represent ones of the main obstacles to widespread the use in populated zones. In contrast to these wind turbines, the Darrieus wind turbines are simpler and their price is lower. Unfortunately, their blades run at high variations of angles of attack, in stall and post-stall regimes, which can induce significant vibrations, fatigue and even the wind turbine failure. For this reason, the present paper deals with a blade with sine variation of chord length along the height because it has better behavior in stall and post-stall regimes than the classic blade with constant chord length.

  5. 48 CFR 9.105-2 - Determinations and documentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... a responsive small business lacks certain elements of responsibility, the contracting officer shall... business concern (see subpart 19.6), the contracting officer shall accept the Small Business Administration... integrity and business ethics; and (C) The Small Business Administration does not issue a Certificate of...

  6. 48 CFR 9.105-2 - Determinations and documentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... a responsive small business lacks certain elements of responsibility, the contracting officer shall... business concern (see subpart 19.6), the contracting officer shall accept the Small Business Administration... integrity and business ethics; and (C) The Small Business Administration does not issue a Certificate of...

  7. 48 CFR 9.105-2 - Determinations and documentation.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-10-01

    ... a responsive small business lacks certain elements of responsibility, the contracting officer shall... business concern (see subpart 19.6), the contracting officer shall accept the Small Business Administration... integrity and business ethics; and (C) The Small Business Administration does not issue a Certificate of...

  8. The Impact of Natural Hazards such as Turbulent Wind Gusts on the Wind Energy Conversion Process

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wächter, M.; Hölling, M.; Milan, P.; Morales, A.; Peinke, J.

    2012-12-01

    Wind turbines operate in the atmospheric boundary layer, where they are exposed to wind gusts and other types of natural hazards. As the response time of wind turbines is typically in the range of seconds, they are affected by the small scale intermittent properties of the turbulent wind. We show evidence that basic features which are known for small-scale homogeneous isotropic turbulence, and in particular the well-known intermittency problem, have an important impact on the wind energy conversion process. Intermittent statistics include high probabilities of extreme events which can be related to wind gusts and other types of natural hazards. As a summarizing result we find that atmospheric turbulence imposes its intermittent features on the complete wind energy conversion process. Intermittent turbulence features are not only present in atmospheric wind, but are also dominant in the loads on the turbine, i.e. rotor torque and thrust, and in the electrical power output signal. We conclude that profound knowledge of turbulent statistics and the application of suitable numerical as well as experimental methods are necessary to grasp these unique features and quantify their effects on all stages of wind energy conversion.

  9. 48 CFR 419.602-3 - Resolving differences between the agency and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... between the agency and the Small Business Administration. 419.602-3 Section 419.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of... Small Business Administration. The HCA is authorized to appeal the issuance of a COC to SBA Headquarters...

  10. 48 CFR 19.602-3 - Resolving differences between the agency and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... between the agency and the Small Business Administration. 19.602-3 Section 19.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates... and the Small Business Administration. (a) COCs valued between $100,000 and $25,000,000. (1) When...

  11. 48 CFR 419.602-3 - Resolving differences between the agency and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... between the agency and the Small Business Administration. 419.602-3 Section 419.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of... Small Business Administration. The HCA is authorized to appeal the issuance of a COC to SBA Headquarters...

  12. 48 CFR 419.602-3 - Resolving differences between the agency and the Small Business Administration.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... between the agency and the Small Business Administration. 419.602-3 Section 419.602-3 Federal Acquisition Regulations System DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SOCIOECONOMIC PROGRAMS SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of... Small Business Administration. The HCA is authorized to appeal the issuance of a COC to SBA Headquarters...

  13. Demonstrating a new framework for the comparison of environmental impacts from small- and large-scale hydropower and wind power projects.

    PubMed

    Bakken, Tor Haakon; Aase, Anne Guri; Hagen, Dagmar; Sundt, Håkon; Barton, David N; Lujala, Päivi

    2014-07-01

    Climate change and the needed reductions in the use of fossil fuels call for the development of renewable energy sources. However, renewable energy production, such as hydropower (both small- and large-scale) and wind power have adverse impacts on the local environment by causing reductions in biodiversity and loss of habitats and species. This paper compares the environmental impacts of many small-scale hydropower plants with a few large-scale hydropower projects and one wind power farm, based on the same set of environmental parameters; land occupation, reduction in wilderness areas (INON), visibility and impacts on red-listed species. Our basis for comparison was similar energy volumes produced, without considering the quality of the energy services provided. The results show that small-scale hydropower performs less favourably in all parameters except land occupation. The land occupation of large hydropower and wind power is in the range of 45-50 m(2)/MWh, which is more than two times larger than the small-scale hydropower, where the large land occupation for large hydropower is explained by the extent of the reservoirs. On all the three other parameters small-scale hydropower performs more than two times worse than both large hydropower and wind power. Wind power compares similarly to large-scale hydropower regarding land occupation, much better on the reduction in INON areas, and in the same range regarding red-listed species. Our results demonstrate that the selected four parameters provide a basis for further development of a fair and consistent comparison of impacts between the analysed renewable technologies. Copyright © 2014 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

  14. 13 CFR 126.309 - May a declined or decertified concern seek certification at a later date?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false May a declined or decertified concern seek certification at a later date? 126.309 Section 126.309 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL... reasons for decline or decertification through changed circumstances and is currently eligible. See § 126...

  15. Very Light Aircraft: Revitalization through Certification

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zyskowski, Michael K.

    1995-01-01

    As the future of the general aviation industry seems to be improving, a cultural paradigm shift may be imminent with the implementation of an advanced, revolutionary transportation system within the United States. By observing the support of government and industry for this idea, near and long term effects must be addressed if this change is going to occur. The high certification costs associated with general aviation aircraft must be reduced without compromising safety if a new transportation system is to be developed in the future. With the advent of new, streamlined rules recently issued for the certification of small aircraft, it seems as though new opportunities are now available to the general aviation industry. Not only will immediate benefits be realized with increased sales of certified small aircraft, but there would now be a way of introducing the advanced concepts of future aircraft at varying degrees of technology and cost as options to the customer.

  16. Wind for Schools: A National Data and Curricula Development Activity for Schools (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.

    As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America?s Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by: 1) Developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses. 2) Installing small wind turbines at community 'host' schools. 3) Implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school.

  17. Wind Fins: Novel Lower-Cost Wind Power System

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    David C. Morris; Dr. Will D. Swearingen

    This project evaluated the technical feasibility of converting energy from the wind with a novel “wind fin” approach. This patent-pending technology has three major components: (1) a mast, (2) a vertical, hinged wind structure or fin, and (3) a power takeoff system. The wing structure responds to the wind with an oscillating motion, generating power. The overall project goal was to determine the basic technical feasibility of the wind fin technology. Specific objectives were the following: (1) to determine the wind energy-conversion performance of the wind fin and the degree to which its performance could be enhanced through basic designmore » improvements; (2) to determine how best to design the wind fin system to survive extreme winds; (3) to determine the cost-effectiveness of the best wind fin designs compared to state-of-the-art wind turbines; and (4) to develop conclusions about the overall technical feasibility of the wind fin system. Project work involved extensive computer modeling, wind-tunnel testing with small models, and testing of bench-scale models in a wind tunnel and outdoors in the wind. This project determined that the wind fin approach is technically feasible and likely to be commercially viable. Project results suggest that this new technology has the potential to harvest wind energy at approximately half the system cost of wind turbines in the 10kW range. Overall, the project demonstrated that the wind fin technology has the potential to increase the economic viability of small wind-power generation. In addition, it has the potential to eliminate lethality to birds and bats, overcome public objections to the aesthetics of wind-power machines, and significantly expand wind-power’s contribution to the national energy supply.« less

  18. Navy applications experience with small wind power systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pal, D.

    1985-05-01

    This report describes the experience gained and lesson learned from the ongoing field evaluations of seven small, 2-to 20-kW wind energy conversion systems (WECS) at Navy installations located in the Southern California desert, on San Nicolas Island, in California, and in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii. The field tests show that the WECS's bearings and yaw slip-rings are prone to failure. The failures were attributed to the corrosive environment and poor design practices. Based upon the field tests, it is concluded that a reliable WECS must use a permanent magnet alternator without a gearbox and yaw slip-rings that are driven by a fixed pitch wind turbine rotor. The present state-of-the-art in small WECS technology, including environmental concerns, is reviewed. Also presented is how the technology is advancing to improve reliability and availability for effectively using wind power at Navy bases. The field evaluations are continuing on the small WECS in order to develop operation, maintenance, and reliability data.

  19. Small Business Training in Federal Contracting Certification Act of 2010

    THOMAS, 111th Congress

    Sen. Snowe, Olympia J. [R-ME

    2010-05-27

    Senate - 05/27/2010 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

  20. 40 CFR 1033.610 - Small railroad provisions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... when remanufactured. As an exception to this general concept, locomotives that are owned and operated... and operated by a small railroad. Such written confirmation to a certificate holder is deemed to also...) We may exempt new locomotives that are owned or operated by small railroads from the prohibition...

  1. 48 CFR 52.219-25 - Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program-Disadvantaged Status and Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... disadvantaged business concern certified by the Small Business Administration by using the Central Contractor Registration database or by contacting the SBA's Office of Small Disadvantaged Business Certification and... Business Administration, the Contractor shall accept the subcontractor's written self-representation as a...

  2. 48 CFR 52.219-25 - Small Disadvantaged Business Participation Program-Disadvantaged Status and Reporting.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... disadvantaged business concern certified by the Small Business Administration by using the Central Contractor Registration database or by contacting the SBA's Office of Small Disadvantaged Business Certification and... Business Administration, the Contractor shall accept the subcontractor's written self-representation as a...

  3. An assessment of non-volant terrestrial vertebrates response to wind farms--a study of small mammals.

    PubMed

    Łopucki, Rafał; Mróz, Iwona

    2016-02-01

    The majority of studies on the effects of wind energy development on wildlife have been focused on birds and bats, whereas knowledge of the response of terrestrial, non-flying vertebrates is very scarce. In this paper, the impact of three functioning wind farms on terrestrial small mammal communities (rodents and shrews) and the population parameters of the most abundant species were studied. The study was carried out in southeastern Poland within the foothills of the Outer Western Carpathians. Small mammals were captured at 12 sites around wind turbines and at 12 control sites. In total, from 1200 trap-days, 885 individuals of 14 studied mammal species were captured. There was no difference in the characteristics of communities of small mammals near wind turbines and within control sites; i.e. these types of sites were inhabited by a similar number of species of similar abundance, similar species composition, species diversity (H' index) and species evenness (J') (Pielou's index). For the two species with the highest proportion in the communities (Apodemus agrarius and Microtus arvalis), the parameters of their populations (mean body mass, sex ratio, the proportion of adult individuals and the proportion of reproductive female) were analysed. In both species, none of the analysed parameters differed significantly between sites in the vicinity of turbines and control sites. For future studies on the impact of wind turbines on small terrestrial mammals in different geographical areas and different species communities, we recommend the method of paired 'turbine-control sites' as appropriate for animal species with pronounced fluctuations in population numbers.

  4. Magnetic Tape Recording for the Eighties

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kalil, Ford (Editor)

    1982-01-01

    The practical and theoretical aspects of state-of-the-art magnetic tape recording technology are reviewed. Topics covered include the following: (1) analog and digital magnetic tape recording, (2) tape and head wear, (3) wear testing, (4) magnetic tape certification, (5) care, handling, and management of magnetic tape, (6) cleaning, packing, and winding of magnetic tape, (7) tape reels, bands, and packaging, (8) coding techniques for high-density digital recording, and (9) tradeoffs of coding techniques.

  5. SOLAR PANELS ON HUDSON COUNTY FACILITIES

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    BARRY, KEVIN

    2014-06-06

    This project involved the installation of an 83 kW grid-connected photovoltaic system tied into the energy management system of Hudson County's new 60,000 square foot Emergency Operations and Command Center and staff offices. Other renewable energy features of the building include a 15 kW wind turbine, geothermal heating and cooling, natural daylighting, natural ventilation, gray water plumbing system and a green roof. The County intends to seek Silver LEED certification for the facility.

  6. 18 CFR 292.203 - General requirements for qualification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-04-01

    ... certification, pursuant to § 292.207(b)(1), that has been granted. (c) Hydroelectric small power production facilities located at a new dam or diversion. (1) A hydroelectric small power production facility that..., pursuant to § 292.207(b)(1), that has been granted. (c) Hydroelectric small power production facilities...

  7. 14 CFR 36.9 - Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. 36.9 Section 36.9 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL... AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION General § 36.9 Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. For propeller-driven small airplanes in the primary, normal, utility...

  8. 14 CFR 36.9 - Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. 36.9 Section 36.9 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL... AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION General § 36.9 Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. For propeller-driven small airplanes in the primary, normal, utility...

  9. 14 CFR 36.9 - Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. 36.9 Section 36.9 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL... AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION General § 36.9 Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. For propeller-driven small airplanes in the primary, normal, utility...

  10. 14 CFR 36.9 - Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. 36.9 Section 36.9 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL... AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION General § 36.9 Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. For propeller-driven small airplanes in the primary, normal, utility...

  11. Facilitating Certification and Professional Development for Small Schools. ERIC Digest: Small Schools.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Swift, Doug

    Addressing the problems of recruiting and retaining qualified teachers for small and rural schools, this digest outlines improvements that could be made by teacher education programs, state education agencies, school superintendents, and teachers themselves. Suggested guidelines for teacher education programs stress nontraditional approaches that…

  12. 14 CFR 36.9 - Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. 36.9 Section 36.9 Aeronautics and Space FEDERAL... AIRWORTHINESS CERTIFICATION General § 36.9 Acoustical change: Propeller-driven small airplanes and propeller-driven commuter category airplanes. For propeller-driven small airplanes in the primary, normal, utility...

  13. 40 CFR 86.1838-01 - Small volume manufacturer certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... paragraph (c)(2). (i) Small volume in-use verification test vehicles may be procured from customers or may... miles, a manufacturer may demonstrate to the satisfaction of the Agency that, based on owner survey data...

  14. Renewable Energy Certificate Program

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gwendolyn S. Andersen

    2012-07-17

    This project was primarily to develop and implement a curriculum which will train undergraduate and graduate students at the University seeking a degree as well as training for enrollees in a special certification program to prepare individuals to be employed in a broad range of occupations in the field of renewable energy and energy conservation. Curriculum development was by teams of Saint Francis University Faculty in the Business Administration and Science Departments and industry experts. Students seeking undergraduate and graduate degrees are able to enroll in courses offered within these departments which will combine theory and hands-on training in themore » various elements of wind power development. For example, the business department curriculum areas include economic modeling, finance, contracting, etc. The science areas include meteorology, energy conversion and projection, species identification, habitat protection, field data collection and analysis, etc.« less

  15. Constructing a Plastic Bottle Wind Turbine as a Practical Aid for Learning about Using Wind Energy to Generate Electricity

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Appleyard, S. J.

    2009-01-01

    A simple horizontal axis wind turbine can be easily constructed using a 1.5 l PET plastic bottle, a compact disc and a small dynamo. The turbine operates effectively at low wind speeds and has a rotational speed of 500 rpm at a wind speed of about 14 km h[superscript -1]. The wind turbine can be used to demonstrate the relationship between open…

  16. Small-scale wind disturbances observed by the MU radar during the passage of typhoon Kelly

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sato, Kaoru

    1993-02-14

    This paper describes small-scale wind disturbances associated with Typhoon Kelly (October 1987) that were observed by the MU radar, one of the MST (mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere) radars, for about 60 hours with fine time and height resolution. To elucidate the background of small-scale disturbances, synoptic-scale variation in atmospheric stability related to the typhoon structure during the observation is examined. When the typhoon passed near the MU radar site, the structure was no longer axisymmetric. There is deep convection only in north-northeast side of the typhoon while convection behind it is suppressed by a synoptic-scale cold air mass moving eastwardmore » to the west of the typhoon. A change in atmospheric stability over the radar site as indicated by echo power profiles is likely due to the passage of the sharp transition zone of convection. Strong small-scale wind disturbances were observed around the typhoon passage. The statistical characteristics are different before (BT) and after (AT) the typhoon passage, especially in frequency spectra of vertical wind fluctuations. The spectra for BT are unique compared with earlier studies of vertical winds observed by VHF radars. Another difference is dominance of a horizontal wind component with a vertical wavelength of about 3 km, observed only in AT. Further analyses are made of characteristics and vertical momentum fluxes for dominant disturbances. Some disturbances are generated to remove the momentum of cyclonic wind rotation of the typhoon. Deep convection, topographic effects in strong winds, and strong vertical shear of horizontal winds around an inversion layer are possible sources of the disturbances. Two monochromatic disturbances lasting for more than 10 h in the lower stratosphere observed in BT and AT are identified as inertio-gravity waves, by obtaining wave parameters consistent with all observed quantities. Both of the inertio-gravity waves propagate energy away from the typhoon.« less

  17. Sistemas Eolicos Pequenos para Generacion de Electricidad: Una guia para consumidores en Nuevo Mexico (in Spanish)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    2007-09-01

    This Spanish version of the popular Small Wind Electric Systems: A New Mexico Consumer's Guide provides consumers with information to help them determine whether a small wind electric system can provide all or a portion of the energy they need for their home or business based on their wind resource, energy needs, and economics. Topics include how to make a home more energy efficient, how to choose the correct turbine size, the parts of a wind electric system, how to determine whether enough wind resource exists, how to choose the best site for a turbine, how to connect a systemmore » to the utility grid, and whether it's possible to become independent of the utility grid using wind energy. In addition, the cover of the guide contains a list of contacts for more information.« less

  18. Aerodynamic study of a small wind turbine with emphasis on laminar and transition flows

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Niculescu, M. L.; Cojocaru, M. G.; Crunteanu, D. E.

    2016-06-01

    The wind energy is huge but unfortunately, wind turbines capture only a little part of this enormous green energy. Furthermore, it is impossible to put multi megawatt wind turbines in the cities because they generate a lot of noise and discomfort. Instead, it is possible to install small Darrieus and horizontal-axis wind turbines with low tip speed ratios in order to mitigate the noise as much as possible. Unfortunately, the flow around this wind turbine is quite complex because the run at low Reynolds numbers. Therefore, this flow is usually a mixture of laminar, transition and laminar regimes with bubble laminar separation that is very difficult to simulate from the numerical point of view. Usually, transition and laminar regimes with bubble laminar separation are ignored. For this reason, this paper deals with laminar and transition flows in order to provide some brightness in this field.

  19. Aerodynamics of small-scale vertical-axis wind turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Paraschivoiu, I.; Desy, P.

    1985-12-01

    The purpose of this work is to study the influence of various rotor parameters on the aerodynamic performance of a small-scale Darrieus wind turbine. To do this, a straight-bladed Darrieus rotor is calculated by using the double-multiple-streamtube model including the streamtube expansion effects through the rotor (CARDAAX computer code) and the dynamicstall effects. The straight-bladed Darrieus turbine is as expected more efficient with respect the curved-bladed rotor but for a given solidity is operates at higher wind speeds.

  20. NIST Standard Reference Material 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

    DOE PAGES

    Allen, Andrew J.; Zhang, Fan; Kline, R. Joseph; ...

    2017-03-07

    The certification of a new standard reference material for small-angle scattering [NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)], based on glassy carbon, is presented. Creation of this SRM relies on the intrinsic primary calibration capabilities of the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering technique. This article describes how the intensity calibration has been achieved and validated in the certified Q range, Q = 0.008–0.25 Å –1, together with the purpose, use and availability of the SRM. The intensity calibration afforded by this robust and stable SRM should be applicable universally to all SAXS instruments thatmore » employ a transmission measurement geometry, working with a wide range of X-ray energies or wavelengths. As a result, the validation of the SRM SAXS intensity calibration using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is discussed, together with the prospects for including SANS in a future renewal certification.« less

  1. NIST Standard Reference Material 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Allen, Andrew J.; Zhang, Fan; Kline, R. Joseph

    The certification of a new standard reference material for small-angle scattering [NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)], based on glassy carbon, is presented. Creation of this SRM relies on the intrinsic primary calibration capabilities of the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering technique. This article describes how the intensity calibration has been achieved and validated in the certified Q range, Q = 0.008–0.25 Å –1, together with the purpose, use and availability of the SRM. The intensity calibration afforded by this robust and stable SRM should be applicable universally to all SAXS instruments thatmore » employ a transmission measurement geometry, working with a wide range of X-ray energies or wavelengths. As a result, the validation of the SRM SAXS intensity calibration using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is discussed, together with the prospects for including SANS in a future renewal certification.« less

  2. NIST Standard Reference Material 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering.

    PubMed

    Allen, Andrew J; Zhang, Fan; Kline, R Joseph; Guthrie, William F; Ilavsky, Jan

    2017-04-01

    The certification of a new standard reference material for small-angle scattering [NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3600: Absolute Intensity Calibration Standard for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)], based on glassy carbon, is presented. Creation of this SRM relies on the intrinsic primary calibration capabilities of the ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering technique. This article describes how the intensity calibration has been achieved and validated in the certified Q range, Q = 0.008-0.25 Å -1 , together with the purpose, use and availability of the SRM. The intensity calibration afforded by this robust and stable SRM should be applicable universally to all SAXS instruments that employ a transmission measurement geometry, working with a wide range of X-ray energies or wavelengths. The validation of the SRM SAXS intensity calibration using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is discussed, together with the prospects for including SANS in a future renewal certification.

  3. Duration Test Report for the Entegrity EW50 Wind Turbine

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Smith, J.; Huskey, A.; Jager, D.

    2012-12-01

    This report summarizes the results of a duration test that NREL conducted on the Entegrity EW50 wind turbine. This test was conducted in accordance with the International Electrotechnical Commissions' (IEC) standard, Wind Turbine Generator System Part 2: Design requirements for small wind turbines, IEC 61400-2 Ed.2.0, 2006-03.

  4. Wind Power Innovation Enables Shift to Utility-Scale - Continuum Magazine

    Science.gov Websites

    the 1930s, a farmer in South Dakota built a small wind turbine on his farm, generating enough enough electricity to power thousands of homes. Aerial photo of large wind turbine with mountains in the background. Aerial view of the Siemens utility-scale wind turbine at the National Wind Technology Center

  5. An Examination of Aviation Accidents Associated with Turbulence, Wind Shear and Thunderstorm

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Evans, Joni K.

    2013-01-01

    The focal point of the study reported here was the definition and examination of turbulence, wind shear and thunderstorm in relation to aviation accidents. NASA project management desired this information regarding distinct subgroups of atmospheric hazards, in order to better focus their research portfolio. A seven category expansion of Kaplan's turbulence categories was developed, which included wake turbulence, mountain wave turbulence, clear air turbulence, cloud turbulence, convective turbulence, thunderstorm without mention of turbulence, and low altitude wind shear, microburst or turbulence (with no mention of thunderstorms).More than 800 accidents from flights based in the United States during 1987-2008 were selected from a National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database. Accidents were selected for inclusion in this study if turbulence, thunderstorm, wind shear or microburst was considered either a cause or a factor in the accident report, and each accident was assigned to only one hazard category. This report summarizes the differences between the categories in terms of factors such as flight operations category, aircraft engine type, the accident's geographic location and time of year, degree of injury to aircraft occupants, aircraft damage, age and certification of the pilot and the phase of flight at the time of the accident.

  6. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    William Morris; Dennis Fitzpatrick

    This final report is issued for the "Supplemental power for the Town of Browning waste-water treatment facility" under the Field Verification Program for Small Wind Turbines Grant. The grant application was submitted on April 16, 1999 wherein the full description of this project is outlined. The project was initially designed to test the Bergy small wind turbines, 10 kW, applicability to residential and commercial applications. The objectives of the project were the following: 1. To verify the performance of the BWC Excel-S/E model wind turbine in an operational application in the fierce winds and severe weather conditions of the Classmore » V winds of the Blackfeet Indian Reservation of Northern Montana. 2. To open up the Blackfeet reservation and northern Montana, to government sponsored, regionally distributed wind generation programs. 3. To examine the natural partnership of wind/electric with water pumping and water purification applications whose requirements parallel the variably available nature of energy produced by wind. 4. To provide data and hands-on experience to citizens, scientists, political leaders, utility operators and Tribal planners with regard to the potential uses of small-capacity, distributed-array wind turbines on the Blackfeet Reservation and in other areas of northern Montana. This project has not been without a few, which were worked out and at the time of this report continue to be worked on with the installation of two new Trace Technologies invertors and a rebuilt one with new technology inside. For the most part when the system has worked it produced power that was used within the wastewater system as was the purpose of this project.« less

  7. Use of a magnetic force exciter to vibrate a piezocomposite generating element in a small-scale windmill

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Truyen Luong, Hung; Goo, Nam Seo

    2012-02-01

    A piezocomposite generating element (PCGE) can be used to convert ambient vibrations into electrical energy that can be stored and used to power other devices. This paper introduces a design of a magnetic force exciter for a small-scale windmill that vibrates a PCGE to convert wind energy into electrical energy. A small-scale windmill was designed to be sensitive to low-speed wind in urban regions for the purpose of collecting wind energy. The magnetic force exciter consists of exciting magnets attached to the device’s input rotor and a secondary magnet fixed at the tip of the PCGE. The PCGE is fixed to a clamp that can be adjusted to slide on the windmill’s frame in order to change the gap between exciting and secondary magnets. Under an applied wind force, the input rotor rotates to create a magnetic force interaction that excites the PCGE. The deformation of the PCGE enables it to generate electric power. Experiments were performed with different numbers of exciting magnets and different gaps between the exciting and secondary magnets to determine the optimal configuration for generating the peak voltage and harvesting the maximum wind energy for the same range of wind speeds. In a battery-charging test, the charging time for a 40 mA h battery was approximately 3 h for natural wind in an urban region. The experimental results show that the prototype can harvest energy in urban regions with low wind speeds and convert the wasted wind energy into electricity for city use.

  8. Wind for Schools (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.

    2010-05-01

    As the United States dramatically expands wind energy deployment, the industry is challenged with developing a skilled workforce and addressing public resistance. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools project addresses these issues by developing Wind Application Centers (WACs) at universities; WAC students assist in implementing school wind turbines and participate in wind courses, by installing small wind turbines at community "host" schools, by implementing teacher training with interactive curricula at each host school. This poster provides an overview of the first two years of the Wind for Schools project, primarily supporting activities in Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, andmore » Idaho.« less

  9. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems. Second Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference, part 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Spady, Amos A., Jr. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Schlickenmaier, Herbert (Compiler)

    1990-01-01

    The Second Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference was hosted jointly by NASA Langley (LaRC) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in Williamsburg, Virginia, on October 18 to 20, 1988. The meeting was co-chaired by Dr. Roland Bowles of LaRC and Herbrt Schlickenmaier of the FAA. The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant, ongoing results gained during the second year of the joint NASA/FAA Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-look technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment and the FAA certification requirements.

  10. Assessment Parameters and Matching between the Sites and Wind Turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Chermitti, A.; Bencherif, M.; Nakoul, Z.; Bibitriki, N.; Benyoucef, B.

    The objective of this paper is to introduce the assessment parameters of the wind energy production of sites and pairing between the sites and wind turbines. The exploration is made with the wind data gathered at 10 m high is based on the atlas of the wind of Algeria established by the National office of the Meteorology runs 37 stations of measures. The data is used for a feasibility analysis of optimum future utilization of Wind generator potentiality in five promising sites covering a part of landscape types and regions in Algeria. Detailed technical assessment for the ten most promising potential wind sites was made using the capacity factor and the site effectiveness approach. The investigation was performed assuming several models of small, medium and big size wind machines representing different ranges of characteristic speeds and rated power suitable for water pumping and electric supply. The results show that small wind turbines could be installed in some coast region and medium wind turbines could be installed in the high plateau and some desert regions and utilized for water supply and electrical power generation, the sites having an important wind deposit, in high plateau we find Tiaret site's but in the desert there is some sites for example Adrar, Timimoun and In Amenas, in these sites could be installed a medium and big size wind turbines.

  11. Energy Primer: Solar, Water, Wind, and Biofuels.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Portola Inst., Inc., Menlo Park, CA.

    This is a comprehensive, fairly technical book about renewable forms of energy--solar, water, wind, and biofuels. The biofuels section covers biomass energy, agriculture, aquaculture, alcohol, methane, and wood. The focus is on small-scale systems which can be applied to the needs of the individual, small group, or community. More than one-fourth…

  12. Byers Auto Group: A Case Study Into The Economics, Zoning, and Overall Process of Installing Small Wind Turbines at Two Automotive Dealerships in Ohio

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Oteri, F.; Sinclair, K.

    This paper provides the talking points about a case study on the installation of a $600,000 small wind project, the installation process, estimated annual energy production and percentage of energy needs met by the turbines.

  13. Byers Auto Group: A Case Study Into The Economics, Zoning, and Overall Process of Installing Small Wind Turbines at Two Automotive Dealerships in Ohio (Presentation)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Sinclair, K.; Oteri, F.

    This presentation provides the talking points about a case study on the installation of a $600,000 small wind project, the installation process, estimated annual energy production and percentage of energy needs met by the turbines.

  14. Cogging Torque Reduction in a Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Generator: Preprint

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Muljadi, E.; Green, J.

    2002-01-01

    In this paper, we investigate three design options to minimize cogging torque: uniformity of air gap, pole width, and skewing. Although the design improvement is intended for small wind turbines, it is also applicable to larger wind turbines.

  15. Proceedings: Workshop on Reducing Tankbarge Pollution, April 15-16, 1980.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1980-08-01

    a certificate from a medical officer of the United States Public Health Service or other reputable physician attesting that eyesight (including color...ordinary seaman. 2. Physical--A current certificate of health provided by any authorized U.S. Public Health Service Hospital. 3. Experience--Should...Occupational Safety and Health Administration Codes and Regulations. * Familiarization and survey of vessel when first reporting aboard. 2 o Small

  16. 77 FR 52754 - Draft Midwest Wind Energy Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan Within Eight-State Planning Area

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-08-30

    ... include new and existing small-scale wind energy facilities, such as single-turbine demonstration projects, as well as large, multi-turbine commercial wind facilities. Covered Species The planning partners are...-FF03E00000] Draft Midwest Wind Energy Multi-Species Habitat Conservation Plan Within Eight-State Planning...

  17. Wind tunnel measurements of the power output variability and unsteady loading in a micro wind farm model

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bossuyt, Juliaan; Howland, Michael; Meneveau, Charles; Meyers, Johan

    2015-11-01

    To optimize wind farm layouts for a maximum power output and wind turbine lifetime, mean power output measurements in wind tunnel studies are not sufficient. Instead, detailed temporal information about the power output and unsteady loading from every single wind turbine in the wind farm is needed. A very small porous disc model with a realistic thrust coefficient of 0.75 - 0.85, was designed. The model is instrumented with a strain gage, allowing measurements of the thrust force, incoming velocity and power output with a frequency response up to the natural frequency of the model. This is shown by reproducing the -5/3 spectrum from the incoming flow. Thanks to its small size and compact instrumentation, the model allows wind tunnel studies of large wind turbine arrays with detailed temporal information from every wind turbine. Translating to field conditions with a length-scale ratio of 1:3,000 the frequencies studied from the data reach from 10-4 Hz up to about 6 .10-2 Hz. The model's capabilities are demonstrated with a large wind farm measurement consisting of close to 100 instrumented models. A high correlation is found between the power outputs of stream wise aligned wind turbines, which is in good agreement with results from prior LES simulations. Work supported by ERC (ActiveWindFarms, grant no. 306471) and by NSF (grants CBET-113380 and IIA-1243482, the WINDINSPIRE project).

  18. STS-32 Earth observation of the southern Sand Sea, Namibia, Atlantic Ocean

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1990-01-01

    STS-32 Earth observation taken onboard Columbia, Orbiter Vehicle (OV) 102, is of the southern Sand Sea. Low sun angles on this south-looking view of the sand dunes of the southern Sand Sea (foreground) shows the many subtle patterns produced by winds. Along the coast very strong southerly winds have generated a zone of ribbed, transverse dunes. Further inland, different patterns appear, which may relate to present winds, or perhaps to winds which blew in different directions at times in the geological past. Strong Santa Ana-type winds blow from inland (left) during the winter which may explain the small patterns (center left). The small fishing port of Luderitz occupies the main bay on the coastline. Otherwise the area is empty of inhabitants on the very dry and windy coast. Railways connect the post with inland centers.

  19. Predicting wind-driven waves in small reservoirs

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The earthen levees commonly used for irrigation reservoirs are subjected to significant embankment erosion due to wind-generated waves. The design of bank protection measures relies on adequate prediction of wave characteristics based on wind conditions and fetch length. Current formulations are ba...

  20. Development and comparisons of wind retrieval algorithms for small unmanned aerial systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bonin, T. A.; Chilson, P. B.; Zielke, B. S.; Klein, P. M.; Leeman, J. R.

    2012-12-01

    Recently, there has been an increase in use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) as platforms for conducting fundamental and applied research in the lower atmosphere due to their relatively low cost and ability to collect samples with high spatial and temporal resolution. Concurrent with this development comes the need for accurate instrumentation and measurement methods suitable for small meteorological UASs. Moreover, the instrumentation to be integrated into such platforms must be small and lightweight. Whereas thermodynamic variables can be easily measured using well aspirated sensors onboard, it is much more challenging to accurately measure the wind with a UAS. Several algorithms have been developed that incorporate GPS observations as a means of estimating the horizontal wind vector, with each algorithm exhibiting its own particular strengths and weaknesses. In the present study, the performance of three such GPS-based wind-retrieval algorithms has been investigated and compared with wind estimates from rawinsonde and sodar observations. Each of the algorithms considered agreed well with the wind measurements from sounding and sodar data. Through the integration of UAS-retrieved profiles of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters, one can investigate the static and dynamic stability of the atmosphere and relate them to the state of the boundary layer across a variety of times and locations, which might be difficult to access using conventional instrumentation.

  1. Comparison and application of wind retrieval algorithms for small unmanned aerial systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bonin, T. A.; Chilson, P. B.; Zielke, B. S.; Klein, P. M.; Leeman, J. R.

    2013-07-01

    Recently, there has been an increase in use of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs) as platforms for conducting fundamental and applied research in the lower atmosphere due to their relatively low cost and ability to collect samples with high spatial and temporal resolution. Concurrent with this development comes the need for accurate instrumentation and measurement methods suitable for small meteorological UASs. Moreover, the instrumentation to be integrated into such platforms must be small and lightweight. Whereas thermodynamic variables can be easily measured using well-aspirated sensors onboard, it is much more challenging to accurately measure the wind with a UAS. Several algorithms have been developed that incorporate GPS observations as a means of estimating the horizontal wind vector, with each algorithm exhibiting its own particular strengths and weaknesses. In the present study, the performance of three such GPS-based wind-retrieval algorithms has been investigated and compared with wind estimates from rawinsonde and sodar observations. Each of the algorithms considered agreed well with the wind measurements from sounding and sodar data. Through the integration of UAS-retrieved profiles of thermodynamic and kinematic parameters, one can investigate the static and dynamic stability of the atmosphere and relate them to the state of the boundary layer across a variety of times and locations, which might be difficult to access using conventional instrumentation.

  2. Mass-loading of the solar wind at 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. Observations and modelling

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Behar, E.; Lindkvist, J.; Nilsson, H.; Holmström, M.; Stenberg-Wieser, G.; Ramstad, R.; Götz, C.

    2016-11-01

    Context. The first long-term in-situ observation of the plasma environment in the vicinity of a comet, as provided by the European Rosetta spacecraft. Aims: Here we offer characterisation of the solar wind flow near 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (67P) and its long term evolution during low nucleus activity. We also aim to quantify and interpret the deflection and deceleration of the flow expected from ionization of neutral cometary particles within the undisturbed solar wind. Methods: We have analysed in situ ion and magnetic field data and combined this with hybrid modeling of the interaction between the solar wind and the comet atmosphere. Results: The solar wind deflection is increasing with decreasing heliocentric distances, and exhibits very little deceleration. This is seen both in observations and in modeled solar wind protons. According to our model, energy and momentum are transferred from the solar wind to the coma in a single region, centered on the nucleus, with a size in the order of 1000 km. This interaction affects, over larger scales, the downstream modeled solar wind flow. The energy gained by the cometary ions is a small fraction of the energy available in the solar wind. Conclusions: The deflection of the solar wind is the strongest and clearest signature of the mass-loading for a small, low-activity comet, whereas there is little deceleration of the solar wind.

  3. Analyzing the dynamic response of rotating blades in small-scale wind turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hsiung, Wan-Ying; Huang, Yu-Ting; Loh, Chin-Hsiung; Loh, Kenneth J.; Kamisky, Robert J.; Nip, Danny; van Dam, Cornelis

    2014-03-01

    The objective of this study was to validate modal analysis, system identification and damage detection of small-scale rotating wind turbine blades in the laboratory and in the field. Here, wind turbine blades were instrumented with accelerometers and strain gages, and data acquisition was achieved using a prototype wireless sensing system. In the first portion of this study conducted in the laboratory, sensors were installed onto metallic structural elements that were fabricated to be representative of an actual wind blade. In order to control the excitation (rotation of the wind blade), a motor was used to spin the blades at controlled angular velocities. The wind turbine was installed on a shaking table for testing under rotation of turbine blades. Data measured by the sensors were recorded while the blade was operated at different speeds. On the other hand, the second part of this study utilized a small-scale wind turbine system mounted on the rooftop of a building. The main difference, as compared to the lab tests, was that the field tests relied on actual wind excitations (as opposed to a controlled motor). The raw data from both tests were analyzed using signal processing and system identification techniques for deriving the model response of the blades. The multivariate singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) and covariance-driven stochastic subspace identification method (SSI-COV) were used to identify the dynamic characteristics of the system. Damage of one turbine blade (loose bolts connection) in the lab test was also conducted. The extracted modal properties for both undamaged and damage cases under different ambient or forced excitations (earthquake loading) were compared. These tests confirmed that dynamic characterization of rotating wind turbines was feasible, and the results will guide future monitoring studies planned for larger-scale systems.

  4. Auralization of NASA N+2 Aircraft Concepts from System Noise Predictions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Rizzi, Stephen A.; Burley, Casey L.; Thomas, Russel H.

    2016-01-01

    Auralization of aircraft flyover noise provides an auditory experience that complements integrated metrics obtained from system noise predictions. Recent efforts have focused on auralization methods development, specifically the process by which source noise information obtained from semi-empirical models, computational aeroacoustic analyses, and wind tunnel and flight test data, are used for simulated flyover noise at a receiver on the ground. The primary focus of this work, however, is to develop full vehicle auralizations in order to explore the distinguishing features of NASA's N+2 aircraft vis-à-vis current fleet reference vehicles for single-aisle and large twin-aisle classes. Some features can be seen in metric time histories associated with aircraft noise certification, e.g., tone-corrected perceived noise level used in the calculation of effective perceived noise level. Other features can be observed in sound quality metrics, e.g., loudness, sharpness, roughness, fluctuation strength and tone-to-noise ratio. A psychoacoustic annoyance model is employed to establish the relationship between sound quality metrics and noise certification metrics. Finally, the auralizations will serve as the basis for a separate psychoacoustic study aimed at assessing how well aircraft noise certification metrics predict human annoyance for these advanced vehicle concepts.

  5. Distributed Wind Competitiveness Improvement Project

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    The Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) is a periodic solicitation through the U.S. Department of Energy and its National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The Competitiveness Improvement Project (CIP) is a periodic solicitation through the U.S. Department of Energy and its National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Manufacturers of small and medium wind turbines are awarded cost-shared grants via a competitive process to optimize their designs, develop advanced manufacturing processes, and perform turbine testing. The goals of the CIP are to make wind energy cost competitive with other distributed generation technology and increase the number of wind turbine designs certified to national testing standards. Thismore » fact sheet describes the CIP and funding awarded as part of the project.ufacturers of small and medium wind turbines are awarded cost-shared grants via a competitive process to optimize their designs, develop advanced manufacturing processes, and perform turbine testing. The goals of the CIP are to make wind energy cost competitive with other distributed generation technology and increase the number of wind turbine designs certified to national testing standards. This fact sheet describes the CIP and funding awarded as part of the project.« less

  6. 77 FR 73520 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Federal Acquisition Circular 2005-63; Small Entity Compliance Guide

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-12-10

    ... DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE GENERAL SERVICES ADMINISTRATION NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE... Services Administration (GSA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). ACTION: Small... Acquisition Regulation (FAR) to require certifications that implement the expansion of sanctions relating to...

  7. Small-scale Pressure-balanced Structures Driven by Oblique Slow Mode Waves Measured in the Solar Wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yao, Shuo; He, J.-S.; Tu, C.-Y.; Wang, L.-H.; Marsch, E.

    2013-09-01

    Recently, small-scale pressure-balanced structures (PBSs) were identified in the solar wind, but their formation mechanism remains unclear. This work aims to reveal the dependence of the properties of small-scale PBSs on the background magnetic field (B 0) direction and thus to corroborate the in situ mechanism that forms them. We analyze the plasma and magnetic field data obtained by WIND in the quiet solar wind at 1 AU. First, we use a developed moving-average method to obtain B 0(s, t) for every temporal scale (s) at each time moment (t). By wavelet cross-coherence analysis, we obtain the correlation coefficients between the thermal pressure P th and the magnetic pressure P B, distributing against the temporal scale and the angle θxB between B 0(s, t) and Geocentric Solar Ecliptic coordinates (GSE)-x. We note that the angle coverage of a PBS decreases with shorter temporal scale, but the occurrence of the PBSs is independent of θxB. Suspecting that the isolated small PBSs are formed by compressive waves in situ, we continue this study by testing the wave modes forming a small-scale PBS with B 0(s, t) quasi-parallel to GSE-x. As a result, we identify that the cross-helicity and the compressibility attain values for a slow mode from theoretical calculations. The wave vector is derived from minimum variance analysis. Besides, the proton temperatures obey T < T ∥ derived from the velocity distribution functions, excluding a mirror mode, which is the other candidate for the formation of PBSs in situ. Thus, a small-scale PBS is shown to be driven by oblique, slow-mode waves in the solar wind.

  8. The effects of wind disturbance on temperate rain forest structure and dynamics of southeast Alaska.

    Treesearch

    Gregory J. Nowacki; Marc G. Kramer

    1998-01-01

    Wind disturbance plays a fundamental role in shaping forest dynamics in southeast Alaska. Recent studies have increased our appreciation for the effects of wind at both large and small scales. Current thinking is that wind disturbance characteristics change over a continuum dependent on landscape features (e.g., exposure, landscape position, topography). Data modeling...

  9. Piezoelectric wind turbine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kishore, Ravi Anant; Priya, Shashank

    2013-03-01

    In past few years, there has been significant focus towards developing small scale renewable energy based power sources for powering wireless sensor nodes in remote locations such as highways and bridges to conduct continuous health monitoring. These prior efforts have led to the development of micro-scale solar modules, hydrogen fuel cells and various vibration based energy harvesters. However, the cost effectiveness, reliability, and practicality of these solutions remain a concern. Harvesting the wind energy using micro-to-small scale wind turbines can be an excellent solution in variety of outdoor scenarios provided they can operate at few miles per hour of wind speed. The conventional electromagnetic generator used in the wind mills always has some cogging torque which restricts their operation above certain cut-in wind speed. This study aims to develop a novel piezoelectric wind turbine that utilizes bimorph actuators for electro-mechanical energy conversion. This device utilizes a Savonius rotor that is connected to a disk having magnets at the periphery. The piezoelectric actuators arranged circumferentially around the disk also have magnets at the tip which interacts with the magnetic field of the rotating disk and produces cyclical deflection. The wind tunnel experiments were conducted between 2-12 mph of wind speeds to characterize and optimize the power output of the wind turbine. Further, testing was conducted in the open environment to quantify the response to random wind gusts. An attempt was made towards integration of the piezoelectric wind turbine with the wireless sensor node.

  10. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 36 - Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter Category Airplane Certification Tests Prior to.... F Appendix F to Part 36—Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller...

  11. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 36 - Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter Category Airplane Certification Tests Prior to.... F Appendix F to Part 36—Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller...

  12. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 36 - Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter Category Airplane Certification Tests Prior to.... F Appendix F to Part 36—Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller...

  13. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 36 - Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter Category Airplane Certification Tests Prior to.... F Appendix F to Part 36—Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller...

  14. 14 CFR Appendix F to Part 36 - Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter...

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 14 Aeronautics and Space 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller-Driven, Commuter Category Airplane Certification Tests Prior to.... F Appendix F to Part 36—Flyover Noise Requirements for Propeller-Driven Small Airplane and Propeller...

  15. 13 CFR 120.827 - Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Other services a CDC may provide... ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Requirements for Cdc Certification and Operation § 120.827 Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses. A CDC may provide a small business...

  16. 13 CFR 120.827 - Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Other services a CDC may provide... ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Requirements for Cdc Certification and Operation § 120.827 Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses. A CDC may provide a small business...

  17. 13 CFR 120.827 - Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Other services a CDC may provide... ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Requirements for Cdc Certification and Operation § 120.827 Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses. A CDC may provide a small business...

  18. 13 CFR 120.827 - Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Other services a CDC may provide... ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Requirements for Cdc Certification and Operation § 120.827 Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses. A CDC may provide a small business...

  19. 13 CFR 120.827 - Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Other services a CDC may provide... ADMINISTRATION BUSINESS LOANS Development Company Loan Program (504) Requirements for Cdc Certification and Operation § 120.827 Other services a CDC may provide to small businesses. A CDC may provide a small business...

  20. Rotorcraft Master Plan

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1990-11-01

    its new format , presents a picture of a healthy industry with potential for major growth. As traffic in the airway system grows faster than the...certification criteria. Civil tiltrotor certification is highlighted. In addition, work on health and usage monitoring technology and on small, short...Offim 34 major commercial airports will be congested by CAYt 3D . , ^mrmI 1997-even if we do all that is currently planned to expand NAS capacity (see

  1. Mars Pathfinder Landing Site: Evidence for a Change in Wind Regime from Lander and Orbiter Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greeley, Ronald; Kraft, Michael D.; Kuzmin, Ruslan O.; Bridges, Nathan T.

    2000-01-01

    Surface features related to the wind are observed in the vicinity of the Mars Pathfinder (MPR landing site data from the lander and in data from orbit by the Viking Orbiter and Mars Global Surveyor missions. Features seen from the surface include wind tails associated with small rocks, barchanoid duneforms, ripplelike patterns, and ventifact flutes cut into some rocks. Features seen from orbit include wind tails associated with impact craters, ridges inferred to be duneforms, and modified crater rims interpreted to have been eroded and mantled by windblown material. The orientations of these features show two prevailing directions. One is inferred to represent winds from the northeast, which is consistent with strongest winds predicted by a general circulation model to occur during the Martian northern winter under current conditions. A second wind blowing from the ESE was responsible for modifying the crater rims and cutting some of the ventifacts. The two wind regimes could reflect a change in climate related to Mars' obliquity or some other, unknown factor. Regardless of the cause, the MPF area has been subjected to a complex pattern of winds and supply of small particles, and the original surface formed by sedimentary processes from Tiu and Ares Vallis flooding events has been modified by repeated burial and exhumation.

  2. Safety and Function Test Report for the Viryd CS8 Wind Turbine

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Roadman, J.; Murphy, M.; van Dam, J.

    2013-10-01

    This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Several turbines were selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) as a part of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Safety and function testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include duration, power performance, acoustic noise, and power quality. Viryd Technologies, Inc.more » of Austin, Texas, was the recipient of the DOE grant and provided the turbine for testing.« less

  3. Evidence for the presence of quasi-two-dimensional nearly incompressible fluctuations in the solar wind

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Matthaeus, William H.; Goldstein, Melvyn L.; Roberts, D. Aaron

    1990-01-01

    Assuming that the slab and isotropic models of solar wind turbulence need modification (largely due to the observed anisotropy of the interplanetary fluctuations and the results of laboratory plasma experiments), this paper proposes a model of the solar wind. The solar wind is seen as a fluid which contains both classical transverse Alfvenic fluctuations and a population of quasi-transverse fluctuations. In quasi-two-dimensional turbulence, the pitch angle scattering by resonant wave-particle interactions is suppressed, and the direction of minimum variance of interplanetary fluctuations is parallel to the mean magnetic field. The assumed incompressibility is consistent with the fact that the density fluctuations are small and anticorrelated, and that the total pressure at small scales is nearly constant.

  4. Cooperative effort in training small- and medium-scale industries in the Lower Rio Grande Valley in environmental management system (EMS) certification

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Edinbarough, Immanuel A.; Wells, Wayne E.; Lichaa, Pierre M.

    2004-12-01

    The University of Texas at Brownsville and Texas Southmost College (UTB/TSC) partners with The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) to provide pollution prevention and compliance assistance for U.S. based small to medium sized entities (SME"s) located in the Lower Rio Grande Valley border region of Texas. It is anticipated that this training would evolve into environmental management system certification for these entities. This paper discusses pollution challenges and environmental initiatives between Texas and Mexico to confront these challenges and the ongoing cooperative efforts between UTB and TCEQ to enhance the economic and environmental health of the Lower Rio Grande Valley region.

  5. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Huskey, A.; Bowen, A.; Jager, D.

    This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers to wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small wind turbines (SWT). In total, five turbines were tested at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of this project. Safety and function testing is one of up to five tests performed on the turbines, including power performance, duration, noise, and power-quality tests. NWTC testing results provide manufacturers with reports that may be used to meet part of small wind turbine certificationmore » requirements. The test equipment includes a Mariah Windspire wind turbine mounted on a monopole tower. L&E Machine manufactured the turbine in the United States. The inverter was manufactured separately by Technology Driven Products in the United States. The system was installed by the NWTC site operations group with guidance and assistance from Mariah Power.« less

  6. On the lower altitude limit of the Venusian ionopause

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Mahajan, K. K.; Mayr, H. G.; Brace, L. H.; Cloutier, P. A.

    1989-07-01

    It has been observed from the plasma experiments on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter that the altitude of the upper boundary of the ionosphere decreases in response to increasing solar wind dynamic pressure. However, at pressures above about 2.5 x 10 to the -8th dynes/sq cm, the further decrease in the ionopause height is rather small. Following the model of Cloutier et al. (1969), it is suggested that during high solar wind conditions, when the ionopause is formed at lower altitudes, the solar wind induces vertical and horizontal flows which sweep away the ionospheric plasma that is produced locally by photoionization. As a result, a disturbed photodynamical ionosphere is formed which has the scale height of the ionizable neutral constituent. It is shown that such a photodynamical ionosphere is observed at the subsolar ionopause under these conditions. As a consequence of this interaction, the ionopause altitude is observed to follow the small-scale height of the ionizable species, atomic oxygen, showing only small changes with solar wind pressure.

  7. Feasibility study of wind-generated electricity for rural applications in southwestern Ohio

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kohring, G. W.

    The parameters associated with domestic production of wind generated electricity for direct use by small farms and rural homes in the southwestern Ohio region are discussed. The project involves direct utility interfaced electricity generation from a horizontal axis, down-wind, fixed pitch, wind powered induction generator system. Goals of the project are to determine: the ability to produce useful amounts of domestic wind generated electricity in the southwestern Ohio region; economic justification for domestic wind generated electrical production; and the potential of domestic wind generated electricity for reducing dependence on non-renewable energy resources in the southwestern Ohio region.

  8. The resilience of Australian wind energy to climate change

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Evans, Jason P.; Kay, Merlinde; Prasad, Abhnil; Pitman, Andy

    2018-02-01

    The Paris Agreement limits global average temperature rise to 2 °C and commits to pursuing efforts in limiting warming to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This will require rapid reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases and the eventual decarbonisation of the global economy. Wind energy is an established technology to help achieve emissions reductions, with a cumulative global installed capacity of ~486 GW (2016). Focusing on Australia, we assess the future economic viability of wind energy using a 12-member ensemble of high-resolution regional climate simulations forced by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) output. We examine both near future (around 2030) and far future (around 2070) changes. Extractable wind power changes vary across the continent, though the most spatially coherent change is a small but significant decrease across southern regions. The cost of future wind energy generation, measured via the Levelised Cost of Energy (LCOE), increases negligibly in the future in regions with significant existing installed capacity. Technological developments in wind energy generation more than compensate for projected small reductions in wind, decreasing the LCOE by around 30%. These developments ensure viability for existing wind farms, and enhance the economic viability of proposed wind farms in Western Australian and Tasmania. Wind energy is therefore a resilient source of electricity over most of Australia and technological innovation entering the market will open new regions for energy production in the future.

  9. Mars Pathfinder Landing Site: Evidence for a Change in Wind Regime and Climate from Lander and Orbiter Data

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Greeley, R.; Kraft, M. D.; Kuzmin, R. O.; Bridges, N. T.

    1999-01-01

    Surface features related to the wind are observed in data from the Mars Pathfinder lander and from orbit by the Viking Orbiter and Mars Global Surveyor missions. Features seen from the surface include wind tails associated with small rocks, barchanoid duneforms, ripplelike patterns, and ventifact flutes cut into some rocks. Features seen from orbit include wind tails associated with impact craters, ridges inferred to be duneforms, and modified crater rims interpreted to have been eroded and mantled by windblown material. The orientations of these features show two prevailing directions, one inferred to represent winds from the northeast which is consistent with strongest winds predicted by a general circulation model to occur during the Martian northern winter under current conditions, and a second wind pattern oriented approx. 90 degrees to the first. This latter wind could be from the W-NW or from the E-SE and was responsible for cutting the ventifacts and modifying the crater rims. The two wind regimes could reflect a change in climate related to Mars' obliquity or some other, unknown factor. Regardless of the cause, the MPF area has been subjected to a complex pattern of winds and supply of small particles, in which the original surface formed by sedimentary processes from Tiu and Ares Vallis events has been modified by repeated burial and exhumation.

  10. 49 CFR 26.65 - What rules govern business size determinations?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... (including its affiliates) must be an existing small business, as defined by Small Business Administration... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What rules govern business size determinations? 26... DISADVANTAGED BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS Certification...

  11. The effect of wind on the dispersal of a tropical small river plume

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhao, Junpeng; Gong, Wenping; Shen, Jian

    2018-03-01

    Wanquan River is a small river located in Hainan, a tropical island in China. As the third largest river in Hainan, the river plume plays an important role in the regional terrigenous mass transport, coastal circulation, and the coral reef's ecosystem. Studies have shown that wind forcings significantly influence river plume dynamics. In this study, wind effects on the dispersal of the river plume and freshwater transport were examined numerically using a calibrated, unstructured, finite volume numerical model (FVCOM). Both wind direction and magnitude were determined to influence plume dispersal. Northeasterly (downwelling-favorable) winds drove freshwater down-shelf while southeasterly (onshore) winds drove water up-shelf (in the sense of Kelvin wave propagation), and were confined near the coast. Southwesterly (upwelling-favorable) and north-westerly (offshore) winds transport more freshwater offshore. The transport flux is decomposed into an advection, a vertical shear, and an oscillatory component. The advection flux dominates the freshwater transport in the coastal area and the vertical shear flux is dominant in the offshore area. For the upwelling-favorable wind, the freshwater transport becomes more controlled by the advection transport with an increase in wind stress, due to enhanced vertical mixing. The relative importance of wind forcing and buoyancy force was investigated. It was found that, when the Wedderburn number is larger than one, the plume was dominated by wind forcing, although the importance of wind varies in different parts of the plume. The water column stratification decreased as a whole under the prevailing southwesterly wind, with the exception of the up-shelf and offshore areas.

  12. Wind for Schools: Developing Educational Programs to Train the Next Generation of Wind Energy Experts (Poster)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Baring-Gould, I.; Flowers, L.; Kelly, M.

    2009-05-01

    As the world moves toward a vision of expanded wind energy, the industry is faced with the challenges of obtaining a skilled workforce and addressing local wind development concerns. Wind Powering America's Wind for Schools Program works to address these issues. The program installs small wind turbines at community "host" schools while developing wind application centers at higher education institutions. Teacher training with interactive and interschool curricula is implemented at each host school, while students at the universities assist in implementing the host school systems while participating in other wind course work. This poster provides an overview of the program'smore » objectives, goals, approach, and results.« less

  13. Directional Characteristics of Inner Shelf Internal Tides

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2007-06-01

    Figure 18. YD 202-206 Current vector plot of significant events. Significant events include internal tidal bores, solibores, and solitons . The upper...Events (Bores, Solibores, and Solitons ): Upper column leading-edge cross-shore current velocity and cross-shore wind regression. The small ellipse...Significant Events (Bores, Solibores, and Solitons ): Upper column leading-edge along-shore current velocity and along-shore wind regression. The small

  14. Effect of natural inbreeding on variance structure in tests of wind pollination Douglas-fir progenies.

    Treesearch

    Frank C. Sorensen; T.L. White

    1988-01-01

    Studies of the mating habits of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) have shown that wind-pollination families contain a small proportion of very slow-growing natural inbreds.The effect of these very small trees on means, variances, and variance ratios was evaluated for height and diameter in a 16-year-old plantation by...

  15. Frequency of dry east winds over northwest Oregon and southwest Washington.

    Treesearch

    Owen P. Cramer

    1957-01-01

    There is a close relation between occurrences of severe easterly winds and large forest fires in northwest Oregon and southwest Washington. With the east winds comes the dreaded combination of low humidity and high wind that in the past has whipped small fires into conflagrations such as the Tillamook fire of 1933 and the fire that burned Bandon in 1936. These easterly...

  16. Planetary Wind Determination by Doppler Tracking of a Small Entry Probe Network

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Atkinson, D. H.; Asmar, S.; Lazio, J.; Preston, R. A.

    2017-12-01

    To understand the origin and chemical/dynamical evolution of planetary atmospheres, measurements of atmospheric chemistries and processes including dynamics are needed. In situ measurements of planetary winds have been demonstrated on multiple occasions, including the Pioneer multiprobe and Venera missions to Venus, and the Galileo/Jupiter and Huygens/Titan probes. However, with the exception of Pioneer Venus, the retrieval of the zonal (east-west) wind profile has been limited to a single atmospheric slice. significantly improved understanding of the global dynamics requires sampling of multiple latitudes, times of day, and seasons. Simultaneous tracking of a small network of probes would enable measurements of spatially distributed winds providing a substantially improved characterization of a planet's global atmospheric circulation. Careful selection of descent locations would provide wind measurements at latitudes receiving different solar insolations, longitudes reflecting different times of day, and different seasons if both hemispheres are targeted. Doppler wind retrievals are limited by the stability of the probe and carrier spacecraft clocks, and must be equipped with an ultrastable oscillator, accelerometers for reconstructing the probe entry trajectory, and pressure / temperature sensors for determination of descent speed. A probe were equipped with both absolute and dynamic pressure sensors can measure planet center-relative and atmosphere-relative descent speeds, enabling the measurement of vertical winds from convection or atmospheric waves. Possible ambiguities arising from the assumption of no north-south winds could be removed if the probe were simultaneously tracked from the carrier spacecraft as well as from the Earth or a second spacecraft. The global circulation of an atmosphere comprising waves and flows that vary with location and depth is inherently tied to the thermal, chemical, and energy structure of the atmosphere. Wind measurements along a single vertical atmospheric slice cannot adequately represent the overall dynamical properties of the atmosphere. To more completely characterize the dynamical structure of a planetary atmosphere, it is proposed that future in situ planetary missions include a network of small probes dedicated to wind measurements.

  17. The Strategy of Voluntary Certification in Italian Olive Oil Industry: Who and Why?

    PubMed

    Riganelli, Chiara; Marchini, Andrea

    2016-01-01

    The phenomenon of asymmetric information is central in the agri-food sector, in which often there is not full information transparency about product quality. This condition is particularly complex considering the high-end products. In particular, there are specific attributes (credence attributes) that are not assessable by consumers. For these reasons, a clear information about certification can give to consumers the possibility to make a rational choice. A company can choose voluntarily to participate in certification programs that can be viewed also as a simplification of some organization issues. Often the incentives to participate in voluntary programs arise from the need to have a positive economic performance of the firm. On the one hand, the firm may have benefits from the technical assistance of the certification, which allows it to reduce costs of controlling particular sensible steps of the process. On the other hand, the firm may provide a new certification label, in order to ensure a greater transparency of its processes. The research aims to understand the characteristics of firms oriented to use voluntary certifications as a tool to reduce information asymmetries between producers and final consumers. In particular, we want to consider two contexts of analysis: a structural one, considering some specific internal aspects and investment choices of the firms (typology, size, extraction system, storage system, material investments, immaterial investments); a second one that takes into account some decisions related to market relationships (sale to consumers, sale to HoReCa, sale to wholesalers, sale to purchasing groups, sale to GDO, export activity). The study concerns small and medium olive oil company of Southern Italy. We apply two logit models in order to show the determinants in the choice to introduce a voluntary certification. The results show significant values in both the two dimensions considered. Among the first one, there are significances in immaterial company investments but also in physical assets related to the olive oil process. There are several scientific developments relevant to the olive oil process and some of these patents have been reviewed in this paper. Regarding the physical assets, the storage system is a clear representation of the asset importance in the decision to participate in the certification program. Furthermore, the presence of considerable immaterial investments is important in the certification decision, which confirms the idea that voluntary certification can be viewed as a strategic tool. In the second part of analysis there are significances in some distribution channels (direct sale to final consumer, to wholesalers and to purchasing groups) as well as in the export activity. This work aims to contribute to the debate about the addressing of quality policy for a reduction of asymmetric information in the high-end products. Because of small dimensions of firms in Southern Italy, not always we can find conditions about the presence of specific assets. Indeed, the small dimensions of the companies make quality investments complicated. The incentive to invest, both in terms of control of product and in terms of immaterial investment, can help in a participation in voluntary certification programs. Further, it is important to investigate the three distribution channels resulting from the research because of their importance in terms of information asymmetry.

  18. On the impact of multi-axial stress states on trailing edge bondlines in wind turbine rotor blades

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Noever Castelos, Pablo; Balzani, Claudio

    2016-09-01

    For a reliable design of wind turbine systems all of their components have to be designed to withstand the loads appearing in the turbine's lifetime. When performed in an integral manner this is called systems engineering, and is exceptionally important for components that have an impact on the entire wind turbine system, such as the rotor blade. Bondlines are crucial subcomponents of rotor blades, but they are not much recognized in the wind energy research community. However, a bondline failure can lead to the loss of a rotor blade, and potentially of the entire turbine, and is extraordinarily relevant to be treated with strong emphasis when designing a wind turbine. Modern wind turbine rotor blades with lengths of 80 m and more offer a degree of flexibility that has never been seen in wind energy technology before. Large deflections result in high strains in the adhesive connections, especially at the trailing edge. The latest edition of the DNV GL guideline from end of 2015 demands a three-dimensional stress analysis of bondlines, whereas before an isolated shear stress proof was sufficient. In order to quantify the lack of safety from older certification guidelines this paper studies the influence of multi-axial stress states on the ultimate and fatigue load resistance of trailing edge adhesive bonds. For this purpose, detailed finite element simulations of the IWES IWT-7.5-164 reference wind turbine blades are performed. Different yield criteria are evaluated for the prediction of failure and lifetime. The results show that the multi-axial stress state is governed by span-wise normal stresses. Those are evidently not captured in isolated shear stress proofs, yielding non-conservative estimates of lifetime and ultimate load resistance. This finding highlights the importance to include a three-dimensional stress state in the failure analysis of adhesive bonds in modern wind turbine rotor blades, and the necessity to perform a three-dimensional characterization of adhesive materials.

  19. Joint Offshore Wind Field Monitoring with Spaceborne SAR and Platform-Based Doppler LIDAR Measurements

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Jacobsen, S.; Lehner, S.; Hieronimus, J.; Schneemann, J.; Kuhn, M.

    2015-04-01

    The increasing demand for renewable energy resources has promoted the construction of offshore wind farms e.g. in the North Sea. While the wind farm layout consists of an array of large turbines, the interrelation of wind turbine wakes with the remaining array is of substantial interest. The downstream spatial evolution of turbulent wind turbine wakes is very complex and depends on manifold parameters such as wind speed, wind direction and ambient atmospheric stability conditions. To complement and validate existing numerical models, corresponding observations are needed. While in-situ measurements with e.g. anemometers provide a time-series at the given location, the merits of ground-based and space- or airborne remote sensing techniques are indisputable in terms of spatial coverage. Active microwave devices, such as Scatterometer and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), have proven their capabilities of providing sea surface wind measurements and particularly SAR images reveal wind variations at a high spatial resolution while retaining the large coverage area. Platform-based Doppler LiDAR can resolve wind fields with a high spatial coverage and repetition rates of seconds to minutes. In order to study the capabilities of both methods for the investigation of small scale wind field structures, we present a direct comparison of observations obtained by high resolution TerraSAR-X (TS-X) X-band SAR data and platform-based LiDAR devices at the North Sea wind farm alpha ventus. We furthermore compare the results with meteorological data from the COSMO-DE model run by the German Weather Service DWD. Our study indicates that the overall agreement between SAR and LiDAR wind fields is good and that under appropriate conditions small scale wind field variations compare significantly well.

  20. Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Analytic Formulation for the Evaluation of Spline Couplings

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Guo, Yi; Keller, Jonathan; Errichello, Robert

    2013-12-01

    Gearboxes in wind turbines have not been achieving their expected design life; however, they commonly meet and exceed the design criteria specified in current standards in the gear, bearing, and wind turbine industry as well as third-party certification criteria. The cost of gearbox replacements and rebuilds, as well as the down time associated with these failures, has elevated the cost of wind energy. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC) was established by the U.S. Department of Energy in 2006; its key goal is to understand the root causes of premature gearbox failures and improve their reliabilitymore » using a combined approach of dynamometer testing, field testing, and modeling. As part of the GRC program, this paper investigates the design of the spline coupling often used in modern wind turbine gearboxes to connect the planetary and helical gear stages. Aside from transmitting the driving torque, another common function of the spline coupling is to allow the sun to float between the planets. The amount the sun can float is determined by the spline design and the sun shaft flexibility subject to the operational loads. Current standards address spline coupling design requirements in varying detail. This report provides additional insight beyond these current standards to quickly evaluate spline coupling designs.« less

  1. Differential recovery of habitat use by birds after wind farm installation: A multi-year comparison

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Farfán, M.A., E-mail: mafarfanaguilar@hotmail.com; Departamento de Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga; Duarte, J., E-mail: jddofitecma@gmail.com

    Onshore wind farms remain one of the most widely used technologies for the production of renewable energy. These are known to affect birds through disturbance or collision. Most research focus on the impact of wind farms on raptors or other large bird species, especially those of conservation concern. However, limited information exists on the effect of wind farms on small birds. Recovery of large versus small bird populations impacted by wind farms is also largely unstudied. A reason for this is the lack of long-term datasets based on standardized, systematic assessments. We monitored birds in the vicinity of a windmore » farm in an upland habitat in southern Spain (Malaga province), immediately after installation and 6.5 years post-construction. During both study periods, we observed 11 raptor and 38 non-raptor species (including 30 passerines). We found differences in recovery rates between raptors and non-raptors. Raptors showed an upturn in numbers but non-raptor abundance fell significantly. Greater attention should be paid to the recovery of wildlife after initial impact assessments than at present. This study confirms that regulatory authorities and developers should consider the likely impacts of wind farms on small bird populations. Mitigation measures focused particularly on non-raptor species should be considered and implemented as a means to reduce these negative effects.« less

  2. 76 FR 40136 - Semiannual Regulatory Agenda

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-07-07

    ... Industries. 309 Small Business Size 3245-AG28 Standards: Real Estate, Rental and Leasing Industries. 310... Opportunity Act. This Act provides that any time limitation on any qualification, certification, or period of... guidance on tolling of time limitations for veteran-owned small businesses. Timetable: Action Date FR Cite...

  3. EPIC Calibration/Validation Experiment Field Campaign Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Koch, Steven E; Chilson, Phillip; Argrow, Brian

    A field exercise involving several different kinds of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) and supporting instrumentation systems provided by DOE/ARM and NOAA/NSSL was conducted at the ARM SGP site in Lamont, Oklahoma on 29-30 October 2016. This campaign was part of a larger National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) UAS Program Office program awarded to the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). named Environmental Profiling and Initiation of Convection (EPIC). The EPIC Field Campaign (Test and Calibration/Validation) proposed to ARM was a test or “dry-run” for a follow-up campaign to be requested for spring/summer 2017. The EPIC project addresses NOAA’s objective tomore » “evaluate options for UAS profiling of the lower atmosphere with applications for severe weather.” The project goal is to demonstrate that fixed-wing and rotary-wing small UAS have the combined potential to provide a unique observing system capable of providing detailed profiles of temperature, moisture, and winds within the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) to help determine the potential for severe weather development. Specific project objectives are: 1) to develop small UAS capable of acquiring needed wind and thermodynamic profiles and transects of the ABL using one fixed-wing UAS operating in tandem with two different fixed rotary-wing UAS pairs; 2) adapt and test miniaturized, high-precision, and fast-response atmospheric sensors with high accuracy in strong winds characteristic of the pre-convective ABL in Oklahoma; 3) conduct targeted short-duration experiments at the ARM Southern Great Plains site in northern Oklahoma concurrently with a second site to be chosen in “real-time” from the Oklahoma Mesonet in coordination with the (National Weather Service (NWS)-Norman Forecast Office; and 4) gain valuable experience in pursuit of NOAA’s goals for determining the value of airborne, mobile observing systems for monitoring rapidly evolving high-impact severe weather conditions not observed with current operational systems. OU operated three UAS at the Lamont SGP site – the OU CopterSonde, the OU Iris, and the Meteomatics Meteodrone – under a blanket Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Certificate of Authorization (COA) allowing flights up to 400 feet above ground level (AGL). The mission for the rotary-wing UAS involved four aircraft, three from the ARM Lamont site and one from an Oklahoma Mesonet site located at Medford, involving a vertical ascent to an altitude of 400 ft (130 m) AGL at ~ 30 minute intervals for ~ 5 hours duration on each of the two experiment days. This operation was conducted in close coordination with NSSL-launched rawinsonde balloons at the two sites, and operation of a fixed-wing UAS from the University of Colorado called the TTwistor that flew mission flight legs between the Lamont site and Medford. The NSSL operation at Medford (outside of ARM) also involved use of their Collaborative Lower Atmosphere Mobile Profiling System (CLAMPS) ground-based remote-sensing system for measuring atmospheric profiles of temperature, moisture, and winds with atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI), microwave radiometer, and Doppler wind lidar systems. The ARM Facility supported the project by providing access to their instrumented tower data at Lamont (at three levels), as well as AERI and Doppler wind lidar data obtained from systems quite similar to those used by CLAMPS. These non-UAS data from both ARM and NSSL provided the observations used to validate the experimental UAS observations.« less

  4. Stator for a rotating electrical machine having multiple control windings

    DOEpatents

    Shah, Manoj R.; Lewandowski, Chad R.

    2001-07-17

    A rotating electric machine is provided which includes multiple independent control windings for compensating for rotor imbalances and for levitating/centering the rotor. The multiple independent control windings are placed at different axial locations along the rotor to oppose forces created by imbalances at different axial locations along the rotor. The multiple control windings can also be used to levitate/center the rotor with a relatively small magnetic field per unit area since the rotor and/or the main power winding provides the bias field.

  5. Superconductor coil geometry and ac losses

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Pierce, T. V., Jr.; Zapata, R. N.

    1976-01-01

    An empirical relation is presented which allows simple computation of volume-averaged winding fields from central fields for coils of small rectangular cross sections. This relation suggests that, in certain applications, ac-loss minimization can be accomplished by use of low winding densities, provided that hysteresis losses are independent of winding density. The ac-loss measurements on coils wound of twisted multifilamentary composite superconductors show no significant dependence on ac losses on winding density, thus permitting the use of winding density as an independent design parameter in loss minimization.

  6. The California Central Coast Research Partnership: Building Relationships, Partnerships and Paradigms for University-Industry Collaboration

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2013-03-25

    funded project, sensors and a control system have been installed onto the 3 kW capacity wind turbine of the Cal Poly Wind Power Research Center, which is...to full operation. This wind turbine is used to educate students for careers in the wind energy industry and related professional fields and to...conduct research into the application of advanced wind turbine technologies from large turbines onto small tur- bines. In this project, a control system

  7. Sustainable transportation according to certification systems: A viability analysis based on neighborhood size and context relevance

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gouda, Amr Ah., E-mail: amr.gouda@eng.asu.edu.eg; Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University, 1 Sarayat St., Abassia, Cairo; Masoumi, Houshmand E.

    Urban sustainability certification (USC) systems comprehensively assess and benchmark the sustainability of neighborhoods, communities, etc. However, it is important to understand what USCs mean by neighborhoods and communities in terms of definition and their certified developments' size. This study focuses on sustainable transportation and its measures in USCs in order to discern: how relevant are these measures to the varied local conditions, especially in developing countries? And whether they can generate palpable benefits vis-à-vis the certified developments' site areas. Taking descriptive analysis methods, this study focuses on four prominent USCs, namely, LEED for Neighborhood Development, BREEAM Communities, CASBEE for Urbanmore » Development, and The Pearl Community Rating System. The four USCs prescribed multiple measures for sustainable transportation, particularly in favor of active transportation and public transportation. However, the relatively small size of their citified developments and the varying transportation conditions among different contexts attenuate the viability and relevance of the advocated measures for both modes. In order to yield more benefits, USCs should underscore the integrative nature of neighborhoods and communities, and transportation within their prescribed criteria and measures. Moreover, sustainable transportation as a theme should be tailored to the local conditions rather than being adopted or adapted from global USCs. - Highlights: • Transportation measures in four prominent certification systems were investigated. • Most certified neighborhoods, communities and developments have small site areas. • Certifications are insensitive to realities of transport in developing countries. • Benefits from advocating active transport only within certified areas are minimal. • Certifications devalue the integrative nature of neighborhoods and transportation.« less

  8. Demonstration of synchronised scanning Lidar measurements of 2D velocity fields in a boundary-layer wind tunnel

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    van Dooren, M. F.; Kühn, M.; PetroviĆ, V.; Bottasso, C. L.; Campagnolo, F.; Sjöholm, M.; Angelou, N.; Mikkelsen, T.; Croce, A.; Zasso, A.

    2016-09-01

    This paper combines the currently relevant research methodologies of scaled wind turbine model experiments in wind tunnels with remote-sensing short-range WindScanner Lidar measurement technology. The wind tunnel of the Politecnico di Milano was equipped with three wind turbine models and two short-range WindScanner Lidars to demonstrate the benefits of synchronised scanning Lidars in such experimental surroundings for the first time. The dual- Lidar system can provide fully synchronised trajectory scans with sampling time scales ranging from seconds to minutes. First, staring mode measurements were compared to hot wire probe measurements commonly used in wind tunnels. This yielded goodness of fit coefficients of 0.969 and 0.902 for the 1 Hz averaged u- and v-components of the wind speed, respectively, validating the 2D measurement capability of the Lidar scanners. Subsequently, the measurement of wake profiles on a line as well as wake area scans were executed to illustrate the applicability of Lidar scanning to measuring small scale wind flow effects. The downsides of Lidar with respect to the hot wire probes are the larger measurement probe volume and the loss of some measurements due to moving blades. In contrast, the benefits are the high flexibility in conducting both point measurements and area scanning, and the fact that remote sensing techniques do not disturb the flow while measuring. The research campaign revealed a high potential for using short-range WindScanner Lidar for accurately measuring small scale flow structures in a wind tunnel.

  9. Modeling the drift of objects floating in the sea

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nof, D.; Girihagama, L. N.

    2016-02-01

    The question how buoyant objects drift and where are they ultimately washed ashore must have troubled humans since the beginning of civilization. A good summary of the observational aspect of the problem is given in Ebbesmeyer (2015) and the references given therein. It includes the journey of shoes originally housed in containers that were accidently swept from the deck of cargo ships to the ocean as well as the famous world war two case of a corpse released by the British Counter Intelligence agency near the Spanish Coast. Of practical modern importance is the question how did the flaperon, belonging to the Malaysian Airplane lost last year (supposedly over the Indian Ocean near Western Australia), travelled almost across the entire Indian Ocean in just 15 months (corresponding to the very high speed of six centimeters per-second, about three times the speed of most ocean currents away from boundaries). Traditionally, it has been thought that three processes affect the drift-ocean currents, surface waves and wind. Of these, the last two are usually regarded as small. The waves effect (Stokes drift) is nonlinear and is probably indeed very small in most cases because the amplitudes are small. It is not so easy to estimate the wind effect and we will argue here that it is not necessarily small though it is obviously close to zero in some cases. The wind speed is typically two orders of magnitude faster than the water (meters per second compared to centimeters per second) and the stress is proportional to the square of the wind speed implying that the wind is important even if only a very small portion of the object protrudes above the sea-level. It is argued that wind, rather than ocean current dominated the drift of both the WWII corpse and the modern day flaperon.

  10. Ionospheric plasma cloud dynamics

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1976-01-01

    Measurements of the thermospheric neutral wind and ionospheric drift made at Eglin AFB, Florida and Kwajalein Atoll are discussed. The neutral wind measurements at Eglin had little variation over a period of four years for moderate magnetic activity (Kp 4); the ionospheric drifts are small. Evidence is presented that indicates that increased magnetic activity has a significant effect on the neutral wind magnitude and direction at this midlatitude station. The neutral wind at dusk near the equator is generally small although in one case out of seven it was significantly larger. It is described how observations of large barium releases can be used to infer the degree of electrodynamic coupling of ion clouds to the background ionosphere. Evidence is presented that indicates that large barium releases are coupled to the conjugate ionosphere at midlatitudes.

  11. 48 CFR 19.602-1 - Referral.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... SMALL BUSINESS PROGRAMS Certificates of Competency and Determinations of Responsibility 19.602-1... certain elements of responsibility (including, but not limited to, capability, competency, capacity...

  12. 2014 Distributed Wind Market Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Orell, A.; Foster, N.

    2015-08-01

    The cover of the 2014 Distributed Wind Market Report.According to the 2014 Distributed Wind Market Report, distributed wind reached a cumulative capacity of almost 1 GW (906 MW) in the United States in 2014, reflecting nearly 74,000 wind turbines deployed across all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In total, 63.6 MW of new distributed wind capacity was added in 2014, representing nearly 1,700 units and $170 million in investment across 24 states. In 2014, America's distributed wind energy industry supported a growing domestic industrial base as exports from United States-based small wind turbine manufacturers accounted formore » nearly 80% of United States-based manufacturers' sales.« less

  13. Final Technical Report: Hawaii Energy and Environmental Technologies Initiative 2009 (HEET)

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-05-25

    environment. A second objective under this subtask was to install, test and evaluate small wind turbine technologies to determine the relative... wind turbines adjacent to, and connected with the test platforms located at the Crissy Field Center in the Presidio of San Francisco, a proven wind ...resource for collection of comparative wind energy data. Vertical axis technology, turbines manufactured by Venco Power, Windspire Energy and

  14. Radiometric correction of scatterometric wind measurements

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1995-01-01

    Use of a spaceborne scatterometer to determine the ocean-surface wind vector requires accurate measurement of radar backscatter from ocean. Such measurements are hindered by the effect of attenuation in the precipitating regions over sea. The attenuation can be estimated reasonably well with the knowledge of brightness temperatures observed by a microwave radiometer. The NASA SeaWinds scatterometer is to be flown on the Japanese ADEOS2. The AMSR multi-frequency radiometer on ADEOS2 will be used to correct errors due to attenuation in the SeaWinds scatterometer measurements. Here we investigate the errors in the attenuation corrections. Errors would be quite small if the radiometer and scatterometer footprints were identical and filled with uniform rain. However, the footprints are not identical, and because of their size one cannot expect uniform rain across each cell. Simulations were performed with the SeaWinds scatterometer (13.4 GHz) and AMSR (18.7 GHz) footprints with gradients of attenuation. The study shows that the resulting wind speed errors after correction (using the radiometer) are small for most cases. However, variations in the degree of overlap between the radiometer and scatterometer footprints affect the accuracy of the wind speed measurements.

  15. Dynamical behavior and Jacobi stability analysis of wound strings

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Lake, Matthew J.; Harko, Tiberiu

    2016-06-01

    We numerically solve the equations of motion (EOM) for two models of circular cosmic string loops with windings in a simply connected internal space. Since the windings cannot be topologically stabilized, stability must be achieved (if at all) dynamically. As toy models for realistic compactifications, we consider windings on a small section of mathbb {R}^2, which is valid as an approximation to any simply connected internal manifold if the winding radius is sufficiently small, and windings on an S^2 of constant radius mathcal {R}. We then use Kosambi-Cartan-Chern (KCC) theory to analyze the Jacobi stability of the string equations and determine bounds on the physical parameters that ensure dynamical stability of the windings. We find that, for the same initial conditions, the curvature and topology of the internal space have nontrivial effects on the microscopic behavior of the string in the higher dimensions, but that the macroscopic behavior is remarkably insensitive to the details of the motion in the compact space. This suggests that higher-dimensional signatures may be extremely difficult to detect in the effective (3+1)-dimensional dynamics of strings compactified on an internal space, even if configurations with nontrivial windings persist over long time periods.

  16. The Mesoscale Predictability of Terrain Induced Flows

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2009-09-30

    simulations, we focus on assessing the predictability of winds, mountain waves and clear air turbulence ( CAT ) in the lee of the Sierra Nevada...complete description of the sensitivity of mountain waves, CAT and downslope to small variations in the initial conditions. WORK COMPLETED We...completed the analysis of the sensitivity of mountain waves, CAT and downslope winds to small perturbations in the upstream conditions. We also

  17. Navy Applications Experience with Small Wind Power Systems

    DTIC Science & Technology

    1985-05-01

    present state-of-the-art in small WECS technology, including environmental concerns, is reviewed. Also presented is how the technology is advancing to...environmental concerns, is reviewed. Also presented is how the technology is advancing to improve reliability and avail- ability for effectively using...VAWT technology is still in its early stages of development. The horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) technology has advanced to third and fourth

  18. 78 FR 72077 - Energy Efficiency Program for Industrial Equipment: Final Determination Classifying UL...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-02

    ... Verification Services Inc. as a Nationally Recognized Certification Program for Small Electric Motors AGENCY... FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Lucas Adin, U.S. Department of Energy, Building Technologies Office, Mail... conservation requirements for, among other things, electric motors and small electric motors, including test...

  19. 32 CFR 644.509 - Status as small business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Status as small business. 644.509 Section 644.509 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL... provision for self-certification of the bidder's status within its terms. A definition for use in...

  20. 32 CFR 644.509 - Status as small business.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

    2013-07-01

    ... 32 National Defense 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Status as small business. 644.509 Section 644.509 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) REAL... provision for self-certification of the bidder's status within its terms. A definition for use in...

  1. 78 FR 57137 - Energy Efficiency Program for Industrial Equipment: Interim Determination Classifying UL...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-09-17

    ... Verification Services Inc. as a Nationally Recognized Certification Program for Small Electric Motors AGENCY... conservation requirements for, among other things, electric motors and small electric motors, including test...\\ Section 345(c) of EPCA directs the Secretary of Energy to require manufacturers of electric motors ``to...

  2. 9 CFR 381.207 - Small importations for consignee's personal use, display, or laboratory analysis.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS INSPECTION AND VOLUNTARY INSPECTION AND CERTIFICATION POULTRY PRODUCTS... 9 Animals and Animal Products 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Small importations for consignee's personal use, display, or laboratory analysis. 381.207 Section 381.207 Animals and Animal Products FOOD...

  3. 40 CFR 86.094-14 - Small-volume manufacturers certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ... (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES General Provisions for Emission Regulations for 1977 and Later Model Year New Light-Duty Vehicles, Light...-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.094-14 Small-volume...

  4. 40 CFR 86.095-14 - Small-volume manufacturers certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.095-14 Small-volume... are exempted from the high altitude emission standards. (18) Proof that the manufacturer has obtained... as proof that the manufacturer has obtained or entered an agreement to purchase the insurance policy...

  5. 40 CFR 86.095-14 - Small-volume manufacturers certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-07-01

    ...-Fueled, Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fueled and Methanol-Fueled Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.095-14 Small-volume... are exempted from the high altitude emission standards. (18) Proof that the manufacturer has obtained... as proof that the manufacturer has obtained or entered an agreement to purchase the insurance policy...

  6. 48 CFR 19.703 - Eligibility requirements for participating in the program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... or Small Business Administration certification status of the ANC or Indian tribe. (ii) Where one or... accessing the Central Contractor Registration (CCR) database or by contacting the SBA. Options for contacting the SBA include— (i) HUBZone small business database search application Web page at http://dsbs...

  7. 48 CFR 19.703 - Eligibility requirements for participating in the program.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

    2011-10-01

    ... or Small Business Administration certification status of the ANC or Indian tribe. (ii) Where one or... accessing the Central Contractor Registration (CCR) database or by contacting the SBA. Options for contacting the SBA include— (i) HUBZone small business database search application Web page at http://dsbs...

  8. Effect of blade flutter and electrical loading on small wind turbine noise

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    The effect of blade flutter and electrical loading on the noise level of two different size wind turbines was investigated at the Conservation and Production Research Laboratory (CPRL) near Bushland, TX. Noise and performance data were collected on two blade designs tested on a wind turbine rated a...

  9. 78 FR 73239 - Small Generator Interconnection Agreements and Procedures

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-05

    ... distributed resources.\\35\\ Public Interest Organizations go on to state that: \\29\\ See, e.g., American Wind... Society and Wind on the Wires are referred to collectively as Public Interest Organizations in this Final...\\ Similarly, installed wind generation with a capacity of 20 MW or less has increased in the contiguous United...

  10. 75 FR 81265 - Idaho Wind Partners 1, LLC; Notice of Petition for Declaratory Order

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2010-12-27

    ... DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Federal Energy Regulatory Commission [Docket No. EL11-12-000] Idaho Wind... 15, 2010, Idaho Wind Partners 1, LLC (Petitioner), pursuant to Rule 207 of the Federal Energy...) Violate any of the Commission's anti-manipulation rules, and (2) result in the loss of small power...

  11. Developing a hybrid solar/wind powered irrigation system for crops in the Great Plains

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Some small scale irrigation systems (< 2 ha) powered by wind or solar do not require subsidies, but this paper discusses ways to achieve an economical renewable energy powered center pivot irrigation system for crops in the Great Plains. By adding a solar-photovoltaic (PV) array together with a wind...

  12. Wind variability and sheltering effects on measurements and modeling of air-water exchange for a small lake

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Markfort, Corey D.; Resseger, Emily; Porté-Agel, Fernando; Stefan, Heinz

    2014-05-01

    Lakes with a surface area of less than 10 km2 account for over 50% of the global cumulative lake surface water area, and make up more than 99% of the total number of global lakes, ponds, and wetlands. Within the boreal regions as well as some temperate and tropical areas, a significant proportion of land cover is characterized by lakes or wetlands, which can have a dramatic effect on land-atmosphere fluxes as well as the local and regional energy budget. Many of these small water bodies are surrounded by complex terrain and forest, which cause the wind blowing over a small lake or wetland to be highly variable. Wind mixing of the lake surface layer affects thermal stratification, surface temperature and air-water gas transfer, e.g. O2, CO2, and CH4. As the wind blows from the land to the lake, wake turbulence behind trees and other shoreline obstacles leads to a recirculation zone and enhanced turbulence. This wake flow results in the delay of the development of wind shear stress on the lake surface, and the fetch required for surface shear stress to fully develop may be ~O(1 km). Interpretation of wind measurements made on the lake is hampered by the unknown effect of wake turbulence. We present field measurements designed to quantify wind variability over a sheltered lake. The wind data and water column temperature profiles are used to evaluate a new method to quantify wind sheltering of lakes that takes into account lake size, shape and the surrounding landscape features. The model is validated against field data for 36 Minnesota lakes. Effects of non-uniform sheltering and lake shape are also demonstrated. The effects of wind sheltering must be included in lake models to determine the effect of wind-derived energy inputs on lake stratification, surface gas transfer, lake water quality, and fish habitat. These effects are also important for correctly modeling momentum, heat, moisture and trace gas flux to the atmosphere.

  13. Design of a magnetic force exciter for a small-scale windmill using a piezo-composite generating element

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Luong, Hung Truyen; Goo, Nam Seo

    2011-03-01

    We introduce a design for a magnetic force exciter that applies vibration to a piezo-composite generating element (PCGE) for a small-scale windmill to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The windmill can be used to harvest wind energy in urban regions. The magnetic force exciter consists of exciting magnets attached to the device's input rotor, and a secondary magnet that is fixed at the tip of the PCGE. Under an applied wind force, the input rotor rotates to create a magnetic force interaction to excite the PCGE. Deformation of the PCGE enables it to generate the electric power. Experiments were performed to test power generation and battery charging capabilities. In a battery charging test, the charging time for a 40 mAh battery is approximately 1.5 hours for a wind speed of 2.5 m/s. Our experimental results show that the prototype can harvest energy in urban areas with low wind speeds, and convert the wasted wind energy into electricity for city use.

  14. Assessment of Wind Datasets for Estimating Offshore Wind Energy along the Central California Coast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Y. H.; Walter, R. K.; Ruttenberg, B.; White, C.

    2017-12-01

    Offshore renewable energy along the central California coastline has gained significant interest in recent years. We present a comprehensive analysis of near-surface wind datasets available in this region to facilitate future estimates of wind power generation potential. The analyses are based on local NDBC buoys, satellite-based measurements (QuickSCAT and CCMP V2.0), reanalysis products (NARR and MERRA), and a regional climate model (WRF). There are substantial differences in the diurnal signal during different months among the various products (i.e., satellite-based, reanalysis, and modeled) relative to the local buoys. Moreover, the datasets tended to underestimate wind speed under light wind conditions and overestimate under strong wind conditions. In addition to point-to-point comparisons against local buoys, the spatial variations of bias and error in both the reanalysis products and WRF model data in this region were compared against satellite-based measurements. NARR's bias and root-mean-square-error were generally small in the study domain and decreased with distance from coastlines. Although its smaller spatial resolution is likely to be insufficient to reveal local effects, the small bias and error in near-surface winds, as well as the availability of wind data at the proposed turbine hub heights, suggests that NARR is an ideal candidate for use in offshore wind energy production estimates along the central California coast. The framework utilized here could be applied in other site-specific regions where offshore renewable energy is being considered.

  15. Modelling and control of a microgrid including photovoltaic and wind generation

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Hussain, Mohammed Touseef

    Extensive increase of distributed generation (DG) penetration and the existence of multiple DG units at distribution level have introduced the notion of micro-grid. This thesis develops a detailed non-linear and small-signal dynamic model of a microgrid that includes PV, wind and conventional small scale generation along with their power electronics interfaces and the filters. The models developed evaluate the amount of generation mix from various DGs for satisfactory steady state operation of the microgrid. In order to understand the interaction of the DGs on microgrid system initially two simpler configurations were considered. The first one consists of microalternator, PV and their electronics, and the second system consists of microalternator and wind system each connected to the power system grid. Nonlinear and linear state space model of each microgrid are developed. Small signal analysis showed that the large participation of PV/wind can drive the microgrid to the brink of unstable region without adequate control. Non-linear simulations are carried out to verify the results obtained through small-signal analysis. The role of the extent of generation mix of a composite microgrid consisting of wind, PV and conventional generation was investigated next. The findings of the smaller systems were verified through nonlinear and small signal modeling. A central supervisory capacitor energy storage controller interfaced through a STATCOM was proposed to monitor and enhance the microgrid operation. The potential of various control inputs to provide additional damping to the system has been evaluated through decomposition techniques. The signals identified to have damping contents were employed to design the supervisory control system. The controller gains were tuned through an optimal pole placement technique. Simulation studies demonstrate that the STATCOM voltage phase angle and PV inverter phase angle were the best inputs for enhanced stability boundaries.

  16. VisibleWind: wind profile measurements at low altitude

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wilkerson, Tom; Bradford, Bill; Marchant, Alan; Apedaile, Tom; Wright, Cordell

    2009-09-01

    VisibleWindTM is developing an inexpensive rapid response system, for accurately characterizing wind shear and small scale wind phenomena in the boundary layer and for prospecting suitable locations for wind power turbines. The ValidWind system can also collect reliable "ground truth" for other remote wind sensors. The system employs small (0.25 m dia.) lightweight balloons and a tracker consisting of an Impulse 200 XL laser rangefinder coupled to a PC for automated data recording. Experiments on balloon trajectories demonstrate that the laser detection of range (+/- 0.5 m), together with measured azimuth and altitude, is an inexpensive, convenient, and capable alternative to other wind tracking methods. The maximum detection range has been increased to 2200 meters using micro-corner-cube retroreflector tape on balloons. Low power LEDs enable nighttime tracking. To avoid large balloon gyrations about the mean trajectory, we use balloons having low ascent rates and subcritical Reynolds numbers. Trajectory points are typically recorded every 4 - 7 seconds. Atmospheric features observed under conditions of inversions or "light and variable winds" include abrupt onsets of shear at altitudes of 100-250 m, velocity changes of order 1-3 m/s within layers of 10-20 m thickness, and veering of the wind direction by 180 degrees or more as altitude increases from 300 to 500 m. We have previously reported comparisons of balloon-based wind profiles with the output of a co-located sodar. Even with the Impulse rangefinder, our system still requires a "man in the loop" to track the balloon. A future system enhancement will automate balloon tracking, so that laser returns are obtained automatically at 1 Hz. While balloon measurements of large-scale, high altitude wind profiles are well known, this novel measurement system provides high-resolution, real-time characterization of the fluctuating local wind fields at the bottom of the boundary layer where wind power turbines and other remote wind sensors must operate.

  17. Wind Power Today and Tomorrow

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Not Available

    Wind Power Today and Tomorrow is an annual publication that provides an overview of the wind research conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy's Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program. The purpose of Wind Power Today and Tomorrow is to show how DOE supports wind turbine research and deployment in hopes of furthering the advancement of wind technologies that produce clean, low-cost, reliable energy. Content objectives include: educate readers about the advantages and potential for widespread deployment of wind energy; explain the program's objectives and goals; describe the program's accomplishments in research and application; examine the barriers to widespread deployment; describemore » the benefits of continued research and development; facilitate technology transfer; and attract cooperative wind energy projects with industry. This 2003 edition of the program overview also includes discussions about wind industry growth in 2003, how DOE is taking advantage of low wind speed region s through advancing technology, and distributed applications for small wind turbines.« less

  18. Evaluation of Aeroelastically Tailored Small Wind Turbine Blades Final Project Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Griffin, Dayton A.

    2005-09-29

    Evaluation of Aeroelastically Tailored Small Wind Turbine Blades Final Report Global Energy Concepts, LLC (GEC) has performed a conceptual design study concerning aeroelastic tailoring of small wind turbine blades. The primary objectives were to evaluate ways that blade/rotor geometry could be used to enable cost-of-energy reductions by enhancing energy capture while constraining or mitigating blade costs, system loads, and related component costs. This work builds on insights developed in ongoing adaptive-blade programs but with a focus on application to small turbine systems with isotropic blade material properties and with combined blade sweep and pre-bending/pre-curving to achieve the desired twist coupling.more » Specific goals of this project are to: (A) Evaluate and quantify the extent to which rotor geometry can be used to realize load-mitigating small wind turbine rotors. Primary aspects of the load mitigation are: (1) Improved overspeed safety affected by blades twisting toward stall in response to speed increases. (2) Reduced fatigue loading affected by blade twisting toward feather in response to turbulent gusts. (B) Illustrate trade-offs and design sensitivities for this concept. (C) Provide the technical basis for small wind turbine manufacturers to evaluate this concept and commercialize if the technology appears favorable. The SolidWorks code was used to rapidly develop solid models of blade with varying shapes and material properties. Finite element analyses (FEA) were performed using the COSMOS code modeling with tip-loads and centripetal accelerations. This tool set was used to investigate the potential for aeroelastic tailoring with combined planform sweep and pre-curve. An extensive matrix of design variables was investigated, including aerodynamic design, magnitude and shape of planform sweep, magnitude and shape of blade pre-curve, material stiffness, and rotor diameter. The FEA simulations resulted in substantial insights into the structural response of these blades. The trends were used to identify geometries and rotor configurations that showed the greatest promise for achieving beneficial aeroelastic response. The ADAMS code was used to perform complete aeroelastic simulations of selected rotor configurations; however, the results of these simulations were not satisfactory. This report documents the challenges encountered with the ADAMS simulations and presents recommendations for further development of this concept for aeroelastically tailored small wind turbine blades.« less

  19. The problem of the second wind turbine - a note on a common but flawed wind power estimation method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gans, F.; Miller, L. M.; Kleidon, A.

    2010-06-01

    Several recent wind power estimates suggest how this renewable resource can meet all of the current and future global energy demand with little impact on the atmosphere. These estimates are calculated using observed wind speeds in combination with specifications of wind turbine size and density to quantify the extractable wind power. Here we show that this common methodology is flawed because it does not account for energy removal by the turbines that is necessary to ensure the conservation of energy. We will first illustrate the common but flawed methodology using parameters from a recent global quantification of wind power in a simple experimental setup. For a small number of turbines at small scales, the conservation of energy hardly results in a difference when compared to the common method. However, when applied at large to global scales, the ability of radiative gradients to generate a finite amount of kinetic energy needs to be taken into account. Using the same experimental setup, we use the simplest method to ensure the conservation of energy to show a non-negligble decrease in wind velocity after the first turbine that will successively result in lower extraction of the downwind turbines. We then show how the conservation of energy inevitably results in substantially lower estimates of wind power at the global scale. Because conservation of energy is fundamental, we conclude that ultimately environmental constraints set the upper limit for wind power availability at the larger scale rather than detailed engineering specifications of the wind turbine design and placement.

  20. EPA's eDisclosure

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    eDisclosure uses EPA's Central Data Exchange (CDX) to allow entities to promptly disclose violations and submit timely compliance certifications under EPA’s Audit Policy and Small Business Compliance Policy

  1. Validation of Simplified Load Equations through Loads Measurement and Modeling of a Small Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Tower; NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dana, S.; Damiani, R.; vanDam, J.

    As part of an ongoing effort to improve the modeling and prediction of small wind turbine dynamics, NREL tested a small horizontal axis wind turbine in the field at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). The test turbine was a 2.1-kW downwind machine mounted on an 18-meter multi-section fiberglass composite tower. The tower was instrumented and monitored for approximately 6 months. The collected data were analyzed to assess the turbine and tower loads and further validate the simplified loads equations from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-2 design standards. Field-measured loads were also compared to the output of an aeroelasticmore » model of the turbine. Ultimate loads at the tower base were assessed using both the simplified design equations and the aeroelastic model output. The simplified design equations in IEC 61400-2 do not accurately model fatigue loads. In this project, we compared fatigue loads as measured in the field, as predicted by the aeroelastic model, and as calculated using the simplified design equations.« less

  2. Airborne Wind Shear Detection and Warning Systems. Fourth Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference, part 2

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Vicroy, Dan D. (Compiler); Bowles, Roland L. (Compiler); Passman, Robert H. (Compiler)

    1992-01-01

    The Fourth Combined Manufacturers' and Technologists' Conference was hosted jointly by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in Williamsburg, Virginia, on April 14-16, 1992. The meeting was co-chaired by Dr. Roland Bowles of LaRC and Bob Passman of the FAA. The purpose of the meeting was to transfer significant ongoing results of the NASA/FAA Joint Airborne Wind Shear Program to the technical industry and to pose problems of current concern to the combined group. It also provided a forum for manufacturers to review forward-look technology concepts and for technologists to gain an understanding of the problems encountered by the manufacturers during the development of airborne equipment and the FAA certification requirements. The present document has been compiled to record the essence of the technology updates and discussions which follow each.

  3. Trailed vorticity modeling for aeroelastic wind turbine simulations in stand still

    DOE PAGES

    Pirrung, Georg; Madsen, Helge; Schreck, Scott

    2016-10-03

    Current fast aeroelastic wind turbine codes suitable for certification lack an induction model for standstill conditions. A trailed vorticity model previously used as addition to a blade element momentum theory based aerodynamic model in normal operation has been extended to allow computing the induced velocities in standstill. The model is validated against analytical results for an elliptical wing in constant inflow and against stand still measurements from the NREL/NASA Phase VI unsteady experiment. The extended model obtains good results in case of the elliptical wing, but underpredicts the steady loading for the Phase VI blade in attached flow. The predictionmore » of the dynamic force coefficient loops from the Phase VI experiment is improved by the trailed vorticity modeling in both attached flow and stall in most cases. The exception is the tangential force coefficient in stall, where the codes and measurements deviate and no clear improvement is visible.« less

  4. Assessment of the Performance of a Scanning Wind Doppler Lidar at an Urban-Mountain Site in Seoul

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Park, S.; Kim, S. W.

    2017-12-01

    Winds in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) are important factors for accurate modelling of air quality, numerical weather prediction and conversion of satellite measurements to near-surface air quality information (Seibert et al., AE, 2000; Emeis et al., Meteorol. Z., 2008). In this study, we (1) evaluate wind speed (WS) and direction (WD) retrieved from Wind Doppler Lidar (WDL) measurements by two methods [so called, `sine-fitting (SF) method' and `singular value decomposition (SVD) method'] and (2) analyze the WDL data at Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, to investigate the diurnal evolution of winds and aerosol characteristics in PBL. Evaluation of the two methods used in retrieving wind from radial velocity was done through comparison with radiosonde soundings from the same site. Winds retrieved using the SVD method from mean radial velocity of 15 minutes showed good agreement with radiosonde profiles (i.e., bias of 0.03 m s-1 and root mean square of 1.70 m s-1 in WS). However, the WDL was found to have difficulty retrieving signals under clean conditions (i.e., too small signal to noise ratio) or under the presence of near-surface optically-thick aerosol/cloud layer (i.e., strong signal attenuation). Despite this shortcoming, the WDL was able to successfully capture the diurnal variation of PBL wind. Two major wind patterns were observed at SNU; first of all, when convective boundary layer was strongly developed, thermally induced winds with large variation of vertical WS in the afternoon and a diurnal variation in WD showing characteristics of mountain and valley winds were observed. Secondly, small variation in WS and WD throughout the day was a major characteristic of cases when wind was largely influenced by the synoptic weather pattern.

  5. A study on the power generation potential of mini wind turbine in east coast of Peninsular Malaysia

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Basrawi, Firdaus; Ismail, Izwan; Ibrahim, Thamir Khalil; Idris, Daing Mohamad Nafiz Daing; Anuar, Shahrani

    2017-03-01

    A small-scale wind turbine is an attractive renewable energy source, but its economic viability depends on wind speed. The aim of this study is to determine economic viability of small-scale wind turbine in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The potential energy generated has been determined by wind speed data and power curved of. Hourly wind speed data of Kuantan throughout 2015 was collected as the input. Then, a model of wind turbine was developed based on a commercial a 300W mini wind turbine. It was found that power generation is 3 times higher during northeast monsoon season at 15 m elevation. This proved that the northeast monsoon season has higher potential in generating power by wind turbine in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia. However, only a total of 153.4 kWh/year of power can be generated at this condition. The power generator utilization factor PGUI or capacity ratio was merely 0.06 and it is not technically viable. By increasing the height of wind turbine to 60 m elevation, power generation amount drastically increased to 344 kWh/year, with PGUI of 0.13. This is about two-thirds of PGUI for photovoltaic technology which is 0.21 at this site. If offshore condition was considered, power generation amount further increased to 1,328 kWh/year with PGUI of 0.51. Thus, for a common use of mini wind turbine that is usually installed on-site at low elevation, it has low power generation potential. But, if high elevation as what large wind turbine needed is implemented, it is technically viable option in East Coast of Peninsular Malaysia.

  6. The NASA/MSFC global reference atmospheric model: MOD 3 (with spherical harmonic wind model)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Justus, C. G.; Fletcher, G. R.; Gramling, F. E.; Pace, W. B.

    1980-01-01

    Improvements to the global reference atmospheric model are described. The basic model includes monthly mean values of pressure, density, temperature, and geostrophic winds, as well as quasi-biennial and small and large scale random perturbations. A spherical harmonic wind model for the 25 to 90 km height range is included. Below 25 km and above 90 km, the GRAM program uses the geostrophic wind equations and pressure data to compute the mean wind. In the altitudes where the geostrophic wind relations are used, an interpolation scheme is employed for estimating winds at low latitudes where the geostrophic wind relations being to mesh down. Several sample wind profiles are given, as computed by the spherical harmonic model. User and programmer manuals are presented.

  7. The future of wind tunnel technology in Germany

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ewald, B.

    1978-01-01

    The practical value of a wind tunnel which is not dependent solely on size or achievable Reynolds number was examined. Measurement, interpretative and evaluative procedures developed in small facilities were also studied.

  8. Quiet airfoils for small and large wind turbines

    DOEpatents

    Tangler, James L [Boulder, CO; Somers, Dan L [Port Matilda, PA

    2012-06-12

    Thick airfoil families with desirable aerodynamic performance with minimal airfoil induced noise. The airfoil families are suitable for a variety of wind turbine designs and are particularly well-suited for use with horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) with constant or variable speed using pitch and/or stall control. In exemplary embodiments, a first family of three thick airfoils is provided for use with small wind turbines and second family of three thick airfoils is provided for use with very large machines, e.g., an airfoil defined for each of three blade radial stations or blade portions defined along the length of a blade. Each of the families is designed to provide a high maximum lift coefficient or high lift, to exhibit docile stalls, to be relatively insensitive to roughness, and to achieve a low profile drag.

  9. A Flight Dynamics Model for a Small Glider in Ambient Winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Beeler, Scott C.; Moerder, Daniel D.; Cox, David E.

    2003-01-01

    In this paper we describe the equations of motion developed for a point-mass zero-thrust (gliding) aircraft model operating in an environment of spatially varying atmospheric winds. The wind effects are included as an integral part of the flight dynamics equations, and the model is controlled through the three aerodynamic control angles. Formulas for the aerodynamic coefficients for this model are constructed to include the effects of several different aspects contributing to the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle. Characteristic parameter values of the model are compared with those found in a different set of small glider simulations. We execute a set of example problems which solve the glider dynamics equations to find the aircraft trajectory given specified control inputs. The ambient wind conditions and glider characteristics are varied to compare the simulation results under these different circumstances.

  10. A Flight Dynamics Model for a Small Glider in Ambient Winds

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Beeler, Scott C.; Moerder, Daniel D.; Cox, David E.

    2003-01-01

    In this paper we describe the equations of motion developed for a point-mass zero-thrust (gliding) aircraft model operating in an environment of spatially varying atmospheric winds. The wind effects are included as an integral part of the flight dynamics equations, and the model is controlled through the three aerodynamic control angles. Formulas for the aerodynamic coefficients for this model are constructed to include the effects of several different aspects contributing to the aerodynamic performance of the vehicle. Characteristic parameter values of the model are compared with those found in a different set of small glider simulations. We execute a set of example problems which solve the glider dynamics equations to find aircraft trajectory given specified control inputs. The ambient wind conditions and glider characteristics are varied to compare the simulation results under these different circumstances.

  11. On the properties of energy transfer in solar wind turbulence.

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sorriso-Valvo, Luca; Marino, Raffaele; Chen, Christopher H. K.; Wicks, Robert; Nigro, Giuseppina

    2017-04-01

    Spacecraft observations have shown that the solar wind plasma is heated during its expansion in the heliosphere. The necessary energy is made available at small scales by a turbulent cascade, although the nature of the heating processes is still debated. Because of the intermittent nature of turbulence, the small-scale energy is inhomogeneously distributed in space, resulting for example in the formation of highly localized current sheets and eddies. In order to understand the small-scale plasma processes occurring in the solar wind, the global and local properties of such energy distribution must be known. Here we study such properties using a proxy derived from the Von Karman-Howart relation for magnetohydrodynamics. The statistical properties of the energy transfer rate in the fluid range of scales are studied in detail using WIND spacecraft plasma and magnetic field measurements and discussed in the framework of the multifractal turbulent cascade. Dependence of the energy dissipation proxy on the solar wind conditions (speed, type, solar activity...) is analysed, and its evolution during solar wind expansion in the heliosphere is described using Helios II and Ulysses measurements. A comparison with other proxies, such as the PVI, is performed. Finally, the local singularity properties of the energy dissipation proxy are conditionally compared to the corresponding particle velocity distributions. This allows the identification of specific plasma features occurring near turbulent dissipation events, and could be used as enhanced mode trigger in future space missions.

  12. Yellow-Poplar and Oak Seedling Density Responses to Wind-Generated Gaps

    Treesearch

    Erik C. Berg; David H. Van Lear

    2004-01-01

    The effects of wind on upland hardwood forest structure and composition have been studied mostly in the context of either small "gap-phase" openings or in retrospective studies of ancient disturbances. Larger (> 0.1 ha) wind-created openings are common across Southern Appalachian landscapes, and can be impor tant in shaping understory colonization, growth...

  13. Wind erosion potential influenced by tillage in an irrigated potato-sweet corn rotation in the Columbia Basin

    USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

    Wind erosion is a concern within the Columbia Basin of the Inland Pacific Northwest (PNW) United States due to the sandy texture of soils and small amount of residue retained on the soil surface after harvest of vegetable crops like potato. This study assessed potential wind erosion of an irrigated ...

  14. Wind speed affects prey-catching behaviour in an orb web spider.

    PubMed

    Turner, Joe; Vollrath, Fritz; Hesselberg, Thomas

    2011-12-01

    Wind has previously been shown to influence the location and orientation of spider web sites and also the geometry and material composition of constructed orb webs. We now show that wind also influences components of prey-catching behaviour within the web. A small wind tunnel was used to generate different wind speeds. Araneus diadematus ran more slowly towards entangled Drosophila melanogaster in windy conditions, which took less time to escape the web. This indicates a lower capture probability and a diminished overall predation efficiency for spiders at higher wind speeds. We conclude that spiders' behaviour of taking down their webs as wind speed increases may therefore not be a response only to possible web damage.

  15. Wind speed affects prey-catching behaviour in an orb web spider

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Turner, Joe; Vollrath, Fritz; Hesselberg, Thomas

    2011-12-01

    Wind has previously been shown to influence the location and orientation of spider web sites and also the geometry and material composition of constructed orb webs. We now show that wind also influences components of prey-catching behaviour within the web. A small wind tunnel was used to generate different wind speeds. Araneus diadematus ran more slowly towards entangled Drosophila melanogaster in windy conditions, which took less time to escape the web. This indicates a lower capture probability and a diminished overall predation efficiency for spiders at higher wind speeds. We conclude that spiders' behaviour of taking down their webs as wind speed increases may therefore not be a response only to possible web damage.

  16. 40 CFR 94.209 - Special provisions for post-manufacture marinizers and small-volume manufacturers.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ...-manufacture marinizers and small-volume manufacturers. 94.209 Section 94.209 Protection of Environment... COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Certification Provisions § 94.209 Special provisions for post-manufacture... demonstrate one of the following: (1) It is a post-manufacture marinizer and that the base engines used for...

  17. 13 CFR 127.300 - How is a concern certified as an EDWOSB or WOSB?

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-01-01

    ... 13 Business Credit and Assistance 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false How is a concern certified as an EDWOSB or WOSB? 127.300 Section 127.300 Business Credit and Assistance SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION WOMEN-OWNED SMALL BUSINESS FEDERAL CONTRACT ASSISTANCE PROCEDURES Certification of EDWOSB or WOSB Status...

  18. 76 FR 68026 - Federal Acquisition Regulation; Small Disadvantaged Business Self-Certification

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2011-11-02

    ... Business Administration (SBA) to its small disadvantaged business (SDB) program. DATES: Effective Date... disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) to self-represent their SDB status to prime contractors in good faith when... certified by the SBA as SDB firms. DoD, GSA, and NASA received no comments in response to the interim rule...

  19. 48 CFR 52.212-3 - Offeror Representations and Certifications-Commercial Items.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-10-01

    ... more women; and (2) Whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women... women; and whose management and daily business operations are controlled by one or more women. (b)(1... in this provision— Emerging small business means a small business concern whose size is no greater...

  20. The Utility of IRT in Small-Sample Testing Applications.

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Sireci, Stephen G.

    The utility of modified item response theory (IRT) models in small sample testing applications was studied. The modified IRT models were modifications of the one- and two-parameter logistic models. One-, two-, and three-parameter models were also studied. Test data were from 4 years of a national certification examination for persons desiring…

  1. 40 CFR 86.1838-01 - Small-volume manufacturer certification procedures.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-07-01

    ... AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) CONTROL OF EMISSIONS FROM NEW AND IN-USE HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND ENGINES General Compliance Provisions for Control of Air Pollution From New and In-Use Light-Duty Vehicles, Light-Duty Trucks, and Complete Otto-Cycle Heavy-Duty Vehicles § 86.1838-01 Small-volume manufacturer...

  2. Small is different: RPC observations of a small scale comet interacting with the solar wind

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nilsson, Hans; Burch, James L.; Carr, Christopher M.; Eriksson, Anders I.; Glassmeier, Karl-Heinz; Henri, Pierre; Rosetta Plasma Consortium Team

    2016-10-01

    Rosetta followed comet 67P from low activity at more than 3 AU heliocentric distance to peak activity at perihelion and then out again. We study the evolution of the dynamic plasma environment using data from the Rosetta Plasma Consortium (RPC). Observations of cometary plasma began in August 2014, at a distance of 100 km from the comet nucleus and at 3.6 AU from the Sun. As the comet approached the Sun, outgassing from the comet increased, as did the density of the cometary plasma. Measurements showed a highly heterogeneous cold ion environment, permeated by the solar wind. The solar wind was deflected due to the mass loading from newly added cometary plasma, with no discernible slowing down. The magnetic field magnitude increased significantly above the background level, and strong low frequency waves were observed in the magnetic field, a.k.a. the "singing comet". Electron temperatures were high, leading to a frequently strongly negative spacecraft potential. In mid to late April 2015 the solar wind started to disappear from the observation region. This was associated with a solar wind deflection reaching nearly 180°, indicating that mass loading became efficient enough to form a solar wind-free region. Accelerated water ions, moving mainly in the anti-sunward direction, kept being observed also after the solar wind disappearance. Plasma boundaries began to form and a collisionopause was tentatively identified in the ion and electron data. At the time around perihelion, a diamagnetic cavity was also observed, at a surprisingly large distance from the comet. In late 2016 the solar wind re-appeared at the location of Rosetta, allowing for studies of asymmetry of the comet ion environment with respect to perihelion. A nightside excursion allowed us to get a glimpse of the electrodynamics of the innermost part of the plasma tail. Most of these phenomena are dependent on the small-scale physics of comet 67P, since for most of the Rosetta mission the solar wind - comet atmosphere interaction region is smaller than the pickup ion gyroradius in the undisturbed solar wind.

  3. Low cost composite materials for wind energy conversion systems

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Weingart, O.

    1980-01-01

    A winding process utilizing a low-cost E-glass fabric called transverse-filament tape for low-cost production of wind turbine generators (WTG) is described. The process can be carried out continuously at high speed to produce large one-piece parts with tapered wall thicknesses on a tapered mandrel. It is being used to manufacture blades for the NASA/DOE 200-ft-diameter MOD-1 WTG and Rockwell/DOE 40-kW small wind energy conversion system (SWECS).

  4. Thirteenth Annual Acquisition Research Symposium. Acquisition Research: Creating Synergy for Informed Change. Volume 1

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-30

    renewable energy projects with a focus on novel onshore/offshore and small/large scale wind turbine designs for expanding their operational range and...ROA to estimate the values of maintenance options created by the implementation of PHM in wind turbines . When an RUL is predicted for a subsystem...predicted for the system. The section titled Example— Wind Turbine With an Outcome-Based Contract presents a case study for a PHM enabled wind

  5. Incorporation of Outcome-Based Contract Requirements in a Real Options Approach for Maintenance Planning

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-04-30

    focus on novel onshore/offshore and small/large scale wind turbine designs for expanding their operational range and increasing their efficiency at...of maintenance options created by the implementation of PHM in wind turbines . When an RUL is predicted for a subsystem, there are multiple choices...The section titled Example— Wind Turbine With an Outcome-Based Contract presents a case study for a PHM enabled wind turbine with and without an

  6. Final Technical Report Recovery Act: Online Nonintrusive Condition Monitoring and Fault Detection for Wind Turbines

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Wei Qiao

    2012-05-29

    The penetration of wind power has increased greatly over the last decade in the United States and across the world. The U.S. wind power industry installed 1,118 MW of new capacity in the first quarter of 2011 alone and entered the second quarter with another 5,600 MW under construction. By 2030, wind energy is expected to provide 20% of the U.S. electricity needs. As the number of wind turbines continues to grow, the need for effective condition monitoring and fault detection (CMFD) systems becomes increasingly important [3]. Online CMFD is an effective means of not only improving the reliability, capacitymore » factor, and lifetime, but it also reduces the downtime, energy loss, and operation and maintenance (O&M) of wind turbines. The goal of this project is to develop novel online nonintrusive CMFD technologies for wind turbines. The proposed technologies use only the current measurements that have been used by the control and protection system of a wind turbine generator (WTG); no additional sensors or data acquisition devices are needed. Current signals are reliable and easily accessible from the ground without intruding on the wind turbine generators (WTGs) that are situated on high towers and installed in remote areas. Therefore, current-based CMFD techniques have great economic benefits and the potential to be adopted by the wind energy industry. Specifically, the following objectives and results have been achieved in this project: (1) Analyzed the effects of faults in a WTG on the generator currents of the WTG operating at variable rotating speed conditions from the perspective of amplitude and frequency modulations of the current measurements; (2) Developed effective amplitude and frequency demodulation methods for appropriate signal conditioning of the current measurements to improve the accuracy and reliability of wind turbine CMFD; (3) Developed a 1P-invariant power spectrum density (PSD) method for effective signature extraction of wind turbine faults with characteristic frequencies in the current or current demodulated signals, where 1P stands for the shaft rotating frequency of a WTG; (4) Developed a wavelet filter for effective signature extraction of wind turbine faults without characteristic frequencies in the current or current demodulated signals; (5) Developed an effective adaptive noise cancellation method as an alternative to the wavelet filter method for signature extraction of wind turbine faults without characteristic frequencies in the current or current demodulated signals; (6) Developed a statistical analysis-based impulse detection method for effective fault signature extraction and evaluation of WTGs based on the 1P-invariant PSD of the current or current demodulated signals; (7) Validated the proposed current-based wind turbine CMFD technologies through extensive computer simulations and experiments for small direct-drive WTGs without gearboxes; and (8) Showed, through extensive experiments for small direct-drive WTGs, that the performance of the proposed current-based wind turbine CMFD technologies is comparable to traditional vibration-based methods. The proposed technologies have been successfully applied for detection of major failures in blades, shafts, bearings, and generators of small direct-drive WTGs. The proposed technologies can be easily integrated into existing wind turbine control, protection, and monitoring systems and can be implemented remotely from the wind turbines being monitored. The proposed technologies provide an alternative to vibration-sensor-based CMFD. This will reduce the cost and hardware complexity of wind turbine CMFD systems. The proposed technologies can also be combined with vibration-sensor-based methods to improve the accuracy and reliability of wind turbine CMFD systems. When there are problems with sensors, the proposed technologies will ensure proper CMFD for the wind turbines, including their sensing systems. In conclusion, the proposed technologies offer an effective means to achieve condition-based smart maintenance for wind turbines and have a great potential to be adopted by the wind energy industry due to their almost no-cost, nonintrusive features. Although only validated for small direct-drive wind turbines without gearboxes, the proposed technologies are also applicable for CMFD of large-size wind turbines with and without gearboxes. However, additional investigations are recommended in order to apply the proposed technologies to those large-size wind turbines.« less

  7. Stable Short-Term Frequency Support Using Adaptive Gains for a DFIG-Based Wind Power Plant

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Lee, Jinsik; Jang, Gilsoo; Muljadi, Eduard

    For the fixed-gain inertial control of wind power plants (WPPs), a large gain setting provides a large contribution to supporting system frequency control, but it may cause over-deceleration for a wind turbine generator that has a small amount of kinetic energy (KE). Further, if the wind speed decreases during inertial control, even a small gain may cause over-deceleration. This paper proposes a stable inertial control scheme using adaptive gains for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)-based WPP. The scheme aims to improve the frequency nadir (FN) while ensuring stable operation of all DFIGs, particularly when the wind speed decreases duringmore » inertial control. In this scheme, adaptive gains are set to be proportional to the KE stored in DFIGs, which is spatially and temporally dependent. To improve the FN, upon detecting an event, large gains are set to be proportional to the KE of DFIGs; to ensure stable operation, the gains decrease with the declining KE. The simulation results demonstrate that the scheme improves the FN while ensuring stable operation of all DFIGs in various wind and system conditions. Further, it prevents over-deceleration even when the wind speed decreases during inertial control.« less

  8. The Use of a Code-generating System for the Derivation of the Equations for Wind Turbine Dynamics

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ganander, Hans

    2003-10-01

    For many reasons the size of wind turbines on the rapidly growing wind energy market is increasing. Relations between aeroelastic properties of these new large turbines change. Modifications of turbine designs and control concepts are also influenced by growing size. All these trends require development of computer codes for design and certification. Moreover, there is a strong desire for design optimization procedures, which require fast codes. General codes, e.g. finite element codes, normally allow such modifications and improvements of existing wind turbine models. This is done relatively easy. However, the calculation times of such codes are unfavourably long, certainly for optimization use. The use of an automatic code generating system is an alternative for relevance of the two key issues, the code and the design optimization. This technique can be used for rapid generation of codes of particular wind turbine simulation models. These ideas have been followed in the development of new versions of the wind turbine simulation code VIDYN. The equations of the simulation model were derived according to the Lagrange equation and using Mathematica®, which was directed to output the results in Fortran code format. In this way the simulation code is automatically adapted to an actual turbine model, in terms of subroutines containing the equations of motion, definitions of parameters and degrees of freedom. Since the start in 1997, these methods, constituting a systematic way of working, have been used to develop specific efficient calculation codes. The experience with this technique has been very encouraging, inspiring the continued development of new versions of the simulation code as the need has arisen, and the interest for design optimization is growing.

  9. Small UAS-Based Wind Feature Identification System Part 1: Integration and Validation

    PubMed Central

    Rodriguez Salazar, Leopoldo; Cobano, Jose A.; Ollero, Anibal

    2016-01-01

    This paper presents a system for identification of wind features, such as gusts and wind shear. These are of particular interest in the context of energy-efficient navigation of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The proposed system generates real-time wind vector estimates and a novel algorithm to generate wind field predictions. Estimations are based on the integration of an off-the-shelf navigation system and airspeed readings in a so-called direct approach. Wind predictions use atmospheric models to characterize the wind field with different statistical analyses. During the prediction stage, the system is able to incorporate, in a big-data approach, wind measurements from previous flights in order to enhance the approximations. Wind estimates are classified and fitted into a Weibull probability density function. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized to determine the shaping and scale parameters of the distribution, which are employed to determine the most probable wind speed at a certain position. The system uses this information to characterize a wind shear or a discrete gust and also utilizes a Gaussian Process regression to characterize continuous gusts. The knowledge of the wind features is crucial for computing energy-efficient trajectories with low cost and payload. Therefore, the system provides a solution that does not require any additional sensors. The system architecture presents a modular decentralized approach, in which the main parts of the system are separated in modules and the exchange of information is managed by a communication handler to enhance upgradeability and maintainability. Validation is done providing preliminary results of both simulations and Software-In-The-Loop testing. Telemetry data collected from real flights, performed in the Seville Metropolitan Area in Andalusia (Spain), was used for testing. Results show that wind estimation and predictions can be calculated at 1 Hz and a wind map can be updated at 0.4 Hz. Predictions show a convergence time with a 95% confidence interval of approximately 30 s. PMID:28025531

  10. Small UAS-Based Wind Feature Identification System Part 1: Integration and Validation.

    PubMed

    Rodriguez Salazar, Leopoldo; Cobano, Jose A; Ollero, Anibal

    2016-12-23

    This paper presents a system for identification of wind features, such as gusts and wind shear. These are of particular interest in the context of energy-efficient navigation of Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS). The proposed system generates real-time wind vector estimates and a novel algorithm to generate wind field predictions. Estimations are based on the integration of an off-the-shelf navigation system and airspeed readings in a so-called direct approach. Wind predictions use atmospheric models to characterize the wind field with different statistical analyses. During the prediction stage, the system is able to incorporate, in a big-data approach, wind measurements from previous flights in order to enhance the approximations. Wind estimates are classified and fitted into a Weibull probability density function. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is utilized to determine the shaping and scale parameters of the distribution, which are employed to determine the most probable wind speed at a certain position. The system uses this information to characterize a wind shear or a discrete gust and also utilizes a Gaussian Process regression to characterize continuous gusts. The knowledge of the wind features is crucial for computing energy-efficient trajectories with low cost and payload. Therefore, the system provides a solution that does not require any additional sensors. The system architecture presents a modular decentralized approach, in which the main parts of the system are separated in modules and the exchange of information is managed by a communication handler to enhance upgradeability and maintainability. Validation is done providing preliminary results of both simulations and Software-In-The-Loop testing. Telemetry data collected from real flights, performed in the Seville Metropolitan Area in Andalusia (Spain), was used for testing. Results show that wind estimation and predictions can be calculated at 1 Hz and a wind map can be updated at 0.4 Hz . Predictions show a convergence time with a 95% confidence interval of approximately 30 s .

  11. Aerodynamic performance of a small vertical axis wind turbine using an overset grid method

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bangga, Galih; Solichin, Mochammad; Daman, Aida; Sa'adiyah, Devy; Dessoky, Amgad; Lutz, Thorsten

    2017-08-01

    The present paper aims to asses the aerodynamic performance of a small vertical axis wind turbine operating at a small wind speed of 5 m/s for 6 different tip speed ratios (λ=2-7). The turbine consists of two blades constructed using the NACA 0015 airfoil. The study is carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods employing an overset grid approach. The (URANS) SST k - ω is used as the turbulence model. For the preliminary study, simulations of the NACA 0015 under static conditions for a broad range of angle of attack and a rotating two-bladed VAWT are carried out. The results are compared with available measurement data and a good agreement is obtained. The simulations demonstrate that the maximum power coefficient attained is 0.45 for λ=4. The aerodynamic loads hysteresis are presented showing that the dynamic stall effect decreases with λ.

  12. Who and where are the uncounted children? Inequalities in birth certificate coverage among children under five years in 94 countries using nationally representative household surveys.

    PubMed

    Bhatia, Amiya; Ferreira, Leonardo Zanini; Barros, Aluísio J D; Victora, Cesar Gomes

    2017-08-18

    Birth registration, and the possession of a birth certificate as proof of registration, has long been recognized as a fundamental human right. Data from a functioning civil registration and vital statistics (CRVS) system allows governments to benefit from accurate and universal data on birth and death rates. However, access to birth certificates remains challenging and unequal in many low and middle-income countries. This paper examines wealth, urban/rural and gender inequalities in birth certificate coverage. We analyzed nationally representative household surveys from 94 countries between 2000 and 2014 using Demographic Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Birth certificate coverage among children under five was examined at the national and regional level. Absolute measures of inequality were used to measure inequalities in birth certificate coverage by wealth quintile, urban/rural residence and sex of the child. Over four million children were included in the analysis. Birth certificate coverage was over 90% in 29 countries and below 50% in 36 countries, indicating that more than half the children under five surveyed in these countries did not have a birth certificate. Eastern & Southern Africa had the lowest average birth certificate coverage (26.9%) with important variability among countries. Significant wealth inequalities in birth certificate coverage were observed in 74 countries and in most UNICEF regions, and urban/rural inequalities were present in 60 countries. Differences in birth certificate coverage between girls and boys tended to be small. We show that wealth and urban/rural inequalities in birth certificate coverage persist in most low and middle income countries, including countries where national birth certificate coverage is between 60 and 80%. Weak CRVS systems, particularly in South Asia and Africa lead rural and poor children to be systematically excluded from the benefits tied to a birth certificate, and prevent these children from being counted in national health data. Greater funding and attention is needed to strengthen CRVS systems and equity analyses should inform such efforts, especially as data needs for the Sustainable Development Goals expand. Monitoring disaggregated data on birth certificate coverage is essential to reducing inequalities in who is counted and registered. Strengthening CRVS systems can enable a child's right to identity, improve health data and promote equity.

  13. The dune effect on sand-transporting winds on Mars.

    PubMed

    Jackson, Derek W T; Bourke, Mary C; Smyth, Thomas A G

    2015-11-05

    Wind on Mars is a significant agent of contemporary surface change, yet the absence of in situ meteorological data hampers the understanding of surface-atmospheric interactions. Airflow models at length scales relevant to landform size now enable examination of conditions that might activate even small-scale bedforms (ripples) under certain contemporary wind regimes. Ripples have the potential to be used as modern 'wind vanes' on Mars. Here we use 3D airflow modelling to demonstrate that local dune topography exerts a strong influence on wind speed and direction and that ripple movement likely reflects steered wind direction for certain dune ridge shapes. The poor correlation of dune orientation with effective sand-transporting winds suggests that large dunes may not be mobile under modelled wind scenarios. This work highlights the need to first model winds at high resolution before inferring regional wind patterns from ripple movement or dune orientations on the surface of Mars today.

  14. The dune effect on sand-transporting winds on Mars

    PubMed Central

    Jackson, Derek W. T.; Bourke, Mary C; Smyth, Thomas A. G.

    2015-01-01

    Wind on Mars is a significant agent of contemporary surface change, yet the absence of in situ meteorological data hampers the understanding of surface–atmospheric interactions. Airflow models at length scales relevant to landform size now enable examination of conditions that might activate even small-scale bedforms (ripples) under certain contemporary wind regimes. Ripples have the potential to be used as modern ‘wind vanes' on Mars. Here we use 3D airflow modelling to demonstrate that local dune topography exerts a strong influence on wind speed and direction and that ripple movement likely reflects steered wind direction for certain dune ridge shapes. The poor correlation of dune orientation with effective sand-transporting winds suggests that large dunes may not be mobile under modelled wind scenarios. This work highlights the need to first model winds at high resolution before inferring regional wind patterns from ripple movement or dune orientations on the surface of Mars today. PMID:26537669

  15. Analysis of the Flicker Level Produced by a Fixed-Speed Wind Turbine

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Suppioni, Vinicius; P. Grilo, Ahda

    2013-10-01

    In this article, the analysis of the flicker emission during continuous operation of a mid-scale fixed-speed wind turbine connected to a distribution system is presented. Flicker emission is investigated based on simulation results, and the dependence of flicker emission on short-circuit capacity, grid impedance angle, mean wind speed, and wind turbulence is analyzed. The simulations were conducted in different programs in order to provide a more realistic wind emulation and detailed model of mechanical and electrical components of the wind turbine. Such aim is accomplished by using FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) to simulate the mechanical parts of the wind turbine, Simulink/MatLab to simulate the electrical system, and TurbSim to obtain the wind model. The results show that, even for a small wind generator, the flicker level can limit the wind power capacity installed in a distribution system.

  16. Kansas Wind Energy Consortium

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Gruenbacher, Don

    2015-12-31

    This project addresses both fundamental and applied research problems that will help with problems defined by the DOE “20% Wind by 2030 Report”. In particular, this work focuses on increasing the capacity of small or community wind generation capabilities that would be operated in a distributed generation approach. A consortium (KWEC – Kansas Wind Energy Consortium) of researchers from Kansas State University and Wichita State University aims to dramatically increase the penetration of wind energy via distributed wind power generation. We believe distributed generation through wind power will play a critical role in the ability to reach and extend themore » renewable energy production targets set by the Department of Energy. KWEC aims to find technical and economic solutions to enable widespread implementation of distributed renewable energy resources that would apply to wind.« less

  17. 77 FR 6549 - Notice of Availability for Public Comment of Interconnection Facilities Studies Prepared for the...

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2012-02-08

    ...,250 megawatts of electric power produced from wind turbines to be located in the vicinity of La... States to Mexico, except for the small amount of electrical energy needed for wind turbine lubrication... connect a wind energy project to be built in the vicinity of La Rumorosa, Baja California, Mexico, to San...

  18. Persistent wind-induced enhancement of diffusive CO2 transport in a mountain forest snowpack

    Treesearch

    D. R. Bowling; W. J. Massman

    2011-01-01

    Diffusion dominates the transport of trace gases between soil and the atmosphere. Pressure gradients induced by atmospheric flow and wind interacting with topographical features cause a small but persistent bulk flow of air within soil or snow. This forcing, called pressure pumping or wind pumping, leads to a poorly quantified enhancement of gas transport beyond the...

  19. The Wind Energy in Power Production and Its Importance in Geography Teaching

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Munkacsy, Bela

    2005-01-01

    Wind energy is an increasingly important factor of the power system in Europe. But it is still just a small part of the significant changes of the new millennium, namely the spreading of micro power and decentralisation of the whole energy system which are very important elements of sustainability. This paper shows the importance of wind power…

  20. 3D Anisotropy of Solar Wind Turbulence, Tubes, or Ribbons?

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Verdini, Andrea; Grappin, Roland; Alexandrova, Olga; Lion, Sonny

    2018-01-01

    We study the anisotropy with respect to the local magnetic field of turbulent magnetic fluctuations at magnetofluid scales in the solar wind. Previous measurements in the fast solar wind obtained axisymmetric anisotropy, despite that the analysis method allows nonaxisymmetric structures. These results are probably contaminated by the wind expansion that introduces another symmetry axis, namely, the radial direction, as indicated by recent numerical simulations. These simulations also show that while the expansion is strong, the principal fluctuations are in the plane perpendicular to the radial direction. Using this property, we separate 11 yr of Wind spacecraft data into two subsets characterized by strong and weak expansion and determine the corresponding turbulence anisotropy. Under strong expansion, the small-scale anisotropy is consistent with the Goldreich & Sridhar critical balance. As in previous works, when the radial symmetry axis is not eliminated, the turbulent structures are field-aligned tubes. Under weak expansion, we find 3D anisotropy predicted by the Boldyrev model, that is, turbulent structures are ribbons and not tubes. However, the very basis of the Boldyrev phenomenology, namely, a cross-helicity increasing at small scales, is not observed in the solar wind: the origin of the ribbon formation is unknown.

  1. Mechanistic Drifting Forecast Model for A Small Semi-Submersible Drifter Under Tide-Wind-Wave Conditions

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Zhang, Wei-Na; Huang, Hui-ming; Wang, Yi-gang; Chen, Da-ke; Zhang, lin

    2018-03-01

    Understanding the drifting motion of a small semi-submersible drifter is of vital importance regarding monitoring surface currents and the floating pollutants in coastal regions. This work addresses this issue by establishing a mechanistic drifting forecast model based on kinetic analysis. Taking tide-wind-wave into consideration, the forecast model is validated against in situ drifting experiment in the Radial Sand Ridges. Model results show good performance with respect to the measured drifting features, characterized by migrating back and forth twice a day with daily downwind displacements. Trajectory models are used to evaluate the influence of the individual hydrodynamic forcing. The tidal current is the fundamental dynamic condition in the Radial Sand Ridges and has the greatest impact on the drifting distance. However, it loses its leading position in the field of the daily displacement of the used drifter. The simulations reveal that different hydrodynamic forces dominate the daily displacement of the used drifter at different wind scales. The wave-induced mass transport has the greatest influence on the daily displacement at Beaufort wind scale 5-6; while wind drag contributes mostly at wind scale 2-4.

  2. The extent of wind-mediated dispersal of small metazoans, focusing nematodes.

    PubMed

    Ptatscheck, Christoph; Gansfort, Birgit; Traunspurger, Walter

    2018-05-01

    Wind-mediated transport is an important mechanism in the dispersal of small metazoans. Yet, concrete dispersal rates have hardly been examined. Here we present the results of an one-year field experiment investigating the composition and dispersal rates of aeroplankton. To gain insights into the dynamics of dispersal at the species level, we focused on nematodes, worldwide the most common metazoan taxon. Among the six taxa collected in this study (nematodes, rotifers, collembolans, tardigrades, mites, and thrips), nematodes had the highest dispersal rates (up to >3000 individuals m -2 in 4 weeks, 27 species identified) and represented >44% of aeroplankton. Only living nematodes, and no propagules, were dispersed. All taxa had a higher dispersal potential in environments linked to the source habitat, evidenced by the much higher deposition of organisms in funnels placed on the ground than on the rooftop of a ten-story building. Nematodes under conditions of high humidity and wind speed had the highest dispersal rates, while increasing temperatures and dryness had a significantly positive impact on the wind drift of mites and thrips. The results indicated that wind dispersal over long distances is possible. The notable organismal input by wind dispersal may contribute to biodiversity and ecosystem functions.

  3. Companies Selected for Small Wind Turbine Project

    Science.gov Websites

    ) 972-9246 Golden, Colo., Nov. 27, 1996 -- In an effort to develop cost-effective, low-maintenance wind have to perform effectively and reliably over a long period of time without maintenance. The companies

  4. 2012 Market Report on Wind Technologies in Distributed Applications

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Orrell, Alice C.

    2013-08-01

    An annual report on U.S. wind power in distributed applications – expanded to include small, mid-size, and utility-scale installations – including key statistics, economic data, installation, capacity, and generation statistics, and more.

  5. Kinetic Interactions Between the Solar Wind and Lunar Magnetic Fields

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Halekas, J. S.; Poppe, A. R.; Fatemi, S.; Turner, D. L.; Holmstrom, M.

    2016-12-01

    Despite their relatively weak strength, small scale, and incoherence, lunar magnetic anomalies can affect the incoming solar wind flow. The plasma interaction with lunar magnetic fields drives significant compressions of the solar wind plasma and magnetic field, deflections of the incoming flow, and a host of plasma waves ranging from the ULF to the electrostatic range. Recent work suggests that the large-scale features of the solar wind-magnetic anomaly interactions may be driven by ion-ion instabilities excited by reflected ions, raising the possibility that they are analogous to ion foreshock phenomena. Indeed, despite their small scale, many of the phenomena observed near lunar magnetic anomalies appear to have analogues in the foreshock regions of terrestrial planets. We discuss the charged particle distributions, fields, and waves observed near lunar magnetic anomalies, and place them in a context with the foreshocks of the Earth, Mars, and other solar system objects.

  6. Design and Performance of a Miniature Lidar Wind Profiler (MLWP)

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cornwell, Donald M., Jr.; Miodek, Mariusz J.

    1998-01-01

    The directional velocity of the wind is one of the most critical components for understanding meteorological and other dynamic atmospheric processes. Altitude-resolved wind velocity measurements, also known as wind profiles or soundings, are especially necessary for providing data for meteorological forecasting and overall global circulation models (GCM's). Wind profiler data are also critical in identifying possible dangerous weather conditions for aviation. Furthermore, a system has yet to be developed for wind profiling from the surface of Mars which could also meet the stringent requirements on size, weight, and power of such a mission. Obviously, a novel wind profiling approach based on small and efficient technology is required to meet these needs. A lidar system based on small and highly efficient semiconductor lasers is now feasible due to recent developments in the laser and detector technologies. The recent development of high detection efficiency (50%), silicon-based photon-counting detectors when combined with high laser pulse repetition rates and long receiver integration times has allowed these transmitter energies to be reduced to the order of microjoules per pulse. Aerosol lidar systems using this technique have been demonstrated for both Q-switched, diode-pumped solid-state laser transmitters (lambda = 523 nm) and semiconductor diode lasers (lambda = 830 nm); however, a wind profiling lidar based on this technique has yet to be developed. We will present an investigation of a semiconductor-laser-based lidar system which uses the "edge-filter" direct detection technique to infer Doppler frequency shifts of signals backscattered from aerosols in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Our investigation will incorporate a novel semiconductor laser design which mitigates the deleterious effects of frequency chirp in pulsed diode lasers, a problem which has limited their use in such systems in the past. Our miniature lidar could be used on a future Mars lander and perhaps find its own niche in terrestrial applications due to its potential low cost an small size.

  7. Reliability and cost/worth evaluation of generating systems utilizing wind and solar energy

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Bagen

    The utilization of renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy for electric power supply has received considerable attention in recent years due to adverse environmental impacts and fuel cost escalation associated with conventional generation. At the present time, wind and/or solar energy sources are utilized to generate electric power in many applications. Wind and solar energy will become important sources for power generation in the future because of their environmental, social and economic benefits, together with public support and government incentives. The wind and sunlight are, however, unstable and variable energy sources, and behave far differently than conventional sources. Energy storage systems are, therefore, often required to smooth the fluctuating nature of the energy conversion system especially in small isolated applications. The research work presented in this thesis is focused on the development and application of reliability and economic benefits assessment associated with incorporating wind energy, solar energy and energy storage in power generating systems. A probabilistic approach using sequential Monte Carlo simulation was employed in this research and a number of analyses were conducted with regards to the adequacy and economic assessment of generation systems containing wind energy, solar energy and energy storage. The evaluation models and techniques incorporate risk index distributions and different operating strategies associated with diesel generation in small isolated systems. Deterministic and probabilistic techniques are combined in this thesis using a system well-being approach to provide useful adequacy indices for small isolated systems that include renewable energy and energy storage. The concepts presented and examples illustrated in this thesis will help power system planners and utility managers to assess the reliability and economic benefits of utilizing wind energy conversion systems, solar energy conversion systems and energy storage in electric power systems and provide useful input to the managerial decision process.

  8. Simulation and experiment of a fuzzy logic based MPPT controller for a small wind turbine system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Petrila, Diana; Muntean, Nicolae

    2012-09-01

    This paper describes the development of a fuzzy logic based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) strategy for a variable speed wind turbine system (VSWT). For this scope, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was described, simulated and tested on a real time "hardware in the loop" wind turbine emulator. Simulation and experimental results show that the controller is able to track the maximum power point for various wind conditions and validate the proposed control strategy.

  9. ARC-2005-ACD05-0022-017

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2005-02-04

    Ames Mars Wind Tunnel Facility N-245: NASA is simulating small martian 'dust devils' and wind in a laboraotry to determine how they may affect the landscape and environment of the red planet. Dust Devils on Mars are often a great deal biggger than those on Earth and can at times cover the whole planet. Martian winds & dust devils, big and little, collectively are a great force that is constantly changing the planet's environment. shown here: Silica Sand (Oklahoma 90) particles used in vortex generatory and Mars Wind Tunnel

  10. ARC-2005-ACD05-0022-019

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2005-02-04

    Ames Mars Wind Tunnel Facility N-245: NASA is simulating small martian 'dust devils' and wind in a laboraotry to determine how they may affect the landscape and environment of the red planet. Dust Devils on Mars are often a great deal biggger than those on Earth and can at times cover the whole planet. Martian winds & dust devils, big and little, collectively are a great force that is constantly changing the planet's environment. shown here: Carbondale Red Clay dust used in vortex generatory and Mars Wind Tunnel

  11. Scattering by Artificial Wind and Rain Roughened Water Surfaces at Oblique Incidences

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Craeye, C.; Sobieski, P. W.; Bliven, L. F.

    1997-01-01

    Rain affects wind retrievals from scatterometric measurements of the sea surface. To depict the additional roughness caused by rain on a wind driven surface, we use a ring-wave spectral model. This enables us to analyse the rain effect on K(u) band scatterometric observations from two laboratory experiments. Calculations based on the small perturbation method provide good simulation of scattering measurements for the rain-only case, whereas for combined wind and rain cases, the boundary perturbation method is appropriate.

  12. 40 CFR 70.9 - Fee determination and certification.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

    2010-07-01

    ... determine which sources are subject to the program; (v) Emissions and ambient monitoring; (vi) Modeling... direct and indirect support to sources under the Small Business Stationary Source Technical and...

  13. Control of large wind turbine generators connected to utility networks

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hinrichsen, E. N.

    1983-01-01

    This is an investigation of the control requirements for variable pitch wind turbine generators connected to electric power systems. The requirements include operation in very small as well as very large power systems. Control systems are developed for wind turbines with synchronous, induction, and doubly fed generators. Simulation results are presented. It is shown how wind turbines and power system controls can be integrated. A clear distinction is made between fast control of turbine torque, which is a peculiarity of wind turbines, and slow control of electric power, which is a traditional power system requirement.

  14. A preliminary study of the impact of the ERS 1 C band scatterometer wind data on the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts global data assimilation system

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Hoffman, Ross N.

    1993-01-01

    A preliminary assessment of the impact of the ERS 1 scatterometer wind data on the current European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts analysis and forecast system has been carried out. Although the scatterometer data results in changes to the analyses and forecasts, there is no consistent improvement or degradation. Our results are based on comparing analyses and forecasts from assimilation cycles. The two sets of analyses are very similar except for the low level wind fields over the ocean. Impacts on the analyzed wind fields are greater over the southern ocean, where other data are scarce. For the most part the mass field increments are too small to balance the wind increments. The effect of the nonlinear normal mode initialization on the analysis differences is quite small, but we observe that the differences tend to wash out in the subsequent 6-hour forecast. In the Northern Hemisphere, analysis differences are very small, except directly at the scatterometer locations. Forecast comparisons reveal large differences in the Southern Hemisphere after 72 hours. Notable differences in the Northern Hemisphere do not appear until late in the forecast. Overall, however, the Southern Hemisphere impacts are neutral. The experiments described are preliminary in several respects. We expect these data to ultimately prove useful for global data assimilation.

  15. Tail Shape Design of Boat Wind Turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Singamsitty, Venkatesh

    Wind energy is a standout among the most generally utilized sustainable power source assets. A great deal of research and improvements have been happening in the wind energy field. Wind turbines are mechanical devices that convert kinetic energy into electrical power. Boat wind turbines are for the small-scale generation of electric power. In order to catch wind energy effectively, boat wind turbines need to face wind direction. Tails are used in boat wind turbines to alter the wind turbine direction and receive the variation of the incoming direction of wind. Tails are used to change the performance of boat wind turbines in an effective way. They are required to generate a quick and steady response as per change in wind direction. Tails can have various shapes, and their effects on boat wind turbines are different. However, the effects of tail shapes on the performance of boat wind turbines are not thoroughly studied yet. In this thesis, five tail shapes were studied. Their effects on boat wind turbines were investigated. The power extracted by the turbines from the air and the force acting on the boat wind turbine tail were analyzed. The results of this thesis provide a guideline of tail shape design for boat wind turbines.

  16. Small Scale Air Driven Generator

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2016-12-01

    the wire is wound around the stator, the more windings the higher the voltage as seen in equation two from [10], de N dt Φ = , (2) where N is...was a Maxwell BMOD0500 P016 B02 16 volt 500 farad capacitor shown in Figure 8. Typical uses for this particular model are in wind turbines ... turbine , in this case a turbocharger, provided a constant source of shaft power which was used to spin a small permanent magnet motor. With the

  17. Understanding thermal circulations and near-surface turbulence processes in a small mountain valley

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pardyjak, E.; Dupuy, F.; Durand, P.; Gunawardena, N.; Thierry, H.; Roubin, P.

    2017-12-01

    The interaction of turbulence and thermal circulations in complex terrain can be significantly different from idealized flat terrain. In particular, near-surface horizontal spatial and temporal variability of winds and thermodynamic variables can be significant event over very small spatial scales. The KASCADE (KAtabatic winds and Stability over CAdarache for Dispersion of Effluents) 2017 conducted from January through March 2017 was designed to address these issues and to ultimately improve prediction of dispersion in complex terrain, particularly during stable atmospheric conditions. We have used a relatively large number of sensors to improve our understanding of the spatial and temporal development, evolution and breakdown of topographically driven flows. KASCADE 2017 consisted of continuous observations and fourteen Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs) conducted in the Cadarache Valley located in southeastern France. The Cadarache Valley is a relatively small valley (5 km x 1 km) with modest slopes and relatively small elevation differences between the valley floor and nearby hilltops ( 100 m). During winter, winds in the valley are light and stably stratified at night leading to thermal circulations as well as complex near-surface atmospheric layering. In this presentation we present results quantifying spatial variability of thermodynamic and turbulence variables as a function of different large -scale forcing conditions (e.g., quiescent conditions, strong westerly flow, and Mistral flow). In addition, we attempt to characterize highly-regular nocturnal horizontal wind meandering and associated turbulence statistics.

  18. 42 CFR 414.402 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

    2012-10-01

    ... certified by either the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc., or the Board... bidding area. Network means a group of small suppliers that form a legal entity to provide competitively...

  19. 42 CFR 414.402 - Definitions.

    Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

    2014-10-01

    ... certified by either the American Board for Certification in Orthotics and Prosthetics, Inc., or the Board... bidding area. Network means a group of small suppliers that form a legal entity to provide competitively...

  20. 78 FR 77343 - Small Business Size Standards: Utilities

    Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

    2013-12-23

    ... (such as solar, wind, biomass, geothermal) as well as other industries, where power generation is...: namely NAICS 221114 (Solar Electric Power Generation), NAICS 221115 (Wind Electric Power Generation... Electric Power 4 million 250 employees. Generation. megawatt hours. [[Page 77348

  1. Gearbox Reliability Collaborative Phase 3 Gearbox 3 Test Report

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Keller, Jonathan; Wallen, Robb

    Many gearboxes in wind turbines do not achieve their expected design life; they do, however, commonly meet or exceed the design criteria specified in current standards in the gear, bearing, and wind turbine industry as well as third-party certification criteria. The cost of gearbox replacements and rebuilds, as well as the downtime associated with these failures, increases the cost of wind energy. In 2007, the U.S. Department of Energy established the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Gearbox Reliability Collaborative (GRC). Its goals are to understand the root causes of premature gearbox failures and to improve their reliability. The GRC ismore » examining a hypothesis that the gap between design-estimated and actual wind turbine gearbox reliability is caused by underestimation of loads, inaccurate design tools, the absence of critical elements in the design process, or insufficient testing. This report describes the recently completed tests of GRC Gearbox 3 in the National Wind Technology Center dynamometer and documents any modifications to the original test plan. In this manner, it serves as a guide for interpreting the publicly released data sets with brief analyses to illustrate the data. The primary test objective was to measure the planetary load-sharing characteristics in the same conditions as the original GRC gearbox design. If the measured load-sharing characteristics are close to the design model, the projected improvement in planetary section fatigue life and the efficacy of preloaded TRBs in mitigating the planetary bearing fatigue failure mode will have been demonstrated. Detailed analysis of that test objective will be presented in subsequent publications.« less

  2. Colliding Stellar Winds Structure and X-ray Emission

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Pittard, J. M.; Dawson, B.

    2018-04-01

    We investigate the structure and X-ray emission from the colliding stellar winds in massive star binaries. We find that the opening angle of the contact discontinuity (CD) is overestimated by several formulae in the literature at very small values of the wind momentum ratio, η. We find also that the shocks in the primary (dominant) and secondary winds flare by ≈20° compared to the CD, and that the entire secondary wind is shocked when η ≲ 0.02. Analytical expressions for the opening angles of the shocks, and the fraction of each wind that is shocked, are provided. We find that the X-ray luminosity Lx∝η, and that the spectrum softens slightly as η decreases.

  3. Validation of Simplified Load Equations Through Loads Measurement and Modeling of a Small Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine Tower

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Dana, Scott; Van Dam, Jeroen J; Damiani, Rick R

    As part of an ongoing effort to improve the modeling and prediction of small wind turbine dynamics, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) tested a small horizontal-axis wind turbine in the field at the National Wind Technology Center. The test turbine was a 2.1-kW downwind machine mounted on an 18-m multi-section fiberglass composite tower. The tower was instrumented and monitored for approximately 6 months. The collected data were analyzed to assess the turbine and tower loads and further validate the simplified loads equations from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-2 design standards. Field-measured loads were also compared to the outputmore » of an aeroelastic model of the turbine. In particular, we compared fatigue loads as measured in the field, predicted by the aeroelastic model, and calculated using the simplified design equations. Ultimate loads at the tower base were assessed using both the simplified design equations and the aeroelastic model output. The simplified design equations in IEC 61400-2 do not accurately model fatigue loads and a discussion about the simplified design equations is discussed.« less

  4. View of a dust storm taken from Atlantis during STS-106

    NASA Image and Video Library

    2000-09-11

    STS106-718-056 (11 September 2000) --- One of the STS-106 crew members on board the Space Shuttle Atlantis used a handheld 70mm camera to photograph this image of Afghanistan dust/front winds in the upper Amu Darya Valley. The strong winds along the northern border of Afghanistan lofted thick, light brown dust into the air (top half of the view). In this desert environment land surfaces are not protected by vegetation from the effect of blowing wind. The central Asian deserts experience the greatest number of dust storm days on the planet each year. The sharp dust front shows that the dust has not traveled far, but has been raised from the surfaces in the view. Dust is entrained in the atmosphere by horizontal winds but also by vertical movements. Here the vertical component is indicated by the fact that the higher points along the dust front are each topped by a small cumulus cloud, which appear as a line of small white puffballs. Cumulus clouds indicate upward motion and here the air which has entrained the dust is lifting the air above to the level of condensation at each point where a small cloud has formed.

  5. Contraction design for small low-speed wind tunnels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bell, James H.; Mehta, Rabindra D.

    1988-01-01

    An iterative design procedure was developed for two- or three-dimensional contractions installed on small, low-speed wind tunnels. The procedure consists of first computing the potential flow field and hence the pressure distributions along the walls of a contraction of given size and shape using a three-dimensional numerical panel method. The pressure or velocity distributions are then fed into two-dimensional boundary layer codes to predict the behavior of the boundary layers along the walls. For small, low-speed contractions it is shown that the assumption of a laminar boundary layer originating from stagnation conditions at the contraction entry and remaining laminar throughout passage through the successful designs if justified. This hypothesis was confirmed by comparing the predicted boundary layer data at the contraction exit with measured data in existing wind tunnels. The measured boundary layer momentum thicknesses at the exit of four existing contractions, two of which were 3-D, were found to lie within 10 percent of the predicted values, with the predicted values generally lower. From the contraction wall shapes investigated, the one based on a fifth-order polynomial was selected for installation on a newly designed mixing layer wind tunnel.

  6. Contraction design for small low-speed wind tunnels

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bell, James H.; Mehta, Rabindra D.

    1988-01-01

    An iterative design procedure was developed for 2- or 3-dimensional contractions installed on small, low speed wind tunnels. The procedure consists of first computing the potential flow field and hence the pressure distributions along the walls of a contraction of given size and shape using a 3-dimensional numerical panel method. The pressure or velocity distributions are then fed into 2-dimensional boundary layer codes to predict the behavior of the boundary layers along the walls. For small, low speed contractions, it is shown that the assumption of a laminar boundary layer originating from stagnation conditions at the contraction entry and remaining laminar throughout passage through the successful designs is justified. This hypothesis was confirmed by comparing the predicted boundary layer data at the contraction exit with measured data in existing wind tunnels. The measured boundary layer momentum thicknesses at the exit of four existing contractions, two of which were 3-D, were found to lie within 10 percent of the predicted values, with the predicted values generally lower. From the contraction wall shapes investigated, the one based on a 5th order polynomial was selected for newly designed mixing wind tunnel installation.

  7. A High-Efficiency Wind Energy Harvester for Autonomous Embedded Systems

    PubMed Central

    Brunelli, Davide

    2016-01-01

    Energy harvesting is currently a hot research topic, mainly as a consequence of the increasing attractiveness of computing and sensing solutions based on small, low-power distributed embedded systems. Harvesting may enable systems to operate in a deploy-and-forget mode, particularly when power grid is absent and the use of rechargeable batteries is unattractive due to their limited lifetime and maintenance requirements. This paper focuses on wind flow as an energy source feasible to meet the energy needs of a small autonomous embedded system. In particular the contribution is on the electrical converter and system integration. We characterize the micro-wind turbine, we define a detailed model of its behaviour, and then we focused on a highly efficient circuit to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The optimized design features an overall volume smaller than 64 cm3. The core of the harvester is a high efficiency buck-boost converter which performs an optimal power point tracking. Experimental results show that the wind generator boosts efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions. PMID:26959018

  8. Wind Turbine Bearing Diagnostics Based on Vibration Monitoring

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Kadhim, H. T.; Mahmood, F. H.; Resen, A. K.

    2018-05-01

    Reliability maintenance can be considered as an accurate condition monitoring system which increasing beneficial and decreasing the cost production of wind energy. Supporting low friction of wind turbine rotating shaft is the main task of rolling element bearing and it is the main part that suffers from failure. The rolling failures elements have an economic impact and may lead to malfunctions and catastrophic failures. This paper concentrates on the vibration monitoring as a Non-Destructive Technique for assessing and demonstrates the feasibility of vibration monitoring for small wind turbine bearing defects based on LabVIEW software. Many bearings defects were created, such as inner race defect, outer race defect, and ball spin defect. The spectra data were recorded and compared with the theoretical results. The accelerometer with 4331 NI USB DAQ was utilized to acquiring, analyzed, and recorded. The experimental results were showed the vibration technique is suitable for diagnostic the defects that will be occurred in the small wind turbine bearings and developing a fault in the bearing which leads to increasing the vibration amplitude or peaks in the spectrum.

  9. A High-Efficiency Wind Energy Harvester for Autonomous Embedded Systems.

    PubMed

    Brunelli, Davide

    2016-03-04

    Energy harvesting is currently a hot research topic, mainly as a consequence of the increasing attractiveness of computing and sensing solutions based on small, low-power distributed embedded systems. Harvesting may enable systems to operate in a deploy-and-forget mode, particularly when power grid is absent and the use of rechargeable batteries is unattractive due to their limited lifetime and maintenance requirements. This paper focuses on wind flow as an energy source feasible to meet the energy needs of a small autonomous embedded system. In particular the contribution is on the electrical converter and system integration. We characterize the micro-wind turbine, we define a detailed model of its behaviour, and then we focused on a highly efficient circuit to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The optimized design features an overall volume smaller than 64 cm³. The core of the harvester is a high efficiency buck-boost converter which performs an optimal power point tracking. Experimental results show that the wind generator boosts efficiency over a wide range of operating conditions.

  10. Differences and Similarities between Summer and Winter Temperatures and Winds during MaCWAVE

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Schmidlin, F. J.; Goldberg, R. A.

    2008-01-01

    The Mountain and Convective Waves Ascending Vertically Experiment (MaCWAVE) was carried out in two sequences: one during the summer from the Andoya Rocket Range (69N) during July 2002 to examine convective initiation of gravity waves. The second was a winter sequence from ESRANGE (68N) during January 2003 to examine mountain-initiated waves. Inflatable falling spheres released from small meteorological rockets provided significant information about the variation of temperature and wind from 50 km and higher. The small rocket launch activity was restricted to 12-hour periods that inhibited observing a full diurnal cycle, nonetheless, the time-history of the measurements have provided information about tidal motion. During summer, temperature variation was smaller than observed during winter when peak differences reached 15-20 K at 80-85 km. variation in zonal winds varied up to more than 100 mps in summer and winter. Times of wind vs. altitude showed that the peak zonal component occurred approximately two hours ahead of the peak meridional wind. Measurement details and the observed variations are discussed.

  11. Investigation on installation of offshore wind turbines

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Wang, Wei; Bai, Yong

    2010-06-01

    Wind power has made rapid progress and should gain significance as an energy resource, given growing interest in renewable energy and clean energy. Offshore wind energy resources have attracted significant attention, as, compared with land-based wind energy resources, offshore wind energy resources are more promising candidates for development. Sea winds are generally stronger and more reliable and with improvements in technology, the sea has become a hot spot for new designs and installation methods for wind turbines. In the present paper, based on experience building offshore wind farms, recommended foundation styles have been examined. Furthermore, wave effects have been investigated. The split installation and overall installation have been illustrated. Methods appropriate when installing a small number of turbines as well as those useful when installing large numbers of turbines were analyzed. This investigation of installation methods for wind turbines should provide practical technical guidance for their installation.

  12. (abstract) Ulysses Solar Wind Ion Temperatures: Radial, Latitudinal, and Dynamical Dependencies

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Goldstein, B. E.; Smith, E. J.; Gosling, J. T.; McComas, D. J.; Balogh, A.

    1996-01-01

    Observations of the Ulysses SWOOPS plasma experiment are used to determine the dependencies of solar wind ion temperatures upon radial distance, speed, and other parameters, and to estimate solar wind heating. Comparisons with three dimensional temperature estimates determined from the ion spectra by a least squares fitting program will be provided (only small samples of data have been reduced with this program).

  13. A Vision in Aeronautics: The K-12 Wind Tunnel Project

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1997-01-01

    A Vision in Aeronautics, a project within the NASA Lewis Research Center's Information Infrastructure Technologies and Applications (IITA) K-12 Program, employs small-scale, subsonic wind tunnels to inspire students to explore the world of aeronautics and computers. Recently, two educational K-12 wind tunnels were built in the Cleveland area. During the 1995-1996 school year, preliminary testing occurred in both tunnels.

  14. Alongshore wind forcing of coastal sea level as a function of frequency

    USGS Publications Warehouse

    Ryan, H.F.; Noble, M.A.

    2006-01-01

    The amplitude of the frequency response function between coastal alongshore wind stress and adjusted sea level anomalies along the west coast of the United States increases linearly as a function of the logarithm (log10) of the period for time scales up to at least 60, and possibly 100, days. The amplitude of the frequency response function increases even more rapidly at longer periods out to at least 5 yr. At the shortest periods, the amplitude of the frequency response function is small because sea level is forced only by the local component of the wind field. The regional wind field, which controls the wind-forced response in sea level for periods between 20 and 100 days, not only has much broader spatial scales than the local wind, but also propagates along the coast in the same direction as continental shelf waves. Hence, it has a stronger coupling to and an increased frequency response for sea level. At periods of a year or more, observed coastal sea level fluctuations are not only forced by the regional winds, but also by joint correlations among the larger-scale climatic patterns associated with El Nin??o. Therefore, the amplitude of the frequency response function is large, despite the fact that the energy in the coastal wind field is relatively small. These data show that the coastal sea level response to wind stress forcing along the west coast of the United States changes in a consistent and predictable pattern over a very broad range of frequencies with time scales from a few days to several years.

  15. Global assimilation of X Project Loon stratospheric balloon observations

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Coy, L.; Schoeberl, M. R.; Pawson, S.; Candido, S.; Carver, R. W.

    2017-12-01

    Project Loon has an overall goal of providing worldwide internet coverage using a network of long-duration super-pressure balloons. Beginning in 2013, Loon has launched over 1600 balloons from multiple tropical and middle latitude locations. These GPS tracked balloon trajectories provide lower stratospheric wind information over the oceans and remote land areas where traditional radiosonde soundings are sparse, thus providing unique coverage of lower stratospheric winds. To fully investigate these Loon winds we: 1) compare the Loon winds to winds produced by a global data assimilation system (DAS: NASA GEOS) and 2) assimilate the Loon winds into the same comprehensive DAS. Results show that in middle latitudes the Loon winds and DAS winds agree well and assimilating the Loon winds have only a small impact on short-term forecasting of the Loon winds, however, in the tropics the loon winds and DAS winds often disagree substantially (8 m/s or more in magnitude) and in these cases assimilating the loon winds significantly improves the forecast of the loon winds. By highlighting cases where the Loon and DAS winds differ, these results can lead to improved understanding of stratospheric winds, especially in the tropics.

  16. Global Assimilation of X Project Loon Stratospheric Balloon Observations

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Coy, Lawrence; Schoeberl, Mark R.; Pawson, Steven; Candido, Salvatore; Carver, Robert W.

    2017-01-01

    Project Loon has an overall goal of providing worldwide internet coverage using a network of long-duration super-pressure balloons. Beginning in 2013, Loon has launched over 1600 balloons from multiple tropical and middle latitude locations. These GPS tracked balloon trajectories provide lower stratospheric wind information over the oceans and remote land areas where traditional radiosonde soundings are sparse, thus providing unique coverage of lower stratospheric winds. To fully investigate these Loon winds we: 1) compare the Loon winds to winds produced by a global data assimilation system (DAS: NASA GEOS) and 2) assimilate the Loon winds into the same comprehensive DAS. Results show that in middle latitudes the Loon winds and DAS winds agree well and assimilating the Loon winds have only a small impact on short-term forecasting of the Loon winds, however, in the tropics the loon winds and DAS winds often disagree substantially (8 m/s or more in magnitude) and in these cases assimilating the loon winds significantly improves the forecast of the loon winds. By highlighting cases where the Loon and DAS winds differ, these results can lead to improved understanding of stratospheric winds, especially in the tropics.

  17. Grid-Free 2D Plasma Simulations of the Complex Interaction Between the Solar Wind and Small, Near-Earth Asteroids

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Zimmerman, M. I.; Farrell, W. M.; Poppe, A. R.

    2014-01-01

    We present results from a new grid-free 2D plasma simulation code applied to a small, unmagnetized body immersed in the streaming solar wind plasma. The body was purposely modeled as an irregular shape in order to examine photoemission and solar wind plasma flow in high detail on the dayside, night-side, terminator and surface-depressed 'pocket' regions. Our objective is to examine the overall morphology of the various plasma interaction regions that form around a small body like a small near-Earth asteroid (NEA). We find that the object obstructs the solar wind flow and creates a trailing wake region downstream, which involves the interplay between surface charging and ambipolar plasma expansion. Photoemission is modeled as a steady outflow of electrons from illuminated portions of the surface, and under direct illumination the surface forms a non-monotonic or ''double-sheath'' electric potential upstream of the body, which is important for understanding trajectories and equilibria of lofted dust grains in the presence of a complex asteroid geometry. The largest electric fields are found at the terminators, where ambipolar plasma expansion in the body-sized night-side wake merges seamlessly with the thin photoelectric sheath on the dayside. The pocket regions are found to be especially complex, with nearby sunlit regions of positive potential electrically connected to unlit negative potentials and forming adjacent natural electric dipoles. For objects near the surface, we find electrical dissipation times (through collection of local environmental solar wind currents) that vary over at least 5 orders of magnitude: from 39 Micro(s) inside the near-surface photoelectron cloud under direct sunlight to less than 1 s inside the particle-depleted night-side wake and shadowed pocket regions

  18. FPI observations of nighttime mesospheric and thermospheric winds in China and their comparisons with HWM07

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yuan, Wei

    2015-04-01

    We analyzed the nighttime horizontal neutral winds in the middle atmosphere (˜87 and ˜98 km) and thermosphere (˜250 km) derived from a Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), which was installed at Xinglong station (40.2◦ N, 117.4◦ E) in central China. The wind data covered the period from April 2010 to July 2012. We studied the annual, semiannual and terannual variations of the midnight winds at ˜87 km, ˜98 km and ˜250 km for the first time and compared them with Horizontal Wind Model 2007 (HWM07). Our results show the following: (1) at ˜ 87 km, both the observed and model zonal winds have similar phases in the annual and semiannual variations. However, the HWM07 amplitudes are much larger. (2) At ˜98 km, the model shows strong eastward wind in the summer solstice, resulting in a large annual variation, while the observed strongest component is semiannual. The observation and model midnight meridional winds agree well. Both are equatorward throughout the year and have small amplitudes in the annual and semiannual variations. (3) There are large discrepancies between the observed and HWM07 winds at ˜250 km. This discrepancy is largely due to the strong semiannual zonal wind in the model and the phase difference in the annual variation of the meridional wind. The FPI annual variation coincides with the results from Arecibo, which has similar geomagnetic latitude as Xinglong station. In General, the consistency of FPI winds with model winds is better at ˜87 and ˜98 km than that at ˜250 km. We also studied the seasonally and monthly averaged nighttime winds. The most salient features include the following: (1) the seasonally averaged zonal winds at ˜87 and ˜98 km typically have small variations throughout the night. (2) The model zonal and meridional nighttime wind variations are typically much larger than those of observations at ˜87 km and ˜98 km. (3) At ˜250 km, model zonal wind compares well with the observation in the winter. For spring and autumn, the model wind is more eastward before ˜ 03:00 LT but more westward after. The observed nighttime zonal and meridional winds on average are close to zero in the summer and autumn, which indicates a lack of strong stable tides. The consistency of FPI zonal wind with model wind at ˜250 km is better than the meridional wind.

  19. Reindeer habitat use in relation to two small wind farms, during preconstruction, construction, and operation.

    PubMed

    Skarin, Anna; Alam, Moudud

    2017-06-01

    Worldwide there is a rush toward wind power development and its associated infrastructure. In Fennoscandia, large-scale wind farms comprising several hundred windmills are currently built in important grazing ranges used for Sámi reindeer husbandry. In this study, reindeer habitat use was assessed using reindeer fecal pellet group counts in relation to two relatively small wind farms, with 8 and 10 turbines, respectively. In 2009, 1,315 15-m 2 plots were established and pellet groups were counted and cleaned from the plots. This was repeated once a year in May, during preconstruction, construction, and operation of the wind farms, covering 6 years (2009-2014) of reindeer habitat use in the area. We modeled the presence/absence of any pellets in a plot at both the local (wind farm site) and regional (reindeer calving to autumn range) scale with a hierarchical logistic regression, where spatial correlation was accounted for via random effects, using vegetation type, and the interaction between distance to wind turbine and time period as predictor variables. Our results revealed an absolute reduction in pellet groups by 66% and 86% around each wind farm, respectively, at local scale and by 61% at regional scale during the operation phase compared to the preconstruction phase. At the regional, scale habitat use declined close to the turbines in the same comparison. However, at the local scale, we observed increased habitat use close to the wind turbines at one of the wind farms during the operation phase. This may be explained by continued use of an important migration route close to the wind farm. The reduced use at the regional scale nevertheless suggests that there may be an overall avoidance of both wind farms during operation, but further studies of reindeer movement and behavior are needed to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms behind this suggested avoidance.

  20. Engine Certification and Compliance Testing

    EPA Pesticide Factsheets

    The National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions Laboratory (NVFEL) tests a portion of all heavy-duty diesel and small gasoline engines intended for sale in the United States to confirm compliance with EPA’s exhaust emissions standards.

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