Sample records for solar para controle

  1. Nanostructured Solar Irradiation Control Materials for Solar Energy Conversion

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Kang, Jinho; Marshall, I. A.; Torrico, M. N.; Taylor, C. R.; Ely, Jeffry; Henderson, Angel Z.; Kim, J.-W.; Sauti, G.; Gibbons, L. J.; Park, C.; hide

    2012-01-01

    Tailoring the solar absorptivity (alpha(sub s)) and thermal emissivity (epsilon(sub T)) of materials constitutes an innovative approach to solar energy control and energy conversion. Numerous ceramic and metallic materials are currently available for solar absorbance/thermal emittance control. However, conventional metal oxides and dielectric/metal/dielectric multi-coatings have limited utility due to residual shear stresses resulting from the different coefficient of thermal expansion of the layered materials. This research presents an alternate approach based on nanoparticle-filled polymers to afford mechanically durable solar-absorptive and thermally-emissive polymer nanocomposites. The alpha(sub s) and epsilon(sub T) were measured with various nano inclusions, such as carbon nanophase particles (CNPs), at different concentrations. Research has shown that adding only 5 wt% CNPs increased the alpha(sub s) and epsilon(sub T) by a factor of about 47 and 2, respectively, compared to the pristine polymer. The effect of solar irradiation control of the nanocomposite on solar energy conversion was studied. The solar irradiation control coatings increased the power generation of solar thermoelectric cells by more than 380% compared to that of a control power cell without solar irradiation control coatings.

  2. Solar Collector Control System.

    DTIC Science & Technology

    A system for controlling the movement in azimuth and elevation of a large number of sun following solor energy collectors from a single controller...The system utilizes servo signal generators, a modulator and a demodulator for transmitting the servo signals, and stepping motors for controlling...remotely located solar collectors. The system allows precise tracking of the sun by a series of solar collectors without the necessity or expense of individualized solar trackers. (Author)

  3. Control of solar energy systems

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Sizov, Iu. M.; Zakhidov, R. A.; Baranov, V. G.

    Two approaches to the control of large solar energy systems, i.e., programmed control and control systems relying on the use of orientation transducers and feedback, are briefly reviewed, with particular attention given to problems associated with these control systems. A new control system for large solar power plants is then proposed which is based on a combination of these approaches. The general design of the control system is shown and its principle of operation described. The efficiency and cost effectiveness of the approach proposed here are demonstrated.

  4. Flexible Models for Solar Sail Control

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Weaver Smith, Suzanne; Song, Haiping; Baker, John R.; Black, Jonathan; Muheim, Danniella M.

    2005-01-01

    Solar sails employ a unique form of propulsion, gaining momentum from incident and reflected photons. However, the momentum transferred by an individual photon is extremely small. Consequently, a solar sail must have an extremely large surface area and also be extremely light. The flexibility of the sail then must be considered when designing or evaluating control laws. In this paper, solar sail flexibility and its influence on control effectiveness is considered using idealized two-dimensional models to represent physical phenomena rather than a specific design. Differential equations of motion are derived for a distributed parameter model of a flexible solar sail idealized as a rotating central hub with two opposing flexible booms. This idealization is appropriate for solar sail designs in which the vibrational modes of the sail and supporting booms move together allowing the sail mass to be distributed along the booms in the idealized model. A reduced analytical model of the flexible response is considered. Linear feedback torque control is applied at the central hub. Two translational disturbances and a torque disturbance also act at the central hub representing the equivalent effect of deflecting sail shape about a reference line. Transient simulations explore different control designs and their effectiveness for controlling orientation, for reducing flexible motion and for disturbance rejection. A second model also is developed as a two-dimensional "pathfinder" model to calculate the effect of solar sail shape on the resultant thrust, in-plane force and torque at the hub. The analysis is then extended to larger models using the finite element method. The finite element modeling approach is verified by comparing results from a two-dimensional finite element model with those from the analytical model. The utility of the finite element modeling approach for this application is then illustrated through examples based on a full finite element model.

  5. Model predictive control of a solar-thermal reactor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Saade Saade, Maria Elizabeth

    Solar-thermal reactors represent a promising alternative to fossil fuels because they can harvest solar energy and transform it into storable and transportable fuels. The operation of solar-thermal reactors is restricted by the available sunlight and its inherently transient behavior, which affects the performance of the reactors and limits their efficiency. Before solar-thermal reactors can become commercially viable, they need to be able to maintain a continuous high-performance operation, even in the presence of passing clouds. A well-designed control system can preserve product quality and maintain stable product compositions, resulting in a more efficient and cost-effective operation, which can ultimately lead to scale-up and commercialization of solar thermochemical technologies. In this work, we propose a model predictive control (MPC) system for a solar-thermal reactor for the steam-gasification of biomass. The proposed controller aims at rejecting the disturbances in solar irradiation caused by the presence of clouds. A first-principles dynamic model of the process was developed. The model was used to study the dynamic responses of the process variables and to identify a linear time-invariant model used in the MPC algorithm. To provide an estimation of the disturbances for the control algorithm, a one-minute-ahead direct normal irradiance (DNI) predictor was developed. The proposed predictor utilizes information obtained through the analysis of sky images, in combination with current atmospheric measurements, to produce the DNI forecast. In the end, a robust controller was designed capable of rejecting disturbances within the operating region. Extensive simulation experiments showed that the controller outperforms a finely-tuned multi-loop feedback control strategy. The results obtained suggest that our controller is suitable for practical implementation.

  6. Um satélite brasileiro para observação do diâmetro solar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Emilio, M.; Leister, N. V.; Benevides Soares, P.; Teixeira, R.; Kuhn, J.

    2003-08-01

    Propomos uma missão espacial para medir a forma e o diâmetro solar com o objetivo de ajudar a determinar o potencial gravitacional do Sol e a sua rotação com precisão, testar modelos teóricos de variação de energia e pela primeira vez medir os modos g de oscilação. As observações serão obtidas através do instrumento denominado APT (Astrometric and Photometric Telescope) descrito por Kuhn(1983). A sensibilidade do instrumento é de 0,2 mas em 27 dias para as observações do diâmetro solar feitas a cada minuto. Esta é uma missão de três anos de duração e pode complementar as medidas que serão feitas pelo satélite PICARD (a ser lançado em 2007). Outros parâmetros físicos podem ser obtidos com as mesmas imagens o que certamente interessará à comunidade de física solar. Um primeiro contato foi realizado com a agência espacial brasileira que pretende lançar um satélite científico a cada dois anos.

  7. BSSDATA - um programa otimizado para filtragem de dados em radioastronomia solar

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Martinon, A. R. F.; Sawant, H. S.; Fernandes, F. C. R.; Stephany, S.; Preto, A. J.; Dobrowolski, K. M.

    2003-08-01

    A partir de 1998, entrou em operação regular no INPE, em São José dos Campos, o Brazilian Solar Spectroscope (BSS). O BSS é dedicado às observações de explosões solares decimétricas com alta resolução temporal e espectral, com a principal finalidade de investigar fenômenos associados com a liberação de energia dos "flares" solares. Entre os anos de 1999 e 2002, foram catalogadas, aproximadamente 340 explosões solares classificadas em 8 tipos distintos, de acordo com suas características morfológicas. Na análise detalhada de cada tipo, ou grupo, de explosões solares deve-se considerar a variação do fluxo do sol calmo ("background"), em função da freqüência e a variação temporal, além da complexidade das explosões e estruturas finas registradas superpostas ao fundo variável. Com o intuito de realizar tal análise foi desenvolvido o programa BSSData. Este programa, desenvolvido em linguagem C++, é constituído de várias ferramentas que auxiliam no tratamento e análise dos dados registrados pelo BSS. Neste trabalho iremos abordar as ferramentas referentes à filtragem do ruído de fundo. As rotinas do BSSData para filtragem de ruído foram testadas nos diversos grupos de explosões solares ("dots", "fibra", "lace", "patch", "spikes", "tipo III" e "zebra") alcançando um bom resultado na diminuição do ruído de fundo e obtendo, em conseqüência, dados onde o sinal torna-se mais homogêneo ressaltando as áreas onde existem explosões solares e tornando mais precisas as determinações dos parâmetros observacionais de cada explosão. Estes resultados serão apresentados e discutidos.

  8. Solar Array Tracking Control

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Maish, Alexander

    1995-06-22

    SolarTrak used in conjunction with various versions of 68HC11-based SolarTrack hardware boards provides control system for one or two axis solar tracking arrays. Sun position is computed from stored position data and time from an on-board clock/calendar chip. Position feedback can be by one or two offset motor turn counter square wave signals per axis, or by a position potentiometer. A limit of 256 counts resolution is imposed by the on-board analog to digital (A/D) convertor. Control is provided for one or two motors. Numerous options are provided to customize the controller for specific applications. Some options are imposed atmore » compile time, some are setable during operation. Software and hardware board designs are provided for Control Board and separate User Interface Board that accesses and displays variables from Control Board. Controller can be used with range of sensor options ranging from a single turn count sensor per motor to systems using dual turn-count sensors, limit sensors, and a zero reference sensor. Dual axis trackers oriented azimuth elevation, east west, north south, or polar declination can be controlled. Misalignments from these orientations can also be accommodated. The software performs a coordinate transformation using six parameters to compute sun position in misaligned coordinates of the tracker. Parameters account for tilt of tracker in two directions, rotation about each axis, and gear ration errors in each axis. The software can even measure and compute these prameters during an initial setup period if current from a sun position sensor or output from photovoltaic array is available as an anlog voltage to the control board''s A/D port. Wind or emergency stow to aj present position is available triggered by digital or analog signals. Night stow is also available. Tracking dead band is adjustable from narrow to wide. Numerous features of the hardware and software conserve energy for use with battery powered systems.« less

  9. Inexpensive economical solar heating system for homes (un sistema economico de calefaccion solar para viviendas)

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Alfred, J.W.; Shinn, J.M. Jr; Kirby, C.E.

    1976-07-01

    This report describes a low-cost solar home heating system to supplement the home-owner's present warm-air heating system. It has three parts: (1) A brief background on solar heating, (2) Langley's experience with a demonstration system, and (3) information for the home-owner who wishes to construct such a system. Instructions are given for a solar heating installation in which he supplies all labor needed to install off-the-shelf components estimated to cost $2000. These components, which include solar collector, heat exchanger, water pump, storage tank, piping, and controls to make the system completely automatic, are readily available at local lumber yards, hardwaremore » stores, and plumbing supply stores, and they are relatively simple to install. Manufacturers and prices of each component used and a rough cost analysis based on these prices are given for the owner's convenience. This report also gives performance data obtained from a demonstration system which has been built and tested at the Langley Research Center.« less

  10. Optical tools and techniques for aligning solar payloads with the SPARCS control system. [Solar Pointing Aerobee Rocket Control System

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Thomas, N. L.; Chisel, D. M.

    1976-01-01

    The success of a rocket-borne experiment depends not only on the pointing of the attitude control system, but on the alignment of the attitude control system to the payload. To ensure proper alignment, special optical tools and alignment techniques are required. Those that were used in the SPARCS program are described and discussed herein. These tools include theodolites, autocollimators, a 38-cm diameter solar simulator, a high-performance 1-m heliostat to provide a stable solar source during the integration of the rocket payload, a portable 75-cm sun tracker for use at the launch site, and an innovation called the Solar Alignment Prism. Using the real sun as the primary reference under field conditions, the Solar Alignment Prism facilitates the coalignment of the attitude sun sensor with the payload. The alignment techniques were developed to ensure the precise alignment of the solar payloads to the SPARCS attitude sensors during payload integration and to verify the required alignment under field conditions just prior to launch.

  11. Propellantless Attitude Control of Solar Sail Technology Utilizing Reflective Control Devices

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Munday, Jeremy

    2016-01-01

    Solar sails offer an opportunity for a CubeSatscale, propellant-free spacecraft technology that enables long-term and long-distance missions not possible with traditional methods. Solar sails operate using the transfer of linear momentum from photons of sunlight reflected from the surface of the sail. To propel the spacecraft, no mechanically moving parts, thrusters, or propellant are needed. However, attitude control, or orientation, is still performed using traditional methods involving reaction wheels and propellant ejection, which severely limit mission lifetime. For example, the current state of the art solutions employed by upcoming missions couple solar sails with a state of the art propellant ejection gas system. Here, the use of the gas thruster has limited the lifetime of the mission. To solve the limited mission lifetime problem, the Propellantless Attitude Control of Solar Sail Technology Utilizing Reflective Control Devices project team is working on propellantless attitude control using thin layers of material, an optical film, electrically switchable from transparent to reflective. The technology is based on a polymer-dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC), which allows this switch upon application of a voltage. This technology removes the need for propellant, which reduces weight and cost while improving performance and lifetime.

  12. A solar charge and discharge controller for wireless sensor nodes

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Dang, Yibo; Shen, Shu

    2018-02-01

    Aiming at the energy supply problem that restricts the life of wireless sensor nodes, a solar energy charge and discharge controller suitable for wireless sensor nodes is designed in this paper. A Microcontroller is used as the core of the solar charge and discharge controller. The software of the solar charge and discharge controller adopts the C language to realize the program of the main control module. Firstly, the function of monitoring solar panel voltage and lithium battery voltage are simulated by Protel software, and the charge time is tested in cloudy and overcast outdoor environment. The results of the experiment show that our controller meets the power supply demand of wireless sensor nodes.

  13. Solar energy control system. [temperature measurement

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Currie, J. R. (Inventor)

    1981-01-01

    A solar energy control system for a hot air type solar energy heating system wherein thermocouples are arranged to sense the temperature of a solar collector, a space to be heated, and a top and bottom of a heat storage unit is disclosed. Pertinent thermocouples are differentially connected together, and these are employed to effect the operation of dampers, a fan, and an auxiliary heat source. In accomplishing this, the differential outputs from the thermocouples are amplified by a single amplifier by multiplexing techniques. Additionally, the amplifier is corrected as to offset by including as one multiplex channel a common reference signal.

  14. Design of Instrument Control Software for Solar Vector Magnetograph at Udaipur Solar Observatory

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Gosain, Sanjay; Venkatakrishnan, P.; Venugopalan, K.

    2004-04-01

    A magnetograph is an instrument which makes measurement of solar magnetic field by measuring Zeeman induced polarization in solar spectral lines. In a typical filter based magnetograph there are three main modules namely, polarimeter, narrow-band spectrometer (filter), and imager(CCD camera). For a successful operation of magnetograph it is essential that these modules work in synchronization with each other. Here, we describe the design of instrument control system implemented for the Solar Vector Magnetograph under development at Udaipur Solar Observatory. The control software is written in Visual Basic and exploits the Component Object Model (COM) components for a fast and flexible application development. The user can interact with the instrument modules through a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and can program the sequence of magnetograph operations. The integration of Interactive Data Language (IDL) ActiveX components in the interface provides a powerful tool for online visualization, analysis and processing of images.

  15. Bidirectional control system for energy flow in solar powered flywheel

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nola, Frank J. (Inventor)

    1987-01-01

    An energy storage system for a spacecraft is provided which employs a solar powered flywheel arrangement including a motor/generator which, in different operating modes, drives the flywheel and is driven thereby. A control circuit, including a threshold comparator, senses the output of a solar energy converter, and when a threshold voltage is exceeded thereby indicating the availability of solar power for the spacecraft loads, activates a speed control loop including the motor/generator so as to accelerate the flywheel to a constant speed and thereby store mechanical energy, while also supplying energy from the solar converter to the loads. Under circumstances where solar energy is not available and thus the threshold voltage is not exceeded, the control circuit deactivates the speed control loop and activates a voltage control loop that provides for operation of the motor as a generator so that mechanical energy from the flywheel is converted into electrical energy for supply to the spacecraft loads.

  16. SOLARTRAK. Solar Array Tracking Control

    DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

    Manish, A.B.; Dudley, J.

    1995-06-01

    SolarTrak used in conjunction with various versions of 68HC11-based SolarTrack hardware boards provides control system for one or two axis solar tracking arrays. Sun position is computed from stored position data and time from an on-board clock/calendar chip. Position feedback can be by one or two offset motor turn counter square wave signals per axis, or by a position potentiometer. A limit of 256 counts resolution is imposed by the on-board analog to digital (A/D) convertor. Control is provided for one or two motors. Numerous options are provided to customize the controller for specific applications. Some options are imposed atmore » compile time, some are setable during operation. Software and hardware board designs are provided for Control Board and separate User Interface Board that accesses and displays variables from Control Board. Controller can be used with range of sensor options ranging from a single turn count sensor per motor to systems using dual turn-count sensors, limit sensors, and a zero reference sensor. Dual axis trackers oriented azimuth elevation, east west, north south, or polar declination can be controlled. Misalignments from these orientations can also be accommodated. The software performs a coordinate transformation using six parameters to compute sun position in misaligned coordinates of the tracker. Parameters account for tilt of tracker in two directions, rotation about each axis, and gear ration errors in each axis. The software can even measure and compute these prameters during an initial setup period if current from a sun position sensor or output from photovoltaic array is available as an anlog voltage to the control board`s A/D port. Wind or emergency stow to aj present position is available triggered by digital or analog signals. Night stow is also available. Tracking dead band is adjustable from narrow to wide. Numerous features of the hardware and software conserve energy for use with battery powered systems.« less

  17. Solar powered actuator with continuously variable auxiliary power control

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Nola, F. J. (Inventor)

    1984-01-01

    A solar powered system is disclosed in which a load such as a compressor is driven by a main induction motor powered by a solar array. An auxiliary motor shares the load with the solar powered motor in proportion to the amount of sunlight available, is provided with a power factor controller for controlling voltage applied to the auxiliary motor in accordance with the loading on that motor. In one embodiment, when sufficient power is available from the solar cell, the auxiliary motor is driven as a generator by excess power from the main motor so as to return electrical energy to the power company utility lines.

  18. Attitude and Translation Control of a Solar Sail Vehicle

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Singh, Gurkirpal

    2008-01-01

    A report discusses the ability to control the attitude and translation degrees-of-freedom of a solar sail vehicle by changing its center of gravity. A movement of the spacecraft s center of mass causes solar-pressure force to apply a torque to the vehicle. At the compact core of the solar-sail vehicle lies the spacecraft bus which is a large fraction of the total vehicle mass. In this concept, the bus is attached to the spacecraft by two single degree-of-freedom linear tracks. This allows relative movement of the bus in the sail plane. At the null position, the resulting solar pressure applies no torque to the vehicle. But any deviation of the bus from the null creates an offset between the spacecraft center of mass and center of solar radiation pressure, resulting in a solar-pressure torque on the vehicle which changes the vehicle attitude. Two of the three vehicle degrees of freedom can be actively controlled in this manner. The third, the roll about the sunline, requires a low-authority vane/propulsive subsystem. Translation control of the vehicle is achieved by directing the solar-pressure-induced force in the proper inertial direction. This requires attitude control. Attitude and translation degrees-of-freedom are therefore coupled. A guidance law is proposed, which allows the vehicle to stationkeep at an appropriate point on the inertially-rotating Sun-Earth line. Power requirements for moving the bus are minimal. Extensive software simulations have been performed to demonstrate the feasibility of this concept.

  19. Fuzzy attitude control of solar sail via linear matrix inequalities

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Baculi, Joshua; Ayoubi, Mohammad A.

    2017-09-01

    This study presents a fuzzy tracking controller based on the Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy model of the solar sail. First, the T-S fuzzy model is constructed by linearizing the existing nonlinear equations of motion of the solar sail. Then, the T-S fuzzy model is used to derive the state feedback controller gains for the Twin Parallel Distributed Compensation (TPDC) technique. The TPDC tracks and stabilizes the attitude of the solar sail to any desired state in the presence of parameter uncertainties and external disturbances while satisfying actuator constraints. The performance of the TPDC is compared to a PID controller that is tuned using the Ziegler-Nichols method. Numerical simulation shows the TPDC outperforms the PID controller when stabilizing the solar sail to a desired state.

  20. Multichannel temperature control for solar heating

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Currie, J. R.

    1978-01-01

    Multiplexer/amplifier circuit monitors temperatures and temperature differences. Although primarily designed for cycle control in solar-heating systems, it can also measure temperatures in motors, ovens, electronic hardware, and other equipment.

  1. Fuzzy Logic Controlled Solar Module for Driving Three- Phase Induction Motor

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Afiqah Zainal, Nurul; Sooi Tat, Chan; Ajisman

    2016-02-01

    Renewable energy produced by solar module gives advantages for generated three- phase induction motor in remote area. But, solar module's ou tput is uncertain and complex. Fuzzy logic controller is one of controllers that can handle non-linear system and maximum power of solar module. Fuzzy logic controller used for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) technique to control Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM) for switching power electronics circuit. DC-DC boost converter used to boost up photovoltaic voltage to desired output and supply voltage source inverter which controlled by three-phase PWM generated by microcontroller. IGBT switched Voltage source inverter (VSI) produced alternating current (AC) voltage from direct current (DC) source to control speed of three-phase induction motor from boost converter output. Results showed that, the output power of solar module is optimized and controlled by using fuzzy logic controller. Besides that, the three-phase induction motor can be drive and control using VSI switching by the PWM signal generated by the fuzzy logic controller. This concluded that the non-linear system can be controlled and used in driving three-phase induction motor.

  2. Automatic control of solar power plants

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Ermakov, V. S.; Dubilovich, V. M.

    1982-02-01

    The automatic control of the heliostat field of a 200-MW solar power plant is discussed. The advantages of the decentralized control principle with the solution of a number of individual problems in a single control center are emphasized. The basic requirements on heliostat construction are examined, and possible functional schemes for the automatic control of a heliostat field are described. It is proposed that groups of heliostats can be controlled from a single center and on the basis of a single algorithm.

  3. Temperature control in a solar collector field using Filtered Dynamic Matrix Control.

    PubMed

    Lima, Daniel Martins; Normey-Rico, Julio Elias; Santos, Tito Luís Maia

    2016-05-01

    This paper presents the output temperature control of a solar collector field of a desalinization plant using the Filtered Dynamic Matrix Control (FDMC). The FDMC is a modified controller based on the Dynamic Matrix Control (DMC), a predictive control strategy widely used in industry. In the FDMC, a filter is used in the prediction error, which allows the modification of the robustness and disturbance rejection characteristics of the original algorithm. The implementation and tuning of the FDMC are simple and maintain the advantages of DMC. Several simulation results using a validated model of the solar plant are presented considering different scenarios. The results are also compared to nonlinear control techniques, showing that FDMC, if properly tuned, can yield similar results to more complex control algorithms. Copyright © 2015 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  4. Multichannel temperature controller for hot air solar house

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Currie, J. R.

    1979-01-01

    This paper describes an electronic controller that is optimized to operate a hot air solar system. Thermal information is obtained from copper constantan thermocouples and a wall-type thermostat. The signals from the thermocouples are processed through a single amplifier using a multiplexing scheme. The multiplexing reduces the component count and automatically calibrates the thermocouple amplifier. The processed signals connect to some simple logic that selects one of the four operating modes. This simple, inexpensive, and reliable scheme is well suited to control hot air solar systems.

  5. Three-Axis Attitude Control of Solar Sails Utilising Reflectivity Control Devices

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Theodorou, Theodoros

    Solar sails are spacecraft that utilise the Solar Radiation Pressure, the force generated by impinging photons, to propel themselves. Conventional actuators are not suitable for controlling the attitude of solar sails therefore specific attitude control methods have been devised to tackle this. One of these methods is to change the centre of pressure with respect to the center of mass thus creating a torque. Reflectivity Control Devices (RCDs) have been proposed and successfully used to change the centre of pressure. Current methods that utilise RCDs have control authority over two axis only with no ability to control the torque about the normal of the sail surface. This thesis extends the state of the art and demonstrates 3-axis control by generating arbitrary torque vectors within a convex polyhedron. Two different RCD materials are considered, transmission and diffusion technologies both compatible with the proposed concept. A number of metrics have been developed which facilitate the comparison of different sail configurations. One of these metics is the sun map which is a graphic representation of the sun angles for which control authority is maintained. An iterative design process is presented which makes use of the metrics developed and aids in the design of a sail which meets the mission requirements and constraints. Moreover, the effects of different parameters on the performance of the proposed control concept are discussed. For example it is shown that by alternating the angle between the edge and middle RCDs the control authority increases. The concept's scalability has been investigated and a hybrid control scheme has been devised which makes use of both RCDs and reaction wheels. The RCDs are complemented by the reaction wheels to achieve higher slew rates while in turn the RCDs desaturate the reaction wheels. Finally, a number of simulations are conducted to verify the validity of the proposed concept.

  6. PSO Based PI Controller Design for a Solar Charger System

    PubMed Central

    Yau, Her-Terng; Lin, Chih-Jer; Liang, Qin-Cheng

    2013-01-01

    Due to global energy crisis and severe environmental pollution, the photovoltaic (PV) system has become one of the most important renewable energy sources. Many previous studies on solar charger integrated system only focus on load charge control or switching Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and charge control modes. This study used two-stage system, which allows the overall portable solar energy charging system to implement MPPT and optimal charge control of Li-ion battery simultaneously. First, this study designs a DC/DC boost converter of solar power generation, which uses variable step size incremental conductance method (VSINC) to enable the solar cell to track the maximum power point at any time. The voltage was exported from the DC/DC boost converter to the DC/DC buck converter, so that the voltage dropped to proper voltage for charging the battery. The charging system uses constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) method to charge the lithium battery. In order to obtain the optimum PI charge controller parameters, this study used intelligent algorithm to determine the optimum parameters. According to the simulation and experimental results, the control parameters resulted from PSO have better performance than genetic algorithms (GAs). PMID:23766713

  7. PSO based PI controller design for a solar charger system.

    PubMed

    Yau, Her-Terng; Lin, Chih-Jer; Liang, Qin-Cheng

    2013-01-01

    Due to global energy crisis and severe environmental pollution, the photovoltaic (PV) system has become one of the most important renewable energy sources. Many previous studies on solar charger integrated system only focus on load charge control or switching Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and charge control modes. This study used two-stage system, which allows the overall portable solar energy charging system to implement MPPT and optimal charge control of Li-ion battery simultaneously. First, this study designs a DC/DC boost converter of solar power generation, which uses variable step size incremental conductance method (VSINC) to enable the solar cell to track the maximum power point at any time. The voltage was exported from the DC/DC boost converter to the DC/DC buck converter, so that the voltage dropped to proper voltage for charging the battery. The charging system uses constant current/constant voltage (CC/CV) method to charge the lithium battery. In order to obtain the optimum PI charge controller parameters, this study used intelligent algorithm to determine the optimum parameters. According to the simulation and experimental results, the control parameters resulted from PSO have better performance than genetic algorithms (GAs).

  8. Attitude control requirements for various solar sail missions

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Williams, Trevor

    1990-01-01

    The differences are summarized between the attitude control requirements for various types of proposed solar sail missions (Earth orbiting; heliocentric; asteroid rendezvous). In particular, it is pointed out that the most demanding type of mission is the Earth orbiting one, with the solar orbit case quite benign and asteroid station keeping only slightly more difficult. It is then shown, using numerical results derived for the British Solar Sail Group Earth orbiting design, that the disturbance torques acting on a realistic sail can completely dominate the torques required for nominal maneuvering of an 'ideal' sail. This is obviously an important consideration when sizing control actuators; not so obvious is the fact that it makes the standard rotating vane actuator unsatisfactory in practice. The reason for this is given, and a set of new actuators described which avoids the difficulty.

  9. Active Control of Solar Array Dynamics During Spacecraft Maneuvers

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Ross, Brant A.; Woo, Nelson; Kraft, Thomas G.; Blandino, Joseph R.

    2016-01-01

    Recent NASA mission plans require spacecraft to undergo potentially significant maneuvers (or dynamic loading events) with large solar arrays deployed. Therefore there is an increased need to understand and possibly control the nonlinear dynamics in the spacecraft system during such maneuvers. The development of a nonlinear controller is described. The utility of using a nonlinear controller to reduce forces and motion in a solar array wing during a loading event is demonstrated. The result is dramatic reductions in system forces and motion during a 10 second loading event. A motion curve derived from the simulation with the closed loop controller is used to obtain similar benefits with a simpler motion control approach.

  10. Solar Powered Automobile Interior Climate Control System

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Howard, Richard T. (Inventor)

    2003-01-01

    There is provided a climate control system for a parked vehicle that includes a solar panel, thermostatic switch, fans, and thermoelectric coolers. The solar panel can serve as the sole source of electricity for the system. The system affords convenient installation and removal by including solar panels that are removably attached to the exterior of a vehicle. A connecting wire electrically connects the solar panels to a housing that is removably mounted to a partially opened window on the vehicle. The thermostatic switch, fans, and thermoelectric coolers are included within the housing. The thermostatic switch alternates the direction of the current flow through the thermoelectric coolers to selectively heat or cool the interior of the vehicle. The interior surface of the thermoelectric coolers are in contact with interior heat sinks that have air circulated across them by an interior fan. Similarly, the exterior surface of the thermoelectric coolers are in contact with exterior heat sinks that have air circulated across them by an exterior fan.

  11. Illumination control apparatus for compensating solar light

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Owens, L. J. (Inventor)

    1978-01-01

    An illumination control apparatus is presented for supplementing light from solar radiation with light from an artificial light source to compensate for periods of insufficient levels of solar light. The apparatus maintains a desired illumination level within an interior space comprising an artificial light source connected to an electrical power source with a switch means for selectively energizing said light source. An actuator means for controlling the on-off operation of the switch means is connected to a light sensor which responses to the illumination level of the interior space. A limit switch carried adjacent to the actuator limits the movement of the actuator within a predetermined range so as to prevent further movement thereof during detection of erroneous illumination conditions.

  12. Solar Powered Remediation and pH Control

    DTIC Science & Technology

    2017-04-13

    Kitanidis, and P.L. McCarty. 2004. Possible factors controlling the effectiveness of bioenhanced dissolution of non -aqueous phase tetrachloroethene...FINAL REPORT Solar Powered Remediation and pH Control ESTCP Project ER-201033 APRIL 2017 David Lippincott, PG CB&I Federal... control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ORGANIZATION. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To

  13. Automated Intelligent Monitoring and the Controlling Software System for Solar Panels

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Nalamwar, H. S.; Ivanov, M. A.; Baidali, S. A.

    2017-01-01

    The inspection of the solar panels on a periodic basis is important to improve longevity and ensure performance of the solar system. To get the most solar potential of the photovoltaic (PV) system is possible through an intelligent monitoring & controlling system. The monitoring & controlling system has rapidly increased its popularity because of its user-friendly graphical interface for data acquisition, monitoring, controlling and measurements. In order to monitor the performance of the system especially for renewable energy source application such as solar photovoltaic (PV), data-acquisition systems had been used to collect all the data regarding the installed system. In this paper the development of a smart automated monitoring & controlling system for the solar panel is described, the core idea is based on IoT (the Internet of Things). The measurements of data are made using sensors, block management data acquisition modules, and a software system. Then, all the real-time data collection of the electrical output parameters of the PV plant such as voltage, current and generated electricity is displayed and stored in the block management. The proposed system is smart enough to make suggestions if the panel is not working properly, to display errors, to remind about maintenance of the system through email or SMS, and to rotate panels according to a sun position using the Ephemeral table that stored in the system. The advantages of the system are the performance of the solar panel system which can be monitored and analyzed.

  14. Solar tracking control system Sun Chaser

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Scott, D. R.; White, P. R.

    1978-01-01

    The solar tracking control system, Sun Chaser, a method of tracking the Sun in all types of weather conditions is described. The Sun Chaser follows the Sun from east to west in clear or cloudy weather, and resets itself to the east position after sundown in readiness for the next sunrise.

  15. Periodic orbits of solar sail equipped with reflectance control device in Earth-Moon system

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Yuan, Jianping; Gao, Chen; Zhang, Junhua

    2018-02-01

    In this paper, families of Lyapunov and halo orbits are presented with a solar sail equipped with a reflectance control device in the Earth-Moon system. System dynamical model is established considering solar sail acceleration, and four solar sail steering laws and two initial Sun-sail configurations are introduced. The initial natural periodic orbits with suitable periods are firstly identified. Subsequently, families of solar sail Lyapunov and halo orbits around the L1 and L2 points are designed with fixed solar sail characteristic acceleration and varying reflectivity rate and pitching angle by the combination of the modified differential correction method and continuation approach. The linear stabilities of solar sail periodic orbits are investigated, and a nonlinear sliding model controller is designed for station keeping. In addition, orbit transfer between the same family of solar sail orbits is investigated preliminarily to showcase reflectance control device solar sail maneuver capability.

  16. A Low-Cost Electronic Solar Energy Control

    ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

    Blade, Richard A.; Small, Charles T.

    1978-01-01

    Describes the design of a low-cost electronic circuit to serve as a differential thermostat, to control the operation of a solar heating system. It uses inexpensive diodes for sensoring temperature, and a mechanical relay for a switch. (GA)

  17. Solar Dynamic Power System Stability Analysis and Control

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Momoh, James A.; Wang, Yanchun

    1996-01-01

    The objective of this research is to conduct dynamic analysis, control design, and control performance test of solar power system. Solar power system consists of generation system and distribution network system. A bench mark system is used in this research, which includes a generator with excitation system and governor, an ac/dc converter, six DDCU's and forty-eight loads. A detailed model is used for modeling generator. Excitation system is represented by a third order model. DDCU is represented by a seventh order system. The load is modeled by the combination of constant power and constant impedance. Eigen-analysis and eigen-sensitivity analysis are used for system dynamic analysis. The effects of excitation system, governor, ac/dc converter control, and the type of load on system stability are discussed. In order to improve system transient stability, nonlinear ac/dc converter control is introduced. The direct linearization method is used for control design. The dynamic analysis results show that these controls affect system stability in different ways. The parameter coordination of controllers are recommended based on the dynamic analysis. It is concluded from the present studies that system stability is improved by the coordination of control parameters and the nonlinear ac/dc converter control stabilize system oscillation caused by the load change and system fault efficiently.

  18. Control-structure interaction study for the Space Station solar dynamic power module

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Cheng, J.; Ianculescu, G.; Ly, J.; Kim, M.

    1991-01-01

    The authors investigate the feasibility of using a conventional PID (proportional plus integral plus derivative) controller design to perform the pointing and tracking functions for the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic power module. Using this simple controller design, the control/structure interaction effects were also studied without assuming frequency bandwidth separation. From the results, the feasibility of a simple solar dynamic control solution with a reduced-order model, which satisfies the basic system pointing and stability requirements, is suggested. However, the conventional control design approach is shown to be very much influenced by the order of reduction of the plant model, i.e., the number of the retained elastic modes from the full-order model. This suggests that, for complex large space structures, such as the Space Station Freedom solar dynamic, the conventional control system design methods may not be adequate.

  19. Installation package for integrated programmable electronic controller and hydronic subsystem - solar heating and cooling

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    1978-01-01

    A description is given of the Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Manual and information on the power panel and programmable microprocessor, a hydronic solar pump system and a hydronic heating hot water pumping system. These systems are integrated into various configurations for usages in solar energy management, control and monitoring, lighting control, data logging and other solar related applications.

  20. Microprocessor control of multiple peak power tracking DC/DC converters for use with solar cell arrays

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Frederick, Martin E. (Inventor); Jermakian, Joel (Inventor)

    1991-01-01

    A method and an apparatus is provided for efficiently controlling the power output of a solar cell array string or a plurality of solar cell array strings to achieve a maximum amount of output power from the strings under varying conditions of use. Maximum power output from a solar array string is achieved through control of a pulse width modulated DC/DC buck converter which transfers power from a solar array to a load or battery bus. The input voltage from the solar array to the converter is controlled by a pulse width modulation duty cycle, which in turn is controlled by a differential signal controller. By periodically adjusting the control voltage up or down by a small amount and comparing the power on the load or bus with that generated at different voltage values a maximum power output voltage may be obtained. The system is totally modular and additional solar array strings may be added to the system simply by adding converter boards to the system and changing some constants in the controller's control routines.

  1. Design of Solar Street Lamp Control System Based on MPPT

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Cui, Fengying

    This paper proposes a new solar street lamp control system which is composed of photovoltaic cell, controller, battery and load. In this system controller as the key part applies the microchip to achieve many functions. According to the nonlinear output characteristics of solar cell and the influence of environment, it uses the perturbation and observation (P&O) method to realize the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and promotes the efficiency. In order to prolong the battery life the pulse width modulation (PWM) charge mode is selected to control the battery capacity and provent the battery from the state of over-charge and over-discharge. Meanwhile the function of temperature compensation, charge and discharge protection are set to improve the running safety and stability.

  2. Results of solar electric thrust vector control system design, development and tests

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Fleischer, G. E.

    1973-01-01

    Efforts to develop and test a thrust vector control system TVCS for a solar-energy-powered ion engine array are described. The results of solar electric propulsion system technology (SEPST) III real-time tests of present versions of TVCS hardware in combination with computer-simulated attitude dynamics of a solar electric multi-mission spacecraft (SEMMS) Phase A-type spacecraft configuration are summarized. Work on an improved solar electric TVCS, based on the use of a state estimator, is described. SEPST III tests of TVCS hardware have generally proved successful and dynamic response of the system is close to predictions. It appears that, if TVCS electronic hardware can be effectively replaced by control computer software, a significant advantage in control capability and flexibility can be gained in future developmental testing, with practical implications for flight systems as well. Finally, it is concluded from computer simulations that TVCS stabilization using rate estimation promises a substantial performance improvement over the present design.

  3. Modeling, Simulation, and Control of a Solar Electric Propulsion Vehicle in Near-Earth Vicinity Including Solar Array Degradation

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Witzberger, Kevin (Inventor); Hojnicki, Jeffery (Inventor); Manzella, David (Inventor)

    2016-01-01

    Modeling and control software that integrates the complexities of solar array models, a space environment, and an electric propulsion system into a rigid body vehicle simulation and control model is provided. A rigid body vehicle simulation of a solar electric propulsion (SEP) vehicle may be created using at least one solar array model, at least one model of a space environment, and at least one model of a SEP propulsion system. Power availability and thrust profiles may be determined based on the rigid body vehicle simulation as the SEP vehicle transitions from a low Earth orbit (LEO) to a higher orbit or trajectory. The power availability and thrust profiles may be displayed such that a user can use the displayed power availability and thrust profiles to determine design parameters for an SEP vehicle mission.

  4. Flex Dynamics Avoidance Control of the NEA Scout Solar Sail Spacecraft's Reaction Control System

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Heaton Andrew; Stiltner, Brandon; Diedrich, Benjamin; Becker, Christopher; Orphee, Juan

    2017-01-01

    The Attitude Control System (ACS) is developed for a Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission using a solar sail. The NEA-Scout spacecraft is a 6U cubesat with an 86 square-meter solar sail. NEA Scout will launch on Space Launch System (SLS) Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1), currently scheduled to launch in 2018. The spacecraft will rendezvous with a target asteroid after a two year journey, and will conduct science imagery. The solar sail spacecraft ACS consists of three major actuating subsystems: a Reaction Wheel (RW) control system, a Reaction Control System (RCS), and an Adjustable Mass Translator (AMT) system. The three subsystems allow for a wide range of spacecraft attitude control capabilities, needed for the different phases of the NEA-Scout mission. Because the sail is a flexible structure, care must be taken in designing a control system to avoid exciting the structural modes of the sail. This is especially true for the RCS, which uses pulse actuated, cold-gas jets to control the spacecraft's attitude. While the reaction wheels can be commanded smoothly, the RCS jets are simple on-off actuators. Long duration firing of the RCS jets - firings greater than one second - can be thought of as step inputs to the spacecraft's torque. On the other hand, short duration firings - pulses on the order of 0.1 seconds - can be thought of as impulses in the spacecraft's torque. These types of inputs will excite the structural modes of the spacecraft, causing the sail to oscillate. Sail oscillations are undesirable for many reasons. Mainly, these oscillations will feed into the spacecraft attitude sensors and pointing accuracy, and long term oscillations may be undesirable over the lifetime of the solar sail. In order to limit the sail oscillations, an RCS control scheme is being developed to minimize sail excitations. Specifically, an input shaping scheme similar to the method described in Reference 1 will be employed. A detailed description of the RCS control scheme will

  5. Deployment dynamics and control of large-scale flexible solar array system with deployable mast

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Li, Hai-Quan; Liu, Xiao-Feng; Guo, Shao-Jing; Cai, Guo-Ping

    2016-10-01

    In this paper, deployment dynamics and control of large-scale flexible solar array system with deployable mast are investigated. The adopted solar array system is introduced firstly, including system configuration, deployable mast and solar arrays with several mechanisms. Then dynamic equation of the solar array system is established by the Jourdain velocity variation principle and a method for dynamics with topology changes is introduced. In addition, a PD controller with disturbance estimation is designed to eliminate the drift of spacecraft mainbody. Finally the validity of the dynamic model is verified through a comparison with ADAMS software and the deployment process and dynamic behavior of the system are studied in detail. Simulation results indicate that the proposed model is effective to describe the deployment dynamics of the large-scale flexible solar arrays and the proposed controller is practical to eliminate the drift of spacecraft mainbody.

  6. Implementation of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) Solar Charge Controller using Arduino

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    Abdelilah, B.; Mouna, A.; KouiderM’Sirdi, N.; El Hossain, A.

    2018-05-01

    the platform Arduino with a number of sensors standard can be used as components of an electronic system for acquiring measures and controls. This paper presents the design of a low-cost and effective solar charge controller. This system includes several elements such as the solar panel converter DC/DC, battery, circuit MPPT using Microcontroller, sensors, and the MPPT algorithm. The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracker) algorithm has been implemented using an Arduino Nano with the preferred program. The voltage and current of the Panel are taken where the program implemented will work and using this algorithm that MPP will be reached. This paper provides details on the solar charge control device at the maximum power point. The results include the change of the duty cycle with the change in load and thus mean the variation of the buck converter output voltage and current controlled by the MPPT algorithm.

  7. Solar Sail Attitude Control Performance Comparison

    NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

    Bladt, Jeff J.; Lawrence, Dale A.

    2005-01-01

    Performance of two solar sail attitude control implementations is evaluated. One implementation employs four articulated reflective vanes located at the periphery of the sail assembly to generate control torque about all three axes. A second attitude control configuration uses mass on a gimbaled boom to alter the center-of-mass location relative to the center-of-pressure producing roll and pitch torque along with a pair of articulated control vanes for yaw control. Command generation algorithms employ linearized dynamics with a feedback inversion loop to map desired vehicle attitude control torque into vane and/or gimbal articulation angle commands. We investigate the impact on actuator deflection angle behavior due to variations in how the Jacobian matrix is incorporated into the feedback inversion loop. Additionally, we compare how well each implementation tracks a commanded thrust profile, which has been generated to follow an orbit trajectory from the sun-earth L1 point to a sub-L1 station.

  8. Solar wind controls on Mercury's magnetospheric cusp

    NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

    He, Maosheng; Vogt, Joachim; Heyner, Daniel; Zhong, Jun

    2017-06-01

    This study assesses the response of the cusp to solar wind changes comprehensively, using 2848 orbits of MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) observation. The assessment entails four steps: (1) propose and validate an approach to estimate the solar wind magnetic field (interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)) for MESSENGER's cusp transit; (2) define an index σ measuring the intensity of the magnetic disturbance which significantly peaks within the cusp and serves as an indicator of the cusp activity level; (3) construct an empirical model of σ as a function of IMF and Mercury's heliocentric distance rsun, through linear regression; and (4) use the model to estimate and compare the polar distribution of the disturbance σ under different conditions for a systematic comparison. The comparison illustrates that the disturbance peak over the cusp is strongest and widest extending in local time for negative IMF Bx and negative IMF Bz, and when Mercury is around the perihelion. Azimuthal shifts are associated with both IMF By and rsun: the cusp moves toward dawn when IMF By or rsun decrease. These dependences are explained in terms of the IMF Bx-controlled dayside magnetospheric topology, the component reconnection model applied to IMF By and Bz, and the variability of solar wind ram pressure associated with heliocentric distance rsun. The applicability of the component reconnection model on IMF By indicates that at Mercury reconnection occurs at lower shear angles than at Earth.Plain Language SummaryMercury's magnetosphere was suggested to be particularly sensitive to <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions. This study investigates the response of the magnetospheric cusp to <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions systematically. For this purpose, we analyze the statistical predictability of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) at Mercury, develop an approach for estimating the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind magnetic field (IMF) for MErcury Surface</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........93P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT........93P"><span>Attitude Dynamics, Stability, and <span class="hlt">Control</span> of a Heliogyro <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pimienta-Penalver, Adonis Reinier</p> <p></p> <p>A heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail concept, dubbed `HELIOS', is proposed as an alternative to deep space missions without the need for on-board propellant. Although this type of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail has existed in concept for several decades, and some previous studies have investigated certain aspects of its operation, a significant amount of research is still needed to analyze the dynamic and <span class="hlt">control</span> characteristics of the structure under the projected range of orbital conditions. This work presents an improvement upon the existing discrete-mass models of the heliogyro blade, and the extension of its application from a single membrane blade to a fully-coupled approximation of the dynamics of the HELIOS system with multiple spinning membrane blades around a central hub. The incorporation of structural stiffness and external forcing effects into the model is demonstrated to add a further degree of fidelity in simulating the stability properties of the system. Additionally, the approximated dynamics of multiple-blade heliogyro structures are examined under the effect of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure. Lastly, this study evaluates a <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm at each blade root to impose structural integrity and attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> by coordinating well-known helicopter blade pitching profiles.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......530S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......530S"><span>Attitude Dynamics and <span class="hlt">Control</span> of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sails</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sperber, Evan</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails are space vehicles that rely on <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure in order to generate forces for thrust and attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> torques. They exhibit characteristics such as large moments of inertia, fragility of various system components, and long mission durations that make attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> a particularly difficult engineering problem. Thrust vector <span class="hlt">control</span> (TVC) is a family of sailcraft attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques that is on a short list of strategies thought to be suitable for the primary attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails. Every sailcraft TVC device functions by manipulating the relative locations of the composite mass center (cm) of the sailcraft and the center of pressure (cp) of at least one of its reflectors. Relative displacement of these two points results in body torques that can be used to steer the sailcraft. This dissertation presents a strategy for the large-angle reorientation of a sailcraft using TVC. Two forms of TVC, namely the panel and ballast mass translation methods are well represented in the literature, while rigorous studies regarding a third form, gimballed mass rotation, are conspicuously absent. The gimballed mass method is physically realized by placing a ballast mass, commonly the sailcraft's scientific payload, at the tip of a gimballed boom that has its base fixed at some point on the sailcraft. A TVC algorithm will then strategically manipulate the payload boom's gimbal angles, thereby changing the projection of the sailcraft cm in the plane of the sail. This research demonstrates effective three-axis attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of a model sailcraft using numerical simulation of its nonlinear equations of motion. The particular TVC algorithm developed herein involves two phases---the first phase selects appropriate gimbal rates with the objective that the sailcraft be placed in the neighborhood of its target orientation. It was discovered, however that concomitantly minimizing attitude error as well as residual body rate was not possible using</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150006037','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20150006037"><span>Recent Advances in Heliogyro <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Structural Dynamics, Stability, and <span class="hlt">Control</span> Research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilkie, W. Keats; Warren, Jerry E.; Horta, Lucas G.; Lyle, Karen H.; Juang, Jer-Nan; Gibbs, S. Chad; Dowell, Earl H.; Guerrant, Daniel V.; Lawrence, Dale</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Results from recent NASA sponsored research on the structural dynamics, stability, and <span class="hlt">control</span> characteristics of heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails are summarized. Specific areas under investigation include coupled nonlinear finite element analysis of heliogyro membrane blade with <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure effects, system identification of spinning membrane structures, and solarelastic stability analysis of heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails, including stability during blade deployment. Recent results from terrestrial 1-g blade dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span> experiments on "rope ladder" membrane blade analogs, and small-scale in vacuo system identification experiments with hanging and spinning high-aspect ratio membranes will also be presented. A low-cost, rideshare payload heliogyro technology demonstration mission concept is used as a mission context for these heliogyro structural dynamics and solarelasticity investigations, and is also described. Blade torsional dynamic response and <span class="hlt">control</span> are also shown to be significantly improved through the use of edge stiffening structural features or inclusion of modest tip masses to increase centrifugal stiffening of the blade structure. An output-only system identification procedure suitable for on-orbit blade dynamics investigations is also developed and validated using ground tests of spinning sub-scale heliogyro blade models. Overall, analytical and experimental investigations to date indicate no intractable stability or <span class="hlt">control</span> issues for the heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail concept.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720025199','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720025199"><span>Integrated dynamic analysis simulation of space stations with <span class="hlt">controllable</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays (supplemental data and analyses)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heinrichs, J. A.; Fee, J. J.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>Space station and <span class="hlt">solar</span> array data and the analyses which were performed in support of the integrated dynamic analysis study. The analysis methods and the formulated digital simulation were developed. <span class="hlt">Control</span> systems for space station altitude <span class="hlt">control</span> and <span class="hlt">solar</span> array orientation <span class="hlt">control</span> include generic type <span class="hlt">control</span> systems. These systems have been digitally coded and included in the simulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037359','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15037359"><span>A neural network <span class="hlt">controller</span> for hydronic heating systems of <span class="hlt">solar</span> buildings.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Argiriou, Athanassios A; Bellas-Velidis, Ioannis; Kummert, Michaël; André, Philippe</p> <p>2004-04-01</p> <p>An artificial neural network (ANN)-based <span class="hlt">controller</span> for hydronic heating plants of buildings is presented. The <span class="hlt">controller</span> has forecasting capabilities: it includes a meteorological module, forecasting the ambient temperature and <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance, an indoor temperature predictor module, a supply temperature predictor module and an optimizing module for the water supply temperature. All ANN modules are based on the Feed Forward Back Propagation (FFBP) model. The operation of the <span class="hlt">controller</span> has been tested experimentally, on a real-scale office building during real operating conditions. The operation results were compared to those of a conventional <span class="hlt">controller</span>. The performance was also assessed via numerical simulation. The detailed thermal simulation tool for <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems and buildings TRNSYS was used. Both experimental and numerical results showed that the expected percentage of energy savings with respect to a conventional <span class="hlt">controller</span> is of about 15% under North European weather conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=329635','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=329635"><span>Evaluation of steam and soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> for Meloidogyne arenaria <span class="hlt">control</span> in Florida floriculture crops</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Steam and soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> were investigated for <span class="hlt">control</span> of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne arenaria in two years of field trials on a commercial flower farm in Florida. The objective was to determine if pre-plant steam treatments in combination with <span class="hlt">solarization</span>, or <span class="hlt">solarization</span> alone effective...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...97a2015K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...97a2015K"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Plants Connected Grid with Simple Calculation Method on Residential Homes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kananda, Kiki; Nazir, Refdinal</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>One of the most compatible renewable energy in all regions to apply is <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> power plants can be built connected to existing or stand-alone power grids. In assisting the residential electricity in which there is a power grid, then a small scale <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy power plants is very appropriate. However, the general constraint of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy power plants is still low in terms of efficiency. Therefore, this study will explain how to <span class="hlt">control</span> the power of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power plants more optimally, which is expected to reactive power to zero to raise efficiency. This is a continuation of previous research using Newton Rapshon <span class="hlt">control</span> method. In this study we introduce a simple method by using ordinary mathematical calculations of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-related equations. In this model, 10 PV modules type of ND T060M1 with a 60 Wp capacity are used. The calculations performed using MATLAB Simulink provide excellent value. For PCC voltage values obtained a stable quantity of approximately 220 V. At a maximum irradiation condition of 1000 W / m2, the reactive power value of Q <span class="hlt">solar</span> generating system maximum 20.48 Var and maximum active power of 417.5 W. In the condition of lower irradiation, value of reactive power Q almost close to zero 0.77Var. This simple mathematical method can provide excellent quality <span class="hlt">control</span> power values.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8451E..0JJ','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SPIE.8451E..0JJ"><span>Simultaneous <span class="hlt">control</span> of multiple instruments at the Advanced Technology <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Johansson, Erik M.; Goodrich, Bret</p> <p>2012-09-01</p> <p>The Advanced Technology <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope (ATST) is a 4-meter <span class="hlt">solar</span> observatory under construction at Haleakala, Hawaii. The simultaneous use of multiple instruments is one of the unique capabilities that makes the ATST a premier ground based <span class="hlt">solar</span> observatory. <span class="hlt">Control</span> of the instrument suite is accomplished by the Instrument <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (ICS), a layer of software between the Observatory <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (OCS) and the instruments. The ICS presents a single narrow interface to the OCS and provides a standard interface for the instruments to be <span class="hlt">controlled</span>. It is built upon the ATST Common Services Framework (CSF), an infrastructure for the implementation of a distributed <span class="hlt">control</span> system. The ICS responds to OCS commands and events, coordinating and distributing them to the various instruments while monitoring their progress and reporting the status back to the OCS. The ICS requires no specific knowledge about the instruments. All information about the instruments used in an experiment is passed by the OCS to the ICS, which extracts and forwards the parameters to the appropriate instrument <span class="hlt">controllers</span>. The instruments participating in an experiment define the active instrument set. A subset of those instruments must complete their observing activities in order for the experiment to be considered complete and are referred to as the must-complete instrument set. In addition, instruments may participate in eavesdrop mode, outside of the <span class="hlt">control</span> of the ICS. All instrument <span class="hlt">controllers</span> use the same standard narrow interface, which allows new instruments to be added without having to modify the interface or any existing instrument <span class="hlt">controllers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031866','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031866"><span>Application of Semi Active <span class="hlt">Control</span> Techniques to the Damping Suppression Problem of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Booms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Adetona, O.; Keel, L. H.; Whorton, M. S.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails provide a propellant free form for space propulsion. These are large flat surfaces that generate thrust when they are impacted by light. When attached to a space vehicle, the thrust generated can propel the space vehicle to great distances at significant speeds. For optimal performance the sail must be kept from excessive vibration. Active <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques can provide the best performance. However, they require an external power-source that may create significant parasitic mass to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail. However, <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails require low mass for optimal performance. Secondly, active <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques typically require a good system model to ensure stability and performance. However, the accuracy of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail models validated on earth for a space environment is questionable. An alternative approach is passive vibration techniques. These do not require an external power supply, and do not destabilize the system. A third alternative is referred to as semi-active <span class="hlt">control</span>. This approach tries to get the best of both active and passive <span class="hlt">control</span>, while avoiding their pitfalls. In semi-active <span class="hlt">control</span>, an active <span class="hlt">control</span> law is designed for the system, and passive <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques are used to implement it. As a result, no external power supply is needed so the system is not destabilize-able. Though it typically underperforms active <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques, it has been shown to out-perform passive <span class="hlt">control</span> approaches and can be unobtrusively installed on a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail boom. Motivated by this, the objective of this research is to study the suitability of a Piezoelectric (PZT) patch actuator/sensor based semi-active <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the vibration suppression problem of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail booms. Accordingly, we develop a suitable mathematical and computer model for such studies and demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed approach with computer simulations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770019278','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19770019278"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> array maximum power tracking with closed-loop <span class="hlt">control</span> of a 30-centimeter ion thruster</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gruber, R. P.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>A new <span class="hlt">solar</span> array/ion thruster system <span class="hlt">control</span> concept has been developed and demonstrated. An ion thruster beam load is used to automatically and continuously operate an unregulated <span class="hlt">solar</span> array at its maximum power point independent of variations in <span class="hlt">solar</span> array voltage and current. Preliminary tests were run which verified that this method of <span class="hlt">control</span> can be implemented with a few, physically small, signal level components dissipating less than two watts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015063','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015063"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating and cooling system installed at RKL <span class="hlt">Controls</span> Company, Lumberton, New Jersey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The final results of the design and operation of a computer <span class="hlt">controlled</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> heated and cooled 40,000 square foot manufacturing building, sales office, and computer <span class="hlt">control</span> center/display room are summarized. The system description, test data, major problems and resolutions, performance, operation and maintenance manual, equipment manufacturers' literature, and as-built drawings are presented. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> system is composed of 6,000 square feet of flat plate collectors, external above ground storage subsystem, <span class="hlt">controls</span>, absorption chiller, heat recovery, and a cooling tower.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4528659','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4528659"><span>Shape <span class="hlt">control</span> of slack space reflectors using modulated <span class="hlt">solar</span> pressure</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Borggräfe, Andreas; Heiligers, Jeannette; Ceriotti, Matteo; McInnes, Colin R.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The static deflection profile of a large spin-stabilized space reflector because of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure acting on its surface is investigated. Such a spacecraft consists of a thin reflective circular film, which is deployed from a supporting hoop structure in an untensioned, slack manner. This paper investigates the use of a variable reflectivity distribution across the surface to <span class="hlt">control</span> the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pressure force and hence the deflected shape. In this first analysis, the film material is modelled as one-dimensional slack radial strings with no resistance to bending or transverse shear, which enables a semi-analytic derivation of the nominal deflection profile. An inverse method is then used to find the reflectivity distribution that generates a specific, for example, parabolic deflection shape of the strings. Applying these results to a parabolic reflector, short focal distances can be obtained when large slack lengths of the film are employed. The development of such optically <span class="hlt">controlled</span> reflector films enables future key mission applications such as <span class="hlt">solar</span> power collection, radio-frequency antennae and optical telescopes. PMID:26345083</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>1</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li class="active"><span>3</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_3 --> <div id="page_4" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="61"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345083','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26345083"><span>Shape <span class="hlt">control</span> of slack space reflectors using modulated <span class="hlt">solar</span> pressure.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Borggräfe, Andreas; Heiligers, Jeannette; Ceriotti, Matteo; McInnes, Colin R</p> <p>2015-07-08</p> <p>The static deflection profile of a large spin-stabilized space reflector because of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure acting on its surface is investigated. Such a spacecraft consists of a thin reflective circular film, which is deployed from a supporting hoop structure in an untensioned, slack manner. This paper investigates the use of a variable reflectivity distribution across the surface to <span class="hlt">control</span> the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pressure force and hence the deflected shape. In this first analysis, the film material is modelled as one-dimensional slack radial strings with no resistance to bending or transverse shear, which enables a semi-analytic derivation of the nominal deflection profile. An inverse method is then used to find the reflectivity distribution that generates a specific, for example, parabolic deflection shape of the strings. Applying these results to a parabolic reflector, short focal distances can be obtained when large slack lengths of the film are employed. The development of such optically <span class="hlt">controlled</span> reflector films enables future key mission applications such as <span class="hlt">solar</span> power collection, radio-frequency antennae and optical telescopes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18513064','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18513064"><span>Preparation of ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio <span class="hlt">controlled</span> D2 gas for muon-catalyzed fusion.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Imao, H; Ishida, K; Kawamura, N; Matsuzaki, T; Matsuda, Y; Toyoda, A; Strasser, P; Iwasaki, M; Nagamine, K</p> <p>2008-05-01</p> <p>A negative muon in hydrogen targets, e.g., D2 or D-T mixture, can catalyze nuclear fusions following a series of atomic processes involving muonic hydrogen molecular formation (muon-catalyzed fusion, muCF). The ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> state of D2 is a crucial parameter not only for enhancing the fusion rate but also to precisely investigate various muonic atom processes. We have developed a system for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> and measuring the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio of D2 gas for muCF experiments. We successfully collected <span class="hlt">para</span>-enriched D2 without using liquid-hydrogen coolant. Ortho-enriched D2 was also obtained by using a catalytic conversion method with a mixture of chromium oxide and alumina. The ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio of D2 gas was measured with a compact Raman spectroscopy system. We produced large volume (5-30 l at STP), high-purity (less than ppm high-Z contaminant) D2 targets with a wide range of ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratios (ortho 20%-99%). By using the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> <span class="hlt">controlled</span> D2 in muCF experiments, we observed the dependence of muCF phenomena on the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/solar/solar-plus-holistic-approach.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/solar/solar-plus-holistic-approach.html"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plus: A Holistic Approach to Distributed <span class="hlt">Solar</span> PV | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>NREL</A> Plus: A Holistic Approach to Distributed <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> <em>PV</em> <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> Plus: A Holistic Approach to Distributed <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> <em>PV</em> A new NREL report analyzes "<em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> plus," an emerging approach to distributed <em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> photovoltaic (<em>PV</em>) deployment that uses energy storage and <span class="hlt">controllable</span> devices to optimize</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100010965','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100010965"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Spaceflight Simulation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lisano, Michael; Evans, James; Ellis, Jordan; Schimmels, John; Roberts, Timothy; Rios-Reyes, Leonel; Scheeres, Daniel; Bladt, Jeff; Lawrence, Dale; Piggott, Scott</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Spaceflight Simulation Software (S5) toolkit provides <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail designers with an integrated environment for designing optimal <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail trajectories, and then studying the attitude dynamics/<span class="hlt">control</span>, navigation, and trajectory <span class="hlt">control</span>/correction of sails during realistic mission simulations. Unique features include a high-fidelity <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure model suitable for arbitrarily-shaped <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails, a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail trajectory optimizer, capability to develop <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail navigation filter simulations, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> models, and <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail high-fidelity force models.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSA32A..02D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AGUSMSA32A..02D"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Control</span> of Earth's Ionosphere: Observations from <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 23</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Doe, R. A.; Thayer, J. P.; Solomon, S. C.</p> <p>2005-05-01</p> <p>A nine year database of sunlit E-region electron density altitude profiles (Ne(z)) measured by the Sondrestrom ISR has been partitioned over a 30-bin parameter space of averaged 10.7 cm <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio flux (F10.7) and <span class="hlt">solar</span> zenith angle (χ) to investigate long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> and thermospheric variability, and to validate contemporary EUV photoionization models. A two stage filter, based on rejection of Ne(z) profiles with large Hall to Pedersen ratio, is used to minimize auroral contamination. Resultant filtered mean Ne(z) compares favorably with subauroral Ne measured for the same F10.7 and χ conditions at the Millstone Hill ISR. Mean Ne, as expected, increases with <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity and decreases with large χ, and the variance around mean Ne is shown to be greatest at low F10.7 (<span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum). ISR-derived mean Ne is compared with two EUV models: (1) a simple model without photoelectrons and based on the 5 -- 105 nm EUVAC model <span class="hlt">solar</span> flux [Richards et al., 1994] and (2) the GLOW model [Solomon et al., 1988; Solomon and Abreu, 1989] suitably modified for inclusion of XUV spectral components and photoelectron flux. Across parameter space and for all altitudes, Model 2 provides a closer match to ISR mean Ne and suggests that the photoelectron and XUV enhancements are essential to replicate measured plasma densities below 150 km. Simulated Ne variance envelopes, given by perturbing the Model 2 neutral atmosphere input by the measured extremum in Ap, F10.7, and Te, are much narrower than ISR-derived geophysical variance envelopes. We thus conclude that long-term variability of the EUV spectra dominates over thermospheric variability and that EUV spectral variability is greatest at <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum. ISR -- model comparison also provides evidence for the emergence of an H (Lyman β) Ne feature at <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum. Richards, P. G., J. A. Fennelly, and D. G. Torr, EUVAC: A <span class="hlt">solar</span> EUV flux model for aeronomic calculations, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8981, 1994. Solomon, S. C., P. B. Hays</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800006240','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800006240"><span>Development and testing of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Control</span> Corporation modular <span class="hlt">controller</span> and Solarstat subsystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hankins, J. D.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Results of development work on an existing <span class="hlt">controller</span> and solarstat subsystem for use with <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling systems are presented. The deliverable end items, program objectives, and how they were accomplished are described. It is shown that the products developed are marketable and suitable for public use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750056825&hterms=asma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dasma','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19750056825&hterms=asma&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dasma"><span>Thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> evaluation of a Shuttle Orbiter <span class="hlt">solar</span> observatory using Skylab ATM backup hardware</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Class, C. R.; Presta, G.; Trucks, H.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A study under the sponsorship of Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) established the feasibility to utilize the Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) backup hardware for early low cost Shuttle Orbiter <span class="hlt">solar</span> observation missions. A <span class="hlt">solar</span> inertial attitude and a seven-day, full sun exposure were baselined. As a portion of the study, a series of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> evaluations were performed to resolve the problems caused by the relocation of the ATM to the Shuttle Orbiter bay and resulting configuration changes. Thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> requirements, problems, the use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> shields, Spacelab supplied fluid cooling and component placement are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1343523-active-power-control-solar-pv-generation-large-interconnection-frequency-regulation-oscillation-damping','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1343523-active-power-control-solar-pv-generation-large-interconnection-frequency-regulation-oscillation-damping"><span>Active power <span class="hlt">control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV generation for large interconnection frequency regulation and oscillation damping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Liu, Yong; Zhu, Lin; Zhan, Lingwei; ...</p> <p>2015-06-23</p> <p>Because of zero greenhouse gas emission and decreased manufacture cost, <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV) generation is expected to account for a significant portion of future power grid generation portfolio. Because it is indirectly connected to the power grid via power electronic devices, <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV generation system is fully decoupled from the power grid, which will influence the interconnected power grid dynamic characteristics as a result. In this study, the impact of <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV penetration on large interconnected power system frequency response and inter-area oscillation is evaluated, taking the United States Eastern Interconnection (EI) as an example. Furthermore, based on the constructedmore » <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV electrical <span class="hlt">control</span> model with additional active power <span class="hlt">control</span> loops, the potential contributions of <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV generation to power system frequency regulation and oscillation damping are examined. The advantages of <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV frequency support over that of wind generator are also discussed. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV generations can effectively work as ‘actuators’ in alleviating the negative impacts they bring about.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........59Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT........59Z"><span>Adaptive <span class="hlt">control</span> for <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy based DC microgrid system development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Qinhao</p> <p></p> <p>During the upgrading of current electric power grid, it is expected to develop smarter, more robust and more reliable power systems integrated with distributed generations. To realize these objectives, traditional <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques are no longer effective in either stabilizing systems or delivering optimal and robust performances. Therefore, development of advanced <span class="hlt">control</span> methods has received increasing attention in power engineering. This work addresses two specific problems in the <span class="hlt">control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel based microgrid systems. First, a new <span class="hlt">control</span> scheme is proposed for the microgrid systems to achieve optimal energy conversion ratio in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels. The <span class="hlt">control</span> system can optimize the efficiency of the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm by implementing two layers of adaptive <span class="hlt">control</span>. Such a hierarchical <span class="hlt">control</span> architecture has greatly improved the system performance, which is validated through both mathematical analysis and computer simulation. Second, in the development of the microgrid transmission system, the issues related to the tele-communication delay and constant power load (CPL)'s negative incremental impedance are investigated. A reference model based method is proposed for pole and zero placements that address the challenges of the time delay and CPL in closed-loop <span class="hlt">control</span>. The effectiveness of the proposed modeling and <span class="hlt">control</span> design methods are demonstrated in a simulation testbed. Practical aspects of the proposed methods for general microgrid systems are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PolRe..38..138B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PolRe..38..138B"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> of particle precipitation by energy transfer from <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bremer, J.; Gernandt, H.</p> <p>1985-12-01</p> <p>The energy transfer function (epsilon), introduced by Perreault and Akasofu (1978), appears to be well suited for the description of the long-term <span class="hlt">control</span> of the particle precipitation by interplanetary parameters. An investigation was conducted with the objective to test this <span class="hlt">control</span> in more detail. This investigation included the calculation of hourly epsilon values on the basis of satellite-measured <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and IMF (interplanetary magnetic field) data. The results were compared with corresponding geomagnetic and ionospheric data. The ionospheric data had been obtained by three GDR (German Democratic Republic) teams during the 21st, 22nd, and 23rd Soviet Antarctic Expeditions in the time period from 1976 to 1979. It was found that, in high latitudes, the properties of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind exercise a pronounced degree of <span class="hlt">control</span> on the precipitation of energetic particles into the atmosphere, taking into account a time delay of about one hour due to the occurrence of magnetospheric storage processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990RMxAA..21..525R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990RMxAA..21..525R"><span>Actividad <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Desde EL Espacio</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rovira, M. G.</p> <p>1990-11-01</p> <p>RESUMEN. Se describen los principales descubrimientos realizados por los arti+iciales con instrumentos dedicados a la observaci6n del Sol, durante los dos ultimos ciclos de su acti vi dad. La observaci6n el espacio ha permitido cubrir todas las zonas del espectro no observables desde tierra1 desde el ultravioleta hasta la radiaci6n gamma. Se hace referencia, en particular, a los resultados producidos por los dos grandes observatorios: el Skylab y el SMM. Este ultimo incluy6 un conjunto de instrumentos especialmente coordinados <span class="hlt">para</span> observar en detalle las fulguraciones <span class="hlt">solares</span>. Es un resumen <span class="hlt">para</span> astr6nomos no especializados en la fisica <span class="hlt">solar</span>, en el que se muestra que la gran riqueza del material observacional acumulado ha resuelto problemas preexistentes y, al mismo tiempo, ha abierto numerosos interrogantes a los que se buscar respuesta con la instrumentaci6n en desarrollo. Finalmente, se mencionan las caracteristicas de los proyectados <span class="hlt">para</span> la pr6xima decada. : The main discoveries performed by artificial satellites instrumented for the observation of the Sun, during the last two cycles of its activity, are described. The space observations allowed of almost all the spectral regions which are not observable from the ground, from the ultraviolet to the gamma radiation. In particular, we ref er' to the two large <span class="hlt">solar</span> space observatories: the Skylab and the SMM. The last one included a set 0+ coordinated instruments to observe in detail the <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares. This is a summary for astronomers not dedicated to <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics, where we show that the of observational material have solv# d many of the preexistent problems but, at the ame time, it opened many new questions to which the improved instrumentation will try to answer. , the characteristics of the satellites planned the next decade are mentioned. Key : SUN-ACTIVITY - SUN-CORONA - SUN-X-RAYS</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28217996','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28217996"><span>Precise Morphology <span class="hlt">Control</span> and Continuous Fabrication of Perovskite <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells Using Droplet-<span class="hlt">Controllable</span> Electrospray Coating System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Hong, Seung Chan; Lee, Gunhee; Ha, Kyungyeon; Yoon, Jungjin; Ahn, Namyoung; Cho, Woohyung; Park, Mincheol; Choi, Mansoo</p> <p>2017-03-08</p> <p>Herein, we developed a novel electrospray coating system for continuous fabrication of perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with high performance. Our system can systemically <span class="hlt">control</span> the size of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 precursor droplets by modulating the applied electrical potential, shown to be a crucial factor for the formation of perovskite films. As a result, we have obtained pinhole-free and large grain-sized perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, yielding the best PCE of 13.27% with little photocurrent hysteresis. Furthermore, the average PCE through the continuous coating process was 11.56 ± 0.52%. Our system demonstrates not only the high reproducibility but also a new way to commercialize high-quality perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040086476','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040086476"><span>Integrated Orbit, Attitude, and Structural <span class="hlt">Control</span> System Design for Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Woods-Vedeler, Jessica (Technical Monitor); Moore, Chris (Technical Monitor); Wie, Bong; Roithmayr, Carlos</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The major objective of this study is to develop an integrated orbit, attitude, and structural <span class="hlt">control</span> system architecture for very large Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellites (SSPS) in geosynchronous orbit. This study focuses on the 1.2-GW Abacus SSPS concept characterized by a 3.2 x 3.2 km <span class="hlt">solar</span>-array platform, a 500-m diameter microwave beam transmitting antenna, and a 500 700 m earth-tracking reflector. For this baseline Abacus SSPS configuration, we derive and analyze a complete set of mathematical models, including external disturbances such as <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure, microwave radiation, gravity-gradient torque, and other orbit perturbation effects. The proposed <span class="hlt">control</span> system architecture utilizes a minimum of 500 1-N electric thrusters to counter, simultaneously, the cyclic pitch gravity-gradient torque, the secular roll torque caused by an o.set of the center-of-mass and center-of-pressure, the cyclic roll/yaw microwave radiation torque, and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure force whose average value is about 60 N.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010071579','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010071579"><span>Integrated Orbit, Attitude, and Structural <span class="hlt">Control</span> Systems Design for Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellites</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wie, Bong; Roithmayr, Carlos M.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The major objective of this study is to develop an integrated orbit, attitude, and structural <span class="hlt">control</span> systems architecture for very large Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellites (SSPS) in geosynchronous orbit. This study focuses on the 1.2-GW Abacus SSPS concept characterized by a 3.2 x 3.2 km <span class="hlt">solar</span>-array platform, a 500-m diameter microwave beam transmitting antenna, and a 500 x 700 m earth-tracking reflector. For this baseline Abacus SSPS configuration, we derive and analyze a complete set of mathematical models, including external disturbances such as <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure, microwave radiation, gravity-gradient torque, and other orbit perturbation effects. The proposed <span class="hlt">control</span> systems architecture utilizes a minimum of 500 1-N electric thrusters to counter, simultaneously, the cyclic pitch gravity-gradient torque, the secular roll torque caused by an offset of the center-of-mass and center-of-pressure, the cyclic roll/yaw microwave radiation torque, and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure force whose average value is about 60 N.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720026200','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19720026200"><span>Integrated dynamic analysis simulation of space stations with <span class="hlt">controllable</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heinrichs, J. A.; Fee, J. J.</p> <p>1972-01-01</p> <p>A methodology is formulated and presented for the integrated structural dynamic analysis of space stations with <span class="hlt">controllable</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays and non-<span class="hlt">controllable</span> appendages. The structural system flexibility characteristics are considered in the dynamic analysis by a synthesis technique whereby free-free space station modal coordinates and cantilever appendage coordinates are inertially coupled. A digital simulation of this analysis method is described and verified by comparison of interaction load solutions with other methods of solution. Motion equations are simulated for both the zero gravity and artificial gravity (spinning) orbital conditions. Closed loop <span class="hlt">controlling</span> dynamics for both orientation <span class="hlt">control</span> of the arrays and attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of the space station are provided in the simulation by various generic types of <span class="hlt">controlling</span> systems. The capability of the simulation as a design tool is demonstrated by utilizing typical space station and <span class="hlt">solar</span> array structural representations and a specific structural perturbing force. Response and interaction load solutions are presented for this structural configuration and indicate the importance of using an integrated type analysis for the predictions of structural interactions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcAau..68..185L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011AcAau..68..185L"><span>Attractive manifold-based adaptive <span class="hlt">solar</span> attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of satellites in elliptic orbits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Keum W.; Singh, Sahjendra N.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The paper presents a novel noncertainty-equivalent adaptive (NCEA) <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the pitch attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of satellites in elliptic orbits using <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure (SRP). The satellite is equipped with two identical <span class="hlt">solar</span> flaps to produce <span class="hlt">control</span> moments. The adaptive law is based on the attractive manifold design using filtered signals for synthesis, which is a modification of the immersion and invariance (I&I) method. The <span class="hlt">control</span> system has a modular <span class="hlt">controller</span>-estimator structure and has separate tunable gains. A special feature of this NCEA law is that the trajectories of the satellite converge to a manifold in an extended state space, and the adaptive law recovers the performance of a deterministic <span class="hlt">controller</span>. This recovery of performance cannot be obtained with certainty-equivalent adaptive (CEA) laws. Simulation results are presented which show that the NCEA law accomplishes precise attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of the satellite in an elliptic orbit, despite large parameter uncertainties.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29135473','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29135473"><span><span class="hlt">Controllable</span> Nanoscale Inverted Pyramids for High-Efficient Quasi-Omnidirectional Crystalline Silicon <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Xu, Haiyuan; Zhong, Sihua; Zhuang, Yufeng; Shen, Wenzhong</p> <p>2017-11-14</p> <p>Nanoscale inverted pyramid structures (NIPs) have always been regarded as one of the most paramount light management schemes to achieve the extraordinary performance in various devices, especially in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, due to their outstanding antireflection ability with relative lower surface enhancement ratio. However, the current approaches to fabricating the NIPs are complicated and not cost-effective for the massive cell production in the photovoltaic industry. Here, <span class="hlt">controllable</span> NIPs are fabricated on crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers by Ag catalyzed chemical etching and alkaline modification, which is a preferable all-solution-processed method. Through applying the NIPs to c-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and optimizing the cell design, we have successfully achieved highly efficient NIPs textured <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with the champion efficiency of 20.5%. Importantly, the NIPs textured <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are further demonstrated to possess the quasi-omnidirectional property over the broad sunlight incident angles of approximately 0°-60°. Moreover, the NIPs are theoretically revealed to offer light trapping advantage for ultrathin c-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Hence, the NIPs formed by the <span class="hlt">controllable</span> method exhibit a great potential to be used in the future photovoltaic industry as surface texture. © 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4701265','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4701265"><span>An Open Source Low-Cost Wireless <span class="hlt">Control</span> System for a Forced Circulation <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Salamone, Francesco; Belussi, Lorenzo; Danza, Ludovico; Ghellere, Matteo; Meroni, Italo</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The article describes the design phase, development and practical application of a low-cost <span class="hlt">control</span> system for a forced circulation <span class="hlt">solar</span> plant in an outdoor test cell located near Milan. Such a system provides for the use of an electric pump for the circulation of heat transfer fluid connecting the <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal panel to the storage tank. The running plant temperatures are the fundamental parameter to evaluate the system performance such as proper operation, and the <span class="hlt">control</span> and management system has to consider these parameters. A <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy-powered wireless-based smart object was developed, able to monitor the running temperatures of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal system and aimed at moving beyond standard monitoring approaches to achieve a low-cost and customizable device, even in terms of installation in different environmental conditions. To this end, two types of communications were used: the first is a low-cost communication based on the ZigBee protocol used for <span class="hlt">control</span> purposes, so that it can be customized according to specific needs, while the second is based on a Bluetooth protocol used for data display. PMID:26556356</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26556356','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26556356"><span>An Open Source Low-Cost Wireless <span class="hlt">Control</span> System for a Forced Circulation <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plant.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Salamone, Francesco; Belussi, Lorenzo; Danza, Ludovico; Ghellere, Matteo; Meroni, Italo</p> <p>2015-11-05</p> <p>The article describes the design phase, development and practical application of a low-cost <span class="hlt">control</span> system for a forced circulation <span class="hlt">solar</span> plant in an outdoor test cell located near Milan. Such a system provides for the use of an electric pump for the circulation of heat transfer fluid connecting the <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal panel to the storage tank. The running plant temperatures are the fundamental parameter to evaluate the system performance such as proper operation, and the <span class="hlt">control</span> and management system has to consider these parameters. A <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy-powered wireless-based smart object was developed, able to monitor the running temperatures of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal system and aimed at moving beyond standard monitoring approaches to achieve a low-cost and customizable device, even in terms of installation in different environmental conditions. To this end, two types of communications were used: the first is a low-cost communication based on the ZigBee protocol used for <span class="hlt">control</span> purposes, so that it can be customized according to specific needs, while the second is based on a Bluetooth protocol used for data display.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.........9Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhDT.........9Y"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Photovoltaic (PV) Distributed Generation Systems - <span class="hlt">Control</span> and Protection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yi, Zhehan</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation proposes a comprehensive <span class="hlt">control</span>, power management, and fault detection strategy for <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV) distribution generations. Battery storages are typically employed in PV systems to mitigate the power fluctuation caused by unstable <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance. With AC and DC loads, a PV-battery system can be treated as a hybrid microgrid which contains both DC and AC power resources and buses. In this thesis, a <span class="hlt">control</span> power and management system (CAPMS) for PV-battery hybrid microgrid is proposed, which provides 1) the DC and AC bus voltage and AC frequency regulating scheme and <span class="hlt">controllers</span> designed to track set points; 2) a power flow management strategy in the hybrid microgrid to achieve system generation and demand balance in both grid-connected and islanded modes; 3) smooth transition <span class="hlt">control</span> during grid reconnection by frequency and phase synchronization <span class="hlt">control</span> between the main grid and microgrid. Due to the increasing demands for PV power, scales of PV systems are getting larger and fault detection in PV arrays becomes challenging. High-impedance faults, low-mismatch faults, and faults occurred in low irradiance conditions tend to be hidden due to low fault currents, particularly, when a PV maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm is in-service. If remain undetected, these faults can considerably lower the output energy of <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems, damage the panels, and potentially cause fire hazards. In this dissertation, fault detection challenges in PV arrays are analyzed in depth, considering the crossing relations among the characteristics of PV, interactions with MPPT algorithms, and the nature of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance. Two fault detection schemes are then designed as attempts to address these technical issues, which detect faults inside PV arrays accurately even under challenging circumstances, e.g., faults in low irradiance conditions or high-impedance faults. Taking advantage of multi-resolution signal decomposition (MSD), a powerful signal</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_2");'>2</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li class="active"><span>4</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_4 --> <div id="page_5" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="81"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter.html"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Newsletter | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>, General Electric Optimize Voltage <span class="hlt">Control</span> for Utility-Scale <em>PV</em> As utilities increasingly add <em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> power components that may be used to integrate distributed <em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> <em>PV</em> onto distribution systems. More than 335 data Innovation Award for Grid Reliability <em>PV</em> Demonstration First <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em>, the California Independent System</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790012008','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790012008"><span>Closed Loop <span class="hlt">solar</span> array-ion thruster system with power <span class="hlt">control</span> circuitry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gruber, R. P. (Inventor)</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A power <span class="hlt">control</span> circuit connected between a <span class="hlt">solar</span> array and an ion thruster receives voltage and current signals from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array. The <span class="hlt">control</span> circuit multiplies the voltage and current signals together to produce a power signal which is differentiated with respect to time. The differentiator output is detected by a zero crossing detector and, after suitable shaping, the detector output is phase compared with a clock in a phase demodulator. An integrator receives no output from the phase demodulator when the operating point is at the maximum power but is driven toward the maximum power point for non-optimum operation. A ramp generator provides minor variations in the beam current reference signal produced by the integrator in order to obtain the first derivative of power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Nanot..29a5403H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Nanot..29a5403H"><span><span class="hlt">Controllable</span> nanoscale inverted pyramids for highly efficient quasi-omnidirectional crystalline silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Haiyuan, Xu; Sihua, Zhong; Yufeng, Zhuang; Wenzhong, Shen</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>Nanoscale inverted pyramid structures (NIPs) have always been regarded as one of the paramount light management schemes to achieve extraordinary performance in various devices, especially in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, due to their outstanding antireflection ability with relative lower surface enhancement ratio. However, current approaches to fabricating NIPs are complicated and not cost-effective for massive cell production in the photovoltaic industry. Here, <span class="hlt">controllable</span> NIPs are fabricated on crystalline silicon (c-Si) wafers by Ag-catalyzed chemical etching and alkaline modification, which is a preferable all-solution-processed method. Through applying the NIPs to c-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and optimizing the cell design, we have successfully achieved highly efficient textured <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with NIPs of a champion efficiency of 20.5%. Significantly, these NIPs are further demonstrated to possess a quasi-omnidirectional property over broad sunlight incident angles of approximately 0°-60°. Moreover, NIPs are theoretically revealed to offer light trapping advantages for ultrathin c-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Hence, NIPs formed by a <span class="hlt">controllable</span> method exhibit great potential to be used in the future photovoltaic industry as surface texture.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930067420&hterms=activity+Physics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2BPhysics','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930067420&hterms=activity+Physics&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2BPhysics"><span>Nutation and precession <span class="hlt">control</span> of the High Energy <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics (HESP) satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jayaraman, C. P.; Robertson, B. P.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The High Energy <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics (HESP) spacecraft is an intermediate class satellite proposed by NASA to study <span class="hlt">solar</span> high-energy phenomena during the next cycle of high <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity in the 1998 to 2005 time frame. The HESP spacecraft is a spinning satellite which points to the sun with stringent pointing requirements. The natural dynamics of a spinning satellite includes an undesirable effect: nutation, which is due to the presence of disturbances and offsets of the spin axis from the angular momentum vector. The proposed Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (ACS) attenuates nutation with reaction wheels. Precessing the spacecraft to track the sun in the north-south and east-west directions is accomplished with the use of torques from magnetic torquer bars. In this paper, the basic dynamics of a spinning spacecraft are derived, <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithms to meet HESP science requirements are discussed and simulation results to demonstrate feasibility of the ACS concept are presented.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716946','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15716946"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind dynamic pressure and electric field as the main factors <span class="hlt">controlling</span> Saturn's aurorae.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Crary, F J; Clarke, J T; Dougherty, M K; Hanlon, P G; Hansen, K C; Steinberg, J T; Barraclough, B L; Coates, A J; Gérard, J-C; Grodent, D; Kurth, W S; Mitchell, D G; Rymer, A M; Young, D T</p> <p>2005-02-17</p> <p>The interaction of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind with Earth's magnetosphere gives rise to the bright polar aurorae and to geomagnetic storms, but the relation between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and the dynamics of the outer planets' magnetospheres is poorly understood. Jupiter's magnetospheric dynamics and aurorae are dominated by processes internal to the jovian system, whereas Saturn's magnetosphere has generally been considered to have both internal and <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind-driven processes. This hypothesis, however, is tentative because of limited simultaneous <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and magnetospheric measurements. Here we report <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind measurements, immediately upstream of Saturn, over a one-month period. When combined with simultaneous ultraviolet imaging we find that, unlike Jupiter, Saturn's aurorae respond strongly to <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions. But in contrast to Earth, the main <span class="hlt">controlling</span> factor appears to be <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind dynamic pressure and electric field, with the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field playing a much more limited role. Saturn's magnetosphere is, therefore, strongly driven by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, but the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions that drive it differ from those that drive the Earth's magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......123L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhDT.......123L"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> oriented concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) plant model and its applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Luo, Qi</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> receivers in concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal power plants (CSP) undergo over 10,000 start-ups and shutdowns, and over 25,000 rapid rate of change in temperature on receivers due to cloud transients resulting in performance degradation and material fatigue in their expected lifetime of over 30 years. The research proposes to develop a three-level <span class="hlt">controller</span> that uses multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) <span class="hlt">control</span> technology to minimize the effect of these disturbances, improve plant performance, and extend plant life. The <span class="hlt">controller</span> can be readily installed on any vendor supplied state-of-the-art <span class="hlt">control</span> hardware. We propose a three-level <span class="hlt">controller</span> architecture using multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) <span class="hlt">control</span> for CSP plants that can be implemented on existing plants to improve performance, reliability, and extend the life of the plant. This architecture optimizes the performance on multiple time scalesreactive level (regulation to temperature set points), tactical level (adaptation of temperature set points), and strategic level (trading off fatigue life due to thermal cycling and current production). This <span class="hlt">controller</span> unique to CSP plants operating at temperatures greater than 550 °C, will make CSPs competitive with conventional power plants and contribute significantly towards the Sunshot goal of 0.06/kWh(e), while responding with agility to both market dynamics and changes in <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance such as due to passing clouds. Moreover, our development of <span class="hlt">control</span> software with performance guarantees will avoid early stage failures and permit smooth grid integration of the CSP power plants. The proposed <span class="hlt">controller</span> can be implemented with existing <span class="hlt">control</span> hardware infrastructure with little or no additional equipment. In the thesis, we demonstrate a dynamics model of CSP, of which different components are modelled with different time scales. We also show a real time <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy of CSP <span class="hlt">control</span> oriented model in steady state. Furthermore, we shown different <span class="hlt">controllers</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920060660&hterms=Vibration+control&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DVibration%2Bcontrol','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920060660&hterms=Vibration+control&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DVibration%2Bcontrol"><span>Pointing and tracking <span class="hlt">control</span> for freedom's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic modules and vibration <span class="hlt">control</span> of freedom</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quinn, Roger D.; Chen, Jiunn-Liang</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy is presented for pointing particular modules of flexible multibody space structures while simultaneously attenuating structural vibrations. The application that is addressed is the planned Space Station Freedom in a growth configuration with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic (SD) module. A NASTRAN model of Freedom is used to demonstrate the <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy. Two cases of SD concentrator fine-pointing <span class="hlt">controller</span> bandwidths are studied with examples. The effect of limiting the <span class="hlt">controller</span> motor torques to realistic baseline values is examined. SD pointing and station vibration <span class="hlt">control</span> is accomplished during realistic disturbances due to aerodynamic drag, Shuttle docking, and Shuttle reaction <span class="hlt">control</span> system plume impingement on SD. Gravity gradient induced torques on SD are relatively small and pseudo-steady.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21123922-preparation-ortho-para-ratio-controlled-sub-gas-muon-catalyzed-fusion','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/21123922-preparation-ortho-para-ratio-controlled-sub-gas-muon-catalyzed-fusion"><span>Preparation of ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio <span class="hlt">controlled</span> D{sub 2} gas for muon-catalyzed fusion</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Imao, H.; Ishida, K.; Matsuzaki, T.</p> <p>2008-05-15</p> <p>A negative muon in hydrogen targets, e.g., D{sub 2} or D-T mixture, can catalyze nuclear fusions following a series of atomic processes involving muonic hydrogen molecular formation (muon-catalyzed fusion, {mu}CF). The ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> state of D{sub 2} is a crucial parameter not only for enhancing the fusion rate but also to precisely investigate various muonic atom processes. We have developed a system for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> and measuring the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio of D{sub 2} gas for {mu}CF experiments. We successfully collected <span class="hlt">para</span>-enriched D{sub 2} without using liquid-hydrogen coolant. Ortho-enriched D{sub 2} was also obtained by using a catalytic conversion method with a mixturemore » of chromium oxide and alumina. The ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio of D{sub 2} gas was measured with a compact Raman spectroscopy system. We produced large volume (5-30 l at STP), high-purity (less than ppm high-Z contaminant) D{sub 2} targets with a wide range of ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratios (ortho 20%-99%). By using the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> <span class="hlt">controlled</span> D{sub 2} in {mu}CF experiments, we observed the dependence of {mu}CF phenomena on the ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790005972','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790005972"><span>Accuracy analysis of pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> system of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hung, J. C.; Peebles, P. Z., Jr.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The first-phase effort concentrated on defining the minimum basic functions that the retrodirective array must perform, identifying circuits that are capable of satisfying the basic functions, and looking at some of the error sources in the system and how they affect accuracy. The initial effort also examined three methods for generating torques for mechanical antenna <span class="hlt">control</span>, performed a rough analysis of the flexible body characteristics of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, and defined a <span class="hlt">control</span> system configuration for mechanical pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> of the array.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1426372-voltage-load-sensitivity-matrix-based-demand-response-voltage-control-high-solar-penetration-distribution-feeders','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1426372-voltage-load-sensitivity-matrix-based-demand-response-voltage-control-high-solar-penetration-distribution-feeders"><span>Voltage-Load Sensitivity Matrix Based Demand Response for Voltage <span class="hlt">Control</span> in High <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Penetration Distribution Feeders</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Xiangqi; Wang, Jiyu; Mulcahy, David</p> <p></p> <p>This paper presents a voltage-load sensitivity matrix (VLSM) based voltage <span class="hlt">control</span> method to deploy demand response resources for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> voltage in high <span class="hlt">solar</span> penetration distribution feeders. The IEEE 123-bus system in OpenDSS is used for testing the performance of the preliminary VLSM-based voltage <span class="hlt">control</span> approach. A load disaggregation process is applied to disaggregate the total load profile at the feeder head to each load nodes along the feeder so that loads are modeled at residential house level. Measured <span class="hlt">solar</span> generation profiles are used in the simulation to model the impact of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power on distribution feeder voltage profiles. Different casemore » studies involving various PV penetration levels and installation locations have been performed. Simulation results show that the VLSM algorithm performance meets the voltage <span class="hlt">control</span> requirements and is an effective voltage <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.935a2061H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.935a2061H"><span>Comparison of two temperature <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques in a forced water heater <span class="hlt">solar</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hernández, E.; E Guzmán, R.; Santos, A.; Cordoba, E.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>a study on the performance of a forced <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating system in which a comparative analysis of two <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies, including the classic on-off <span class="hlt">control</span> and PID <span class="hlt">control</span> is presented. From the experimental results it was found that the two <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies show a similar behaviour in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating system forced an approximate settling time of 60 min and over-elongation 2°C for the two <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies. Furthermore, the maximum temperature in the storage tank was 46°C and the maximum efficiency of flat plate collector was 76.7% given that this efficiency is the ratio of the energy of the radiation on the collector and the energy used to heat water. The efficiency obtained is a fact well accepted because the business efficiencies of flat plate collectors are approximately 70%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990110718&hterms=Memory+attitude&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DMemory%2Battitude','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19990110718&hterms=Memory+attitude&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DMemory%2Battitude"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Particle Induced Upsets in the TDRS-1 Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System RAM During the October 1989 <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Particle Events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Croley, D. R.; Garrett, H. B.; Murphy, G. B.; Garrard,T. L.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The three large <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events, beginning on October 19, 1989 and lasting approximately six days, were characterized by high fluences of <span class="hlt">solar</span> protons and heavy ions at 1 AU. During these events, an abnormally large number of upsets (243) were observed in the random access memory of the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system (ACS) <span class="hlt">control</span> processing electronics (CPE) on-board the geosynchronous TDRS-1 (Telemetry and Data Relay Satellite). The RAM unit affected was composed of eight Fairchild 93L422 memory chips. The Galileo spacecraft, launched on October 18, 1989 (one day prior to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events) observed the fluxes of heavy ions experienced by TDRS-1. Two solid-state detector telescopes on-board Galileo, designed to measure heavy ion species and energy, were turned on during time periods within each of the three separate events. The heavy ion data have been modeled and the time history of the events reconstructed to estimate heavy ion fluences. These fluences were converted to effective LET spectra after transport through the estimated shielding distribution around the TDRS-1 ACS system. The number of single event upsets (SEU) expected was calculated by integrating the measured cross section for the Fairchild 93L422 memory chip with average effective LET spectrum. The expected number of heavy ion induced SEU's calculated was 176. GOES-7 proton data, observed during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events, were used to estimate the number of proton-induced SEU's by integrating the proton fluence spectrum incident on the memory chips, with the two-parameter Bendel cross section for proton SEU'S. The proton fluence spectrum at the device level was gotten by transporting the protons through the estimated shielding distribution. The number of calculated proton-induced SEU's was 72, yielding a total of 248 predicted SEU'S, very dose to the 243 observed SEU'S. These calculations uniquely demonstrate the roles that <span class="hlt">solar</span> heavy ions and protons played in the production of SEU</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490500','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4490500"><span>Supramolecular Approaches to Nanoscale Morphological <span class="hlt">Control</span> in Organic <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Haruk, Alexander M.; Mativetsky, Jeffrey M.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Having recently surpassed 10% efficiency, <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on organic molecules are poised to become a viable low-cost clean energy source with the added advantages of mechanical flexibility and light weight. The best-performing organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells rely on a nanostructured active layer morphology consisting of a complex organization of electron donating and electron accepting molecules. Although much progress has been made in designing new donor and acceptor molecules, rational <span class="hlt">control</span> over active layer morphology remains a central challenge. Long-term device stability is another important consideration that needs to be addressed. This review highlights supramolecular strategies for generating highly stable nanostructured organic photovoltaic active materials by design. PMID:26110382</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+photovoltaic&pg=4&id=ED240339','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+photovoltaic&pg=4&id=ED240339"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Systems and Energy Management <span class="hlt">Controls</span>. Final Report, 1982-83.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Bergen County Vocational-Technical High School, Hackensack, NJ.</p> <p></p> <p>This project was conducted by the Bergen County Vocational-Technical Schools (1) to develop a practical awareness of energy conservation and management techniques for both commercial and domestic applications; (2) to develop four training courses to teach <span class="hlt">solar</span> troubleshooting and maintenance, commercial energy management <span class="hlt">control</span>, domestic energy…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800064295&hterms=Thermal+power+generation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DThermal%2Bpower%2Bgeneration','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800064295&hterms=Thermal+power+generation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DThermal%2Bpower%2Bgeneration"><span>Power processing and <span class="hlt">control</span> requirements of dispersed <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal electric generation systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Das, R. L.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Power Processing and <span class="hlt">Control</span> requirements of Dispersed Receiver <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Electric Generation Systems are presented. Kinematic Stirling Engines, Brayton Engines and Rankine Engines are considered as prime movers. Various types of generators are considered for ac and dc link generations. It is found that ac-ac Power Conversion is not suitable for implementation at this time. It is also found that ac-dc-ac Power Conversion with a large central inverter is more efficient than ac-dc-ac Power Conversion using small dispersed inverters. Ac-link <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal electric plants face potential stability and synchronization problems. Research and development efforts are needed in improving component performance characteristics and generation efficiency to make <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Electric Generation economically attractive.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000149&hterms=cooling+tower&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcooling%2Btower','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000149&hterms=cooling+tower&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dcooling%2Btower"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Heating and Cooling for a <span class="hlt">Controls</span> Manufacturing Plant Lumberton, New Jersey</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Comprehensive report documents computer-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> system which has separate <span class="hlt">solar</span>-collector and cooling-tower areas located away from building and is completely computer <span class="hlt">controlled</span>. System description, test data, major problems and resolution, performance, operation and maintenance, manufacturer's literature and drawing comprise part of 257-page report.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RELEA..14....7C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012RELEA..14....7C"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics Topics in High School: Analysis of a Course with Practical Activities at Dietrich Schiel Observatory. (Spanish Title: Temas de Física <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Para</span> Estudiantes de Escuelas Secundarias: un Análisis de un Curso con Enfoque Práctico en el Observatorio Dietrich Schiel.) Tópicos de Física <span class="hlt">Solar</span> no Ensino Médio: Análise de um Curso com Atividades Práticas no Observatório Dietrich Schiel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Calbo Aroca, Silvia; Donizete Colombo, Pedro, Jr.; Celestino Silva, Cibelle</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>This work analyses results obtained in a <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics course for high school students promoted at the Dietrich Schiel Observatory of the University of São Paulo (USP). The course was elaborated by the authors with the intention of investigating student's concepts about the Sun, teaching topics of modern physics related to the Sun and providing students with knowledge about our star as well. The methodology of data gathering consisted of audio and video records of classes and of semi-structured interviews, and analysis of answers to written questionnaires. The results showed that most high school students conceived the Sun as made of fire, while sunspots were thought to be holes in the Sun. Even though some students did know that a spectrum is formed using a prism or diffraction grating, most of them ignored the nature of the observed spectral lines. Through the course, this topic was developed by means of a practical approach with <span class="hlt">solar</span> and lamp spectra observations. The results obtained in the course point to the importance of science centers as partners in formal education. In this specific case, the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Room at the Dietrich Schiel Observatory is as a favorable environment for teaching modern physics in high school. Este artículo analiza los resultados obtenidos en un curso sobre la física <span class="hlt">solar</span>, auspiciado por el Observatorio Dietrich Schiel de la USP <span class="hlt">para</span> estudiantes de las escuelas secundarias. El curso fue diseñado por los autores con la intención de investigar las concepciones sobre el sol, enseñar temas relacionados con la física moderna del Sol y conocimientos generales sobre el astro rey. La metodología utilizada <span class="hlt">para</span> la recolección de datos consistió en grabar, en audio y video, las clases, las entrevistas semi-estructuradas y las respuestas a los cuestionarios escritos. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los participantes conciben el Sol como constituido por fuego y las manchas <span class="hlt">solares</span> en la superficie <span class="hlt">solar</span> como agujeros. Aunque</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA607986','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA607986"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered, Liquid-Desiccant Air Conditioner for Low-Electricity Humidity <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>reading Current transformer Regen and conditioner Continental <span class="hlt">Controls</span> CTS-0750-30 1 % of reading Pyranometer Horizontal Campbell...indoor comfort conditions. A pyranometer was used to quantify the efficiency of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector array. Two measurements of electric energy were</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ITNS...42.1489C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ITNS...42.1489C"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> particle induced upsets in the TDRS-1 attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system RAM during the October 1989 <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Croley, D. R.; Garrett, H. B.; Murphy, G. B.; Garrard, T. L.</p> <p>1995-10-01</p> <p>The three large <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events, beginning on October 19, 1989 and lasting approximately six days, were characterized by high fluences of <span class="hlt">solar</span> protons and heavy ions at 1 AU. During these events, an abnormally large number of upsets (243) were observed in the random access memory of the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system (ACS) <span class="hlt">control</span> processing electronics (CPE) on-board the geosynchronous TDRS-1 (Telemetry and Data Relay Satellite). The RAR I unit affected was composed of eight Fairchild 93L422 memory chips. The Galileo spacecraft, launched on October 18, 1989 (one day prior to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events) observed the fluxes of heavy ions experienced by TDRS-1. Two solid-state detector telescopes on-board Galileo designed to measure heavy ion species and energy, were turned on during time periods within each of the three separate events. The heavy ion data have been modeled and the time history of the events reconstructed to estimate heavy ion fluences. These fluences were converted to effective LET spectra after transport through the estimated shielding distribution around the TDRS-1 ACS system. The number of single event upsets (SEU) expected was calculated by integrating the measured cross section for the Fairchild 93L422 memory chip with average effective LET spectrum. The expected number of heavy ion induced SEUs calculated was 176. GOES-7 proton data, observed during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> particle events, were used to estimate the number of proton-induced SEUs by integrating the proton fluence spectrum incident on the memory chips, with the two-parameter Bendel cross section for proton SEUs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008023','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110008023"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory Guidance, Navigation, and <span class="hlt">Control</span> System Overview</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Morgenstern, Wendy M.; Bourkland, Kristin L.; Hsu, Oscar C.; Liu, Kuo-Chia; Mason, Paul A. C.; O'Donnell, James R., Jr.; Russo, Angela M.; Starin, Scott R.; Vess, Melissa F.</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory (SDO) was designed and built at the Goddard Space Flight Center, launched from Cape Canaveral on February 11, 2010, and reached its final geosynchronous science orbit on March 16, 2010. The purpose of SDO is to observe the Sun and continuously relay data to a dedicated ground station. SDO remains Sun-pointing throughout most of its mission for the instruments to take measurements of the Sun. The SDO attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system (ACS) is a single-fault tolerant design. Its fully redundant attitude sensor complement includes sixteen coarse Sun sensors (CSSs), a digital Sun sensor (DSS), three two-axis inertial reference units (IRUs), and two star trackers (STs). The ACS also makes use of the four guide telescopes included as a part of one of the science instruments. Attitude actuation is performed using four reaction wheels assemblies (RWAs) and eight thrusters, with a single main engine used to provide velocity-change thrust for orbit raising. The attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> software has five nominal <span class="hlt">control</span> modes, three wheel-based modes and two thruster-based modes. A wheel-based Safehold running in the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> electronics box improves the robustness of the system as a whole. All six modes are designed on the same basic proportional-integral-derivative attitude error structure, with more robust modes setting their integral gains to zero. This paper details the final overall design of the SDO guidance, navigation, and <span class="hlt">control</span> (GN&C) system and how it was used in practice during SDO launch, commissioning, and nominal operations. This overview will include the ACS <span class="hlt">control</span> modes, attitude determination and sensor calibration, the high gain antenna (HGA) calibration, and jitter mitigation operation. The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory mission is part of the NASA Living With a Star program, which seeks to understand the changing Sun and its effects on the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> System, life, and society. To this end, the SDO spacecraft carries three Sun</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_3");'>3</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li class="active"><span>5</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_5 --> <div id="page_6" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="101"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SPIE..823..143V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987SPIE..823..143V"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> radiation <span class="hlt">control</span> using nematic curvilinear aligned phase (NCAP) liquid crystal technology</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>vanKonynenburg, Peter; Marsland, Stephen; McCoy, James</p> <p>1987-11-01</p> <p>A new, advanced liquid crystal technology has made economical, large area, electrically-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> windows a commercial reality. The new technology, Nematic Curvilinear Aligned Phase (NCAP), is based on a polymeric material containing small droplets of nematic liquid crystal which is coated and laminated between transparent electrodes and fabricated into large area field effect devices. NCAP windows feature variable <span class="hlt">solar</span> transmission and reflection through a voltage-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> scattering mechanism. Laminated window constructions provide the excellent transmission and visibility of glass in the powered condition. In the unpowered condition, the windows are highly translucent, and provide 1) blocked vision for privacy, security, and obscuration of information, and 2) glare <span class="hlt">control</span> and <span class="hlt">solar</span> shading. The stability is excellent during accelerated aging tests. Degradation mechanisms which can limit performance and lifetime are discussed. Maximum long term stability is achieved by product designs that incorporate the appropriate window materials to provide environmental protection.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830018855','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830018855"><span>Electronic system for high power load <span class="hlt">control</span>. [<span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, E. L. (Inventor)</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>Parallel current paths are divided into two groups, with <span class="hlt">control</span> devices in the current paths of one group each having a current limiting resistor, and the <span class="hlt">control</span> devices in the other group each having no limiting resistor, so that when the <span class="hlt">control</span> devices of the second group are turned fully on, a short circuit is achieved by the arrangement of parallel current paths. Separate but coordinated <span class="hlt">control</span> signals are provided to turn on the <span class="hlt">control</span> devices of the first group and increase their conduction toward saturation as a function of <span class="hlt">control</span> input, and when fully on, or shortly before, to turn on the <span class="hlt">control</span> devices of the second group and increase their conduction toward saturation as a function of the <span class="hlt">control</span> input as that input continues to increase. Electronic means may be used to generate signals. The system may be used for 1-V characteristic measurements of <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays as well as for other load <span class="hlt">control</span> purposes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910058774&hterms=solar+use&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Buse','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910058774&hterms=solar+use&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Buse"><span>Evaluation of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings for use on <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic radiators in low earth orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dever, Joyce A.; Rodriguez, Elvin; Slemp, Wayne S.; Stoyack, Joseph E.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings with high thermal emittance and low <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorptance are needed for Space Station Freedom (SSF) <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic power module radiator (SDR) surfaces for efficient heat rejection. Additionally, these coatings must be durable to low earth orbital (LEO) environmental effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation and deep thermal cycles which occur as a result of start-up and shut-down of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic power system. Eleven candidate coatings were characterized for their <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorptance and emittance before and after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200 to 400 nm), vacuum UV (VUV) radiation (100 to 200 nm) and atomic oxygen. Results indicated that the most durable and best performing coatings were white paint thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings Z-93, zinc oxide pigment in potassium silicate binder, and YB-71, zinc orthotitanate pigment in potassium silicate binder. Optical micrographs of these materials exposed to the individual environmental effects of atomic oxygen and vacuum thermal cycling showed that no surface cracking occurred.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910013054','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910013054"><span>Evaluation of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings for use on <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic radiators in low Earth orbit</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Dever, Joyce A.; Rodriguez, Elvin; Slemp, Wayne S.; Stoyack, Joseph E.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings with high thermal emittance and low <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorptance are needed for Space Station Freedom (SSF) <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic power module radiator (SDR) surfaces for efficient heat rejection. Additionally, these coatings must be durable to low earth orbital (LEO) environmental effects of atomic oxygen, ultraviolet radiation and deep thermal cycles which occur as a result of start-up and shut-down of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic power system. Eleven candidate coatings were characterized for their <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorptance and emittance before and after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation (200 to 400 nm), vacuum UV (VUV) radiation (100 to 200 nm) and atomic oxygen. Results indicated that the most durable and best performing coatings were white paint thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings Z-93, zinc oxide pigment in potassium silicate binder, and YB-71, zinc orthotitanate pigment in potassium silicate binder. Optical micrographs of these materials exposed to the individual environmental effects of atomic oxygen and vacuum thermal cycling showed that no surface cracking occurred.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214117','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214117"><span>Photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nielson, Gregory N.; Gupta, Vipin P.; Okandan, Murat; Watts, Michael R.</p> <p>2015-09-08</p> <p>A photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator is disclosed with one or more transverse-junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (also termed point contact <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells) and a lens located above each <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to concentrate sunlight onto the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to generate electricity. Piezoelectric actuators tilt or translate each lens to track the sun using a feedback-<span class="hlt">control</span> circuit which senses the electricity generated by one or more of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The piezoelectric actuators can be coupled through a displacement-multiplier linkage to provide an increased range of movement of each lens. Each lens in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator can be supported on a frame (also termed a tilt plate) having three legs, with the movement of the legs being <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the piezoelectric actuators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1243033','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1243033"><span>Photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nielson, Gregory N.; Gupta, Vipin P.; Okandan, Murat; Watts, Michael R.</p> <p>2016-03-15</p> <p>A photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator is disclosed with one or more transverse-junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (also termed point contact <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells) and a lens located above each <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to concentrate sunlight onto the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to generate electricity. Piezoelectric actuators tilt or translate each lens to track the sun using a feedback-<span class="hlt">control</span> circuit which senses the electricity generated by one or more of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The piezoelectric actuators can be coupled through a displacement-multiplier linkage to provide an increased range of movement of each lens. Each lens in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator can be supported on a frame (also termed a tilt plate) having three legs, with the movement of the legs being <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the piezoelectric actuators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082448','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1082448"><span>Photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Nielson, Gregory N.; Okandan, Murat; Resnick, Paul J.; Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis</p> <p>2012-12-11</p> <p>A photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator is disclosed with one or more transverse-junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (also termed point contact <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells) and a lens located above each <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to concentrate sunlight onto the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to generate electricity. Piezoelectric actuators tilt or translate each lens to track the sun using a feedback-<span class="hlt">control</span> circuit which senses the electricity generated by one or more of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The piezoelectric actuators can be coupled through a displacement-multiplier linkage to provide an increased range of movement of each lens. Each lens in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator can be supported on a frame (also termed a tilt plate) having three legs, with the movement of the legs being <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the piezoelectric actuators.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5445809','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5445809"><span>Thermotropic and Thermochromic Polymer Based Materials for Adaptive <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Seeboth, Arno; Ruhmann, Ralf; Mühling, Olaf</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The aim of this review is to present the actual status of development in adaptive <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> by use of thermotropic and organic thermochromic materials. Such materials are suitable for application in smart windows. In detail polymer blends, hydrogels, resins, and thermoplastic films with a reversible temperature-dependent switching behavior are described. A comparative evaluation of the concepts for these energy efficient materials is given as well. Furthermore, the change of strategy from ordinary shadow systems to intrinsic <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy reflection materials based on phase transition components and a first remark about their realization is reported. Own current results concerning extruded films and high thermally stable casting resins with thermotropic properties make a significant contribution to this field. PMID:28883374</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980STIN...8115536G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980STIN...8115536G"><span>The social <span class="hlt">control</span> of energy: A case for the promise of decentralized <span class="hlt">solar</span> technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gilmer, R. W.</p> <p>1980-05-01</p> <p>Decentralized <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology and centralized electric utilities were contrasted in the ways they assign property rights in capital and energy output; in the assignment of operational <span class="hlt">control</span>; and in the means of monitoring, policing, and enforcing property rights. An analogy was drawn between the decision of an energy consumer to use decentralized <span class="hlt">solar</span> and the decision of a firm to vertically integrate, that is, to extend the boundary of a the firm to vertically integrate, that is, to extend the boundary of the firm by making inputs or further processing output. Decentralized <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy production offers the small energy consumer the chance to cut ties to outside suppliers--to vertically integrate energy production into the home or business. The development of this analogy provides insight into important noneconomic aspects of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy, and it points clearly to the lighter burdens of social management offered by decentralized <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080044795','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080044795"><span>Fault Detection and Correction for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Starin, Scott R.; Vess, Melissa F.; Kenney, Thomas M.; Maldonado, Manuel D.; Morgenstern, Wendy M.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory is an Explorer-class mission that will launch in early 2009. The spacecraft will operate in a geosynchronous orbit, sending data 24 hours a day to a devoted ground station in White Sands, New Mexico. It will carry a suite of instruments designed to observe the Sun in multiple wavelengths at unprecedented resolution. The Atmospheric Imaging Assembly includes four telescopes with focal plane CCDs that can image the full <span class="hlt">solar</span> disk in four different visible wavelengths. The Extreme-ultraviolet Variability Experiment will collect time-correlated data on the activity of the Sun's corona. The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager will enable study of pressure waves moving through the body of the Sun. The attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system on <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory is responsible for four main phases of activity. The physical safety of the spacecraft after separation must be guaranteed. Fine attitude determination and <span class="hlt">control</span> must be sufficient for instrument calibration maneuvers. The mission science mode requires 2-arcsecond <span class="hlt">control</span> according to error signals provided by guide telescopes on the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, one of the three instruments to be carried. Lastly, accurate execution of linear and angular momentum changes to the spacecraft must be provided for momentum management and orbit maintenance. In thsp aper, single-fault tolerant fault detection and correction of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system is described. The attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> hardware suite for the mission is catalogued, with special attention to redundancy at the hardware level. Four reaction wheels are used where any three are satisfactory. Four pairs of redundant thrusters are employed for orbit change maneuvers and momentum management. Three two-axis gyroscopes provide full redundancy for rate sensing. A digital Sun sensor and two autonomous star trackers provide two-out-of-three redundancy for fine attitude determination. The use of software to maximize</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864827','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864827"><span>Thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> system and method for a passive <span class="hlt">solar</span> storage wall</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Ortega, Joseph K. E.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The invention provides a system and method for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the storing and elease of thermal energy from a thermal storage wall wherein said wall is capable of storing thermal energy from insolation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation. The system and method includes a device such as a plurality of louvers spaced a predetermined distance from the thermal wall for regulating the release of thermal energy from the thermal wall. This regulating device is made from a material which is substantially transparent to the incoming <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation so that when it is in any operative position, the thermal storage wall substantially receives all of the impacting <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation. The material in the regulating device is further capable of being substantially opaque to thermal energy so that when the device is substantially closed, thermal release of energy from the storage wall is substantially minimized. An adjustment device is interconnected with the regulating mechanism for selectively opening and closing it in order to regulate the release of thermal energy from the wall.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12211468M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..12211468M"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Illumination <span class="hlt">Control</span> of the Polar Wind</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Maes, L.; Maggiolo, R.; De Keyser, J.; André, M.; Eriksson, A. I.; Haaland, S.; Li, K.; Poedts, S.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Polar wind outflow is an important process through which the ionosphere supplies plasma to the magnetosphere. The main source of energy driving the polar wind is <span class="hlt">solar</span> illumination of the ionosphere. As a result, many studies have found a relation between polar wind flux densities and <span class="hlt">solar</span> EUV intensity, but less is known about their relation to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> zenith angle at the ionospheric origin, certainly at higher altitudes. The low energy of the outflowing particles and spacecraft charging means it is very difficult to measure the polar wind at high altitudes. We take advantage of an alternative method that allows estimations of the polar wind flux densities far in the lobes. We analyze measurements made by the Cluster spacecraft at altitudes from 4 up to 20 RE. We observe a strong dependence on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> zenith angle in the ion flux density and see that both the ion velocity and density exhibit a <span class="hlt">solar</span> zenith angle dependence as well. We also find a seasonal variation of the flux density.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED193085.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED193085.pdf"><span>Residential <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Design Review: A Manual on Community Architectural <span class="hlt">Controls</span> and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Use.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Jaffe, Martin; Erley, Duncan</p> <p></p> <p>Presented are architectural design issues associated with <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy use, and procedures for design review committees to consider in examining residential <span class="hlt">solar</span> installation in light of existing aesthetic goals for their communities. Recommended design review criteria include the type of <span class="hlt">solar</span> system being used and the ways in which the system…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090032660&hterms=ST&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DST','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20090032660&hterms=ST&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3DST"><span>Strong <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Control</span> of Infrared Aurora on Jupiter: Correlation Since the Last <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Maximum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kostiuk, T.; Livengood, T. A.; Hewagama, T.</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p>Polar aurorae in Jupiter's atmosphere radiate throughout the electromagnetic spectrum from X ray through mid-infrared (mid-IR, 5 - 20 micron wavelength). Voyager IRIS data and ground-based spectroscopic measurements of Jupiter's northern mid-IR aurora, acquired since 1982, reveal a correlation between auroral brightness and <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity that has not been observed in Jovian aurora at other wavelengths. Over nearly three <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles, Jupiter auroral ethane emission brightness and <span class="hlt">solar</span> 10.7 cm radio flux and sunspot number are positively correlated with high confidence. Ethane line emission intensity varies over tenfold between low and high <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity periods. Detailed measurements have been made using the GSFC HIPWAC spectrometer at the NASA IRTF since the last <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum, following the mid-IR emission through the declining phase toward <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum. An even more convincing correlation with <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity is evident in these data. Current analyses of these results will be described, including planned measurements on polar ethane line emission scheduled through the rise of the next <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum beginning in 2009, with a steep gradient to a maximum in 2012. This work is relevant to the Juno mission and to the development of the Europa Jupiter System Mission. Results of observations at the Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF) operated by the University of Hawaii under Cooperative Agreement no. NCC5-538 with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Science Mission Directorate, Planetary Astronomy Program. This work was supported by the NASA Planetary Astronomy Program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5099293','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/5099293"><span>SOLERAS - <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Environment Agriculture Project. Final report, Volume 4. Saudi Engineering <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Applications System Design Study</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Literature summarizing a study on the Saudi Arabian <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">controlled</span> environment agriculture system is presented. Specifications and performance requirements for the system components are revealed. Detailed performance and cost analyses are used to determine the optimum design. A preliminary design of an engineering field test is included. Some weather data are provided for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. (BCS)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810060080&hterms=Solar+power+filters&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DSolar%2Bpower%2Bfilters','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810060080&hterms=Solar+power+filters&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DSolar%2Bpower%2Bfilters"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind <span class="hlt">control</span> of auroral zone geomagnetic activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Clauer, C. R.; Mcpherron, R. L.; Searls, C.; Kivelson, M. G.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind magnetosphere energy coupling functions are analyzed using linear prediction filtering with 2.5 minute data. The relationship of auroral zone geomagnetic activity to <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind power input functions are examined, and a least squares prediction filter, or impulse response function is designed from the data. Computed impulse response functions are observed to have characteristics of a low pass filter with time delay. The AL index is found well related to <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind energy functions, although the AU index shows a poor relationship. High frequency variations of auroral indices and substorm expansions are not predictable with <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind information alone, suggesting influence by internal magnetospheric processes. Finally, the epsilon parameter shows a poorer relationship with auroral geomagnetic activity than a power parameter, having a VBs <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind dependency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080031465','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080031465"><span><span class="hlt">Controlling</span> Charging and Arcing on a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Powered Auroral Orbiting Spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ferguson, Dale C.; Rhee, Michael S.</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p>The Global Precipitation Measurement satellite (GPM) will be launched into a high inclination (65 degree) orbit to monitor rainfall on a global scale. Satellites in high inclination orbits have been shown to charge to high negative potentials, with the possibility of arcing on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays, when three conditions are met: a drop in plasma density below approximately 10,000 cm(exp -3), an injection of energetic electrons of energy more that 7-10 keV, and passage through darkness. Since all of these conditions are expected to obtain for some of the GPM orbits, charging calculations were done using first the Space Environment and Effects (SEE) Program Interactive Spacecraft Charging Handbook, and secondly the NASA Air-force Spacecraft Charging Analyzer Program (NASCAP-2k). The object of the calculations was to determine if charging was likely for the GPM configuration and materials, and specifically to see if choosing a particular type of thermal white paint would help minimize charging. A detailed NASCAP-2k geometrical model of the GPM spacecraft was built, with such a large number of nodes that it challenged the capability of NASCAP-2k to do the calculations. The results of the calculations were that for worst-case auroral charging conditions, charging to levels on the order of -120 to -230 volts could occur on GPM during night-time, with differential voltages on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays that might lead to <span class="hlt">solar</span> array arcing. In sunlit conditions, charging did not exceed -20 V under any conditions. The night-time results were sensitive to the spacecraft surface materials chosen. For non-conducting white paints, the charging was severe, and could continue unabated throughout the passage of GPM through the auroral zone. Somewhat conductive (dissipative) white paints minimized the night-time charging to levels of -120 V or less, and thus were recommended for GPM thermal <span class="hlt">control</span>. It is shown that the choice of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> paints is important to prevent arcing on high</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001501','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001501"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid Scout Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Orphee, Juan; Diedrich, Ben; Stiltner, Brandon; Becker, Chris; Heaton, Andrew</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>An Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (ACS) has been developed for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission. The NEA Scout spacecraft is a 6U cubesat with an eighty-six square meter <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail for primary propulsion that will launch as a secondary payload on the Space Launch System (SLS) Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) and rendezvous with a target asteroid after a two year journey, and will conduct science imagery. The spacecraft ACS consists of three major actuating subsystems: a Reaction Wheel (RW) <span class="hlt">control</span> system, a Reaction <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (RCS), and an Active Mass Translator (AMT) system. The reaction wheels allow fine pointing and higher rates with low mass actuators to meet the science, communication, and trajectory guidance requirements. The Momentum Management System (MMS) keeps the speed of the wheels within their operating margins using a combination of <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque and the RCS. The AMT is used to adjust the sign and magnitude of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque to manage pitch and yaw momentum. The RCS is used for initial de-tumble, performing a Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM), and performing momentum management about the roll axis. The NEA Scout ACS is able to meet all mission requirements including attitude hold, slews, pointing for optical navigation and pointing for science with margin and including flexible body effects. Here we discuss the challenges and solutions of meeting NEA Scout mission requirements for the ACS design, and present a novel implementation of managing the spacecraft Center of Mass (CM) to trim the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail disturbance torque. The ACS we have developed has an applicability to a range of potential missions and does so in a much smaller volume than is traditional for deep space missions beyond Earth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..205U','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..205U"><span>Telescópio de patrulhamento <span class="hlt">solar</span> em 12 GHz</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Utsumi, F.; Costa, J. E. R.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>O telescópio de patrulhamento <span class="hlt">solar</span> é um instrumento dedicado à observação de explosões <span class="hlt">solares</span> com início de suas operações em janeiro de 2002, trabalhando próximo ao pico de emissão do espectro girossincrotrônico (12 GHz). Trata-se de um arranjo de três antenas concebido <span class="hlt">para</span> a detecção de explosões e determinação em tempo real da localização da região emissora. Porém, desde sua implementação em uma montagem equatorial movimentada por um sistema de rotação constante (15 graus/hora) o rastreio apresentou pequenas variações de velocidade e folgas nas caixas de engrenagens. Assim, tornou-se necessária a construção de um sistema de correção automática do apontamento que era de fundamental importância <span class="hlt">para</span> os objetivos do projeto. No segundo semestre de 2002 empreendemos uma série de tarefas com o objetivo de automatizar completamente o rastreio, a calibração, a aquisição de dados, <span class="hlt">controle</span> de ganhos, offsets e transferência dos dados pela internet através de um projeto custeado pela FAPESP. O rastreio automático é realizado através de um inversor que controla a freqüência da rede de alimentação do motor de rastreio podendo fazer micro-correções na direção leste-oeste conforme os radiômetros desta direção detectem uma variação relativa do sinal. Foi adicionado também um motor na direção da declinação <span class="hlt">para</span> correção automática da variação da direção norte-sul. Após a implementação deste sistema a precisão do rastreio melhorou <span class="hlt">para</span> um desvio máximo de 30 segundos de arco, o que está muito bom <span class="hlt">para</span> este projeto. O Telescópio se encontra em funcionamento automático desde março de 2003 e já conta com várias explosões observadas após a conclusão desta fase de automação. Estamos apresentando as explosões mais intensas do período e com as suas respectivas posições no disco <span class="hlt">solar</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhyB..527...44W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhyB..527...44W"><span>A photodiode based on PbS nanocrystallites for FYTRONIX <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel automatic tracking <span class="hlt">controller</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wageh, S.; Farooq, W. A.; Tataroğlu, A.; Dere, A.; Al-Sehemi, Abdullah G.; Al-Ghamdi, Ahmed A.; Yakuphanoglu, F.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>The structural, optical and photoelectrical properties of the fabricated Al/PbS/p-Si/Al photodiode based on PbS nanocrystallites were investigated. The PbS nanocrystallites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-VIS-NIR, Infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD diffraction peaks show that the prepared PbS nanostructure is in high crystalline state. Various electrical parameters of the prepared photodiode were analyzed from the electrical characteristics based on I-V and C-V-G. The photodiode has a high rectification ratio of 5.85×104 at dark and ±4 V. Moreover, The photocurrent results indicate a strong photovoltaic behavior. The frequency dependence of capacitance and conductance characteristics was attributed to depletion region behavior of the photodiode. The diode was used to <span class="hlt">control</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel power automatic tracking <span class="hlt">controller</span> in dual axis. The fabricated photodiode works as a photosensor to <span class="hlt">control</span> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> tracking systems.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_4");'>4</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li class="active"><span>6</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_6 --> <div id="page_7" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="121"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhDT........19L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984PhDT........19L"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> of a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-energy-supplied electrical-power system without intermediate circuitry</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Leistner, K.</p> <p></p> <p>A computer <span class="hlt">control</span> system is developed for electric-power systems comprising <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and small numbers of users with individual centrally <span class="hlt">controlled</span> converters (and storage facilities when needed). Typical system structures are reviewed; the advantages of systems without an intermediate network are outlined; the demands on a <span class="hlt">control</span> system in such a network (optimizing generator working point and power distribution) are defined; and a flexible modular prototype system is described in detail. A charging station for lead batteries used in electric automobiles is analyzed as an example. The power requirements of the <span class="hlt">control</span> system (30 W for generator <span class="hlt">control</span> and 50 W for communications and distribution <span class="hlt">control</span>) are found to limit its use to larger networks.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000034&hterms=heater+Solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dheater%2BSolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000034&hterms=heater+Solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dheater%2BSolar"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Water-Heater Design Package</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Information on a <span class="hlt">solar</span> domestic-hot water heater is contained in 146 page design package. System consists of <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, storage tanks, automatic <span class="hlt">control</span> circuitry and auxiliary heater. Data-acquisition equipment at sites monitors day-by-day performance. Includes performance specifications, schematics, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-collector drawings and drawings of <span class="hlt">control</span> parts.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter-2017-07.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter-2017-07.html"><span>Golden Rays - July 2017 | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Operator, First <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em>, and NREL tested a 300-MW <em>PV</em> plant to demonstrate that, with proper <span class="hlt">controls</span>, <em>PV</em> can technique to measure charge-carrier transport in <em>PV</em> materials. <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> Plus: A Holistic Approach to Distribution <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> <em>PV</em> By optimizing how <em>PV</em> interacts with other electricity loads at the household- and grid</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=265794','TEKTRAN'); return false;" href="http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=265794"><span>Soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> and biological <span class="hlt">control</span> for managing Mesocriconema xenoplax and Short Life in a newly established peach orchard</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/find-a-publication/">USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>The effects of soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> with and without Pseudomonas spp. cocktail or wheat rotation as alternatives to chemical <span class="hlt">control</span> of Mesocriconema xenoplax were investigated from 2004-2011. Preplant <span class="hlt">solarization</span> and methyl bromide fumigation establishment was initiated in 2004, in an orchard infest...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012917','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110012917"><span><span class="hlt">Controlling</span> Attitude of a <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Sail Spacecraft Using Vanes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mettler, Edward; Acikmese, Ahmet; Ploen, Scott</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>A paper discusses a concept for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the attitude and thrust vector of a three-axis stabilized <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail spacecraft using only four single degree-of-freedom articulated spar-tip vanes. The vanes, at the corners of the sail, would be turned to commanded angles about the diagonals of the square sail. Commands would be generated by an adaptive <span class="hlt">controller</span> that would track a given trajectory while rejecting effects of such disturbance torques as those attributable to offsets between the center of pressure on the sail and the center of mass. The <span class="hlt">controller</span> would include a standard proportional + derivative part, a feedforward part, and a dynamic component that would act like a generalized integrator. The <span class="hlt">controller</span> would globally track reference signals, and in the presence of such <span class="hlt">control</span>-actuator constraints as saturation and delay, the <span class="hlt">controller</span> would utilize strategies to cancel or reduce their effects. The <span class="hlt">control</span> scheme would be embodied in a robust, nonlinear algorithm that would allocate torques among the vanes, always finding a stable solution arbitrarily close to the global optimum solution of the <span class="hlt">control</span> effort allocation problem. The solution would include an acceptably small angle, slow limit-cycle oscillation of the vanes, while providing overall thrust vector pointing stability and performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790019065','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790019065"><span>A thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> approach for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion thrust subsystem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Maloy, J. E.; Oglebay, J. C.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>A thrust subsystem thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> design is defined for a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Electric Propulsion System (SEPS) proposed for the comet Halley Flyby/comet Tempel 2 rendezvous mission. A 114 node analytic model, developed and coded on the systems improved numerical differencing analyzer program, was employed. A description of the resulting thrust subsystem thermal design is presented as well as a description of the analytic model and comparisons of the predicted temperature profiles for various SEPS thermal configurations that were generated using this model. It was concluded that: (1) a BIMOD engine system thermal design can be autonomous; (2) an independent thrust subsystem thermal design is feasible; (3) the interface module electronics temperatures can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by a passive radiator and supplementary heaters; (4) maintaining heat pipes above the freezing point would require an additional 322 watts of supplementary heating power for the situation where no thrusters are operating; (5) insulation is required around the power processors, and between the interface module and the avionics module, as well as in those areas which may be subjected to <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating; and (6) insulation behind the heat pipe radiators is not necessary.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750009334','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750009334"><span>Spacecraft attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric geosynchronous transfer mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leroy, B. E.; Regetz, J. D., Jr.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A study of the Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (ACS) is made for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion geosynchronous transfer mission. The basic mission considered is spacecraft injection into a low altitude, inclined orbit followed by low thrust orbit changing to achieve geosynchronous orbit. Because of the extended thrusting time, the mission performance is a strong function of the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system. Two attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system design options for an example mission evolve from consideration of the spacecraft configuration, the environmental disturbances, and the probable ACS modes of operation. The impact of these design options on other spacecraft subsystems is discussed. The factors which must be considered in determining the ACS actuation and sensing subsystems are discussed. The effects of the actuation and sensing subsystems on the mission performance are also considered.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23R.129R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23R.129R"><span>Abundâncias de oxigênio e enxofre nas estrelas de tipo <span class="hlt">solar</span> da vizinhança <span class="hlt">solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Requeijo, F.; Porto de Mello, G. F.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Alguns resultados sugerem que o Sol seja 58% mais abundante em oxigênio que o meio interestelar local. Esta anomalia parece estender-se <span class="hlt">para</span> o carbono e o criptônio. Entre as possíveis explicações deste fenômeno estão: uma supernova de tipo II que tenha enriquecido a nebulosa protosolar, tornando-a superabundante em oxigênio; um episódio de infall de material pobre em metais sobre o disco Galático, diluindo o meio interestelar local ou uma migração dinâmica do Sol de uma órbita mais interna da Galáxia <span class="hlt">para</span> sua posição atual. A escolha entre estes cenários exige o conhecimento preciso da abundância <span class="hlt">solar</span> em relação às anãs G da vizinhança. Neste contexto, o oxigênio e enxofre, são elementos-chave por serem ambos produzidos pelas supernovas de tipo II, devendo portanto possuir o mesmo padrão de abundância. Este projeto visa esclarecer qual a posição do Sol na distribuição local de abundâncias de enxofre e oxigênio <span class="hlt">para</span> uma amostra de estrelas de tipo <span class="hlt">solar</span> com idades e metalicidades bem conhecidas. <span class="hlt">Para</span> tal, analisamos espectros de alta resolução e alta relação sinal-ruído nas regiões espectrais de ll 6300, 7774 (O) e l8695 (S). <span class="hlt">Para</span> o enxofre encontramos que o Sol parece ser uma estrela típica dentre as da vizinhança, e que este elemento não mostra a sobreabundância <span class="hlt">para</span> baixas metalicidades, já bem estabelecida <span class="hlt">para</span> o oxigênio. Discutimos as abundâncias do enxofre no contexto da Evolução Química da Galáxia. Apresentamos resultados preliminares muito precisos <span class="hlt">para</span> a linha proibida do oxigênio l6300 e comparamos estes com os obtidos <span class="hlt">para</span> o tripleto em l7774. Quantificamos os efeitos não-ETL presentes no tripleto em função dos parâmetros atmosféricos estelares.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1036540','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1036540"><span>Cost and Performance Report: <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Remediation and pH <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>OMB (Office of Management and Budget) Circular A-94. 2016. Guidelines and Discount Rates for Benefit - Cost Analysis of Federal Programs. Rahner D...ER-201033) <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Remediation and pH <span class="hlt">Control</span> April 2017 This document has been cleared for public release; Distribution Statement A...Program (ESTCP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005437','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160005437"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Upper Stage Liquid Hydrogen Pressure <span class="hlt">Control</span> Testing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Moore, J. D.; Otto, J. M.; Cody, J. C.; Hastings, L. J.; Bryant, C. B.; Gautney, T. T.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>High-energy cryogenic propellant is an essential element in future space exploration programs. Therefore, NASA and its industrial partners are committed to an advanced development/technology program that will broaden the experience base for the entire cryogenic fluid management community. Furthermore, the high cost of microgravity experiments has motivated NASA to establish government/aerospace industry teams to aggressively explore combinations of ground testing and analytical modeling to the greatest extent possible, thereby benefitting both industry and government entities. One such team consisting of ManTech SRS, Inc., Edwards Air Force Base, and Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) was formed to pursue a technology project designed to demonstrate technology readiness for an SRS liquid hydrogen (LH2) in-space propellant management concept. The subject testing was cooperatively performed June 21-30, 2000, through a partially reimbursable Space Act Agreement between SRS, MSFC, and the Air Force Research Laboratory. The joint statement of work used to guide the technical activity is presented in appendix A. The key elements of the SRS concept consisted of an LH2 storage and supply system that used all of the vented H2 for <span class="hlt">solar</span> engine thrusting, accommodated pressure <span class="hlt">control</span> without a thermodynamic vent system (TVS), and minimized or eliminated the need for a capillary liquid acquisition device (LAD). The strategy was to balance the LH2 storage tank pressure <span class="hlt">control</span> requirements with the engine thrusting requirements to selectively provide either liquid or vapor H2 at a <span class="hlt">controlled</span> rate to a <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine in the low-gravity environment of space operations. The overall test objective was to verify that the proposed concept could enable simultaneous <span class="hlt">control</span> of LH2 tank pressure and feed system flow to the thruster without necessitating a TVS and a capillary LAD. The primary program objectives were designed to demonstrate technology readiness of the SRS concept</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1976-C-03382.html','SCIGOVIMAGE-NASA'); return false;" href="https://images.nasa.gov/#/details-GRC-1976-C-03382.html"><span>Researcher and Mechanic with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Collector in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Simulator Cell</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://images.nasa.gov/">NASA Image and Video Library</a></p> <p></p> <p>1976-08-21</p> <p>Researcher Susan Johnson and a mechanic examine a flat-plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Simulator Cell in the High Temperature Composites Laboratory at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center. The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Simulator Cell allowed the researchers to <span class="hlt">control</span> the radiation levels, air temperature, airflow, and fluid flow. The flat-plate collector, seen in a horizontal position here, was directed at the <span class="hlt">solar</span> simulator, seen above Johnson, during the tests. Lewis researchers were studying the efficiency of various flat- plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector designs in the 1970s for temperature <span class="hlt">control</span> systems in buildings. The collectors consisted of a cover material, absorber plate, and parallel flow configuration. The collector’s absorber material and coating, covers, honeycomb material, mirrors, vacuum, and tube attachment could all be modified. Johnson’s study analyzed 35 collectors. Johnson, a lifelong pilot, joined NASA Lewis in 1974. The flat-plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors, seen here, were her first research project. Johnson also investigated advanced heat engines for general aviation and evaluated variable geometry combustors and liners. Johnson earned the Cleveland Technical Society’s Technical Achievement Award in 1984.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061630&hterms=para+ortho+hydrogen&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dpara%2Bortho%2Bhydrogen','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19780061630&hterms=para+ortho+hydrogen&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dpara%2Bortho%2Bhydrogen"><span>Ortho- and <span class="hlt">para</span>-hydrogen in dense clouds, protoplanets, and planetary atmospheres</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Decampli, W. M.; Cameron, A. G. W.; Bodenheimer, P.; Black, D. C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>If ortho- and <span class="hlt">para</span>-hydrogen achieve a thermal ratio on dynamical time scales in a molecular hydrogen cloud, then the specific heat is high enough in the temperature range 35-70 K to possibly induce hydrodynamic collapse. The ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio in many interstellar cloud fragments is expected to meet this condition. The same may have been true for the primitive <span class="hlt">solar</span> nebula. Detailed hydrodynamic and hydrostatic calculations are presented that show the effects of the assumed ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio on the evolution of Jupiter during its protoplanetary phase. Some possible consequences of a thermalized ortho-<span class="hlt">para</span> ratio in the atmospheres of the giant planets are also discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28659','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28659"><span><span class="hlt">Controlling</span> <span class="hlt">solar</span> light and heat in a forest by managing shadow sources</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Howard G. Halverson; James L. Smith</p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span> light and heat to develop the proper growth environment is a desirable goal in forest management. The amount of sunlight and heat reaching the surface is affected by shadows cast by nearby objects, including trees. In timbered areas, the type of forest management practiced can help develop desired microclimates. The results depend on the size and...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054170&hterms=thermal+energy+storage+tank&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthermal%2Benergy%2Bstorage%2Btank','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19790054170&hterms=thermal+energy+storage+tank&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dthermal%2Benergy%2Bstorage%2Btank"><span>Study on the application of NASA energy management techniques for <span class="hlt">control</span> of a terrestrial <span class="hlt">solar</span> water heating system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Swanson, T. D.; Ollendorf, S.</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>This paper addresses the potential for enhanced <span class="hlt">solar</span> system performance through sophisticated <span class="hlt">control</span> of the collector loop flow rate. Computer simulations utilizing the TRNSYS <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy program were performed to study the relative effect on system performance of eight specific <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithms. Six of these <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithms are of the proportional type: two are concave exponentials, two are simple linear functions, and two are convex exponentials. These six functions are typical of what might be expected from future, more advanced, <span class="hlt">controllers</span>. The other two algorithms are of the on/off type and are thus typical of existing <span class="hlt">control</span> devices. Results of extensive computer simulations utilizing actual weather data indicate that proportional <span class="hlt">control</span> does not significantly improve system performance. However, it is shown that thermal stratification in the liquid storage tank may significantly improve performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASTP.171...94P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JASTP.171...94P"><span>Tropospheric weather influenced by <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind through atmospheric vertical coupling downward <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prikryl, Paul; Bruntz, Robert; Tsukijihara, Takumi; Iwao, Koki; Muldrew, Donald B.; Rušin, Vojto; Rybanský, Milan; Turňa, Maroš; Šťastný, Pavel</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>Occurrence of severe weather in the context of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind coupling to the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere (MIA) system is investigated. It is observed that significant snowfall, wind and heavy rain, particularly if caused by low pressure systems in winter, tend to follow arrivals of high-speed <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. Previously published statistical evidence that explosive extratropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere tend to occur within a few days after arrivals of high-speed <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind streams from coronal holes (Prikryl et al., 2009, 2016) is corroborated for the southern hemisphere. Cases of severe weather events are examined in the context of the magnetosphere-ionosphere-atmosphere (MIA) coupling. Physical mechanism to explain these observations is proposed. The leading edge of high-speed <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind streams is a locus of large-amplitude magneto-hydrodynamic waves that modulate Joule heating and/or Lorentz forcing of the high-latitude lower thermosphere generating medium-scale atmospheric gravity waves that propagate upward and downward through the atmosphere. Simulations of gravity wave propagation in a model atmosphere using the Transfer Function Model (Mayr et al., 1990) reveal that propagating waves originating in the lower thermosphere can excite a spectrum of gravity waves in the lower atmosphere. In spite of significantly reduced amplitudes but subject to amplification upon reflection in the upper troposphere, these gravity waves can provide a lift of unstable air to release instabilities in the troposphere and initiate convection to form cloud/precipitation bands. It is primarily the energy provided by release of latent heat that leads to intensification of storms. These results indicate that vertical coupling in the atmosphere exerts downward <span class="hlt">control</span> from <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind to the lower atmospheric levels influencing tropospheric weather development.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840015630','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840015630"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> absorptance and thermal emittance of some common spacecraft thermal-<span class="hlt">control</span> coatings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Henninger, J. H.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> absorptance and thermal emittance of spacecraft materials are critical parameters in determining spacecraft temperature <span class="hlt">control</span>. Because thickness, surface preparation, coatings formulation, manufacturing techniques, etc. affect these parameters, it is usually necessary to measure the absorptance and emittance of materials before they are used. Absorptance and emittance data for many common types of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings, are together with some sample spectral data curves of absorptance. In some cases for which ultraviolet and particle radiation data are available, the degraded absorptance and emittance values are also listed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050215317','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050215317"><span>Study of a 30-M Boom For <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail-Craft: Model Extendibility and <span class="hlt">Control</span> Strategy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Keel, Leehyun</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p> extendibility question of the analytical models. In operation, rapid temperature changes can be induced in <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails as they transition from day to night and vice versa. This generates time dependent thermally induced forces, which may in turn create oscillation in structural members such as booms. Such oscillations have an adverse effect on system operations, precise pointing of instruments and antennas and can lead to self excited vibrations of increasing amplitude. The latter phenomenon is known as thermal flutter and can lead to the catastrophic failure of structural systems. To remedy this problem, an active vibration suppression system has been developed. It was shown that piezoelectric actuators used in conjunction with a Proportional Feedback <span class="hlt">Control</span> (PFC) law (or Velocity Feedback <span class="hlt">Control</span> (VFC) law) can induce moments that can suppress structural vibrations and prevent flutter instability in spacecraft booms. In this study, we will investigate <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies using piezoelectric transducers in active, passive, and/or hybrid <span class="hlt">control</span> configurations. Advantages and disadvantages of each configuration will be studied and experiments to determine their capabilities and limitations will be planned. In particular, special attention will be given to the hybrid <span class="hlt">control</span>, also known as energy recycling, configuration due to its unique characteristics.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999BAAA...43...79F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999BAAA...43...79F"><span>Telescopio <span class="hlt">Solar</span> en Hα (HASTA)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Fernández Borda, R.; Francile, C.; Bagala, G.; Bauer, O.; Haerendel, G.; Rieger, E.; Rovira, M.</p> <p></p> <p>El Telescopio <span class="hlt">Solar</span> en Hα (Hα <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope for Argentina (-HASTA-) fue recientemente instalado en la Estación Astronómica de Altura Carlos Ulrrico Cesco (OAFA) en El Leoncito. Este instrumento estudiará la evolución de las fulguraciones <span class="hlt">solares</span> desde tierra con alta resolución temporal y espacial. HASTA es un telescopio refractor de 110 mm con una distancia focal de 165 cm, un filtro Lyot sintonizable (±1Å) con un ancho de banda de 0.3 Å y una cámara CCD de alta resolución (1280×1024 pixels). Todo el conjunto es controlado en forma remota por una PC, la cual además adquiere datos del Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) y de la estación meteorológica. Diseñado <span class="hlt">para</span> detectar fulguraciones, el instrumento trabaja en dos modos (patrullaje y fulguración) con una resolución espacial de 1.5 arcseg por pixel y una resolución temporal de 2 seg. HASTA comenzó a operar en Mayo de 1998 y, junto con otros tres instrumentos <span class="hlt">solares</span>, que se están instalando o se instalaron, harán de El Leoncito un polo de observación <span class="hlt">solar</span> importante en el Hemisferio Sur.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1826b0026S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1826b0026S"><span>Designing of new structure PID <span class="hlt">controller</span> of boost converter for <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic stability</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Shabrina, Hanifati Nur; Setiawan, Eko Adhi; Sabirin, Chip Rinaldi</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>Nowadays, the utilization of renewable energy as the source on distributed generation system is increasing. It aims to reduce reliance and power losses from utility grid and improve power stability in near loads. One example of renewable energy technology that have been highly proven on the market is <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV). This technology converts photon from sunlight into electricity. However, the fluctuation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation that often occurs become the main problem for this system. Due to this condition, the power conversion is needed to convert the change frequently in photovoltaic panel into a stable voltage to the system. Developing <span class="hlt">control</span> of boost converter has important role to keep ability of system stabilization. A conventional PID (Proportional, Integral, Derivative) <span class="hlt">control</span> is mostly used to achieve this goal. In this research, a design of new structure PID <span class="hlt">controller</span> of boost converter is offered to better optimize system stability comparing to the conventional PID. Parameters obtained from this PID structure have been successfully yield a stable boost converter output at 200 V with 10% overshoot, 1.5 seconds of settling time, and 1.5% of steady-state error.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......308P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhDT.......308P"><span>Celulas <span class="hlt">solares</span> e sensores de filme fino de silicio depositados sobre substratos flexiveis =</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pinto, Emilio Sergio Marins Vieira</p> <p></p> <p>Celulas <span class="hlt">solares</span> flexiveis de filmes finos de silicio sao geralmente fabricadas a baixa temperatura sobre substratos de plastico ou a mais elevadas temperaturas sobre folhas de aco. Esta tese reporta o estudo da deposicao de filmes finos sobre diferentes substratos de plastico, transparentes e coloridos, <span class="hlt">para</span> celulas <span class="hlt">solares</span> do tipo sobrestrato e substrato, respectivamente. Como objetivo co-lateral, os filmes dopados depositados sobre plastico foram usados como sensores de deformacao, utilizando as suas propriedades piezo-resistivas. Elevadas taxas de deposicao dos filmes de silicio depositados sobre plastico foram obtidas a baixa temperatura do substrato (150ºC) por rf-PECVD. A influencia de diferentes parametros de deposicao sobre as propriedades e taxa de deposicao dos filmes resultantes foram estudados e correlacionados. Celulas <span class="hlt">solares</span> de filmes finos de silicio amorfo e microcristalino foram desenvolvidas a baixas temperaturas sobre plasticos. Eficiencias de 5 - 6.5% foram alcancadas <span class="hlt">para</span> as celulas amorfas e 7.5% <span class="hlt">para</span> as celulas microcristalinas. Efeitos de aprisionamento da luz foram estudados atraves da texturizacao por ablacao laser de substratos de plastico e corrosao umida de TCO sobre plastico. Filmes finos de silicio microcristalino, depositados por HW-CVD, com fator piezoresistivo de -32.2, foram usados <span class="hlt">para</span> fabricar sensores de deformacao em uma membrana plastica muito fina (15 μm). Estruturas de teste em textil e a miniaturizacao dos sensores piezoresistivos depositados sobre substratos flexiveis de poliimida foram abordados.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_5");'>5</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li class="active"><span>7</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_7 --> <div id="page_8" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="141"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAA...40....5S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAA...40....5S"><span>Líneas metálicas en protuberancias <span class="hlt">solares</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stenborg, G.; Rovira, M. G.; Mauas, P.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Para</span> determinar cual de los modelos existentes de protuberancias <span class="hlt">solares</span> explica mejor las observaciones, es necesario, no solo ajustar los perfiles de las líneas de hidrógeno, sino también utilizar perfiles de distintos metales. En este trabajo, utilizamos un código desarrollado especialmente <span class="hlt">para</span> calcular el equilibrio estadístico de cualquier especie atómica, aplicándolo al cálculo de los perfiles de las líneas del Ca II, el Mg II y el He, <span class="hlt">para</span> determinar cómo se comportan ante variaciones en los parámetros de los modelos de protuberancia (ancho, presión y temperatura centrales y número de hebras), y comparamos con las observaciones existentes <span class="hlt">para</span> determinar que modelo las ajusta mejor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395141-tio-assisted-photoisomerization-azo-dyes-using-self-assembled-monolayers-case-study-para-methyl-red-towards-solar-cell-applications','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1395141-tio-assisted-photoisomerization-azo-dyes-using-self-assembled-monolayers-case-study-para-methyl-red-towards-solar-cell-applications"><span>TiO 2 -Assisted Photoisomerization of Azo Dyes Using Self-Assembled Monolayers: Case Study on <span class="hlt">para</span> -Methyl Red Towards <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Cell Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Lei; Cole, Jacqueline M.</p> <p>2014-02-18</p> <p>The optical and electronic properties of a TiO2 nanoparticle-assisted photo-isomerizable surface, prepared by an azo dye/TiO2 nanocomposite film, are examined experimentally and computationally. The azo dye, <span class="hlt">para</span>-methyl red, undergoes photoisomerization at room temperature, catalyzed by the TiO2 nanoparticle supports, while it exhibits negligible photoisomerization in solvents under otherwise identical conditions. Density functional theory and time-dependent density functional theory are employed to explain the origin of this photoisomerization in these dye…TiO2 nanoparticle self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The device performance of these SAMs when embedded into dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells is used to further elucidate the nature of this azo dye photoisomerization and relatemore » it to the ensuing optoelectronic properties.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050243617','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050243617"><span>Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System Design for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Starin, Scott R.; Bourkland, Kristin L.; Kuo-Chia, Liu; Mason, Paul A. C.; Vess, Melissa F.; Andrews, Stephen F.; Morgenstern, Wendy M.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory mission, part of the Living With a Star program, will place a geosynchronous satellite in orbit to observe the Sun and relay data to a dedicated ground station at all times. SDO remains Sun- pointing throughout most of its mission for the instruments to take measurements of the Sun. The SDO attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system is a single-fault tolerant design. Its fully redundant attitude sensor complement includes 16 coarse Sun sensors, a digital Sun sensor, 3 two-axis inertial reference units, 2 star trackers, and 4 guide telescopes. Attitude actuation is performed using 4 reaction wheels and 8 thrusters, and a single main engine nominally provides velocity-change thrust. The attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> software has five nominal <span class="hlt">control</span> modes-3 wheel-based modes and 2 thruster-based modes. A wheel-based Safehold running in the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> electronics box improves the robustness of the system as a whole. All six modes are designed on the same basic proportional-integral-derivative attitude error structure, with more robust modes setting their integral gains to zero. The paper details the mode designs and their uses.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191044','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17191044"><span>Multiple large <span class="hlt">solar</span> lentigos on the upper back as clinical markers of past severe sunburn: a case-<span class="hlt">control</span> study.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Derancourt, C; Bourdon-Lanoy, E; Grob, J-J; Guillaume, J-C; Bernard, P; Bastuji-Garin, S</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>Multiple <span class="hlt">solar</span> lentigos commonly seen on the upper back and shoulders of adults are classically considered as a sign of photodamage, although epidemiological studies are scarce. To assess whether these lesions are clinical markers of past severe sunburn. A case-<span class="hlt">control</span> study in two outpatient dermatology clinics in French university hospitals. Past episodes of moderate and severe sunburn were compared between 145 adult patients with multiple <span class="hlt">solar</span> lentigos on the upper back and 145 matched <span class="hlt">controls</span>. In multivariate analysis adjusted for potential confounders, recalled episodes of sunburn during childhood, adolescence and adulthood were independently associated with the presence of multiple <span class="hlt">solar</span> lentigos (adjusted odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals: 2.3 (1.1-5.2) and 28.1 (10.4-75.6) for moderate and severe sunburn, respectively). Multiple <span class="hlt">solar</span> lentigos on the upper back and shoulders of adults are potential clinical markers of past severe sunburn which may thus be used to identify a population at higher risk of developing cutaneous malignant melanoma.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED170122.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED170122.pdf"><span>Fundamentals of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Heating. Correspondence Course.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors National Association, Vienna, VA.</p> <p></p> <p>This course is designed for the use of employees of the air conditioning industry, and offers supervised correspondence instruction about <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology. The following aspects of applied <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology are covered: <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling, <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation, <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors, heat storage <span class="hlt">control</span> devices and specialty items, sizing solar…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919372','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25919372"><span>Adaptive <span class="hlt">control</span> of the packet transmission period with <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy harvesting prediction in wireless sensor networks.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kwon, Kideok; Yang, Jihoon; Yoo, Younghwan</p> <p>2015-04-24</p> <p>A number of research works has studied packet scheduling policies in energy scavenging wireless sensor networks, based on the predicted amount of harvested energy. Most of them aim to achieve energy neutrality, which means that an embedded system can operate perpetually while meeting application requirements. Unlike other renewable energy sources, <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy has the feature of distinct periodicity in the amount of harvested energy over a day. Using this feature, this paper proposes a packet transmission <span class="hlt">control</span> policy that can enhance the network performance while keeping sensor nodes alive. Furthermore, this paper suggests a novel <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy prediction method that exploits the relation between cloudiness and <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation. The experimental results and analyses show that the proposed packet transmission policy outperforms others in terms of the deadline miss rate and data throughput. Furthermore, the proposed <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy prediction method can predict more accurately than others by 6.92%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050207361','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050207361"><span>AOCS Performance and Stability Validation for a 160-m <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail with <span class="hlt">Control</span>-Structure Interactions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wie, Bong; Murphy, David</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>Future <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail missions, such as NASA's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Polar Imager Vision, will require sails with dimensions on the order of 50-500 m. We are examining a square sail design with moving mass (trim <span class="hlt">control</span> mass, TCM) and quadrant rotation primary actuators plus pulsed plasma thrusters (PPTs) at the mast tips for backup attitude <span class="hlt">control</span>. Quadrant rotation is achieved via roll stabilizer bars (RSB) at the mast tips. At these sizes, given the gossamer nature of the sail supporting structures, flexible modes may be low enough to interact with the <span class="hlt">control</span> system, especially as these actuators are located on the flexible structure itself and not on the rigid core. This paper develops a practical analysis of the flexible interactions using state-space systems and modal data from finite element models of the system. Torsion and bending of the masts during maneuvers could significantly affect the function of the actuators while activation of the membrane modes could adversely affect the thrust vector direction and magnitude. Analysis of the RSB and TCM dynamics for developing high-fidelity simulations is included. For <span class="hlt">control</span> analysis of the flexible system, standard finite-element models of the flexible sail body are loaded and the modal data is used to create a modal coordinate state-space system. Key parameters include which modes to include, which nodes are of interest for force inputs and displacement outputs, connecting nodes through which external forces and torques are applied from the flex body to the core, any nominal momentum in the system, and any steady rates. The system is linearized about the nominal attitude and rate. The state-space plant can then be analyzed with a state-space <span class="hlt">controller</span>, and Bode, Nyquist, step and impulse responses generated. The approach is general for any rigid core with a flexible appendage. This paper develops a compensator for a simple two-mass flex system and extrapolates the results to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail. A finite element model of the 20 m</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.911a2026P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.911a2026P"><span>Numerical analysis of orbital transfers to Mars using <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails and attitude <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pereira, M. C.; de Melo, C. F.; Meireles, L. G.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails present a promising alternative method of propulsion for the coming phases of the space exploration. With the recent advances in materials engineering, the construction of lighter and more resistant materials capable of impelling spaceships with the use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure has become increasingly viable technologically and economically. The studies, simulations and analysis of orbital transfers from Earth to Mars proposed in this work were implemented considering the use of a flat <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail. Maneuvers considering the delivery of a sailcraft from a Low Earth Orbit to the border of the Earth’s sphere of influence and interplanetary trajectories to Mars were investigated. A set of simulations were implemented varying the attitude of the sail relative to the Sun. Results show that a sailcraft can carry out transfers with final velocity with respect to Mars smaller than the interplanetary Patched-conic approximation, although this requires a longer time of transfers, provided the attitude of the sailcraft relative to the Sun can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> in some points of the trajectories.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1364033','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1364033"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plus: A Holistic Approach to Distributed <span class="hlt">Solar</span> PV</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>OShaughnessy, Eric J.; Ardani, Kristen B.; Cutler, Dylan S.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> 'plus' refers to an emerging approach to distributed <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV) deployment that uses energy storage and <span class="hlt">controllable</span> devices to optimize customer economics. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus approach increases customer system value through technologies such as electric batteries, smart domestic water heaters, smart air-conditioner (AC) units, and electric vehicles We use an NREL optimization model to explore the customer-side economics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus under various utility rate structures and net metering rates. We explore optimal <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus applications in five case studies with different net metering rates and rate structures. The model deploys different configurations of PV, batteries, smart domesticmore » water heaters, and smart AC units in response to different rate structures and customer load profiles. The results indicate that <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus improves the customer economics of PV and may mitigate some of the negative impacts of evolving rate structures on PV economics. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> plus may become an increasingly viable model for optimizing PV customer economics in an evolving rate environment.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862923','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862923"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> radiation absorbing material</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Googin, John M.; Schmitt, Charles R.; Schreyer, James M.; Whitehead, Harlan D.</p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy absorbing means in <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors are provided by a <span class="hlt">solar</span> selective carbon surface. A <span class="hlt">solar</span> selective carbon surface is a microporous carbon surface having pores within the range of 0.2 to 2 micrometers. Such a surface is provided in a microporous carbon article by <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the pore size. A thermally conductive substrate is provided with a <span class="hlt">solar</span> selective surface by adhering an array of carbon particles in a suitable binder to the substrate, a majority of said particles having diameters within the range of about 0.2-10 microns.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758c0046R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758c0046R"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> device for automatic orientation of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel based on a microcontroller (PIC16f628a)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Rezoug, M. R.; Krama, A.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>This work proposes a <span class="hlt">control</span> device for autonomous <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracker based on one axis, It consists of two main parts; the <span class="hlt">control</span> part which is based on "the PIC16f628a"; it has the role of <span class="hlt">controlling</span>, measuring and plotting responses. The second part is a mechanical device, which has the role of making the <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel follows the day-night change of the sun throughout the year. Both parties are established to improve energy generation of the photovoltaic panels. In this paper, we will explain the main operating principles of our system. Also, we will provide experimental results which demonstrate the good performance and the efficiency of this system. This innovation is different from what has been proposed in previous studies. The important points of this system are maximum output energy and minimum energy consumption of <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracker, its cost is relatively low with simplicity in implementation. The average power increase produced by using the tracking system for a particular day, is over 30 % compared with the static panel.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920017660','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920017660"><span>Structural dynamic interaction with <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking <span class="hlt">control</span> for evolutionary Space Station concepts</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lim, Tae W.; Cooper, Paul A.; Ayers, J. Kirk</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>The sun tracking <span class="hlt">control</span> system design of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Alpha Rotary Joint (SARJ) and the interaction of the <span class="hlt">control</span> system with the flexible structure of Space Station Freedom (SSF) evolutionary concepts are addressed. The significant components of the space station pertaining to the SARJ <span class="hlt">control</span> are described and the tracking <span class="hlt">control</span> system design is presented. Finite element models representing two evolutionary concepts, enhanced operations capability (EOC) and extended operations capability (XOC), are employed to evaluate the influence of low frequency flexible structure on the <span class="hlt">control</span> system design and performance. The design variables of the <span class="hlt">control</span> system are synthesized using a constrained optimization technique to meet design requirements, to provide a given level of <span class="hlt">control</span> system stability margin, and to achieve the most responsive tracking performance. The resulting SARJ <span class="hlt">control</span> system design and performance of the EOC and XOC configurations are presented and compared to those of the SSF configuration. Performance limitations caused by the low frequency of the dominant flexible mode are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865663','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865663"><span>Cable tensioned membrane <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector module with variable tension <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Murphy, Lawrence M.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Disclosed is a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector comprising a membrane for concentrating sunlight, a plurality of elongated structural members for suspending the membrane member thereon, and a plurality of <span class="hlt">control</span> members for adjustably tensioning the membrane member, as well as for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> a focus produced by the membrane members. Each <span class="hlt">control</span> member is disposed at a different corresponding one of the plurality of structural members. The collector also comprises an elongated flexible tensioning member, which serves to stretch the membrane member and to thereafter hold it in tension, and a plurality of sleeve members, which serve to provide the membrane member with a desired surface contour during tensioning of the membrane member. The tensioning member is coupled to the structural members such that the tensioning member is adjustably tensioned through the structural members. The tensioning member is also coupled to the membrane member through the sleeve members such that the sleeve members uniformly and symmetrically stretch the membrane member upon applying tension to the tensioning member with the <span class="hlt">control</span> members.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6132349','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6132349"><span>Cable tensioned membrane <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector module with variable tension <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Murphy, L.M.</p> <p>1984-01-09</p> <p>Disclosed is a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector comprising a membrane member for concentrating sunlight, a plurality of elongated structural members for suspending the membrane member thereon, and a plurality of <span class="hlt">control</span> members for adjustably tensioning the membrane member, as well as for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> a focus produced by the membrane members. Each <span class="hlt">control</span> member is disposed at a different corresponding one of the plurality of structural members. The collector also comprises an elongated flexible tensioning member, which serves to stretch the membrane member and to thereafter hold it in tension, and a plurality of sleeve members which serve to provide the membrane member with a desired surface contour during tensioning of the membrane member. The tensioning member is coupled to the structural members such that the tensioning member is adjustably tensioned through the structural members. The tensioning member is also coupled to the membrane member through the sleeve members such that the sleeve members uniformly and symmetrically stretch the membrane member upon applying tension to the tensioning member with the <span class="hlt">control</span> members.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010906','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010906"><span>Attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> study for a large flexible spacecraft using a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Electric Propulsion System (SEPS)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tolivar, A. F.; Key, R. W.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> performance of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion system (SEPS) was evaluated. A thrust vector <span class="hlt">control</span> system for powered flight <span class="hlt">control</span> was examined along with a gas jet reaction <span class="hlt">control</span> system, and a reaction wheel system, both of which have been proposed for nonpowered flight <span class="hlt">control</span>. Comprehensive computer simulations of each <span class="hlt">control</span> system were made and evaluated using a 30 mode spacecraft model. Results obtained indicate that thrust vector <span class="hlt">control</span> and reaction wheel systems offer acceptable smooth proportional <span class="hlt">control</span>. The gas jet <span class="hlt">control</span> system is shown to be risky for a flexible structure such as SEPS, and is therefore, not recommended as a primary <span class="hlt">control</span> method.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MS%26E...53a2005A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MS%26E...53a2005A"><span>Development of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Powered Irrigation System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abdelkerim, A. I.; Sami Eusuf, M. M. R.; Salami, M. J. E.; Aibinu, A.; Eusuf, M. A.</p> <p>2013-12-01</p> <p>Development of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered irrigation system has been discussed in this paper. This system would be SCADA-based and quite useful in areas where there is plenty of sunshine but insufficient water to carry out farming activities, such as rubber plantation, strawberry plantation, or any plantation, that requires frequent watering. The system is powered by <span class="hlt">solar</span> system as a renewable energy which uses <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel module to convert Sunlight into electricity. The development and implementation of an automated SCADA <span class="hlt">controlled</span> system that uses PLC as a <span class="hlt">controller</span> is significant to agricultural, oil and gas monitoring and <span class="hlt">control</span> purpose purposes. In addition, the system is powered by an intelligent <span class="hlt">solar</span> system in which <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel targets the radiation from the Sun. Other than that, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system has reduced energy cost as well as pollution. The system is equipped with four input sensors; two soil moisture sensors, two level detection sensors. Soil moisture sensor measures the humidity of the soil, whereas the level detection sensors detect the level of water in the tank. The output sides consist of two solenoid valves, which are <span class="hlt">controlled</span> respectively by two moistures sensors.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195286','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195286"><span>Cesium lead iodide <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by annealing temperature.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kim, Yu Geun; Kim, Tae-Yoon; Oh, Jeong Hyeon; Choi, Kyoung Soon; Kim, Youn-Jea; Kim, Soo Young</p> <p>2017-02-22</p> <p>An inorganic lead halide perovskite film, CsPbI 3 , used as an absorber in perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (PSCs) was optimized by <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the annealing temperature and the layer thickness. The CsPbI 3 layer was synthesized by one-step coating of CsI mixed with PbI 2 and a HI additive in N,N-dimethylformamide. The annealing temperature of the CsPbI 3 film was varied from 80 to 120 °C for different durations and the thickness was <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by changing the spin-coating rpm. After annealing the CsPbI 3 layer at 100 °C under dark conditions for 10 min, a black phase of CsPbI 3 was formed and the band gap was 1.69 eV. Most of the yellow spots disappeared, the surface coverage was almost 100%, and the rms roughness was minimized to 3.03 nm after annealing at 100 °C. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the CsPbI 3 based PSC annealed at 100 °C was 4.88%. This high PCE value is attributed to the low yellow phase ratio, high surface coverage, low rms roughness, lower charge transport resistance, and lower charge accumulation. The loss ratio of the PCE of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x and CsPbI 3 based PSCs after keeping in air was 47 and 26%, respectively, indicating that the stability of the CsPbI 3 based PSC is better than that of the CH 3 NH 3 PbI x Cl 3-x based PSC. From these results, it is evident that CsPbI 3 is a potential candidate for <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell applications.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010284','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800010284"><span>A ground based phase <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> power satellite. Executive summary, volume 1, phase 3</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chie, C. M.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellite (SPS) concept and the reference phase <span class="hlt">control</span> system investigated in earlier efforts are reviewed. A summary overview of the analysis and selection of the pilot signal and power transponder design is presented along with the SOLARSIM program development and the simulated SPS phase <span class="hlt">control</span> performance. Evaluations of the ground based phase <span class="hlt">control</span> system as an alternate phase <span class="hlt">control</span> concept are summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAnSc..63..103S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JAnSc..63..103S"><span>Large Angle Reorientation of a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Using Gimballed Mass <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sperber, E.; Fu, B.; Eke, F. O.</p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>This paper proposes a <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy for the large angle reorientation of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail equipped with a gimballed mass. The algorithm consists of a first stage that manipulates the gimbal angle in order to minimize the attitude error about a single principal axis. Once certain termination conditions are reached, a regulator is employed that selects a single gimbal angle for minimizing both the residual attitude error concomitantly with the body rate. Because the force due to the specular reflection of radiation is always directed along a reflector's surface normal, this form of thrust vector <span class="hlt">control</span> cannot generate torques about an axis normal to the plane of the sail. Thus, in order to achieve three-axis <span class="hlt">control</span> authority a 1-2-1 or 2-1-2 sequence of rotations about principal axes is performed. The <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm is implemented directly in-line with the nonlinear equations of motion and key performance characteristics are identified.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MSSP...79..289M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016MSSP...79..289M"><span>A comparative study between <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailcraft in an Earth-Mars transfer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mainenti-Lopes, I.; Souza, L. C. Gadelha; De Sousa, Fabiano. L.</p> <p>2016-10-01</p> <p>The goal of this work was a comparative study of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail trajectory optimization using different <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sailcraft is propulsion system with great interest in space engineering, since it uses <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation to propulsion. So there is no need for propellant to be used, thus it can remains active throughout the entire transfer maneuver. This type of propulsion system opens the possibility to reduce the cost of exploration missions in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system. In its simplest configuration, a Flat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail (FSS) consists of a large and thin structure generally composed by a film fixed to flexible rods. The performance of these vehicles depends largely on the sails attitude relative to the Sun. Using a FSS as propulsion, an Earth-Mars transfer optimization problem was tackled by the algorithms GEOreal1 and GEOreal2 (Generalized Extremal Optimization with real codification). Those algorithms are Evolutionary Algorithms (AE) based on the theory of Self-Organized Criticality. They were used to optimize the FSS attitude angle so it could reach Mars orbit in minimum time. It was considered that the FSS could perform up to ten attitude maneuvers during orbital transfer. Moreover, the time between maneuvers can be different. So, the algorithms had to optimize an objective function with 20 design variables. The results obtained in this work were compared with previously results that considered constant values of time between maneuvers.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_6");'>6</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li class="active"><span>8</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_8 --> <div id="page_9" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="161"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012670','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780012670"><span>Modular <span class="hlt">control</span> subsystems for use in <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating systems for multi-family dwellings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Progress in the development of <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating modular <span class="hlt">control</span> subsystems is reported. Circuit design, circuit drawings, and printed circuit board layout are discussed along with maintenance manuals, installation instructions, and verification and acceptance tests. Calculations made to determine the predicted performance of the differential thermostat are given including details and results of tests for the offset temperature, and boil and freeze protect points.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......122W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PhDT.......122W"><span>The dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail spacecraft in displaced lunar orbits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wawrzyniak, Geoffrey George</p> <p></p> <p> structure of the solution space is not well known. Because of their simplicity and speed, the FDM is used to populate a survey to assist in the understanding of the available design space. Trajectories generated by FDMs can also be used to initialize other nonlinear BVP solvers. Any solution is only as accurate as the model used to generate it, especially when the trajectory is dynamically unstable, certainly the case when an orbit is purposefully offset from the Moon. Perturbations, such as unmodeled gravitational forces, variations in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> flux, as well as mis-modeling of the sail and bus properties, all shift the spacecraft off the reference trajectory and, potentially, into a regime from which the vehicle is unrecoverable. Therefore, some type of flight-path <span class="hlt">control</span> is required to maintain the vehicle near the reference path. Reference trajectories, supplied by FDMs, are used to develop guidance algorithms based on other, more accurate, numerical procedures, such as multiple shooting. The primary motivation of this investigation is to determine what level of technology is required to displace a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail spacecraft sufficiently such that a vehicle equipped with a sail supplies a continuous relay between the Earth and an outpost at the lunar south pole. To accomplish this objective, numerical methods to generate reference orbits that meet mission constraints are examined, as well as flight-path <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies to ensure that a sailcraft follows those reference trajectories. A survey of the design space is also performed to highlight vehicle-performance and ground-based metrics critical to a mission that monitors the lunar south pole at all times. Finally, observations about the underlying dynamical structure of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail motion in a multi-body system are summarized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830047832&hterms=energy+Solar+vehicles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Denergy%2BSolar%2Bvehicles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830047832&hterms=energy+Solar+vehicles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D90%26Ntt%3Denergy%2BSolar%2Bvehicles"><span>An investigation of quasi-inertial attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> power satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Juang, J.-N.; Wang, S. J.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>An efficient means, a quasi-inertial attitude mode, is developed for maintaining the normal <span class="hlt">solar</span> orientation of a space satellite for power collection in a synchronous orbit. Formulae are presented which establish the basic parametric properties for ideal quasi-inertial attitude and phasing. An active <span class="hlt">control</span> system is necessary to compensate for the energy loss since energy dissipation in widely oscillating flexible bodies produces an instability of the quasi-inertial attitude in the sense that the spacecraft will tumble at the orbit rate. A fixed terminal time and state optimal <span class="hlt">control</span> problem is formulated and an algorithm for determining the optimal <span class="hlt">control</span> as a means for the periodical attitude and phase compensation is developed. The vehicle orientation affected by internal disturbance (structural flexibility) and external disturbances (e.g., drag forces) is maintained by a specialized <span class="hlt">controller</span> design.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9909E..7CM','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016SPIE.9909E..7CM"><span>Simulation of DKIST <span class="hlt">solar</span> adaptive optics system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Marino, Jose; Carlisle, Elizabeth; Schmidt, Dirk</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> adaptive optics (AO) simulations are a valuable tool to guide the design and optimization process of current and future <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO and multi-conjugate AO (MCAO) systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> AO and MCAO systems rely on extended object cross-correlating Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensors to measure the wavefront. Accurate <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO simulations require computationally intensive operations, which have until recently presented a prohibitive computational cost. We present an update on the status of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO and MCAO simulation tool being developed at the National <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Observatory. The simulation tool is a multi-threaded application written in the C++ language that takes advantage of current large multi-core CPU computer systems and fast ethernet connections to provide accurate full simulation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO and MCAO systems. It interfaces with KAOS, a state of the art <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO <span class="hlt">control</span> software developed by the Kiepenheuer-Institut fuer Sonnenphysik, that provides reliable AO <span class="hlt">control</span>. We report on the latest results produced by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO simulation tool.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050215604','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050215604"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Roadmap Mission GN and C Challenges</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heaton, Andrew F.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>The NASA In-Space Propulsion program is funding development work for <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails to enhance future scientific opportunities. Key to this effort are scientific <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail roadmap missions identified by peer review. The two near-term missions of interest are L1 Diamond and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Polar Imager. Additionally, the New Millennium Program is sponsoring the Space Technology 9 (ST9) demonstration mission. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails are one of five technologies competing for the ST9 flight demonstration. Two candidate <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail missions have been identified for a potential ST9 flight. All the roadmap missions and candidate flight demonstration missions face various GN&C challenges. A variety of efforts are underway to address these challenges. These include <span class="hlt">control</span> actuator design and testing, low thrust optimization studies, attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system design and modeling, <span class="hlt">control</span>-structure interaction studies, trajectory <span class="hlt">control</span> design, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure model development. Here we survey the various efforts underway and identify a few of specific recent interest and focus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840004086','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840004086"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> powered aircraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Phillips, W. H. (Inventor)</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>A cruciform wing structure for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered aircraft is disclosed. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> cells are mounted on horizontal wing surfaces. Wing surfaces with spanwise axis perpendicular to surfaces maintain these surfaces normal to the Sun's rays by allowing aircraft to be flown in a <span class="hlt">controlled</span> pattern at a large bank angle. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> airplane may be of conventional design with respect to fuselage, propeller and tail, or may be constructed around a core and driven by propeller mechanisms attached near the tips of the airfoils.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654254-controlling-influence-magnetic-field-solar-wind-outflow-investigation-using-current-sheet-source-surface-model','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654254-controlling-influence-magnetic-field-solar-wind-outflow-investigation-using-current-sheet-source-surface-model"><span><span class="hlt">CONTROLLING</span> INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC FIELD ON <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span> WIND OUTFLOW: AN INVESTIGATION USING CURRENT SHEET SOURCE SURFACE MODEL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Poduval, B., E-mail: bpoduval@spacescience.org</p> <p>2016-08-10</p> <p>This Letter presents the results of an investigation into the <span class="hlt">controlling</span> influence of large-scale magnetic field of the Sun in determining the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind outflow using two magnetostatic coronal models: current sheet source surface (CSSS) and potential field source surface. For this, we made use of the Wang and Sheeley inverse correlation between magnetic flux expansion rate (FTE) and observed <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed (SWS) at 1 au. During the period of study, extended over <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 23 and beginning of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 24, we found that the coefficients of the fitted quadratic equation representing the FTE–SWS inverse relation exhibited significantmore » temporal variation, implying the changing pattern of the influence of FTE on SWS over time. A particularly noteworthy feature is an anomaly in the behavior of the fitted coefficients during the extended minimum, 2008–2010 (CRs 2073–2092), which is considered due to the particularly complex nature of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic field during this period. However, this variation was significant only for the CSSS model, though not a systematic dependence on the phase of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. Further, we noticed that the CSSS model demonstrated better <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind prediction during the period of study, which we attribute to the treatment of volume and sheet currents throughout the corona and the more accurate tracing of footpoint locations resulting from the geometry of the model.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1398403','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1398403"><span>Technology Assessments of High Performance Envelope with Optimized Lighting, <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <span class="hlt">Control</span>, and Daylighting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Lee, Eleanor S.; Thanachareonkit, Anothai; Touzani, Samir</p> <p></p> <p>The objective of this monitored field study was to identify near-term innovative façade technologies for <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> and daylighting with a goal of 20-40% energy use savings below Title 24 2013 in the 30-ft deep perimeter zone near vertical windows within cost and comfort constraints. The targeted market was new or existing commercial office buildings or buildings with similar patterns of use.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990063832','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990063832"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Shadowing on the Power Capability of the Interim <span class="hlt">Control</span> Module</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fincannon, James; Hojnicki, Jeffrey S.; Garner, James Christopher</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>The Interim <span class="hlt">Control</span> Module (ICM) is being built by the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) for NASA as a propulsion module for the International Space Station (ISS). Originally developed as a spinning spacecraft used to move payloads to their final orbit, for ISS, the ICM will be in a fixed orientation and location for long periods resulting in substantial <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel shadowing. This paper describes the methods used to determine the incident energy incident energy on the ICM <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels and the power capability of the electric power system (EPS). Applying this methodology has resulted in analyses and assessments used to identify ICM early design changes/options, placement and orientations that enable successful operation of the EPS under a wide variety of anticipated conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSH13C2268L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012AGUFMSH13C2268L"><span>On the Cause of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Differential Rotations in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Interior and Near the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Surface</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lyu, L.</p> <p>2012-12-01</p> <p>A theoretical model is proposed to explain the cause of <span class="hlt">solar</span> differential rotations observed in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> interior and near the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface. We propose that the latitudinal differential rotation in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> convection zone is a manifestation of an easterly wind in the mid latitude. The speed of the easterly wind is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the magnitude of the poleward temperature gradient in the lower part of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> convection zone. The poleward temperature gradient depends on the orientation and strength of the magnetic fields at different latitudes in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> convection zone. The north-south asymmetry in the wind speed can lead to north-south asymmetry in the evolution of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. The easterly wind is known to be unstable for a west-to-east rotating star or planet. Based on the observed differential rotations in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> convection zone, we can estimate the easterly wind speed at about 60-degree latitude and determine the azimuthal wave number of the unstable wave modes along the zonal flow. The lowest azimuthal wave number is about m=7~8. This result is consistent with the average width of the elephant-trunk coronal hole shown in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> X-ray images. The nonlinear evolution of the unstable easterly wind can lead to transpolar migration of coronal holes and can change the poloidal magnetic field in a very efficient way. In the study of radial differential rotation near the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface, we propose that the radial differential rotation depends on the radial temperature gradient. The radial temperature gradient depends on the magnetic field structure above the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface. The non-uniform magnetic field distribution above the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface can lead to non-uniform radial convections and formation of magnetic flux rope at different spatial scales. The possible cause of continuous formation and eruption of prominences near an active region will also be discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.6240H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JGRA..122.6240H"><span>Distribution and <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind <span class="hlt">control</span> of compressional <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind-magnetic anomaly interactions observed at the Moon by ARTEMIS</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Halekas, J. S.; Poppe, A. R.; Lue, C.; Farrell, W. M.; McFadden, J. P.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>A statistical investigation of 5 years of observations from the two-probe Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) mission reveals that strong compressional interactions occur infrequently at high altitudes near the ecliptic but can form in a wide range of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions and can occur up to two lunar radii downstream from the lunar limb. The compressional events, some of which may represent small-scale collisionless shocks ("limb shocks"), occur in both steady and variable interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions, with those forming in steady IMF well organized by the location of lunar remanent crustal magnetization. The events observed by ARTEMIS have similarities to ion foreshock phenomena, and those observed in variable IMF conditions may result from either local lunar interactions or distant terrestrial foreshock interactions. Observed velocity deflections associated with compressional events are always outward from the lunar wake, regardless of location and <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions. However, events for which the observed velocity deflection is parallel to the upstream motional electric field form in distinctly different <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind conditions and locations than events with antiparallel deflections. Consideration of the momentum transfer between incoming and reflected <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind populations helps explain the observed characteristics of the different groups of events.<abstract type="synopsis"><title type="main">Plain Language SummaryWe survey the environment around the Moon to determine when and where strong amplifications in the charged particle density and magnetic field strength occur. These structures may be some of the smallest shock waves in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, and learning about their formation informs us about the interaction of charged particles with small-scale magnetic fields throughout the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system and beyond. We find that these compressions occur in an extended region</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919903','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28919903"><span>The Role of Soil <span class="hlt">Solarization</span> in India: How an Unnoticed Practice Could Support Pest <span class="hlt">Control</span>.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Gill, Harsimran K; Aujla, Iqbal S; De Bellis, Luigi; Luvisi, Andrea</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Plant protection represents one of the strategies to fill the yield gap and to achieve food security, a key topic for India development. Analysis of climate risks for crops indicates that South Asia is one of the regions most exposed to the adverse impact on many plants that are relevant to inhabitants exposed to food safety risks. Furthermore, accumulation of pesticide residues in the aquatic and other ecosystems is becoming a significant threat in India. These perspectives require to develop programs of crop protection that can be feasible according to Indian rural development and pollution policy. Here we review the research works done on soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> in India. Soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> (also called plasticulture) is an eco-friendly soil disinfestations method for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. This is the process of trapping <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy by moist soil covered with transparent polyethylene films and chemistry, biology and physical properties of soil are involved in pest <span class="hlt">control</span>. So far, this technique is applied in more than 50 countries, mostly in hot and humid regions. India has 29 states and these states fall under five climatic zones, from humid to arid ones. We report pest management application in different climatic zones and their effects on production, weeds, nematodes, and pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of soil temperatures and crop protection results indicate as environmental requirement for soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> fits in most of Indian rural areas. Soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> is compatible with future Indian scenarios and may support Indian national food security programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980201681','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980201681"><span>Using <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Radiation Pressure to <span class="hlt">Control</span> L2 Orbits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Tene, Noam; Richon, Karen; Folta, David</p> <p>1998-01-01</p> <p>The main perturbations at the Sun-Earth Lagrange points L1 and L2 are from <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure (SRP), the Moon and the planets. Traditional approaches to trajectory design for Lagrange-point orbits use maneuvers every few months to correct for these perturbations. The gravitational effects of the Moon and the planets are small and periodic. However, they cannot be neglected because small perturbations in the direction of the unstable eigenvector are enough to cause exponential growth within a few months. The main effect of a constant SRP is to shift the center of the orbit by a small distance. For spacecraft with large sun-shields like the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP) and the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST), the SRP effect is larger than all other perturbations and depends mostly on spacecraft attitude. Small variations in the spacecraft attitude are large enough to excite or <span class="hlt">control</span> the exponential eigenvector. A closed-loop linear <span class="hlt">controller</span> based on the SRP variations would eliminate one of the largest errors to the orbit and provide a continuous acceleration for use in <span class="hlt">controlling</span> other disturbances. It is possible to design reference trajectories that account for the periodic lunar and planetary perturbations and still satisfy mission requirements. When such trajectories are used the acceleration required to <span class="hlt">control</span> the unstable eigenvector is well within the capabilities of a continuous linear <span class="hlt">controller</span>. Initial estimates show that by using attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> it should be possible to minimize and even eliminate thruster maneuvers for station keeping.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcAau.139..357D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AcAau.139..357D"><span>Attitude and vibration <span class="hlt">control</span> of a satellite containing flexible <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays by using reaction wheels, and piezoelectric transducers as sensors and actuators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>da Fonseca, Ijar M.; Rade, Domingos A.; Goes, Luiz C. S.; de Paula Sales, Thiago</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The primary purpose of this paper is to provide insight into <span class="hlt">control</span>-structure interaction for satellites comprising flexible appendages and internal moving components. The physical model considered herein aiming to attend such purpose is a rigid-flexible satellite consisting of a rigid platform containing two rotating flexible <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels rotation is assumed to be in a sun-synchronous configuration mode. The panels contain surface-bonded piezoelectric patches that can be used either as sensors for the elastic displacements or as actuators to counteract the vibration motion. It is assumed that in the normal mode operation the satellite platform points towards the Earth while the <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays rotate so as to follow the Sun. The vehicle moves in a low Earth polar orbit. The technique used to obtain the mathematical model combines the Lagrangian formulation with the Finite Elements Method used to describe the dynamics of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel. The gravity-gradient torque as well as the torque due to the interaction of the Earth magnetic field and the satellite internal residual magnetic moment is included as environmental perturbations. The actuators are three reaction wheels for attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> and piezoelectric actuators to <span class="hlt">control</span> the flexible motion of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays. Computer simulations are performed using the MATLAB® software package. The following on-orbit satellite operating configurations are object of analysis: i) Satellite pointing towards the Earth (Earth acquisition maneuver) by considering the initial conditions in the elastic displacement equal to zero, aiming the assessment of the flexible modes excitation by the referred maneuver; ii) the satellite pointing towards the Earth with the assumption of an initial condition different from zero for the flexible motion such that the attitude alterations are checked against the elastic motion disturbance; and iii) attitude acquisition accomplished by taking into account initial conditions</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780009542','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780009542"><span>System design and installation for RS600 programmable <span class="hlt">control</span> system for <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Procedures for installing, operating, and maintaining a programmable <span class="hlt">control</span> system which utilizes a F8 microprocessor to perform all timing, <span class="hlt">control</span>, and calculation functions in order to customize system performance to meet individual requirements for <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating, combined heating and cooling, and/or hot water systems are described. The manual discusses user configuration and options, displays, theory of operation, trouble-shooting procedures, and warranty and assistance. Wiring lists, parts lists, drawings, and diagrams are included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000025&hterms=wiring+installation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dwiring%2Binstallation','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000025&hterms=wiring+installation&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dwiring%2Binstallation"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Water Heater Installation Package</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A 48-page report describes water-heating system, installation (covering collector orientation, mounting, plumbing and wiring), operating instructions and maintenance procedures. Commercial <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered water heater system consists of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-heated-water tank, electrically heated water tank and <span class="hlt">controls</span>. Analysis of possible hazards from pressure, electricity, toxicity, flammability, gas, hot water and steam are also included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchanger&pg=2&id=EJ310571','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=heat+AND+exchanger&pg=2&id=EJ310571"><span>A Practical Application of Microcomputers to <span class="hlt">Control</span> an Active <span class="hlt">Solar</span> System.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Goldman, David S.; Warren, William</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Describes the design and implementation of a microcomputer-based model active <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating system. Includes discussions of: (1) the active <span class="hlt">solar</span> components (<span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, heat exchanger, pump, and fan necessary to provide forced air heating); (2) software components; and (3) hardware components (in the form of sensors and actuators). (JN)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+photovoltaic&pg=5&id=EJ264893','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+photovoltaic&pg=5&id=EJ264893"><span>Pioneering with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Pollack, George; Pollack, Mary</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>Describes the development of Mississippi County Community College's (MCCC's) <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system. Explains the functioning of the campus's computer-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> photovoltaic concentrator system, MCCC's cooperative agreement with the Arkansas-Missouri Power Company, program funding, the integration of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system with other building components,…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/909656','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/909656"><span>Hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> lighting systems and components</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Muhs, Jeffrey D [Lenoir City, TN; Earl, Dennis D [Knoxville, TN; Beshears, David L [Knoxville, TN; Maxey, Lonnie C [Powell, TN; Jordan, John K [Oak Ridge, TN; Lind, Randall F [Lenoir City, TN</p> <p>2007-06-12</p> <p>A hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> lighting system and components having at least one hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator, at least one fiber receiver, at least one hybrid luminaire, and a light distribution system operably connected to each hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator and each hybrid luminaire. A <span class="hlt">controller</span> operates each component.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917470P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EGUGA..1917470P"><span>Is tropospheric weather influenced by <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind through atmospheric vertical coupling downward <span class="hlt">control</span>?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prikryl, Paul; Tsukijihara, Takumi; Iwao, Koki; Muldrew, Donald B.; Bruntz, Robert; Rušin, Vojto; Rybanský, Milan; Turňa, Maroš; Šťastný, Pavel; Pastirčák, Vladimír</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p> (Prikryl et al., Ann. Geophys., 27, 31-57, 2009). It is primarily the energy provided by release of latent heat that leads to intensification of storms. These results indicate that vertical coupling in the atmosphere exerts downward <span class="hlt">control</span> from <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind to the lower atmospheric levels influencing tropospheric weather development.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_7");'>7</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li class="active"><span>9</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_9 --> <div id="page_10" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="181"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850041177&hterms=1055&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231055','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19850041177&hterms=1055&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231055"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind <span class="hlt">control</span> of magnetospheric pressure (CDAW 6)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fairfield, D. H.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The CDAW 6 data base is used to compare <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and magnetospheric pressures. The flaring angle of the tail magnetopause is determined by assuming that the component of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind pressure normal to the tail boundary is equal to the total pressure within the tail. Results indicate an increase in the tail flaring angle from 18 deg to 32 deg prior to the 1055 substorm onset and a decrease to 25 deg after the onset. This behavior supports the concept of tail energy storage before the substorm and subsequent release after the onset.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001129','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20180001129"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Torque Management for the Near Earth Asteroid Scout CubeSat Using Center of Mass Position <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Orphee, Juan; Heaton, Andrew; Diedrich, Ben; Stiltner, Brandon C.</p> <p>2018-01-01</p> <p>A novel mechanism, the Active Mass Translator (AMT), has been developed for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission to autonomously manage the spacecraft momentum. The NEA Scout CubeSat will launch as a secondary payload onboard Exploration Mission 1 of the Space Launch System. To accomplish its mission, the CubeSat will be propelled by an 86 square-meter <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail during its two-year journey to reach asteroid 1991VG. NEA Scout's primary attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system uses reaction wheels for holding attitude and performing slew maneuvers, while a cold gas reaction <span class="hlt">control</span> system performs the initial detumble and early trajectory correction maneuvers. The AMT <span class="hlt">control</span> system requirements, feedback architecture, and <span class="hlt">control</span> performance will be presented. The AMT reduces the amount of reaction <span class="hlt">control</span> propellant needed for momentum management and allows for smaller capacity reaction wheels suitable for the limited 6U spacecraft volume. The reduced spacecraft mass allows higher in-space <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail acceleration, thus reducing time-of-flight. The reduced time-of-flight opens the range of possible missions, which is limited by the lifetime of typical non-radiation tolerant CubeSat avionics exposed to the deep-space environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012436','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012436"><span>Lessons for Interstellar Travel from the Guidance and <span class="hlt">Control</span> Design of the Near Earth Asteroid Scout <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Diedrich, Benjamin; Heaton, Andrew</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>NASA's Near Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission will fly by and image an asteroid. The team has experience characterizing the sail forces and torques used in guidance, navigation, and <span class="hlt">control</span> to meet the scientific objectives. Interstellar and precursor sail missions similarly require understanding of beam riding dynamics to follow sufficiently accurate trajectories to perform their missions. Objective: Identify the driving factors required to implement a guidance and <span class="hlt">control</span> system that meets mission requirements for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission; Compare experience of an asteroid flyby mission to interstellar missions to flyby and observe other stars or precursor missions to study the extrasolar medium.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940004514','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940004514"><span>Design of a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Mission to Mars</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Feaux, K.; Jordan, W.; Killough, G.; Miller, R.; Plunk, V.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>A new area of interest in space vehicles is the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail. Various applications for which it has been considered are attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> of satellites, focusing light on the jungles of Vietnam, and a Halley's comet rendezvous. Although for various reasons these projects were never completed, new interest in <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails has arisen. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail is an alternative to the rocket-propelled space vehicle as an interplanetary cargo vehicle, and manufacture of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails on the space station is a possibility. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails have several advantages over rockets, including an unlimited power supply and low maintenance. The purpose of this project is to design a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission to Mars. The spacecraft will efficiently journey to Mars powered only by a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail. The vehicle weighs 487.16 kg and will be launchable on an expendable launch vehicle. The project includes an investigation of options to minimize cost, weight, and flight duration. The design of the sail and its deployment system are a major part of the project, as is the actual mission planning. Various topics researched include <span class="hlt">solar</span> power, material, space environment, thermal <span class="hlt">control</span>, trajectories, and orbit transfer. Various configurations are considered in order to determine the optimal structure. Another design consideration is the <span class="hlt">control</span> system of the vehicle. This system includes the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> and the communication system of the sail. This project will aid in determining the feasibility of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail and will raise public interest in space research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940014377','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940014377"><span>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> optical telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Objectives of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Optical Telescope are to study the physics of the Sun on the scale at which many of the important physical processes occur and to attain a resolution of 73km on the Sun or 0.1 arc seconds of angular resolution. Topics discussed in this overview of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Optical Telescope include: why is the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Optical Telescope needed; current picture of the Sun's atmosphere and convection zone; scientific problems for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Optical Telescope; a description of the telescope; the facility - science management, contamination <span class="hlt">control</span>, and accessibility to the instruments; the scientific instruments - a coordinated instrument package for unlocking the Sun's secrets; parameters of the coordinated instrument package; science operations from the Space Shuttle; and the dynamic <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5585745','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5585745"><span>The Role of Soil <span class="hlt">Solarization</span> in India: How an Unnoticed Practice Could Support Pest <span class="hlt">Control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Gill, Harsimran K.; Aujla, Iqbal S.; De Bellis, Luigi; Luvisi, Andrea</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Plant protection represents one of the strategies to fill the yield gap and to achieve food security, a key topic for India development. Analysis of climate risks for crops indicates that South Asia is one of the regions most exposed to the adverse impact on many plants that are relevant to inhabitants exposed to food safety risks. Furthermore, accumulation of pesticide residues in the aquatic and other ecosystems is becoming a significant threat in India. These perspectives require to develop programs of crop protection that can be feasible according to Indian rural development and pollution policy. Here we review the research works done on soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> in India. Soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> (also called plasticulture) is an eco-friendly soil disinfestations method for managing soil-borne plant pathogens. This is the process of trapping <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy by moist soil covered with transparent polyethylene films and chemistry, biology and physical properties of soil are involved in pest <span class="hlt">control</span>. So far, this technique is applied in more than 50 countries, mostly in hot and humid regions. India has 29 states and these states fall under five climatic zones, from humid to arid ones. We report pest management application in different climatic zones and their effects on production, weeds, nematodes, and pathogenic microorganisms. The analysis of soil temperatures and crop protection results indicate as environmental requirement for soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> fits in most of Indian rural areas. Soil <span class="hlt">solarization</span> is compatible with future Indian scenarios and may support Indian national food security programs. PMID:28919903</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070025111','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070025111"><span>Apparent Relations Between <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Activity and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tides Caused by the Planets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hung, Ching-Cheh</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> storm is a storm of ions and electrons from the Sun. Large <span class="hlt">solar</span> storms are usually preceded by <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares, phenomena that can be characterized quantitatively from Earth. Twenty-five of the thirty-eight largest known <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares were observed to start when one or more tide-producing planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Jupiter) were either nearly above the event positions (less than 10 deg. longitude) or at the opposing side of the Sun. The probability for this to happen at random is 0.039 percent. This supports the hypothesis that the force or momentum balance (between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmospheric pressure, the gravity field, and magnetic field) on plasma in the looping magnetic field lines in <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona could be disturbed by tides, resulting in magnetic field reconnection, <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> storms. Separately, from the daily position data of Venus, Earth, and Jupiter, an 11-year planet alignment cycle is observed to approximately match the sunspot cycle. This observation supports the hypothesis that the resonance and beat between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> tide cycle and nontidal <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity cycle influences the sunspot cycle and its varying magnitudes. The above relations between the unpredictable <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares and the predictable <span class="hlt">solar</span> tidal effects could be used and further developed to forecast the dangerous space weather and therefore reduce its destructive power against the humans in space and satellites <span class="hlt">controlling</span> mobile phones and global positioning satellite (GPS) systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1417734-solar-plus-optimization-distributed-solar-pv-through-battery-storage-dispatchable-load-residential-buildings','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1417734-solar-plus-optimization-distributed-solar-pv-through-battery-storage-dispatchable-load-residential-buildings"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> plus: Optimization of distributed <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV through battery storage and dispatchable load in residential buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>O'Shaughnessy, Eric; Cutler, Dylan; Ardani, Kristen</p> <p></p> <p>As utility electricity rates evolve, pairing <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storage has potential to ensure the value proposition of residential <span class="hlt">solar</span> by mitigating economic uncertainty. In addition to batteries, load <span class="hlt">control</span> technologies can reshape customer load profiles to optimize PV system use. The combination of PV, energy storage, and load <span class="hlt">control</span> provides an integrated approach to PV deployment, which we call '<span class="hlt">solar</span> plus'. The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Renewable Energy Optimization (REopt) model is utilized to evaluate cost-optimal technology selection, sizing, and dispatch in residential buildings under a variety of rate structures and locations. The REopt modelmore » is extended to include a <span class="hlt">controllable</span> or 'smart' domestic hot water heater model and smart air conditioner model. We find that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus approach improves end user economics across a variety of rate structures - especially those that are challenging for PV - including lower grid export rates, non-coincident time-of-use structures, and demand charges.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1417734-solar-plus-optimization-distributed-solar-pv-through-battery-storage-dispatchable-load-residential-buildings','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1417734-solar-plus-optimization-distributed-solar-pv-through-battery-storage-dispatchable-load-residential-buildings"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> plus: Optimization of distributed <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV through battery storage and dispatchable load in residential buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>O'Shaughnessy, Eric; Cutler, Dylan; Ardani, Kristen; ...</p> <p>2018-01-11</p> <p>As utility electricity rates evolve, pairing <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (PV) systems with battery storage has potential to ensure the value proposition of residential <span class="hlt">solar</span> by mitigating economic uncertainty. In addition to batteries, load <span class="hlt">control</span> technologies can reshape customer load profiles to optimize PV system use. The combination of PV, energy storage, and load <span class="hlt">control</span> provides an integrated approach to PV deployment, which we call '<span class="hlt">solar</span> plus'. The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Renewable Energy Optimization (REopt) model is utilized to evaluate cost-optimal technology selection, sizing, and dispatch in residential buildings under a variety of rate structures and locations. The REopt modelmore » is extended to include a <span class="hlt">controllable</span> or 'smart' domestic hot water heater model and smart air conditioner model. We find that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> plus approach improves end user economics across a variety of rate structures - especially those that are challenging for PV - including lower grid export rates, non-coincident time-of-use structures, and demand charges.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.7499K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Nanos...5.7499K"><span>Three-dimensional imaging for precise structural <span class="hlt">control</span> of Si quantum dot networks for all-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kourkoutis, Lena F.; Hao, Xiaojing; Huang, Shujuan; Puthen-Veettil, Binesh; Conibeer, Gavin; Green, Martin A.; Perez-Wurfl, Ivan</p> <p>2013-07-01</p> <p>All-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on Si quantum dots (QDs) are a promising approach to future high-performance, thin film <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells using abundant, stable and non-toxic materials. An important prerequisite to achieve a high conversion efficiency in such cells is the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> the geometry of the Si QD network. This includes the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> both, the size and arrangement of Si QDs embedded in a higher bandgap matrix. Using plasmon tomography we show the size, shape and density of Si QDs, that form in Si rich oxide (SRO)/SiO2 multilayers upon annealing, can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by varying the SRO stoichiometry. Smaller, more spherical QDs of higher densities are obtained at lower Si concentrations. In richer SRO layers ellipsoidal QDs tend to form. Using electronic structure calculations within the effective mass approximation we show that ellipsoidal QDs give rise to reduced inter-QD coupling in the layer. Efficient carrier transport via mini-bands is in this case more likely across the multilayers provided the SiO2 spacer layer is thin enough to allow coupling in the vertical direction.All-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on Si quantum dots (QDs) are a promising approach to future high-performance, thin film <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells using abundant, stable and non-toxic materials. An important prerequisite to achieve a high conversion efficiency in such cells is the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> the geometry of the Si QD network. This includes the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> both, the size and arrangement of Si QDs embedded in a higher bandgap matrix. Using plasmon tomography we show the size, shape and density of Si QDs, that form in Si rich oxide (SRO)/SiO2 multilayers upon annealing, can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by varying the SRO stoichiometry. Smaller, more spherical QDs of higher densities are obtained at lower Si concentrations. In richer SRO layers ellipsoidal QDs tend to form. Using electronic structure calculations within the effective mass approximation we show that ellipsoidal QDs give rise to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174434','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1174434"><span>Adaptive, full-spectrum <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Muhs, Jeffrey D.; Earl, Dennis D.</p> <p>2003-08-05</p> <p>An adaptive full spectrum <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system having at least one hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator, at least one hybrid luminaire, at least one hybrid photobioreactor, and a light distribution system operably connected to each hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator, each hybrid luminaire, and each hybrid photobioreactor. A lighting <span class="hlt">control</span> system operates each component.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750000209','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750000209"><span>Low-cost <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, C. G.; Stephens, J. B.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>Smaller heat-collector is moved to stay in focus with the sun, instead of moving reflector. Tracking can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by storing data of predicted <span class="hlt">solar</span> positions or by applying conventional sun-sensing devices to follow <span class="hlt">solar</span> movement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170004553','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170004553"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Generation in Extreme Space Environments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Elliott, Frederick W.; Piszczor, Michael F.</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>The exploration of space requires power for guidance, navigation, and <span class="hlt">control</span>; instrumentation; thermal <span class="hlt">control</span>; communications and data handling; and many subsystems and activities. Generating sufficient and reliable power in deep space through the use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays becomes even more challenging as <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensity decreases and high radiation levels begin to degrade the performance of photovoltaic devices. The Extreme Environments <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power (EESP) project goal is to develop advanced photovoltaic technology to address these challenges.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760003086','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760003086"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> electric propulsion. [low thrust trajectory <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barbieri, R. W.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>The major components of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion system are discussed and some problems in low thrust mission analysis are detailed. Emphasis is placed on the development of a nominal low thrust trajectory and guidance and navigation aspects.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830039393&hterms=formation+day+night&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dformation%2Bday%2Bnight','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830039393&hterms=formation+day+night&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dformation%2Bday%2Bnight"><span>Variations in ion and neutral composition at Venus - Evidence of <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> of the formation of the predawn bulges in H/+/ and He1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Taylor, H. A., Jr.; Mayr, H.; Brinton, H.; Niemann, H.; Hartle, R.; Daniell, R. E., Jr.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>A comparison of ion and neutral composition measurements at Venus for periods of greatly different <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity provides qualitative evidence of <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> of the day-to-night transport of light ion and neutral species. Concentrations of H(+) and He in the predawn bulge near <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum in November, 1979, exhibit a depletion signature correlated with a pronounced modulation in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> F10.7 and EUV fluxes. This perturbation, not observed in the predawn region during an earlier period of relative quiet <span class="hlt">solar</span> conditions, is interpreted as resulting from pronounced changes in <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and photoionization on the dayside, which in turn modulate the transport of ions and neutrals into the bulge region.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840000157&hterms=energy+Solar+vehicles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Denergy%2BSolar%2Bvehicles','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840000157&hterms=energy+Solar+vehicles&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Denergy%2BSolar%2Bvehicles"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Flywheel</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Nola, F. J.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Energy-storage system has 20 year lifetime. Electrical power source consisting of flywheel and electronic <span class="hlt">control</span> system stores <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy. Flywheel developed for space vehicles features good weight-to-energy storage ratios and used as <span class="hlt">control</span> gyroscope for maneuvering.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2080X','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2080X"><span>Research on temperature <span class="hlt">control</span> and influence of the vacuum tubes with inserted tubes <span class="hlt">solar</span> heater</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Xiao, L. X.; He, Y. T.; Hua, J. Q.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>A novel snake-shape vacuum tube with inserted tubes <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector is designed in this paper, the heat transfer characteristics of the collector are analyzed according to its structural characteristics, and the influence of different working temperature on thermal characteristics of the collector is studied. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> water heater prototype consisting of 14 vacuum tubes with inserted tubes is prepared, and the hot water storage <span class="hlt">control</span> subsystem is designed by hysteresis comparison algorithm. The heat characteristic of the prototype was experimentally studied under hot water output temperature of 40-45°C, 50-55°C and 60-65°C. The daily thermal efficiency was 64%, 50% and 46%, respectively. The experimental results are basically consistent with the theoretical analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4242436','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4242436"><span>Aggregation and morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> enables multiple cases of high-efficiency polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Liu, Yuhang; Zhao, Jingbo; Li, Zhengke; Mu, Cheng; Hu, Huawei; Jiang, Kui; Lin, Haoran; Ade, Harald; Yan, He</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Although the field of polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell has seen much progress in device performance in the past few years, several limitations are holding back its further development. For instance, current high-efficiency (>9.0%) cells are restricted to material combinations that are based on limited donor polymers and only one specific fullerene acceptor. Here we report the achievement of high-performance (efficiencies up to 10.8%, fill factors up to 77%) thick-film polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells for multiple polymer:fullerene combinations via the formation of a near-ideal polymer:fullerene morphology that contains highly crystalline yet reasonably small polymer domains. This morphology is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the temperature-dependent aggregation behaviour of the donor polymers and is insensitive to the choice of fullerenes. The uncovered aggregation and design rules yield three high-efficiency (>10%) donor polymers and will allow further synthetic advances and matching of both the polymer and fullerene materials, potentially leading to significantly improved performance and increased design flexibility. PMID:25382026</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..172A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..172A"><span>Estimativa de imagens <span class="hlt">solares</span> soho através de redes neurais artificiais</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Andrade, M. C.; Fernandes, F. C. R.; Cecatto, J. R.; Rios Neto, A.; Rosa, R. R.; Sawant, H. S.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>A Rede Neural Artificial (RNA), no âmbito da teoria computacional, constitui uma teoria emergente que, por possuir habilidade em aprender a partir de dados de entrada, encontra diferentes aplicações em diferentes áreas. Um exemplo é a utilização de RNA na caracterização de padrões associados à dinâmica de processos espaço-temporais relacionados a fenômenos físicos não-lineares. <span class="hlt">Para</span> obter informações sobre o comportamento destes fenômenos físicos utiliza-se, em diversos casos, seqüências de imagens digitalizadas, onde a caracterização de alguns fenômenos espaço-temporais é o procedimento mais viável <span class="hlt">para</span> descrever a dinâmica das regiões ativas do Sol. Com base em imagens observadas por telescópios a bordo de satélites, estudos de previsão de eventos <span class="hlt">solares</span> podem ser programados, permitindo prever possíveis efeitos posteriores nas regiões mais próximas da Terra (tempestades geomagnéticas e irregularidades ionosféricas). Neste trabalho avaliamos o desempenho da RNA <span class="hlt">para</span> estimar padrões espaço-temporais, ou seja, imagens <span class="hlt">solares</span> em ultravioleta, obtidas através do telescópio a bordo do satélite SOHO. Os resultados mostraram que as RNA conseguem generalizar os padrões de maneira satisfatória sem perder de forma significativa os principais aspectos da configuração global da atmosfera <span class="hlt">solar</span>, comprovando a eficácia da RNA como ferramenta <span class="hlt">para</span> esse tipo de aplicação. Portanto, este trabalho comprova a viabilidade de uso desta ferramenta em projetos voltados ao estudo do comportamento <span class="hlt">solar</span>, em trabalhos do grupo de Física do Meio Interplanetário (FMI) na DAS e em programas desenvolvidos pelo Núcleo de Simulação e Análise de Sistemas Complexos (NUSASC) do Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada (LAC) do INPE.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...512604K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015NatSR...512604K"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> of Photoluminescence of Carbon Nanodots via Surface Functionalization using <span class="hlt">Para</span>-substituted Anilines</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kwon, Woosung; Do, Sungan; Kim, Ji-Hee; Seok Jeong, Mun; Rhee, Shi-Woo</p> <p>2015-07-01</p> <p>Carbon nanodots (C-dots) are a kind of fluorescent carbon nanomaterials, composed of polyaromatic carbon domains surrounded by amorphous carbon frames, and have attracted a great deal of attention because of their interesting properties. There are still, however, challenges ahead such as blue-biased photoluminescence, spectral broadness, undefined energy gaps and etc. In this report, we chemically modify the surface of C-dots with a series of <span class="hlt">para</span>-substituted anilines to <span class="hlt">control</span> their photoluminescence. Our surface functionalization endows our C-dots with new energy levels, exhibiting long-wavelength (up to 650 nm) photoluminescence of very narrow spectral widths. The roles of <span class="hlt">para</span>-substituted anilines and their substituents in developing such energy levels are thoroughly studied by using transient absorption spectroscopy. We finally demonstrate light-emitting devices exploiting our C-dots as a phosphor, converting UV light to a variety of colors with internal quantum yields of ca. 20%.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_8");'>8</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li class="active"><span>10</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_10 --> <div id="page_11" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="201"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..178R','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..178R"><span>Propriedades de estruturas temporais rápidas submilimétricas durante uma grande explosão <span class="hlt">solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Raulin, J.-P.; Kaufmann, P.; Gimenez de Castro, C. G.; Pacini, A. A.; Makhmutov, V.; Levato, H.; Rovira, M.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Apresentamos novas propriedades de variações rápidas da emissão submilimétrica durante uma das maiores explosões <span class="hlt">solares</span> do ciclo <span class="hlt">solar</span> 23. Os dados analisados neste estudo foram obtidos com o Telescópio <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Submilimétrico (SST), que observa o Sol em 212 GHz e 405 GHz, e comparados com emissões em Raios-X duros e Raios-gama (fótons de energia > 10 MeV), que foram obtidas pelo experimento GRS do Yohkoh. Aplicamos diferentes metodologias <span class="hlt">para</span> detectar e caracterizar, ao longo do evento, os pulsos submilimétricos (duração de 50-300 ms) detectados acima de uma componente mais lenta (alguns minutos). Os resultados mostram que durante a fase impulsiva, num instante próximo ao tempo do máximo do evento, houve um aumento da ocorrência de maiores e de mais rápidas estruturas temporais. Também identificamos uma boa correlação com as emissões em raios-X e raios-gama (até a faixa de energia 10-100 MeV), indicando que os pulsos rápidos submilimétricos refletiram injeções primárias de energia durante o evento.O espectro do fluxo desses pulsos é crescente com a freqüência entre 212 and 405 GHz, na maioria dos casos, ao contrário do observado <span class="hlt">para</span> a componente gradual. As posições calculadas <span class="hlt">para</span> as estruturas rápidas são discretas, compactas e localizadas em toda a área da região ativa, o que é previsto nos modelos de explosões <span class="hlt">solares</span> decorrentes de instabilidades múltiplas em diferentes pequenas regiões. Por outro lado, a posição calculada <span class="hlt">para</span> a componente lenta é estável durante a fase impulsiva. Assim, a comparação entre as características do espectro de fluxo e da localização da emissão, <span class="hlt">para</span> os pulsos rápidos e <span class="hlt">para</span> a componente gradual, sugere que as respectivas emissões são de natureza diferente.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784636','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24784636"><span>LabVIEW-based <span class="hlt">control</span> software for <span class="hlt">para</span>-hydrogen induced polarization instrumentation.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Agraz, Jose; Grunfeld, Alexander; Li, Debiao; Cunningham, Karl; Willey, Cindy; Pozos, Robert; Wagner, Shawn</p> <p>2014-04-01</p> <p>The elucidation of cell metabolic mechanisms is the modern underpinning of the diagnosis, treatment, and in some cases the prevention of disease. <span class="hlt">Para</span>-Hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) enhances magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals over 10,000 fold, allowing for the MRI of cell metabolic mechanisms. This signal enhancement is the result of hyperpolarizing endogenous substances used as contrast agents during imaging. PHIP instrumentation hyperpolarizes Carbon-13 ((13)C) based substances using a process requiring <span class="hlt">control</span> of a number of factors: chemical reaction timing, gas flow, monitoring of a static magnetic field (Bo), radio frequency (RF) irradiation timing, reaction temperature, and gas pressures. Current PHIP instruments manually <span class="hlt">control</span> the hyperpolarization process resulting in the lack of the precise <span class="hlt">control</span> of factors listed above, resulting in non-reproducible results. We discuss the design and implementation of a LabVIEW based computer program that automatically and precisely <span class="hlt">controls</span> the delivery and manipulation of gases and samples, monitoring gas pressures, environmental temperature, and RF sample irradiation. We show that the automated <span class="hlt">control</span> over the hyperpolarization process results in the hyperpolarization of hydroxyethylpropionate. The implementation of this software provides the fast prototyping of PHIP instrumentation for the evaluation of a myriad of (13)C based endogenous contrast agents used in molecular imaging.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28117778','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28117778"><span>Morphology <span class="hlt">Control</span> for Fully Printable Organic-Inorganic Bulk-heterojunction <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells Based on a Ti-alkoxide and Semiconducting Polymer.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kato, Takehito; Oinuma, Chihiro; Otsuka, Munechika; Hagiwara, Naoki</p> <p>2017-01-10</p> <p>The photoactive layer of a typical organic thin-film bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell commonly uses fullerene derivatives as the electron-accepting material. However, fullerene derivatives are air-sensitive; therefore, air-stable material is needed as an alternative. In the present study, we propose and describe the properties of Ti-alkoxide as an alternative electron-accepting material to fullerene derivatives to create highly air-stable BHJ <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. It is well-known that <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the morphology in the photoactive layer, which is constructed with fullerene derivatives as the electron acceptor, is important for obtaining a high overall efficiency through the solvent method. The conventional solvent method is useful for high-solubility materials, such as fullerene derivatives. However, for Ti-alkoxides, the conventional solvent method is insufficient, because they only dissolve in specific solvents. Here, we demonstrate a new approach to morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> that uses the molecular bulkiness of Ti-alkoxides without the conventional solvent method. That is, this method is one approach to obtain highly efficient, air-stable, organic-inorganic bulk-heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750018946','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19750018946"><span>The 7.5 kW <span class="hlt">solar</span> array simulator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Robson, R. R.</p> <p>1975-01-01</p> <p>A high power <span class="hlt">solar</span> array simulator capable of providing the input power to simultaneously operate two 30 cm diameter ion thruster power processors was designed, fabricated, and tested. The maximum power point is set to between 150 and 7500 watts representing an open circuit voltage from 50 to 300 volts and a short circuit current from 4 to 36 amps. Illuminated <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are used as the <span class="hlt">control</span> element to provide a true <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell characteristic and permit the option of simulating changes in this characteristic due to variations in <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensity and/or temperature of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array. This is accomplished by changing the illumination and/or temperature of the <span class="hlt">control</span> cells. The response of the output to a step change in load closely approximates that of an actual <span class="hlt">solar</span> array.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJC....90...90L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017IJC....90...90L"><span>Non-linear <span class="hlt">control</span> of the output stage of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> microinverter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lopez-Santos, Oswaldo; Garcia, Germain; Martinez-Salamero, Luis; Avila-Martinez, Juan C.; Seguier, Lionel</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>This paper presents a proposal to <span class="hlt">control</span> the output stage of a two-stage <span class="hlt">solar</span> microinverter to inject real power into the grid. The input stage of the microinverter is used to extract the maximum available power of a photovoltaic module enforcing a power source behavior in the DC-link to feed the output stage. The work here reported is devoted to <span class="hlt">control</span> a grid-connected power source inverter with a high power quality level at the grid side ensuring the power balance of the microinverter regulating the voltage of the DC-link. The proposed <span class="hlt">control</span> is composed of a sinusoidal current reference generator and a cascade type <span class="hlt">controller</span> composed by a current tracking loop and a voltage regulation loop. The current reference is obtained using a synchronized generator based on phase locked loop (PLL) which gives the shape, the frequency and phase of the current signal. The amplitude of the reference is obtained from a simple <span class="hlt">controller</span> regulating the DC-link voltage. The tracking of the current reference is accomplished by means of a first-order sliding mode <span class="hlt">control</span> law. The solution takes advantage of the rapidity and inherent robustness of the sliding mode current <span class="hlt">controller</span> allowing a robust behavior in the regulation of the DC-link using a simple linear <span class="hlt">controller</span>. The analytical expression to determine the power quality indicators of the micro-inverter's output is theoretically solved giving expressions relating the converter parameters. The theoretical approach is validated using simulation and experimental results.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1019563','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1019563"><span>Hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> lighting distribution systems and components</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Muhs, Jeffrey D [Lenoir City, TN; Earl, Dennis D [Knoxville, TN; Beshears, David L [Knoxville, TN; Maxey, Lonnie C [Powell, TN; Jordan, John K [Oak Ridge, TN; Lind, Randall F [Lenoir City, TN</p> <p>2011-07-05</p> <p>A hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> lighting distribution system and components having at least one hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator, at least one fiber receiver, at least one hybrid luminaire, and a light distribution system operably connected to each hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator and each hybrid luminaire. A <span class="hlt">controller</span> operates all components.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..182S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..182S"><span>Análise da medição do raio <span class="hlt">solar</span> em ultravioleta</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Saraiva, A. C. V.; Giménez de Castro, C. G.; Costa, J. E. R.; Selhorst, C. L.; Simões, P. J. A.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>A medição acurada do raio <span class="hlt">solar</span> em qualquer banda do espectro eletromagnético é de relevância na formulação e calibração de modelos da estrutura e atmosfera <span class="hlt">solar</span>. Esses modelos atribuem emissão do contínuo do Sol calmo em microondas à mesma região da linha Ha do Hell. Apresentamos a medição do raio <span class="hlt">solar</span> em UV com imagens do EIT (Extreme Ultraviolet Image Telescope) entre 1996 e 2002, no comprimento de onda 30,9 nm (Ha do Hell), que se forma na região de transição/cromosfera <span class="hlt">solar</span>. A técnica utilizada <span class="hlt">para</span> o cálculo do raio UV foi baseada na transformada Wavelet B3spline. Fizemos um banco de dados com 1 imagem por dia durante o período citado. Obtivemos como resultado o raio médio da ordem de 975.61" e uma diminuição do mesmo <span class="hlt">para</span> o período citado variando em média -0,45" /ano. Comparamos estes dados com os valores obtidos pelo ROI (Radio Observatório de Itapetinga) em 22/48 GHz e Nobeyama Radio Heliograph em 17 GHz mostrando que os raios médios são muito próximos o que indica que a região de formação nessas freqüências é a mesma conforme os modelos. Comparamos os resultados também com outros índices de atividade <span class="hlt">solar</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000272&hterms=heater+Solar&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dheater%2BSolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810000272&hterms=heater+Solar&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dheater%2BSolar"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Heater in a West Virginia College</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> space-heating and hot water system installed at Alderson-Broaddus College, Philippi, West Virginia, is described in 87-page document. Report contains description of building and its <span class="hlt">solar</span>-energy system; specifications for <span class="hlt">solar</span>-energy system, including collectors, coolant, storage tanks, circulation equipment, piping, <span class="hlt">controls</span>, and insulation; acceptance test data; and discussion of problems with installation, their solution, and recommendations for dealing with excess <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030020721','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030020721"><span>GPS-Like Phasing <span class="hlt">Control</span> of the Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power System Transmission Array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Psiaki, Mark L.</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The problem of phasing of the Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power System's transmission array has been addressed by developing a GPS-like radio navigation system. The goal of this system is to provide power transmission phasing <span class="hlt">control</span> for each node of the array that causes the power signals to add constructively at the ground reception station. The phasing <span class="hlt">control</span> system operates in a distributed manner, which makes it practical to implement. A leader node and two radio navigation beacons are used to <span class="hlt">control</span> the power transmission phasing of multiple follower nodes. The necessary one-way communications to the follower nodes are implemented using the RF beacon signals. The phasing <span class="hlt">control</span> system uses differential carrier phase relative navigation/timing techniques. A special feature of the system is an integer ambiguity resolution procedure that periodically resolves carrier phase cycle count ambiguities via encoding of pseudo-random number codes on the power transmission signals. The system is capable of achieving phasing accuracies on the order of 3 mm down to 0.4 mm depending on whether the radio navigation beacons operate in the L or C bands.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003148','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870003148"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> array flight dynamic experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schock, R. W.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Dynamic Experiment (SAFDE) is to demonstrate the feasibility of on-orbit measurement and ground processing of large space structures dynamic characteristics. Test definition or verification provides the dynamic characteristic accuracy required for <span class="hlt">control</span> systems use. An illumination/measurement system was developed to fly on space shuttle flight STS-31D. The system was designed to dynamically evaluate a large <span class="hlt">solar</span> array called the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Experiment (SAFE) that had been scheduled for this flight. The SAFDE system consisted of a set of laser diode illuminators, retroreflective targets, an intelligent star tracker receiver and the associated equipment to power, condition, and record the results. In six tests on STS-41D, data was successfully acquired from 18 retroreflector targets and ground processed, post flight, to define the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array's dynamic characteristic. The flight experiment proved the viability of on-orbit test definition of large space structures dynamic characteristics. Future large space structures <span class="hlt">controllability</span> should be greatly enhanced by this capability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870045473&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19870045473&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> array flight dynamic experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schock, Richard W.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Dynamic Experiment (SAFDE) is to demonstrate the feasibility of on-orbit measurement and ground processing of large space structures dynamic characteristics. Test definition or verification provides the dynamic characteristic accuracy required for <span class="hlt">control</span> systems use. An illumination/measurement system was developed to fly on Space Shuttle flight STS-31D. The system was designed to dynamically evaluate a large <span class="hlt">solar</span> array called the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Experiment (SAFE) that had been scheduled for this flight. The SAFDE system consisted of a set of laser diode illuminators, retroreflective targets, an intelligent star tracker receiver and the associated equipment to power, condition, and record the results. In six tests on STS-41D, data was successfully acquired from 18 retroreflector targets and ground processed, post flight, to define the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array's dynamic characteristic. The flight experiment proved the viability of on-orbit test definition of large space structures dynamic characteristics. Future large space structures <span class="hlt">controllability</span> should be greatly enhanced by this capability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870013289','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870013289"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> array flight dynamic experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schock, Richard W.</p> <p>1987-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Dynamic Experiment (SAFDE) is to demonstrate the feasibility of on-orbit measurement and ground processing of large space structures' dynamic characteristics. Test definition or verification provides the dynamic characteristic accuracy required for <span class="hlt">control</span> systems use. An illumination/measurement system was developed to fly on space shuttle flight STS-41D. The system was designed to dynamically evaluate a large <span class="hlt">solar</span> array called the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Flight Experiment (SAFE) that had been scheduled for this flight. The SAFDE system consisted of a set of laser diode illuminators, retroreflective targets, an intelligent star tracker receiver and the associated equipment to power, condition, and record the results. In six tests on STS-41D, data was successfully acquired from 18 retroreflector targets and ground processed, post flight, to define the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array's dynamic characteristic. The flight experiment proved the viability of on-orbit test definition of large space structures dynamic characteristics. Future large space structures <span class="hlt">controllability</span> should be greatly enhanced by this capability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014933','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20130014933"><span>Heliogyro <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Research at NASA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilkie, W. Keats; Warren, Jerry E.; Guerrant, Daniel V.; Lawrence, Dale A.; Gibbs, S. Chad; Dowell, Earl H.; Heaton, Andrew F.; Heaton, Andrew F.; Juang, Jer-Nan; Horta, Lucas G.; <a style="text-decoration: none; " href="javascript:void(0); " onClick="displayelement('author_20130014933'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20130014933_show'); toggleEditAbsImage('author_20130014933_hide'); "> <img style="display:inline; width:12px; height:12px; " src="images/arrow-up.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20130014933_show"> <img style="width:12px; height:12px; display:none; " src="images/arrow-down.gif" width="12" height="12" border="0" alt="hide" id="author_20130014933_hide"></p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The recent successful flight of the JAXA IKAROS <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail has renewed interest within NASA in spinning <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail concepts for high-performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing. The heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail, in particular, is being re-examined as a potential game-changing architecture for future <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing missions. In this paper, we present an overview of ongoing heliogyro technology development and feasibility assessment activities within NASA. In particular, a small-scale heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail technology demonstration concept will be described. We will also discuss ongoing analytical and experimental heliogyro structural dynamics and <span class="hlt">controls</span> investigations and provide an outline of future heliogyro development work directed toward enabling a low cost heliogyro technology demonstration mission ca. 2020.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870011216','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870011216"><span>Flat-plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> array project. Volume 4: High-efficiency <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leipold, M.; Cheng, L.; Daud, T.; Mokashi, A.; Burger, D.; Christensen, E. (Editor); Murry, J. (Editor); Bengelsdorf, I. (Editor)</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The High Efficiency <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cell Task was assigned the objective of understanding and developing high efficiency <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell devices that would meet the cost and performance goals of the Flat Plate <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array (FSA) Project. The need for research dealing with high efficiency devices was considered important because of the role efficiency plays in reducing price per watt of generated energy. The R&D efforts conducted during the 1982 to 1986 period are summarized to provide understanding and <span class="hlt">control</span> of energy conversion losses associated with crystalline silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. New levels of conversion efficiency were demonstrated. Major contributions were made both to the understanding and reduction of bulk and surface losses in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. For example, oxides, nitrides, and polysilicon were all shown to be potentially useful surface passivants. Improvements in measurement techniques were made and Auger coefficients and spectral absorption data were obtained for unique types of silicon sheets. New modelling software was developed including a program to optimize a device design based on input characteristics of a cell.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010011207','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010011207"><span>Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Multi-body Dynamics and <span class="hlt">Controls</span>, Concepts for the Integrated Symmetrical Concentrator Configuration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Glaese, John R.; McDonald, Emmett J.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>Orbiting space <span class="hlt">solar</span> power systems are currently being investigated for possible flight in the time frame of 2015-2020 and later. Such space <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (SSP) satellites are required to be extremely large in order to make practical the process of collection, conversion to microwave radiation, and reconversion to electrical power at earth stations or at remote locations in space. These large structures are expected to be very flexible presenting unique problems associated with their dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span>. The purpose of this project is to apply the expanded TREETOPS multi-body dynamics analysis computer simulation program (with expanded capabilities developed in the previous activity) to investigate the <span class="hlt">control</span> problems associated with the integrated symmetrical concentrator (ISC) conceptual SSP system. SSP satellites are, as noted, large orbital systems having many bodies (perhaps hundreds) with flexible arrays operating in an orbiting environment where the non-uniform gravitational forces may be the major load producers on the structure so that a high fidelity gravity model is required. The current activity arises from our NRA8-23 SERT proposal. Funding, as a supplemental selection, has been provided by NASA with reduced scope from that originally proposed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..196a2037B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..196a2037B"><span>Pin-Hole Free Perovskite Film for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells Application Prepared by <span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Two-Step Spin-Coating Method</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Bahtiar, A.; Rahmanita, S.; Inayatie, Y. D.</p> <p>2017-05-01</p> <p>Morphology of perovskite film is a key important for achieving high performance perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Perovskite films are commonly prepared by two-step spin-coating method. However, pin-holes are frequently formed in perovskite films due to incomplete conversion of lead-iodide (PbI2) into perovskite CH3NH3PbI3. Pin-holes in perovskite film cause large hysteresis in current-voltage curve of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells due to large series resistance between perovskite layer-hole transport material. Moreover, crystal structure and grain size of perovskite crystal are also other important parameters for achieving high performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, which are significantly affected by preparation of perovskite film. We studied the effect of preparation of perovskite film using <span class="hlt">controlled</span> spin-coating parameters on crystal structure and morphological properties of perovskite film. We used two-step spin-coating method for preparation of perovskite film with varied spinning speed, spinning time and temperature of spin-coating process to <span class="hlt">control</span> growth of perovskite crystal aimed to produce high quality perovskite crystal with pin-hole free and large grain size. All experiment was performed in air with high humidity (larger than 80%). The best crystal structure, pin-hole free with large grain crystal size of perovskite film was obtained from film prepared at room temperature with spinning speed 1000 rpm for 20 seconds and annealed at 100°C for 300 seconds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22254937-labview-based-control-software-para-hydrogen-induced-polarization-instrumentation','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22254937-labview-based-control-software-para-hydrogen-induced-polarization-instrumentation"><span>LabVIEW-based <span class="hlt">control</span> software for <span class="hlt">para</span>-hydrogen induced polarization instrumentation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Agraz, Jose, E-mail: joseagraz@ucla.edu; Grunfeld, Alexander; Li, Debiao</p> <p>2014-04-15</p> <p>The elucidation of cell metabolic mechanisms is the modern underpinning of the diagnosis, treatment, and in some cases the prevention of disease. <span class="hlt">Para</span>-Hydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) enhances magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signals over 10 000 fold, allowing for the MRI of cell metabolic mechanisms. This signal enhancement is the result of hyperpolarizing endogenous substances used as contrast agents during imaging. PHIP instrumentation hyperpolarizes Carbon-13 ({sup 13}C) based substances using a process requiring <span class="hlt">control</span> of a number of factors: chemical reaction timing, gas flow, monitoring of a static magnetic field (B{sub o}), radio frequency (RF) irradiation timing, reaction temperature, and gas pressures.more » Current PHIP instruments manually <span class="hlt">control</span> the hyperpolarization process resulting in the lack of the precise <span class="hlt">control</span> of factors listed above, resulting in non-reproducible results. We discuss the design and implementation of a LabVIEW based computer program that automatically and precisely <span class="hlt">controls</span> the delivery and manipulation of gases and samples, monitoring gas pressures, environmental temperature, and RF sample irradiation. We show that the automated <span class="hlt">control</span> over the hyperpolarization process results in the hyperpolarization of hydroxyethylpropionate. The implementation of this software provides the fast prototyping of PHIP instrumentation for the evaluation of a myriad of {sup 13}C based endogenous contrast agents used in molecular imaging.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856203','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10856203"><span>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind-magnetosphere-ionosphere system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lyon</p> <p>2000-06-16</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere form a single system driven by the transfer of energy and momentum from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind to the magnetosphere and ionosphere. Variations in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind can lead to disruptions of space- and ground-based systems caused by enhanced currents flowing into the ionosphere and increased radiation in the near-Earth environment. The coupling between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and the magnetosphere is mediated and <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the magnetic field in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind through the process of magnetic reconnection. Understanding of the global behavior of this system has improved markedly in the recent past from coordinated observations with a constellation of satellite and ground instruments.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016amse.conf..402H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016amse.conf..402H"><span>Cleaning Robot for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Panels in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Hang, Lu-Bin; Shen, Cheng-Wei; Bian, Huai-Qiang; Wang, Yan</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>The dust particles on <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel surface have been a serious problem for the photovoltaic industry, a new monorail-tracked robot used for automatic cleaning of <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel is presented in this paper. To meet the requirement of comprehensive and stable cleaning of PV array, the monorail-tracked pattern of robot is introduced based on the monorail structure technique. The running and striding mechanism are designed for mobility of robot on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels. According to the carrying capacity and water circulation mechanism, a type of self-cleaning device with filtering system is developed. Combined with the computer software and communications technology, the <span class="hlt">control</span> system is built in this robot, which can realize the functions of autonomous operation, positioning and monitoring. The application of this developed cleaning robot can actualize the Industrialization of automatic cleaning for PV components and have wide market prospect.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608468-fuzzy-logic-controller-versus-classical-logic-controller-residential-hybrid-solar-wind-storage-energy-system','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22608468-fuzzy-logic-controller-versus-classical-logic-controller-residential-hybrid-solar-wind-storage-energy-system"><span>Fuzzy logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> versus classical logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> for residential hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind-storage energy system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Derrouazin, A., E-mail: derrsid@gmail.com; Université de Lorraine, LMOPS, EA 4423, 57070 Metz; CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, 57070 Metz</p> <p></p> <p>Several researches for management of diverse hybrid energy systems and many techniques have been proposed for robustness, savings and environmental purpose. In this work we aim to make a comparative study between two supervision and <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques: fuzzy and classic logics to manage the hybrid energy system applied for typical housing fed by <span class="hlt">solar</span> and wind power, with rack of batteries for storage. The system is assisted by the electric grid during energy drop moments. A hydrogen production device is integrated into the system to retrieve surplus energy production from renewable sources for the household purposes, intending the maximum exploitationmore » of these sources over years. The models have been achieved and generated signals for electronic switches command of proposed both techniques are presented and discussed in this paper.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_9");'>9</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li class="active"><span>11</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_11 --> <div id="page_12" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="221"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758c0055D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1758c0055D"><span>Fuzzy logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> versus classical logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> for residential hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind-storage energy system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Derrouazin, A.; Aillerie, M.; Mekkakia-Maaza, N.; Charles, J. P.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>Several researches for management of diverse hybrid energy systems and many techniques have been proposed for robustness, savings and environmental purpose. In this work we aim to make a comparative study between two supervision and <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques: fuzzy and classic logics to manage the hybrid energy system applied for typical housing fed by <span class="hlt">solar</span> and wind power, with rack of batteries for storage. The system is assisted by the electric grid during energy drop moments. A hydrogen production device is integrated into the system to retrieve surplus energy production from renewable sources for the household purposes, intending the maximum exploitation of these sources over years. The models have been achieved and generated signals for electronic switches command of proposed both techniques are presented and discussed in this paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832085','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23832085"><span>Three-dimensional imaging for precise structural <span class="hlt">control</span> of Si quantum dot networks for all-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kourkoutis, Lena F; Hao, Xiaojing; Huang, Shujuan; Puthen-Veettil, Binesh; Conibeer, Gavin; Green, Martin A; Perez-Wurfl, Ivan</p> <p>2013-08-21</p> <p>All-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on Si quantum dots (QDs) are a promising approach to future high-performance, thin film <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells using abundant, stable and non-toxic materials. An important prerequisite to achieve a high conversion efficiency in such cells is the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> the geometry of the Si QD network. This includes the ability to <span class="hlt">control</span> both, the size and arrangement of Si QDs embedded in a higher bandgap matrix. Using plasmon tomography we show the size, shape and density of Si QDs, that form in Si rich oxide (SRO)/SiO2 multilayers upon annealing, can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by varying the SRO stoichiometry. Smaller, more spherical QDs of higher densities are obtained at lower Si concentrations. In richer SRO layers ellipsoidal QDs tend to form. Using electronic structure calculations within the effective mass approximation we show that ellipsoidal QDs give rise to reduced inter-QD coupling in the layer. Efficient carrier transport via mini-bands is in this case more likely across the multilayers provided the SiO2 spacer layer is thin enough to allow coupling in the vertical direction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4439122','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4439122"><span>Daytime <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Heating <span class="hlt">Controls</span> Downy Mildew Peronospora belbahrii in Sweet Basil</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Cohen, Yigal; Rubin, Avia E.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>The biotrophic oomycete Peronospora belbahrii causes a devastating downy mildew disease in sweet basil. Due to the lack of resistant cultivars current <span class="hlt">control</span> measures rely heavily on fungicides. However, resistance to fungicides and strict regulation on their deployment greatly restrict their use. Here we report on a ‘green’ method to <span class="hlt">control</span> this disease. Growth chamber studies showed that P. belbahrii could hardly withstand exposure to high temperatures; exposure of spores, infected leaves, or infected plants to 35-45°C for 6-9 hours suppressed its survival. Therefore, daytime <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating was employed in the field to <span class="hlt">control</span> the downy mildew disease it causes in basil. Covering growth houses of sweet basil already infected with downy mildew with transparent infra-red-impermeable, transparent polyethylene sheets raised the daily maximal temperature during sunny hours by 11-22°C reaching 40-58°C (greenhouse effect). Such coverage, applied for a few hours during 1-3 consecutive days, had a detrimental effect on the survival of P. belbahrii: killing the pathogen and/or suppressing disease progress while enhancing growth of the host basil plants. PMID:25992649</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940006931','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19940006931"><span>New experimental techniques for <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lenk, R.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> cell capacitance has special importance for an array <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by shunting. Experimental measurements of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell capacitance in the past have shown disagreements of orders of magnitude. Correct measurement technique depends on maintaining the excitation voltage less than the thermal voltage. Two different experimental methods are shown to match theory well, and two effective capacitances are defined for quantifying the effect of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell capacitance on the shunting system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5449041','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5449041"><span><span class="hlt">Controlling</span> Morphological Parameters of Anodized Titania Nanotubes for Optimized <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Haring, Andrew; Morris, Amanda; Hu, Michael</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>Anodized TiO2 nanotubes have received much attention for their use in <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy applications including water oxidation cells and hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells [dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs) and bulk heterojuntion <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (BHJs)]. High surface area allows for increased dye-adsorption and photon absorption. Titania nanotubes grown by anodization of titanium in fluoride-containing electrolytes are aligned perpendicular to the substrate surface, reducing the electron diffusion path to the external circuit in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The nanotube morphology can be optimized for the various applications by adjusting the anodization parameters but the optimum crystallinity of the nanotube arrays remains to be realized. In addition to morphology and crystallinity, the method of device fabrication significantly affects photon and electron dynamics and its energy conversion efficiency. This paper provides the state-of-the-art knowledge to achieve experimental tailoring of morphological parameters including nanotube diameter, length, wall thickness, array surface smoothness, and annealing of nanotube arrays.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......117P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhDT.......117P"><span>Analysis and simulation tools for <span class="hlt">solar</span> array power systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pongratananukul, Nattorn</p> <p></p> <p>This dissertation presents simulation tools developed specifically for the design of <span class="hlt">solar</span> array power systems. Contributions are made in several aspects of the system design phases, including <span class="hlt">solar</span> source modeling, system simulation, and <span class="hlt">controller</span> verification. A tool to automate the study of <span class="hlt">solar</span> array configurations using general purpose circuit simulators has been developed based on the modeling of individual <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Hierarchical structure of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell elements, including semiconductor properties, allows simulation of electrical properties as well as the evaluation of the impact of environmental conditions. A second developed tool provides a co-simulation platform with the capability to verify the performance of an actual digital <span class="hlt">controller</span> implemented in programmable hardware such as a DSP processor, while the entire <span class="hlt">solar</span> array including the DC-DC power converter is modeled in software algorithms running on a computer. This "virtual plant" allows developing and debugging code for the digital <span class="hlt">controller</span>, and also to improve the <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm. One important task in <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays is to track the maximum power point on the array in order to maximize the power that can be delivered. Digital <span class="hlt">controllers</span> implemented with programmable processors are particularly attractive for this task because sophisticated tracking algorithms can be implemented and revised when needed to optimize their performance. The proposed co-simulation tools are thus very valuable in developing and optimizing the <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm, before the system is built. Examples that demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodologies are presented. The proposed simulation tools are also valuable in the design of multi-channel arrays. In the specific system that we have designed and tested, the <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm is implemented on a single digital signal processor. In each of the channels the maximum power point is tracked individually. In the prototype we built, off</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29575813','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29575813"><span>Alloy-<span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Work Function for Enhanced Charge Extraction in All-Inorganic CsPbBr3 Perovskite <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ding, Jie; Zhao, Yuanyuan; Duan, Jialong; He, Benlin; Tang, Qunwei</p> <p>2018-05-09</p> <p>All-inorganic CsPbX 3 (X=I, Br) perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are regarded as cost-effective and stable alternatives for next-generation photovoltaics. However, sluggish charge extraction at CsPbX 3 /charge-transporting material interfaces, which arises from large interfacial energy differences, have markedly limited the further enhancement of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell performance. In this work, the work function (WF) of the back electrode is tuned by doping alloyed PtNi nanowires in carbon ink to promote hole extraction from CsPbBr 3 halides, while an intermediate energy by setting carbon quantum dots (CQDs) at TiO 2 /CsPbBr 3 interface bridges electron transportation. The preliminary results demonstrate that the matching WFs and intermediate energy level markedly reduce charge recombination. A power conversion efficiency of 7.17 % is achieved for the WF-tuned all-inorganic perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell, in comparison with 6.10 % for the pristine device, and this is further increased to 7.86 % by simultaneously modifying with CQDs. The high efficiency and improved stability make WF-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> all-inorganic perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells promising to develop advanced photovoltaic platforms. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930000125&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19930000125&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker"><span>Power Converters Maximize Outputs Of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cell Strings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Frederick, Martin E.; Jermakian, Joel B.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>Microprocessor-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> dc-to-dc power converters devised to maximize power transferred from <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic strings to storage batteries and other electrical loads. Converters help in utilizing large <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic arrays most effectively with respect to cost, size, and weight. Main points of invention are: single <span class="hlt">controller</span> used to <span class="hlt">control</span> and optimize any number of "dumb" tracker units and strings independently; power maximized out of converters; and <span class="hlt">controller</span> in system is microprocessor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031722','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070031722"><span>Recent Developments in Smart Adaptive Structures for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sailcraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Whorton, M. S.; Kim, Y. K.; Oakley, J.; Adetona, O.; Keel, L. H.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>The "Smart Adaptive Structures for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sailcraft" development activity at MSFC has investigated issues associated with understanding how to model and scale the subsystem and multi-body system dynamics of a gossamer <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailcraft with the objective of designing sailcraft attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> systems. This research and development activity addressed three key tasks that leveraged existing facilities and core competencies of MSFC to investigate dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span> issues of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails. Key aspects of this effort included modeling and testing of a 30 m deployable boom; modeling of the multi-body system dynamics of a gossamer sailcraft; investigation of <span class="hlt">control</span>-structures interaction for gossamer sailcraft; and development and experimental demonstration of adaptive <span class="hlt">control</span> technologies to mitigate <span class="hlt">control</span>-structures interaction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TESS....130902W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015TESS....130902W"><span>Description and primary results of Total <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Irradiance Monitor, a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-pointing instrument on an Earth observing satellite</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Wang, Hongrui; Fang, Wei; Li, Huiduan</p> <p>2015-04-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> driving mechanism for Earth climate has been a controversial problem for centuries. Long-time data of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity is required by the investigations of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> driving mechanism, such as Total <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Irradiance (TSI) record. Three Total <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Irradiance Monitors (TSIM) have been developed by Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics for China Meteorological Administration to maintain continuities of TSI data series which lasted for nearly 4 decades.The newest TSIM has recorded TSI daily with accurate <span class="hlt">solar</span> pointing on the FY-3C meteorological satellite since Oct 2013. TSIM/FY-3C has a pointing system for automatic <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking, onboard the satellite designed mainly for Earth observing. Most payloads of FY-3C are developed for observation of land, ocean and atmosphere. Consequently, the FY-3C satellite is a nadir-pointing spacecraft with its z axis to be pointed at the center of the Earth. Previous TSIMs onboard the FY-3A and FY-3B satellites had no pointing system, <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations were only performed when the sun swept through field-of-view of the instruments. And TSI measurements are influenced inevitably by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pointing errors. Corrections of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pointing errors were complex. The problem is now removed by TSIM/FY-3C.TSIM/FY-3C follows the sun accurately by itself using its pointing system based on scheme of visual servo <span class="hlt">control</span>. The pointing system is consisted of a radiometer package, two motors for <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking, a sun sensor and etc. TSIM/FY-3C has made daily observations of TSI for more than one year, with nearly zero <span class="hlt">solar</span> pointing errors. Short time-scale variations in TSI detected by TSIM/FY-3C are nearly the same with VIRGO/SOHO and TIM/SORCE.Instrument details, primary results of <span class="hlt">solar</span> pointing <span class="hlt">control</span>, <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations and etc will be given in the presentation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860010264','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860010264"><span>Impurities in silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hopkins, R. H.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Metallic impurities, both singly and in combinations, affect the performance of silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Czochralski silicon web crystals were grown with <span class="hlt">controlled</span> additions of secondary impurities. The primary electrical dopants were boron and phosphorus. The silicon test ingots were grown under <span class="hlt">controlled</span> and carefully monitored conditions from high-purity charge and dopant material to minimize unintentional contamination. Following growth, each crystal was characterized by chemical, microstructural, electrical, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell tests to provide a detailed and internally consistent description of the relationships between silicon impurity concentration and <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell performance. Deep-level spectroscopy measurements were used to measure impurity concentrations at levels below the detectability of other techniques and to study thermally-induced changes in impurity activity. For the majority of contaminants, impurity-induced performance loss is due to a reduction of the base diffusion length. From these observations, a semi-empirical model which predicts cell performance as a function of metal impurity concentration was formulated. The model was then used successfully to predict the behavior of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells bearing as many as 11 different impurities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110016472','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20110016472"><span>SMART <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Curtis, Steven A.</p> <p>2005-01-01</p> <p>A report summarizes the design concept of a super miniaturized autonomous reconfigurable technology (SMART) <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail a proposed deployable, fully autonomous <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail for use in very fine station keeping of a spacecraft. The SMART <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail would include a reflective film stretched among nodes of a SMART space frame made partly of nanotubule struts. A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) at each vertex of the frame would spool and unspool nanotubule struts between itself and neighboring nodes to vary the shape of the frame. The MEMSs would be linked, either wirelessly or by thin wires within the struts, to an evolvable neural software system (ENSS) that would <span class="hlt">control</span> the MEMSs to reconfigure the sail as needed. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail would be highly deformable from an initially highly compressed configuration, yet also capable of enabling very fine maneuvering of the spacecraft by means of small sail-surface deformations. The SMART <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail would be connected to the main body of the spacecraft by a SMART multi-tether structure, which would include MEMS actuators like those of the frame plus tethers in the form of longer versions of the struts in the frame.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340870-role-tert-butylpyridine-hole-transport-layer-morphological-controller-perovskite-solar-cells','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1340870-role-tert-butylpyridine-hole-transport-layer-morphological-controller-perovskite-solar-cells"><span>Role of 4- tert -Butylpyridine as a Hole Transport Layer Morphological <span class="hlt">Controller</span> in Perovskite <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wang, Shen; Sina, Mahsa; Parikh, Pritesh</p> <p>2016-09-14</p> <p>Hybrid organic-inorganic materials for high efficiency, low cost photovoltaic devices have seen rapid progress since the introduction of lead based perovskites and solid-state hole transport layers. Although majority of the materials used for perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (PSC) are introduced from dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs), the presence of a perovskite capping layer as opposed to a single dye molecule (in DSSCs) changes the interactions between the various layers in perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. 4-tert-butylpyridine (tBP), commonly used in PSCs, is assumed to function as a charge recombination inhibitor, similar to DSSCs. However, the presence of a perovskite capping layer calls for amore » re-evaluation of its function in PSCs. Using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), we first confirm the role of tBP as a HTL morphology <span class="hlt">controller</span> in PSCs. Our observations suggest that tBP significantly improves the uniformity of the HTL and avoids accumulation of Li salt. We also study degradation pathways by using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and APT (atom probe tomography) to investigate and visualize in 3-dimensions the moisture content associated with the Li salt. Long term effects, over 1000 hours, due to evaporation of tBP have also been studied. Based on our findings, a PSC failure mechanism associated with the morphological change of the HTL is proposed. tBP, the morphology <span class="hlt">controller</span> in HTL, plays a key role in this process and thus this study highlights the need for additive materials with higher boiling points for consistent long term performance of PSCs.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27547991','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27547991"><span>Role of 4-tert-Butylpyridine as a Hole Transport Layer Morphological <span class="hlt">Controller</span> in Perovskite <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wang, Shen; Sina, Mahsa; Parikh, Pritesh; Uekert, Taylor; Shahbazian, Brian; Devaraj, Arun; Meng, Ying Shirley</p> <p>2016-09-14</p> <p>Hybrid organic-inorganic materials for high-efficiency, low-cost photovoltaic devices have seen rapid progress since the introduction of lead based perovskites and solid-state hole transport layers. Although majority of the materials used for perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (PSC) are introduced from dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs), the presence of a perovskite capping layer as opposed to a single dye molecule (in DSSCs) changes the interactions between the various layers in perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. 4-tert-Butylpyridine (tBP), commonly used in PSCs, is assumed to function as a charge recombination inhibitor, similar to DSSCs. However, the presence of a perovskite capping layer calls for a re-evaluation of its function in PSCs. Using TEM (transmission electron microscopy), we first confirm the role of tBP as a HTL morphology <span class="hlt">controller</span> in PSCs. Our observations suggest that tBP significantly improves the uniformity of the HTL and avoids accumulation of Li salt. We also study degradation pathways by using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) and APT (atom probe tomography) to investigate and visualize in 3-dimensions the moisture content associated with the Li salt. Long-term effects, over 1000 h, due to evaporation of tBP have also been studied. Based on our findings, a PSC failure mechanism associated with the morphological change of the HTL is proposed. tBP, the morphology <span class="hlt">controller</span> in HTL, plays a key role in this process, and thus this study highlights the need for additive materials with higher boiling points for consistent long-term performance of PSCs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E3260F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013NatSR...3E3260F"><span>Covalent functionalization of graphene by azobenzene with molecular hydrogen bonds for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Feng, Yiyu; Liu, Hongpo; Luo, Wen; Liu, Enzuo; Zhao, Naiqin; Yoshino, Katsumi; Feng, Wei</p> <p>2013-11-01</p> <p>Reduced graphene oxide-azobenzene (RGO-AZO) hybrids were prepared via covalent functionalization for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage. Thermal barrier (ΔEa) of cis to tran reversion and thermal storage (ΔH) were improved by molecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) through ortho- or <span class="hlt">para</span>-substitution of AZO. Intramolecular H-bonds thermally stabilized cis-ortho-AZO on RGO with a long-term half-life of 5400 h (ΔEa = 1.2 eV), which was much longer than that of RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO (116 h). RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO with one intermolecular H-bond showed a high density of thermal storage up to 269.8 kJ kg-1 compared with RGO-ortho-AZO (149.6 kJ kg-1) with multiple intra- and intermolecular H-bonds of AZO according to relaxed stable structures. Thermal storage in experiment was the same order magnitude to theoretical data based on ΔH calculated by density functional theory and packing density. Photoactive RGO-AZO hybrid can be developed for high-performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage by optimizing molecular H-bonds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3832871','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3832871"><span>Covalent functionalization of graphene by azobenzene with molecular hydrogen bonds for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Feng, Yiyu; Liu, Hongpo; Luo, Wen; Liu, Enzuo; Zhao, Naiqin; Yoshino, Katsumi; Feng, Wei</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Reduced graphene oxide-azobenzene (RGO-AZO) hybrids were prepared via covalent functionalization for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage. Thermal barrier (ΔEa) of cis to tran reversion and thermal storage (ΔH) were improved by molecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) through ortho- or <span class="hlt">para</span>-substitution of AZO. Intramolecular H-bonds thermally stabilized cis-ortho-AZO on RGO with a long-term half-life of 5400 h (ΔEa = 1.2 eV), which was much longer than that of RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO (116 h). RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO with one intermolecular H-bond showed a high density of thermal storage up to 269.8 kJ kg−1 compared with RGO-ortho-AZO (149.6 kJ kg−1) with multiple intra- and intermolecular H-bonds of AZO according to relaxed stable structures. Thermal storage in experiment was the same order magnitude to theoretical data based on ΔH calculated by density functional theory and packing density. Photoactive RGO-AZO hybrid can be developed for high-performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage by optimizing molecular H-bonds. PMID:24247355</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247355','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24247355"><span>Covalent functionalization of graphene by azobenzene with molecular hydrogen bonds for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Feng, Yiyu; Liu, Hongpo; Luo, Wen; Liu, Enzuo; Zhao, Naiqin; Yoshino, Katsumi; Feng, Wei</p> <p>2013-11-19</p> <p>Reduced graphene oxide-azobenzene (RGO-AZO) hybrids were prepared via covalent functionalization for long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage. Thermal barrier (ΔEa) of cis to tran reversion and thermal storage (ΔH) were improved by molecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) through ortho- or <span class="hlt">para</span>-substitution of AZO. Intramolecular H-bonds thermally stabilized cis-ortho-AZO on RGO with a long-term half-life of 5400 h (ΔEa = 1.2 eV), which was much longer than that of RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO (116 h). RGO-<span class="hlt">para</span>-AZO with one intermolecular H-bond showed a high density of thermal storage up to 269.8 kJ kg(-1) compared with RGO-ortho-AZO (149.6 kJ kg(-1)) with multiple intra- and intermolecular H-bonds of AZO according to relaxed stable structures. Thermal storage in experiment was the same order magnitude to theoretical data based on ΔH calculated by density functional theory and packing density. Photoactive RGO-AZO hybrid can be developed for high-performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal storage by optimizing molecular H-bonds.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030093608','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030093608"><span>The Physics of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sails</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Hollerman, William Andrew</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>The concept of using photon pressure for propulsion has been considered since Tsiolkovsky in 1921. In fact, Tsiolkovsky and Tsander wrote of 'using tremendous mirrors of very thin sheets' and 'using the pressure of sunlight to attain cosmic velocities' in 1924. The term '<span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing' was coined in the late 1950s and was popularized by Arthur C. Clarke in the short story Sunjammer (The Wind From the Sun) in May 1964. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) used sailing techniques to extend the operational life of the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974-1975. A problem in the <span class="hlt">control</span> system was causing Mariner 10 to go off course. By <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the attitude of Mariner 10 and the angle of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> power panels relative to the Sun, ground <span class="hlt">controllers</span> were able to correct the problem without using precious fuel. Once thought to be difficult or impossible, <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing has come out of science fiction and into the realm of possibility. Any spacecraft using this method would need to deploy a thin sail that could be as large as many kilometers in extent. Candidate sail materials should be: 1) strong, 2) ultra-lightweight (density of a few g/sq m), 3) able to be folded or crushed until deployed, 4) subject to minimal sagging or stretching, and 5) resistant to ionizing radiation, such as galactic and <span class="hlt">solar</span> particles (electrons and protons), x-rays, ultraviolet light, and magnetically trapped charged particles. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails must be resistant to each of these types of radiation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008788&hterms=sail+make&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dsail%2Bmake','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20150008788&hterms=sail+make&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3Dsail%2Bmake"><span>Hybrids of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail, <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Electric, and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion for <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-System Exploration</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilcox, Brian H.</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails have long been known to be an attractive method of propulsion in the inner <span class="hlt">solar</span> system if the areal density of the overall spacecraft (S/C) could be reduced to approx.10 g/sq m. It has also long been recognized that the figure (precise shape) of useful <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails needs to be reasonably good, so that the reflected light goes mostly in the desired direction. If one could make large reflective surfaces with reasonable figure at an areal density of approx.10 g/sq m, then several other attractive options emerge. One is to use such sails as <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrators for <span class="hlt">solar</span>-electric propulsion. Current flight <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays have a specific output of approx. 100W/kg at 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) from the sun, and near-term advances promise to significantly increase this figure. A S/C with an areal density of 10 g/sq m could accelerate up to 29 km/s per year as a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail at 1 AU. Using the same sail as a concentrator at 30 AU, the same spacecraft could have up to approx. 45 W of electric power per kg of total S/C mass available for electric propulsion (EP). With an EP system that is 50% power-efficient, exhausting 10% of the initial S/C mass per year as propellant, the exhaust velocity is approx. 119 km/s and the acceleration is approx. 12 km/s per year. This hybrid thus opens attractive options for missions to the outer <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, including sample-return missions. If <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermal propulsion were perfected, it would offer an attractive intermediate between <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing in the inner <span class="hlt">solar</span> system and <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion for the outer <span class="hlt">solar</span> system. In the example above, both the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail and <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric systems don't have a specific impulse that is near-optimal for the mission. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion, with an exhaust velocity of the order of 10 km/s, is better matched to many <span class="hlt">solar</span> system exploration missions. This paper derives the basic relationships between these three propulsion options and gives examples of missions that might be enabled by</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22533710T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AAS...22533710T"><span>Manhattan <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cannon</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Treffers, Richard R.; Loisos, George; Ubbelohde, Susan; Douglas, Susanna; Pintos, Eduardo; Mulherin, James; Pasley, David</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>We describe a 2.4 m hexagonal <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector atop a Manhattan office building used for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> / arts project. The collector uses an afocal design to concentrate the sunlight into a 0.6 m diameter beam which is directed by mirrors into a 80 m long fiber optic sculpture which descends an interior stairwell. The collector is fully steerable and follows the sun each day robotically. The <span class="hlt">control</span> system and the optical design of the collector as well as the fiber optic sculpture will be discussed.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_10");'>10</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li class="active"><span>12</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_12 --> <div id="page_13" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="241"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5406127-conductive-metal-oxide-film-solar-energy-control','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5406127-conductive-metal-oxide-film-solar-energy-control"><span>Conductive metal oxide film for <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy <span class="hlt">control</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Donley, H.E.</p> <p>1980-05-20</p> <p>An electroconductive film comprising the oxides of cobalt and nickel in a spinel structure having the formula nico2o4 and having high absorption in the luminous and infrared portions of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy spectrum is disclosed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860015243','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860015243"><span>Renewing <span class="hlt">solar</span> science: The <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum repair mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Neal, V.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The purpose of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Maximum Repair Mission is to restore the operational capacity of the satellite by replacing the attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system module and servicing two of the scientific instruments on board. The mission will demonstrate the satellite servicing capacity of the Space Shuttle for the first time.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100019585','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20100019585"><span>ISS <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Management</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Williams, James P.; Martin, Keith D.; Thomas, Justin R.; Caro, Samuel</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>The International Space Station (ISS) <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Management (SAM) software toolset provides the capabilities necessary to operate a spacecraft with complex <span class="hlt">solar</span> array constraints. It monitors spacecraft telemetry and provides interpretations of <span class="hlt">solar</span> array constraint data in an intuitive manner. The toolset provides extensive situational awareness to ensure mission success by analyzing power generation needs, array motion constraints, and structural loading situations. The software suite consists of several components including samCS (constraint set selector), samShadyTimers (array shadowing timers), samWin (visualization GUI), samLock (array motion constraint computation), and samJet (attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system configuration selector). It provides high availability and uptime for extended and continuous mission support. It is able to support two-degrees-of-freedom (DOF) array positioning and supports up to ten simultaneous constraints with intuitive 1D and 2D decision support visualizations of constraint data. Display synchronization is enabled across a networked <span class="hlt">control</span> center and multiple methods for constraint data interpolation are supported. Use of this software toolset increases flight safety, reduces mission support effort, optimizes <span class="hlt">solar</span> array operation for achieving mission goals, and has run for weeks at a time without issues. The SAM toolset is currently used in ISS real-time mission operations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930008260','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930008260"><span>Extraterrestrial applications of <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics for interior illumination</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Eijadi, David A.; Williams, Kyle D.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> optics is a terrestrial technology that has potential extraterrestrial applications. Active <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics (ASO) and passive <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics (PSO) are two approaches to the transmission of sunlight to remote interior spaces. Active <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics is most appropriate for task illumination, while PSO is most appropriate for general illumination. Research into <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics, motivated by energy conservation, has produced lightweight and low-cost materials, products that have applications to NASA's <span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program and its lunar base studies. Specifically, prism light guides have great potential in these contexts. Several applications of <span class="hlt">solar</span> optics to lunar base concepts are illustrated.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986SoCe...18...13O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986SoCe...18...13O"><span>Low frequency noise as a <span class="hlt">control</span> test for spacial <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Orsal, B.; Alabedra, R.; Ruas, R.</p> <p>1986-07-01</p> <p>The present study of low frequency noise in a forward-biased dark <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell, in order to develop an NDE test method for <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels, notes that a single cell with a given defect is thus detectable under dark conditions. The test subject was a space <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel consisting of five cells in parallel and five in series; these cells are of the n(+)-p monocrystalline Si junction type. It is demonstrated that the noise associated with the defective cell is 10-15 times higher than that of a good cell. Replacement of a good cell by a defective one leads to a 30-percent increase in the noise level of the panel as a whole.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1959d0014P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018AIPC.1959d0014P"><span>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail: Current state of the problem</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Polyakhova, Elena; Korolev, Vladimir</p> <p>2018-05-01</p> <p>Mathematical models of dynamics of the spacecraft with a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail to <span class="hlt">control</span> orbital motion and rotation of the entire structureare considered. The movement of a spacecraftby a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail is based on the effect of light pressure. The magnitude and direction of the light pressure force vector is determined by the size and properties of the sail surface and the orientation angle relative to the sunlight flux. It is possible to vary the properties, sizes or locations of the sails to <span class="hlt">control</span> the motion. Turning the elements of the sail, we get the opportunity to <span class="hlt">control</span> the direction of the vector of the acting force and the moment with respect to the center of mass. Specificity of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail <span class="hlt">control</span> is the interaction of orbital motion and rotational movements of the entire structure, which could provide the desired orientation and stability at small perturbations. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail can be used for flights to the major planets, to meet with asteroids and comet, to realize a special desired motion in the neighborhood of the Sun or near the Earth.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860007953&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19860007953&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion for planetary spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sercel, J. C.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies have shown that many desirable planetary exploration missions require large injection delta-V. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Rocket (STR) propulsion, under study for orbit-raising applications may enhance or enable such high-energy missions. The required technology of thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> for liquid hydrogen propellant is available for the required storage duration. Self-deploying, inflatable <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrators are under study. The mass penalty for passive cryogenic thermal <span class="hlt">control</span>, liquid hydrogen tanks and <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrators does not compromise the specific impulse advantage afforded by the STR as compared to chemical propulsion systems. An STR injection module is characterized and performance is evaluated by comparison to electric propulsion options for the Saturn Orbiter Titan Probe (SOTP) and Uranus Flyby Uranus Probe (UFUP) missions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..186a2031G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..186a2031G"><span>Design and realization of an autonomous <span class="hlt">solar</span> system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gaga, A.; Diouri, O.; Es-sbai, N.; Errahimi, F.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The aim of this work is the design and realization of an autonomous <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, with MPPT <span class="hlt">control</span>, a regulator charge/discharge of batteries, an H-bridge multi-level inverter with acquisition system and supervising based on a microcontroller. The proposed approach is based on developing a software platform in the LabVIEW environment which gives the system a flexible structure for <span class="hlt">controlling</span>, monitoring and supervising the whole system in real time while providing power maximization and best quality of energy conversion from DC to AC power. The reliability of the proposed <span class="hlt">solar</span> system is validated by the simulation results on PowerSim and experimental results achieved with a <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel, a Lead acid battery, <span class="hlt">solar</span> regulator and an H-bridge cascaded topology of single-phase inverter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6312700-solar-project-cost-report','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6312700-solar-project-cost-report"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> project cost report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Hale, H.J.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>This report provides detailed cost information for the Reedy Creek Utilities <span class="hlt">solar</span> space heating, cooling and service water heating project located in Walt Disney World, Florida. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system cools, heats and supplies service hot water for approximately 5625 ft/sup 2/ of office space in a general office building. The system was designed as an integral part of the building at the time the building was designed. The construction costs of this <span class="hlt">solar</span> project are presented in this report. Category costs are listed by materials, direct labor, and subcontract costs. The subcontract costs include both materials, labor, overhead andmore » profit for electrical, <span class="hlt">control</span> and other minor subcontractors.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890016487&hterms=rust&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Drust','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19890016487&hterms=rust&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Drust"><span>The Stable <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Analyzer</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rust, D. M.; Appourchaux, T.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Progress in the development of an instrument with very high (1:10 billion) wavelength stability designed to measure <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface velocities and magnetic fields is reported. The instrument determines Doppler and Zeeman shifts in <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectral lines by a 6-point weighted average. It is built around an electrically tunable solid lithium-niobate Fabry-Perot etalon that is stabilized against a diode laser which itself is locked to a resonance line of cesium 133. Key features are the etalon, which acts as a wide-angle 0.017-nm <span class="hlt">solar</span> filter, the camera with a specially stabilized shutter, and the instrument <span class="hlt">control</span> and data collection system. Use of the instrument in helioseismological research is emphasized.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980227778','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980227778"><span>Study of a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sensor for use in Space Vehicle Orientation <span class="hlt">Control</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Spencer, Paul R.</p> <p>1961-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> sensor described herein may be used for a variety of space operations requiring <span class="hlt">solar</span> orientation. The use of silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells as the sensing elements provides the sensor with sufficient capability to withstand the hazards of a space environment. A method of arranging the cells in a sensor consists simply of mounting them at a large angle to the base. The use of an opaque shield placed between the cells and perpendicular to the base enhances the small-angle sensitivity while adding slightly to the bulk of the sensor. The difference in illumination of these cells as the result of an oblique incidence of the light rays from the reference source causes an electrical error signal which, when used in a battery-bridge circuit, requires a minimum of electrical processing for use in a space-vehicle orientation <span class="hlt">control</span> system. An error which could occur after prolonged operation of the sensor is that resulting from asymmetrical aging of opposite cells. This could be periodically corrected with a balance potentiometer. A more routine error in the sensor is that produced by reflected earth radiation. This error may be eliminated over a large portion of the operation time by restricting the field of view and, consequently, the capture capability. A more sophisticated method of eliminating this error is to use separate sensors, for capture and fine pointing, along with a switching device. An experimental model has been constructed and tested to yield an output sensitivity of 1.2 millivolts per second of arc with a load resistance of 1,000 ohms and a reference light source of approximately 1,200 foot-candles delivered at the sensor.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=20','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=20"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Power | NREL</A> Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> This page provides information on Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em>, a configuration. Acciona Energy's Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> is the third largest CSP plant in the world and the first plant roads. Project Overview Project Name: Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> (NSO) Country: United States Location: Boulder</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6515823','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6515823"><span>Tracking instrument and <span class="hlt">control</span> for <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrators. Final technical report, October 1979-January 1981</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gray, J; Kuhlman, J</p> <p>1981-01-31</p> <p>The tracker uses a single photo sensor, and a rotating aperature to obtain tracking accuracies better than 1.5 mrads (0.1 degs). Peak signal detection is used to eliminate tracking of false sources, i.e., clouds, etc. A prism is employed to obtain an extended field of view (150 degs axially - 360 degs radially). The tracker digitally measures the Suns displacement angle relative to the concentrator axis, and repositions it incrementally. This arrangement permits the use of low cost non-servo motors. The local <span class="hlt">controller</span> contains microprocessor based electronics, incorporating digital signal processing. A single <span class="hlt">controller</span> may be time shared by amore » maximum of sixteen trackers, providing a high performance, cost effective <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking system, suitable for both line and point focus concentrators. An installation may have the local <span class="hlt">controller</span> programmed as a standalone unit or slaved to a central <span class="hlt">controller</span>. When used with a central <span class="hlt">controller</span>, dynamic data monitoring and logging is available, together with the ability to change system modes and parameters, as desired.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ResPh...9..897A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ResPh...9..897A"><span>The effects of Poynting-Robertson drag on <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Abd El-Salam, F. A.</p> <p>2018-06-01</p> <p>In the present work, the concept of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sailing and its developing spacecraft are presented. The effects of Poynting-Robertson drag on <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails are considered. Some analytical <span class="hlt">control</span> laws with some mentioned input constraints for optimizing <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails dynamics in heliocentric orbit using Lagrange's planetary equations are obtained. Optimum force vector in a required direction is maximized by deriving optimal sail cone angle. New <span class="hlt">control</span> laws that maximize thrust to obtain certain required maximization in some particular orbital element are obtained.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEn...217104D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatEn...217104D"><span>Pairing of near-ultraviolet <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with electrochromic windows for smart management of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Davy, Nicholas C.; Sezen-Edmonds, Melda; Gao, Jia; Lin, Xin; Liu, Amy; Yao, Nan; Kahn, Antoine; Loo, Yueh-Lin</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>Current smart window technologies offer dynamic <span class="hlt">control</span> of the optical transmission of the visible and near-infrared portions of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum to reduce lighting, heating and cooling needs in buildings and to improve occupant comfort. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> cells harvesting near-ultraviolet photons could satisfy the unmet need of powering such smart windows over the same spatial footprint without competing for visible or infrared photons, and without the same aesthetic and design constraints. Here, we report organic single-junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that selectively harvest near-ultraviolet photons, produce open-circuit voltages eclipsing 1.6 V and exhibit scalability in power generation, with active layers (10 cm2) substantially larger than those typical of demonstration organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (0.04-0.2 cm2). Integration of these <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with a low-cost, polymer-based electrochromic window enables intelligent management of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum, with near-ultraviolet photons powering the regulation of visible and near-infrared photons for natural lighting and heating purposes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001506','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001506"><span>Momentum Management for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid Scout <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heaton, Andrew; Diedrich, Benjamin L.; Orphee, Juan; Stiltner, Brandon; Becker, Christopher</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Momentum Management (MM) system is described for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid Scout (NEA Scout) cubesat <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission. Unlike many <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission proposals that used <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque as the primary or only attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system, NEA Scout uses small reaction wheels (RW) and a reaction <span class="hlt">control</span> system (RCS) with cold gas thrusters, as described in the abstract "<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> System for Near Earth Asteroid Scout Cubesat Mission." The reaction wheels allow fine pointing and higher rates with low mass actuators to meet the science, communication, and trajectory guidance requirements. The MM system keeps the speed of the wheels within their operating margins using a combination of <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque and the RCS.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApPhA..41..267N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986ApPhA..41..267N"><span>High performance a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and new fabrication methods for a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nakano, S.; Kuwano, Y.; Ohnishi, M.</p> <p>1986-12-01</p> <p>The super chamber, a separated UHV reaction-chamber system has been developed. A conversion efficiency of 11.7% was obtained for an a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell using a high-quality i-layer deposited by the super chamber, and a p-layer fabricated by a photo-CVD method. As a new material, amorphous superlattice-structure films were fabricated by the photo-CVD method for the first time. Superlattice structure p-layer a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells were fabricated, and a conversion efficiency of 10.5% was obtained. For the fabrication of integrated type a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell modules, a laser pattering method was investigated. A thermal analysis of the multilayer structure was done. It was confirmed that selective scribing for a-Si, TCO and metal film is possible by <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the laser power density. Recently developed a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> power generation systems and a-Si <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell roofing tiles are also described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=275','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=275"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Xina <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Power | NREL</A> Xina <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Abengoa has been selected by the Department of Energy (DOE) of South Africa to develop Xina <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em>, a 100 MW parabolic trough plant with a five-hour thermal energy with Abengoa's plant KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> that is currently under construction in the country. Xina <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9902006&hterms=concentrated+solar+power&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dconcentrated%2Bsolar%2Bpower','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9902006&hterms=concentrated+solar+power&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dconcentrated%2Bsolar%2Bpower"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have designed, fabricated, and tested the first <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine, a non-chemical rocket engine that produces lower thrust but has better thrust efficiency than a chemical combustion engine. MSFC turned to <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal propulsion in the early 1990s due to its simplicity, safety, low cost, and commonality with other propulsion systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion works by acquiring and redirecting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to heat a propellant. The 20- by 24-ft heliostat mirror (not shown in this photograph) has a dual-axis <span class="hlt">control</span> that keeps a reflection of the sunlight on the 18-ft diameter concentrator mirror, which then focuses the sunlight to a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber. The focal point has 10 kilowatts of intense <span class="hlt">solar</span> power. This image, taken during the test, depicts the light being concentrated into the focal point inside the vacuum chamber. As part of MSFC's Space Transportation Directorate, the Propulsion Research Center serves as a national resource for research of advanced, revolutionary propulsion technologies. The mission is to move the Nation's capabilities beyond the confines of conventional chemical propulsion into an era of aircraft-like access to Earth orbit, rapid travel throughout the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, and exploration of interstellar space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP.567..245S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ESASP.567..245S"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Satellite Thermal <span class="hlt">Control</span> Approach</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sacchi, E.; Cassisa, G.; Gottero, M.</p> <p>2004-12-01</p> <p>The concept of generating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power in space and transmitting it to earth or any other desired destination such as a planet, moon, or to charge a space vehicle via microwaves, stems from a wide variety of human needs and necessities. It is now a well-known fact that world population increases at a very rapid rate, nearly 80 millions or more per year, and the world-wide energy demand seems to double in the course of the present century. If technology has to advance at the present rate, in phase with high living standards, energy growth must not lag behind. These estimates are based on the population growth rate in the developing countries and the simultaneous increase in per capita energy consumption in these countries, coupled with economical boost. In most of the underdeveloped countries energy needs are of small scales, faraway from the power distribution line and can be very easily satisfied by harnessing <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy. Furthermore, the Earth temperature has increased by 0.5° to 1° F during the past century. This rise in temperature is believed to have been caused by the use of oil, coal, and natural gas (fossil fuels) for transportation and energy production. Actually, fossil fuel combustion-based power plants are the dominant sources for energy demands. Therefore, increased power production will accelerate the production of greenhouse gases (predominantly CO2). To cope with their energy needs, countries could be engaged in the use of nuclear energy, which could accelerate the diffusion of nuclear arms as a bye- product.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_11");'>11</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li class="active"><span>13</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_13 --> <div id="page_14" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="261"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...86a2027D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...86a2027D"><span>The Application Design of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Radio Spectrometer Based on FPGA</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Du, Q. F.; Chen, R. J.; Zhao, Y. C.; Feng, S. W.; Chen, Y.; Song, Y.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> radio spectrometer is the key instrument to observe <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio. By programing the computer software, we <span class="hlt">control</span> the AD signal acquisition card which is based on FPGA to get a mass of data. The data are transferred by using PCI-E port. This program has realized the function of timing data collection, finding data in specific time and <span class="hlt">controlling</span> acquisition meter in real time. It can also map the <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio power intensity graph. By doing the experiment, we verify the reliability of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio spectrum instrument, in the meanwhile, the instrument simplifies the operation in observing the sun.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800002358','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800002358"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating and cooling systems design and development</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating and heating/cooling systems were designed for single family, multifamily, and commercial applications. Subsystems considered included <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors, heat storage systems, auxiliary energy sources, working fluids, and supplementary <span class="hlt">controls</span>, piping, and pumps.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773573','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25773573"><span>Enhanced performance of PbS-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells via <span class="hlt">controlled</span> successive ionic-layer adsorption and reaction.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Abbas, Muhammad A; Basit, Muhammad A; Park, Tae Joo; Bang, Jin Ho</p> <p>2015-04-21</p> <p>Despite the potential of PbS quantum dots (QDs) as sensitizers for quantum-dot-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (QDSSCs), achieving a high photocurrent density over 30 mA cm(-2) remains a challenging task in PbS-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. In contrast to previous attempts, where Hg(2+)-doping or multi-step post-treatment is necessary, we are capable of achieving a high photocurrent exceeding 30 mA cm(-2) simply by manipulating the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. We show that <span class="hlt">controlling</span> temperature at which SILAR is performed is critical to obtain a higher and more uniform coverage of PbS QDs over a mesoporous TiO2 film. The deposition of a CdS inter-layer between TiO2 and PbS is found to be an effective means of ensuring high photocurrent and stability. Not only does this modification improve the light absorption capability of the photoanode, but it also has a significant effect on charge recombination and electron injection efficiency at the PbS/TiO2 interface according to our in-depth study using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The implication of subtle changes in the interfacial events via modified SILAR conditions for PbS-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5063163','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5063163"><span>High Performance Perovskite <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Tong, Xin; Lin, Feng; Wu, Jiang</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells fabricated from organometal halide light harvesters have captured significant attention due to their tremendously low device costs as well as unprecedented rapid progress on power conversion efficiency (PCE). A certified PCE of 20.1% was achieved in late 2014 following the first study of long‐term stable all‐solid‐state perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell with a PCE of 9.7% in 2012, showing their promising potential towards future cost‐effective and high performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Here, notable achievements of primary device configuration involving perovskite layer, hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) and electron‐transporting materials (ETMs) are reviewed. Numerous strategies for enhancing photovoltaic parameters of perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, including morphology and crystallization <span class="hlt">control</span> of perovskite layer, HTMs design and ETMs modifications are discussed in detail. In addition, perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells outside of HTMs and ETMs are mentioned as well, providing guidelines for further simplification of device processing and hence cost reduction. PMID:27774402</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6566251-plant-engineers-solar-energy-handbook-includes-glossaries','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6566251-plant-engineers-solar-energy-handbook-includes-glossaries"><span>Plant engineers <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy handbook. [Includes glossaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Not Available</p> <p>1978-01-21</p> <p>This handbook is to provide plant engineers with factual information on <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy technology and on the various methods for assessing the future potential of this alternative energy source. The following areas are covered: <span class="hlt">solar</span> components and systems (collectors, storage, service hot-water systems, space heating with liquid and air systems, space cooling, heat pumps and <span class="hlt">controls</span>); computer programs for system optimization local <span class="hlt">solar</span> and weather data; a description of buildings and plants in the San Francisco Bay Area applying <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology; current Federal and California <span class="hlt">solar</span> legislation; standards, codes, and performance testing information; a listing of manufacturers, distributors, and professionalmore » services that are available in Northern California; and information access. Finally, <span class="hlt">solar</span> design checklists are provided for those engineers who wish to design their own systems. (MHR)« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006cosp...36.2664G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006cosp...36.2664G"><span>attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> design for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> polar orbit radio telesope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gao, D.; Zheng, J.</p> <p></p> <p>This paper studies the attitude dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span> of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Polar Orbit Radio Telescope SPORT The SPORT which consists of one parent satellite and eight tethered satellites runs around the Sun in a polar orbit The parent satellite locates at the mass center of the constellation and tethered satellites which are tied with the parent satellite through a non-electric rope rotate around the parent satellite It is also supposed that the parent satellite and all tethered satellites are in a plane when the constellation works begin figure htbp centerline includegraphics width 3 85in height 2 38in 75271331 6a6eb71057 doc1 eps label fig1 end figure Fig 1 the SPORT constellation Firstly this paper gives the dynamic equations of the tethered satellite and the parent satellite From the dynamic characteristic of the tethered satellite we then find that the roll axis is coupled with the yaw axis The <span class="hlt">control</span> torque of the roll axis can <span class="hlt">control</span> the yaw angle But the <span class="hlt">control</span> torque of the roll axis and pitch axis provided by the tether is very small it can not meet the accuracy requirement of the yaw angle In order to improve the attitude pointing accuracy of the tethered satellite a gradient pole is set in the negative orientation of the yaw axis The gradient pole can improve not only the attitude accuracy of roll angle and pitch angle but also that of the yaw angle indirectly As to the dynamic characteristic of the parent satellite the roll axis is coupled with the pitch axis due to the spinning angular velocity At the same</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011710','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011710"><span>Prototype <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and hot water system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Progress is reported in the development of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and hot water system which uses a pyramidal optics <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator for heating, and consists of the following subsystems: collector, <span class="hlt">control</span>, transport, and site data acquisition. Improvements made in the components and subsystems are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734m0016P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734m0016P"><span>Modelling and <span class="hlt">control</span> synthesis of a micro-combined heat and power interface for a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power system in off-grid rural power applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Prinsloo, Gerro; Dobson, Robert; Brent, Alan; Mammoli, Andrea</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power co-generation systems have been identified as potential stand-alone <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy supply solutions in remote rural energy applications. This study describes the modelling and synthesis of a combined heat and power Stirling CSP system in order to evaluate its potential performance in small off-grid rural village applications in Africa. This Stirling micro-Combined Heat and Power (micro-CHP) system has a 1 kW electric capacity, with 3 kW of thermal generation capacity which is produced as waste heat recovered from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> power generation process. As part of the development of an intelligent microgrid <span class="hlt">control</span> and distribution solution, the Trinum micro-CHP system and other co-generation systems are systematically being modelled on the TRNSYS simulation platform. This paper describes the modelling and simulation of the Trinum micro-CHP configuration on TRNSYS as part of the process to develop the <span class="hlt">control</span> automation solution for the smart rural microgrid in which the Trinum will serve as a <span class="hlt">solar</span> powerpack. The results present simulated performance outputs for the Trinum micro-CHP system for a number of remote rural locations in Africa computed from real-time TRNSYS <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiation and weather data (yearly, monthly, daily) for the relevant locations. The focus of this paper is on the parametric modelling of the Trinum Stirling micro-CHP system, with specific reference to this system as a TRNSYS functional block in the microgrid simulation. The model is used to forecast the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy harvesting potential of the Trinum micro-CHP unit at a number of remote rural sites in Africa.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1113741','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1113741"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse's <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Plane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Moniz, Ernest; Piccard, Bertrand; Reicher, Dan</p> <p>2018-01-16</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse lands in Washington, DC at Washington Dulles International Airport as part of its journey across the United States. Secretary Ernest Moniz speaks about how advancements like those at the Department of Energy are leading the way for innovations like the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered plane. Footage of the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered plane courtesy of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1113741','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1113741"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse's <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Plane</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Moniz, Ernest; Piccard, Bertrand; Reicher, Dan</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse lands in Washington, DC at Washington Dulles International Airport as part of its journey across the United States. Secretary Ernest Moniz speaks about how advancements like those at the Department of Energy are leading the way for innovations like the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered plane. Footage of the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered plane courtesy of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Impulse.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870006591','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19870006591"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> dynamic power systems for space station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Irvine, Thomas B.; Nall, Marsha M.; Seidel, Robert C.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The Parabolic Offset Linearly Actuated Reflector (POLAR) <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic module was selected as the baseline design for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic power system aboard the space station. The POLAR concept was chosen over other candidate designs after extensive trade studies. The primary advantages of the POLAR concept are the low mass moment of inertia of the module about the transverse boom and the compactness of the stowed module which enables packaging of two complete modules in the Shuttle orbiter payload bay. The fine pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> system required for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic module has been studied and initial results indicate that if disturbances from the station are allowed to back drive the rotary alpha joint, pointing errors caused by transient loads on the space station can be minimized. This would allow pointing <span class="hlt">controls</span> to operate in bandwidths near system structural frequencies. The incorporation of the fine pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> system into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic module is fairly straightforward for the three strut concentrator support structure. However, results of structural analyses indicate that this three strut support is not optimum. Incorporation of a vernier pointing system into the proposed six strut support structure is being studied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSH53A..02Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AGUFMSH53A..02Z"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter Status Update</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zouganelis, Y.; Mueller, D.; St Cyr, O. C.; Gilbert, H. R.</p> <p>2016-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015-2025 programme, promises to deliver groundbreaking science with previously unavailable observational capabilities provided by a suite of in-situ and remote-sensing instruments in a unique orbit. The mission will address the central question of heliophysics: How does the Sun create and <span class="hlt">control</span> the heliosphere? The heliosphere represents a uniquely accessible domain of space, where fundamental physical processes common to <span class="hlt">solar</span>, astrophysical and laboratory plasmas can be studied under conditions impossible to reproduce on Earth and unfeasible to observe from astronomical distances. In this talk, we highlight the scientific goals of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter, address the synergy between this joint ESA/NASA mission and other new space and ground-based observatories, and present the mission's development status.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=244','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=244"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Khi <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Power | NREL</A> Khi <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> This page provides information on Khi <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em>, a concentrating . Status Date: February 8, 2016 Project Overview Project Name: Khi <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Country: South Africa Location</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9906910&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9906910&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test Facility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have designed, fabricated, and tested the first <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine, a non-chemical rocket engine that produces lower thrust but has better thrust efficiency than a chemical combustion engine. MSFC turned to <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal propulsion in the early 1990s due to its simplicity, safety, low cost, and commonality with other propulsion systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion works by acquiring and redirecting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to heat a propellant. This photograph shows a fully assembled <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine placed inside the vacuum chamber at the test facility prior to testing. The 20- by 24-ft heliostat mirror (not shown in this photograph) has a dual-axis <span class="hlt">control</span> that keeps a reflection of the sunlight on the 18-ft diameter concentrator mirror, which then focuses the sunlight to a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber. The focal point has 10 kilowatts of intense <span class="hlt">solar</span> power. As part of MSFC's Space Transportation Directorate, the Propulsion Research Center serves as a national resource for research of advanced, revolutionary propulsion technologies. The mission is to move theNation's capabilities beyond the confines of conventional chemical propulsion into an era of aircraft-like access to Earth orbit, rapid travel throughout the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, and exploration of interstellar space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090014763','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090014763"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sails</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Young, Roy</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Propulsion investment area has been one of the three highest priorities within the In-Space Propulsion Technology (ISPT) Project. In the fall of 2003, the NASA Headquarters' Science Mission Directorate provided funding and direction to mature the technology as far as possible through ground research and development from TRL 3 to 6 in three years. A group of experts from government, industry, and academia convened in Huntsville, Alabama to define technology gaps between what was needed for science missions to the inner <span class="hlt">solar</span> system and the current state of the art in ultra1ightweight materials and gossamer structure design. This activity set the roadmap for development. The centerpiece of the development would be the ground demonstration of scalable <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail systems including masts, sails, deployment mechanisms, and attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> hardware and software. In addition, new materials would be subjected to anticipated space environments to quantify effects and assure mission life. Also, because <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails are huge structures, and it is not feasible to validate the technology by ground test at full scale, a multi-discipline effort was established to develop highly reliable analytical models to serve as mission assurance evidence in future flight program decision-making. Two separate contractor teams were chosen to develop the SSP System Ground Demonstrator (SGD). After a three month conceptual mission/system design phase, the teams developed a ten meter diameter pathfinder set of hardware and subjected it to thermal vacuum tests to compare analytically predicted structural behavior with measured characteristics. This process developed manufacturing and handling techniques and refined the basic design. In 2005, both contractor teams delivered 20 meter, four quadrant sail systems to the largest thermal vacuum chamber in the world in Plum Brook, Ohio, and repeated the tests. Also demonstrated was the deployment and articulation of attitude <span class="hlt">control</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014286','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800014286"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating and cooling demonstration project at the Florida <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy center</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The retrofitted <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling system installed at the Florida <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Center is described. The system was designed to supply approximately 70 percent of the annual cooling and 100 percent of the heating load. The project provides unique high temperature, nonimaging, nontracking, evacuated tube collectors. The design of the system was kept simple and employs five hydronic loops. They are energy collection, chilled water production, space cooling, space heating and energy rejection. Information is provided on the system's acceptance test results operation, <span class="hlt">controls</span>, hardware and installation, including detailed drawings.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986mang.rept.....P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986mang.rept.....P"><span>German-Korean cooperation for erection and test of industrialized <span class="hlt">solar</span> technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pfeiffer, H.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>A combined small <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind power station and a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermal experimental plant were built. The plants are designed to demonstrate the effective exploitation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and wind energy and enhanced availability achievable through combination of these two energy sources. A 14 kW wind energy converter and a 2.5 kW <span class="hlt">solar</span>-cell generator were operated in parallel. The biaxial tracking system used on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> generator leads to increased and constant generation of electricity throughout the day. A consumer <span class="hlt">control</span> system switches the energy generators and the consumers in autonomous mode according to changing supply and demand. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered air conditioning unit operates with an absorption type refrigerating unit, high-output flat collectors and an automatic <span class="hlt">control</span> system. All design values are achieved on start-up of the plant.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AIPC..813..982W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AIPC..813..982W"><span>Flight Mechanics and <span class="hlt">Control</span> Requirements for a Modular <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Electric Tug Operating in Earth-Moon Space</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Woodcock, Gordon; Wingo, Dennis</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>A modular design for a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-electric tug was analyzed to establish flight <span class="hlt">control</span> requirements and methods. Thrusters are distributed around the periphery of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array. This design enables modules to be berthed together to create a larger system from smaller modules. It requires a different flight mode than traditional design and a different thrust direction scheme, to achieve net thrust in the desired direction, observe thruster pointing constraints that avoid plume impingement on the tug, and balance moments. The array is perpendicular to the Sun vector for maximum electric power. The tug may maintain a constant inertial attitude or rotate around the Sun vector once per orbit. Either non-rotating or constant angular velocity rotation offers advantages over the conventional flight mode, which has highly variable roll rates. The baseline single module has 12 thrusters: two 2-axis gimbaling main thrusters, one at each ``end'', and two back-to-back Z axis thrusters at each corner of the array. Thruster pointing and throttling were optimized to maximize net thrust effectiveness while observing constraints. <span class="hlt">Control</span> design used a spread sheet with Excel Solver to calculate nominal thruster pointing and throttling. These results are used to create lookup tables. A conventional <span class="hlt">control</span> system generates a thruster pointing and throttling overlay on the nominals to maintain active attitude <span class="hlt">control</span>. Gravity gradients can cause major attitude perturbations during occultation periods if thrust is off during these periods. Thrust required to maintain attitude is about 4% of system rated power. This amount of power can be delivered by a battery system, avoiding the performance penalty if chemical propulsion thrusters were used to maintain attitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960309','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24960309"><span><span class="hlt">Controllable</span> self-induced passivation of hybrid lead iodide perovskites toward high performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Qi; Zhou, Huanping; Song, Tze-Bin; Luo, Song; Hong, Ziruo; Duan, Hsin-Sheng; Dou, Letian; Liu, Yongsheng; Yang, Yang</p> <p>2014-07-09</p> <p>To improve the performance of the polycrystalline thin film devices, it requires a delicate <span class="hlt">control</span> of its grain structures. As one of the most promising candidates among current thin film photovoltaic techniques, the organic/inorganic hybrid perovskites generally inherit polycrystalline nature and exhibit compositional/structural dependence in regard to their optoelectronic properties. Here, we demonstrate a <span class="hlt">controllable</span> passivation technique for perovskite films, which enables their compositional change, and allows substantial enhancement in corresponding device performance. By releasing the organic species during annealing, PbI2 phase is presented in perovskite grain boundaries and at the relevant interfaces. The consequent passivation effects and underlying mechanisms are investigated with complementary characterizations, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), time-resolved photoluminescence decay (TRPL), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM), and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). This <span class="hlt">controllable</span> self-induced passivation technique represents an important step to understand the polycrystalline nature of hybrid perovskite thin films and contributes to the development of perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells judiciously.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3624905','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3624905"><span><span class="hlt">Controlling</span> Morphology and Molecular Packing of Alkane Substituted Phthalocyanine Blend Bulk Heterojunction <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells†</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Jurow, Matthew J.; Hageman, Brian A.; Nam, Chang-Yong; Pabon, Cesar; Black, Charles T.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>Systematic changes in the exocyclic substiution of core phthalocyanine platform tune the absorption properties to yield commercially viable dyes that function as the primary light absorbers in organic bulk heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Blends of these complementary phthalocyanines absorb a broader portion of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum compared to a single dye, thereby increasing <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell performance. We correlate grazing incidence small angle x-ray scattering structural data with <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell performance to elucidate the role of nanomorphology of active layers composed of blends of phthalocyanines and a fullerene derivative. A highly reproducible device architecture is used to assure accuracy and is relevant to films for <span class="hlt">solar</span> windows in urban settings. We demonstrate that the number and structure of the exocyclic motifs dictate phase formation, hierarchical organization, and nanostructure, thus can be employed to tailor active layer morphology to enhance exciton dissociation and charge collection efficiencies in the photovoltaic devices. These studies reveal that disordered films make better <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, short alkanes increase the optical density of the active layer, and branched alkanes inhibit unproductive homogeneous molecular alignment. PMID:23589766</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_12");'>12</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li class="active"><span>14</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_14 --> <div id="page_15" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="281"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010095543','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010095543"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Refrigeration System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ewert, Michael K. (Inventor); Bergeron, David J., III (Inventor)</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered vapor compression refrigeration system is made practicable with thermal storage and novel <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques. In one embodiment, the refrigeration system includes a photovoltaic panel, a variable speed compressor, an insulated enclosure. and a thermal reservoir. The photovoltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC (direct current) electrical power. The DC electrical power drives a compressor that circulates refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop to extract heat from the insulated enclosure. The thermal reservoir is situated inside the insulated enclosure and includes a phase change material. As heat is extracted from the insulated enclosure, the phase change material is frozen, and thereafter is able to act as a heat sink to maintain the temperature of the insulated enclosure in the absence of sunlight. The conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy is optimized by a compressor <span class="hlt">control</span> method that effectively maximizes the compressor's usage of available energy. A capacitor is provided to smooth the power voltage and to provide additional current during compressor start-up. A <span class="hlt">controller</span> monitors the rate of change of the smoothed power voltage to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the available power maximum, and adjusts the compressor speed accordingly. In this manner, the compressor operation is adjusted to convert substantially all available <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020089611&hterms=PV+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DPV%2Bsolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020089611&hterms=PV+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DPV%2Bsolar"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Powered Refrigeration System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ewert, Michael K. (Inventor); Bergeron, David J., III (Inventor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered vapor compression refrigeration system is made practicable with thermal storage and novel <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques. In one embodiment, the refrigeration system includes a photovoltaic panel, a variable speed compressor, an insulated enclosure, and a thermal reservoir. The photovoltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC (direct current) electrical power. The DC electrical power drives a compressor that circulates refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop to extract heat from the insulated enclosure. The thermal reservoir is situated inside the insulated enclosure and includes a phase change material. As heat is extracted from the insulated enclosure, the phase change material is frozen, and thereafter is able to act as a heat sink to maintain the temperature of the insulated enclosure in the absence of sunlight. The conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy is optimized by a compressor <span class="hlt">control</span> method that effectively maximizes the compressor's usage of available energy. A capacitor is provided to smooth the power voltage and to provide additional current during compressor start-up. A <span class="hlt">controller</span> monitors the rate of change of the smoothed power voltage to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the available power maximum, and adjusts the compressor speed accordingly. In this manner, the compressor operation is adjusted to convert substantially all available <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020089464&hterms=PV+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DPV%2Bsolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20020089464&hterms=PV+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3DPV%2Bsolar"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Powered Refrigeration System</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Ewert, Michael K. (Inventor); Bergeron, David J., III (Inventor)</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered vapor compression refrigeration system is made practicable with thermal storage and novel <span class="hlt">control</span> techniques. In one embodiment, the refrigeration system includes a photovoltaic panel, a variable speed compressor, an insulated enclosure, and a thermal reservoir. The photovoltaic (PV) panel converts sunlight into DC (direct current) electrical power. The DC electrical power drives a compressor that circulates refrigerant through a vapor compression refrigeration loop to extract heat from the insulated enclosure. The thermal reservoir is situated inside the insulated enclosure and includes a phase change material. As heat is extracted from the insulated enclosure, the phase change material is frozen, and thereafter is able to act as a heat sink to maintain the temperature of the insulated enclosure in the absence of sunlight. The conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy is optimized by a compressor <span class="hlt">control</span> method that effectively maximizes the compressor's usage of available energy. A capacitor is provided to smooth the power voltage and to provide additional current during compressor start-up. A <span class="hlt">controller</span> monitors the rate of change of the smoothed power voltage to determine if the compressor is operating below or above the available power maximum, and adjusts the compressor speed accordingly. In this manner, the compressor operation is adjusted to convert substantially all available <span class="hlt">solar</span> power into stored thermal energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981msfc.reptQ....H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981msfc.reptQ....H"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> cooling system performance, Frenchman's Reef Hotel, Virgin Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Harber, H.</p> <p>1981-09-01</p> <p>The operational and thermal performance of a variety of <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems are described. The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cooling System was installed in a hotel at St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands. The system consists of the evacuated glass tube collectors, two 2500 gallon tanks, pumps, computerized <span class="hlt">controller</span>, a large <span class="hlt">solar</span> optimized industrial sized lithium bromide absorption chiller, and associated plumbing. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> heated water is pumped through the system to the designed public areas such as lobby, lounges, restaurant and hallways. Auxiliary heat is provided by steam and a heat exchanger to supplement the <span class="hlt">solar</span> heat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810025068','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810025068"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> cooling system performance, Frenchman's Reef Hotel, Virgin Islands</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Harber, H.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The operational and thermal performance of a variety of <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems are described. The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cooling System was installed in a hotel at St. Thomas, U. S. Virgin Islands. The system consists of the evacuated glass tube collectors, two 2500 gallon tanks, pumps, computerized <span class="hlt">controller</span>, a large <span class="hlt">solar</span> optimized industrial sized lithium bromide absorption chiller, and associated plumbing. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> heated water is pumped through the system to the designed public areas such as lobby, lounges, restaurant and hallways. Auxiliary heat is provided by steam and a heat exchanger to supplement the <span class="hlt">solar</span> heat.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060038522&hterms=AC+bypass&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DAC%2Bbypass','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060038522&hterms=AC+bypass&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D80%26Ntt%3DAC%2Bbypass"><span>(abstract) Scaling Nominal <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cell Impedances for Array Design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, Robert L; Wallace, Matthew T.; Iles, Peter</p> <p>1994-01-01</p> <p>This paper discusses a task the objective of which is to characterize <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell array AC impedance and develop scaling rules for impedance characterization of large arrays by testing single <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and small arrays. This effort is aimed at formulating a methodology for estimating the AC impedance of the Mars Pathfinder (MPF) cruise and lander <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays based upon testing single cells and small <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell arrays and to create a basis for design of a single shunt limiter for MPF power <span class="hlt">control</span> of flight <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays having very different inpedances.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1055671','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1055671"><span>Flexible thermal cycle test equipment for concentrator <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Hebert, Peter H [Glendale, CA; Brandt, Randolph J [Palmdale, CA</p> <p>2012-06-19</p> <p>A system and method for performing thermal stress testing of photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells is presented. The system and method allows rapid testing of photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells under <span class="hlt">controllable</span> thermal conditions. The system and method presents a means of rapidly applying thermal stresses to one or more photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells in a consistent and repeatable manner.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999BAAA...43...22S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999BAAA...43...22S"><span>Observaciones de la corona <span class="hlt">solar</span> interior con un coronógrafo de espejo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stenborg, G.; Schwenn, R.; Francile, C.; Rovira, M.</p> <p></p> <p>El plasma de la corona <span class="hlt">solar</span> es un buen indicador de las líneas de fuerza del campo magnético. Por lo tanto, el análisis de estructuras coronales cuasiestacionarias en la corona da importante información sobre el campo magnético y la actividad asociada. Se trata de poner límites a los modelos teóricos existentes mediante el estudio de distintas estructuras en la corona interior. En agosto de 1997 comenzó a operar el coronógrafo <span class="hlt">solar</span> (MICA) en El Leoncito como parte del Observatorio <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Alemán-Argentino. Desde su instalación obtiene imágenes de la corona <span class="hlt">solar</span> (1.05 a 2.0 radios <span class="hlt">solares</span>) en 2 líneas espectrales correspondientes a la emisión de Fe XIV y Fe X. El instrumento puede obtener imágenes cada minuto por lo que es ideal <span class="hlt">para</span> estudiar procesos rápidos. Presentamos observaciones recientes que muestran la capacidad del coronógrafo así como la evolución de algunos eventos dinámicos observados por MICA.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023712','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910023712"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> astronomy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rosner, Robert; Noyes, Robert; Antiochos, Spiro K.; Canfield, Richard C.; Chupp, Edward L.; Deming, Drake; Doschek, George A.; Dulk, George A.; Foukal, Peter V.; Gilliland, Ronald L.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>An overview is given of modern <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics. Topics covered include the <span class="hlt">solar</span> interior, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere, the Large Earth-based <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope (LEST), the Orbiting <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Laboratory, the High Energy <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics mission, the Space Exploration Initiative, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-terrestrial physics, and adaptive optics. Policy and related programmatic recommendations are given for university research and education, facilitating <span class="hlt">solar</span> research, and integrated support for <span class="hlt">solar</span> research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/533034-drying-medicinal-plants-solar-energy-utilization','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/533034-drying-medicinal-plants-solar-energy-utilization"><span>Drying of medicinal plants with <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy utilization</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wisniewski, G.</p> <p></p> <p>In the paper, a potential of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy for drying of medicinal plants in Polish conditions is estimated and development of <span class="hlt">solar</span> drying technologies is presented. The results of economic assessment of flat-plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors applied for drying of medicinal plants on a farm are promising. In some specific conditions, e.g. drying of wild grown medicinal plants in remote areas, even application of photovoltaic modules for driving of a fan of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> dryer is a profitable option and enables easy <span class="hlt">control</span> of the drying air temperature.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.439a2018O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JPhCS.439a2018O"><span>Photocatalytic thin films coupled with polymeric microcapsules for the <span class="hlt">controlled</span>-release of volatile agents upon <span class="hlt">solar</span> activation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Oliveira, L. F.; Marques, J.; Coutinho, P. J. G.; Parpot, P.; Tavares, C. J.</p> <p>2013-06-01</p> <p>This work reportson the application of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-activated photocatalytic thin films that allow the <span class="hlt">controlled</span>-release of volatile agents (e.g., insecticides, repellents) from the interior of adsorbedpolymericmicrocapsules. In order to standardize the tests, a quantification of the inherent <span class="hlt">controlled</span>-release of a particular volatile agent is determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy, so that an application can be offered to a wide range of supports from various industrial sectors, such as in textiles (clothing, curtains, mosquito nets). This technology takes advantage of the established photocatalytic property of titanium dioxide (TiO2) for the use as an active surface/site to promote the <span class="hlt">controlled</span>-release of a specific vapor (volatile agentfrom within the aforementioned microcapsules.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920005250&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19920005250&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Pumped Lasers and Their Applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lee, Ja H.</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>Since 1980, NASA has been pursuing high power <span class="hlt">solar</span> lasers as part of the space power beaming program. Materials in liquid, solid, and gas phases have been evaluated against the requirements for <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumping. Two basic characteristics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> insolation, namely its diffuse irradiance and 5800 K blackbody-like spectrum, impose rather stringent requirements for laser excitation. However, meeting these requirements is not insurmountable as <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal energy technology has progressed today, and taking advantage of <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumping lasers is becoming increasingly attractive. The high density photons of concentrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy have been used for mainly electric power generation and thermal processing of materials by the DOE <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Technologies Program. However, the photons can interact with materials through many other direct kinetic paths, and applications of the concentrated photons could be extended to processes requiring photolysis, photosynthesis, and photoexcitation. The use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped lasers on Earth seems constrained by economics and sociopolitics. Therefore, prospective applications may be limited to those that require use of quantum effects and coherency of the laser in order to generate extremely high value products and services when conventional and inexpensive means are ineffective or impossible. The new applications already proposed for concentrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> photons, such as destruction of hazardous waste, production of renewable fuel, production of fertilizer, and air/water pollution <span class="hlt">controls</span>, may benefit from the use of inexpensive <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped laser matched with the photochemical kinetics of these processes.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_project.cfm','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_project.cfm"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects by Project Name | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Tower Plant Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Gulang 100MW Thermal Oil Parabolic Trough project Guzmán Hami 50 MW CSP ¼lich <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tower Kathu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Park KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Khi <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Kimberlina <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Power Plant <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plant MINOS Mojave <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Project Morón National <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Power Facility Nevada <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1245475','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1245475"><span>Intra-Hour Dispatch and Automatic Generator <span class="hlt">Control</span> Demonstration with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Forecasting - Final Report</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Coimbra, Carlos F. M.</p> <p>2016-02-25</p> <p>In this project we address multiple resource integration challenges associated with increasing levels of <span class="hlt">solar</span> penetration that arise from the variability and uncertainty in <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance. We will model the SMUD service region as its own balancing region, and develop an integrated, real-time operational tool that takes <span class="hlt">solar</span>-load forecast uncertainties into consideration and commits optimal energy resources and reserves for intra-hour and intra-day decisions. The primary objectives of this effort are to reduce power system operation cost by committing appropriate amount of energy resources and reserves, as well as to provide operators a prediction of the generation fleet’s behavior inmore » real time for realistic PV penetration scenarios. The proposed methodology includes the following steps: clustering analysis on the expected <span class="hlt">solar</span> variability per region for the SMUD system, Day-ahead (DA) and real-time (RT) load forecasts for the entire service areas, 1-year of intra-hour CPR forecasts for cluster centers, 1-year of smart re-forecasting CPR forecasts in real-time for determination of irreducible errors, and uncertainty quantification for integrated <span class="hlt">solar</span>-load for both distributed and central stations (selected locations within service region) PV generation.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160008430','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20160008430"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cell Panel and the Method for Manufacturing the Same</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sarver, Charles F. (Inventor); Richards, Benjamin C. (Inventor); Naidenkova, Maria (Inventor)</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>According to an aspect of an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell panel and a method for manufacturing the same. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell panel comprises: a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell for generating electric power from sunlight; a coverglass for covering the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell; transparent shims, which are disposed between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell and the coverglass at the points where the distance between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell and the coverglass needs to be <span class="hlt">controlled</span>, and form a space between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell and the coverglass; and adhesive layer, which fills the space between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell and the coverglass and has the thickness the same as that of the transparent shims.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9905461&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9905461&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test Facility</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>Researchers at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) have designed, fabricated and tested the first <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine, a non-chemical rocket engine that produces lower thrust but has better thrust efficiency than a chemical combustion engine. MSFC turned to <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal propulsion in the early 1990s due to its simplicity, safety, low cost, and commonality with other propulsion systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion works by acquiring and redirecting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to heat a propellant. This photograph, taken at MSFC's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test Facility, shows a concentrator mirror, a combination of 144 mirrors forming this 18-ft diameter concentrator, and a vacuum chamber that houses the focal point. The 20- by 24-ft heliostat mirror (not shown in this photograph) has a dual-axis <span class="hlt">control</span> that keeps a reflection of the sunlight on the 18-foot diameter concentrator mirror, which then focuses the sunlight to a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber. The focal point has 10 kilowatts of intense <span class="hlt">solar</span> power. As part of MSFC's Space Transportation Directorate, the Propulsion Research Center serves as a national resource for research of advanced, revolutionary propulsion technologies. The mission is to move the Nation's capabilities beyond the confines of conventional chemical propulsion into an era of aircraft-like access to Earth-orbit, rapid travel throughout the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, and exploration of interstellar space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011657','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780011657"><span>Guntersville Workshop on <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Terrestrial Studies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>The separation of purely <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics from magnetospheric physics, and the effects of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity on geomagnetic activity are investigations which can be accomplished using the shuttle orbiter in an extended sortie mode, or an unmanned <span class="hlt">solar</span> terrestrial observatory powered by the power module in an extended duration mode. When the power module is used with the shuttle in a sortie support mode, both the instrument capacity and the time in orbit of the orbiter can be increased several fold. In the free-flyer mode, the power module would be capable of providing power, basic attitude <span class="hlt">control</span>, basic thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> and housekeeping communications for unmanned, large, independent mission payloads in low earth orbit for periods of 6 months or longer. Instrument requirements for interdisciplinary joint observational programs are discussed for studies of the magnetosphere, the atmosphere, sun-weather relationships. Description summary charts of the power module are included.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1052224','SCIGOV-DOEDE'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1052224"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Technology Acceleration Center (<span class="hlt">Solar</span>TAC): <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Resource & Meteorological Assessment Project (SOLRAMP)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/dataexplorer">DOE Data Explorer</a></p> <p>Andreas, Afshin; Wilcox, Steve</p> <p>2016-03-14</p> <p>Located in Colorado, near Denver International Airport, <span class="hlt">Solar</span>TAC is a private, member-based, 74-acre outdoor facility where the <span class="hlt">solar</span> industry tests, validates, and demonstrates advanced <span class="hlt">solar</span> technologies. <span class="hlt">Solar</span>TAC was launched in 2008 by a public-private consortium, including Midwest Research Institute (MRI). As a supporting member of <span class="hlt">Solar</span>TAC, the U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NMREL) has established a high quality <span class="hlt">solar</span> and meteorological measurement station at this location. This <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Resource and Meteorological Assessment Project (SOLRMAP) provides high quality measurements to support deployment of power projects in the United States. The no-funds-exchanged collaboration brings NREL <span class="hlt">solar</span> resource assessment expertise together with industry needs for measurements. The end result is high quality data sets to support the financing, design, and monitoring of large scale <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered projects for industry in addition to research-quality data for NREL model development. NREL provides consultation for instrumentation and station deployment, along with instrument calibrations, data acquisition, quality assessment, data distribution, and summary reports. Industry participants provide equipment, infrastructure, and station maintenance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050169152','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050169152"><span>Analysis of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Receiver Flux Distributions for US/Russian <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic System Demonstration on the MIR Space Station</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>Analyses have been performed at the NASA Lewis Research Center's Power Systems Project Office to support the design and development of the joint U.S./Russian <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic Flight Demonstration Project. The optical analysis of the concentrator and <span class="hlt">solar</span> flux predictions on target receiver surfaces have an important influence on receiver design and <span class="hlt">control</span> of the Brayton engine.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=245','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=245"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Power | NREL</A> KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> This page provides information on KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em>, a concentrating . Status Date: April 14, 2015 Project Overview Project Name: KaXu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Country: South Africa Location</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_13");'>13</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li class="active"><span>15</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_15 --> <div id="page_16" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="301"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864796','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/864796"><span>Roof aperture system for selective collection and <span class="hlt">control</span> of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy for building heating, cooling and daylighting</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sanders, William J.; Snyder, Marvin K.; Harter, James W.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>The amount of building heating, cooling and daylighting is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by at least one pair of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy passing panels, with each panel of the pair of panels being exposed to a separate direction of sun incidence. A shutter-shade combination is associated with each pair of panels and the shutter is connected to the shade so that rectilinear movement of the shutter causes pivotal movement of the shade.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/solar/midscale-market.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/solar/midscale-market.html"><span>Midscale Commercial <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>analysis to expand the midscale <em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> market. The midscale market for <em><span class="hlt">solar</span></em> photovoltaics (<em>PV</em>), loosely than other <em>PV</em> market segments in recent years. Featured Analysis Midmarket <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> Policies in the United Midscale Commercial <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> Market Midscale Commercial <em><span class="hlt">Solar</span></em> Market NREL experts are providing</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001510','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170001510"><span>Near Earth Asteroid Scout <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Thrust and Torque Model</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Heaton, Andy; Ahmad, Naeem; Miller, Kyle</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>The Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout is a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail mission whose objective is to scout at least one Near Earth Asteroid to help prepare for human missions to Near Earth Asteroids. NEA Scout will launch as a secondary payload on the first SLS-Orion mission. NEA Scout will perform a small trim maneuver shortly after deploy from the spent SLS upper stage using a cold gas propulsion system, but from that point on will depend entirely on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail for thrust. As such, it is important to accurately characterize the thrust of the sail in order to achieve mission success. Additionally, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail creates a relatively large <span class="hlt">solar</span> disturbance torque that must be mitigated. For early mission design studies a flat plate model of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail with a fixed center of pressure was adequate, but as mission concepts and the sail design matured, greater fidelity was required. Here we discuss the progress to a three-dimensional sail model that includes the effects of tension and thermal deformation that has been derived from a large structural Finite Element Model (FEM) developed by the Langley Research Center. We have found that the deformed sail membrane affects torque relatively much more than thrust; a flat plate model could potentially model thrust well enough to close mission design studies, but a three-dimensional <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail is essential to <span class="hlt">control</span> system design. The three-dimensional <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail model revealed that thermal deformations of unshielded booms would create unacceptably large <span class="hlt">solar</span> disturbance torques. The original large FEM model was used in <span class="hlt">control</span> and mission simulations, but was resulted in simulations with prohibitive run times. This led us to adapt the Generalized Sail Model (GSM) of Rios-Reyes. A design reference sail model has been baselined for NEA Scout and has been used to design the mission and <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the sailcraft. Additionally, since NEA Scout uses reaction wheels for attitude pointing and <span class="hlt">control</span>, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque model is</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004373','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080004373"><span>Offset truss hex <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>White, John E. (Inventor); Sturgis, James D. (Inventor); Erikson, Raymond J. (Inventor); Waligroski, Gregg A. (Inventor); Scott, Michael A. (Inventor)</p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy concentrator system comprises an offset reflector structure made up of a plurality of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy reflector panel sections interconnected with one another to form a piecewise approximation of a portion of a (parabolic) surface of revolution rotated about a prescribed focal axis. Each panel section is comprised of a plurality of reflector facets whose reflective surfaces effectively focus reflected light to preselected surface portions of the interior sidewall of a cylindrically shaped <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy receiver. The longitudinal axis of the receiver is tilted at an acute angle with respect to the optical axis such that the distribution of focussed <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy over the interior surface of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> engine is optimized for dynamic <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy conversion. Each reflector panel section comprises a flat, hexagonally shaped truss support framework and a plurality of beam members interconnecting diametrically opposed corners of the hexagonal framework recessed within which a plurality of (spherically) contoured reflector facets is disposed. The depth of the framework and the beam members is greater than the thickness of a reflector facet such that a reflector facet may be tilted (for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the effective focus of its reflected light through the receiver aperture) without protruding from the panel section.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BAAA...44...26C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000BAAA...44...26C"><span>Estudio de distintos modelos de protuberancias <span class="hlt">solares</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Cirigliano, D.; Rovira, M.; Mauas, P.</p> <p></p> <p>En este trabajo presentamos perfiles de líneas del CaII, MgII y HeI calculados <span class="hlt">para</span> distintos modelos de protuberancias, y los comparamos con observaciones obtenidas por los satélites OSO 8 y SOHO. <span class="hlt">Para</span> obtener las poblaciones de los distintos niveles de los átomos, utilizamos un código numérico que combina las ecuaciones de transporte de radiación y equilibrio estadístico en un único sistema de ecuaciones no lineal. Los modelos básicos que consideramos <span class="hlt">para</span> las protuberancias consisten en placas homogéneas y unidimensionales apoyadas sobre la superficie del Sol. Dichas placas se hallan estratificadas en hebras y los modelos difieren entre sí en la temperatura y ancho de la placa, en la presión a la cual se halla el plasma y en el número de hebras. A partir de estos modelos se investiga cada uno de estos parámetros libres y como influyen en la atmósfera de las protuberancias <span class="hlt">solares</span> y en el perfil de línea de cada especie estudiada, con el objetivo de determinar las condiciones en las que se halla el material atmosférico de estas protuberancias.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=ECN-13413&hterms=angle+solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dangle%2Bsolar%2Bpanels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=ECN-13413&hterms=angle+solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3Dangle%2Bsolar%2Bpanels"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-powered Gossamer Penguin in flight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>Gossamer Penguin in flight above Rogers Dry Lakebed at Edwards, California, showing the <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel perpendicular to the wing and facing the sun. Background The first flight of a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered aircraft took place on November 4, 1974, when the remotely <span class="hlt">controlled</span> Sunrise II, designed by Robert J. Boucher of AstroFlight, Inc., flew following a launch from a catapult. Following this event, AeroVironment, Inc. (founded in 1971 by the ultra-light airplane innovator--Dr. Paul MacCready) took on a more ambitious project to design a human-piloted, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered aircraft. The firm initially took the human-powered Gossamer Albatross II and scaled it down to three-quarters of its previous size for <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered flight with a human pilot <span class="hlt">controlling</span> it. This was more easily done because in early 1980 the Gossamer Albatross had participated in a flight research program at NASA Dryden in a program conducted jointly by the Langley and Dryden research centers. Some of the flights were conducted using a small electric motor for power. Gossamer Penguin The scaled-down aircraft was designated the Gossamer Penguin. It had a 71-foot wingspan compared with the 96-foot span of the Gossamer Albatross. Weighing only 68 pounds without a pilot, it had a low power requirement and thus was an excellent test bed for <span class="hlt">solar</span> power. AstroFlight, Inc., of Venice, Calif., provided the power plant for the Gossamer Penguin, an Astro-40 electric motor. Robert Boucher, designer of the Sunrise II, served as a key consultant for both this aircraft and the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Challenger. The power source for the initial flights of the Gossamer Penguin consisted of 28 nickel-cadmium batteries, replaced for the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered flights by a panel of 3,920 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells capable of producing 541 Watts of power. The battery-powered flights took place at Shafter Airport near Bakersfield, Calif. Dr. Paul MacCready's son Marshall, who was 13 years old and weighed roughly 80 pounds, served as the initial pilot for these flights to</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000468&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19900000468&hterms=solar+receiver&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Breceiver"><span>Simplified Calculation Of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Fluxes In <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Receivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bhandari, Pradeep</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Simplified Calculation of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Flux Distribution on Side Wall of Cylindrical Cavity <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Receivers computer program employs simple <span class="hlt">solar</span>-flux-calculation algorithm for cylindrical-cavity-type <span class="hlt">solar</span> receiver. Results compare favorably with those of more complicated programs. Applications include study of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and transfer of heat, and space power/<span class="hlt">solar</span>-dynamics engineering. Written in FORTRAN 77.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920016948','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920016948"><span>Handbook of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-terrestrial data systems, version 1</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1991-01-01</p> <p>The interaction between the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and the earth's magnetic field creates a large magnetic cavity which is termed the magnetosphere. Energy derived from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind is ultimately dissipated by particle acceleration-precipitation and Joule heating in the magnetosphere-ionosphere. The rate of energy dissipation is highly variable, with peak levels during geomagnetic storms and substorms. The degree to which <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and magnetospheric conditions <span class="hlt">control</span> the energy dissipation processes remains one of the major outstanding questions in magnetospheric physics. A conference on <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Wind-Magnetospheric Coupling was convened to discuss these issues and this handbook is the result.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015486','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19820015486"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> drum positioner mechanisms</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Briggs, L. W.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The need for additional power on spinning satellites required development of deployable <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays activated, as on a 3-axis vehicle, after separation from a booster or shuttle orbiter. Mechanisms were developed for telescopically extending a secondary 36.3 kg (80 lb.), 2.13 m (84 in.) diameter spinning <span class="hlt">solar</span> drum for a distance of 2.0 m (80 in.) or more along the spin axis. After extension, the system has the capability of dynamically <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the drum tilt angle about the spin axis to provide precision in-orbit balancing of the spacecraft. This approach was selected for the SBS, ANIK C, ANIK D, WESTAR B and PALAPA B satellites. It was successfully demonstrated during the in orbit deployment of the aft <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels of the SBS F-3 and F-1 satellites, subsequent to the November 1980 and September 1981 launches.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5116613','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5116613"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Output <span class="hlt">Controls</span> Periodicity in Lake Productivity and Wetness at Southernmost South America</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Pérez-Rodríguez, Marta; Gilfedder, Benjamin-Silas; Hermanns, Yvonne-Marie; Biester, Harald</p> <p>2016-01-01</p> <p>Cyclic changes in total <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance (TSI) during the Holocene are known to affect global climatic conditions and cause cyclic climatic oscillations, e.g., Bond events and related changes of environmental conditions. However, the processes how changes in TSI affect climate and environment of the Southern Hemisphere, especially in southernmost South America, a key area for the global climate, are still poorly resolved. Here we show that highly sensitive proxies for aquatic productivity derived from sediments of a lake near the Chilean South Atlantic coast (53 °S) strongly match the cyclic changes in TSI throughout the Holocene. Intra-lake productivity variations show a periodicity of ~200–240 years coherent with the time series of TSI-<span class="hlt">controlled</span> cosmogenic nuclide 10Be production. In addition TSI dependent periodicity of Bond events (~1500 years) appear to <span class="hlt">control</span> wetness at the LH site indicated by mineral matter erosion from the catchment to the lake assumingly through shifts of the position of the southern westerly wind belt. Thus, both intra-lake productivity and wetness at the southernmost South America are directly or indirectly <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by TSI. PMID:27869191</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........27Y','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........27Y"><span>Thin film <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells grown by organic vapor phase deposition</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Yang, Fan</p> <p></p> <p>Organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells have the potential to provide low-cost photovoltaic devices as a clean and renewable energy resource. In this thesis, we focus on understanding the energy conversion process in organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, and improving the power conversion efficiencies via <span class="hlt">controlled</span> growth of organic nanostructures. First, we explain the unique optical and electrical properties of organic materials used for photovoltaics, and the excitonic energy conversion process in donor-acceptor heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that place several limiting factors of their power conversion efficiency. Then, strategies for improving exciton diffusion and carrier collection are analyzed using dynamical Monte Carlo models for several nanostructure morphologies. Organic vapor phase deposition is used for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> materials crystallization and film morphology. We improve the exciton diffusion efficiency while maintaining good carrier conduction in a bulk heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell. Further efficiency improvement is obtained in a novel nanocrystalline network structure with a thick absorbing layer, leading to the demonstration of an organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell with 4.6% efficiency. In addition, <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells using simultaneously active heterojunctions with broad spectral response are presented. We also analyze the efficiency limits of single and multiple junction organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, and discuss the challenges facing their practical implementations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57d0312K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JaJAP..57d0312K"><span>Radiative heat transfer enhancement using geometric and spectral <span class="hlt">control</span> for achieving high-efficiency <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermophotovoltaic systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kohiyama, Asaka; Shimizu, Makoto; Yugami, Hiroo</p> <p>2018-04-01</p> <p>We numerically investigate radiative heat transfer enhancement using spectral and geometric <span class="hlt">control</span> of the absorber/emitter. A high extraction of the radiative heat transfer from the emitter as well as minimization of the optical losses from the absorber leads to high extraction and <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermophotovoltaic (STPV) system efficiency. The important points for high-efficiency STPV design are discussed for the low and high area ratio of the absorber/emitter. The obtained general guideline will support the design of various types of STPV systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..95d3835H','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhRvA..95d3835H"><span>Nonclassical and semiclassical <span class="hlt">para</span>-Bose states</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Huerta Alderete, C.; Villanueva Vergara, Liliana; Rodríguez-Lara, B. M.</p> <p>2017-04-01</p> <p>Motivated by the proposal to simulate <span class="hlt">para</span>-Bose oscillators in a trapped-ion setup [C. Huerta Alderete and B. M. Rodríguez-Lara, Phys. Rev. A 95, 013820 (2017), 10.1103/PhysRevA.95.013820], we introduce an overcomplete, nonorthogonal basis for <span class="hlt">para</span>-Bose Hilbert spaces. The states spanning these bases can be experimentally realized in the trapped-ion simulation via time evolution. The <span class="hlt">para</span>-Bose states show both nonclassical and semiclassical statistics on their Fock state distribution, asymmetric field quadrature variances, and do not minimize the uncertainty relation for the field quadratures. These properties are analytically <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the <span class="hlt">para</span>-Bose order and the evolution time; both parameters might be feasible for fine tuning in the trapped-ion quantum simulation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ESPM...12..6.5S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008ESPM...12..6.5S"><span>Japanese Next <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Mission: <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sakao, T.; Solar-C, W. G.</p> <p>2008-09-01</p> <p>We present introductory overview on the next Japanese <span class="hlt">solar</span> mission, <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C, which has been envisaged following the success of Hinode (<span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-B) mission. Two plans, Plan A and Plan B, are under extensive study from science objectives as well as engineering point of view. Plan A aims to perform out-of-ecliptic observations for investigating, with helioseismic approach, internal structure and dynamo mechanisms of the Sun. It also explores polar regions where fast <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind is believed to be originated. The baseline orbit for Plan A is a circular orbit of 1 AU distance from the Sun, with its inclination at around, or greater than, 40 degrees. Plan B pursues small-scale plasma processes and structures in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere which attract growing interest, following Hinode discoveries, for understanding fully dynamism and magnetic nature of the atmosphere. With Plan B, high-angular-resolution investigation of the entire <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere (from the photosphere to the corona, including their interface layers, i.e., chromosphere and transition region) is to be performed with enhanced spectroscopic and spectro-polarimetric capability as compared with Hinode, together with enhanced sensitivity towards ultra-violet wavelengths. There has been wide and evolving support for the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C mission not only from <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics community but also from related research areas in Japan. We request <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C to be launched in mid. 2010s. Following the highly-successful achievements of international collaboration for Yohkoh and Hinode, we strongly hope the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C mission be realized under extensive collaboration with European and U.S. partners. Japanese <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-C working group was officially approved by ISAS/JAXA in December 2007 for mission studies and promoting international collaboration. It is expected that a single mission plan is to be proposed after one year of investigation on Plan A and Plan B.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374559','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1374559"><span>Concentrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> power generation using <span class="hlt">solar</span> receivers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Anderson, Bruce N.; Treece, William Dean; Brown, Dan</p> <p></p> <p>Inventive concentrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> power systems using <span class="hlt">solar</span> receivers, and related devices and methods, are generally described. Low pressure <span class="hlt">solar</span> receivers are provided that function to convert <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation energy to thermal energy of a working fluid, e.g., a working fluid of a power generation or thermal storage system. In some embodiments, low pressure <span class="hlt">solar</span> receivers are provided herein that are useful in conjunction with gas turbine based power generation systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+energy+AND+effective&pg=2&id=ED204536','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+energy+AND+effective&pg=2&id=ED204536"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> System Economics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knapp, Henry H., III</p> <p></p> <p>This module on <span class="hlt">solar</span> system economics is one of six in a series intended for use as supplements to currently available materials on <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and energy conservation. Together with the recommended texts and references (sources are identified), these modules provide an effective introduction to energy conservation and <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy technologies.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..104N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..104N"><span>Uma grade de perfis teóricos <span class="hlt">para</span> estrelas massivas em transição</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nascimento, C. M. P.; Machado, M. A.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>Na XXVIII Reunião Anual da Sociedade Astronômica Brasileira (2002) apresentamos uma grade de perfis calculados de acordo com os pontos da trajetória evolutiva de metalicidade <span class="hlt">solar</span>, Z = 0.02 e taxa de perda de massa () padrão, <span class="hlt">para</span> estrelas com massa inicial de 25, 40, 60, 85 e 120 massas <span class="hlt">solares</span>. Estes perfis foram calculados com o auxílio de um código numérico adequado <span class="hlt">para</span> descrever os ventos de objetos massivos, supondo simetria esférica, estacionaridade e homogeneidade. No presente trabalho, apresentamos a complementação da grade com os perfis teóricos relativos às trajetórias de Z = 0.02 com taxa de perda de massa dobrada em relação a padrão (2´), e de metalicidade Z = 0.008. <span class="hlt">Para</span> cada ponto das três trajetórias obtemos os perfis teóricos de Ha, Hb, Hg e Hd, e como esperado eles se apresentam em pura emissão, pura absorção ou em P-Cygni. <span class="hlt">Para</span> valores de taxa de perda de massa muito baixos (~10-7) não há formação de linhas, o que é visto nos primeiros pontos em todas as trajetórias. Em geral, <span class="hlt">para</span> um mesmo ponto a componente de emissão diminui e a absorção aumenta de Ha <span class="hlt">para</span> Hd. É verificado que as trajetórias com Z = 0.02 e padrão possuem menos circuitos (loops) do que as com metalicidade Z = 0.02 e 2´ padrão, e seus perfis são, em geral, menos intensos. Em relação a trajetória de Z = 0.008, verifica-se menos circuitos e maior variação em luminosidade, e seus perfis mostram-se em, algumas trajetórias, mais intensos. Verificamos também que, pontos distintos em uma mesma trajetória, apresentam perfis diferentes <span class="hlt">para</span> valores similares de luminosidade e temperatura efetiva. Sendo assim, uma grade de perfis teóricos parece ser útil <span class="hlt">para</span> fornecer uma informação preliminar sobre o estágio evolutivo de uma estrela massiva.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IN','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/by_country_detail.cfm/country=IN"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects in India | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>;alphabetical by <em>project</em> name. You can browse a <em>project</em> profile by clicking on the <em>project</em> name. Abhijeet <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Project</em> ACME <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tower Dadri ISCC Plant Dhursar Diwakar Godawari <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Project</em> Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One KVK Energy <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Project</em> Megha <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Plant National <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Power Facility</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JIEIB..96...37S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JIEIB..96...37S"><span>Adaptive Harmonic Detection <span class="hlt">Control</span> of Grid Interfaced <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Photovoltaic Energy System with Power Quality Improvement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Singh, B.; Goel, S.</p> <p>2015-03-01</p> <p>This paper presents a grid interfaced <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic (SPV) energy system with a novel adaptive harmonic detection <span class="hlt">control</span> for power quality improvement at ac mains under balanced as well as unbalanced and distorted supply conditions. The SPV energy system is capable of compensation of linear and nonlinear loads with the objectives of load balancing, harmonics elimination, power factor correction and terminal voltage regulation. The proposed <span class="hlt">control</span> increases the utilization of PV infrastructure and brings down its effective cost due to its other benefits. The adaptive harmonic detection <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithm is used to detect the fundamental active power component of load currents which are subsequently used for reference source currents estimation. An instantaneous symmetrical component theory is used to obtain instantaneous positive sequence point of common coupling (PCC) voltages which are used to derive inphase and quadrature phase voltage templates. The proposed grid interfaced PV energy system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink and its performance is verified under various operating conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171634','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20040171634"><span>The Role of Structural Models in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Flight Validation Process</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnston, John D.</p> <p>2004-01-01</p> <p>NASA is currently soliciting proposals via the New Millennium Program ST-9 opportunity for a potential <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Flight Validation (SSFV) experiment to develop and operate in space a deployable <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail that can be steered and provides measurable acceleration. The approach planned for this experiment is to test and validate models and processes for <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail design, fabrication, deployment, and flight. These models and processes would then be used to design, fabricate, and operate scaleable <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails for future space science missions. There are six validation objectives planned for the ST9 SSFV experiment: 1) Validate <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail design tools and fabrication methods; 2) Validate <span class="hlt">controlled</span> deployment; 3) Validate in space structural characteristics (focus of poster); 4) Validate <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail attitude <span class="hlt">control</span>; 5) Validate <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail thrust performance; 6) Characterize the sail's electromagnetic interaction with the space environment. This poster presents a top-level assessment of the role of structural models in the validation process for in-space structural characteristics.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_14");'>14</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li class="active"><span>16</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_16 --> <div id="page_17" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="321"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2073G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...93a2073G"><span>Optimized design and <span class="hlt">control</span> of an off grid <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV/hydrogen fuel cell power system for green buildings</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ghenai, C.; Bettayeb, M.</p> <p>2017-11-01</p> <p>Modelling, simulation, optimization and <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies are used in this study to design a stand-alone <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV/Fuel Cell/Battery/Generator hybrid power system to serve the electrical load of a commercial building. The main objective is to design an off grid energy system to meet the desired electric load of the commercial building with high renewable fraction, low emissions and low cost of energy. The goal is to manage the energy consumption of the building, reduce the associate cost and to switch from grid-tied fossil fuel power system to an off grid renewable and cleaner power system. Energy audit was performed in this study to determine the energy consumption of the building. Hourly simulations, modelling and optimization were performed to determine the performance and cost of the hybrid power configurations using different <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies. The results show that the hybrid off grid <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV/Fuel Cell/Generator/Battery/Inverter power system offers the best performance for the tested system architectures. From the total energy generated from the off grid hybrid power system, 73% is produced from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV, 24% from the fuel cell and 3% from the backup Diesel generator. The produced power is used to meet all the AC load of the building without power shortage (<0.1%). The hybrid power system produces 18.2% excess power that can be used to serve the thermal load of the building. The proposed hybrid power system is sustainable, economically viable and environmentally friendly: High renewable fraction (66.1%), low levelized cost of energy (92 /MWh), and low carbon dioxide emissions (24 kg CO2/MWh) are achieved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter-2017-03.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/solar/news/newsletter-2017-03.html"><span>Golden Rays - March 2017 | <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Research | NREL</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>, test and deploy a data enhanced hierarchical <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em> architecture that adopts a hybrid approach to grid <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em>. A centralized <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em> layer will be complemented by distributed <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em> algorithms for <span class="hlt">solar</span> inverters and autonomous <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em> of grid edge devices. The other NREL project will develop a novel <em><span class="hlt">control</span></em></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070019764','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070019764"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors shown are elements of domestic <span class="hlt">solar</span> hot water systems produced by <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One Ltd., Virginia Beach, Virginia. Design of these systems benefited from technical expertise provided <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One by NASA's Langley Research Center. The company obtained a NASA technical support package describing the d e sign and operation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating equipment in NASA's Tech House, a demonstration project in which aerospace and commercial building technology are combined in an energy- efficient home. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One received further assistance through personal contact with Langley <span class="hlt">solar</span> experts. The company reports that the technical information provided by NASA influenced <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One's panel design, its selection of a long-life panel coating which increases <span class="hlt">solar</span> collection efficiency, and the method adopted for protecting <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors from freezing conditions.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..493...47K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018PhyA..493...47K"><span>Does <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity affect human happiness?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kristoufek, Ladislav</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>We investigate the direct influence of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity (represented by sunspot numbers) on human happiness (represented by the Twitter-based Happiness Index). We construct four models <span class="hlt">controlling</span> for various statistical and dynamic effects of the analyzed series. The final model gives promising results. First, there is a statistically significant negative influence of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity on happiness which holds even after <span class="hlt">controlling</span> for the other factors. Second, the final model, which is still rather simple, explains around 75% of variance of the Happiness Index. Third, our <span class="hlt">control</span> variables contribute significantly as well: happiness is higher in no sunspots days, happiness is strongly persistent, there are strong intra-week cycles and happiness peaks during holidays. Our results strongly contribute to the topical literature and they provide evidence of unique utility of the online data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=4284','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=4284"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Jemalong <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Station |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> Jemalong <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Station This page provides information on Jemalong <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Station, a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) project, with data organized by Project Name: Jemalong <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Station Country: Australia Location: Jemalong (New South Wales) Owner</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989STIN...9028135S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989STIN...9028135S"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> electricity and <span class="hlt">solar</span> fuels</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Spiers, David J.</p> <p>1989-04-01</p> <p>The nature of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation and its variation with location is described. The distribution of energy in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum places immediate limits on the theoretical efficiency of conversion processes, since practical absorbers cannot convert all wavelengths received to useful energy. The principles of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy conversion methods are described. Absorption of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy can give rise to direct electrical generation, heating, or chemical change. Electrical generation from sunlight can be achieved by photovoltaic systems directly or by thermal systems which use <span class="hlt">solar</span> heat to drive a heat engine and generator. The technology used and under research for promising ways of producing electricity or fuel from <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy is described. Photovoltaic technology is established today for remote area, small power applications, and photovoltaic module sales alone are over 100 million dollars per year at present. The photovoltaic market has grown steadily since the mid-1970's, as prices have fallen continuously. Future energy options are briefly described. The merits of a sustainable energy economy, based on renewable energy resources, including <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy, are emphasized, as this seems to provide the only hope of eliminating the problems caused by the build-up of atmospheric carbon dioxide, acid rain pollution and nuclear waste disposal. There is no doubt that clean fuels which were derived from <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and either did not involve carbon dioxide and used atmospheric carbon dioxide as the source dioxide as the source of carbon would be a worthy ideal. Methods described could one day achieve this.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330374','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1330374"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Training Network and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Ready Vets</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Dalstrom, Tenley Ann</p> <p>2016-09-14</p> <p>In 2016, the White House announced the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Ready Vets program, funded under DOE's SunShot initiative would be administered by The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Foundation to connect transitioning military personnel to <span class="hlt">solar</span> training and employment as they separate from service. This presentation is geared to informing and recruiting employer partners for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Ready Vets program, and the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Training Network. It describes the programs, and the benefits to employers that choose to connect to the programs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1411130','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1411130"><span>U.S. Light-duty Vehicle Air Conditioning Fuel Use and the Impact of Four <span class="hlt">Solar</span>/Thermal <span class="hlt">Control</span> Technologies</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Rugh, John P; Kekelia, Bidzina; Kreutzer, Cory J</p> <p></p> <p>The U.S. uses 7.6 billion gallons of fuel per year for vehicle air conditioning (A/C), equivalent to 5.7 percent of the total national light-duty vehicle (LDV) fuel use. This equates to 30 gallons/year per vehicle, or 23.5 grams (g) of carbon dioxide (CO2) per mile, for an average U.S. vehicle. A/C is a significant contribution to national fuel use; therefore, technologies that reduce A/C loads may reduce operational costs, A/C fuel use, and CO2 emissions. Since A/C is not operated during standard EPA fuel economy testing protocols, EPA provides off-cycle credits to encourage OEMs to implement advanced A/C technologies thatmore » reduce fuel use in the real world. NREL researchers assessed thermal/<span class="hlt">solar</span> off-cycle credits available in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Final Rule for Model Year 2017 and Later Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Corporate Average Fuel Economy. Credits include glazings, <span class="hlt">solar</span> reflective paint, and passive and active cabin ventilation. Implementing <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> glass reduced CO2 emissions by 2.0 g/mi, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> reflective paint resulted in a reduction of 0.8 g/mi. Active and passive ventilation strategies only reduced emissions by 0.1 and 0.2 g/mi, respectively. The national-level analysis process is powerful and general; it can be used to determine the impact of a wide range of new vehicle thermal technologies on fuel use, EV range, and CO2 emissions.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840021268&hterms=solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpanels','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840021268&hterms=solar+panels&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Bpanels"><span>Panel fabrication utilizing GaAs <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mardesich, N.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The development of the GaAs <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells for space applications is described. The activities in the fabrication of GaAs <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels are outlined. Panels were fabricated while introducing improved quality <span class="hlt">control</span>, soldering laydown and testing procedures. These panels include LIPS II, San Marco Satellite, and a low concentration panel for Rockwells' evaluation. The panels and their present status are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=247','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=247"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Godawari <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Project | Concentrating</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> Godawari <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Project</em> This page provides information on Godawari <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Project</em>, a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) <em>project</em>, with data organized by background, participants, and power plant configuration. Status Date: February 13, 2014 <em>Project</em> Overview <em>Project</em> Name: Godawari <span class="hlt">Solar</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1098198-grafting-density-effects-optoelectrical-properties-nano-patterning-poly-para-phenylene-brushes','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1098198-grafting-density-effects-optoelectrical-properties-nano-patterning-poly-para-phenylene-brushes"><span>Grafting density effects, optoelectrical properties and nano-patterning of poly(<span class="hlt">para</span>-phenylene) brushes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Chen, Jihua; Alonzo, Jose; Yu, Xiang</p> <p>2013-09-24</p> <p>Well-defined conjugated polymers in confined geometries are challenging to synthesize and characterize, yet they are potentially useful in a broad range of organic optoelectronic devices such as transistors, light emitting diodes, <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, sensors, and nanocircuits. We report a systematic study of optoelectrical properties, grafting density effects, and nanopatterning of a model, end-tethered conjugated polymer system. Specifically, poly(<span class="hlt">para</span>-phenylene) (PPP) brushes of various grafting density are created in situ by aromatizing well-defined, end-tethered poly(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PCHD) “precursor brushes”. Furthermore, this novel precursor brush approach provides a convenient way to make and systematically <span class="hlt">control</span> the grafting density of high molecular weight conjugated polymermore » brushes that would otherwise be insoluble. Finally, this allows us to examine how grafting density impacts the effective conjugation length of the conjugated PPP brushes and to adapt the fabrication method to develop spatially patterned conjugated brush systems, which is important for practical applications of conjugated polymer brushes.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090004577','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090004577"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power System Design for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Probe+ Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Landis, Geoffrey A.; Schmitz, Paul C.; Kinnison, James; Fraeman, Martin; Roufberg, Lew; Vernon, Steve; Wirzburger, Melissa</p> <p>2008-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Probe+ is an ambitious mission proposed to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona, designed to make a perihelion approach of 9 <span class="hlt">solar</span> radii from the surface of the sun. The high temperature, high <span class="hlt">solar</span> flux environment makes this mission a significant challenge for power system design. This paper summarizes the power system conceptual design for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> probe mission. Power supplies considered included nuclear, <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermoelectric generation, <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic generation using Stirling engines, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic generation. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> probe mission ranges from a starting distance from the sun of 1 AU, to a minimum distance of about 9.5 <span class="hlt">solar</span> radii, or 0.044 AU, from the center of the sun. During the mission, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensity ranges from one to about 510 times AM0. This requires power systems that can operate over nearly three orders of magnitude of incident intensity.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441985','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24441985"><span>A nanophotonic <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermophotovoltaic device.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lenert, Andrej; Bierman, David M; Nam, Youngsuk; Chan, Walker R; Celanović, Ivan; Soljačić, Marin; Wang, Evelyn N</p> <p>2014-02-01</p> <p>The most common approaches to generating power from sunlight are either photovoltaic, in which sunlight directly excites electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor, or <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermal, in which sunlight drives a mechanical heat engine. Photovoltaic power generation is intermittent and typically only exploits a portion of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum efficiently, whereas the intrinsic irreversibilities of small heat engines make the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermal approach best suited for utility-scale power plants. There is, therefore, an increasing need for hybrid technologies for <span class="hlt">solar</span> power generation. By converting sunlight into thermal emission tuned to energies directly above the photovoltaic bandgap using a hot absorber-emitter, <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermophotovoltaics promise to leverage the benefits of both approaches: high efficiency, by harnessing the entire <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum; scalability and compactness, because of their solid-state nature; and dispatchablility, owing to the ability to store energy using thermal or chemical means. However, efficient collection of sunlight in the absorber and spectral <span class="hlt">control</span> in the emitter are particularly challenging at high operating temperatures. This drawback has limited previous experimental demonstrations of this approach to conversion efficiencies around or below 1% (refs 9, 10, 11). Here, we report on a full <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermophotovoltaic device, which, thanks to the nanophotonic properties of the absorber-emitter surface, reaches experimental efficiencies of 3.2%. The device integrates a multiwalled carbon nanotube absorber and a one-dimensional Si/SiO2 photonic-crystal emitter on the same substrate, with the absorber-emitter areas optimized to tune the energy balance of the device. Our device is planar and compact and could become a viable option for high-performance <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermophotovoltaic energy conversion.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222968-solar-paint-from-synthesis-printing','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1222968-solar-paint-from-synthesis-printing"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> paint: From synthesis to printing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Zhou, Xiaojing; Belcher, Warwick; Dastoor, Paul</p> <p>2014-11-13</p> <p>Water-based polymer nanoparticle dispersions (<span class="hlt">solar</span> paint) offer the prospect of addressing two of the main challenges associated with printing large area organic photovoltaic devices; namely, how to <span class="hlt">control</span> the nanoscale architecture of the active layer and eliminate the need for hazardous organic solvents during device fabrication. We review progress in the field of nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic (NPOPV) devices and future prospects for large-scale manufacturing of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on this technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1222968','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1222968"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> paint: From synthesis to printing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhou, Xiaojing; Belcher, Warwick; Dastoor, Paul</p> <p></p> <p>Water-based polymer nanoparticle dispersions (<span class="hlt">solar</span> paint) offer the prospect of addressing two of the main challenges associated with printing large area organic photovoltaic devices; namely, how to <span class="hlt">control</span> the nanoscale architecture of the active layer and eliminate the need for hazardous organic solvents during device fabrication. We review progress in the field of nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic (NPOPV) devices and future prospects for large-scale manufacturing of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells based on this technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760017036','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760017036"><span>The 3-D <span class="hlt">solar</span> radioastronomy and the structure of the corona and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. [<span class="hlt">solar</span> probes of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Steinberg, J. L.; Caroubalos, C.</p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>The mechanism causing <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio bursts (1 and 111) is examined. It is proposed that a nonthermal energy source is responsible for the bursts; nonthermal energy is converted into electromagnetic energy. The advantages are examined for an out-of-the-ecliptic <span class="hlt">solar</span> probe mission, which is proposed as a means of stereoscopically viewing <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio bursts, <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic fields, coronal structure, and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPD....42.0102G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SPD....42.0102G"><span>The Expanded Owens Valley <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Gary, Dale E.; Hurford, G. J.; Nita, G. M.; White, S. M.; Tun, S. D.; Fleishman, G. D.; McTiernan, J. M.</p> <p>2011-05-01</p> <p>The Expanded Owens Valley <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array (EOVSA) is now under construction near Big Pine, CA as a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-dedicated microwave imaging array operating in the frequency range 1-18 GHz. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> science to be addressed focuses on the 3D structure of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona (magnetic field, temperature and density), on the sudden release of energy and subsequent particle acceleration, transport and heating, and on space weather phenomena. The project will support the scientific community by providing open data access and software tools for analysis of the data, to exploit synergies with on-going <span class="hlt">solar</span> research in other wavelengths. The New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT) is expanding OVSA from its previous complement of 7 antennas to a total of 15 by adding 8 new antennas, and will reinvest in the existing infrastructure by replacing the existing <span class="hlt">control</span> systems, signal transmission, and signal processing with modern, far more capable and reliable systems based on new technology developed for the Frequency Agile <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Radiotelescope (FASR). The project will be completed in time to provide <span class="hlt">solar</span>-dedicated observations during the upcoming <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum in 2013 and beyond. We provide an update on current status and our preparations for exploiting the data through modeling and data analysis tools. This research is supported by NSF grants AST-0908344, and AGS-0961867 and NASA grant NNX10AF27G to New Jersey Institute of Technology.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+energy&pg=5&id=ED179793','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+energy&pg=5&id=ED179793"><span>Collecting <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Education Project.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>O'Brien, Alexander</p> <p></p> <p>This <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy learning module for use with junior high school students offers a list of activities, a pre-post test, job titles, basic <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy vocabulary, and diagrams of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy collectors and installations. The purpose is to familiarize students with applications of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and titles of jobs where this knowledge could be…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800009704&hterms=radiation+Solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dradiation%2BSolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800009704&hterms=radiation+Solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D30%26Ntt%3Dradiation%2BSolar"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> of the Earth's electric field intensity through <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind modulation of galactic cosmic radiation: Support for a proposed atmospheric electrical sun-weather mechanism</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Markson, R.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The ionospheric potential and galactic cosmic radiation, found to be inversely correlated with the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind velocity are examined as being germane to weather modification. Since the ionospheric potential is proportional to the fair weather electric field intensity and cosmic radiation is the dominant source of atmospheric ionization, it is concluded that the Earth's overall electric field varies in phase with atmospheric ionization and that the latter is modulated by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. A proposed mechanism, in which <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> of ionizing radiation influences atmospheric electrification and thus possibly cloud physical processes is discussed. An experimental approach to critically test the proposed mechanism through comparison of the temporal variation of the Earth's electric field with conditions in the interplanetary medium is outlined.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780024604','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780024604"><span>Installation package for a domestic <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and hot water system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The installation of two prototype <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and hot water systems is described. The systems consists of the following subsystems: <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, storage, <span class="hlt">control</span>, transport, and auxiliary energy.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_15");'>15</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li class="active"><span>17</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_17 --> <div id="page_18" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="341"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800025358','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800025358"><span>Installation package for a sunspot cascade <span class="hlt">solar</span> water heating system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> water heating systems installed at Tempe, Arizona and San Diego, California are described. The systems consist of the following: collector, collector-tank water loop, <span class="hlt">solar</span> tank, conventional tank, and <span class="hlt">controls</span>. General guidelines which may be utilized in development of detailed installation plans and specifications are provided along with instruction on operation, maintenance, and installation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> hot water systems.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080026346','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080026346"><span>Impact of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Array Position on ISS Vehicle Charging</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Alred, John; Mikatarian, Ronald; Koontz, Steve</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>The International Space Station (ISS), because of its large structure and high voltage <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays, has a complex plasma interaction with the ionosphere in low Earth orbit (LEO). This interaction of the ISS US Segment photovoltaic (PV) power system with the LEO ionospheric plasma produces floating potentials on conducting elements of the ISS structure relative to the local plasma environment. To <span class="hlt">control</span> the ISS floating potentials, two Plasma Contactor Units (PCUs) are installed on the Z1 truss. Each PCU discharges accumulated electrons from the Space Station structure, thus reducing the potential difference between the ISS structure and the surrounding charged plasma environment. Operations of the PCUs were intended to keep the ISS floating potential to 40 Volts (Reference 1). Exposed dielectric surfaces overlying conducting structure on the Space Station will collect an opposite charge from the ionosphere as the ISS charges. In theory, when an Extravehicular Activity (EVA) crewmember is tethered to structure via the crew safety tether or when metallic surfaces of the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) come in contact with conducting metallic surfaces of the ISS, the EMU conducting components, including the perspiration-soaked crewmember inside, can become charged to the Space Station floating potential. The concern is the potential dielectric breakdown of anodized aluminum surfaces on the EMU producing an arc from the EMU to the ambient plasma, or nearby ISS structure. If the EMU arcs, an electrical current of an unknown magnitude and duration may conduct through the EVA crewmember, producing an unacceptable condition. This electrical current may be sufficient to startle or fatally shock the EVA crewmember (Reference 2). Hence, as currently defined by the EVA community, the ISS floating potential for all nominal and contingency EVA worksites and translation paths must have a magnitude less than 40 volts relative to the local ionosphere at all times during EVA</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA556321','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA556321"><span>Exploiting OSPaN (Optical <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Patrol Network) Data to Understand Large-Scale <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Eruptions Impacting Space Weather</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2011-12-28</p> <p>shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB <span class="hlt">control</span> number...by CMEs; (2) the angular orientation of newly emerged magnetic flux on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface relative to stable filaments plays a role in how rapidly the...potential of exploiting ISOON observations to increase our understanding of <span class="hlt">solar</span> eruptions, a requirement for improved prediction and mitigation of space</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.........9Z','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.........9Z"><span>Morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> of polymer: Fullerene <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells by nanoparticle self-assembly</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Zhang, Wenluan</p> <p></p> <p>During the past two decades, research in the field of polymer based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells has attracted great effort due to their simple processing, mechanical flexibility and potential low cost. A standard polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell is based on the concept of a bulk-heterojunction composed of a conducting polymer as the electron donor and a fullerene derivative as the electron acceptor. Since the exciton lifetime is limited, this places extra emphasis on <span class="hlt">control</span> of the morphology to obtain improved device performance. In this thesis, detailed characterization and novel morphological design of polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells was studied, in addition, preliminary efforts to transfer laboratory scale methods to industrialized device fabrication was made. Magnetic contrast neutron reflectivity was used to study the vertical concentration distribution of fullerene nanoparticles within poly(2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2- b]thiophene (pBTTT) thin film. Due to the wide space between the side chains of polymer, these fullerene nanoparticles intercalate between them creating a stable co-crystal structure. Therefore, a high volume fraction of fullerene was needed to obtain optimal device performance as phase separated conductive pathways are required and resulted in a homogeneous fullerene concentration profile through the film. Small angle neutron scattering was used to find there is amorphous fullerene even at lower concentration since it was previously believed that all fullerene formed a co-crystal. These fullerene molecules evolve into approximately 15 nm sized agglomerates at higher concentrations to improve electron transport. Unfortunately, thermal annealing gives these agglomerates mobility to form micrometer sized crystals and reduce the device performance. In standard poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCMBM) <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, a higher concentration of PCBM at the cathode interface is desired due to the band alignment structure. This was</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060016372&hterms=Solar+still&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DSolar%2Bstill','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20060016372&hterms=Solar+still&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3DSolar%2Bstill"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Activity and <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Eruptions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Sterling, Alphonse C.</p> <p>2006-01-01</p> <p>Our Sun is a dynamic, ever-changing star. In general, its atmosphere displays major variation on an 11-year cycle. Throughout the cycle, the atmosphere occasionally exhibits large, sudden outbursts of energy. These "<span class="hlt">solar</span> eruptions" manifest themselves in the form of <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares, filament eruptions, coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and energetic particle releases. They are of high interest to scientists both because they represent fundamental processes that occur in various astrophysical context, and because, if directed toward Earth, they can disrupt Earth-based systems and satellites. Research over the last few decades has shown that the source of the eruptions is localized regions of energy-storing magnetic field on the Sun that become destabilized, leading to a release of the stored energy. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> scientists have (probably) unraveled the basic outline of what happens in these eruptions, but many details are still not understood. In recent years we have been studying what triggers these magnetic eruptions, using ground-based and satellite-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations in combination with predictions from various theoretical models. We will present an overview of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity and <span class="hlt">solar</span> eruptions, give results from some of our own research, and discuss questions that remain to be explored.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4633811','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4633811"><span>Flexible, highly efficient all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Kim, Taesu; Kim, Jae-Han; Kang, Tae Eui; Lee, Changyeon; Kang, Hyunbum; Shin, Minkwan; Wang, Cheng; Ma, Biwu; Jeong, Unyong; Kim, Taek-Soo; Kim, Bumjoon J.</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>All-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells have shown great potential as flexible and portable power generators. These devices should offer good mechanical endurance with high power-conversion efficiency for viability in commercial applications. In this work, we develop highly efficient and mechanically robust all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that are based on the PBDTTTPD polymer donor and the P(NDI2HD-T) polymer acceptor. These systems exhibit high power-conversion efficiency of 6.64%. Also, the proposed all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells have even better performance than the <span class="hlt">control</span> polymer-fullerene devices with phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the electron acceptor (6.12%). More importantly, our all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells exhibit dramatically enhanced strength and flexibility compared with polymer/PCBM devices, with 60- and 470-fold improvements in elongation at break and toughness, respectively. The superior mechanical properties of all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells afford greater tolerance to severe deformations than conventional polymer-fullerene <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, making them much better candidates for applications in flexible and portable devices. PMID:26449658</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910009814','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19910009814"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal vacuum tests of Magellan spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Neuman, James C.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>The Magellen <span class="hlt">solar</span>/thermal/vacuum test involved a number of unique requirements and approaches. Because of the need to operate in orbit around Venus, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensity requirement ranged up to 2.3 suns or Earth equivalent <span class="hlt">solar</span> constants. Extensive modification to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> simulator portion of the test facility were required to achieve this <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensity. Venus albedo and infrared emission were simulated using temperature <span class="hlt">controlled</span> movable louver panels to allow the spacecraft to view either a selectable temperature black heat source with closed louvers, or the chamber coldwall behind open louvers. The test conditions included widely varying <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensities, multiple sun angles, alternate hardware configurations, steady state and transient cases, and cruise and orbital power profiles. Margin testing was also performed, wherein supplemental heaters were mounted to internal thermal blankets to verify spacecraft performance at higher than expected temperatures. The test was successful, uncovering some spacecraft anomalies and verifying the thermal design. The test support equipment experienced some anomalous behavior and a significant failure during the test.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6325484','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6325484"><span>Annual DOE active <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling contractors' review meeting. Premeeting proceedings and project summaries</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None,</p> <p>1981-09-01</p> <p>Ninety-three project summaries are presented which discuss the following aspects of active <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling: Rankine <span class="hlt">solar</span> cooling systems; absorption <span class="hlt">solar</span> cooling systems; desiccant <span class="hlt">solar</span> cooling systems; <span class="hlt">solar</span> heat pump systems; <span class="hlt">solar</span> hot water systems; special projects (such as the National <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Data Network, hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal/photovoltaic applications, and heat transfer and water migration in soils); administrative/management support; and <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, storage, <span class="hlt">controls</span>, analysis, and materials technology. (LEW)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=263','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=263"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> One | Concentrating</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> This page provides information on Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em>, a configuration. Status Date: February 12, 2014 Project Overview Project Name: Gujarat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>One</em> Country: India</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910069093&hterms=media+influence&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmedia%2Binfluence','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19910069093&hterms=media+influence&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dmedia%2Binfluence"><span>Influence of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind/interplanetary medium on Saturnian kilometric radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rucker, Helmut O.; Desch, M. D.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>Previous studies on the periodicities of the Saturnian kilometric radiation (SKR) suggested a considerable <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind influence on the occurrence of SKR, so it was obvious to investigate the relationship between parameters of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind/interplanetary medium and this Saturnian radio component. Voyager 2 data from the Plasma Science experiment, the Magnetometer experiment and the Planetary Radio Astronomy experiment were used to analyze the external <span class="hlt">control</span> of SKR. Out of the examined quantities known to be important in <span class="hlt">controlling</span> magnetospheric processes this investigation yielded a dominance of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind momentum, ram pressure and kinetic energy flux, in stimulating SKR and <span class="hlt">controlling</span> its activity and emitted energy, and confirmed the results of the Voyager 1 analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015985','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810015985"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> tracking system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>White, P. R.; Scott, D. R. (Inventor)</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracker for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector is described in detail. The collector is angularly oriented by a motor wherein the outputs of two side-by-side photodetectors are discriminated as to three ranges: a first corresponding to a low light or darkness condition; a second corresponding to light intensity lying in an intermediate range; and a third corresponding to light above an intermediate range, direct sunlight. The first output drives the motor to a selected maximum easterly angular position; the second enables the motor to be driven westerly at the Earth rotational rate; and the third output, the separate outputs of the two photodetectors, differentially <span class="hlt">controls</span> the direction of rotation of the motor to effect actual tracking of the Sun.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080012635','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20080012635"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle #24 and the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schatten, Kenneth; Pesnell, W. Dean</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We focus on two <span class="hlt">solar</span> aspects related to flight dynamics. These are the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamo and long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity predictions. The nature of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamo is central to <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity predictions, and these predictions are important for orbital planning of satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). The reason is that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiances inflate the upper atmospheric layers of the Earth, forming the thermosphere and exosphere through which these satellites orbit. Concerning the dynamo, we discuss some recent novel approaches towards its understanding. For <span class="hlt">solar</span> predictions we concentrate on a <span class="hlt">solar</span> precursor method, in which the Sun's polar field plays a major role in forecasting the next cycle s activity based upon the Babcock-Leighton dynamo. With a current low value for the Sun s polar field, this method predicts that <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle #24 will be one of the lowest in recent times, with smoothed F10.7 radio flux values peaking near 130 plus or minus 30 (2 sigma), in the 2013 timeframe. One may have to consider <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity as far back as the early 20th century to find a cycle of comparable magnitude. Concomitant effects of low <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity upon satellites in LEO will need to be considered, such as enhancements in orbital debris. Support for our prediction of a low <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle #24 is borne out by the lack of new cycle sunspots at least through the first half of 2007. Usually at the present epoch in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle (approx. 7+ years after the last <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum), for a normal size following cycle, new cycle sunspots would be seen. The lack of their appearance at this time is only consistent with a low cycle #24. Polar field observations of a weak magnitude are consistent with unusual structures seen in the Sun s corona. Polar coronal holes are the hallmarks of the Sun's open field structures. At present, it appears that the polar coronal holes are relatively weak, and there have been many equatorial coronal holes</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070032658','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20070032658"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle #24 and the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pesnell, W. Dean; Schatten, Kenneth</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We focus on two <span class="hlt">solar</span> aspects related to flight dynamics. These are the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamo and long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity predictions. The nature of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamo is central to <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity predictions, and these predictions are important for orbital planning of satellites in low earth orbit (LEO). The reason is that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> ultraviolet (UV) and extreme ultraviolet (EUV) spectral irradiances inflate the upper atmospheric layers of the Earth, forming the thermosphere and exosphere through which these satellites orbit. Concerning the dynamo, we discuss some recent novel approaches towards its understanding. For <span class="hlt">solar</span> predictions we concentrate on a <span class="hlt">solar</span> precursor method, in which the Sun s polar field plays a major role in forecasting the next cycle s activity based upon the Babcock- Leighton dynamo. With a current low value for the Sun s polar field, this method predicts that <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle #24 will be one of the lowest in recent times, with smoothed F10.7 radio flux values peaking near 130+ 30 (2 4, in the 2013 timeframe. One may have to consider <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity as far back as the early 20th century to find a cycle of comparable magnitude. Concomitant effects of low <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity upon satellites in LEO will need to be considered, such as enhancements in orbital debris. Support for our prediction of a low <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle #24 is borne out by the lack of new cycle sunspots at least through the first half of 2007. Usually at the present epoch in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle (-7+ years after the last <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum), for a normal size following cycle, new cycle sunspots would be seen. The lack of their appearance at this time is only consistent with a low cycle #24. Polar field observations of a weak magnitude are consistent with unusual structures seen in the Sun s corona. Polar coronal holes are the hallmarks of the Sun s open field structures. At present, it appears that the polar coronal holes are relatively weak, and there have been many equatorial coronal holes. This appears</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.2247M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GMD....10.2247M"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> forcing for CMIP6 (v3.2)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Matthes, Katja; Funke, Bernd; Andersson, Monika E.; Barnard, Luke; Beer, Jürg; Charbonneau, Paul; Clilverd, Mark A.; Dudok de Wit, Thierry; Haberreiter, Margit; Hendry, Aaron; Jackman, Charles H.; Kretzschmar, Matthieu; Kruschke, Tim; Kunze, Markus; Langematz, Ulrike; Marsh, Daniel R.; Maycock, Amanda C.; Misios, Stergios; Rodger, Craig J.; Scaife, Adam A.; Seppälä, Annika; Shangguan, Ming; Sinnhuber, Miriam; Tourpali, Kleareti; Usoskin, Ilya; van de Kamp, Max; Verronen, Pekka T.; Versick, Stefan</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>This paper describes the recommended <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing dataset for CMIP6 and highlights changes with respect to CMIP5. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing is provided for radiative properties, namely total <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance (TSI), <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectral irradiance (SSI), and the F10.7 index as well as particle forcing, including geomagnetic indices Ap and Kp, and ionization rates to account for effects of <span class="hlt">solar</span> protons, electrons, and galactic cosmic rays. This is the first time that a recommendation for <span class="hlt">solar</span>-driven particle forcing has been provided for a CMIP exercise. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing datasets are provided at daily and monthly resolution separately for the CMIP6 preindustrial <span class="hlt">control</span>, historical (1850-2014), and future (2015-2300) simulations. For the preindustrial <span class="hlt">control</span> simulation, both constant and time-varying <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing components are provided, with the latter including variability on 11-year and shorter timescales but no long-term changes. For the future, we provide a realistic scenario of what <span class="hlt">solar</span> behavior could be, as well as an additional extreme Maunder-minimum-like sensitivity scenario. This paper describes the forcing datasets and also provides detailed recommendations as to their implementation in current climate models.For the historical simulations, the TSI and SSI time series are defined as the average of two <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance models that are adapted to CMIP6 needs: an empirical one (NRLTSI2-NRLSSI2) and a semi-empirical one (SATIRE). A new and lower TSI value is recommended: the contemporary <span class="hlt">solar</span>-cycle average is now 1361.0 W m-2. The slight negative trend in TSI over the three most recent <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles in the CMIP6 dataset leads to only a small global radiative forcing of -0.04 W m-2. In the 200-400 nm wavelength range, which is important for ozone photochemistry, the CMIP6 <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing dataset shows a larger <span class="hlt">solar</span>-cycle variability contribution to TSI than in CMIP5 (50 % compared to 35 %).We compare the climatic effects of the CMIP6 <span class="hlt">solar</span> forcing dataset to its CMIP</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790017332','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19790017332"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating system final design package</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The system is composed of a warm air collector, a logic <span class="hlt">control</span> unit and a universal switching and transport unit. The collector was originally conceived and designed as an integrated roof/wall system and therefore provides a dual function in the structure. The collector serves both as a <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy conversion system and as a structural weather resistant skin. The <span class="hlt">control</span> unit provides totally automatic <span class="hlt">control</span> over the operation of the system. It receives input data from sensor probes in collectors, storage and living space. The logic was designed so as to make maximum use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and minimize use of conventional energy. The transport and switching unit is a high-efficiency air-handling system equipped with gear motor valves that respond to outputs from the <span class="hlt">control</span> system. The fan unit was designed for maximum durability and efficiency in operation, and has permanently lubricated ball bearings and excellent air-handling efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050201668','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20050201668"><span>Silicon Carbide <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells Investigated</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bailey, Sheila G.; Raffaelle, Ryne P.</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>The semiconductor silicon carbide (SiC) has long been known for its outstanding resistance to harsh environments (e.g., thermal stability, radiation resistance, and dielectric strength). However, the ability to produce device-quality material is severely limited by the inherent crystalline defects associated with this material and their associated electronic effects. Much progress has been made recently in the understanding and <span class="hlt">control</span> of these defects and in the improved processing of this material. Because of this work, it may be possible to produce SiC-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells for environments with high temperatures, light intensities, and radiation, such as those experienced by <span class="hlt">solar</span> probes. Electronics and sensors based on SiC can operate in hostile environments where conventional silicon-based electronics (limited to 350 C) cannot function. Development of this material will enable large performance enhancements and size reductions for a wide variety of systems--such as high-frequency devices, high-power devices, microwave switching devices, and high-temperature electronics. These applications would supply more energy-efficient public electric power distribution and electric vehicles, more powerful microwave electronics for radar and communications, and better sensors and <span class="hlt">controls</span> for cleaner-burning, more fuel-efficient jet aircraft and automobile engines. The 6H-SiC polytype is a promising wide-bandgap (Eg = 3.0 eV) semiconductor for photovoltaic applications in harsh <span class="hlt">solar</span> environments that involve high-temperature and high-radiation conditions. The advantages of this material for this application lie in its extremely large breakdown field strength, high thermal conductivity, good electron saturation drift velocity, and stable electrical performance at temperatures as high as 600 C. This behavior makes it an attractive photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell material for devices that can operate within three <span class="hlt">solar</span> radii of the Sun.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863524','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/863524"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> receiver heliostat reflector having a linear drive and position information system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Horton, Richard H.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>A heliostat for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> receiver system comprises an improved drive and <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the heliostat reflector assembly. The heliostat reflector assembly is <span class="hlt">controllably</span> driven in a predetermined way by a light-weight drive system so as to be angularly adjustable in both elevation and azimuth to track the sun and efficiently continuously reflect the sun's rays to a focal zone, i.e., heat receiver, which forms part of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy utilization system, such as a <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy fueled electrical power generation system. The improved drive system includes linear stepping motors which comprise low weight, low cost, electronic pulse driven components. One embodiment comprises linear stepping motors <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by a programmed, electronic microprocessor. Another embodiment comprises a tape driven system <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by a position <span class="hlt">control</span> magnetic tape.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810036377&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810036377&hterms=solar+energy+advantage&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D50%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Benergy%2Badvantage"><span>A gravity gradient stabilized <span class="hlt">solar</span> power satellite design</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Bowden, M. L.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The concept of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> power satellite (SPS) is reviewed, and a design proposed for such a satellite taking advantage of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure and gravity gradient forces to eliminate much of the structure from the baseline configuration. The SPS design consists of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell array lying in the orbital plane and a free floating mirror above to reflect sunlight down onto it. The structural modes of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell array are analyzed and found to be well within <span class="hlt">control</span> limitations. Preliminary calculations concerning the free floating mirror and its position-keeping propellant requirements are also performed. A numerical example is presented, which shows that, even in terms of mass only, this configuration is a competitive design when compared to the conventional Department of Energy reference design. Other advantages, such as easier assembly in orbit, lower position-keeping propellant requirements, possibilities for decreasing necessary <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell area, and longer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell life, may make this design superior.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850m0004G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850m0004G"><span>Selective <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorber emittance measurement at elevated temperature</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Giraud, Philémon; Braillon, Julien; Raccurt, Olivier</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Durability of <span class="hlt">solar</span> components for CSP (Concentrated <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Plant) technologies is a key point to lower cost and ensure their large deployment. These technologies concentrated the <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation by means of mirrors on a receiver tube where it is collected as thermal energy. The absorbers are submitted to strong environmental constraints and the degradation of their optical properties (emittance and <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorbance) have a direct impact on performance. The characterization of a material in such condition is complicated and requires advanced apparatuses, and different measurement methods exist for the determination of the two quantities of relevance regarding an absorber, which are its emittance and its <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorbance. The objective is to develop new optical equipment for measure the emittance of this <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorber at elevated temperature. In this paper, we present an optical bench developed for emittance measurement on absorbers is conditions of use. Results will be shown, with a discussion of some factors of influence over this measurement and how to <span class="hlt">control</span> them.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/lmi-solar.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/lmi-solar.html"><span>Low- and Moderate-Income <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Policy Basics | State, Local, and Tribal</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>scores, which can make attaining a loan for <span class="hlt">solar</span> investments difficult. Even in <em>cases</em> where loans are translate into having less <span class="hlt">control</span> over decisions about rooftop <span class="hlt">solar</span> and utilities. Even in <em>cases</em> where LMI program) to increase local <span class="hlt">solar</span> deployment. In other <em>cases</em>, CDFIs and CDEs can directly facilitate</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_16");'>16</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li class="active"><span>18</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_18 --> <div id="page_19" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="361"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1238256-flow-enhanced-solution-printing-all-polymer-solar-cells','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1238256-flow-enhanced-solution-printing-all-polymer-solar-cells"><span>Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Diao, Ying; Zhou, Yan; Kurosawa, Tadanori; ...</p> <p>2015-08-12</p> <p>Morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> of solution coated <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell materials presents a key challenge limiting their device performance and commercial viability. Here we present a new concept for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> phase separation during solution printing using an all-polymer bulk heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell as a model system. The key aspect of our method lies in the design of fluid flow using a microstructured printing blade, on the basis of the hypothesis of flow-induced polymer crystallization. Our flow design resulted in a similar to 90% increase in the donor thin film crystallinity and reduced microphase separated donor and acceptor domain sizes. The improved morphology enhancedmore » all metrics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell device performance across various printing conditions, specifically leading to higher short-circuit current, fill factor, open circuit voltage and significantly reduced device-to-device variation. However, we expect our design concept to have broad applications beyond all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells because of its simplicity and versatility.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4557117','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4557117"><span>Flow-enhanced solution printing of all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Diao, Ying; Zhou, Yan; Kurosawa, Tadanori; Shaw, Leo; Wang, Cheng; Park, Steve; Guo, Yikun; Reinspach, Julia A.; Gu, Kevin; Gu, Xiaodan; Tee, Benjamin C. K.; Pang, Changhyun; Yan, Hongping; Zhao, Dahui; Toney, Michael F.; Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.; Bao, Zhenan</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> of solution coated <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell materials presents a key challenge limiting their device performance and commercial viability. Here we present a new concept for <span class="hlt">controlling</span> phase separation during solution printing using an all-polymer bulk heterojunction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell as a model system. The key aspect of our method lies in the design of fluid flow using a microstructured printing blade, on the basis of the hypothesis of flow-induced polymer crystallization. Our flow design resulted in a ∼90% increase in the donor thin film crystallinity and reduced microphase separated donor and acceptor domain sizes. The improved morphology enhanced all metrics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell device performance across various printing conditions, specifically leading to higher short-circuit current, fill factor, open circuit voltage and significantly reduced device-to-device variation. We expect our design concept to have broad applications beyond all-polymer <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells because of its simplicity and versatility. PMID:26264528</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204537.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204537.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> System Design Fundamentals.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knapp, Henry H., III</p> <p></p> <p>This module on <span class="hlt">solar</span> system design fundamentals is one of six in a series intended for use as supplements to currently available materials on <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and energy conservation. Together with the recommended texts and references (sources are identified), these modules provide an effective introduction to energy conservation and <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850p0019N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AIPC.1850p0019N"><span>Virtual <span class="hlt">solar</span> field - An opportunity to optimize transient processes in line-focus CSP power plants</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Noureldin, Kareem; Hirsch, Tobias; Pitz-Paal, Robert</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>Optimizing <span class="hlt">solar</span> field operation and <span class="hlt">control</span> is a key factor to improve the competitiveness of line-focus <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal power plants. However, the risks of assessing new and innovative <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies on operational power plants hinder such optimizations and result in applying more conservative <span class="hlt">control</span> schemes. In this paper, we describe some applications for a whole <span class="hlt">solar</span> field transient in-house simulation tool developed at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR), the Virtual <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Field (VSF). The tool offers a virtual platform to simulate real <span class="hlt">solar</span> fields while coupling the thermal and hydraulic conditions of the field with high computational efficiency. Using the tool, developers and operator can probe their <span class="hlt">control</span> strategies and assess the potential benefits while avoiding the high risks and costs. In this paper, we study the benefits gained from <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the loop valves and of using direct normal irradiance maps and forecasts for the field <span class="hlt">control</span>. Loop valve <span class="hlt">control</span> is interesting for many <span class="hlt">solar</span> field operators since it provides a high degree of flexibility to the <span class="hlt">control</span> of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field through regulating the flow rate in each loop. This improves the reaction to transient condition, such as passing clouds and field start-up in the morning. Nevertheless, due to the large number of loops and the sensitivity of the field <span class="hlt">control</span> to the valve settings, this process needs to be automated and the effect of changing the setting of each valve on the whole field <span class="hlt">control</span> needs to be taken into account. We used VSF to implement simple <span class="hlt">control</span> algorithms to <span class="hlt">control</span> the loop valves and to study the benefits that could be gained from using active loop valve <span class="hlt">control</span> during transient conditions. Secondly, we study how using short-term highly spatially-resolved DNI forecasts provided by cloud cameras could improve the plant energy yield. Both cases show an improvement in the plant efficiency and outlet temperature stability. This paves the road for further</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810063771&hterms=energy+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bsolar','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19810063771&hterms=energy+solar&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Denergy%2Bsolar"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Rapp, D.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The book opens with a review of the patterns of energy use and resources in the United States, and an exploration of the potential of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to supply some of this energy in the future. This is followed by background material on <span class="hlt">solar</span> geometry, <span class="hlt">solar</span> intensities, flat plate collectors, and economics. Detailed attention is then given to a variety of <span class="hlt">solar</span> units and systems, including domestic hot water systems, space heating systems, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-assisted heat pumps, intermediate temperature collectors, space heating/cooling systems, concentrating collectors for high temperatures, storage systems, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> total energy systems. Finally, rights to <span class="hlt">solar</span> access are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204535.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED204535.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> and the Weather.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Knapp, Henry H., III</p> <p></p> <p>This module on <span class="hlt">solar</span> and the weather is one of six in a series intended for use as supplements to currently available materials on <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy and energy conservation. Together with the recommended texts and references (sources are identified), these modules provide an effective introduction to energy conservation and <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy technologies.…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555059','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555059"><span>Applications of Fluorogens with Rotor Structures in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Ong, Kok-Haw; Liu, Bin</p> <p>2017-05-29</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> cells are devices that convert light energy into electricity. To drive greater adoption of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell technologies, higher cell efficiencies and reductions in manufacturing cost are necessary. Fluorogens containing rotor structures may be helpful in addressing some of these challenges due to their unique twisted structures and photophysics. In this review, we discuss the applications of rotor-containing molecules as dyes for luminescent down-shifting layers and luminescent <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrators, where their aggregation-induced emission properties and large Stokes shifts are highly desirable. We also discuss the applications of molecules containing rotors in third-generation <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell technologies, namely dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and organic photovoltaics, where the twisted 3-dimensional rotor structures are used primarily for aggregation <span class="hlt">control</span>. Finally, we discuss perspectives on the future role of molecules containing rotor structures in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell technologies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1026632','DTIC-ST'); return false;" href="http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/AD1026632"><span>Microgrid <span class="hlt">Control</span> Strategy Utlizing Thermal Energy Storage With Renewable <span class="hlt">Solar</span> And Wind Power Generation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.dtic.mil/">DTIC Science & Technology</a></p> <p></p> <p>2016-06-01</p> <p>13 Figure 6. Vertical Axis Wind Turbines and Photovoltaic <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Panels ....................15 Figure 7. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sunny Boy Inverter...16 Figure 8. Wind Turbine Inverters...1. Comparison of Energy Storage. Adapted from [16], [18], [19]. ................10 Table 2. DC Operating Voltage of Wind Turbine Inverters</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5247304-solar-energy-system-performance-evaluation-october-august','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5247304-solar-energy-system-performance-evaluation-october-august"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-energy-system performance evaluation, October 1980-August 1981</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wetzel, P.E.</p> <p></p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> site is an Animal Quarantine Center in Upton, New York, using 2484 ft/sup 2/ of flat-plate collectors and 5300 gallons of <span class="hlt">solar</span> hot water storage located outside and above ground. The system was designed to provide 20% of the annual heating load and 100% of the annual domestic hot water load. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> system actually provided 5% of the total system load. Many <span class="hlt">control</span> and mechanical malfunctions contributed to the poor performance. (MHR)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27440452','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27440452"><span>Magnetic field effects in dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by different cell architecture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Klein, M; Pankiewicz, R; Zalas, M; Stampor, W</p> <p>2016-07-21</p> <p>The charge recombination and exciton dissociation are generally recognized as the basic electronic processes limiting the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In this work, we propose a detailed mechanism of photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs) examined by magnetic field effect (MFE) technique. Here we demonstrate that the magnitude of the MFE on photocurrent in DSSCs can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the radius and spin coherence time of electron-hole (e-h) pairs which are experimentally modified by the photoanode morphology (TiO2 nanoparticles or nanotubes) and the electronic orbital structure of various dye molecules (ruthenium N719, dinuclear ruthenium B1 and fully organic squaraine SQ2 dyes). The observed MFE is attributed to magnetic-field-induced spin-mixing of (e-h) pairs according to the Δg mechanism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...630077K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...630077K"><span>Magnetic field effects in dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by different cell architecture</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Klein, M.; Pankiewicz, R.; Zalas, M.; Stampor, W.</p> <p>2016-07-01</p> <p>The charge recombination and exciton dissociation are generally recognized as the basic electronic processes limiting the efficiency of photovoltaic devices. In this work, we propose a detailed mechanism of photocurrent generation in dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs) examined by magnetic field effect (MFE) technique. Here we demonstrate that the magnitude of the MFE on photocurrent in DSSCs can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the radius and spin coherence time of electron-hole (e-h) pairs which are experimentally modified by the photoanode morphology (TiO2 nanoparticles or nanotubes) and the electronic orbital structure of various dye molecules (ruthenium N719, dinuclear ruthenium B1 and fully organic squaraine SQ2 dyes). The observed MFE is attributed to magnetic-field-induced spin-mixing of (e-h) pairs according to the Δg mechanism.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=268','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=268"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - eCare <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Project |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> eCare <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project This page provides information on eCare <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project, a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) project, with data organized by Project Name: eCare <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project Country: Morocco Location: Undefined Owner(s): CNIM (100</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.901a2016P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017JPhCS.901a2016P"><span>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> energetic particle propagation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare events on 24th <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Paluk, P.; Khumlumlert, T.; Kanlayaprasit, N.; Aiemsa-ad, N.</p> <p>2017-09-01</p> <p>Now the Sun is in the 24th <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. The peak of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle correspond to the number of the Sun activities, which one of them is <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare is the violent explosion at the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere and releases the high energy ion from the Sun to the interplanetary medium. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> energetic particles or <span class="hlt">solar</span> cosmic ray have important effect on the Earth, such as disrupt radio communication. We analyze the particle transport of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare events on August 9, 2011, January 27, 2012, and November 3, 2013 in 24th <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. The particle data for each <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare was obtained from SIS instrument on ACE spacecraft. We simulate the particle transport with the equation of Ruffolo 1995, 1998. We solve the transport equation with the numerical technique of finite different. We find the injection duration from the Sun to the Earth by the compared fitting method of piecewise linear function between the simulation results and particle data from spacecraft. The position of these <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare events are on the west side of the Sun, which are N18W68, N33W85, and S12W16. We found that mean free path is roughly constant for a single event. This implies that the interplanetary scattering is approximately energy independent, but the level of scattering varies with time. The injection duration decreases with increasing energy. We found the resultant variation of the highest energy and lowest energy, because the effect of space environments and the number of the detected data was small. The high mean free path of the high energy particles showed the transport capability of particles along to the variable magnetic field line. The violent explosion of these <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares didn’t affect on the Earth magnetic field with Kp-index less than 3.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010094541','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20010094541"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wu, S. T.</p> <p>2000-01-01</p> <p>The areas of emphasis are: (1) develop theoretical models of the transient release of magnetic energy in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere, e.g., in <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares, eruptive prominences, coronal mass ejections, etc.; (2) investigate the role of the Sun's magnetic field in the structuring of <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona by the development of three-dimensional numerical models that describe the field configuration at various heights in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere by extrapolating the field at the photospheric level; (3) develop numerical models to investigate the physical parameters obtained by the ULYSSES mission; (4) develop numerical and theoretical models to investigate <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity effects on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind characteristics for the establishment of the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-interplanetary transmission line; and (5) develop new instruments to measure <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic fields and other features in the photosphere, chromosphere transition region and corona. We focused our investigation on the fundamental physical processes in <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere which directly effect our Planet Earth. The overall goal is to establish the physical process for the Sun-Earth connections.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28728972','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28728972"><span>Numerical characterisation of one-step and three-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collectors used for cocoa bean <span class="hlt">solar</span> drying.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Orbegoso, Elder Mendoza; Saavedra, Rafael; Marcelo, Daniel; La Madrid, Raúl</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>In the northern coastal and jungle areas of Peru, cocoa beans are dried using artisan methods, such as direct exposure to sunlight. This traditional process is time intensive, leading to a reduction in productivity and, therefore, delays in delivery times. The present study was intended to numerically characterise the thermal behaviour of three configurations of <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collectors in order to determine which demonstrated the best thermal performance under several <span class="hlt">controlled</span> operating conditions. For this purpose, a computational fluid dynamics model was developed to describe the simultaneous convective and radiative heat transfer phenomena under several operation conditions. The constructed computational fluid dynamics model was firstly validated through comparison with the data measurements of a one-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collector. We then simulated two further three-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collectors in order to identify which demonstrated the best thermal performance in terms of outlet air temperature and thermal efficiency. The numerical results show that under the same <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiation area of exposition and operating conditions, the three-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collector with the collector plate mounted between the second and third channels was 67% more thermally efficient compared to the one-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collector. This is because the air exposition with the surface of the collector plate for the three-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collector former device was twice than the one-step <span class="hlt">solar</span> air heating collector. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=54','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=54"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Genesis <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Project |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> Genesis <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy <em>Project</em> This page provides information on the Genesis <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy <em>Project</em>, a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) <em>project</em>, with data organized by background, participants, and power plant configuration. The <em>Project</em> includes two 125-MW units incorporating</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=262','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=262"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - ACME <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tower | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>: 2.5 MW Gross: 2.5 MW Status: Operational <em>Start</em> Year: 2011 Do you have more information, corrections Contact(s): <span class="hlt">Solar</span>PACES <em>Start</em> Production: April 2011 Participants Developer(s): ACME Group ; e<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Owner(s</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-solar-resource-maps.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-solar-resource-maps.html"><span>DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis Webinar Series: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Resource and Technical</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Series: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Resource and <em>Technical</em> Potential DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis Webinar Series: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Resource and <em>Technical</em> Potential Wednesday, June 11, 2014 As part of a Do-It-Yourself <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis summer series, NREL's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Technical</em> Assistance Team (STAT) presented a live webinar titled, "<span class="hlt">Solar</span></p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421278','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23421278"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> physical vapor deposition preparation and microstructural characterization of TiO2 based nanophases for dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell applications.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Negrea, Denis; Ducu, Catalin; Moga, Sorin; Malinovschi, Viorel; Monty, Claude J A; Vasile, Bogdan; Dorobantu, Dorel; Enachescu, Marian</p> <p>2012-11-01</p> <p>Titanium dioxide exists in three crystalline phases: anatase, rutile and brookite. Although rutile is thermodynamically more stable, anatase is considered as the most favorable phase for photocatalysis and <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy conversion. Recent studies have shown a significant improvement of light harvesting and overall <span class="hlt">solar</span> conversion efficiency of anatase nanoparticles in dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (DSSCs) when using a mixture of anatase and rutile phases (10-15% rutile). TiO2 nanopowders have been prepared by a <span class="hlt">solar</span> physical vapor deposition process (SPVD). This method has been developed in Odeillo-Font Romeu France using "heliotron" <span class="hlt">solar</span> reactors working under concentrated sunlight in 2 kW <span class="hlt">solar</span> furnaces. By <span class="hlt">controlling</span> reactor's atmosphere type (air/argon) and gas pressure, several types of anatase/rutile nanophases have been obtained with slightly different microstructural properties and morphological characteristics. X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD) were performed on precursor and on the SPVD obtained nanopowders. Information concerning their phase composition and coherence diffraction domain (crystallites size and strain) was obtained. Nanopowders morphology has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048811&hterms=particle+box&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dparticle%2Bbox','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19950048811&hterms=particle+box&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dparticle%2Bbox"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> electronics box design and performance</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Chamberlin, K.; Clagett, C.; Correll, T.; Gruner, T.; Quinn, T.; Shiflett, L.; Schnurr, R.; Wennersten, M.; Frederick, M.; Fox, S. M.</p> <p>1993-01-01</p> <p>The attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> Electronics (ACE) Box is the center of the Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> Subsystem (ACS) for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) satellite. This unit is the single point interface for all of the Attitude <span class="hlt">Control</span> Subsystem (ACS) related sensors and actuators. Commands and telemetry between the SAMPEX flight computer and the ACE Box are routed via a MIL-STD-1773 bus interface, through the use of an 80C85 processor. The ACE Box consists of the flowing electronic elements: power supply, momentum wheel driver, electromagnet driver, coarse sun sensor interface, digital sun sensor interface, magnetometer interface, and satellite computer interface. In addition, the ACE Box also contains an independent Safehold electronics package capable of keeping the satellite pitch axis pointing towards the sun. The ACE Box has dimensions of 24 x 31 x 8 cm, a mass of 4.3 kg, and an average power consumption of 10.5 W. This set of electronics was completely designed, developed, integrated, and tested by personnel at NASA GSFC. SAMPEX was launched on July 3, 1992, and the initial attitude acquisition was successfully accomplished via the analog Safehold electronics in the ACE Box. This acquisition scenario removed the excess body rates via magnetic <span class="hlt">control</span> and precessed the satellite pitch axis to within 10 deg of the sun line. The performance of the SAMPEX ACS in general and the ACE Box in particular has been quite satisfactory.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_17");'>17</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li class="active"><span>19</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_19 --> <div id="page_20" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="381"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117132','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29117132"><span>Rationally <span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Synthesis of CdSexTe1-x Alloy Nanocrystals and Their Application in Efficient Graded Bandgap <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Wen, Shiya; Li, Miaozi; Yang, Junyu; Mei, Xianglin; Wu, Bin; Liu, Xiaolin; Heng, Jingxuan; Qin, Donghuan; Hou, Lintao; Xu, Wei; Wang, Dan</p> <p>2017-11-08</p> <p>CdSe x Te 1-x semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), being rod-shaped/irregular dot-shaped in morphology, have been fabricated via a simple hot-injection method. The NCs composition is well <span class="hlt">controlled</span> through varying molar ratios of Se to Te precursors. Through changing the composition of the CdSe x Te 1-x NCs, the spectral absorption of the NC thin film between 570-800 nm is proved to be tunable. It is shown that the bandgap of homogeneously alloyed CdSe x Te 1-x active thin film is nonlinearly correlated with the different compositions, which is perceived as optical bowing. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell devices based on CdSe x Te 1-x NCs with the structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSe x Te 1-x /MoO x /Au and the graded bandgap ITO/ZnO/CdSe( w / o )/CdSe x Te 1-x /CdTe/MoO x /Au are systematically evaluated. It was found that the performance of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells degrades almost linearly with the increase of alloy NC film thickness with respect to ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSe 0.2 Te 0.8 /MoO x /Au. From another perspective, in terms of the graded bandgap structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSe x Te 1-x /CdTe/MoO x /Au, the performance is improved in contrast with its single-junction analogues. The graded bandgap structure is proved to be efficient when absorbing spectrum and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells fabricated under the structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe 0.8 Te 0.2 /CdSe 0.2 Te 0.8 /CdTe/MoO x /Au indicate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.37%, a value among the highest for solution-processed inversely-structured CdSe x Te 1-x NC <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. As the NC <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are solution-processed under environmental conditions, they are promising for fabricating <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells at low cost, roll by roll and in large area.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850025862','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19850025862"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> maximum: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> array degradation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Miller, T.</p> <p>1985-01-01</p> <p>The 5-year in-orbit power degradation of the silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> array aboard the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Maximum Satellite was evaluated. This was the first spacecraft to use Teflon R FEP as a coverglass adhesive, thus avoiding the necessity of an ultraviolet filter. The peak power tracking mode of the power regulator unit was employed to ensure consistent maximum power comparisons. Telemetry was normalized to account for the effects of illumination intensity, charged particle irradiation dosage, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> array temperature. Reference conditions of 1.0 <span class="hlt">solar</span> constant at air mass zero and 301 K (28 C) were used as a basis for normalization. Beginning-of-life array power was 2230 watts. Currently, the array output is 1830 watts. This corresponds to a 16 percent loss in array performance over 5 years. Comparison of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Maximum Telemetry and predicted power levels indicate that array output is 2 percent less than predictions based on an annual 1.0 MeV equivalent election fluence of 2.34 x ten to the 13th power square centimeters space environment.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=266','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=266"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - eLLO <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Project |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power | NREL</A> eLLO <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project This page provides information on Llo <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project, a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) project, with data organized by Name: eLLO <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Thermal</em> Project (Llo) Country: France Location: Llo (Pyrénées Orientales) Owner(s</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........24G','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhDT........24G"><span>One-Dimensional Fast Transient Simulator for Modeling Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Guo, Da</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy, including <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating, <span class="hlt">solar</span> architecture, <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal electricity and <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaics, is one of the primary alternative energy sources to fossil fuel. Being one of the most important techniques, significant research has been conducted in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell efficiency improvement. Simulation of various structures and materials of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells provides a deeper understanding of device operation and ways to improve their efficiency. Over the last two decades, polycrystalline thin-film Cadmium-Sulfide and Cadmium-Telluride (CdS/CdTe) <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells fabricated on glass substrates have been considered as one of the most promising candidate in the photovoltaic technologies, for their similar efficiency and low costs when compared to traditional silicon-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. In this work a fast one dimensional time-dependent/steady-state drift-diffusion simulator, accelerated by adaptive non-uniform mesh and automatic time-step <span class="hlt">control</span>, for modeling <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells has been developed and has been used to simulate a CdS/CdTe <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell. These models are used to reproduce transients of carrier transport in response to step-function signals of different bias and varied light intensity. The time-step <span class="hlt">control</span> models are also used to help convergence in steady-state simulations where constrained material constants, such as carrier lifetimes in the order of nanosecond and carrier mobility in the order of 100 cm2/Vs, must be applied.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/390254-solar-water-disinfection','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/390254-solar-water-disinfection"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> water disinfection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Anderson, R.; Collier, R.</p> <p></p> <p>Non-potable drinking water is a major problem for much of the world`s population. It has been estimated that from 15 to 20 million children under the age of 5 die from diarrheal conditions brought on by infected drinking water every year. This is equivalent to a fully-loaded DC-10 crashing every ten minutes of every day, 365 days a year. Heat is one of the most effective methods of disinfecting drinking water. Using conventional means of heating water (heating on an open-flamed stove) results in an extremely energy-intensive process. The main obstacle is that for areas of the world where potablemore » water is a problem, fuel supplies are either too expensive, not available, or the source of devastating environmental problems (deforestation). The apparatus described is a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered water disinfection device that can overcome most if not all of the barriers that presently limit technological solutions to drinking water problems. It uses a parabolic trough <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator with a receiver tube that is also a counterflow heat exchanger. The system is totally self-contained utilizing a photovoltaic-powered water pump, and a standard automotive thermostat for water flow <span class="hlt">control</span>. The system is designed for simplicity, reliability and the incorporation of technology readily accessible in most areas of the world. Experiments at the Florida <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Center have demonstrated up to 2,500 liters of safe drinking water per day with 28 square meters of <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663665-variations-solar-parameters-cosmic-rays-solar-magnetic-polarity','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22663665-variations-solar-parameters-cosmic-rays-solar-magnetic-polarity"><span>Variations in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Parameters and Cosmic Rays with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Magnetic Polarity</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Oh, S.; Yi, Y., E-mail: suyeonoh@jnu.ac.kr</p> <p></p> <p>The sunspot number varies with the 11-year Schwabe cycle, and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic polarity reverses every 11 years approximately at the <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum. Because of polarity reversal, the difference between odd and even <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles is seen in <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity. In this study, we create the mean <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle expressed by phase using the monthly sunspot number for all <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles 1–23. We also generate the mean <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle for sunspot area, <span class="hlt">solar</span> radio flux, and cosmic ray flux within the allowance of observational range. The mean <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle has one large peak at <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum for odd <span class="hlt">solar</span> cyclesmore » and two small peaks for most even <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles. The odd and even <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles have the statistical difference in value and shape at a confidence level of at least 98%. For <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles 19–23, the second peak in the even <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle is larger than the first peak. This result is consistent with the frequent <span class="hlt">solar</span> events during the declining phase after the <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum. The difference between odd and even <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles can be explained by a combined model of polarity reversal and <span class="hlt">solar</span> rotation. In the positive/negative polarity, the polar magnetic field introduces angular momentum in the same/opposite direction as/to the <span class="hlt">solar</span> rotation. Thus the addition/subtraction of angular momentum can increase/decrease the motion of plasma to support the formation of sunspots. Since the polarity reverses at the <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum, the opposite phenomenon occurs in the declining phase.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734j0001B','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734j0001B"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> process steam for a pharmaceutical company in Jordan</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Berger, M.; Mokhtar, M.; Zahler, C.; Al-Najami, M. M. R.; Krüger, D.; Hennecke, K.</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>This paper presents details of the recent installation of a linear Fresnel collector to provide saturated steam for process heat usage through Direct Steam Generation (DSG) for industrial use in the Jordanian pharmaceuticals manufacturing company RAM Pharma, where first <span class="hlt">solar</span> steam has been provided in March 2015. This commercial DSG project also represents the first <span class="hlt">solar</span> DSG plant in MENA. During sunshine, the system achieves a <span class="hlt">solar</span> fraction of 100 %, and the conventional steam boiler is not needed. In the evening the fossil fired backup takes over automatically and replaces the <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector in operation. Operational experience, details of the <span class="hlt">control</span> strategy, and measurement data are presented in the paper.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311974','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18311974"><span>Quantum dot <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Tuning photoresponse through size and shape <span class="hlt">control</span> of CdSe-TiO2 architecture.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Kongkanand, Anusorn; Tvrdy, Kevin; Takechi, Kensuke; Kuno, Masaru; Kamat, Prashant V</p> <p>2008-03-26</p> <p>Different-sized CdSe quantum dots have been assembled on TiO2 films composed of particle and nanotube morphologies using a bifunctional linker molecule. Upon band-gap excitation, CdSe quantum dots inject electrons into TiO2 nanoparticles and nanotubes, thus enabling the generation of photocurrent in a photoelectrochemical <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell. The results presented in this study highlight two major findings: (i) ability to tune the photoelectrochemical response and photoconversion efficiency via size <span class="hlt">control</span> of CdSe quantum dots and (ii) improvement in the photoconversion efficiency by facilitating the charge transport through TiO2 nanotube architecture. The maximum IPCE (photon-to-charge carrier generation efficiency) obtained with 3 nm diameter CdSe nanoparticles was 35% for particulate TiO2 and 45% for tubular TiO2 morphology. The maximum IPCE observed at the excitonic band increases with decreasing particle size, whereas the shift in the conduction band to more negative potentials increases the driving force and favors fast electron injection. The maximum power-conversion efficiency </=1% obtained with CdSe-TiO2 nanotube film highlights the usefulness of tubular morphology in facilitating charge transport in nanostructure-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. Ways to further improve power-conversion efficiency and maximize light-harvesting capability through the construction of a rainbow <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9511666N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994STIN...9511666N"><span>Automated <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell assembly team process research</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nowlan, M. J.; Hogan, S. J.; Darkazalli, G.; Breen, W. F.; Murach, J. M.; Sutherland, S. F.; Patterson, J. S.</p> <p>1994-06-01</p> <p>This report describes work done under the Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) project, Phase 3A, which addresses problems that are generic to the photovoltaic (PV) industry. Spire's objective during Phase 3A was to use its light soldering technology and experience to design and fabricate <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell tabbing and interconnecting equipment to develop new, high-yield, high-throughput, fully automated processes for tabbing and interconnecting thin cells. Areas that were addressed include processing rates, process <span class="hlt">control</span>, yield, throughput, material utilization efficiency, and increased use of automation. Spire teamed with Solec International, a PV module manufacturer, and the University of Massachusetts at Lowell's Center for Productivity Enhancement (CPE), automation specialists, who are lower-tier subcontractors. A number of other PV manufacturers, including Siemens <span class="hlt">Solar</span>, Mobil <span class="hlt">Solar</span>, <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Web, and Texas instruments, agreed to evaluate the processes developed under this program.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1253710-stillwater-hybrid-geo-solar-power-plant-optimization-analyses','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1253710-stillwater-hybrid-geo-solar-power-plant-optimization-analyses"><span>Stillwater Hybrid Geo-<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Plant Optimization Analyses</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Wendt, Daniel S.; Mines, Gregory L.; Turchi, Craig S.</p> <p>2015-09-02</p> <p>The Stillwater Power Plant is the first hybrid plant in the world able to bring together a medium-enthalpy geothermal unit with <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal and <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> field and power plant models have been developed to predict the performance of the Stillwater geothermal / <span class="hlt">solar</span>-thermal hybrid power plant. The models have been validated using operational data from the Stillwater plant. A preliminary effort to optimize performance of the Stillwater hybrid plant using optical characterization of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field has been completed. The Stillwater <span class="hlt">solar</span> field optical characterization involved measurement of mirror reflectance, mirror slope error, and receiver position error.more » The measurements indicate that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field may generate 9% less energy than the design value if an appropriate tracking offset is not employed. A perfect tracking offset algorithm may be able to boost the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance by about 15%. The validated Stillwater hybrid plant models were used to evaluate hybrid plant operating strategies including turbine IGV position optimization, ACC fan speed and turbine IGV position optimization, turbine inlet entropy <span class="hlt">control</span> using optimization of multiple process variables, and mixed working fluid substitution. The hybrid plant models predict that each of these operating strategies could increase net power generation relative to the baseline Stillwater hybrid plant operations.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001426','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140001426"><span>UltraSail CubeSat <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Flight Experiment</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Carroll, David; Burton, Rodney; Coverstone, Victoria; Swenson, Gary</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>UltraSail is a next-generation, highrisk, high-payoff sail system for the launch, deployment, stabilization, and <span class="hlt">control</span> of very large (km2 class) <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails enabling high payload mass fractions for interplanetary and deep space spacecraft. UltraSail is a non-traditional approach to propulsion technology achieved by combining propulsion and <span class="hlt">control</span> systems developed for formation- flying microsatellites with an innovative <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail architecture to achieve <span class="hlt">controllable</span> sail areas approaching 1 km2, sail subsystem area densities approaching 1 g/m2, and thrust levels many times those of ion thrusters used for comparable deep space missions. UltraSail can achieve outer planetary rendezvous, a deep-space capability now reserved for high-mass nuclear and chemical systems. There is a twofold rationale behind the UltraSail concept for advanced <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail systems. The first is that sail-andboom systems are inherently size-limited. The boom mass must be kept small, and column buckling limits the boom length to a few hundred meters. By eliminating the boom, UltraSail not only offers larger sail area, but also lower areal density, allowing larger payloads and shorter mission transit times. The second rationale for UltraSail is that sail films present deployment handling difficulties as the film thickness approaches one micrometer. The square sail requires that the film be folded in two directions for launch, and similarly unfolded for deployment. The film is stressed at the intersection of two folds, and this stress varies inversely with the film thickness. This stress can cause the film to yield, forming a permanent crease, or worse, to perforate. By rolling the film as UltraSail does, creases are prevented. Because the film is so thin, the roll thickness is small. Dynamic structural analysis of UltraSail coupled with dynamic <span class="hlt">control</span> analysis shows that the system can be designed to eliminate longitudinal torsional waves created while <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the pitch of the blades</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800011350','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800011350"><span>Installation guidelines for <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating system, single-family residence at New Castle, Pennsylvania</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating system installer guidelines are presented for each subsystem. This single family residential heating system is a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-assisted, hydronic-to-warm-air system with <span class="hlt">solar</span>-assisted domestic water heating. It is composed of the following major components: (1) liquid cooled flat plate collectors; (2) water storage tank; (3) passive <span class="hlt">solar</span>-fired domestic water preheater; (4) electric hot water heater; (5) heat pump with electric backup; (6) <span class="hlt">solar</span> hot water coil unit; (7) tube-and-shell heat exchanger, three pumps, and associated pipes and valving in an energy transport module; (8) <span class="hlt">control</span> system; and (9) air-cooled heat purge unit. Information is provided on the operating procedures, <span class="hlt">controls</span>, caution requirements, and routine and schedule maintenance in the form of written descriptions, schematics, detail drawings, pictures, and manufacturer's component data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..225a2245D','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017MS%26E..225a2245D"><span>Droop <span class="hlt">Control</span> of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> PV, Grid and Critical Load using Suppressing DC Current Injection Technique without Battery Storage</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Dama Mr., Jayachandra; (Mrs. , Lini Mathew, Dr.; Srikanth Mr., G.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>This paper presents design of a sustainable <span class="hlt">solar</span> Photo voltaic system for an Indian cities based residential/community house, integrated with grid, supporting it as supplementary sources, to meet energy demand of domestic loads. The role of renewable energy sources in Distributed Generation (DG) is increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional central power supply. Though centralized economic system that solely depends on cities is hampered due to energy deficiency, the use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy in cities is never been tried widely due to technical inconvenience and high installation cost. To mitigate these problems, this paper proposes an optimized design of grid-tied PV system without storage which is suitable for Indian origin as it requires less installallation cost and supplies residential loads when the grid power is unavailable. The energy requirement is mainly fulfilled from PV energy module for critical load of a city located residential house and supplemented by grid/DG for base and peak load. The system has been developed for maximum daily household demand of 50kWp and can be scaled to any higher value as per requirement of individual/community building ranging from 50kWp to 60kWp as per the requirement. A simplified <span class="hlt">control</span> system model has been developed to optimize and <span class="hlt">control</span> flow of power from these sources. The simulation work, using MATLAB Simulink software for proposed energy management, has resulted in an optimal yield leading efficient power flow <span class="hlt">control</span> of proposed system.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7133E..3ZH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SPIE.7133E..3ZH"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> micro-power system for self-powered wireless sensor nodes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, Yongtai; Li, Yangqiu; Liu, Lihui; Wang, Lei</p> <p>2008-10-01</p> <p>In self-powered wireless sensor nodes, the efficiency for environmental energy harvesting, storage and management determines the lifetime and environmental adaptability of the sensor nodes. However, the method of improving output efficiency for traditional photovoltaic power generation is not suitable for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> micro-power system due to the special requirements for its application. This paper presents a <span class="hlt">solar</span> micro-power system designed for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> self-powered wireless sensor node. The Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells and energy storage are realized by the hybrid energy storage structure and "window" <span class="hlt">control</span>. Meanwhile, the mathematical model of energy harvesting, storing and management is formulated. In the novel system, the output conversion efficiency of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells is 12%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...611A...1M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018A%26A...611A...1M"><span><span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-ISS: A new reference spectrum based on <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Meftah, M.; Damé, L.; Bolsée, D.; Hauchecorne, A.; Pereira, N.; Sluse, D.; Cessateur, G.; Irbah, A.; Bureau, J.; Weber, M.; Bramstedt, K.; Hilbig, T.; Thiéblemont, R.; Marchand, M.; Lefèvre, F.; Sarkissian, A.; Bekki, S.</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Context. Since April 5, 2008 and up to February 15, 2017, the <span class="hlt">SOLar</span> SPECtrometer (SOLSPEC) instrument of the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span> payload on board the International Space Station (ISS) has performed accurate measurements of <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectral irradiance (SSI) from the middle ultraviolet to the infrared (165 to 3088 nm). These measurements are of primary importance for a better understanding of <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics and the impact of <span class="hlt">solar</span> variability on climate. In particular, a new reference <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum (<span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-ISS) is established in April 2008 during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> minima of cycles 23-24 thanks to revised engineering corrections, improved calibrations, and advanced procedures to account for thermal and aging corrections of the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC instrument. Aims: The main objective of this article is to present a new high-resolution <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum with a mean absolute uncertainty of 1.26% at 1σ from 165 to 3000 nm. This <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum is based on <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations of the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC space-based instrument. Methods: The <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC instrument consists of three separate double monochromators that use concave holographic gratings to cover the middle ultraviolet (UV), visible (VIS), and infrared (IR) domains. Our best ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectra are merged into a single absolute <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum covering the 165-3000 nm domain. The resulting <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum has a spectral resolution varying between 0.6 and 9.5 nm in the 165-3000 nm wavelength range. We build a new <span class="hlt">solar</span> reference spectrum (<span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>-ISS) by constraining existing high-resolution spectra to <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC observed spectrum. For that purpose, we account for the difference of resolution between the two spectra using the <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC instrumental slit functions. Results: Using <span class="hlt">SOLAR</span>/SOLSPEC data, a new <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum covering the 165-3000 nm wavelength range is built and is representative of the 2008 <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum. It has a resolution better than 0.1 nm below 1000 nm and 1 nm in the 1000-3000 nm wavelength range. The new</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8802V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..18.8802V"><span>Turbulence in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind: what <span class="hlt">controls</span> the slope of the energy spectrum?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verdini, Andrea; Grappin, Roland</p> <p>2016-04-01</p> <p>The spectrum of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind fluctuations is well described by a power law with an average spectral index -5/3 for periods between a few hours and a few minutes. However, the spectral index varies with stream speed and with the correlation of velocity and magnetic field fluctuations (Alfvénicity): the spectrum is softer in fast and Alfvénic streams. Roughly, this variation can be understood in term of the turbulent age of fluctuations at a given scale: the faster is the wind or the stronger is the correlation than the younger is the turbulence. Since the coronal spectrum is supposed to be rather flat (at least in the fast <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind), smaller spectral indices correspond to less evolved spectra. According to this interpretation, one would expect spectral slope to change with distance as the turbulence ages, while observations report fairly stable spectral slopes. In order to quantify the effect of wind speed and Alfvénicity on the spectral slope, we ran a series of numerical simulations of MHD turbulence in the framework of the Expanding Box Model (EBM). In EBM we can vary the expansion rate and the initial correlation of fluctuations so as to investigate the existence of a threshold value for each parameter or for a combination of the two that could explain the observed variation and stability of the spectral index. We present preliminary results that indicate that the expansion rate does <span class="hlt">control</span> the spectral index of energy when the Alfvénicity is high.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH32A..04S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH32A..04S"><span><span class="hlt">Control</span> Mechanisms of the Electron Heat Flux in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Wind: Observations in Comparison to Numerical Simulations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Stverak, S.; Hellinger, P.; Landi, S.; Travnicek, P. M.; Maksimovic, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Recent understanding of the heat transport and dissipation in the expanding <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind propose number of complex <span class="hlt">control</span> mechanisms down to the electron kinetic scales. We investigate the evolution of electron heat flux properties and constraints along the expansion using in situ observations from Helios spacecraft in comparison to numerical kinetic simulations. In particular we focus on the roles of Coulomb collisions and wave-particle interactions in shaping the electron velocity distribution functions and thus <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the heat transported by the electron heat flux. We show the general evolution of the electron heat flux to be driven namely by the Coulomb collisions. Locally we demonstrate the wave-particle interactions related to the kinetic plasma instabilities to be providing effective constraints in case of extreme heat flux levels.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........72V','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PhDT........72V"><span>High resolution <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations from first principles to applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Verdoni, Angelo P.</p> <p>2009-10-01</p> <p>The expression "high-resolution observations" in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Physics refers to the spatial, temporal and spectral domains in their entirety. High-resolution observations of <span class="hlt">solar</span> fine structure are a necessity to answer many of the intriguing questions related to <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity. However, a researcher building instruments for high-resolution observations has to cope with the fact that these three domains often have diametrically opposed boundary conditions. Many factors have to be considered in the design of a successful instrument. Modern post-focus instruments are more closely linked with the <span class="hlt">solar</span> telescopes that they serve than in past. In principle, the quest for high-resolution observations already starts with the selection of the observatory site. The site survey of the Advanced Technology <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope (ATST) under the stewardship of the National <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Observatory (NSO) has identified Big Bear <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Observatory (BBSO) as one of the best sites for <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations. In a first step, the seeing characteristics at BBSO based on the data collected for the ATST site survey are described. The analysis will aid in the scheduling of high-resolution observations at BBSO as well as provide useful information concerning the design and implementation of a thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the New <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Telescope (NST). NST is an off-axis open-structure Gregorian-style telescope with a 1.6 m aperture. NST will be housed in a newly constructed 5/8-sphere ventilated dome. With optics exposed to the surrounding air, NST's open-structure design makes it particularly vulnerable to the effects of enclosure-related seeing. In an effort to mitigate these effects, the initial design of a thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> system for the NST dome is presented. The goal is to remediate thermal related seeing effects present within the dome interior. The THermal <span class="hlt">Control</span> System (THCS) is an essential component for the open-telescope design of NST to work. Following these tasks, a calibration routine for the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38138','TREESEARCH'); return false;" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/38138"><span>Diseño y Operación de un Secador <span class="hlt">Solar</span> de Madera <span class="hlt">para</span> Países Tropicales</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/">Treesearch</a></p> <p>Brian Bond; Omar Espinoza; Philip Araman</p> <p>2011-01-01</p> <p>La madera es usualmente secada a un contenido de humedad específico antes de ser transformada en productos finales. A pesar de que la madera puede ser secada al aire, la humedad ambiental en la mayoría de las ubicaciones previene a la madera alcanzar el contenido de humedad necesario <span class="hlt">para</span> su estabilidad dimensional y adecuado procesamiento, especialmente <span class="hlt">para</span> usos de...</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28335273','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28335273"><span>Nanostructured <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Chen, Guanying; Ning, Zhijun; Ågren, Hans</p> <p>2016-08-09</p> <p>We are glad to announce the Special Issue "Nanostructured <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells", published in Nanomaterials. This issue consists of eight articles, two communications, and one review paper, covering major important aspects of nanostructured <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells of varying types. From fundamental physicochemical investigations to technological advances, and from single junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell, dye sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell, quantum dots sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell, and small molecule organic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell) to tandem multi-junction <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, all aspects are included and discussed in this issue to advance the use of nanotechnology to improve the performance of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with reduced fabrication costs.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_18");'>18</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li class="active"><span>20</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_20 --> <div id="page_21" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="401"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980217101','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19980217101"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Planetary Relationships: Magnetospheric Physics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Barnes, Aaron</p> <p>1979-01-01</p> <p>The quadrennium 1975-1978 was a period of great advance for <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind studies, a period that combined exploration of new regions with increased maturity in established fields of study. The Helios, Pioneer, and Voyager spacecraft have been exploring the inner and outer regions of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. There has been a rebirth of the study of possible relations between <span class="hlt">solar</span> variability and Earth's climate and weather, stimulated largely by Eddy's investigation of the Maunder Minimum; the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind may well prove to be a significant link in <span class="hlt">solar</span>-terrestrial relations. Unique coronal data from the SKYLAB 1973-1974 mission, in combination with satellite and ground-based observations, provided the basis for identification of coronal holes as the main source of highspeed <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. The interplanetary medium has continued to serve as a laboratory for the study of plasma processes that cannot yet be studied in terrestrial laboratories, providing insights of potential importance both for <span class="hlt">controlled</span> fusion research and for astrophysics. It is ironic that such a productive period, the legacy of many past space missions, was also a time of severely limited opportunity for new space investigations; the outlook for the future is equally austere. Especially regrettable is the dearth of career opportunities for young scientists in this field; comparison of the bibliography of this report with that of its predecessor 4 years ago shows few new names. Despite such problems, research has continued with enthusiasm and much has been learned. The present report will survey selected topics related to the origin, expansion, and acceleration of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and the plasma physics of the interplanetary medium. Companion reports deal with a number of closely related topics, including the heliocentric distance and latitude variation of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and its fluctuations topology of the interplanetary magnetic field morphology of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind streams and shocks, sunweather studies, and</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140003899','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140003899"><span>Recent Progress in Heliogyro <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Structural Dynamics</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wilkie, William K.; Warren, Jerry E.; Horta, Lucas G.; Juang, Jer-Nan; Gibbs, Samuel C.; Dowell, E.; Guerrant, Daniel; Lawrence Dale</p> <p>2014-01-01</p> <p>Results from recent National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) research on the structural dynamics and <span class="hlt">control</span> characteristics of heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails are summarized. Specific areas under investigation include coupled nonlinear finite element analysis of heliogyro membrane blade with <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure effects, system identification of spinning membrane structures, solarelastic stability analysis of heliogyro <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails, including stability during blade deployment, and results from small-scale in vacuo dynamics experiments with spinning high-aspect ratio membranes. A low-cost, rideshare payload heliogyro technology demonstration mission concept, used as a mission context for these heliogyro structural dynamics and solarelasticity investigations, is also described.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090019561','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20090019561"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sailing</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Johnson, Les</p> <p>2009-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> sailing is a topic of growing technical and popular interest. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sail propulsion will make space exploration more affordable and offer access to destinations within (and beyond) the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system that are currently beyond our technical reach. The lecture will describe <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails, how they work, and what they will be used for in the exploration of space. It will include a discussion of current plans for <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails and how advanced technology, such as nanotechnology, might enhance their performance. Much has been accomplished recently to make <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail technology very close to becoming an engineering reality and it will soon be used by the world s space agencies in the exploration of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system and beyond. The first part of the lecture will summarize state-of-the-art space propulsion systems and technologies. Though these other technologies are the key to any deep space exploration by humans, robots, or both, <span class="hlt">solar</span>-sail propulsion will make space exploration more affordable and offer access to distant and difficult destinations. The second part of the lecture will describe the fundamentals of space <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail propulsion and will describe the near-, mid- and far-term missions that might use <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails as a propulsion system. The third part of the lecture will describe <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail technology and the construction of current and future sailcraft, including the work of both government and private space organizations.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014529','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780014529"><span>Preliminary design package for <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector and <span class="hlt">solar</span> pump</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>A <span class="hlt">solar</span>-operated pump using an existing <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector, for use on <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling and hot water systems is described. Preliminary design criteria of the collector and <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered pump is given including: design drawings, verification plans, and hazard analysis.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19670026393','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19670026393"><span>The Effect of Planetary Albedo on <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orientation of Spacecraft</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Fontana, Anthony</p> <p>1967-01-01</p> <p>The analytical expression for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> orientation error caused by planetary albedo is derived. A typical <span class="hlt">solar</span> sensor output characteristic is assumed and a computer solution to the analytical is obtained. The computer results are presented for a spacecraft in the vicinity of Earth, Venus, Mars, and the Moon. Each planetary body is assumed to be a spherical diffuse reflector with cylindrical shadows and a constant albedo. The data generated herein permit the selection of an appropriate coarse-sensor to fine-sensor switching angle for <span class="hlt">solar</span> orientation <span class="hlt">control</span> systems and facilitate the the interpretation of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-referenced scientific experiment data.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH13A2473P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH13A2473P"><span>Using the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Polar Magnetic Field for Longterm Predictions of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Activity, <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycles 21-25</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Pesnell, W. D.; Schatten, K. H.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>We briefly review the dynamo and geomagnetic precursor methods of long-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity forecasting. These methods depend upon the most basic aspect of dynamo theory to predict future activity, future magnetic field arises directly from the amplification of pre-existing magnetic field. We then generalize the dynamo technique, allowing the method to be used at any phase of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle, to the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamo Amplitude (SODA) index. This index is sensitive to the magnetic flux trapped within the Sun's convection zone but insensitive to the phase of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. Since magnetic fields inside the Sun can become buoyant, one may think of the acronym SODA as describing the amount of buoyant flux. We will show how effective the SODA Index has been in predicting <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycles 23 and 24, and present a unified picture of earlier estimates of the polar magnetic configuration in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 21 and 22. Using the present value of the SODA index, we estimate that the next cycle's smoothed peak activity will be about 125 ± 30 <span class="hlt">solar</span> flux units for the 10.7 cm radio flux and a sunspot number of 70 ± 25. This suggests that <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 25 will be comparable to <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 24. Since the current approach uses data prior to <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum, these estimates may improve when the upcoming <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum is reached.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840026905','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840026905"><span>Real-time <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetograph operation system software design and user's guide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Wang, C.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The Real Time <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Magnetograph (RTSM) Operation system software design on PDP11/23+ is presented along with the User's Guide. The RTSM operation software is for real time instrumentation <span class="hlt">control</span>, data collection and data management. The data is used for vector analysis, plotting or graphics display. The processed data is then easily compared with <span class="hlt">solar</span> data from other sources, such as the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Maximum Mission (SMM).</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPS...378..717C','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018JPS...378..717C"><span>Electrodeposition of organic-inorganic tri-halide perovskites <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Charles, U. A.; Ibrahim, M. A.; Teridi, M. A. M.</p> <p>2018-02-01</p> <p>Perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3) semiconductor materials are promising high-performance light energy absorber for <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell application. However, the power conversion efficiency of perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell is severely affected by the surface quality of the deposited thin film. Spin coating is a low-cost and widely used deposition technique for perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell. Notably, film deposited by spin coating evolves surface hydroxide and defeats from uncontrolled precipitation and inter-diffusion reaction. Alternatively, vapor deposition (VD) method produces uniform thin film but requires precise <span class="hlt">control</span> of complex thermodynamic parameters which makes the technique unsuitable for large scale production. Most deposition techniques for perovskite require tedious surface optimization to improve the surface quality of deposits. Optimization of perovskite surface is necessary to significantly improve device structure and electrical output. In this review, electrodeposition of perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell is demonstrated as a scalable and reproducible technique to fabricate uniform and smooth thin film surface that circumvents the need for high vacuum environment. Electrodeposition is achieved at low temperatures, supports precise <span class="hlt">control</span> and optimization of deposits for efficient charge transfer.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........67N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008PhDT........67N"><span>Modeling and reconfiguration of <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic arrays under non-uniform shadow conditions</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nguyen, Dung Duc</p> <p></p> <p>Mass production and use of electricity generated from <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy has become very common recently because of the environmental threats arising from the production of electricity from fossil fuels and nuclear power. The obvious benefits of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy are clean energy production and infinite supply of daylight. The main disadvantage is the high cost. In these photovoltaic systems, semiconductor materials convert the <span class="hlt">solar</span> light into electrical energy. Current versus voltage characteristics of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are nonlinear, thus leading to technical <span class="hlt">control</span> challenges. In the first order approximation, output power of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> array is proportional to the irradiance of sunlight. However, in many applications, such as <span class="hlt">solar</span> power plants, building integrated photovoltaic or <span class="hlt">solar</span> tents, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> photovoltaic arrays might be illuminated non-uniformly. The cause of non-uniform illumination may be the shadow of clouds, the trees, booms, neighbor's houses, or the shadow of one <span class="hlt">solar</span> array on the other, etc. This further leads to nonlinearities in characteristics. Because of the nature of the electrical characteristics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, the maximum power losses are not proportional to the shadow, but magnify nonlinearly [1]. Further, shadows of <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV array can cause other undesired effects: (1) The power actually generated from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV array is much less than designed. At some systems, the annual losses because of the shadow effects can be reached 10%. Thus, the probability for "loss of load" increases [2]. (2) The local hot spot in the shaded part of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV array can damage the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The shaded <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells may be work on the negative voltage region and become a resistive load and absorb power. Bypass diodes are sometimes connected parallel to <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells to protect them from damage. However, in most cases, just one diode is connected in parallel to group of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells [3], and this hidden the potential power output of the array. This proposed research</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...83a2001K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...83a2001K"><span>Practical Efficiency of Photovoltaic Panel Used for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Vehicles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Koyuncu, T.</p> <p>2017-08-01</p> <p>In this experimental investigation, practical efficiency of semi-flexible monocrystalline silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel used for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered car called “Firat Force” and a <span class="hlt">solar</span> powered minibus called “Commagene” was determined. Firat Force has 6 <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV modules, a maintenance free long life gel battery pack, a regenerative brushless DC electric motor and Commagene has 12 <span class="hlt">solar</span> PV modules, a maintenance free long life gel battery pack, a regenerative brushless DC electric motor. In addition, both <span class="hlt">solar</span> vehicles have MPPT (Maximum power point tracker), ECU (Electronic <span class="hlt">control</span> unit), differential, instrument panel, steering system, brake system, brake and gas pedals, mechanical equipments, chassis and frame. These two <span class="hlt">solar</span> vehicles were used for people transportation in Adiyaman city, Turkey, during one year (June 2010-May 2011) of test. As a result, the practical efficiency of semi-flexible monocrystalline silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> panel used for Firat Force and Commagene was determined as 13 % in despite of efficiency value of 18% (at 1000 W/m2 and 25 °C ) given by the producer company. Besides, the total efficiency (from PV panels to vehicle wheel) of the system was also defined as 9%.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030004808','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030004808"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Collectors</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy's <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels are collectors for a <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system which provides heating for a drive-in bank in Akron, OH. Collectors were designed and manufactured by <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Products, a firm established by three former NASA employees. Company President, Frank Rom, an example of a personnel-type technology transfer, was a Research Director at Lewis Research Center, which conducts extensive <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling research, including development and testing of high-efficiency flat-plate collectors. Rom acquired <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy expertise which helped the company develop two types of collectors, one for use in domestic/commercial heating systems and the other for drying grain.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130848.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130848.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Eaton, William W.</p> <p></p> <p>Presented is the utilization of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation as an energy resource principally for the production of electricity. Included are discussions of <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal conversion, photovoltic conversion, wind energy, and energy from ocean temperature differences. Future <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy plans, the role of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy in plant and fossil fuel production, and…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921102S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017DPS....4921102S"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind <span class="hlt">control</span> of stratospheric temperatures in Jupiter's auroral regions?</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sinclair, James Andrew; Orton, Glenn; Kasaba, Yasumasa; Sato, Takao M.; Tao, Chihiro; Waite, J. Hunter; Cravens, Thomas; Houston, Stephen; Fletcher, Leigh; Irwin, Patrick; Greathouse, Thomas K.</p> <p>2017-10-01</p> <p>Auroral emissions are the process through which the interaction of a planet’s atmosphere and its external magnetosphere can be studied. Jupiter exhibits auroral emission at a multitude of wavelengths including the X-ray, ultraviolet and near-infrared. Enhanced emission of CH4 and other stratospheric hydrocarbons is also observed coincident with Jupiter’s shorter-wavelength auroral emission (e.g. Caldwell et al., 1980, Icarus 44, 667-675, Kostiuk et al., 1993, JGR 98, 18823). This indicates that auroral processes modify the thermal structure and composition of the auroral stratosphere. The exact mechanism responsible for this auroral-related heating of the stratosphere has however remained elusive (Sinclair et al., 2017a, Icarus 292, 182-207, Sinclair et al., 2017b, GRL, 44, 5345-5354). We will present an analysis of 7.8-μm images of Jupiter measured by COMICS (Cooled Mid-Infrared Camera and Spectrograph, Kataza et al., 2000, Proc. SPIE(4008), 1144-1152) on the Subaru telescope. These images were acquired on January 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, February 4, 5th and May 17th, 18th, 19th and 20th in 2017, allowing the daily variability of Jupiter’s auroral-related stratospheric heating to be tracked. Preliminary results suggest lower stratospheric temperatures are directly forced by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind dynamical pressure. The southern auroral hotspot exhibited a significant increase in brightness temperature over a 24-hour period. Over the same time period, a <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind propagation model (Tao et al. 2005, JGR 110, A11208) predicts a strong increase in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind dynamical pressure at Jupiter.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984spin.rept...78.','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984spin.rept...78."><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy Systems</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Calibrated in kilowatt hours per square meter, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> counter produced by Dodge Products, Inc. provides a numerical count of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy that has accumulated on a surface. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy sensing, measuring and recording devices in corporate <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell technology developed by Lewis Research Center. Customers for their various devices include architects, engineers and others engaged in construction and operation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy facilities; manufacturers of <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems or <span class="hlt">solar</span> related products, such as glare reducing windows; and <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy planners in federal and state government agencies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810002013','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19810002013"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> hot water system installed at Day's Inn Motel, Dallas, Texas (Valley View)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">solar</span> system was designed to provide 65 percent of the total domestic hot water (DHW) demand. A liquid (water) flat plate collector (1,000 square feet) system automatically drains into the 1,000 gallon steel storage tank when the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pump is not running. Heat is transferred from the DHW tanks through a shell and tube heat exchanger. A circulating pump between the DHW tanks and heat exchanger enables <span class="hlt">solar</span> heated water to help make up standby losses. All pumps are <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by differential temperature <span class="hlt">controllers</span>.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=4290','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=4290"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Kathu <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Park | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>): Eskom Plant Configuration <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Field Heat-Transfer Fluid Type: <em>Thermal</em> oil <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Field Inlet Temp: 293 (Net): 100.0 MW Output Type: Steam Rankine <em>Thermal</em> Storage Storage Type: 2-tank indirect Storage Capacity: 4.5 hours <em>Thermal</em> Storage Description: Molten salt</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26348820','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26348820"><span>Dynamic kirigami structures for integrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lamoureux, Aaron; Lee, Kyusang; Shlian, Matthew; Forrest, Stephen R; Shtein, Max</p> <p>2015-09-08</p> <p>Optical tracking is often combined with conventional flat panel <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells to maximize electrical power generation over the course of a day. However, conventional trackers are complex and often require costly and cumbersome structural components to support system weight. Here we use kirigami (the art of paper cutting) to realize novel <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells where tracking is integral to the structure at the substrate level. Specifically, an elegant cut pattern is made in thin-film gallium arsenide <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, which are then stretched to produce an array of tilted surface elements which can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> to within ±1°. We analyze the combined optical and mechanical properties of the tracking system, and demonstrate a mechanically robust system with optical tracking efficiencies matching conventional trackers. This design suggests a pathway towards enabling new applications for <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking, as well as inspiring a broader range of optoelectronic and mechanical devices.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4569711','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4569711"><span>Dynamic kirigami structures for integrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Lamoureux, Aaron; Lee, Kyusang; Shlian, Matthew; Forrest, Stephen R.; Shtein, Max</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Optical tracking is often combined with conventional flat panel <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells to maximize electrical power generation over the course of a day. However, conventional trackers are complex and often require costly and cumbersome structural components to support system weight. Here we use kirigami (the art of paper cutting) to realize novel <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells where tracking is integral to the structure at the substrate level. Specifically, an elegant cut pattern is made in thin-film gallium arsenide <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells, which are then stretched to produce an array of tilted surface elements which can be <span class="hlt">controlled</span> to within ±1°. We analyze the combined optical and mechanical properties of the tracking system, and demonstrate a mechanically robust system with optical tracking efficiencies matching conventional trackers. This design suggests a pathway towards enabling new applications for <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking, as well as inspiring a broader range of optoelectronic and mechanical devices. PMID:26348820</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhDT.......151F','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999PhDT.......151F"><span>Modelizacion, <span class="hlt">control</span> e implementacion de un procesador energetico paralelo <span class="hlt">para</span> aplicacion en sistemas multisalida</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Ferreres Sabater, Agustin</p> <p></p> <p> modelizacion, y aplicacion en convertidores PWM, esta aun por estudiar y valorar. El primer Capitulo consiste en una breve introduccion al problema de la regulacion cruzada y la impedancia cruzada <span class="hlt">para</span> posteriormente describir las tecnicas de post-regulacion actualmente mas empleadas, con especial atencion al post-regulador con transformador controlado. El Capitulo segundo trata del estudio de las caracteristicas estaticas del postregulador con transformador controlado. Partiendo de los estudios disponibles sobre el postregulador se plantean mejoras en su modo de actuacion y se discuten tres alternativas diferentes <span class="hlt">para</span> controlar el transformador. Las dos primeras consisten en emplear un convertidor auxiliar Boost en sus dos modos de funcionamiento, continuo y discontinuo. La tercera consiste en controlar el transformador con una tension PWM directamente, sin filtrado. Finalmente se comprueba experimentalmente, <span class="hlt">para</span> el estado estacionario, el funcionamiento del post-regulador <span class="hlt">para</span> cada uno de los tres metodos de <span class="hlt">control</span>. El Capitulo tercero trata de la dinamica de la salida controlada con el post-regulador cuando este emplea un convertidor auxiliar tipo Boost. Mediante la tecnica de promediado de variables de estado se propone el modelo de pequena senal, tanto <span class="hlt">para</span> el modo continuo como <span class="hlt">para</span> el modo discontinuo de funcionamiento del convertidor auxiliar. Los resultados mas significativos de esta seccion son las expresiones analiticas de las impedancias cruzadas y de la impedancia de la salida post-regulada. Como complemento al modelo de pequena senal se plantea un modelo de gran senal implementado sobre el simulador Pspice. Con este nuevo modelo se reproducen los resultados obtenidos con el modelo de pequena senal y ademas es posible simular los transitorios en las tensiones de salida ante cambios de carga. La modelizacion del convertidor cuando el transformador se controla con una tension PWM sin filtrar es el objetivo del Capitulo 4. En las secciones siguientes del Capitulo</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760025565','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19760025565"><span>Interconnnect and bonding technologies for large flexible <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1976-01-01</p> <p>Thermocompression bonding and conductive adhesive bonding are developed and evaluated as alternate methods of joining <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells to their interconnect assemblies. Bonding materials and process <span class="hlt">controls</span> applicable to fabrication of large, flexible substrate <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell arrays are studied. The primary potential use of the techniques developed is on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array developed by NASA/MSFC and LMSC for <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion (SEP) and shuttle payload applications. This array is made up of flexible panels approximately 0.7 by 3.4 meters. It is required to operate in space between 0.3 and 6 AU for 5 years with limited degradation. Materials selected must be capable of enduring this space environment, including outgassing and radiation.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_19");'>19</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li class="active"><span>21</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_21 --> <div id="page_22" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="421"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-community-solar-tool.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-community-solar-tool.html"><span>DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis Webinar Series: Community <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Scenario Tool |</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>State, Local, and Tribal Governments | NREL</A> Webinar Series: <em>Community</em> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Scenario Tool DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis Webinar Series: <em>Community</em> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Scenario Tool Wednesday, August 13, 2014 As part ) presented a live webinar titled, "<em>Community</em> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Scenario Tool: Planning for a fruitful <span class="hlt">solar</span> garden</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930003826','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930003826"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> prediction analysis</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Smith, Jesse B.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Activity prediction is essential to definition of orbital design and operational environments for space flight. This task provides the necessary research to better understand <span class="hlt">solar</span> predictions being generated by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> community and to develop improved <span class="hlt">solar</span> prediction models. The contractor shall provide the necessary manpower and facilities to perform the following tasks: (1) review, evaluate, and assess the time evolution of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle to provide probable limits of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle behavior near maximum end during the decline of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 22, and the forecasts being provided by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> community and the techniques being used to generate these forecasts; and (2) develop and refine prediction techniques for short-term <span class="hlt">solar</span> behavior flare prediction within <span class="hlt">solar</span> active regions, with special emphasis on the correlation of magnetic shear with flare occurrence.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AdSpR..55..401K','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AdSpR..55..401K"><span>Variations of <span class="hlt">solar</span>, interplanetary, and geomagnetic parameters with <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic multipole fields during <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycles 21-24</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Kim, Bogyeong; Lee, Jeongwoo; Yi, Yu; Oh, Suyeon</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>In this study we compare the temporal variations of the <span class="hlt">solar</span>, interplanetary, and geomagnetic (SIG) parameters with that of open <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic flux from 1976 to 2012 (from <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 21 to the early phase of Cycle 24) for a purpose of identifying their possible relationships. By the open flux, we mean the average magnetic field over the source surface (2.5 <span class="hlt">solar</span> radii) times the source area as defined by the potential field source surface (PFSS) model of the Wilcox <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Observatory (WSO). In our result, most SIG parameters except the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind dynamic pressure show rather poor correlations with the open <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic field. Good correlations are recovered when the contributions from individual multipole components are counted separately. As expected, <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity indices such as sunspot number, total <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance, 10.7 cm radio flux, and <span class="hlt">solar</span> flare occurrence are highly correlated with the flux of magnetic quadrupole component. The dynamic pressure of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind is strongly correlated with the dipole flux, which is in anti-phase with <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle (SC). The geomagnetic activity represented by the Ap index is correlated with higher order multipole components, which show relatively a slow time variation with SC. We also found that the unusually low geomagnetic activity during SC 23 is accompanied by the weak open <span class="hlt">solar</span> fields compared with those in other SCs. It is argued that such dependences of the SIG parameters on the individual multipole components of the open <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic flux may clarify why some SIG parameters vary in phase with SC and others show seemingly delayed responses to SC variation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJTPE.131..912S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011IJTPE.131..912S"><span>Forecast Method of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Irradiance with Just-In-Time Modeling</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Suzuki, Takanobu; Goto, Yusuke; Terazono, Takahiro; Wakao, Shinji; Oozeki, Takashi</p> <p></p> <p>PV power output mainly depends on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance which is affected by various meteorological factors. So, it is required to predict <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance in the future for the efficient operation of PV systems. In this paper, we develop a novel approach for <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance forecast, in which we introduce to combine the black-box model (JIT Modeling) with the physical model (GPV data). We investigate the predictive accuracy of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance over wide <span class="hlt">controlled</span>-area of each electric power company by utilizing the measured data on the 44 observation points throughout Japan offered by JMA and the 64 points around Kanto by NEDO. Finally, we propose the application forecast method of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance to the point which is difficulty in compiling the database. And we consider the influence of different GPV default time on <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance prediction.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...70a2025A','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017E%26ES...70a2025A"><span>Development of a <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered electric bicycle in bike sharing transportation system</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Adhisuwignjo, S.; Siradjuddin, I.; Rifa'i, M.; Putri, R. I.</p> <p>2017-06-01</p> <p>The increasing mobility has directly led to deteriorating traffic conditions, extra fuel consumption, increasing automobile exhaust emissions, air pollution and lowering quality of life. Apart from being clean, cheap and equitable mode of transport for short-distance journeys, cycling can potentially offer solutions to the problem of urban mobility. Many cities have tried promoting cycling particularly through the implementation of bike-sharing. Apparently the fourth generation bikesharing system has been promoted utilizing electric bicycles which considered as a clean technology implementation. Utilization of <span class="hlt">solar</span> power is probably the development keys in the fourth generation bikesharing system and will become the standard in bikesharing system in the future. Electric bikes use batteries as a source of energy, thus they require a battery charger system which powered from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells energy. This research aims to design and implement electric bicycle battery charging system with <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy sources using fuzzy logic algorithm. It is necessary to develop an electric bicycle battery charging system with <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy sources using fuzzy logic algorithm. The study was conducted by means of experimental method which includes the design, manufacture and testing <span class="hlt">controller</span> systems. The designed fuzzy algorithm have been planted in EEPROM microcontroller ATmega8535. The charging current was set at 1.2 Amperes and the full charged battery voltage was observed to be 40 Volts. The results showed a fuzzy logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> was able to maintain the charging current of 1.2 Ampere with an error rate of less than 5% around the set point. The process of charging electric bike lead acid batteries from empty to fully charged was 5 hours. In conclusion, the development of <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered electric bicycle <span class="hlt">controlled</span> using fuzzy logic <span class="hlt">controller</span> can keep the battery charging current in <span class="hlt">solar</span>-powered electric bicycle to remain stable. This shows that the fuzzy algorithm can be used as</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830004875','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19830004875"><span>Feasibility study of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> scientific instruments for Spacelab/Orbiter</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Leritz, J.; Rasser, T.; Stone, E.; Lockhart, B.; Nobles, W.; Parham, J.; Eimers, D.; Peterson, D.; Barnhart, W.; Schrock, S.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>The feasibility and economics of mounting and operating a set of <span class="hlt">solar</span> scientific instruments in the backup Skylab Apollo Telescope Mount (ATM) hardware was evaluated. The instruments used as the study test payload and integrated into the ATM were: the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> EUV Telescope/Spectrometer; the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Active Region Observing Telescope; and the Lyman Alpha White Light Coronagraph. The backup ATM hardware consists of a central cruciform structure, called the "SPAR', a "Sun End Canister' and a "Multiple Docking Adapter End Canister'. Basically, the ATM hardware and software provides a structural interface for the instruments; a closely <span class="hlt">controlled</span> thermal environment; and a very accurate attitude and pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> capability. The hardware is an identical set to the hardware that flow on Skylab.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930002777','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19930002777"><span>Performance experiments with alternative advanced teleoperator <span class="hlt">control</span> modes for a simulated <span class="hlt">solar</span> maximum satellite repair</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Das, H.; Zak, H.; Kim, W. S.; Bejczy, A. K.; Schenker, P. S.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Experiments are described which were conducted at the JPL Advanced Teleoperator Lab to demonstrate and evaluate the effectiveness of various teleoperator <span class="hlt">control</span> modes in the performance of a simulated <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Max Satellite Repair (SMSR) task. THe SMSR was selected as a test because it is very rich in performance capability requirements and it actually has been performed by two EVA astronauts in the Space Shuttle Bay in 1984. The main subtasks are: thermal blanket removal; installation of a hinge attachment for electrical panel opening; opening of electrical panel; removal of electrical connectors; relining of cable bundles; replacement of electrical panel; securing parts and cables; re-mate electrical connectors; closing of electrical panel; and reinstating thermal blanket. The current performance experiments are limited to thermal blanket cutting, electrical panel unbolting and handling electrical bundles and connectors. In one formal experiment even different <span class="hlt">control</span> modes were applied to the unbolting and reinsertion of electrical panel screws subtasks. The seven <span class="hlt">control</span> modes are alternative combinations of manual position and rate <span class="hlt">control</span> with force feedback and remote compliance referenced to force-torque sensor information. Force-torque sensor and end effector position data and task completion times were recorded for analysis and quantification of operator performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800017294','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19800017294"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy system performance evaluaton: Seasonal report for Solaron-Akron, Akron, Ohio</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The operational and thermal performance of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system by Solaron Corporation is described. The system was designed to provide an 1940 square foot floor area with space heating and domestic hot water for a dual-level single family residence in Akron, Ohio. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system uses air as the heat transport medium, has a 546 square foot flat plate collector array subsystem, a 270 cubic foot rock thermal storage bin subsystem, a domestic hot water preheat tank, pumps, <span class="hlt">controls</span> and transport lines. In general, the performance of the Solaron Akron <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system was somewhat difficult to assess for the November 1978 through October 1979 time period. The problems relating to the <span class="hlt">control</span> systems, various <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy leakages, air flow correction factors and instrumentation cause a significant amount of subjectivity to be involved in the performance assessment for this <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy system. Had these problems not been present, it is felt that this system would have exhibited a resonably high level of measured performance.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734c0025M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016AIPC.1734c0025M"><span>Test bench HEATREC for heat loss measurement on <span class="hlt">solar</span> receiver tubes</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Márquez, José M.; López-Martín, Rafael; Valenzuela, Loreto; Zarza, Eduardo</p> <p>2016-05-01</p> <p>In <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Electricity (STE) plants the thermal energy of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation is absorbed by <span class="hlt">solar</span> receiver tubes (HCEs) and it is transferred to a heat transfer fluid. Therefore, heat losses of receiver tubes have a direct influence on STE plants efficiency. A new test bench called HEATREC has been developed by Plataforma <span class="hlt">Solar</span> de Almería (PSA) in order to determinate the heat losses of receiver tubes under laboratory conditions. The innovation of this test bench consists in the possibility to determine heat losses under <span class="hlt">controlled</span> vacuum.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005021','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840005021"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> cycle variations of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Crooker, N. U.</p> <p>1983-01-01</p> <p>Throughout the course of the past one and a half <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles, <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind parameters measured near the ecliptic plane at 1 AU varied in the following way: speed and proton temperature have maxima during the declining phase and minima at <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum and are approximately anti-correlated with number density and electron temperature, while magnetic field magnitude and relative abundance of helium roughly follow the sunspot cycle. These variations are described in terms of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle variations of coronal holes, streamers, and transients. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind signatures of the three features are discussed in turn, with special emphasis on the signature of transients, which is still in the process of being defined. It is proposed that magnetic clouds be identified with helium abundance enhancements and that they form the head of a transient surrounded by streamer like plasma, with an optional shock front. It is stressed that relative values of a parameter through a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle should be compared beginning with the declining phase, especially in the case of magnetic field magnitude.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-stat-overview.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-stat-overview.html"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> 101 Webinar Series: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Technical Assistance Overview and</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p><em>Technical</em> Assistance Overview and Applications <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 101 Webinar Series: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Technical</em> Assistance Overview and Applications Wednesday, March 5, 2014, 2-3 p.m. EST NREL's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Technical</em> Assistance Team (STAT ) presented a live webinar titled, "<span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Technical</em> Assistance Overview and Applications." This</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9906920&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=MSFC-9906920&hterms=hELIOSTAT&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3DhELIOSTAT"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test Facility at MSFC</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>This photograph shows an overall view of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Propulsion Test Facility at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). The 20-by 24-ft heliostat mirror, shown at the left, has dual-axis <span class="hlt">control</span> that keeps a reflection of the sunlight on an 18-ft diameter concentrator mirror (right). The concentrator mirror then focuses the sunlight to a 4-in focal point inside the vacuum chamber, shown at the front of concentrator mirror. Researchers at MSFC have designed, fabricated, and tested the first <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal engine, a non-chemical rocket engine that produces lower thrust but has better thrust efficiency than chemical a combustion engine. MSFC turned to <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal propulsion in the early 1990s due to its simplicity, safety, low cost, and commonality with other propulsion systems. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> thermal propulsion works by acquiring and redirecting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to heat a propell nt. As part of MSFC's Space Transportation Directorate, the Propulsion Research Center serves as a national resource for research of advanced, revolutionary propulsion technologies. The mission is to move the Nation's capabilities beyond the confines of conventional chemical propulsion into an era of aircraft-like access to Earth-orbit, rapid travel throughout the <span class="hlt">solar</span> system, and exploration of interstellar space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214151','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214151"><span>Photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> concentrator</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Nielson, Gregory N.; Cruz-Campa, Jose Luis; Okandan, Murat</p> <p></p> <p>A process including forming a photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell on a substrate, the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell comprising an anchor positioned between the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell and the substrate to suspend the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell from the substrate. A surface of the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell opposite the substrate is attached to a receiving substrate. The receiving substrate may be bonded to the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell using an adhesive force or a metal connecting member. The photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell is then detached from the substrate by lifting the receiving substrate having the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell attached thereto and severing the anchor connecting themore » photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to the substrate. Depending upon the type of receiving substrate used, the photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell may be removed from the receiving substrate or remain on the receiving substrate for use in the final product.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-top-solar-tools.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-top-solar-tools.html"><span>DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Market Analysis Webinar Series: Top <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tools | State, Local,</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>and Tribal Governments | NREL</A> DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Market</em> Analysis Webinar Series: Top <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tools DIY <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Market</em> Analysis Webinar Series: Top <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Tools Wednesday, May 14, 2014 As part of a Do-It -Yourself <span class="hlt">Solar</span> <em>Market</em> Analysis summer series, NREL's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Technical Assistance Team (STAT) presented a</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830000451&hterms=asbestos&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dasbestos','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19830000451&hterms=asbestos&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D60%26Ntt%3Dasbestos"><span>Better Thermal Insulation in <span class="hlt">Solar</span>-Array Laminators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Burger, D. R.; Knox, J. F.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Glass marbles improve temperature <span class="hlt">control</span>. Modified vacuum laminator for photovoltaic <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays includes thermal insulation made of conventional glass marbles. Marbles serve as insulation for temperature <span class="hlt">control</span> of lamination process at cure temperatures as high as 350 degrees F. Used to replace original insulation made of asbestos cement.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194964','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27194964"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Adaptive Optics.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rimmele, Thomas R; Marino, Jose</p> <p></p> <p>Adaptive optics (AO) has become an indispensable tool at ground-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> telescopes. AO enables the ground-based observer to overcome the adverse effects of atmospheric seeing and obtain diffraction limited observations. Over the last decade adaptive optics systems have been deployed at major ground-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> telescopes and revitalized ground-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> astronomy. The relatively small aperture of <span class="hlt">solar</span> telescopes and the bright source make <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO possible for visible wavelengths where the majority of <span class="hlt">solar</span> observations are still performed. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> AO systems enable diffraction limited observations of the Sun for a significant fraction of the available observing time at ground-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> telescopes, which often have a larger aperture than equivalent space based observatories, such as HINODE. New ground breaking scientific results have been achieved with <span class="hlt">solar</span> adaptive optics and this trend continues. New large aperture telescopes are currently being deployed or are under construction. With the aid of <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO these telescopes will obtain observations of the highly structured and dynamic <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere with unprecedented resolution. This paper reviews <span class="hlt">solar</span> adaptive optics techniques and summarizes the recent progress in the field of <span class="hlt">solar</span> adaptive optics. An outlook to future <span class="hlt">solar</span> AO developments, including a discussion of Multi-Conjugate AO (MCAO) and Ground-Layer AO (GLAO) will be given. Supplementary material is available for this article at 10.12942/lrsp-2011-2.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342371','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1342371"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Field Optical Characterization at Stillwater Geothermal/<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Hybrid Plant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Zhu, Guangdong; Turchi, Craig</p> <p></p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) can provide additional thermal energy to boost geothermal plant power generation. For a newly constructed <span class="hlt">solar</span> field at a geothermal power plant site, it is critical to properly characterize its performance so that the prediction of thermal power generation can be derived to develop an optimum operating strategy for a hybrid system. In the past, laboratory characterization of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector has often extended into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance model and has been used to predict the actual <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance, disregarding realistic impacting factors. In this work, an extensive measurement on mirror slope error andmore » receiver position error has been performed in the field by using the optical characterization tool called Distant Observer (DO). Combining a <span class="hlt">solar</span> reflectance sampling procedure, a newly developed <span class="hlt">solar</span> characterization program called FirstOPTIC and public software for annual performance modeling called System Advisor Model (SAM), a comprehensive <span class="hlt">solar</span> field optical characterization has been conducted, thus allowing for an informed prediction of <span class="hlt">solar</span> field annual performance. The paper illustrates this detailed <span class="hlt">solar</span> field optical characterization procedure and demonstrates how the results help to quantify an appropriate tracking-correction strategy to improve <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance. In particular, it is found that an appropriate tracking-offset algorithm can improve the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance by about 15%. The work here provides a valuable reference for the growing CSP industry.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342371-solar-field-optical-characterization-stillwater-geothermal-solar-hybrid-plant','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1342371-solar-field-optical-characterization-stillwater-geothermal-solar-hybrid-plant"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Field Optical Characterization at Stillwater Geothermal/<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Hybrid Plant</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Zhu, Guangdong; Turchi, Craig</p> <p>2017-01-27</p> <p>Concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> power (CSP) can provide additional thermal energy to boost geothermal plant power generation. For a newly constructed <span class="hlt">solar</span> field at a geothermal power plant site, it is critical to properly characterize its performance so that the prediction of thermal power generation can be derived to develop an optimum operating strategy for a hybrid system. In the past, laboratory characterization of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector has often extended into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance model and has been used to predict the actual <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance, disregarding realistic impacting factors. In this work, an extensive measurement on mirror slope error andmore » receiver position error has been performed in the field by using the optical characterization tool called Distant Observer (DO). Combining a <span class="hlt">solar</span> reflectance sampling procedure, a newly developed <span class="hlt">solar</span> characterization program called FirstOPTIC and public software for annual performance modeling called System Advisor Model (SAM), a comprehensive <span class="hlt">solar</span> field optical characterization has been conducted, thus allowing for an informed prediction of <span class="hlt">solar</span> field annual performance. The paper illustrates this detailed <span class="hlt">solar</span> field optical characterization procedure and demonstrates how the results help to quantify an appropriate tracking-correction strategy to improve <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance. In particular, it is found that an appropriate tracking-offset algorithm can improve the <span class="hlt">solar</span> field performance by about 15%. The work here provides a valuable reference for the growing CSP industry.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718112','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718112"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> disinfection of water reduces diarrhoeal disease: an update</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Conroy, R.; Meegan, M. E.; Joyce, T.; McGuigan, K.; Barnes, J.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>349 Maasai children younger than 6 years old were randomised by alternate household to drink water either left in plastic bottles exposed to sunlight on the roof of the house or kept indoors (<span class="hlt">control</span>). The trial was run in Maasai by Maasai community elders. Children drinking <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfected water had a significantly lower risk of severe diarrhoeal disease over 8705 two weekly follow up visits; two week period prevalence was 48.8% compared with 58.1% in <span class="hlt">controls</span>, corresponding to an attributable fraction of 16.0%. While this reduction is modest, it was sustained over a year in free living children. It confirms <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection as effective in vivo as a free, low technology, point of consumption method of improving water quality. The continuing use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection by the community underlines the value of community participation in research.

 PMID:10490440</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020173','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020173"><span>United Stirling's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Engine Development: the Background for the Vanguard Engine</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Holgersson, S.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The development and testing resulting in the Vanguard engine and some of the characteristics of the Stirling engine based power conversion unit are described. The major part of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> engine development is concentrated to the three different areas, the receiver, the lubrication system and the <span class="hlt">control</span> system. Five engines are on test within the <span class="hlt">solar</span> project. The function of the components are validated in actual <span class="hlt">solar</span> tests.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_20");'>20</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li class="active"><span>22</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_22 --> <div id="page_23" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="441"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......171P','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhDT.......171P"><span>Invariant <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Formations in Elliptical Sun-Synchronous Orbits</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Parsay, Khashayar</p> <p></p> <p>Current and past missions that study the Earth's geomagnetic tail require multiple spacecraft to fly in formation about a highly eccentric Keplerian reference orbit that has its apogee inside a predefined science region of interest. Because the geomagnetic tail is directed along the Sun-Earth line and therefore rotates annually, inertially fixed Keplerian orbits are only aligned with the geomagnetic tail once per year. This limitation reduces the duration of the science phase to less than a few months annually. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> sails are capable of creating non-Keplerian, Sun-synchronous orbits that rotate with the geomagnetic tail. A <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail flying in a Sun-synchronous orbit will have a continuous presence in the geomagnetic tail throughout the entire year, which significantly improves the in situ observations of the magnetosphere. To achieve a Sun-synchronous orbit, a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail is required to maintain a Sun-pointing attitude, which leads to the artificial precession of the orbit apse line in a Sun-synchronous manner, leaving the orbit apogee inside the science region of interest throughout entire the year. To study the spatial and temporal variations of plasma in the highly dynamic environment of the magnetosphere, multiple spacecraft must fly in a formation. The objective for this dissertation is to investigate the feasibility of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail formation flying in the Earth-centered, Sun-synchronous orbit regime. The focus of this effort is to enable formation flying for a group of <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails that maintain a nominally fixed Sun-pointing attitude during formation flight, solely for the purpose of precessing their orbit apse lines Sun-synchronously. A fixed-attitude <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail formation is motivated by the difficulties in the simultaneous <span class="hlt">control</span> of orbit and attitude in flying <span class="hlt">solar</span> sails. First, the secular rates of the orbital elements resulting from the effects of <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation pressure (SRP) are determined using averaging theory for a Sun-pointing attitude sail</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5707597','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5707597"><span>Rationally <span class="hlt">Controlled</span> Synthesis of CdSexTe1−x Alloy Nanocrystals and Their Application in Efficient Graded Bandgap <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Wen, Shiya; Li, Miaozi; Yang, Junyu; Mei, Xianglin; Wu, Bin; Liu, Xiaolin; Heng, Jingxuan; Hou, Lintao; Xu, Wei; Wang, Dan</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>CdSexTe1−x semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs), being rod-shaped/irregular dot-shaped in morphology, have been fabricated via a simple hot-injection method. The NCs composition is well <span class="hlt">controlled</span> through varying molar ratios of Se to Te precursors. Through changing the composition of the CdSexTe1−x NCs, the spectral absorption of the NC thin film between 570–800 nm is proved to be tunable. It is shown that the bandgap of homogeneously alloyed CdSexTe1−x active thin film is nonlinearly correlated with the different compositions, which is perceived as optical bowing. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell devices based on CdSexTe1−x NCs with the structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSexTe1−x/MoOx/Au and the graded bandgap ITO/ZnO/CdSe(w/o)/CdSexTe1−x/CdTe/MoOx/Au are systematically evaluated. It was found that the performance of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells degrades almost linearly with the increase of alloy NC film thickness with respect to ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSe0.2Te0.8/MoOx/Au. From another perspective, in terms of the graded bandgap structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe/CdSexTe1−x/CdTe/MoOx/Au, the performance is improved in contrast with its single-junction analogues. The graded bandgap structure is proved to be efficient when absorbing spectrum and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells fabricated under the structure of ITO/ZnO/CdSe0.8Te0.2/CdSe0.2Te0.8/CdTe/MoOx/Au indicate power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.37%, a value among the highest for solution-processed inversely-structured CdSexTe1−x NC <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. As the NC <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are solution-processed under environmental conditions, they are promising for fabricating <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells at low cost, roll by roll and in large area. PMID:29117132</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.1940I','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010cosp...38.1940I"><span>Comparison of reconnection in magnetosphere and <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Imada, Shinsuke; Hirai, Mariko; Isobe, Hiroaki; Oka, Mitsuo; Watanabe, Kyoko; Minoshima, Takashi</p> <p></p> <p>One of the most famous rapid energy conversion mechanisms in space is a magnetic reconnec-tion. The general concept of a magnetic reconnection is that the rapid energy conversion from magnetic field energy to thermal energy, kinetic energy or non-thermal particle energy. The understanding of rapid energy conversion rates from magnetic field energy to other energy is the fundamental and essential problem in the space physics. One of the important goals for studying magnetic reconnection is to answer what plasma condition/parameter <span class="hlt">controls</span> the energy conversion rates. Earth's magnetotail has been paid much attention to discuss a mag-netic reconnection, because we can discuss magnetic reconnection characteristics in detail with direct in-situ observation. Recently, <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere has been focused as a space laboratory for magnetic reconnection because of its variety in plasma condition. So far considerable effort has been devoted toward understanding the energy conversion rates of magnetic reconnection, and various typical features associated with magnetic reconnection have been observed in the Earth's magnetotail and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona. In this talk, we first introduce the variety of plasma condition/parameter in <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona and Earth's magnetotail. Later, we discuss what plasma condition/parameter <span class="hlt">controls</span> the energy conversion from magnetic field to especially non-thermal particle. To compare non-thermal electron and ion acceleration in magnetic reconnection, we used Hard X-ray (electron) /Neu-tron monitor (ion) for <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona and Geotail in-situ measurement (electron and ion) for magnetoatil. We found both of electron and ion accelerations are roughly <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by re-connection electric field (reconnection rate). However, some detail points are different in ion and electron acceleration. Further, we will discuss what is the major difference between <span class="hlt">solar</span> corona and Earth's magnetotail for particle acceleration.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780019052','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780019052"><span>An inverter/<span class="hlt">controller</span> subsystem optimized for photovoltaic applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pickrell, R. L.; Osullivan, G.; Merrill, W. C.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>Conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> array dc power to ac power stimulated the specification, design, and simulation testing of an inverter/<span class="hlt">controller</span> subsystem tailored to the photovoltaic power source characteristics. Optimization of the inverter/<span class="hlt">controller</span> design is discussed as part of an overall photovoltaic power system designed for maximum energy extraction from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array. The special design requirements for the inverter/ <span class="hlt">controller</span> include: a power system <span class="hlt">controller</span> (PSC) to <span class="hlt">control</span> continuously the <span class="hlt">solar</span> array operating point at the maximum power level based on variable <span class="hlt">solar</span> insolation and cell temperatures; and an inverter designed for high efficiency at rated load and low losses at light loadings to conserve energy.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403847','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403847"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> disinfection of water for diarrhoeal prevention in southern India.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Rose, A; Roy, S; Abraham, V; Holmgren, G; George, K; Balraj, V; Abraham, S; Muliyil, J; Joseph, A; Kang, G</p> <p>2006-02-01</p> <p>To evaluate the efficacy and acceptability of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiation in the prevention of diarrhoeal morbidity in children under 5 years of age, in an urban slum in Vellore, Tamil Nadu. A total of 100 children were assigned to receive drinking water that had been subjected to <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. One hundred age and sex matched <span class="hlt">controls</span> were also selected. Both groups were followed by weekly home visits for a period of six months for any diarrhoeal morbidity. At the end of the follow up period, the acceptability of the intervention was assessed by interviews, questionnaires, and focus group discussions. There was significant reduction in the incidence, duration, and severity of diarrhoea in children receiving <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfected water, despite 86% of the children drinking water other than that treated by the intervention. The incidence of diarrhoea in the intervention group was 1.7 per child-year, and among <span class="hlt">controls</span> 2.7 per child-year, with an incidence rate ratio of 0.64 (95% CI -0.48 to 0.86). The risk of diarrhoea was reduced by 40% by using <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection. In qualitative evaluation of acceptability, most women felt that <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection was a feasible and sustainable method of disinfecting water. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> disinfection of water is an inexpensive, effective, and acceptable method of increasing water safety in a resource limited environment, and can significantly decrease diarrhoeal morbidity in children.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163749','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1163749"><span>Development of an electronic device quality aluminum antimonide (AlSb) semiconductor for <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell applications</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Sherohman, John W; Yee, Jick Hong; Combs, III, Arthur W</p> <p>2014-11-11</p> <p>Electronic device quality Aluminum Antimonide (AlSb)-based single crystals produced by <span class="hlt">controlled</span> atmospheric annealing are utilized in various configurations for <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell applications. Like that of a GaAs-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell devices, the AlSb-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell devices as disclosed herein provides direct conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy to electrical power.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358645','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358645"><span>Thermochromic halide perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Lin, Jia; Lai, Minliang; Dou, Letian; Kley, Christopher S; Chen, Hong; Peng, Fei; Sun, Junliang; Lu, Dylan; Hawks, Steven A; Xie, Chenlu; Cui, Fan; Alivisatos, A Paul; Limmer, David T; Yang, Peidong</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Smart photovoltaic windows represent a promising green technology featuring tunable transparency and electrical power generation under external stimuli to <span class="hlt">control</span> the light transmission and manage the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy. Here, we demonstrate a thermochromic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell for smart photovoltaic window applications utilizing the structural phase transitions in inorganic halide perovskite caesium lead iodide/bromide. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells undergo thermally-driven, moisture-mediated reversible transitions between a transparent non-perovskite phase (81.7% visible transparency) with low power output and a deeply coloured perovskite phase (35.4% visible transparency) with high power output. The inorganic perovskites exhibit tunable colours and transparencies, a peak device efficiency above 7%, and a phase transition temperature as low as 105 °C. We demonstrate excellent device stability over repeated phase transition cycles without colour fade or performance degradation. The photovoltaic windows showing both photoactivity and thermochromic features represent key stepping-stones for integration with buildings, automobiles, information displays, and potentially many other technologies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatMa..17..261L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatMa..17..261L"><span>Thermochromic halide perovskite <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lin, Jia; Lai, Minliang; Dou, Letian; Kley, Christopher S.; Chen, Hong; Peng, Fei; Sun, Junliang; Lu, Dylan; Hawks, Steven A.; Xie, Chenlu; Cui, Fan; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Limmer, David T.; Yang, Peidong</p> <p>2018-03-01</p> <p>Smart photovoltaic windows represent a promising green technology featuring tunable transparency and electrical power generation under external stimuli to <span class="hlt">control</span> the light transmission and manage the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy. Here, we demonstrate a thermochromic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell for smart photovoltaic window applications utilizing the structural phase transitions in inorganic halide perovskite caesium lead iodide/bromide. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells undergo thermally-driven, moisture-mediated reversible transitions between a transparent non-perovskite phase (81.7% visible transparency) with low power output and a deeply coloured perovskite phase (35.4% visible transparency) with high power output. The inorganic perovskites exhibit tunable colours and transparencies, a peak device efficiency above 7%, and a phase transition temperature as low as 105 °C. We demonstrate excellent device stability over repeated phase transition cycles without colour fade or performance degradation. The photovoltaic windows showing both photoactivity and thermochromic features represent key stepping-stones for integration with buildings, automobiles, information displays, and potentially many other technologies.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780018616','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19780018616"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector subsystem: Preliminary design package</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1977-01-01</p> <p>Preliminary design data are presented for a concentrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector including an attitude <span class="hlt">controller</span>. Provided are schedules, technical status, all documents required for preliminary design, and other program activities.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030014815','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20030014815"><span>Interplanetary Magnetic Field <span class="hlt">Control</span> of the Entry of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energetic Particles into the Magnetosphere</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Richard, R. L.; El-Alaoui, M.; Ashour-Abdalla, M.; Walker, R. J.</p> <p>2002-01-01</p> <p>We have investigated the entry of energetic ions of <span class="hlt">solar</span> origin into the magnetosphere as a function of the interplanetary magnetic field orientation. We have modeled this entry by following high energy particles (protons and 3 He ions) ranging from 0.1 to 50 MeV in electric and magnetic fields from a global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model of the magnetosphere and its interaction with the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. For the most part these particles entered the magnetosphere on or near open field lines except for some above 10 MeV that could enter directly by crossing field lines due to their large gyroradii. The MHD simulation was driven by a series of idealized <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. It was found that the flux of particles in the magnetosphere and transport into the inner magnetosphere varied widely according to the IMF orientation for a constant upstream particle source, with the most efficient entry occurring under southward IMF conditions. The flux inside the magnetosphere could approach that in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind implying that SEPs can contribute significantly to the magnetospheric energetic particle population during typical SEP events depending on the state of the magnetosphere.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990062655','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19990062655"><span>A <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic Power Option for Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mason, Lee S.</p> <p>1999-01-01</p> <p>A study was performed to determine the potential performance and related technology requirements of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic power systems for a Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power satellite. Space <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power is a concept where <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy is collected in orbit and beamed to Earth receiving stations to supplement terrestrial electric power service. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamic systems offer the benefits of high <span class="hlt">solar</span>-to-electric efficiency, long life with minimal performance degradation, and high power scalability. System analyses indicate that with moderate component development, SD systems can exhibit excellent mass and deployed area characteristics. Using the analyses as a guide, a technology roadmap was -enerated which identifies the component advances necessary to make SD power generation a competitive option for the SSP mission.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840035329&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19840035329&hterms=solar+tracker&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3Dsolar%2Btracker"><span>Science with the <span class="hlt">solar</span> optical telescope</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Jordan, S. D.; Hogan, G. D.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Optical Telescope (SOT) is designed to provide the <span class="hlt">solar</span> physics community with the data necessary for solving several fundamental problems in the energetics and dynamics of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere. Among these problems are questions on the origin and evolution of the sun's magnetic field, heating of the outer <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere, and sources of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind in the lower lying regions of the outer atmosphere. The SOT will be built under the management of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, with science instruments provided by teams led by Principal Investigators. The telescope will be built by the Perkin-Elmer Corporation, and the science instruments selected for the first flight will be provided by the Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory (LPARL) and the California Institute of Technology, with actual construction of a combined science instrument taking place at the LPARL. The SOT has a 1.3-meter-diameter primary mirror that will be capable of achieving diffraction-limited viewing in the visible of 0.1 arc-second. This dimension is less than a hydrodynamic scale-height or a mean-free-path of a continuum photon in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> atmosphere. Image stability will be achieved by a <span class="hlt">control</span> system in the telescope, which moves both the primary and tertiary mirrors in tandem, and will be further enhanced by a correlation tracker in the combined science instrument. The SOT Facility is currently scheduled for its first flight on Spacelab at the beginning of the 1990's.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900011903','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900011903"><span>A general-purpose balloon-borne pointing system for <span class="hlt">solar</span> scientific instruments</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Polites, M. E.</p> <p>1990-01-01</p> <p>A general purpose balloonborne pointing system for accommodating a wide variety of <span class="hlt">solar</span> scientific instruments is described. It is designed for precise pointing, low cost, and quick launch. It offers the option of three-axis <span class="hlt">control</span>, pitch-yaw-roll, or two-axis <span class="hlt">control</span>, pitch-yaw, depending on the needs of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> instrument. Simulation results are presented that indicate good pointing capability at Sun elevation angles ranging from 10 to 80 deg.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH23D2686M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH23D2686M"><span>3D Visualization of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Data: Preparing for <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter and Parker <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Probe</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, D.; Nicula, B.; Felix, S.; Verstringe, F.; Bourgoignie, B.; Csillaghy, A.; Berghmans, D.; Jiggens, P.; Ireland, J.; Fleck, B.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter and Parker <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Probe will focus on exploring the linkage between the Sun and the heliosphere. These new missions will collect unique data that will allow us to study, e.g., the coupling between macroscopic physical processes to those on kinetic scales, the generation of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energetic particles and their propagation into the heliosphere and the origin and acceleration of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind plasma. Combined with the several petabytes of data from NASA's <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamics Observatory, the scientific community will soon have access to multi­dimensional remote-sensing and complex in-situ observations from different vantage points, complemented by petabytes of simulation data. Answering overarching science questions like "How do <span class="hlt">solar</span> transients drive heliospheric variability and space weather?" will only be possible if the community has the necessary tools at hand. In this contribution, we will present recent progress in visualizing the Sun and its magnetic field in 3D using the open-source JHelioviewer framework, which is part of the ESA/NASA Helioviewer Project.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900018879','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19900018879"><span>Effects of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity in the middle atmosphere dynamical regime over Eastern Siberia, USSR</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gaidukov, V. A.; Kazimirovsky, E. S.; Zhovty, E. I.; Chernigovskaya, M. A.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>Lower thermospheric (90 to 120 km) wind data was acquired by ground based spaced-receiver method (HF, LF) near Irkutsk (52 deg N, 104 deg E). There is interrelated <span class="hlt">solar</span> and meteorological <span class="hlt">control</span> of lower thermosphere dynamics. Some features of <span class="hlt">solar</span> <span class="hlt">control</span> effects on the wind parameters are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMSH33B..01W','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUSMSH33B..01W"><span>Ion Acceleration in <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Flares Determined by <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Neutron Observations</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Watanabe, K.; Solar Neutron Observation Group</p> <p>2013-05-01</p> <p>Large amounts of particles can be accelerated to relativistic energy in association with <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares and/or accompanying phenomena (e.g., CME-driven shocks), and they sometimes reach very near the Earth and penetrate the Earth's atmosphere. These particles are observed by ground-based detectors (e.g., neutron monitors) as Ground Level Enhancements (GLEs). Some of the GLEs originate from high energy <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutrons which are produced in association with <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares. These neutrons are also observed by ground-based neutron monitors and <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron telescopes. Recently, some of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron detectors have also been operating in space. By observing these <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutrons, we can obtain information about ion acceleration in <span class="hlt">solar</span> flares. Such neutrons were observed in association with some X-class flares in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 23, and sometimes they were observed by two different types of detectors. For example, on 2005 September 7, large <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron signals were observed by the neutron monitor at Mt. Chacaltaya in Bolivia and Mexico City, and by the <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron telescopes at Chacaltaya and Mt. Sierra Negra in Mexico in association with an X17.0 flare. The neutron signal continued for more than 20 minutes with high statistical significance. Intense gamma-ray emission was also registered by INTEGRAL, and by RHESSI during the decay phase. We analyzed these data using the <span class="hlt">solar</span>-flare magnetic-loop transport and interaction model of Hua et al. (2002), and found that the model could successfully fit the data with intermediate values of loop magnetic convergence and pitch angle scattering parameters. These results indicate that <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutrons were produced at the same time as the gamma-ray line emission and that ions were continuously accelerated at the emission site. In this paper, we introduce some of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron observations in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 23, and discuss the tendencies of the physical parameters of <span class="hlt">solar</span> neutron GLEs, and the energy spectrum and population of the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960047688&hterms=Memory+long+term&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DMemory%2Blong%2Bterm','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960047688&hterms=Memory+long+term&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D20%26Ntt%3DMemory%2Blong%2Bterm"><span>Shape <span class="hlt">Control</span> of <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Collectors Using Shape Memory Alloy Actuators</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Lobitz, D. W.; Grossman, J. W.; Allen, J. J.; Rice, T. M.; Liang, C.; Davidson, F. M.</p> <p>1996-01-01</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> collectors that are focused on a central receiver are designed with a mechanism for defocusing the collector or disabling it by turning it out of the path of the sun's rays. This is required to avoid damaging the receiver during periods of inoperability. In either of these two cases a fail-safe operation is very desirable where during power outages the collector passively goes to its defocused or deactivated state. This paper is principally concerned with focusing and defocusing the collector in a fail-safe manner using shape memory alloy actuators. Shape memory alloys are well suited to this application in that once calibrated the actuators can be operated in an on/off mode using a minimal amount of electric power. Also, in contrast to other smart materials that were investigated for this application, shape memory alloys are capable of providing enough stroke at the appropriate force levels to focus the collector. Design and analysis details presented, along with comparisons to test data taken from an actual prototype, demonstrate that the collector can be repeatedly focused and defocused within accuracies required by typical <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy systems. In this paper the design, analysis and testing of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> collector which is deformed into its desired shape by shape memory alloy actuators is presented. Computations indicate collector shapes much closer to spherical and with smaller focal lengths can be achieved by moving the actuators inward to a radius of approximately 6 inches. This would require actuators with considerably more stroke and some alternate SMA actuators are currently under consideration. Whatever SMA actuator is finally chosen for this application, repeatability and fatigue tests will be required to investigate the long term performance of the actuator.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E2263N','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014cosp...40E2263N"><span>Field aligned current study during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> declining- extreme minimum of 23 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Nepolian, Jeni Victor; Kumar, Anil; C, Panneerselvam</p> <p></p> <p>Field Aligned Current (FAC) density study has been carried out during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> declining phase from 2004 to 2006 of the 23rd <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle and the ambient terrestrial magnetic field of the extended minimum period of 2008 and 2009. We mainly depended on CHAMP satellite data (http://isdc.gfz-potsdam.de/) for computing the FAC density with backup of IGRF-10 model. The study indicates that, the FAC is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by quasi-viscous processes occurring at the flank of the earth’s magnetosphere. The dawn-dusk conventional pattern enhanced during disturbed days. The intensity of R1 current system is higher than the R2 current system. Detailed results will be discussed in the conference.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1342307-overview-earth-system-science-solar-geoengineering-overview-earth-system-science-solar-geoengineering','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1342307-overview-earth-system-science-solar-geoengineering-overview-earth-system-science-solar-geoengineering"><span>An overview of the Earth system science of <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering: Overview of the earth system science of <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Irvine, Peter J.; Kravitz, Ben; Lawrence, Mark G.</p> <p></p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> geoengineering has been proposed as a means to cool the planet by increasing the reflection of sunlight back to space, for example by injecting reflective aerosol particles into the middle atmosphere. Such proposals are not able to physically substitute for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions as a response to the risks of climate change, but might eventually be applied as a complementary approach to reduce climate risks. Thus, the Earth system consequences of <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering are central to understanding its potentials and risks. Here we review the state-of-the-art knowledge about geoengineering by stratospheric sulphate aerosol injection. We examine themore » common responses found in studies of an idealized form of <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering, in which the intensity of incoming sunlight is directly reduced in models. The studies reviewed are consistent in suggesting that <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering would generally reduce the differences in climate in comparison to future scenarios with elevated greenhouse gas concentrations and no <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering. However, it is clear that a <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineered climate would be novel in some respects, for example a notable reduction in the intensity of the hydrological cycle. We provide an overview of the unique aspects of the response to stratospheric aerosol injection and the uncertainties around its consequences. We also consider the issues raised by the partial <span class="hlt">control</span> over the climate that <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering would allow. Finally, this overview also highlights the key research gaps that will need to be resolved in order to effectively guide future decisions on the potential use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> geoengineering.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920010538','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19920010538"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> dynamic modules for Space Station Freedom: The relationship between fine-pointing <span class="hlt">control</span> and thermal loading of the aperture plate</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Quinn, Roger D.; Kerslake, Thomas W.</p> <p>1992-01-01</p> <p>Dynamic simulations of Space Station Freedom (SSF) configured with <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamic (SD) power modules were performed. The structure was subjected to Space Shuttle docking disturbances, while being <span class="hlt">controlled</span> with a 'natural' vibration and tracking <span class="hlt">control</span> approach. Three <span class="hlt">control</span> cases were investigated for the purpose of investigating the relationship between actuator effort, SD pointing, and thermal loading on the receiver aperture plate. Transient, one-dimensional heat transfer analyses were performed to conservatively predict temperatures of the multi-layered receiver aperture plate assembly and thermal stresses in its shield layer. Results indicate that the proposed aperture plate is tolerant of concentrated flux impingement during short-lived structural disturbances. Pointing requirements may be loosened and the requirement <span class="hlt">control</span> torques lessened from that previously specified. Downsizing and simplifying the joint drive system should result in a considerable savings mass.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li class="active"><span>23</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_23 --> <div id="page_24" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="461"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+radiation&pg=7&id=EJ246282','ERIC'); return false;" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?q=solar+AND+radiation&pg=7&id=EJ246282"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cookers.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>King, Richard C.</p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Describes the use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cookers in the science classroom. Includes instructions for construction of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cooker, an explanation of how <span class="hlt">solar</span> cookers work, and a number of suggested activities. (DS)</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800009686&hterms=activity+monitoring&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2Bmonitoring','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800009686&hterms=activity+monitoring&qs=N%3D0%26Ntk%3DAll%26Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntt%3Dactivity%2Bmonitoring"><span>A <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity monitoring platform for SCADM</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Kissell, K. E.; Ratcliff, D. D.</p> <p>1980-01-01</p> <p>The adaptation of proven space probe technology is proposed as a means of providing a <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity monitoring platform which could be injected behind the Earth's orbital position to give 3 to 6 days advanced coverage of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> phenomenon on the backside hemisphere before it rotates into view and affects terrestrial activities. The probe would provide some three dimensional discrimination within the ecliptic latitude. This relatively simple off-Earth probe could provide very high quality data to support the SCADM program, by transmitting both high resolution video data of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> surface and such measurements of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity as particle, X-ray, ultraviolet, and radio emission fluxes. Topics covered include the orbit; constraints on the spacecraft; subsystems and their embodiments; optical imaging sensors and their operation; and the radiation-pressure attitude <span class="hlt">control</span> system are described. The platform would be capable of mapping active regions on an hourly basis with one arc-second resolution.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002STIN...0306705L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002STIN...0306705L"><span>Receiver System: Lessons Learned from <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Two</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Litwin, R. Z.</p> <p>2002-03-01</p> <p>The Boeing Company fabricated the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Two receiver as a subcontractor for the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Two project. The receiver absorbed sunlight reflected from the heliostat field. A molten-nitrate-salt heat transfer fluid was pumped from a storage tank at grade level, heated from 290 to 565DGC by the receiver mounted on top of a tower, then flowed back down into another storage tank. To make electricity, the hot salt was pumped through a steam generator to produce steam that powered a conventional Rankine steam turbine/generator. This evaluation identifies the most significant <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Two receiver system lessons learned from the Mechanical Design, Instrumentation and <span class="hlt">Control</span>, Panel Fabrication, Site Construction, Receiver System Operation, and Management from the perspective of the receiver designer/manufacturer. The lessons learned on the receiver system described here consist of two parts: the Problem and one or more identified Solutions. The appendix summarizes an inspection of the advanced receiver panel developed by Boeing that was installed and operated in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Two receiver.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982EnUK....7...39T','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982EnUK....7...39T"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy/utility interface - The technical issues</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Tabors, R. D.; White, D. C.</p> <p>1982-01-01</p> <p>The technical and economic factors affecting an interface between <span class="hlt">solar</span>/wind power sources and utilities are examined. Photovoltaic, <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal, and wind powered systems are subject to stochastic local climatic variations and as such may require full back-up services from utilities, which are then in a position of having reserve generating power and power lines and equipment which are used only part time. The low reliability which has degraded some economies of scale formerly associated with large, centralized power plants, and the lowered rate of the increase in electricity usage is taken to commend the inclusion of power sources with a modular nature such as is available from <span class="hlt">solar</span> derived electrical generation. Technical issues for maintaining the quality of grid power and also effectively metering purchased and supplied back-up power as part of a homeostatic system of energy <span class="hlt">control</span> are discussed. It is concluded that economic considerations, rather than technical issues, bear the most difficulty in integrating <span class="hlt">solar</span> technologies into the utility network.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005502','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170005502"><span>Magnetic Nulls and Super-Radial Expansion in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Corona</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Sarah E.; Dalmasse, Kevin; Rachmeler, Laurel A.; De Rosa, Marc L.; Tomczyk, Steven; De Toma, Giuliana; Burkepile, Joan; Galloy, Michael</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>Magnetic fields in the Sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, <span class="hlt">control</span> both <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind acceleration and the dynamics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> eruptions. We present the first clear observational evidence of coronal magnetic nulls in off-limb linearly polarized observations of pseudostreamers, taken by the Coronal Multichannel Polarimeter (CoMP) telescope. These nulls represent regions where magnetic reconnection is likely to act as a catalyst for <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity.CoMP linear-polarization observations also provide an independent, coronal proxy for magnetic expansion into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, a quantity often used to parameterize and predict the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed at Earth. We introduce a new method for explicitly calculating expansion factors from CoMP coronal linear-polarization observations, which does not require photospheric extrapolations. We conclude that linearly polarized light is a powerful new diagnostic of critical coronal magnetic topologies and the expanding magnetic flux tubes that channel the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890014196','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19890014196"><span>Working group written presentation: <span class="hlt">Solar</span> radiation</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Slemp, Wayne S.</p> <p>1989-01-01</p> <p>The members of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Radiation Working Group arrived at two major <span class="hlt">solar</span> radiation technology needs: (1) generation of a long term flight data base; and (2) development of a standardized UV testing methodology. The flight data base should include 1 to 5 year exposure of optical filters, windows, thermal <span class="hlt">control</span> coatings, hardened coatings, polymeric films, and structural composites. The UV flux and wavelength distribution, as well as particulate radiation flux and energy, should be measured during this flight exposure. A standard testing methodology is needed to establish techniques for highly accelerated UV exposure which will correlate well with flight test data. Currently, UV can only be accelerated to about 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> constants and can correlate well with flight exposure data. With space missions to 30 years, acceleration rates of 30 to 100X are needed for efficient laboratory testing.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=39','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/csp/solarpaces/project_detail.cfm/projectID=39"><span>Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power Projects - Planta <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 20 | Concentrating <span class="hlt">Solar</span></span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>(CSP) project, with data organized by background, participants, and power <em>plant</em> configuration. Abengoa <span class="hlt">Solar</span>'s Planta <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 20 (PS20) is a 20-megawatt power tower <em>plant</em> being constructed next to the PS10 tower percent. The 160-meter tower was designed to reduce the visual impact of its height. The <em>plant</em> has the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4643242','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4643242"><span>Perovskite/c-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell with inverted nanopyramids: realizing high efficiency by <span class="hlt">controllable</span> light trapping</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Shi, Dai; Zeng, Yang; Shen, Wenzhong</p> <p>2015-01-01</p> <p>Perovskite/c-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (TSCs) have become a promising candidate in recent years for achieving efficiency over 30%. Although general analysis has shown very high upper limits for such TSCs, it remains largely unclear what specific optical structures could best approach these limits. Here we propose the combination of perovskite/c-Si tandem structure with inverted nanopyramid morphology as a practical way of achieving efficiency above 31% based on realistic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell parameters. By full-field simulation, we have shown that an ultra-low surface reflectance can be achieved by tuning the pyramid geometry within the range of experimental feasibility. More importantly, we have demonstrated that the index-guided modes can be excited within the top cell layer by introducing a TCO interlayer that prevents coupling of guided light energy into the bottom cell. This light trapping scheme has shown superior performance over the Bragg stack intermediate reflector utilized in previous micropyramid-based TSCs. Finally, by <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the coupling between the top and bottom cell through the thickness of the interlayer, current generation within the tandem can be optimized for both two- and four-terminal configurations, yielding efficiencies of 31.9% and 32.0%, respectively. These results have provided useful guidelines for the fabrication of perovskite/c-Si TSCs. PMID:26566176</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566176','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26566176"><span>Perovskite/c-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell with inverted nanopyramids: realizing high efficiency by <span class="hlt">controllable</span> light trapping.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Shi, Dai; Zeng, Yang; Shen, Wenzhong</p> <p>2015-11-13</p> <p>Perovskite/c-Si tandem <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells (TSCs) have become a promising candidate in recent years for achieving efficiency over 30%. Although general analysis has shown very high upper limits for such TSCs, it remains largely unclear what specific optical structures could best approach these limits. Here we propose the combination of perovskite/c-Si tandem structure with inverted nanopyramid morphology as a practical way of achieving efficiency above 31% based on realistic <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell parameters. By full-field simulation, we have shown that an ultra-low surface reflectance can be achieved by tuning the pyramid geometry within the range of experimental feasibility. More importantly, we have demonstrated that the index-guided modes can be excited within the top cell layer by introducing a TCO interlayer that prevents coupling of guided light energy into the bottom cell. This light trapping scheme has shown superior performance over the Bragg stack intermediate reflector utilized in previous micropyramid-based TSCs. Finally, by <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the coupling between the top and bottom cell through the thickness of the interlayer, current generation within the tandem can be optimized for both two- and four-terminal configurations, yielding efficiencies of 31.9% and 32.0%, respectively. These results have provided useful guidelines for the fabrication of perovskite/c-Si TSCs.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070034012&hterms=dynamo&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddynamo','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070034012&hterms=dynamo&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Ddynamo"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cycle 24 and the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Dynamo</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Pesnell, W. D.; Schatten, K.</p> <p>2007-01-01</p> <p>We will discuss the polar field precursor method for <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity prediction, which predicts cycle 24 will be significantly lower than recent activity cycles, and some new ideas rejuvenating Babcock's shallow surface dynamo. The polar field precursor method is based on Babcock and Leighton's dynamo models wherein the polar field at <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum plays a major role in generating the next cycle's toroidal field and sunspots. Thus, by examining the polar fields of the Sun near <span class="hlt">solar</span> minimum, a forecast for the next cycle's activity is obtained. With the current low value for the Sun's polar fields, this method predicts <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 24 will be one of the lowest in recent times, with smoothed F10.7 radio flux values peaking near 135 plus or minus 35 (2 sigma), in the 2012-2013 timeframe (equivalent to smoothed Rz near 80 plus or minus 35 [2 sigma]). One may have to consider <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity as far back as the early 20th century to find a cycle of comparable magnitude. We discuss unusual behavior in the Sun's polar fields that support this prediction. Normally, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> precursor method is consistent with the geomagnetic precursor method, wherein geomagnetic variations are thought to be a good measure of the Sun's polar field strength. Because of the unusual polar field, the Earth does not appear to be currently bathed in the Sun's extended polar field (the interplanetary field), hence negating the primal cause behind the geomagnetic precursor technique. We also discuss how percolation may support Babcock's original shallow <span class="hlt">solar</span> dynamo. In this process ephemeral regions from the <span class="hlt">solar</span> magnetic carpet, guided by shallow surface fields, may collect to form pores and sunspots.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865802','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865802"><span>Semi-transparent <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy thermal storage device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>McClelland, John F.</p> <p>1986-04-08</p> <p>A visually transmitting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy absorbing thermal storage module includes a thermal storage liquid containment chamber defined by an interior <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorber panel, an exterior transparent panel having a heat mirror surface substantially covering the exterior surface thereof and associated top, bottom and side walls. Evaporation of the thermal storage liquid is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by a low vapor pressure liquid layer that floats on and seals the top surface of the liquid. Porous filter plugs are placed in filler holes of the module. An algicide and a chelating compound are added to the liquid to <span class="hlt">control</span> biological and chemical activity while retaining visual clarity. A plurality of modules may be supported in stacked relation by a support frame to form a thermal storage wall structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865483','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/865483"><span>Semi-transparent <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy thermal storage device</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>McClelland, John F.</p> <p>1985-06-18</p> <p>A visually transmitting <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy absorbing thermal storage module includes a thermal storage liquid containment chamber defined by an interior <span class="hlt">solar</span> absorber panel, an exterior transparent panel having a heat mirror surface substantially covering the exterior surface thereof and associated top, bottom and side walls, Evaporation of the thermal storage liquid is <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by a low vapor pressure liquid layer that floats on and seals the top surface of the liquid. Porous filter plugs are placed in filler holes of the module. An algicide and a chelating compound are added to the liquid to <span class="hlt">control</span> biological and chemical activity while retaining visual clarity. A plurality of modules may be supported in stacked relation by a support frame to form a thermal storage wall structure.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020182','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19840020182"><span>Operational Experience from <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Thermal Energy Projects</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Cameron, C. P.</p> <p>1984-01-01</p> <p>Over the past few years, Sandia National Laboratories were involved in the design, construction, and operation of a number of DOE-sponsored <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal energy systems. Among the systems currently in operation are several industrial process heat projects and the Modular Industrial <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Retrofit qualification test systems, all of which use parabolic troughs, and the Shenandoah Total Energy Project, which uses parabolic dishes. Operational experience has provided insight to both desirable and undesirable features of the designs of these systems. Features of these systems which are also relevant to the design of parabolic concentrator thermal electric systems are discussed. Other design features discussed are system <span class="hlt">control</span> functions which were found to be especially convenient or effective, such as local concentrator <span class="hlt">controls</span>, rainwash <span class="hlt">controls</span>, and system response to changing isolation. Drive systems are also discussed with particular emphasis of the need for reliability and the usefulness of a manual drive capability.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9294E..0PH','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014SPIE.9294E..0PH"><span>Key techniques for space-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped semiconductor lasers</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>He, Yang; Xiong, Sheng-jun; Liu, Xiao-long; Han, Wei-hua</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>In space, the absence of atmospheric turbulence, absorption, dispersion and aerosol factors on laser transmission. Therefore, space-based laser has important values in satellite communication, satellite attitude <span class="hlt">controlling</span>, space debris clearing, and long distance energy transmission, etc. On the other hand, <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy is a kind of clean and renewable resources, the average intensity of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiation on the earth is 1353W/m2, and it is even higher in space. Therefore, the space-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped lasers has attracted much research in recent years, most research focuses on <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped solid state lasers and <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped fiber lasers. The two lasing principle is based on stimulated emission of the rare earth ions such as Nd, Yb, Cr. The rare earth ions absorb light only in narrow bands. This leads to inefficient absorption of the broad-band <span class="hlt">solar</span> spectrum, and increases the system heating load, which make the system <span class="hlt">solar</span> to laser power conversion efficiency very low. As a <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped semiconductor lasers could absorb all photons with energy greater than the bandgap. Thus, <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped semiconductor lasers could have considerably higher efficiencies than other <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped lasers. Besides, <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped semiconductor lasers has smaller volume chip, simpler structure and better heat dissipation, it can be mounted on a small satellite platform, can compose satellite array, which can greatly improve the output power of the system, and have flexible character. This paper summarizes the research progress of space-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped semiconductor lasers, analyses of the key technologies based on several application areas, including the processing of semiconductor chip, the design of small and efficient <span class="hlt">solar</span> condenser, and the cooling system of lasers, etc. We conclude that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> pumped vertical cavity surface-emitting semiconductor lasers will have a wide application prospects in the space.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800000337&hterms=buildings+solar+water+heating&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dbuildings%2Bsolar%2Bwater%2Bheating','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19800000337&hterms=buildings+solar+water+heating&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D10%26Ntt%3Dbuildings%2Bsolar%2Bwater%2Bheating"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> heating for an electronics manufacturing plant--Blue Earth, Minnesota</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1981-01-01</p> <p>Partial space heating for 97,000 square foot plant is supplied by 360 flat plate <span class="hlt">solar</span> collectors; energy is sorted as heat in indoor 20,000 gallon water tank. System includes all necessary <span class="hlt">control</span> electronics for year round operation. During December 1978, <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy supplied 24.4 percent of building's space heating load.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022321','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19860022321"><span>Space <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell research: Problems and potential</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Flood, D. J.</p> <p>1986-01-01</p> <p>The value of a passive, maintenance-free, renewable energy source was apparent in the early days of the space program, and the silicon <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell was pressed into service. Efficiencies of those early space <span class="hlt">solar</span> arrays were low, and lifetimes shorter than hoped for, but within a decade significant advances had been made in both areas. Better performance was achieved through improvements in silicon single crystal material, better device designs, and a better understanding of the factors that affect the performance of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell in space. Chief among the latter, particularly for the mid-to-high altitude (HEO) and geosynchronous (GEO) orbits, are the effects of the naturally occurring particulate radiation environment. Although not as broadly important to the photovoltaic community at large as increased efficiency, the topic of radiation damage is critically important to use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells in space, and is a major component of the NASA research program in space photovoltaics. A brief overview of some of the opportunities and challenges for space photovoltaic applications is given, and some of the current research directed at achieving high efficiency and <span class="hlt">controlling</span> radiation damage in space <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells is discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880007712','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19880007712"><span>Nimbus 7 <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Backscatter Ultraviolet (SBUV) spectral scan <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance and Earth radiance product user's guide</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Schlesinger, Barry M.; Cebula, Richard P.; Heath, Donald F.; Fleig, Albert J.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>The archived tape products from the spectral scan mode measurements of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance (SUNC tapes) and Earth radiance (EARTH tapes) by the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Backscatter UV (SBUV) instrument aboard Nimbus 7 are described. Incoming radiation from 160 to 400 nm is measured at intervals of 0.2 nm. The scan-to-scan repeatability of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance measurements ranges from approximately 0.5 to 1 percent longward of 280 nm, to 2 percent around 210 nm and 4 percent near 175 nm. The repeatability of the Earth radiance values ranges from 2 to 3 percent at longer wavelengths and low zenith angles to 10 percent at shorter wavelengths and high zenith angles. The tape formats are described in detail, including file structure and contents of each type of record. Catalogs of the tapes and the time period covered are provided, along with lists of the days lacking <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance measurements and the days dedicated to Earth radiance measurements. The method for production of the tapes is outlined and quality <span class="hlt">control</span> measures are described. How radiances and irradiances are derived from the raw counts, the corrections for changes in instrument sensitivity, and related uncertainties are discussed.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668282','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24668282"><span>Tantalum-based semiconductors for <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Zhang, Peng; Zhang, Jijie; Gong, Jinlong</p> <p>2014-07-07</p> <p><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy utilization is one of the most promising solutions for the energy crises. Among all the possible means to make use of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy, <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting is remarkable since it can accomplish the conversion of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy into chemical energy. The produced hydrogen is clean and sustainable which could be used in various areas. For the past decades, numerous efforts have been put into this research area with many important achievements. Improving the overall efficiency and stability of semiconductor photocatalysts are the research focuses for the <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting. Tantalum-based semiconductors, including tantalum oxide, tantalate and tantalum (oxy)nitride, are among the most important photocatalysts. Tantalum oxide has the band gap energy that is suitable for the overall <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting. The more negative conduction band minimum of tantalum oxide provides photogenerated electrons with higher potential for the hydrogen generation reaction. Tantalates, with tunable compositions, show high activities owning to their layered perovskite structure. (Oxy)nitrides, especially TaON and Ta3N5, have small band gaps to respond to visible-light, whereas they can still realize overall <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting with the proper positions of conduction band minimum and valence band maximum. This review describes recent progress regarding the improvement of photocatalytic activities of tantalum-based semiconductors. Basic concepts and principles of <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting will be discussed in the introduction section, followed by the three main categories regarding to the different types of tantalum-based semiconductors. In each category, synthetic methodologies, influencing factors on the photocatalytic activities, strategies to enhance the efficiencies of photocatalysts and morphology <span class="hlt">control</span> of tantalum-based materials will be discussed in detail. Future directions to further explore the research area of tantalum-based semiconductors for <span class="hlt">solar</span> water splitting</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED216907.pdf','ERIC'); return false;" href="http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED216907.pdf"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Spots - Activities to Introduce <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Energy into the K-8 Curricula.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/extended.jsp?_pageLabel=advanced">ERIC Educational Resources Information Center</a></p> <p>Longe, Karen M.; McClelland, Michael J.</p> <p></p> <p>Following an introduction to <span class="hlt">solar</span> technology which reviews <span class="hlt">solar</span> heating and cooling, passive <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems (direct gain systems, thermal storage walls, sun spaces, roof ponds, and convection loops), active <span class="hlt">solar</span> systems, <span class="hlt">solar</span> electricity (photovoltaic and <span class="hlt">solar</span> thermal conversion systems), wind energy, and biomass, activities to introduce solar…</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1046645','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1046645"><span>Efficient <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Concentrators: Affordable Energy from Water and Sunlight</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>None</p> <p>2010-01-01</p> <p>Broad Funding Opportunity Announcement Project: Teledyne is developing a liquid prism panel that tracks the position of the sun to help efficiently concentrate its light onto a <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell to produce power. Typically, <span class="hlt">solar</span> tracking devices have bulky and expensive mechanical moving parts that require a lot of power and are often unreliable. Teledyne’s liquid prism panel has no bulky and heavy supporting parts—instead it relies on electrowetting. Electrowetting is a process where an electric field is applied to the liquid to <span class="hlt">control</span> the angle at which it meets the sunlight above and to <span class="hlt">control</span> the angle of the sunlightmore » to the focusing lensthe more direct the angle to the focusing lens, the more efficiently the light can be concentrated to <span class="hlt">solar</span> panels and converted into electricity. This allows the prism to be tuned like a radio to track the sun across the sky and steer sunlight into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell without any moving mechanical parts. This process uses very little power and requires no expensive supporting hardware or moving parts, enabling efficient and quiet rooftop operation for integration into buildings.« less</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li class="active"><span>24</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>25</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_24 --> <div id="page_25" class="hiddenDiv"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-12"> <ol class="result-class" start="481"> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..121M','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BASBr..23..121M"><span>Base de linhas moleculares <span class="hlt">para</span> síntese espectral estelar</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Milone, A.; Sanzovo, G.</p> <p>2003-08-01</p> <p>A análise das abundâncias quí micas fotosféricas em estrelas do tipo <span class="hlt">solar</span> ou tardia, através do cálculo teórico de seus espectros, emprega a espectroscopia de alta resolução e necessita de uma base representativa de linhas atômicas e moleculares com suas respectivas constantes bem determinadas. Nesse trabalho, utilizamos como ponto de partida as extensas listas de linhas espectrais de sistemas eletrônicos de algumas moléculas diatômicas compiladas por Kurucz <span class="hlt">para</span> a construção de uma base de linhas moleculares <span class="hlt">para</span> a sí ntese espectral estelar. Revisamos as determinações dos fatores rotacionais de Honl-London das forças de oscilador das linhas moleculares, <span class="hlt">para</span> cada banda vibracional de alguns sistemas eletrônicos, seguindo a regra usual de normalização. Usamos as forças de oscilador eletrônicas da literatura. Os fatores vibracionais de Franck-Condon de cada banda foram especialmente recalculados empregando-se novas constantes moleculares. Reproduzimos, com êxito, as absorções espectrais de determinadas bandas eletrônicas-vibracionais das espécies moleculares C12C12, C12N14 e Mg24H em espectros de estrelas de referência como o Sol e Arcturus.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1192891','SCIGOVIMAGE-SCICINEMA'); return false;" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/biblio/1192891"><span>NREL + <span class="hlt">Solar</span>City: Maximizing <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Power on Electrical Grids</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/sciencecinema/">ScienceCinema</a></p> <p>Hannegan, Bryan; Hanley, Ryan; Symko-Davies, Marth</p> <p>2018-05-23</p> <p>Learn how NREL is partnering with <span class="hlt">Solar</span>City to study how to better integrate rooftop <span class="hlt">solar</span> onto the grid. The work includes collaboration with the Hawaiian Electric Companies (HECO) to analyze high-penetration <span class="hlt">solar</span> scenarios using advanced modeling and inverter testing at the Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) on NREL’s campus. Results to date have been so promising that HECO has more than doubled the amount of rooftop <span class="hlt">solar</span> it allows on its grid, showing utilities across the country that distributed <span class="hlt">solar</span> is not a liability for reliability—and can even be an asset.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862988','DOE-PATENT-XML'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/862988"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> energy collector</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/doepatents">DOEpatents</a></p> <p>Brin, Raymond L.; Pace, Thomas L.</p> <p>1978-01-01</p> <p>The invention relates to a <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy collector comprising <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy absorbing material within chamber having a transparent wall, <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy being transmitted through the transparent wall, and efficiently absorbed by the absorbing material, for transfer to a heat transfer fluid. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy absorbing material, of generally foraminous nature, absorbs and transmits the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy with improved efficiency.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880050091&hterms=1095&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231095','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19880050091&hterms=1095&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D40%26Ntt%3D%2526%25231095"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> luminosity variations in <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 21</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Willson, Richard C.; Hudson, H. S.</p> <p>1988-01-01</p> <p>Long-term variations in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> total irradiance found in the ACRIM I experiment on the SMM satellite have revealed a downward trend during the declining phase of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 21 of the sunspot cycle, a flat period between mid-1095 and mid-1987, and an upturn in late 1987 which suggests a direct correlation of luminosity and <span class="hlt">solar</span> active region population. If the upturn continues into the activity maximum of <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle 22, a relation between <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity and luminosity of possible climatological significance could be ascertained. The best-fit relationship for the variation of total irradiance S with sunspot number Rz and 10-cm flux F(10) are S = 1366.82 + 7.71 x 10 to the -3rd Rz and S = 1366.27 + 8.98 x 10 to the -3rd F(10)(W/sq m). These findings could be used to approximate total irradiance variations over the periods for which these indices have been compiled.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005664','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140005664"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter Exploring the Sun-Heliosphere Connection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, Daniel; Marsden, Richard George; Cyr, O. C. St.; Gilbert, Holly Robin</p> <p>2012-01-01</p> <p>The heliosphere represents a uniquely accessible domain of space, where fundamental physical processes common to <span class="hlt">solar</span>, astrophysical and laboratory plasmas can be studied under conditions impossible to reproduce on Earth and unfeasible to observe from astronomical distances. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015 - 2025 programme, will address the central question of heliophysics: How does the Sun create and <span class="hlt">control</span> the heliosphere? In this paper, we present the scientific goals of the mission and provide an overview of the mission implementation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140000881','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20140000881"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter: Exploring the Sun-Heliosphere Connection</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Mueller, D.; Marsden, R. G.; St.Cyr, O. C.; Gilbert, H. R.</p> <p>2013-01-01</p> <p>The heliosphere represents a uniquely accessible domain of space, where fundamental physical processes common to <span class="hlt">solar</span>, astrophysical and laboratory plasmas can be studied under conditions impossible to reproduce on Earth and unfeasible to observe from astronomical distances. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Orbiter, the first mission of ESA's Cosmic Vision 2015 - 2025 programme, will address the central question of heliophysics: How does the Sun create and <span class="hlt">control</span> the heliosphere? In this paper, we present the scientific goals of the mission and provide an overview of the mission implementation.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1241370','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1241370"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> flair.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Manuel, John S</p> <p>2003-01-01</p> <p>Design innovations and government-sponsored financial incentives are making <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy increasingly attractive to homeowners and institutional customers such as school districts. In particular, the passive <span class="hlt">solar</span> design concept of daylighting is gaining favor among educators due to evidence of improved performance by students working in daylit classrooms. Electricity-generating photovoltaic systems are also becoming more popular, especially in states such as California that have high electric rates and frequent power shortages. To help spread the word about <span class="hlt">solar</span> power, the U.S. Department of Energy staged its first-ever <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Decathlon in October 2002. This event featured <span class="hlt">solar</span>-savvy homes designed by 14 college teams. PMID:12573926</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-2012-08-22.html','SCIGOVWS'); return false;" href="https://www.nrel.gov/technical-assistance/webinars-2012-08-22.html"><span>Policy for Distributed <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 101: What Makes a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> DG Market? | State,</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.science.gov/aboutsearch.html">Science.gov Websites</a></p> <p></p> <p></p> <p>Local, and Tribal Governments | NREL</A> for <em>Distributed</em> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 101: What Makes a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> DG Market ? Policy for <em>Distributed</em> <span class="hlt">Solar</span> 101: What Makes a <span class="hlt">Solar</span> DG Market? The <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Technical Assistance Team (STAT develop <span class="hlt">solar</span> "<em>Distributed</em> Generation" markets. Case studies and research illustrate the</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012393','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/20170012393"><span>Lessons for Interstellar Travel from the Guidance and <span class="hlt">Control</span> Design of the Near Earth Asteroid Scout <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Sail Mission</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Diedrich, Benjamin; Heaton, Andrew</p> <p>2017-01-01</p> <p>NASA is developing the Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission that will use a <span class="hlt">solar</span> sail to travel to an asteroid where it will perform a slow flyby to acquire science imagery. A guidance and <span class="hlt">control</span> system was developed to meet the science and trajectory requirements. The NEA Scout design process can be applied to an interstellar or precursor mission that uses a beam propelled sail. The scientific objectives are met by accurately targeting the destination trajectory position and velocity. The destination is targeted by understanding the force on the sail from the beam (or sunlight in the case of NEA Scout) over the duration of the thrust maneuver. The propulsive maneuver is maintained by accurate understanding of the torque on the sail, which is a function of sail shape, optical properties, and mass properties, all of which apply to NEA Scout and beam propelled sails. NEA Scout uses active <span class="hlt">control</span> of the sail attitude while trimming the <span class="hlt">solar</span> torque, which could be used on a beamed propulsion sail if necessary. The biggest difference is that NEA Scout can correct for uncertainties in sail thrust modeling, spacecraft orbit, and target orbit throughout the flight to the target, while beamed propulsion needs accurate operation for the short duration of the beamed propulsion maneuver, making accurate understanding of the sail thrust and orbits much more critical.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1033557','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1033557"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Design Workbook</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Franta, G.; Baylin, F.; Crowther, R.</p> <p>1981-06-01</p> <p>This <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Design Workbook presents <span class="hlt">solar</span> building design applications for commercial buildir^s. The book is divided into four sections. The first section describes the variety of <span class="hlt">solar</span> applications in buildings including conservation aspects, <span class="hlt">solar</span> fundamentals, passive systems, active systems, daylighting, and other <span class="hlt">solar</span> options. <span class="hlt">Solar</span> system design evaluation techniques including considerations for building energy requirements, passive systems, active systems, and economics are presented in Section II. The third section attempts to assist the designer in the building design process for energy conservation and <span class="hlt">solar</span> applications including options and considerations for pre-design, design, and post-design phases. The information required for themore » <span class="hlt">solar</span> design proee^ has not been fully developed at this time. Therefore, Section III is incomplete, but an overview of the considerations with some of the design proces elements is presented. Section IV illustrates ease studies that utilize <span class="hlt">solar</span> applications in the building design.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1329465-controlling-mechanism-potential-loss-ch3nh3pbbr3-hybrid-solar-cells','SCIGOV-DOEP'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1329465-controlling-mechanism-potential-loss-ch3nh3pbbr3-hybrid-solar-cells"><span>The <span class="hlt">controlling</span> mechanism for potential loss in CH 3NH 3PbBr 3 hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/pages">DOE PAGES</a></p> <p>Zheng, Xiaojia; Chen, Bo; Yang, Mengjin; ...</p> <p>2016-07-25</p> <p>In this study, we investigated moisture and thermal stability of MAPbBr 3 perovskite material. Cubic MAPbBr 3 was found to be moisture-insensitive and can avoid the thermal stability issues introduced by low-temperature phase transition in MAPbI 3. MAPbBr 3 and MAPbI 3 hybrid <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells with efficiencies of ~7.1% and ~15.5%, respectively, were fabricated, and we identified the correlation between the working temperature, light intensity, and the photovoltaic performance. No charge-carrier transport barriers were found in the MAPbBr 3 and MAPbI 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells. The MAPbBr 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell displays a better stability under high working temperature because of itsmore » close-packed crystal structure. Temperature-dependent photocurrent-voltage characteristics indicate that, unlike the MAPbI 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell with an activation energy (E A) nearly equal to its band gap (E g), the E A for the MAPbBr 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell is much lower than its E g. This indicates that a high interface recombination process limits the photovoltage and consequently the device performance of the MAPbBr 3 <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740027086','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2060/19740027086"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> array technology evaluation program for SEPS (<span class="hlt">Solar</span> Electrical Propulsion Stage)</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p></p> <p>1974-01-01</p> <p>An evaluation of the technology and the development of a preliminary design for a 25 kilowatt <span class="hlt">solar</span> array system for <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion are discussed. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> array has a power to weight ratio of 65 watts per kilogram. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> array system is composed of two wings. Each wing consists of a <span class="hlt">solar</span> array blanket, a blanket launch storage container, an extension/retraction mast assembly, a blanket tensioning system, an array electrical harness, and hardware for supporting the system for launch and in the operating position. The technology evaluation was performed to assess the applicable <span class="hlt">solar</span> array state-of-the-art and to define supporting research necessary to achieve technology readiness for meeting the <span class="hlt">solar</span> electric propulsion system <span class="hlt">solar</span> array design requirements.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960014420&hterms=golf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dgolf','NASA-TRS'); return false;" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=19960014420&hterms=golf&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2Bmatchall%26Ntk%3DAll%26N%3D0%26No%3D70%26Ntt%3Dgolf"><span>VIRGO: Experiment for helioseismology and <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance monitoring</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp">NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)</a></p> <p>Froehlich, Claus; Andersen, Bo N.</p> <p>1995-01-01</p> <p>The scientific objectives of the variability of <span class="hlt">solar</span> irradiance and gravity oscillations (VIRGO) experiment are as follows: to determine the characteristics of pressure and internal gravity oscillations by observing irradiance and radiance variations; to measure the <span class="hlt">solar</span> total and spectral irradiance, and to quantify their variability. Helioseismological methods can be applied to these data in order to probe the <span class="hlt">solar</span> interior. Certain convection characteristics and their interaction with magnetic fields will be studied from the results of the irradiance monitoring and from the comparison of the amplitudes and phases of the oscillations as observed from the brightness by VIRGO and from velocity by the global oscillations at low frequency (GOLF) experiment. The VIRGO experiment contains two active-cavity radiometers that monitor the <span class="hlt">solar</span> constant, two three-channel sunphotometers that measure the spectral irradiance, and a low resolution imager with 12 pixels that measures the radiance distribution over the <span class="hlt">solar</span> disk at 500 nm. The scientific objectives of VIRGO are presented, the instruments and the data acquisition and <span class="hlt">control</span> system are described, and their measured performances are given.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoSyR..51..165O','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SoSyR..51..165O"><span>On the history of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind discovery</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Obridko, V. N.; Vaisberg, O. L.</p> <p>2017-03-01</p> <p>The discovery of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind has been an outstanding achievement in heliophysics and space physics. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind plays a crucial role in the processes taking place in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> System. In recent decades, it has been recognized as the main factor that <span class="hlt">controls</span> the terrestrial effects of space weather. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind is an unusual plasma laboratory of giant scale with a fantastic diversity of parameters and operating modes, and devoid of influence from the walls of laboratory plasma systems. It is also the only kind of stellar wind accessible for direct study. The history of this discovery is quite dramatic. Like many remarkable discoveries, it had several predecessors. However, the honor of a discovery usually belongs to a scientist who was able to more fully explain the phenomenon. Such a man is deservedly considered the US theorist Eugene Parker, who discovered the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, as we know it today, almost "with the point of his pen". In 2017, we will celebrate the 90th anniversary birthday of Eugene Parker.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654481-magnetic-nulls-super-radial-expansion-solar-corona','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/22654481-magnetic-nulls-super-radial-expansion-solar-corona"><span>Magnetic Nulls and Super-radial Expansion in the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Corona</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Gibson, Sarah E.; Dalmasse, Kevin; Tomczyk, Steven</p> <p></p> <p>Magnetic fields in the Sun’s outer atmosphere—the corona—<span class="hlt">control</span> both <span class="hlt">solar</span>-wind acceleration and the dynamics of <span class="hlt">solar</span> eruptions. We present the first clear observational evidence of coronal magnetic nulls in off-limb linearly polarized observations of pseudostreamers, taken by the Coronal Multichannel Polarimeter (CoMP) telescope. These nulls represent regions where magnetic reconnection is likely to act as a catalyst for <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity. CoMP linear-polarization observations also provide an independent, coronal proxy for magnetic expansion into the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, a quantity often used to parameterize and predict the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed at Earth. We introduce a new method for explicitly calculating expansion factorsmore » from CoMP coronal linear-polarization observations, which does not require photospheric extrapolations. We conclude that linearly polarized light is a powerful new diagnostic of critical coronal magnetic topologies and the expanding magnetic flux tubes that channel the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5405879-solar-shutter-arrangement','SCIGOV-STC'); return false;" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5405879-solar-shutter-arrangement"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> shutter arrangement</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.osti.gov/search">DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)</a></p> <p>Fulkerson, P.L.</p> <p>1988-02-02</p> <p>In a structure having a roof with a skylight including a glass panel which transmits <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy, a shutter arrangement supported on the roof is described comprising an insulative flat one-piece solid shutter in the form of a panel selectively and linearly slidable on tracks which conceal the side edges thereof from a position blocking transmittal of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy through the glass panel of the skylight into an area within the structure to a position permitting transmittal of <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy through the glass panel of the skylight into the area within the structure. The skylight presents a space between themore » glass panel and the selectively and linearly slidable insulative flat one-piece solid shutter, where the latter serves as the selective inner wall of the space contiguous with the area within the structure and the glass panel serves as the fixed outer wall of the space, where temperature responsive means is disposed within the space and in direct engagement with the inner surface of the glass panel, where the temperature responsive means is a black thermocouple operating a motor in a driving relationship with the insulative flat one-piece solid shutter. The insulative flat one-piece solid shutter is supported by a cable secured to a rotatable shaft <span class="hlt">controlled</span> by the motor, where bi-directional movement of the rotatable shaft achieves raising and lowering of the insulative flat one-piece solid shutter to each of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> energy blocking and transmittal positions, and where the insulative flat one-piece solid shutter includes a reflective surface facing the skylight and a decorative surface facing the area within the structure.« less</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27708359','PUBMED'); return false;" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27708359"><span>Monolithic-Structured Single-Layered Textile-Based Dye-Sensitized <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Cells.</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pubmed">PubMed</a></p> <p>Yun, Min Ju; Cha, Seung I; Kim, Han Seong; Seo, Seon Hee; Lee, Dong Y</p> <p>2016-10-06</p> <p>Textile-structured <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells are frequently discussed in the literature due to their prospective applications in wearable devices and in building integrated <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that utilize their flexibility, mechanical robustness, and aesthetic appearance, but the current approaches for textile-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells-including the preparation of fibre-type <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells woven into textiles-face several difficulties from high friction and tension during the weaving process. This study proposes a new structural concept and fabrication process for monolithic-structured textile-based dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that are fabricated by a process similar to the cloth-making process, including the preparation of wires and yarns that are woven for use in textiles, printed, dyed, and packaged. The fabricated single-layered textile-based dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells successfully act as <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells in our study, even under bending conditions. By <span class="hlt">controlling</span> the inter-weft spacing and the number of Ti wires for the photoelectrode conductor, we have found that the performance of this type of dye-sensitized <span class="hlt">solar</span> cell was notably affected by the spacing between photoelectrodes and counter-electrodes, the exposed areas of Ti wires to photoelectrodes, and photoelectrodes' surface morphology. We believe that this study provides a process and concept for improved textile-based <span class="hlt">solar</span> cells that can form the basis for further research.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSH33A4129L','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AGUFMSH33A4129L"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> Corona/Wind Composition and Origins of the <span class="hlt">Solar</span> Wind</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Lepri, S. T.; Gilbert, J. A.; Landi, E.; Shearer, P.; von Steiger, R.; Zurbuchen, T.</p> <p>2014-12-01</p> <p>Measurements from ACE and Ulysses have revealed a multifaceted <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, with distinctly different kinetic and compositional properties dependent on the source region of the wind. One of the major outstanding issues in heliophysics concerns the origin and also predictability of quasi-stationary slow <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. While the fast <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind is now proven to originate within large polar coronal holes, the source of the slow <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind remains particularly elusive and has been the subject of long debate, leading to models that are stationary and also reconnection based - such as interchange or so-called S-web based models. Our talk will focus on observational constraints of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind sources and their evolution during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle. In particular, we will point out long-term variations of wind composition and dynamic properties, particularly focused on the abundance of elements with low First Ionization Potential (FIP), which have been routinely measured on both ACE and Ulysses spacecraft. We will use these in situ observations, and remote sensing data where available, to provide constraints for <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind origin during the <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycle, and on their correspondence to predictions for models of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind.</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718943','PMC'); return false;" href="https://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1718943"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> disinfection of drinking water protects against cholera in children under 6 years of age</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?DB=pmc">PubMed Central</a></p> <p>Conroy, R; Meegan, M; Joyce, T; McGuigan, K; Barnes, J</p> <p>2001-01-01</p> <p>BACKGROUND AND AIMS—We have previously reported a reduction in risk of diarrhoeal disease in children who used <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfected drinking water. A cholera epidemic, occurring in an area of Kenya in which a <span class="hlt">controlled</span> trial of <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection and diarrhoeal disease in children aged under 6 had recently finished, offered an opportunity to examine the protection offered by <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection against cholera.
METHODS—In the original trial, all children aged under 6 in a Maasai community were randomised by household: in the <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection arm, children drank water disinfected by leaving it on the roof in a clear plastic bottle, while <span class="hlt">controls</span> drank water kept indoors. We revisited all households which had participated in the original trial.
RESULTS—There were 131 households in the trial area, of which 67 had been randomised to <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection (a further 19 households had migrated as a result of severe drought). There was no significant difference in the risk of cholera in adults or in older children in households randomised to <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection; however, there were only three cases of cholera in the 155 children aged under 6 years drinking <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfected water compared with 20 of 144<span class="hlt">controls</span>.
CONCLUSIONS—Results confirm the usefulness of <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection in reducing risk of water borne disease in children. Point of consumption <span class="hlt">solar</span> disinfection can be done with minimal resources, which are readily available, and may be an important first line response to cholera outbreaks. Its potential in chorine resistant cholera merits further investigation.

 PMID:11567937</p> </li> <li> <p><a target="_blank" onclick="trackOutboundLink('http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51D2537S','NASAADS'); return false;" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017AGUFMSH51D2537S"><span><span class="hlt">Solar</span> wind structure out of the ecliptic plane over <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles</span></a></p> <p><a target="_blank" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abstract_service.html">NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)</a></p> <p>Sokol, J. M.; Bzowski, M.; Tokumaru, M.</p> <p>2017-12-01</p> <p>Sun constantly emits a stream of plasma known as <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind. Ground-based observations of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed through the interplanetary scintillations (IPS) of radio flux from distant point sources and in-situ measurements by Ulysses mission revealed that the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind flow has different characteristics depending on the latitude. This latitudinal structure evolves with the cycle of <span class="hlt">solar</span> activity. The knowledge on the evolution of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind structure is important for understanding the interaction between the interstellar medium surrounding the Sun and the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind, which is responsible for creation of the heliosphere. The <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind structure must be taken into account in interpretation of most of the observations of heliospheric energetic neutral atoms, interstellar neutral atoms, pickup ions, and heliospheric backscatter glow. The information on the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind structure is not any longer available from direct measurements after the termination of Ulysses mission and the only source of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind out of the ecliptic plane is the IPS observations. However, the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind structure obtained from this method contains inevitable gaps in the time- and heliolatitude coverage. Sokół et al 2015 used the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed data out of the ecliptic plane retrieved from the IPS observations performed by Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research (Nagoya University, Japan) and developed a methodology to construct a model of evolution of <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed and density from 1985 to 2013 that fills the data gaps. In this paper we will present a refined model of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind speed and density structure as a function of heliographic latitude updated by the most recent data from IPS observations. And we will discuss methods of extrapolation of the <span class="hlt">solar</span> wind structure out of the ecliptic plane for the past <span class="hlt">solar</span> cycles, when the data were not available, as well as forecasting for few years upward.</p> </li> </ol> <div class="pull-right"> <ul class="pagination"> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_1");'>«</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_21");'>21</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_22");'>22</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_23");'>23</a></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_24");'>24</a></li> <li class="active"><span>25</span></li> <li><a href="#" onclick='return showDiv("page_25");'>»</a></li> </ul> </div> </div><!-- col-sm-12 --> </div><!-- row --> </div><!-- page_25 --> <div class="footer-extlink text-muted" style="margin-bottom:1rem; text-align:center;">Some links on this page may take you to non-federal websites. 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