Physical-chemical modeling of elements' behavior in mixing sea and fresh waters of minor rivers in the White Sea catchment area.

PubMed

Maksimova, Victoria V; Mazukhina, Svetlana I; Cherepanova, Tatiana A; Gorbacheva, Tamara T

2017-07-29

The physical-chemical stage of marginal filters in minor rivers of the White Sea catchment area by the example of the Umba River, flowing to Kandalaksha Gulf, has been explored. Application of the method of physical-chemical modeling on the basis of field data allowed establishing migration forms of a number of elements in the "river-sea" system and deposition of solid phases when mixing waters. The mixing of river and sea water is accompanied by the sedimentation of predominantly goethite, hydromuscovite, and hydroxylapatite. Sediments in mixing river and sea waters were found to be mainly composed by goethite, hydromuscovite, and hydroxylapatite. The research has added to the knowledge of the role of the abiotic part in the marginal filters of small rivers in the Arctic.

Bench-Scale Evaluation of Hydrothermal Processing Technology for Conversion of Wastewater Solids to Fuels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marrone, Philip A.; Elliott, Douglas C.; Billing, Justin M.

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification (CHG) proof-of-concept bench-scale tests were performed to assess the potential of hydrothermal treatment for handling municipal wastewater sludge. HTL tests were conducted at 300-350°C and 20 MPa on three different feeds: primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids. Corresponding CHG tests were conducted at 350°C and 20 MPa on the HTL aqueous phase output using a ruthenium based catalyst. Biocrude yields ranged from 25-37%. Biocrude composition and quality were comparable to biocrudes generated from algae feeds. Subsequent hydrotreating of biocrude resulted in a product with comparable physical and chemical properties to crude oil.more » CHG product gas methane yields on a carbon basis ranged from 47-64%. Siloxane concentrations in the CHG product gas were below engine limits. The HTL-CHG process resulted in a chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction of > 99.9% and a reduction in residual solids for disposal of 94-99%.« less

Development of a new generation solid rocket motor ignition computer code

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Foster, Winfred A., Jr.; Jenkins, Rhonald M.; Ciucci, Alessandro; Johnson, Shelby D.

1994-01-01

This report presents the results of experimental and numerical investigations of the flow field in the head-end star grain slots of the Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Motor. This work provided the basis for the development of an improved solid rocket motor ignition transient code which is also described in this report. The correlation between the experimental and numerical results is excellent and provides a firm basis for the development of a fully three-dimensional solid rocket motor ignition transient computer code.

Recent Progress in Studies of Nanostructured Impurity Helium Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khmelenko, V. V.; Kunttu, H.; Lee, D. M.

2007-07-01

Impurity helium (Im He) solids are porous materials formed inside superfluid 4He by nanoclusters of impurities injected from the gas phase. The results of studies of these materials have relevance to soft condensed matter physics, matrix isolation of free radicals and low temperature chemistry. Recent studies by a variety of experimental techniques, including CW and pulse ESR, X-ray diffraction, ultrasound and Raman spectroscopy allow a better characterization of the properties of Im He solids. The structure of Im He solids, the trapping sites of stabilized atoms and the possible energy content of the samples are analyzed on the basis of experimental data. The kinetics of exchange tunneling reactions of hydrogen isotopes in nanoclusters and the changes of environment of the atoms during the course of these reactions are reviewed. Analysis of the ESR data shows that very large fraction of the stabilized atoms in Im He solids reside on the surfaces of impurity nanoclusters. The future directions for studying Im He solids are described. Among the most attractive are the studies of Im He solids with high concentrations of stabilized atoms at ultralow (10 20 mK) temperature for the observation of new collective quantum phenomena, the studies of practical application of Im He solids as a medium in neutron moderator for efficient production of ultracold (˜1 mK) neutrons, and the possibilities of obtaining high concentration of atomic nitrogen embedded in N2 clusters for energy storage.

Onsager's variational principle in soft matter.

PubMed

Doi, Masao

2011-07-20

In the celebrated paper on the reciprocal relation for the kinetic coefficients in irreversible processes, Onsager (1931 Phys. Rev. 37 405) extended Rayleigh's principle of the least energy dissipation to general irreversible processes. In this paper, I shall show that this variational principle gives us a very convenient framework for deriving many established equations which describe the nonlinear and non-equilibrium phenomena in soft matter, such as phase separation kinetics in solutions, gel dynamics, molecular modeling for viscoelasticity nemato-hydrodynamics, etc. Onsager's variational principle can therefore be regarded as a solid general basis for soft matter physics.

Entangled states in quantum mechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ruža, Jānis

2010-01-01

In some circles of quantum physicists, a view is maintained that the nonseparability of quantum systems-i.e., the entanglement-is a characteristic feature of quantum mechanics. According to this view, the entanglement plays a crucial role in the solution of quantum measurement problem, the origin of the “classicality” from the quantum physics, the explanation of the EPR paradox by a nonlocal character of the quantum world. Besides, the entanglement is regarded as a cornerstone of such modern disciplines as quantum computation, quantum cryptography, quantum information, etc. At the same time, entangled states are well known and widely used in various physics areas. In particular, this notion is widely used in nuclear, atomic, molecular, solid state physics, in scattering and decay theories as well as in other disciplines, where one has to deal with many-body quantum systems. One of the methods, how to construct the basis states of a composite many-body quantum system, is the so-called genealogical decomposition method. Genealogical decomposition allows one to construct recurrently by particle number the basis states of a composite quantum system from the basis states of its forming subsystems. These coupled states have a structure typical for entangled states. If a composite system is stable, the internal structure of its forming basis states does not manifest itself in measurements. However, if a composite system is unstable and decays onto its forming subsystems, then the measurables are the quantum numbers, associated with these subsystems. In such a case, the entangled state has a dynamical origin, determined by the Hamiltonian of the corresponding decay process. Possible correlations between the quantum numbers of resulting subsystems are determined by the symmetries-conservation laws of corresponding dynamical variables, and not by the quantum entanglement feature.

All-solid-state flexible supercapacitors fabricated with bacterial nanocellulose papers, carbon nanotubes, and triblock-copolymer ion gels.

PubMed

Kang, Yu Jin; Chun, Sang-Jin; Lee, Sung-Suk; Kim, Bo-Yeong; Kim, Jung Hyeun; Chung, Haegeun; Lee, Sun-Young; Kim, Woong

2012-07-24

We demonstrate all-solid-state flexible supercapacitors with high physical flexibility, desirable electrochemical properties, and excellent mechanical integrity, which were realized by rationally exploiting unique properties of bacterial nanocellulose, carbon nanotubes, and ionic liquid based polymer gel electrolytes. This deliberate choice and design of main components led to excellent supercapacitor performance such as high tolerance against bending cycles and high capacitance retention over charge/discharge cycles. More specifically, the performance of our supercapacitors was highly retained through 200 bending cycles to a radius of 3 mm. In addition, the supercapacitors showed excellent cyclability with C(sp) (~20 mF/cm(2)) reduction of only <0.5% over 5000 charge/discharge cycles at the current density of 10 A/g. Our demonstration could be an important basis for material design and development of flexible supercapacitors.

Evolution of the Valley Position in Bulk Transition-Metal Chalcogenides and Their Monolayer Limit

DOE PAGES

Yuan, Hongtao; Liu, Zhongkai; Xu, Gang; ...

2016-07-12

Valley physics based on layered transition metal chalcogenides have recently sparked much interest due to their potential spintronics and valleytronics applications. However, most current understanding of the electronic structure near band valleys in momentum space is based on either theoretical investigations or optical measurements, leaving the detailed band structure elusive. For example, the exact position of the conduction band valley of bulk MoS 2 remains controversial. Here, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with sub-micron spatial resolution (micro- ARPES), we systematically imaged the conduction/valence band structure evolution across representative chalcogenides MoS 2, WS 2 and WSe 2, as well as the thicknessmore » dependent electronic structure from bulk to the monolayer limit. These results establish a solid basis to understand the underlying valley physics of these materials, and also provide a link between chalcogenide electronic band structure and their physical properties for potential valleytronics applications.« less

What's in a Name Change?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Joseph D.

2015-03-01

When solid state physics emerged in the 1940s, its name was controversial. By the 1970s, some physicists came to prefer "condensed matter" as a way to identify the discipline of physics examining complex matter. Physicists and historians often gloss this transition as a simple rebranding of a problematically named field, but attention to the motives behind these names reveals telling nuances. "Solid state physics" and "condensed matter physics"—along with "materials science," which also emerged during the Cold War—were named in accordance with ideological commitments about the identity of physics. Historians, therefore, can profitably understand solid state and condensed matter physics as distinct disciplines. Condensed matter, rather than being continuous with solid state physics, should be considered alongside materials science as an outlet for specific frustrations with the way solid state was organized.

76 FR 63304 - Guidance for Industry on Incorporation of Physical-Chemical Identifiers Into Solid Oral Dosage...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-10-12

...] Guidance for Industry on Incorporation of Physical-Chemical Identifiers Into Solid Oral Dosage Form Drug... entitled ``Incorporation of Physical-Chemical Identifiers Into Solid Oral Dosage Form Drug Products for Anticounterfeiting.'' This guidance provides recommendations on design considerations for incorporating physical...

36 CFR § 1250.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... representative of the news media because the individual can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication through a news organization, even though not actually in its employ. A publication contract would be the... demonstrating this solid basis. (g) News media representative means a person actively gathering news for an...

36 CFR 1250.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... representative of the news media because the individual can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication through a news organization, even though not actually in its employ. A publication contract would be the... demonstrating this solid basis. (g) News media representative means a person actively gathering news for an...

36 CFR 1250.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... representative of the news media because the individual can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication through a news organization, even though not actually in its employ. A publication contract would be the... demonstrating this solid basis. (g) News media representative means a person actively gathering news for an...

36 CFR 1250.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... representative of the news media because the individual can demonstrate a solid basis for expecting publication through a news organization, even though not actually in its employ. A publication contract would be the... demonstrating this solid basis. (g) News media representative means a person actively gathering news for an...

Sculpting bespoke mountains: Determining free energies with basis expansions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitmer, Jonathan K.; Fluitt, Aaron M.; Antony, Lucas; Qin, Jian; McGovern, Michael; de Pablo, Juan J.

2015-07-01

The intriguing behavior of a wide variety of physical systems, ranging from amorphous solids or glasses to proteins, is a direct manifestation of underlying free energy landscapes riddled with local minima separated by large barriers. Exploring such landscapes has arguably become one of statistical physics's great challenges. A new method is proposed here for uniform sampling of rugged free energy surfaces. The method, which relies on special Green's functions to approximate the Dirac delta function, improves significantly on existing simulation techniques by providing a boundary-agnostic approach that is capable of mapping complex features in multidimensional free energy surfaces. The usefulness of the proposed approach is established in the context of a simple model glass former and model proteins, demonstrating improved convergence and accuracy over existing methods.

Impact of chemistry on Standard High Solids Vessel Design mixing

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Poirier, M.

2016-03-02

The plan for resolving technical issues regarding mixing performance within vessels of the Hanford Waste Treatment Plant Pretreatment Facility directs a chemical impact study to be performed. The vessels involved are those that will process higher (e.g., 5 wt % or more) concentrations of solids. The mixing equipment design for these vessels includes both pulse jet mixers (PJM) and air spargers. This study assesses the impact of feed chemistry on the effectiveness of PJM mixing in the Standard High Solids Vessel Design (SHSVD). The overall purpose of this study is to complement the Properties that Matter document in helping tomore » establish an acceptable physical simulant for full-scale testing. The specific objectives for this study are (1) to identify the relevant properties and behavior of the in-process tank waste that control the performance of the system being tested, (2) to assess the solubility limits of key components that are likely to precipitate or crystallize due to PJM and sparger interaction with the waste feeds, (3) to evaluate the impact of waste chemistry on rheology and agglomeration, (4) to assess the impact of temperature on rheology and agglomeration, (5) to assess the impact of organic compounds on PJM mixing, and (6) to provide the technical basis for using a physical-rheological simulant rather than a physical-rheological-chemical simulant for full-scale vessel testing. Among the conclusions reached are the following: The primary impact of precipitation or crystallization of salts due to interactions between PJMs or spargers and waste feeds is to increase the insoluble solids concentration in the slurries, which will increase the slurry yield stress. Slurry yield stress is a function of pH, ionic strength, insoluble solids concentration, and particle size. Ionic strength and chemical composition can affect particle size. Changes in temperature can affect SHSVD mixing through its effect on properties such as viscosity, yield stress, solubility, and vapor pressure, or chemical reactions that occur at high temperatures. Organic compounds will affect SHSVD mixing through their effect on properties such as rheology, particle agglomeration/size, particle density, and particle concentration.« less

The origin of cellular life.

PubMed

Ingber, D E

2000-12-01

This essay presents a scenario of the origin of life that is based on analysis of biological architecture and mechanical design at the microstructural level. My thesis is that the same architectural and energetic constraints that shape cells today also guided the evolution of the first cells and that the molecular scaffolds that support solid-phase biochemistry in modern cells represent living microfossils of past life forms. This concept emerged from the discovery that cells mechanically stabilize themselves using tensegrity architecture and that these same building rules guide hierarchical self-assembly at all size scales (Sci. Amer 278:48-57;1998). When combined with other fundamental design principles (e.g., energy minimization, topological constraints, structural hierarchies, autocatalytic sets, solid-state biochemistry), tensegrity provides a physical basis to explain how atomic and molecular elements progressively self-assembled to create hierarchical structures with increasingly complex functions, including living cells that can self-reproduce.

The origin of cellular life

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingber, D. E.

2000-01-01

This essay presents a scenario of the origin of life that is based on analysis of biological architecture and mechanical design at the microstructural level. My thesis is that the same architectural and energetic constraints that shape cells today also guided the evolution of the first cells and that the molecular scaffolds that support solid-phase biochemistry in modern cells represent living microfossils of past life forms. This concept emerged from the discovery that cells mechanically stabilize themselves using tensegrity architecture and that these same building rules guide hierarchical self-assembly at all size scales (Sci. Amer 278:48-57;1998). When combined with other fundamental design principles (e.g., energy minimization, topological constraints, structural hierarchies, autocatalytic sets, solid-state biochemistry), tensegrity provides a physical basis to explain how atomic and molecular elements progressively self-assembled to create hierarchical structures with increasingly complex functions, including living cells that can self-reproduce.

Route to Coherent Electronics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goulielmakis, Eleftherios

2017-04-01

Laser-driven generation of coherent radiation in bulk solids extending up to the extreme ultraviolet part of the spectrum has recently open up completely new possibilities for study of electronic phenomena which lie beyond the scope of standard condensed phase physics spectroscopies. I will present how previous and new tools of attosecond metrology can now allow us to gain detailed insight into the fundamental microscopic processes responsible for the EUV emission in solids. We will show that this emission is in reality a macroscopic probe of nanoscale intraband coherent electric currents the frequency of which is extending into multiPetahertz range. On the basis of these findings, I will try to persuade you that we are now entering the realm of coherent electronics. A regime in which electronic circuitry can be conceived on the atomic level and where electronic properties of materials can be accessed and controlled on attosecond time scales.

Modeling combined heat transfer in an all solid state optical cryocooler

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuzhiveli, Biju T.

2017-12-01

Attaining cooling effect by using laser induced anti-Stokes fluorescence in solids appears to have several advantages over conventional mechanical systems and has been the topic of recent analysis and experimental work. Using anti-Stokes fluorescence phenomenon to remove heat from a glass by pumping it with laser light, stands as a pronouncing physical basis for solid state cooling. Cryocooling by fluorescence is a feasible solution for obtaining compactness and reliability. It has a distinct niche in the family of small capacity cryocoolers and is undergoing a revolutionary advance. In pursuit of developing laser induced anti-Stokes fluorescent cryocooler, it is required to develop numerical tools that support the thermal design which could provide a thorough analysis of combined heat transfer mechanism within the cryocooler. The paper presents the details of numerical model developed for the cryocooler and the subsequent development of a computer program. The program has been used for the understanding of various heat transfer mechanisms and is being used for thermal design of components of an anti-Stokes fluorescent cryocooler.

Single-Specimen Technique to Establish the J-Resistance of Linear Viscoelastic Solids with Constant Poisson's Ratio

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gutierrez-Lemini, Danton; McCool, Alex (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

A method is developed to establish the J-resistance function for an isotropic linear viscoelastic solid of constant Poisson's ratio using the single-specimen technique with constant-rate test data. The method is based on the fact that, for a test specimen of fixed crack size under constant rate, the initiation J-integral may be established from the crack size itself, the actual external load and load-point displacement at growth initiation, and the relaxation modulus of the viscoelastic solid, without knowledge of the complete test record. Since crack size alone, of the required data, would be unknown at each point of the load-vs-load-point displacement curve of a single-specimen test, an expression is derived to estimate it. With it, the physical J-integral at each point of the test record may be established. Because of its basis on single-specimen testing, not only does the method not require the use of multiple specimens with differing initial crack sizes, but avoids the need for tracking crack growth as well.

Solar powered blackbody-pumped lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christiansen, Walter H.; Sirota, J. M.

1991-02-01

A concept for a solar-powered laser is presented which utilizes an intermediate blackbody cavity to provide a uniform optical pumping environment for the lasant, typically CO or CO2 or possibly a solid state laser medium. High power cw blackbody- pumped lasers with efficiencies on the order of 20 percent or more are feasible. The physical basis of this idea is reviewed. Small scale experiments using a high temperature oven as the optical pump have been carried out with gas laser mixtures. Detailed calculations showing a potential efficiency of 35 percent for blackbody pumped Nd:YAG system are discussed.

BOOK REVIEW: Solid State Physics: An Introduction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jakoby, Bernhard

2009-07-01

There's a wealth of excellent textbooks on solid state physics. The author of the present book is well aware of this fact and does not attempt to write just another one. Rather, he has provided a very compact introduction to solid state physics for third-year students. As we are faced with the continuous appearance interdisciplinary fields and associated study curricula in natural and engineering sciences (biophysics, mechatronics, etc), a compact text in solid state physics would be appreciated by students of these disciplines as well. The book features 11 chapters where each is provided with supplementary discussion questions and problems. The first chapters deal with a review of chemical bonding mechanisms, crystal structures and mechanical properties of solids, which are brief but by no means superficial. The following, somewhat more detailed chapter on thermal properties of lattices includes a nice introduction to phonons. The foundations of solid state electronics are treated in the next three chapters. Here the author first discusses the classical treatment of electronic behaviour in metals (Drude model) and continues with a quantum-theoretical approach starting with the free-electron model and leading to the band structures in conductive solids. The next chapter is devoted to semiconductors and ends with a brief but, with respect to the topical scope, adequate discussion of semiconductor devices. The classical topics of magnetic and dielectric behaviour are treated in the sequel. The book closes with a chapter on superconductivity and a brief chapter covering the modern topics of quantum confinement and aspects of nanoscale physics. In my opinion, the author has succeeded in creating a very concise yet not superficial textbook. The account presented often probes subjects deep enough to lay the basis for a thorough understanding, preparing the reader for more specialized textbooks. For instance, I think that this book may serve as an excellent first introduction to semiconductor physics. Of course, the detailed treatment of some topics had to be spared and it is certainly a matter of taste which subjects should be treated in detail in a solid state textbook and which can be covered by references to other textbooks or further literature. A typical example for the latter is the decision to omit the detailed treatment of the local field concept leading to the Clausius-Mosotti relation. What could be improved in further editions (which will hopefully be coming) are more specific cross-references within the book and to other textbooks. In the current edition, missing internal cross-references can be compensated for by consulting the subject index, but it would be nicer to have these in the text. As mentioned above, I expect that this book will also be useful to engineering students. For these, it would be beneficial to provide more details on underlying terms and concepts that they, according to common engineering curricula, may not be that familiar with. Examples for such topics are quantum theory beyond the very first principles (e.g., multi-particle treatment, operators and observables) and thermodynamics (e.g., the relevance of electrochemical potential and Fermi levels). These topics could be treated in a concise manner in additional appendices. The current appendix is very short and rudimentary at times, e.g., for the microscopic form of Maxwell's equations, electric and magnetic fluxes are introduced but not outlined further (in that respect, it could also be useful to have a list of used symbols). In summary, this textbook definitely has an interesting scope within an established field and it has been written with appealing didactic skills. This first edition truly deserves to be discovered by students of various disciplines, who want to obtain a quick introduction to solid state physics.

Physical characterization of crystalline networks formed by binary blends of waxes in soybean oil.

PubMed

Jana, Sarbojeet; Martini, Silvana

2016-11-01

The objective of this study is to analyze the physical properties of 2.5% (wt. basis) binary wax in soybean oil (SBO) system. Differential scanning calorimetry, pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance, rheology, and polarized light microscopy were used to measure melting profiles, solid fat content, viscoelastic parameters, and crystal morphology, respectively. Binary blends were prepared using beeswax (BW), rice bran wax (RBW), and sunflower wax (SFW) in 0, 20, 50, 80 and 100% proportions. Melting behavior of binary waxes was significantly affected by the type and proportion of wax used. Melting T on and T p for RBW/SFW and RBW/BW blends were significantly higher than those observed for SFW/BW. Enthalpy values suggest that different molecules present in the wax affect intermolecular interactions in the binary blends by either inducing (SFW/BW) or delaying (RBW/BW) crystallization. Iso-solid diagrams show that there is certainly a softening effect when different proportions of RBW/BW and SFW/BW are used, while a solid solution is formed in RBW/SFW systems. Viscoelastic parameters (G', G″) results show that RBW has the highest G' value (3.1×10 4 ±1×10 3 Pa) followed by SFW (2.7×10 4 ±0.2×10 4 Pa) and BW having the lowest (90.7±74.4Pa). Higher G' values in all proportions of RBW/SFW binary system in SBO indicate significantly more solid-like behavior than any other combinations. However, blending of two different waxes does not necessary result in a linear increase in elastic properties and in some cases no changes in elasticity is observed as the amount of the high melting wax is added to the low melting one. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Physics-based animation of large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic solids, and model-reduced flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerszewski, Daniel James

Physical simulation has become an essential tool in computer animation. As the use of visual effects increases, the need for simulating real-world materials increases. In this dissertation, we consider three problems in physics-based animation: large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic material simulation, and dimensionality reduction techniques for fluid simulation. Fluid simulation has been one of the greatest successes of physics-based animation, generating hundreds of research papers and a great many special effects over the last fifteen years. However, the animation of large-scale, splashing liquids remains challenging. We show that a novel combination of unilateral incompressibility, mass-full FLIP, and blurred boundaries is extremely well-suited to the animation of large-scale, violent, splashing liquids. Materials that incorporate both plastic and elastic deformations, also referred to as elastioplastic materials, are frequently encountered in everyday life. Methods for animating such common real-world materials are useful for effects practitioners and have been successfully employed in films. We describe a point-based method for animating elastoplastic materials. Our primary contribution is a simple method for computing the deformation gradient for each particle in the simulation. Given the deformation gradient, we can apply arbitrary constitutive models and compute the resulting elastic forces. Our method has two primary advantages: we do not store or compare to an initial rest configuration and we work directly with the deformation gradient. The first advantage avoids poor numerical conditioning and the second naturally leads to a multiplicative model of deformation appropriate for finite deformations. One of the most significant drawbacks of physics-based animation is that ever-higher fidelity leads to an explosion in the number of degrees of freedom. This problem leads us to the consideration of dimensionality reduction techniques. We present several enhancements to model-reduced fluid simulation that allow improved simulation bases and two-way solid-fluid coupling. Specifically, we present a basis enrichment scheme that allows us to combine data-driven or artistically derived bases with more general analytic bases derived from Laplacian Eigenfunctions. Additionally, we handle two-way solid-fluid coupling in a time-splitting fashion---we alternately timestep the fluid and rigid body simulators, while taking into account the effects of the fluid on the rigid bodies and vice versa. We employ the vortex panel method to handle solid-fluid coupling and use dynamic pressure to compute the effect of the fluid on rigid bodies. Taken together, these contributions have advanced the state-of-the art in physics-based animation and are practical enough to be used in production pipelines.

Highly Effective Ferroelectric Materials and Technologies for Their Processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Reznichenko, L. A.; Verbenko, I. A.; Andryushina, I. N.; Andryushin, K. P.; Pavelko, A. A.; Pavlenko, A. A.; Shilkina, L. A.; Dudkina, S. I.; Sudykov, H. A.; Abubakarov, A. G.; Talanov, M. V.; Gershenovich, V. V.; Miller, A. I.; Alyoshin, V. A.

The basis of most commonly ferroelectric ceramic materials (FECMs) used in the modern industry is solid solutions of complex lead oxides. It should be noted that due to significant toxicity of lead compounds there has been an intensive search for alternative materials in recent years. Such efforts resulted from the introduction of a new legislative base aiming at environmental protection [Directive 2002/95/EC of the European Parliament and Council by 27 January 2003 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electronic equipment]. In the Research Institute of Physics of SFedU much work has been done for about 30 years to investigate and develop of the environmentally friendly FECMs on the basis of alkali niobate metals. Nowadays such materials are finding more applications in the defense industry rather than other industries. Therefore it is extremely important to promote the production of lead low-cost materials and develop new FECMs.

The mineral chemistry and origin of inclusion matrix and meteorite matrix in the Allende CV3 chondrite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kornacki, A. S.; Wood, J. A.

1984-01-01

The mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the inclusion and meteorite matrices in the Allende CV3 chondrite are described, and the physical and chemical parameters of the conventional equilibrium condensation model of the origin of chondrite meteorites are evaluated. An alternative model of the origin of the mafic constituent of Allende inclusions is presented, on the basis of a new model of chondrule petrogenesis and the physical evolution of the primitive solar nebula. The model shows that the mineral chemistry of the olivine matrix in Allende CV3 seems to preserve a good record of nebular and planetary processes, including: (1) vapor-to-solid condensation under relatively oxidizing nonequilibrium conditions; (2) Fe/Mg equilibration in the meteorite parent body; and (3) recrystallization and incipient melting in the solar nebula.

A new way of visualising quantum fields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Linde, Helmut

2018-05-01

Quantum field theory (QFT) is the basis of some of the most fundamental theories in modern physics, but it is not an easy subject to learn. In the present article we intend to pave the way from quantum mechanics to QFT for students at early graduate or advanced undergraduate level. More specifically, we propose a new way of visualising the wave function Ψ of a linear chain of interacting quantum harmonic oscillators, which can be seen as a model for a simple one-dimensional bosonic quantum field. The main idea is to draw randomly chosen classical states of the chain superimposed upon each other and use a grey scale to represent the value of Ψ at the corresponding coordinates of the quantised system. Our goal is to establish a better intuitive understanding of the mathematical objects underlying quantum field theories and solid state physics.

Higgs cosmology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rajantie, Arttu

2018-01-01

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue `Higgs cosmology'.

Solid State Division annual progress report for period ending December 31, 1975

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilkinson, M.K.; Young, F.W. Jr.

1976-05-01

Research activities are reported in programs on theoretical solid state physics, physical properties of solids, radiation effects in metals, neutron scattering, research materials, and isotope research materials. (JRD)

Solid State Division progress report, September 30, 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1982-04-01

Progress made during the 19 months from March 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981, is reported in the following areas: theoretical solid state physics (surfaces, electronic and magnetic properties, particle-solid interactions, and laser annealing); surface and near-surface properties of solids (plasma materials interactions, ion-solid interactions, pulsed laser annealing, and semiconductor physics and photovoltaic conversion); defects in solids (radiation effects, fracture, and defects and impurities in insulating crystals); transport properties of solids (fast-ion conductors, superconductivity, and physical properties of insulating materials); neutron scattering (small-angle scattering, lattice dynamics, and magnetic properties); crystal growth and characterization (nuclear waste forms, ferroelectric mateirals, high-temperature materials,more » and special materials); and isotope research materials. Publications and papers are listed. (WHK)« less

Non-equilibrium Transport in Carbon based Adsorbate Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fürst, Joachim; Brandbyge, Mads; Stokbro, Kurt; Jauho, Antti-Pekka

2007-03-01

We have used the Atomistix Tool Kit(ATK) and TranSIESTA[1] packages to investigate adsorption of iron atoms on a graphene sheet. The technique of both codes is based on density functional theory using local basis sets[2], and non-equilibrium Green's functions (NEGF) to calculate the charge distribution under external bias. Spin dependent electronic structure calculations are performed for different iron coverages. These reveal adsorption site dependent charge transfer from iron to graphene leading to screening effects. Transport calculations show spin dependent scattering of the transmission which is analysed obtaining the transmission eigenchannels for each spin type. The phenomena of electromigration of iron in these systems at finite bias will be discussed, estimating the so-called wind force from the reflection[3]. [1] M. Brandbyge, J.-L. Mozos, P. Ordejon, J. Taylor, and K. Stokbro. Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics), 65(16):165401/11-7, 2002. [2] Jose M. Soler, Emilio Artacho, Julian D. Gale, Alberto Garcia, Javier Junquera, Pablo Ordejon, and Daniel Sanchez-Portal. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 14(11):2745-2779, 2002. [3] Sorbello. Theory of electromigration. Solid State Physics, 1997.

A computer program for calculating relative-transmissivity input arrays to aid model calibration

USGS Publications Warehouse

Weiss, Emanuel

1982-01-01

A program is documented that calculates a transmissivity distribution for input to a digital ground-water flow model. Factors that are taken into account in the calculation are: aquifer thickness, ground-water viscosity and its dependence on temperature and dissolved solids, and permeability and its dependence on overburden pressure. Other factors affecting ground-water flow are indicated. With small changes in the program code, leakance also could be calculated. The purpose of these calculations is to provide a physical basis for efficient calibration, and to extend rational transmissivity trends into areas where model calibration is insensitive to transmissivity values.

The Golden Age of Radio: Solid State's Debt to the Rad Lab

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Joseph D.

2011-03-01

While MIT's Radiation Laboratory is rightly celebrated for its contributions to World War II radar research, its legacy extended beyond the war. The Rad Lab provided a model for interdisciplinary collaboration that continued to influence research at MIT in the post-war decades. The Rad Lab's institutional legacy--MIT's interdepartmental laboratories--drove the Institute's postwar research agenda. This talk examines how solid state physics research at MIT was shaped by a laboratory structure that encouraged cross-disciplinary collaboration. As the sub-discipline of solid state physics emerged through the late-1940s and 1950s, MIT was unique among universities in its laboratory structure, made possible by a large degree of government and military funding. Nonetheless, the manner in which MIT research groups from physics, chemistry, engineering, and metallurgy interfaced through the medium of solid state physics exemplified how the discipline of solid state physics came to be structured in the rest of the country. Through examining the Rad Lab's institutional legacy, I argue that World War II radar research, by establishing precedent for a particular mode of interdisciplinary collaboration, shaped the future structure of solid state research in the United States. Research supported by a grant-in-aid from the Friends of the Center for the History of Physics, American Institute of Physics.

Solid State Physics in the People's Republic of China. A Trip Report of the American Solid State Physics Delegation.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fitzgerald, Anne; Slichter, Charles P.

This is the fifth chapter of a six chapter report which discusses Chinese research and education in solid state physics, and their relations to technology and the other sciences. This specific chapter concerns the communication of information in the scientific community and the transfer of information to students and practical users…

Evolution of the Valley Position in Bulk Transition-Metal Chalcogenides and Their Monolayer Limit.

PubMed

Yuan, Hongtao; Liu, Zhongkai; Xu, Gang; Zhou, Bo; Wu, Sanfeng; Dumcenco, Dumitru; Yan, Kai; Zhang, Yi; Mo, Sung-Kwan; Dudin, Pavel; Kandyba, Victor; Yablonskikh, Mikhail; Barinov, Alexei; Shen, Zhixun; Zhang, Shoucheng; Huang, Yingsheng; Xu, Xiaodong; Hussain, Zahid; Hwang, Harold Y; Cui, Yi; Chen, Yulin

2016-08-10

Layered transition metal chalcogenides with large spin orbit coupling have recently sparked much interest due to their potential applications for electronic, optoelectronic, spintronics, and valleytronics. However, most current understanding of the electronic structure near band valleys in momentum space is based on either theoretical investigations or optical measurements, leaving the detailed band structure elusive. For example, the exact position of the conduction band valley of bulk MoS2 remains controversial. Here, using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy with submicron spatial resolution (micro-ARPES), we systematically imaged the conduction/valence band structure evolution across representative chalcogenides MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, as well as the thickness dependent electronic structure from bulk to the monolayer limit. These results establish a solid basis to understand the underlying valley physics of these materials, and also provide a link between chalcogenide electronic band structure and their physical properties for potential valleytronics applications.

A Solid State Pyranometer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dumitrescu, Anca Laura; Paulescu, Marius; Ercuta, Aurel

2015-12-01

The construction of a solid state device-based pyranometer designated to broadband irradiance measurements is presented in this paper. The device is built on the physical basis that the temperature difference between two bodies of identical shape and external surface area, identically exposed to the incident radiation, but having different absorption and heat transfer coefficients (e.g. one body is painted white and the other is painted black), is proportional to the incident irradiance. This proportionality may be put in evidence if the two bodies consisting of identical arrays of correspondingly painted semiconductor diodes, due to the thermal behaviour of their p-n junction. It is theoretically predicted and experimentally confirmed that the voltage drop across a diode passed through a constant forward current linearly decreases with the temperature of the junction. In other words, a signal proportional to the irradiance of the light source may be obtained via conventional analog electronics. The calibration of the apparatus, as performed by means of a professional device (LP PYRA 03), indicates a good linearity.

Lower pressure heating steam is practical for the distributed dry dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment.

PubMed

Shao, Shuai; Zhang, Jian; Hou, Weiliang; Qureshi, Abdul Sattar; Bao, Jie

2017-08-01

Most studies paid more attention to the pretreatment temperature and the resulted pretreatment efficiency, while ignored the heating media and their scalability to an industry scale. This study aimed to use a relative low pressure heating steam easily provided by steam boiler to meet the requirement of distributed dry dilute acid pretreatment. The results showed that the physical properties of the pretreated corn stover were maintained stable using the steam pressure varying from 1.5, 1.7, 1.9 to 2.1MPa. Enzymatic hydrolysis and high solids loading simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) results were also satisfying. CFD simulation indicated that the high injection velocity of the low pressure steam resulted in a high steam holdup and made the mixing time of steam and solid corn stover during pretreatment much shorter in comparison with the higher pressure steam. This study provides a design basis for the boiler requirement in distributed pretreatment concept. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Self-similar dynamics of air film entrained by a solid disk in confined space: A simple prototype of topological transitions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakazato, Hana; Yamagishi, Yuki; Okumura, Ko

2018-05-01

In hydrodynamic topological transitions, one mass of fluid breaks into two or two merge into one. For example, in honey-drop formation when honey is dripping from a spoon, honey is extended to separate into two masses as the liquid neck bridging them thins down to the micron scale. At the moment when the topology changes due to the breakup, physical observables such as surface curvature locally diverge. Such singular dynamics has widely attracted physicists, revealing universality in self-similar dynamics, which shares much in common with critical phenomena in thermodynamics. Many experimental examples have been found, including an electric spout and vibration-induced jet eruption. However, only a few cases have been physically understood on the basis of equations that govern the singular dynamics and even in such a case the physical understanding is mathematically complicated, inevitably involving delicate numerical calculations. Here we study the breakup of air film entrained by a solid disk into viscous liquid in a confined space, which leads to formation, thinning, and breakup of the neck of air. As a result, we unexpectedly find that equations governing the neck dynamics can be solved analytically by virtue of two remarkable experimental features: Only a single length scale linearly dependent on time remains near the singularity and two universal scaling functions describing the singular neck shape and velocity field are both analytic. The present solvable case would be essential for a better understanding of the singular dynamics and will help reveal the physics of unresolved examples intimately related to daily-life phenomena and diverse practical applications.

Simulant Basis for the Standard High Solids Vessel Design

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Peterson, Reid A.; Fiskum, Sandra K.; Suffield, Sarah R.

The Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) is working to develop a Standard High Solids Vessel Design (SHSVD) process vessel. To support testing of this new design, WTP engineering staff requested that a Newtonian simulant and a non-Newtonian simulant be developed that would represent the Most Adverse Design Conditions (in development) with respect to mixing performance as specified by WTP. The majority of the simulant requirements are specified in 24590-PTF-RPT-PE-16-001, Rev. 0. The first step in this process is to develop the basis for these simulants. This document describes the basis for the properties of these two simulant types. Themore » simulant recipes that meet this basis will be provided in a subsequent document.« less

International Conference on Vacuum Ultraviolet Radiation Physics, 8th, Lunds Universitet, Sweden, Aug. 4-8, 1986, Proceedings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nilsson, Per-Olof (Editor); Nordgren, Joseph (Editor)

1987-01-01

The interactions of VUV radiation with solids are explored in reviews and reports of recent theoretical and experimental investigations from the fields of atomic and molecular physics, solid-state physics, and VUV instrumentation. Topics examined include photoabsorption and photoionization, multiphoton processes, plasma physics, VUV lasers, time-resolved spectroscopy, synchrotron radiation centers, solid-state spectroscopy, and dynamical processes involving localized levels. Consideration is given to the fundamental principles of photoemission, spin-polarized photoemission, inverse photoemission, semiconductors, organic materials, and adsorbates.

Novel nano bearings constructed by physical adsorption

PubMed Central

Zhang, Yongbin

2015-01-01

The paper proposes a novel nano bearing formed by the physical adsorption of the confined fluid to the solid wall. The bearing is formed between two parallel smooth solid plane walls sliding against one another, where conventional hydrodynamic lubrication theory predicted no lubricating effect. In this bearing, the stationary solid wall is divided into two subzones which respectively have different interaction strengths with the lubricating fluid. It leads to different physical adsorption and slip properties of the lubricating fluid at the stationary solid wall respectively in these two subzones. It was found that a significant load-carrying capacity of the bearing can be generated for low lubricating film thicknesses, because of the strong physical adsorption and non-continuum effects of the lubricating film. PMID:26412488

Improved lifetime high voltage switch electrode

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Halverson, W.

1985-06-01

In this Phase 1 Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, preliminary tests of ion implantation to increase the lifetime of spark switch electrodes have indicated that a 185 keV carbon ion implant into a tungsten-copper composite has reduced electrode erosion by a factor of two to four. Apparently, the thin layer of tungsten carbide (WC) has better thermal properties than pure tungsten; the WC may have penetrated into the unimplanted body of the electrode by liquid and/or solid phase diffusion during erosion testing. These encouraging results should provide the basis for a Phase 2 SBIR program to investigate further the physical and chemical effects of ion implantation on spark gap electrodes and to optimize the technique for applications.

Investigating the applicability of activity-based quantum mechanics in a few high school physics classrooms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Escalada, Lawrence Todd

Quantum physics is not traditionally introduced in high school physics courses because of the level of abstraction and mathematical formalism associated with the subject. As part of the Visual Quantum Mechanics project, activity-based instructional units have been developed that introduce quantum principles to students who have limited backgrounds in physics and mathematics. This study investigates the applicability of one unit, Solids & Light, that introduces quantum principles within the context of learning about light emitting diodes. An observation protocol, attitude surveys, and questionnaires were used to examine the implementation of materials and student-teacher interactions in various secondary physics classrooms. Aspects of Solids & Light including the use of hands-on activities, interactive computer programs, inexpensive materials, and the focus on conceptual understanding were very applicable in the various physics classrooms observed. Both teachers and students gave these instructional strategies favorable ratings in motivating students to make observations and to learn. These ratings were not significantly affected by gender or students, attitudes towards physics or computers. Solid's & Light was applicable in terms of content and teaching style for some teachers. However, a mismatch of teaching styles between some instructors and the unit posed some problems in determining applicability. Observations indicated that some instructors were not able to utilize the exploratory instructional strategy of Solid's & Light. Thus, Solids & Light must include additional support necessary to make the instructor comfortable with the subject matter and pedagogical style. With these revisions, Solids & Light, will have all the key components to make its implementation in a high school physics classroom a successful one.

Solid-State Division progress report for period ending March 31, 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Watson, D.M.

1983-09-01

Progress and activities are reported on: theoretical solid-state physics (surfaces; electronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties; particle-solid interactions; laser annealing), surface and near-surface properties of solids (surface, plasma-material interactions, ion implantation and ion-beam mixing, pulsed-laser and thermal processing), defects in solids (radiation effects, fracture, impurities and defects, semiconductor physics and photovoltaic conversion), transport properties of solids (fast-ion conductors, superconductivity, mass and charge transport in materials), neutron scattering (small-angle scattering, lattice dynamics, magnetic properties, structure and instrumentation), and preparation and characterization of research materials (growth and preparative methods, nuclear waste forms, special materials). (DLC)

A Novel Model-Based Driving Behavior Recognition System Using Motion Sensors.

PubMed

Wu, Minglin; Zhang, Sheng; Dong, Yuhan

2016-10-20

In this article, a novel driving behavior recognition system based on a specific physical model and motion sensory data is developed to promote traffic safety. Based on the theory of rigid body kinematics, we build a specific physical model to reveal the data change rule during the vehicle moving process. In this work, we adopt a nine-axis motion sensor including a three-axis accelerometer, a three-axis gyroscope and a three-axis magnetometer, and apply a Kalman filter for noise elimination and an adaptive time window for data extraction. Based on the feature extraction guided by the built physical model, various classifiers are accomplished to recognize different driving behaviors. Leveraging the system, normal driving behaviors (such as accelerating, braking, lane changing and turning with caution) and aggressive driving behaviors (such as accelerating, braking, lane changing and turning with a sudden) can be classified with a high accuracy of 93.25%. Compared with traditional driving behavior recognition methods using machine learning only, the proposed system possesses a solid theoretical basis, performs better and has good prospects.

Higgs cosmology

PubMed Central

2018-01-01

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Higgs cosmology’. PMID:29358352

Higgs cosmology.

PubMed

Rajantie, Arttu

2018-03-06

The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 and other results from the Large Hadron Collider have confirmed the standard model of particle physics as the correct theory of elementary particles and their interactions up to energies of several TeV. Remarkably, the theory may even remain valid all the way to the Planck scale of quantum gravity, and therefore it provides a solid theoretical basis for describing the early Universe. Furthermore, the Higgs field itself has unique properties that may have allowed it to play a central role in the evolution of the Universe, from inflation to cosmological phase transitions and the origin of both baryonic and dark matter, and possibly to determine its ultimate fate through the electroweak vacuum instability. These connections between particle physics and cosmology have given rise to a new and growing field of Higgs cosmology, which promises to shed new light on some of the most puzzling questions about the Universe as new data from particle physics experiments and cosmological observations become available.This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Higgs cosmology'. © 2018 The Author(s).

A Novel Model-Based Driving Behavior Recognition System Using Motion Sensors

PubMed Central

Wu, Minglin; Zhang, Sheng; Dong, Yuhan

2016-01-01

In this article, a novel driving behavior recognition system based on a specific physical model and motion sensory data is developed to promote traffic safety. Based on the theory of rigid body kinematics, we build a specific physical model to reveal the data change rule during the vehicle moving process. In this work, we adopt a nine-axis motion sensor including a three-axis accelerometer, a three-axis gyroscope and a three-axis magnetometer, and apply a Kalman filter for noise elimination and an adaptive time window for data extraction. Based on the feature extraction guided by the built physical model, various classifiers are accomplished to recognize different driving behaviors. Leveraging the system, normal driving behaviors (such as accelerating, braking, lane changing and turning with caution) and aggressive driving behaviors (such as accelerating, braking, lane changing and turning with a sudden) can be classified with a high accuracy of 93.25%. Compared with traditional driving behavior recognition methods using machine learning only, the proposed system possesses a solid theoretical basis, performs better and has good prospects. PMID:27775625

Spherical solid model system: Exact evaluation of the van der Waals interaction between a microscopic or submacroscopic spherical solid and a deformable fluid interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Y. Z.; Wang, B.; Xiong, X. M.; Zhang, J. X.

2011-03-01

In many previous research work associated with studying the deformation of the fluid interface interacting with a solid, the theoretical calculation of the surface energy density on the deformed fluid interface (or its interaction surface pressure) is often approximately obtained by using the expression for the interaction energy per unit area (or pressure) between two parallel macroscopic plates, e.g. σ(D) = - A / 12 πD2or π(D) = - A / 6 πD3for the van der Waals (vdW) interaction, through invoking the Derjaguin approximation (DA). This approximation however would result in over- or even inaccurate-prediction of the interaction force and the corresponding deformation of the fluid interface due to the invalidation of Derjaguin approximation in cases of microscopic or submacroscopic solids. To circumvent the above limitations existing in the previous DA-based theoretical work, a more accurate and quantitative theoretical model, available for exactly calculating the vdW-induced deformation of a planar fluid interface interacting with a sphere, and the interaction forces taking into account its change, is presented in this paper. The validity and advantage of the new mathematical and physical technique is rigorously verified by comparison with the numerical results on basis of the previous Paraboloid solid (PS) model and the Hamaker's sphere-flat expression (viz. F = - 2 Aa3 / (3 D2( D + 2 a) 2)), as well as its well-known DA-based general form of F / a = - A / 6z p02.

Proceedings of the Geodesy/Solid Earth and Ocean Physics (GEOP) Research Conferences

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, I. I. (Editor)

1975-01-01

Papers are presented dealing with interdisciplinary research in the fields of geodesy, solid earth and ocean physics. Topics discussed include: solid earth and ocean tides; the rotation of the earth and polar motion; vertical crustal motions; the geoid and ocean surface; earthquake mechanism; sea level changes; and lunar dynamics.

Advances in Solid State Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kramer, Bernhard

The present volume 45 of Advances in Solid-State Physics contains the written versions of selected invited lectures from the spring meeting of the Arbeitskreis Festkörperphysik of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft in the World Year of Physics 2005, the Einstein Year, which was held from 4 - 11 March 2005 in Berlin, Germany. Many topical talks given at the numerous symposia are included. Most of these were organized collaboratively by several of the divisions of the Arbeitskreis. The book presents, to some extent, the status of the field of solid-state physics in 2005 not only in Germany but also internationally.

Squishy Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Habdas, Piotr; Weeks, Eric R.; Lynn, David G.

2006-05-01

Most people do not realize that many substances they use in the kitchen and the bathroom are not simple liquids or solids. Everyone is familiar with three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. However, creams, shampoo, toothpaste, and ketchup all have properties of both liquids and solids. This paper describes demonstrations and laboratory exercises1 that show intriguing properties of squishy substances, defined as materials that are not unambiguously solid, liquid, or gas. Unlike some areas of physics, the concepts behind squishy materials are understandable even by beginning students. Squishy physics can be used to show physics questions arising from everyday life and to convey the excitement of current research.

Hans Bethe and Physics in/of the 20th Century

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schweber, Silvan

2012-12-12

I will present some facets of Hans Bethe’s life to illustrate how I have used biography to narrate certain aspects of the history of twentieth century physics. I will focus on post World War II quantum field theory, on the relation between solid state/condensed matter physics and high energy physics, and make some observations regarding certain “top down” views in solid state physics in postmodernity.

76 FR 77015 - Solid Urea From Russia and Ukraine

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-09

... Urea From Russia and Ukraine Determination On the basis of the record \\1\\ developed in the subject five... orders on solid urea from Russia and Ukraine would be likely to lead to continuation or recurrence of... 2011), entitled Solid Urea from Russia and Ukraine: Investigation Nos. 731-TA- 340-E and 340-H (Third...

Intense Plasma Waveguide Terahertz Sources for High-Field THz Probe Science with Ultrafast Lasers for Solid State Physics

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-08-25

AFRL-AFOSR-UK-TR-2016-0029 Intense Plasma-Waveguide Terahertz Sources for High-Field THz probe science with ultrafast lasers for Solid State Physics...Plasma-Waveguide Terahertz Sources for High-Field THz probe science with ultrafast lasers for Solid State Physics, 5a.  CONTRACT NUMBER 5b.  GRANT...an existing high energy laser system, has been applied to the study of intense terahertz radiation generated in gaseous plasmas in purpose

Physical structure changes of solid medium by steam explosion sterilization.

PubMed

Zhao, Zhi-Min; Wang, Lan; Chen, Hong-Zhang

2016-03-01

Physical structure changes of solid medium were investigated to reveal effects of steam explosion sterilization on solid-state fermentation (SSF). Results indicated that steam explosion changed the structure of solid medium at both molecular and three-dimensional structural levels, which exposed hydrophilic groups and enlarged pores and cavities. It was interesting to find that pores where capillary water located were the active sites for SSF, due to the close relationship among capillary water relaxation time, specific surface area and fermentation performance. Therefore, steam explosion sterilization increased the effective contact area for microbial cells on solid medium, which contributed to improving SSF performance. Combined with the previous research, mechanisms of SSF improvement by steam explosion sterilization contained both chemical and physical effects. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Losses, gain, and lasing in organic and perovskite active materials (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pourdavoud, Neda; Riedl, Thomas J.

2016-09-01

Organic solid state lasers (OSLs) based on semiconducting polymers or small molecules have seen some significant progress over the past decade. Highly efficient organic gain materials combined with high-Q resonator geometries (distributed feedback (DFB), VCSEL, etc.) have enabled OSLs, optically pumped by simple inorganic laser diodes or even LEDs. However, some fundamental goals remain to be reached, like continuous wave (cw) operation and injection lasing. I will address various loss mechanisms related to accumulated triplet excitons or long-lived polarons that in combination with the particular photo-physics of organic gain media state the dominant road-blocks on the way to reach these goals. I will discuss the recent progress in fundamental understanding of these loss processes, which now provides a solid basis for modelling, e.g. of laser dynamics. Avenues to mitigate these fundamental loss mechanisms, e.g. by alternative materials will be presented. In this regard, a class of gain materials based on organo-lead halide perovskites re-entered the scene as light emitters, recently. Enjoying a tremendous lot of attention as active material for solution processed solar cells with a 20+% efficiency, they have recently unveiled their exciting photo-physics for lasing applications. Optically pumped lasing in these materials has been achieved. I will discuss some of the unique properties that render this class of materials a promising candidate to overcome some of the limitations of "classical" organic gain media.

Evaluation of the physicochemical characteristics of crospovidone that influence solid dispersion preparation.

PubMed

Nakanishi, Sayaka; Fujii, Makiko; Sugamura, Yuka; Suzuki, Ayako; Shibata, Yusuke; Koizumi, Naoya; Watanabe, Yoshiteru

2011-07-15

A solid dispersion (SD) powder of indomethacin (IM) with crospovidone (CrosPVP) shows useful characteristics for manufacturing dosage forms. Four types of commercial CroPVP, Polyplasdone XL (XL) used as the initial carrier, Polyplasdone XL10 and INF-10 manufactured by milling XL, and Kollidon CL (CL) marketed by another company, were compared. The limit of the IM-CrosPVP weight ratio with which an SD can be prepared (maximum IM content) was calculated on the basis of the heat of fusion of physical mixtures of IM and CrosPVP with various weight ratios. When Polyplasdones were used, the maximum IM content increased with the specific surface area of the CrosPVP. When CL was used, however, it was about half of that obtained with XL, even though the difference between XL and CL was not observed in the physicochemical characteristics (particle size, specific surface area, flowability, glass transition temperature, IR spectra, and solid state NMR spectra). As determined by pore size distribution measurement, the volume of pore of which size is larger than the particle size of IM was less in CL than in XL. Therefore, the effective surface area of CrosPVP that comes in contact with IM is important for the preparation of the SD. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Selection rules for harmonic generation in solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moiseyev, Nimrod

2015-05-01

High-order harmonic generation (HHG) in a bulk crystal was first observed in 2011 [S. Ghimire, A. D. DiChiara, E. Sistrunk, P. Agostini, L. F. DiMauro, and D. A. Reis, Nat. Phys. 7, 138 (2011), 10.1038/nphys1847]. Only odd-order harmonics were observed as expected on the basis of the selection rules in solids, which were derived when only the interband currents were taken into consideration. Here we study HHG in solids when the intraband currents are taken into consideration as well. We show that the dynamical selection rules are broken in solids and the possibility of generation of even-order harmonics cannot be excluded on the basis of the dynamical symmetry analysis. However, a simple analysis of the expression we obtained for the amplitude of the emitted high-order harmonics shows, without the need to carry out numerical calculations, that the even-order harmonics are suppressed due to the localization of the field-free one-electron density probability on the atoms in the solids.

Mechanical behavior of concrete and related porous materials under partial saturation: The effective stress and the viscous softening due to movement of nanometer-scale pore fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vlahinic, Ivan

It has been said that porous materials are like music: the gaps are as important as the filled-in bits. In other words, in addition to the solid structure, pore characteristics such as size and morphology play a crucial role in defining the overall physical properties of the porous materials. This work goes a step further and examines the behaviors of some porous media that arise when the pore network is occupied by two fluids, principally air and water, as a result of drying or wetting. Such a state gives rise to fluid capillarity which can generate significant negative fluid pressures. In the first part, a constitutive model for drying of an elastic porous medium is proposed and then extended to derive a novel expression for effective stress in partially saturated media. The model is motivated by the fact that in a system that is saturated by two different fluids, two different pressure inherently act on the surfaces of the pore network. This causes a non-uniform strain field in the solid structure, something that is not explicitly accounted for in the classic formulations of this problem. We use some standard micromechanical homogenization techniques to estimate the extent of the 'non-uniformity' and on this basis, evaluate the validity of the classic Bishop effective stress expression for partially saturated materials. In the second part, we examine a diverse class of porous materials which behave in an unexpected (and even counterintuitive) way under the internal moisture fluctuations. In particular, during wetting and drying alike, the solid viscosity of these materials appears to soften, sometimes by an order of magnitude or more. Under load, this can lead to significantly increased rates of deformations. On account of the recent experimental and theoretical findings on the nature of water flow in nanometer-size hydrophillic spaces, we provide a physical explanation for the viscous softening and propose a constitutive law on this basis. To this end, it also becomes necessary to describe the fluid flow in a double porosity medium, i.e. a medium containing both macro- and nano-scale porosity. We show that the proposed model can quantitatively capture the key observations that have thus far evaded a simple mechanical description. The materials more closely examined in this work enjoy a wide variety of practical uses. Wood and concrete are used as a basis for infrastructure the world over; porous glass with engineered nanometer-sized openings is used for its sorptive and filtering abilities; KevlarRTM and similar synthetic polymers are used for their high strength-to-weight ratio in creating body armor, ropes, and even sails.

Solid state division progress report, period ending February 29, 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1980-09-01

Research is reported concerning theoretical solid state physics; surface and near-surface properties of solids; defects in solids; transport properties of solids; neutron scattering; crystal growth and characterization; and isotope research materials.

An Analysis of High School Students' Mental Models of Solid Friction in Physics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kurnaz, Mehmet Altan; Eksi, Cigdem

2015-01-01

Students often have difficulties understanding abstract physics concepts, such as solid friction. This study examines high school students' mental models of solid friction through a case study of 215 high school students in the ninth through twelfth grades. An achievement test with three open-ended questions was created, with questions limited to…

Thermodynamic analysis of solid-fuel mixtures glycidyl azide polymer (GAP)/RDX for miniengines of microelectromechanical systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fut'ko, S. I.; Ermolaeva, E. M.; Dobrego, K. V.; Bondarenko, V. P.; Dolgii, L. N.

2011-09-01

On the basis of thermodynamic calculations we show that solid-fuel mixtures glycidyl azide polymer/RDX are promising for use in miniengines made on the basis of technologies of microelectromechanical systems of semiconductor microelectronics. It has been shown that small (up to 20 mass percent) additives of RDX to the glycidyl azide polymer markedly increase the values of the theoretical specific impulse and the thermal efficiency of the engine and decrease the quantity of undesirable solid carbon formed in combustion products of the mixed fuel. In so doing, these mixtures provide fairly low combustion temperatures not exceeding the thermostability limit of crystal silicon from which the miniengine case is made. The physicochemical factors influencing the value of the theoretical specific impulse of the mixed solid-fuel charge have been elucidated, and methods for its maximization have been proposed.

Automatic methods of the processing of data from track detectors on the basis of the PAVICOM facility

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aleksandrov, A. B.; Goncharova, L. A.; Davydov, D. A.; Publichenko, P. A.; Roganova, T. M.; Polukhina, N. G.; Feinberg, E. L.

2007-02-01

New automatic methods essentially simplify and increase the rate of the processing of data from track detectors. This provides a possibility of processing large data arrays and considerably improves their statistical significance. This fact predetermines the development of new experiments which plan to use large-volume targets, large-area emulsion, and solid-state track detectors [1]. In this regard, the problem of training qualified physicists who are capable of operating modern automatic equipment is very important. Annually, about ten Moscow students master the new methods, working at the Lebedev Physical Institute at the PAVICOM facility [2 4]. Most students specializing in high-energy physics are only given an idea of archaic manual methods of the processing of data from track detectors. In 2005, on the basis of the PAVICOM facility and the physicstraining course of Moscow State University, a new training work was prepared. This work is devoted to the determination of the energy of neutrons passing through a nuclear emulsion. It provides the possibility of acquiring basic practical skills of the processing of data from track detectors using automatic equipment and can be included in the educational process of students of any physical faculty. Those who have mastered the methods of automatic data processing in a simple and pictorial example of track detectors will be able to apply their knowledge in various fields of science and technique. Formulation of training works for pregraduate and graduate students is a new additional aspect of application of the PAVICOM facility described earlier in [4].

Binary Solid-Liquid Phase Diagram of Phenol and t-Butanol: An Undergraduate Physical Chemistry Experiment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xu, Xinhua; Wang, Xiaogang; Wu, Meifen

2014-01-01

The determination of the solid-liquid phase diagram of a binary system is always used as an experiment in the undergraduate physical chemistry laboratory courses. However, most phase diagrams investigated in the lab are simple eutectic ones, despite the fact that complex binary solid-liquid phase diagrams are more common. In this article, the…

Pattern-formation under acoustic driving forces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valverde, Jose Manuel

2015-07-01

Chemical and metallurgical processes enhanced by high intensity acoustic waves, thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators, fuel rods in nuclear reactors, heat exchanger tubes, offshore and vibrating structures, solar thermal collectors, acoustic levitators, microfluidic devices, cycling, musical acoustics, blood flow through veins/arteries, hearing in the mammalian ear, carbon nanotube loudspeakers, etc. The evolution of a myriad of processes involving the oscillation of viscous fluids in the presence of solid boundaries is up to a certain extent influenced by acoustic streaming. In addition to the sound field, viscous energy dissipation at the fluid-solid boundary causes a time-independent fluid circulation, which can lead to a significant enhancement of heat, mass and momentum transfer at large oscillation amplitudes. A particularly relevant phenomenon that can be notably affected by acoustic streaming is the promotion of sound waves by temperature gradients or viceversa (thermoacoustics), which is at the basis of potentially efficient and environmental friendly engines and refrigerators that have attracted a renewed interest in the last years. In the present manuscript, historical developments and the underlying basic physics behind acoustic streaming and thermoacoustics are reviewed from an unifying perspective.

Solubility behavior of lamivudine crystal forms in recrystallization solvents.

PubMed

Jozwiakowski, M J; Nguyen, N A; Sisco, J M; Spancake, C W

1996-02-01

Lamivudine can be obtained as acicular crystals (form I, 0.2 hydrate) from water or methanol and as bipyramidal crystals (form II, nonsolvated) from many nonaqueous solvents. Form II is thermodynamically favored in the solid state (higher melting point and greater density than form I) at ambient relative humidities. Solubility measurements on both forms versus solvent and temperature was used to determine whether entropy or enthalpy was the driving force for solubility. Solution calorimetry data indicated that form I is favored (less soluble) in all solvents studied on the basis of enthalpy alone. In higher alcohols and other organic solvents, form I has a larger entropy of solution than form II, which compensates for the enthalpic factors and results in physical stability for form II in these systems. The metastable crystal form solubility at 25 degrees C was estimated to be 1.2-2.3 times as high as the equilibrium solubility of the stable form, depending on the temperature, solvent, and crystal form. Binary solvent studies showed that > 18-20% water must be present in ethanol to convert the excess solid to form I at equilibrium.

Self-consistent modeling of CFETR baseline scenarios for steady-state operation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Jiale; Jian, Xiang; Chan, Vincent S.; Li, Zeyu; Deng, Zhao; Li, Guoqiang; Guo, Wenfeng; Shi, Nan; Chen, Xi; CFETR Physics Team

2017-07-01

Integrated modeling for core plasma is performed to increase confidence in the proposed baseline scenario in the 0D analysis for the China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The steady-state scenarios are obtained through the consistent iterative calculation of equilibrium, transport, auxiliary heating and current drives (H&CD). Three combinations of H&CD schemes (NB + EC, NB + EC + LH, and EC + LH) are used to sustain the scenarios with q min > 2 and fusion power of ˜70-150 MW. The predicted power is within the target range for CFETR Phase I, although the confinement based on physics models is lower than that assumed in 0D analysis. Ideal MHD stability analysis shows that the scenarios are stable against n = 1-10 ideal modes, where n is the toroidal mode number. Optimization of RF current drive for the RF-only scenario is also presented. The simulation workflow for core plasma in this work provides a solid basis for a more extensive research and development effort for the physics design of CFETR.

Considerations on the moving contact-line singularity, with application to frictional drag on a slender drop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Durbin, P. A.

1988-01-01

It has previously been shown that the no-slip boundary conditions leads to a singularity at a moving contact line and that this presumes some form of slip. Present considerations on the energetics of slip due to shear stress lead to a yield stress boundary condition. A model for the distortion of the liquid state near solid boundaries gives a physical basis for this boundary condition. The yield stress condition is illustrated by an analysis of a slender drop rolling down an incline. That analysis provides a formula for the frictional drag resisting the drop movement. With the present boundary condition, the length of the slip region becomes a property of the fluid flow.

Coated armor system and process for making the same

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S.; Lillo, Thomas M.; McHugh, Kevin M.

2010-11-23

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Armor systems including coated core materials

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S [Idaho Falls, ID; Lillo, Thomas M [Idaho Falls, ID; McHugh, Kevin M [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-07-31

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Armor systems including coated core materials

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; McHugh, Kevin M

2013-10-08

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Effect of physical property of supporting media and variable hydraulic loading on hydraulic characteristics of advanced onsite wastewater treatment system.

PubMed

Sharma, Meena Kumari; Kazmi, Absar Ahmad

2015-01-01

A laboratory-scale study was carried out to investigate the effects of physical properties of the supporting media and variable hydraulic shock loads on the hydraulic characteristics of an advanced onsite wastewater treatment system. The system consisted of two upflow anaerobic reactors (a septic tank and an anaerobic filter) accommodated within a single unit. The study was divided into three phases on the basis of three different supporting media (Aqwise carriers, corrugated ring and baked clay) used in the anaerobic filter. Hydraulic loadings were based on peak flow factor (PFF), varying from one to six, to simulate the actual conditions during onsite wastewater treatment. Hydraulic characteristics of the system were identified on the basis of residence time distribution analyses. The system showed a very good hydraulic efficiency, between 0.86 and 0.93, with the media of highest porosity at the hydraulic loading of PFF≤4. At the higher hydraulic loading of PFF 6 also, an appreciable hydraulic efficiency of 0.74 was observed. The system also showed good chemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids removal efficiency of 80.5% and 82.3%, respectively at the higher hydraulic loading of PFF 6. Plug-flow dispersion model was found to be the most appropriate one to describe the mixing pattern of the system, with different supporting media at variable loading, during the tracer study.

Prediction of changes in important physical parameters during composting of separated animal slurry solid fractions.

PubMed

Chowdhury, Md Albarune; de Neergaard, Andreas; Jensen, Lars Stoumann

2014-01-01

Solid-liquid separation of animal slurry, with solid fractions used for composting, has gained interest recently. However, efficient composting of separated animal slurry solid fractions (SSFs) requires a better understanding of the process dynamics in terms of important physical parameters and their interacting physical relationships in the composting matrix. Here we monitored moisture content, bulk density, particle density and air-filled porosity (AFP) during composting of SSF collected from four commercially available solid-liquid separators. Composting was performed in laboratory-scale reactors for 30 days (d) under forced aeration and measurements were conducted on the solid samples at the beginning of composting and at 10-d intervals during composting. The results suggest that differences in initial physical properties of SSF influence the development of compost maximum temperatures (40-70 degreeC). Depending on SSF, total wet mass and volume losses (expressed as % of initial value) were up to 37% and 34%, respectively. After 30 d of composting, relative losses of total solids varied from 17.9% to 21.7% and of volatile solids (VS) from 21.3% to 27.5%, depending on SSF. VS losses in all composts showed different dynamics as described by the first-order kinetic equation. The estimated component particle density of 1441 kg m-3 for VS and 2625 kg m-3 for fixed solids can be used to improve estimates of AFP for SSF within the range tested. The linear relationship between wet bulk density and AFP reported by previous researchers held true for SSF.

Transport Optical and Magnetic Properties of Solids.

DTIC Science & Technology

Solid state physics, Band theory of solids, Semiconductors, Strontium compounds, Superconductors, Magnetic properties, Chalcogens, Transport properties, Optical properties, Bibliographies, Scientific research, Magnons

The Physics Teacher: The Four States of Matter--Solid, Squishy, Liquid and Gas

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clark, Roy W.

2007-01-01

The Physics Teacher provides introductory physics education at the high school and university levels and some of its articles are of interest to chemists. One such article points out that several substances used in the kitchen and bathrooms are not simple liquids or solids but are squishy substances, which include mayonnaise, shaving cream,…

Solid-loaded flows: applications in technology

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Molerus, O.

1983-01-01

The evaluation of experiments and the representation of the resulting data by nondimensional groups defined ad hoc largely governs the treatment of problems arising with solid-loaded flows in practice. Without doubt, this is a result of the very complex nature of solid-loaded flows and, consequently, empiricism tends to prevail, more or less. To overcome this situation, two sets of nondimensional groups, which take into consideration the translatory, as well as the rotary, motion of particles suspended in a fluid, are derived from the equations of motion of a solid body. The intuitive meaning of these nondimensional groups arises from theirmore » derivation. With respect to applications in engineering, the influence of the rotary motion of a particle on the motion of its center of gravity can thus be taken into account. As such, a common basis for the representation of the different phenomena observed with solid-loaded flows is established. The application of the above concepts to fluidization and hydraulic and pneumatic conveying proves their usefulness. New insights into well-known facts as well as new results demonstrate that taking the real nature of solid particles (i.e., those of finite dimensions) into consideration will provide a common and profound basis for the representation of different phenomena observed with solid-loaded flows in practice.« less

Volkov basis for simulation of interaction of strong laser pulses and solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kidd, Daniel; Covington, Cody; Li, Yonghui; Varga, Kálmán

2018-01-01

An efficient and accurate basis comprised of Volkov states is implemented and tested for time-dependent simulations of interactions between strong laser pulses and crystalline solids. The Volkov states are eigenstates of the free electron Hamiltonian in an electromagnetic field and analytically represent the rapidly oscillating time-dependence of the orbitals, allowing significantly faster time propagation than conventional approaches. The Volkov approach can be readily implemented in plane-wave codes by multiplying the potential energy matrix elements with a simple time-dependent phase factor.

Brookhaven highlights, October 1978-September 1979. [October 1978 to September 1979

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1979-01-01

These highlights present an overview of the major research and development achievements at Brookhaven National Laboratory from October 1978 to September 1979. Specific areas covered include: accelerator and high energy physics programs; high energy physics research; the AGS and improvements to the AGS; neutral beam development; heavy ion fusion; superconducting power cables; ISABELLE storage rings; the BNL Tandem accelerator; heavy ion experiments at the Tandem; the High Flux Beam Reactor; medium energy physics; nuclear theory; atomic and applied physics; solid state physics; neutron scattering studies; x-ray scattering studies; solid state theory; defects and disorder in solids; surface physics; the Nationalmore » Synchrotron Light Source ; Chemistry Department; Biology Department; Medical Department; energy sciences; environmental sciences; energy technology programs; National Center for Analysis of Energy Systems; advanced reactor systems; nuclear safety; National Nuclear Data Center; nuclear materials safeguards; Applied Mathematics Department; and support activities. (GHT)« less

Strange but True: The Physics of Glass, Gels and Jellies Is All Related through Rheology

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarker, Dipak K.

2017-01-01

Rheology is an enormously far-reaching branch of physics (or physical chemistry) and has a number of different guises. Rheological descriptions define fluids, semi-solids and conventional solids, and the application of this science defines the performance and utility of materials and substances as diverse as foods (such as yogurt and marmalade),…

Coupling Network Computing Applications in Air-cooled Turbine Blades Optimization

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Liang; Yan, Peigang; Xie, Ming; Han, Wanjin

2018-05-01

Through establishing control parameters from blade outside to inside, the parametric design of air-cooled turbine blade based on airfoil has been implemented. On the basis of fast updating structure features and generating solid model, a complex cooling system has been created. Different flow units are modeled into a complex network topology with parallel and serial connection. Applying one-dimensional flow theory, programs have been composed to get pipeline network physical quantities along flow path, including flow rate, pressure, temperature and other parameters. These inner units parameters set as inner boundary conditions for external flow field calculation program HIT-3D by interpolation, thus to achieve full field thermal coupling simulation. Referring the studies in literatures to verify the effectiveness of pipeline network program and coupling algorithm. After that, on the basis of a modified design, and with the help of iSIGHT-FD, an optimization platform had been established. Through MIGA mechanism, the target of enhancing cooling efficiency has been reached, and the thermal stress has been effectively reduced. Research work in this paper has significance for rapid deploying the cooling structure design.

Plasmonics (Scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 21 February 2012)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2012-10-01

A scientific session of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), entitled 'Plasmonics', was held in the Conference Hall of the Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS on 21 February 2012. The following reports were put on the session agenda posted on the website www.gpad.ac.ru of the RAS Physical Sciences Division: (1) Kukushkin I V, Murav'ev V M (Institute of Solid State Physics, RAS, Chernogolovka, Moscow region) "Terahertz plasmonics"; (2) Lozovik Yu E (Institute of Spectroscopy, RAS, Troitsk, Moscow region) "Plasmonics and magnetoplasmonics based on graphene and a topological insulator"; (3) Protsenko I E (P N Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Moscow) "Dipole nanolaser"; (4) Vinogradov A P, Andrianov E S, Pukhov A A, Dorofeenko A V (Institute for Theoretical and Applied Electrodynamics, RAS, Moscow), Lisyansky A A (Queens College of the City University of New York, USA) "Quantum plasmonics of metamaterials: loss compensation using spasers"; (5) Klimov V V (Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS, Moscow) "Quantum theory of radiation of optically active molecules in the vicinity of chiral nano-meta-particles". The papers written on the basis of oral reports 2-5 are published below. • Plasmonics and magnetoplasmonics based on graphene and a topological insulator, Yu E Lozovik Physics-Uspekhi, 2012, Volume 55, Number 10, Pages 1035-1039 • Theory of the dipole nanolaser, I E Protsenko Physics-Uspekhi, 2012, Volume 55, Number 10, Pages 1040-1046 • Quantum plasmonics of metamaterials: loss compensation using spasers, A P Vinogradov, E S Andrianov, A A Pukhov, A V Dorofeenko, A A Lisyansky Physics-Uspekhi, 2012, Volume 55, Number 10, Pages 1046-1053 • Using chiral nano-meta-particles to control chiral molecule radiation, V V Klimov, D V Guzatov Physics-Uspekhi, 2012, Volume 55, Number 10, Pages 1054-1058

Methods of producing armor systems, and armor systems produced using such methods

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; McHugh, Kevin M

2013-02-19

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Development of a mathematical model for physical disintegration of flushable consumer products in wastewater systems.

PubMed

Karadagli, Fatih; McAvoy, Drew C; Rittmann, Bruce E

2009-05-01

The processes that flushable solid products may undergo after discharge to wastewater systems are (1) physical disintegration of solids resulting from turbulence, (2) direct dissolution of water-soluble components, (3) hydrolysis of solids to form soluble components, and (4) biodegradation of soluble and insoluble components. We develop a mathematical model for physical disintegration of flushable solid consumer products and test it with two different flushable products--product A, which has 40% water soluble-content, and product B, which has no water-soluble components. We present our modeling analysis of experimental results, from which we computed disintegration rate constants and fractional distribution coefficients for the disintegration of larger solids. The rate constants for solids of product A in units of (hour(-1)) are 0.45 for > 8-mm, 2.25 x 10(-2) for 4- to 8-mm, 0.9 x 10(-2) for 2- to 4-mm, and 1.26 x 10(-2) for 1- to 2-mm solids. The rate constants for solids of product B in units of hour(-1) are 1.8 for > 8-mm, 1.8 for 4- to 8-mm, 3.6 x 10(-1) for 2- to 4-mm, and 2.25 x 10(-3) for 1- to 2-mm solids. As indicated by the rate constants, larger solids disintegrate at a faster rate than smaller solids. In addition, product B disintegrated much faster and went mostly to the smallest size range, while product A disintegrated more slowly and was transferred to a range of intermediate solid sizes.

History of ``NANO''-Scale VERY EARLY Solid-State (and Liquid-State) Physics/Chemistry/Metallurgy/ Ceramics; Interstitial-Alloys Carbides/Nitrides/Borides/...Powders and Cermets, Rock Shocks, ...

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maiden, Colin; Siegel, Edward

History of ``NANO'': Siegel-Matsubara-Vest-Gregson[Mtls. Sci. and Eng. 8, 6, 323(`71); Physica Status Solidi (a)11,45(`72)] VERY EARLY carbides/nitrides/borides powders/cermets solid-state physics/chemistry/metallurgy/ ceramics FIRST-EVER EXPERIMENTAL NANO-physics/chemistry[1968 ->Physica Status Solidi (a)11,45(`72); and EARLY NANO-``physics''/NANO-``chemistry'' THEORY(after: Kubo(`62)-Matsubara(`60s-`70s)-Fulde (`65) [ref.: Sugano[Microcluster-Physics, Springer('82 `98)

A multiphysics and multiscale model for low frequency electromagnetic direct-chill casting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Košnik, N.; Guštin, A. Z.; Mavrič, B.; Šarler, B.

2016-03-01

Simulation and control of macrosegregation, deformation and grain size in low frequency electromagnetic (EM) direct-chill casting (LFEMC) is important for downstream processing. Respectively, a multiphysics and multiscale model is developed for solution of Lorentz force, temperature, velocity, concentration, deformation and grain structure of LFEMC processed aluminum alloys, with focus on axisymmetric billets. The mixture equations with lever rule, linearized phase diagram, and stationary thermoelastic solid phase are assumed, together with EM induction equation for the field imposed by the coil. Explicit diffuse approximate meshless solution procedure [1] is used for solving the EM field, and the explicit local radial basis function collocation method [2] is used for solving the coupled transport phenomena and thermomechanics fields. Pressure-velocity coupling is performed by the fractional step method [3]. The point automata method with modified KGT model is used to estimate the grain structure [4] in a post-processing mode. Thermal, mechanical, EM and grain structure outcomes of the model are demonstrated. A systematic study of the complicated influences of the process parameters can be investigated by the model, including intensity and frequency of the electromagnetic field. The meshless solution framework, with the implemented simplest physical models, will be further extended by including more sophisticated microsegregation and grain structure models, as well as a more realistic solid and solid-liquid phase rheology.

Integration of active pharmaceutical ingredient solid form selection and particle engineering into drug product design.

PubMed

Ticehurst, Martyn David; Marziano, Ivan

2015-06-01

This review seeks to offer a broad perspective that encompasses an understanding of the drug product attributes affected by active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) physical properties, their link to solid form selection and the role of particle engineering. While the crucial role of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) solid form selection is universally acknowledged in the pharmaceutical industry, the value of increasing effort to understanding the link between solid form, API physical properties and drug product formulation and manufacture is now also being recognised. A truly holistic strategy for drug product development should focus on connecting solid form selection, particle engineering and formulation design to both exploit opportunities to access simpler manufacturing operations and prevent failures. Modelling and predictive tools that assist in establishing these links early in product development are discussed. In addition, the potential for differences between the ingoing API physical properties and those in the final product caused by drug product processing is considered. The focus of this review is on oral solid dosage forms and dry powder inhaler products for lung delivery. © 2015 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

Physics and Chemistry on Well-Defined Semiconductor and Oxide Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Peijun

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and other surface spectroscopic techniques have been employed to investigate the following two classes of surface/interface phenomena on well-defined semiconductor and oxide surfaces: (i) the fundamental physical and chemical processes involved in gas-solid interaction on silicon single crystal surfaces, and (ii) the physical and chemical properties of metal-oxide interfaces. The particular systems reported in this dissertation are: NH_3, PH_3 and B_ {10}H_{14} on Si(111)-(7 x 7); NH_3 on Si(100) -(2 x 1); atomic H on Si(111)-(7 x 7) and boron-modified Si(111); Al on Al_2O_3 and Sn on SiO_2.. On silicon surfaces, the surface dangling bonds function as the primary adsorption sites where surface chemical processes take place. The unambiguous identification of surface species by vibrational spectroscopy allows the elementary steps involved in these surface chemical processes to be followed on a molecular level. For adsorbate molecules such as NH_3 and PH_3, the nature of the initial low temperature (100 -300 K) adsorption is found to be dissociative, while that for B_{10}H_ {14} is non-dissociative. This has been deduced based upon the presence (or absence) of specific characteristic vibrational mode(s) on surface. By following the evolution of surface species as a function of temperature, the elementary steps leading to silicon nitride thin film growth and doping of silicon are elucidated. In the case of NH_3 on Si(111)-(7 x 7) and Si(100)-(2 x 1), a detailed understanding on the role of substrate surface structure in controlling the surface reactivity has been gained on the basis of a Si adatom backbond-strain relief mechanism on the Si(111) -(7 x 7). The electronic modification to Si(111) surface by subsurface boron doping has been shown to quench its surface chemistry, even for the most aggressive atomic H. This discovery is potentially meaningful to the technology of gas-phase silicon etching. The electron energy loss studies on the excitation of surface plasmon in heavily B-doped Si(111) and the investigation of surface optical phonon modes in aluminum oxide thin films provide insights into the sensitive dependence of the physical properties of a solid upon its chemical modification. Successful interpretations of these elementary excitation features are built upon the understanding of the fundamental physics of low-energy electron-solid interaction. Finally, the temperature behavior of the interfacial properties of Sn/SiO_2 are explored.

WAGE INCENTIVES FOR SOLID WASTE COLLECTION PERSONNEL

EPA Science Inventory

An assessment was made of a time and wage incentive program for solid waste collection and supervisory personnel in the test city, Covington, Kentucky. On an annualized basis, cost savings amounting to $113,000 (19 percent of budget) resulted from implementation of the new progra...

Effect of wheelchair mass, tire type and tire pressure on physical strain and wheelchair propulsion technique.

PubMed

de Groot, Sonja; Vegter, Riemer J K; van der Woude, Lucas H V

2013-10-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of wheelchair mass, solid vs. pneumatic tires and tire pressure on physical strain and wheelchair propulsion technique. 11 Able-bodied participants performed 14 submaximal exercise blocks on a treadmill with a fixed speed (1.11 m/s) within 3 weeks to determine the effect of tire pressure (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% of the recommended value), wheelchair mass (0 kg, 5 kg, or 10 kg extra) and tire type (pneumatic vs. solid). All test conditions (except pneumatic vs. solid) were performed with and without instrumented measurement wheels. Outcome measures were power output (PO), physical strain (heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (VO2), gross mechanical efficiency (ME)) and propulsion technique (timing, force application). At 25% tire pressure PO and subsequently VO2 were higher compared to 100% tire pressure. Furthermore, a higher tire pressure led to a longer cycle time and contact angle and subsequently lower push frequency. Extra mass did not lead to an increase in PO, physical strain or propulsion technique. Solid tires led to a higher PO and physical strain. The solid tire effect was amplified by increased mass (tire × mass interaction). In contrast to extra mass, tire pressure and tire type have an effect on PO, physical strain or propulsion technique of steady-state wheelchair propulsion. As expected, it is important to optimize tire pressure and tire type. Copyright © 2013 IPEM. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Improving the Stability and the Pharmaceutical Properties of Norfloxacin Form C Through Binary Complexes with β-Cyclodextrin.

PubMed

Garnero, Claudia; Chattah, Ana Karina; Aloisio, Carolina; Fabietti, Luis; Longhi, Marcela

2018-05-10

Norfloxacin, an antibiotic that exists in different solid forms, has very unfavorable properties in terms of solubility and stability. Binary complexes of norfloxacin, in the solid form C, and β-cyclodextrin were procured by the kneading method and physical mixture. Their effect on the solubility, the dissolution rate, and the chemical and physical stability of norfloxacin was evaluated. To perform stability studies, the solid samples were stored under accelerated storage conditions, for a period of 6 months. Physical stability was monitored through powder X-ray diffraction, high-resolution 13 C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed evidence that the kneaded complex increased and modulated the dissolution rate of norfloxacin C. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photochemical stability was increased in the complex, without affecting its physical stability. The results point to the conclusion that the new kneading complex of norfloxacin constitutes an alternative tool to formulate a potential oral drug delivery system with improve oral bioavailability.

Density functional theory in the solid state

PubMed Central

Hasnip, Philip J.; Refson, Keith; Probert, Matt I. J.; Yates, Jonathan R.; Clark, Stewart J.; Pickard, Chris J.

2014-01-01

Density functional theory (DFT) has been used in many fields of the physical sciences, but none so successfully as in the solid state. From its origins in condensed matter physics, it has expanded into materials science, high-pressure physics and mineralogy, solid-state chemistry and more, powering entire computational subdisciplines. Modern DFT simulation codes can calculate a vast range of structural, chemical, optical, spectroscopic, elastic, vibrational and thermodynamic phenomena. The ability to predict structure–property relationships has revolutionized experimental fields, such as vibrational and solid-state NMR spectroscopy, where it is the primary method to analyse and interpret experimental spectra. In semiconductor physics, great progress has been made in the electronic structure of bulk and defect states despite the severe challenges presented by the description of excited states. Studies are no longer restricted to known crystallographic structures. DFT is increasingly used as an exploratory tool for materials discovery and computational experiments, culminating in ex nihilo crystal structure prediction, which addresses the long-standing difficult problem of how to predict crystal structure polymorphs from nothing but a specified chemical composition. We present an overview of the capabilities of solid-state DFT simulations in all of these topics, illustrated with recent examples using the CASTEP computer program. PMID:24516184

Screened hybrid density functionals for solid-state chemistry and physics.

PubMed

Janesko, Benjamin G; Henderson, Thomas M; Scuseria, Gustavo E

2009-01-21

Density functional theory incorporating hybrid exchange-correlation functionals has been extraordinarily successful in providing accurate, computationally tractable treatments of molecular properties. However, conventional hybrid functionals can be problematic for solids. Their nonlocal, Hartree-Fock-like exchange term decays slowly and incorporates unphysical features in metals and narrow-bandgap semiconductors. This article provides an overview of our group's work on designing hybrid functionals for solids. We focus on the Heyd-Scuseria-Ernzerhof screened hybrid functional [J. Chem. Phys. 2003, 118, 8207], its applications to the chemistry and physics of solids and surfaces, and our efforts to build upon its successes.

The assessment of treated wastewater quality and the effects of mid-term irrigation on soil physical and chemical properties (case study: Bandargaz-treated wastewater)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kaboosi, Kami

2017-09-01

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of inflow and outflow wastewater of the Bandargaz wastewater treatment plant on the basis of the data collection of operation period and the samples taken during the study. Also the effects of mid-term use of the wastewater for irrigation (from 2005 to 2013) on soil physical and chemical characteristics were studied. For this purpose, 4 samples were taken from the inflow and outflow wastewater and 25 quality parameters were measured. Also, the four soil samples from a depth of 0-30 cm of two rice field irrigated with wastewater in the beginning and middle of the planting season and two samples from one adjacent rice field irrigated with fresh water were collected and their chemical and physical characteristics were determined. Average of electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, sodium adsorption ratio, chemical oxygen demand and 5 days biochemical oxygen demand in treated wastewater were 1.35 dS/m, 707 ppm, 0.93, 80 ppm and 40 ppm, respectively. Results showed that although some restrictions exist about chlorine and bicarbonate, the treated wastewater is suitable for irrigation based on national and international standards and criteria. In comparison with fresh water, the mid-term use of wastewater caused a little increase of soil salinity. However, it did not lead to increase of soil salinity beyond rice salinity threshold. Also, there were no restrictions on soil in the aspect of salinity and sodium hazard on the basis of many irrigated soil classifications. In comparison with fresh water, the mid-term use of wastewater caused the increase of total N, absorbable P and absorbable K in soil due to high concentration of those elements in treated wastewater.

Kinetic and molecular orbital analyses of dicarboxylic acylcarnitine methylesterification show that derivatization may affect the screening of newborns by tandem mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Maeda, Yasuhiro; Nakajima, Yoko; Gotoh, Kana; Hotta, Yuji; Kataoka, Tomoya; Sugiyama, Naruji; Shirai, Naohiro; Ito, Tetsuya; Kimura, Kazunori

2016-01-01

Newborns are routinely screened for organic acidemias by acylcarnitine analysis. We previously reported the partial catalytic methylesterification of dicarboxylic acylcarnitines by benzenesulfonic acid moiety in the solid extraction cartridge during extraction from serum. Since the diagnosis of organic acidemias by tandem mass spectrometry is affected by the higher molecular weight of these derivatized acylcarnitines, we investigated the methylesterification conditions. The kinetic constants for the methylesterification of carboxyl groups on the acyl and carnitine sides of carnitine were 2.5 and 0.24h(-1), respectively. The physical basis underlying this difference in methylesterification rates was clarified theoretically, illustrating that methylesterification during extraction proceeds easily and must be prevented. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SEMICONDUCTOR INJECTION LASERS SELCO-87: Simple formula for the thermal conductivity of a quaternary solid solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakwaski, W.

1988-11-01

An analysis is made of the thermal conductivity of quaternary solid solutions (alloys) allowing for their disordered structure on the basis of a phenomenological analysis proposed by Abeles. This method is applied to a quaternary solid solution In1 - xGaxAsyP1 - y. A simple analytic expression is derived for the thermal conductivity of this material.

Bench-Scale Evaluation of the Genifuel Hydrothermal Processing Technology for Wastewater Solids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marrone, Philip A.; Elliott, Douglas C.; Billing, Justin M.

Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL) and Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification (CHG) proof-of-concept bench-scale tests were performed to assess the potential of the Genifuel hydrothermal process technology for handling municipal wastewater sludge. HTL tests were conducted at 300-350°C and 20 MPa on three different feeds: primary sludge (11.9 wt% solids), secondary sludge (9.7 wt% solids), and post-digester sludge (also referred to as digested solids) (16.0 wt% solids). Corresponding CHG tests were conducted at 350°C and 20 MPa on the HTL aqueous phase output using a ruthenium based catalyst. A comprehensive analysis of all feed and effluent phases was also performed. Total mass and carbonmore » balances closed to within ± 15% in all but one case. Biocrude yields from HTL tests were 37%, 25%, and 34% for primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids feeds, respectively. The biocrude yields accounted for 59%, 39%, and 49% of the carbon in the feed for primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids feeds, respectively. Biocrude composition and quality were comparable to that seen with biocrudes generated from algae feeds. Subsequent hydrotreating (i.e., upgrading) of the biocrude produced from primary sludge and digested solids resulted in a product with comparable physical and chemical properties to petroleum crude oil. CHG product gas consisted primarily of methane, with methane yields (relative to CHG input) on a carbon basis of 47%, 61%, and 64% for aqueous feeds that were the output of HTL tests with primary sludge, secondary sludge, and digested solids, respectively. Siloxane concentrations in the CHG product gas were below the detection limit and well below fuel input composition limits set by several engine manufacturers. Relative to that of the sludge feeds, the HTL-CHG process resulted in a reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) of greater than 99.9% and a reduction in residual solids for disposal of 94-99%. The test results, as a whole, support further long term testing in a larger scale integrated system that is representative of what would be installed at a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in order to fully assess the technical and economic viability of this technology for wastewater sludge treatment.« less

Effect of decompression drying treatment on physical properties of solid foods.

PubMed

Morikawa, Takuya; Takada, Norihisa; Miura, Makoto

2017-04-01

This study used a decompression drying instrument to investigate the effects of a drying treatment on the physical properties of solid foods. Commercial tofu was used as a model food and was treated at different temperature and pressure conditions in a drying chamber. Overall, high temperatures resulted in better drying. Additionally, pressure in the chamber influenced the drying conditions of samples. Differences in physical properties, such as food texture, shrinkage, and color were observed among some samples, even with similar moisture content. This was caused by differences in moisture distribution in the food, which seems to have manifested as a thin, dried film on the surfaces of samples. It caused inefficient drying and changes in physical properties. Control of the drying conditions (i.e. pressure and heat supply) has relations with not only physical properties, but also the drying efficiency of solid foods.

The Physics of Semiconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brennan, Kevin F.

1999-02-01

Modern fabrication techniques have made it possible to produce semiconductor devices whose dimensions are so small that quantum mechanical effects dominate their behavior. This book describes the key elements of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and solid-state physics that are necessary in understanding these modern semiconductor devices. The author begins with a review of elementary quantum mechanics, and then describes more advanced topics, such as multiple quantum wells. He then disusses equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Following this introduction, he provides a thorough treatment of solid-state physics, covering electron motion in periodic potentials, electron-phonon interaction, and recombination processes. The final four chapters deal exclusively with real devices, such as semiconductor lasers, photodiodes, flat panel displays, and MOSFETs. The book contains many homework exercises and is suitable as a textbook for electrical engineering, materials science, or physics students taking courses in solid-state device physics. It will also be a valuable reference for practicing engineers in optoelectronics and related areas.

Women in Physics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Roth, Laura M.; O'Fallon, Nancy M.

This booklet presents information about career opportunities for women in physics. Included are summaries of research areas in physics (optical physics, solid-state physics, materials science, nuclear physics, high-energy physics, astrophysics, cryogenics, plasma physics, biophysics, atmospheric physics) and differences between theory and…

High performance solid and liquid lubricants: An industrial guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, Ernest L.

1987-01-01

This handbook is intended to provide a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel can conveniently locate data needed for their work. This handbook is divided into two major parts (A and B). Part A is a compilation of solid lubricant suppliers information on chemical and physical property of data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions, and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds, and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications of spacecraft.

Macroscopic modelling of semisolid deformation for considering segregation bands induced by shear deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morita, S.; Yasuda, H.; Nagira, T.; Gourlay, C. M.; Yoshiya, M.; Sugiyama, A.

2012-07-01

In-situ observation was carried out to observe deformation of semi-solid Fe-2mass%C steel with 65% solid and globular morphology by X-ray radiography. Deformation was predominantly controlled by the rearrangement of globules. The solid particles were pushed into each other and rearrangement caused lower solid fraction regions to form. On the basis of the observation, a macroscopic model that introduces a normal stress acting on the solid due to collisions and rearrangement is proposed. The solid particles are treated as a non-Newtonian fluid. The stiffness parameters, which characterize the flow of the solid, are introduced. Stability of semisolid to fluctuations in solid fraction during simple shear was analysed. Shear deformation can be stably localized in the semisolid with a certain solid fraction range. The model essentially reproduces band segregation formation.

Preparation and characterization of azithromycin--Aerosil 200 solid dispersions with enhanced physical stability.

PubMed

Li, Xuechao; Peng, Huanhuan; Tian, Bin; Gou, Jingxin; Yao, Qing; Tao, Xiaoguang; He, Haibing; Zhang, Yu; Tang, Xing; Cai, Cuifang

2015-01-01

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of azithromycin (AZI)--Aerosil 200 solid dispersions specifically with high stability under accelerated condition (40 °C/75% RH). Ball milling (BM) and hot-melt extrusion (HME) were used to prepare AZI solid dispersions. The physical properties of solid dispersions were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). For solid dispersions prepared with both methods, no crystalline of AZI was detected (except for AZI: Aerosil 200=75:25) by DSC or PXRD, indicating the amorphous state of AZI in solid dispersions. The FT-IR results demonstrated the loss of crystallization water and the formation of hydrogen bonds between Aerosil 200 and AZI during the preparation of solid dispersions. After 4 weeks storage under accelerated condition, the degree of crystallinity of AZI increased in solid dispersions prepared by BM, whereas for solid dispersions containing AZI, Aerosil 200 and glyceryl behenate (GB) prepared by HME, no crystalline of AZI was identified. This high stability can be attributed to the hydrophobic properties of GB and the presence of hydrogen bonds. Based on the above results, it is inferred the protection of hydrogen bonds between AZI and Aerosil 200 formed during preparation process effectively inhibited the recrystallization of AZI and improved the physical stability of amorphous AZI in the presence of Aerosil 200. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dilution physics modeling: Dissolution/precipitation chemistry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Onishi, Y.; Reid, H.C.; Trent, D.S.

This report documents progress made to date on integrating dilution/precipitation chemistry and new physical models into the TEMPEST thermal-hydraulics computer code. Implementation of dissolution/precipitation chemistry models is necessary for predicting nonhomogeneous, time-dependent, physical/chemical behavior of tank wastes with and without a variety of possible engineered remediation and mitigation activities. Such behavior includes chemical reactions, gas retention, solids resuspension, solids dissolution and generation, solids settling/rising, and convective motion of physical and chemical species. Thus this model development is important from the standpoint of predicting the consequences of various engineered activities, such as mitigation by dilution, retrieval, or pretreatment, that can affectmore » safe operations. The integration of a dissolution/precipitation chemistry module allows the various phase species concentrations to enter into the physical calculations that affect the TEMPEST hydrodynamic flow calculations. The yield strength model of non-Newtonian sludge correlates yield to a power function of solids concentration. Likewise, shear stress is concentration-dependent, and the dissolution/precipitation chemistry calculations develop the species concentration evolution that produces fluid flow resistance changes. Dilution of waste with pure water, molar concentrations of sodium hydroxide, and other chemical streams can be analyzed for the reactive species changes and hydrodynamic flow characteristics.« less

A new method for spray deposit assessment

Treesearch

Chester M. Himel; Leland Vaughn; Raymond P. Miskus; Arthur D. Moore

1965-01-01

Solid fluorescent particles suspended in a spray liquid are distributed in direct proportion to the size of the spray droplets. Use of solid fluorescent particles is the basis of a new method for visual recognition of the size and number of droplets impinging on target and nontarget portions of sprayed areas.

Solid Waste/Disease Relationships, A Literature Survey.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanks, Thrift G.

Presented is a comprehensive survey of the literature on the relationships between disease and solid wastes. Diseases are grouped on the basis of waste type or disease vector, such as chemical waste, human fecal waste, animal fecal waste, rodent-borne disease, mosquito-borne disease and miscellaneous communicable disease. The following format is…

The Accumulation Of Radium And Other Radionuclides In Drinking Water Distribution Systems

EPA Science Inventory

The tendency for iron solid surfaces to adsorb trace contaminants such as arsenic is well known and has become the basis for several drinking water treatment approaches. It is reasonable to assume that iron-based solids, such as corrosion deposits present in drinking water distr...

The Effects of Polymer Carrier, Hot Melt Extrusion Process and Downstream Processing Parameters on the Moisture Sorption Properties of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

PubMed Central

Feng, Xin; Vo, Anh; Patil, Hemlata; Tiwari, Roshan V.; Alshetaili, Abdullah S.; Pimparade, Manjeet B.; Repka, Michael A.

2017-01-01

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion (HME) and downstream processing parameters on the water uptake properties of amorphous solid dispersions. Methods Three polymers and a model drug were used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions utilizing HME technology. The sorption-desorption isotherms of solid dispersions and their physical mixtures were measured by the Dynamic Vapor Sorption system, and the effect of polymer hydrophobicity, hygroscopicity, molecular weight and the HME process were investigated. FTIR imaging was performed to understand the phase separation driven by the moisture. Key findings Solid dispersions with polymeric carriers with lower hydrophilicity, hygroscopicity, and higher molecular weight could sorb less moisture under the high RH conditions. The water uptake ability of polymer-drug solid dispersion systems were decreased compared to the physical mixture after HME, which might be due to the decreased surface area and porosity. The FTIR imaging indicated the homogeneity of the drug molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix was changed after exposure to high RH. Conclusion Understanding the effect of formulation and processing on the moisture sorption properties of solid dispersions is essential for the development of drug products with desired physical and chemical stability. PMID:26589107

A Good Name and Great Riches: Rebranding Solid State Physics for the National Laboratories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Joseph

2012-03-01

In 1943 Oliver Buckley, lamenting the inadequacy of term ``physics'' to evoke what physicists did, quoted the proverb, ``A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches.'' Some forty years later, solid state physicists confronted similar discontent with their name, precipitating the rise of the appellation ``condensed matter physics.'' Ostensibly a rebranding of a well-established field, the change signaled deeper conceptual and institutional realignment. Whereas ``solid state'' emerged in the 1940s in the service of institutional aims, ``condensed matter'' more accurately captured a distinct set of theoretical and experimental approaches. Reimagining the field around core conceptual approaches set condensed matter apart from the inchoate field of materials science, which subsumed a growing proportion of solid state funding and personnel through the 1980s. Federally funded research installations were the source of ``great riches'' for scientific research. The DOE National Laboratory System and the DARPA network of Interdisciplinary Laboratories, given their responsiveness to shifts in national funding priorities, provide a sensitive historical instrument through which to trace the transition from solid state to condensed matter. The reorganization of solid state in response to the evolution of national priorities and funding practices precipitated a sharpening of the field's intellectual mission. At the same time, it reflected the difficulties solid state faced articulating its intellectual--as opposed to technological--merit. The proverb continues, `` and loving favor rather than silver and gold.'' The adoption of a name that emphasized intellectual cohesion and associated social esteem exposed the growing tension between technology-oriented national funding goals for materials research and condensed matter physics' ascendant intellectual identity.

40 CFR Table 2 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for Existing Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... collect a minimum of 3 dscm. 2. Units design to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Filterable PM (or TSM) 4.0E... minimum of 2 dscm per run. 3. Pulverized coal boilers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or.../solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 160 ppm by volume on a dry basis corrected to 3 percent oxygen, 3-run...

Concentration Dependent Physical Properties of Ge1-xSnx Solid Solution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jivani, A. R.; Jani, A. R.

2011-12-01

Our own proposed potential is used to investigate few physical properties like total energy, bulk modulus, pressure derivative of bulk modulus, elastic constants, pressure derivative of elastic constants, Poisson's ratio and Young's modulus of Ge1-xSnx solid solution with x is atomic concentration of α-Sn. The potential combines linear plus quadratic types of electron-ion interaction. First time screening function proposed by Sarkar et al is used to investigate the properties of the Ge-Sn solid solution system.

Solid dispersions: a strategy for poorly aqueous soluble drugs and technology updates.

PubMed

Alam, Mohd Aftab; Ali, Raisuddin; Al-Jenoobi, Fahad Ibrahim; Al-Mohizea, Abdullah M

2012-11-01

Present article reviews solid dispersion (SD) technologies and other patented inventions in the area of pharmaceutical SDs, which provide stable amorphous SDs. The review briefly compiles different techniques for preparing SDs, their applications, characterization of SDs, types of SDs and also elaborates the carriers used to prepare SDs. The advantages of recently introduced SD technologies such as RightSize(™), closed-cycle spray drying (CSD), Lidose® are summarized. Stability-related issues like phase separation, re-crystallization and methods to curb these problems are also discussed. A patented carrier-screening tool for predicting physical stability of SDs on the basis of drug-carrier interaction is explained. Applications of SD technique in controlled drug delivery systems and cosmetics are explored. Review also summarizes the carriers such as Soluplus®, Neusilin®, Solumer(TM) used to prepare stable amorphous SD. Binary and ternary SDs are found to be more stable and provide better enhancement of solubility or dissolution of poorly water-soluble drugs. The use of surfactants in the carrier system of SD is a recent trend. Surfactants and polymers provide stability against re-crystallization of SDs, surfactants also improve solubility and dissolution of drug.

Multi-layer thin-film electrolytes for metal supported solid oxide fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haydn, Markus; Ortner, Kai; Franco, Thomas; Uhlenbruck, Sven; Menzler, Norbert H.; Stöver, Detlev; Bräuer, Günter; Venskutonis, Andreas; Sigl, Lorenz S.; Buchkremer, Hans-Peter; Vaßen, Robert

2014-06-01

A key to the development of metal-supported solid oxide fuel cells (MSCs) is the manufacturing of gas-tight thin-film electrolytes, which separate the cathode from the anode. This paper focuses the electrolyte manufacturing on the basis of 8YSZ (8 mol.-% Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2). The electrolyte layers are applied by a physical vapor deposition (PVD) gas flow sputtering (GFS) process. The gas-tightness of the electrolyte is significantly improved when sequential oxidic and metallic thin-film multi-layers are deposited, which interrupt the columnar grain structure of single-layer electrolytes. Such electrolytes with two or eight oxide/metal layers and a total thickness of about 4 μm obtain leakage rates of less than 3 × 10-4 hPa dm3 s-1 cm-2 (Δp: 100 hPa) at room temperature and therefore fulfill the gas tightness requirements. They are also highly tolerant with respect to surface flaws and particulate impurities which can be present on the graded anode underground. MSC cell tests with double-layer and multilayer electrolytes feature high power densities more than 1.4 W cm-2 at 850 °C and underline the high potential of MSC cells.

Thermodynamics of magnesian calcite solid-solutions at 25°C and 1 atm total pressure

USGS Publications Warehouse

Busenberg, Eurybiades; Plummer, Niel

1989-01-01

The stability of magnesian calcites was reexamined, and new results are presented for 28 natural inorganic, 12 biogenic, and 32 synthetic magnesian calcites. The magnesian calcite solid-solutions were separated into two groups on the basis of differences in stoichiometric solubility and other physical and chemical properties. Group I consists of solids of mainly metamorphic and hydrothermal origin, synthetic calcites prepared at high temperatures and pressures, and synthetic solids prepared at low temperature and very low calcite supersaturations () from artificial sea water or NaClMgCl2CaCl2solutions. Group I solids are essentially binary s of CaCO2 and MgCO2, and are thought to be relatively free of structural defects. Group II solid-solutions are of either biogenic origin or are synthetic magnesian calcites and protodolomites (0–20 and ∼ 45 mole percent MgCO3) prepared at high calcite supersaturations () from NaClNa2SO4MgCl2CaCl2 or NaClMgCl2CaCl2 solutions. Group II solid-solutions are treated as massively defective solids. The defects include substitution foreign ions (Na+ and SO42−) in the magnesian calcite lattice (point defects) and dislocations (~2 · 109 cm−2). Within each group, the excess free energy of mixing, GE, is described by the mixing model , where x is the mole fraction of the end-member Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3 in the solid-solution. The values of A0and A1 for Group I and II solids were evaluated at 25°C. The equilibrium constants of all the solids are closely described by the equation ln , where KC and KD are the equilibrium constants of calcite and Ca0.5Mg0.5CO3. Group I magnesian calcites were modeled as sub-regular solid-solutions between calcite and dolomite, and between calcite and “disordered dolomite”. Both models yield almost identical equilibrium constants for these magnesian calcites. The Group II magnesian calcites were modeled as sub-regular solid-solutions between defective calcite and protodolomite. Group I and II solid-solutions differ significantly in stability. The rate of crystal growth and the chemical composition of the aqueous solutions from which the solids were formed are the main factors controlling stoichiometric solubility of the magnesian calcites and the density of crystal defects. The literature on the occurrence and behavior of magnesian calcites in sea water and other aqueous solutions is also examined.

Geologic and hydrologic data for the municipal solid waste landfill facility, U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss, El Paso County, Texas

USGS Publications Warehouse

Abeyta, Cynthia G.; Frenzel, P.F.

1999-01-01

Geologic and hydrologic data for the Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Facility on the U.S. Army Air Defense Artillery Center and Fort Bliss in El Paso County, Texas, were collected by the U.S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of the Army. The 106.03-acre landfill has been in operation since January 1974. The landfill contains household refuse, Post solid wastes, bulky items, grass and tree trimmings from family housing, refuse from litter cans, construction debris, classified waste (dry), dead animals, asbestos, and empty oil cans. The depth of the filled areas is about 30 feet and the cover, consisting of locally derived material, is 2 to 3 feet thick. Geologic and hydrologic data were collected at or adjacent to the landfill during (1) drilling of 10 30- to 31-foot boreholes that were completed with gas-monitoring probes, (2) drilling of a 59-foot borehole, (3) drilling of a 355-foot borehole that was completed as a ground-water monitoring well, and (4) in situ measurements made on the landfill cover. After completion, the gas- monitoring probes were monitored on a quarterly basis (1 year total) for gases generated by the landfill. Water samples were collected from the ground-water monitoring well for chemical analysis. Data collection is divided into two elements: geologic data and hydrologic data. Geologic data include lithologic descriptions of cores and cuttings, geophysical logs, soil- gas and ambient-air analyses, and chemical analyses of soil. Hydrologic data include physical properties, total organic carbon, and pH of soil and sediment samples; soil-water chloride and soil-moisture analyses; physical properties of the landfill cover; measurements of depth to ground water; and ground-water chemical analyses. Interpretation of data is not included in this report.

Search for Trapped Electrons and a Magnetic Moment at Mars by Mariner IV.

PubMed

O'gallagher, J J; Simpson, J A

1965-09-10

The Mariner IV spacecraft on 14-15 July 1965 passed within 9850 kilometers of Mars, carrying a solid-state charged-particle telescope which could detect electrons greater than 40 kiloelectron volts and protons greater than 1 million electron volts. The trajectory could have passed through a bow shock, a transition region, and a magnetospheric boundary where particles could be stably trapped for a wide range of Martian magnetic moments. No evidence of charged-particle radiation was found in any of these regions. In view of these results, an upper limit is established for the Martian magnetic moment provided it is assumed that the same physical processes leading to acceleration and trapping of electrons in Earth's magnetic field would be found in a Martian magnetic field. On this basis, the upper limit for the Martian magnetic moment is 0.1 percent that of Earth for a wide range of postulated orientations with respect to the rotational axis of Mars. The implications of these results for the physical and biological environment of Mars are briefly discussed.

Proton and Ion Acceleration using Multi-kJ Lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilks, S. C.; Ma, T.; Kemp, A. J.; Tabak, M.; Link, A. J.; Haefner, C.; Hermann, M. R.; Mariscal, D. A.; Rubenchik, S.; Sterne, P.; Kim, J.; McGuffey, C.; Bhutwala, K.; Beg, F.; Wei, M.; Kerr, S. M.; Sentoku, Y.; Iwata, N.; Norreys, P.; Sevin, A.

2017-10-01

Short (<50 ps) laser pulses are capable of accelerating protons and ions from solid (or dense gas jet) targets as demonstrated by a number of laser facilities around the world in the past 20 years accelerating protons to between 1 and 100 MeV, depending on specific laser parameters. Over this time, a distinct scaling with energy has emerged that shows a trend towards increasing maximum accelerated proton (ion) energy with increasing laser energy. We consider the physical basis underlying this scaling, and use this to estimate future results when multi-kJ laser systems begin operating in this new high energy regime. In particular, we consider the effects of laser prepulse, intensity, energy, and pulse length on the number and energy of the ions, as well as target size and composition. We also discuss potential uses of these ion beams in High Energy Density Physics Experiments. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344 and funded by the LLNL LDRD program under tracking code 17-ERD-039.

New frontiers in quantum simulation enabled by precision laser spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rey, Ana M.

2014-05-01

Ultracold atomic systems have been proposed as ideal quantum simulators of real materials. Major breakthroughs have been achieved using neutral alkali atoms (one-outer-electron atoms) but their inherent ``simplicity'' introduces important limitations on the physics that can be investigated with them. Systems with more complex interactions and with richer internal structure offer an excellent platform for the exploration of a wider range of many-body phenomena. I will discuss our recent progress on the use of polar molecules, alkaline earth atoms -currently the basis of the most precise atomic clock in the world-, and trapped ions, as quantum simulators of iconic condensed matter Hamiltonians as well as Hamiltonians without solid state analogs. A promising direction under current exploration is the many-body physics that emerges at warmer temperatures (above quantum degeneracy) when there is a decoupling between motional and internal degrees of freedom. Even though in this regime the interaction energy scales can be small (~ Hz), they can be resolved thanks to the unprecedented level of control offered by modern precision laser spectroscopy. AFOSR, NSF, ARO and ARO-DARPA-OLE.

Review of the effects of in-stream pipeline crossing construction on aquatic ecosystems and examination of Canadian methodologies for impact assessment.

PubMed

Lévesque, Lucie M; Dubé, Monique G

2007-09-01

Pipeline crossing construction alters river and stream channels, hence may have detrimental effects on aquatic ecosystems. This review examines the effects of crossing construction on fish and fish habitat in rivers and streams, and recommends an approach to monitoring and assessment of impacts associated with these activities. Pipeline crossing construction is shown to not only compromise the integrity of the physical and chemical nature of fish habitat, but also to affect biological habitat (e.g., benthic invertebrates and invertebrate drift), and fish behavior and physiology. Indicators of effect include: water quality (total suspended solids TSS), physical habitat (substrate particle size, channel morphology), benthic invertebrate community structure and drift (abundance, species composition, diversity, standing crop), and fish behavior and physiology (hierarchy, feeding, respiration rate, loss of equilibrium, blood hematocrit and leukocrit levels, heart rate and stroke volume). The Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) approach, which is often applied in Environmental Effects Monitoring (EEM), is recommended as a basis for impact assessment, as is consideration of site-specific sensitivities, assessment of significance, and cumulative effects.

Enhancing the bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits using melting solid dispersion with polyvinylpyrrolidone.

PubMed

Lin, Shiuan-Pey; Hou, Yu-Chi; Liao, Tzu-Yun; Tsai, Shang-Yuan

2014-03-01

Preparation of magnolol-loaded amorphous solid dispersion was investigated for improving the bioavailability. A solid dispersion of magnolol was prepared with polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30 (PVP) by melting method, and the physical properties were characterized by using differential scanning calorimetry, powder X-ray diffractometry, Fourier transformation-infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. In addition, dissolution test was also performed. Subsequently, the bioavailability of magnolol pure compound, its physical mixture and solid dispersion were compared in rabbits. The blood samples withdrawn via marginal ear vein at specific time points were assayed by HPLC method. Oral administration of the solid dispersion of magnolol with PVP significantly increased the systemic exposures of magnolol and magnolol sulfates/glucuronides by 80.1% and 142.8%, respectively, compared to those given with magnolol pure compound. Magnolol-loaded amorphous solid dispersion with PVP has demonstrated enhanced bioavailability of magnolol in rabbits.

Phase diagram of nanoscale alloy particles used for vapor-liquid-solid growth of semiconductor nanowires.

PubMed

Sutter, Eli; Sutter, Peter

2008-02-01

We use transmission electron microscopy observations to establish the parts of the phase diagram of nanometer sized Au-Ge alloy drops at the tips of Ge nanowires (NWs) that determine their temperature-dependent equilibrium composition and, hence, their exchange of semiconductor material with the NWs. We find that the phase diagram of the nanoscale drop deviates significantly from that of the bulk alloy, which explains discrepancies between actual growth results and predictions on the basis of the bulk-phase equilibria. Our findings provide the basis for tailoring vapor-liquid-solid growth to achieve complex one-dimensional materials geometries.

Some Historical Points of Interest in Göttingen

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hentschel, Klaus

The Georgia Augusta University of Göttingen, founded in 1737, was a child of the Enlightenment, and the new sciences have always played a major role here.1 Among the teachers of physics, physical chemistry, astronomy, and related subjects we find Johann Christian Polykarp Erxleben, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Johann Tobias Mayer, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Johann B. Listing, Wilhelm Eduard Weber, Woldemar Voigt, Friedrich Kohlrausch, Eduard Riecke, Walther Nernst and Peter Debye — the last two subsequently moved on to Berlin. In the 1920s, physics students were jestingly referred to as “Frankierte, Bornierte und Polierte” (loosely translated as stamped, limited and polished), in allusion to their teachers, the theoretical physicist Max Born and the experimentalists James Franck and Robert Wichard Pohl, the first two being important figures in the history of quantum theory, the third, one of the founding fathers of experimental solid state physics.2 The National Socialist’s rise to power had a devastating effect on this world-renowned center for physics and mathematics. Most of its high-caliber scientists either were dismissed on the basis of the racist “Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service” or themselves felt compelled to emigrate: About a dozen members of the physics faculty, including Born and Franck, and ten from the mathematics faculty left Göttingen.3 After the war, Richard Becker, who in 1936 had received a compulsory order to take the chair for theoretical physics vacant since Born’s emigration, and Friedrich Hund, who was also an enthusiastic historian of science, distinguished themselves as physics teachers there but the university as a whole never recovered its international standing of before 1933 (see Figs. 1 and 2).

Quantum Simulation of Helium Hydride Cation in a Solid-State Spin Register.

PubMed

Wang, Ya; Dolde, Florian; Biamonte, Jacob; Babbush, Ryan; Bergholm, Ville; Yang, Sen; Jakobi, Ingmar; Neumann, Philipp; Aspuru-Guzik, Alán; Whitfield, James D; Wrachtrup, Jörg

2015-08-25

Ab initio computation of molecular properties is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing. While this problem is widely believed to be intractable for classical computers, efficient quantum algorithms exist which have the potential to vastly accelerate research throughput in fields ranging from material science to drug discovery. Using a solid-state quantum register realized in a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defect in diamond, we compute the bond dissociation curve of the minimal basis helium hydride cation, HeH(+). Moreover, we report an energy uncertainty (given our model basis) of the order of 10(-14) hartree, which is 10 orders of magnitude below the desired chemical precision. As NV centers in diamond provide a robust and straightforward platform for quantum information processing, our work provides an important step toward a fully scalable solid-state implementation of a quantum chemistry simulator.

Classification of solid dispersions: correlation to (i) stability and solubility (ii) preparation and characterization techniques.

PubMed

Meng, Fan; Gala, Urvi; Chauhan, Harsh

2015-01-01

Solid dispersion has been a topic of interest in recent years for its potential in improving oral bioavailability, especially for poorly water soluble drugs where dissolution could be the rate-limiting step of oral absorption. Understanding the physical state of the drug and polymers in solid dispersions is essential as it influences both the stability and solubility of these systems. This review emphasizes on the classification of solid dispersions based on the physical states of drug and polymer. Based on this classification, stability aspects such as crystallization tendency, glass transition temperature (Tg), drug polymer miscibility, molecular mobility, etc. and solubility aspects have been discussed. In addition, preparation and characterization methods for binary solid dispersions based on the classification have also been discussed.

Lubrication handbook for the space industry. Part A: Solid lubricants. Part B: Liquid lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1985-01-01

This handbook is intended to provide a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel can conveniently locate data needed for their work. This handbook is divided into two major parts (A and B). Part A is a compilation of solid lubricant suppliers information on chemical and physical property of data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions, and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical porperty data of more then 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds, and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications of spacecraft.

Arsenic Accumulation and Release Studies Using a Cast Iron Pipe Section from a Drinking Water Distribution System

EPA Science Inventory

The tendency of iron solid surfaces to adsorb arsenic and other ions is well known and has become the basis for several drinking water treatment approaches that remove these contaminants. It is reasonable to assume that iron-based solids, such as corrosion deposits present in dri...

40 CFR 60.105 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... liquid or solid fossil-fuels and the hours of operation during which liquid or solid fossil-fuels are... the atmosphere. The instrument shall be spanned at 60, 70, or 80 percent opacity. (2) For fluid... monitoring and recording the concentration by volume (dry basis) of CO emissions into the atmosphere, except...

40 CFR 60.105 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... liquid or solid fossil-fuels and the hours of operation during which liquid or solid fossil-fuels are... the atmosphere. The instrument shall be spanned at 60, 70, or 80 percent opacity. (2) For fluid... monitoring and recording the concentration by volume (dry basis) of CO emissions into the atmosphere, except...

40 CFR 60.105 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... liquid or solid fossil-fuels and the hours of operation during which liquid or solid fossil-fuels are... the atmosphere. The instrument shall be spanned at 60, 70, or 80 percent opacity. (2) For fluid... monitoring and recording the concentration by volume (dry basis) of CO emissions into the atmosphere, except...

40 CFR 60.105 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... liquid or solid fossil-fuels and the hours of operation during which liquid or solid fossil-fuels are... the atmosphere. The instrument shall be spanned at 60, 70, or 80 percent opacity. (2) For fluid... monitoring and recording the concentration by volume (dry basis) of CO emissions into the atmosphere, except...

40 CFR 60.105 - Monitoring of emissions and operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... liquid or solid fossil-fuels and the hours of operation during which liquid or solid fossil-fuels are... the atmosphere. The instrument shall be spanned at 60, 70, or 80 percent opacity. (2) For fluid... monitoring and recording the concentration by volume (dry basis) of CO emissions into the atmosphere, except...

Effect of sterilization on the physical stability of brimonidine-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers.

PubMed

El-Salamouni, Noha S; Farid, Ragwa M; El-Kamel, Amal H; El-Gamal, Safaa S

2015-12-30

Nanoparticulate delivery systems have recently been under consideration for topical ophthalmic drug delivery. Brimonidine base-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carrier formulations were prepared using glyceryl monostearate as solid lipid and were evaluated for their physical stability following sterilization by autoclaving at 121°C for 15min. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of autoclaving on the physical appearance, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency and particle morphology of the prepared formulations, compared to non-autoclaved ones. Results showed that, autoclaving at 121°C for 15min allowed the production of physically stable formulations in nanometric range, below 500nm suitable for ophthalmic application. Moreover, the autoclaved samples appeared to be superior to non-autoclaved ones, due to their increased zeta potential values, indicating a better physical stability. As well as, increased amount of brimonidine base entrapped in the tested formulations. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Applying Molecular Bonding Concepts to the Solid State

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dunnington, Benjamin D.

In this thesis, we describe the extension and application of Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) analysis to periodic systems. This enables the translation of rigorous, quantum mechanical calculation results of solid systems into the localized lone pairs and two-center bonds of Lewis structures. Such localized bonding descriptions form the basic language of chemistry, and application of these ideas to solids allows for the understanding of complex phenomena in bulk systems using readily accessible concepts from molecular science. In addition to the algorithmic adjustments needed for to account for periodic boundary conditions in the NBO process, we also discuss methodology to interface the ubiquitous plane wave basis sets of the solid state with the atom-centered basis functions needed as input for NBO analysis. We will describe one method using projection of the plane wave eigenstates, and a second projection-free method that involves the direct calculation of matrix elements of the plane wave Hamiltonian in an atom-centered basis. The reliance of many localized, post-computational analysis techniques on an atom-centered description of the orbitals, means these interfaces will have applicability beyond our NBO development. An ideal area for application of such molecular descriptions of periodic systems is heterogeneous catalysis, where reactants from a gas/liquid phase react on a solid catalyst surface. Previous studies of these systems have originated from the delocalized perspective of the bulk catalyst. NBO provides an explicit description of the perturbative effect of the catalyst on the covalent bonds of the reactant, which is correlated with the catalytic activity of the material. Such a shift to an adsorbate focused description of surface reactivity will enable understanding of catalysis across a variety of materials.

Earthquake cycles and physical modeling of the process leading up to a large earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohnaka, Mitiyasu

2004-08-01

A thorough discussion is made on what the rational constitutive law for earthquake ruptures ought to be from the standpoint of the physics of rock friction and fracture on the basis of solid facts observed in the laboratory. From this standpoint, it is concluded that the constitutive law should be a slip-dependent law with parameters that may depend on slip rate or time. With the long-term goal of establishing a rational methodology of forecasting large earthquakes, the entire process of one cycle for a typical, large earthquake is modeled, and a comprehensive scenario that unifies individual models for intermediate-and short-term (immediate) forecasts is presented within the framework based on the slip-dependent constitutive law and the earthquake cycle model. The earthquake cycle includes the phase of accumulation of elastic strain energy with tectonic loading (phase II), and the phase of rupture nucleation at the critical stage where an adequate amount of the elastic strain energy has been stored (phase III). Phase II plays a critical role in physical modeling of intermediate-term forecasting, and phase III in physical modeling of short-term (immediate) forecasting. The seismogenic layer and individual faults therein are inhomogeneous, and some of the physical quantities inherent in earthquake ruptures exhibit scale-dependence. It is therefore critically important to incorporate the properties of inhomogeneity and physical scaling, in order to construct realistic, unified scenarios with predictive capability. The scenario presented may be significant and useful as a necessary first step for establishing the methodology for forecasting large earthquakes.

The effects of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion process and downstream processing parameters on the moisture sorption properties of amorphous solid dispersions.

PubMed

Feng, Xin; Vo, Anh; Patil, Hemlata; Tiwari, Roshan V; Alshetaili, Abdullah S; Pimparade, Manjeet B; Repka, Michael A

2016-05-01

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of polymer carrier, hot melt extrusion and downstream processing parameters on the water uptake properties of amorphous solid dispersions. Three polymers and a model drug were used to prepare amorphous solid dispersions utilizing the hot melt extrusion technology. The sorption-desorption isotherms of solid dispersions and their physical mixtures were measured by the dynamic vapour sorption system, and the effects of polymer hydrophobicity, hygroscopicity, molecular weight and the hot melt extrusion process were investigated. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging was performed to understand the phase separation driven by the moisture. Solid dispersions with polymeric carriers with lower hydrophilicity, hygroscopicity and higher molecular weight could sorb less moisture under the high relative humidity (RH) conditions. The water uptake ability of polymer-drug solid dispersion systems were decreased compared with the physical mixture after hot melt extrusion, which might be due to the decreased surface area and porosity. The FTIR imaging indicated that the homogeneity of the drug molecularly dispersed within the polymer matrix was changed after exposure to high RH. Understanding the effect of formulation and processing on the moisture sorption properties of solid dispersions is essential for the development of drug products with desired physical and chemical stability. © 2015 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.

Understanding acoustic physics in oil and gas wellbores with the presence of ubiquitous geometric eccentricity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Yang; D'Angelo, Ralph M.; Choi, Gloria; Zhu, Lingchen; Bose, Sandip; Zeroug, Smaine

2018-04-01

Once an oil and gas wellbore has been drilled, steel casings and cement slurry are placed to ensure structural support, protection from fluid invasion, and most importantly to provide zonal isolation. The actual wellbore and string structure is rarely concentric but rather is often an eccentric one, especially in deviated boreholes. The term "eccentricity" is used to describe how off-center a casing string is within another pipe or the open-hole. In a typical double-string configuration, the inner casing is eccentered with respect to the outer string which itself is also eccentered within the cylindrical hole. The annuli may or may not be filled with solid cement, and the cement may have liquid-filled channels or be disbonded over localized azimuthal ranges. The complexity of wave propagation along axial intervals is significant in that multiple modes can be excited and detected with characteristics that are affected by the various parameters, including eccentering, in a non-linear fashion. A successful diagnosis of cement flaws largely relies on a thorough understanding of the complex acoustic modal information. The present study employs both modeling and experiments to fully understand the acoustic wave propagation in the complex, fluid-solid nested, cylindrically layered structures, with geometric eccentricities. The experimental results show excellent agreement with the theoretical predictions from newly developed, borehole acoustic modeling approaches. As such, it provides the basis for better understanding the operative wave physics and providing the means for effective inspection methodologies to assess well integrity and zonal isolation of oil wells.

A Molecular-Level View of the Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Xiaoda

Many pharmaceutical compounds being developed in recent years are poorly soluble in water. This has led to insufficient oral bioavailability of many compounds in vitro. The amorphous formulation is one of the promising techniques to increase the oral bioavailability of these poorly water-soluble compounds. However, an amorphous drug substance is inherently unstable because it is a high energy form. In order to increase the physical stability, the amorphous drug is often formulated with a suitable polymer to form an amorphous solid dispersion. Previous research has suggested that the formation of an intimately mixed drug-polymer mixture contributes to the stabilization of the amorphous drug compound. The goal of this research is to better understand the role of miscibility, molecular interactions and mobility on the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions. Methods were developed to detect different degrees of miscibility on nanometer scale and to quantify the extent of hydrogen-bonding interactions between the drug and the polymer. Miscibility, hydrogen-bonding interactions and molecular mobility were correlated with physical stability during a six-month period using three model systems. Overall, this research provides molecular-level insights into many factors that govern the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions which can lead to a more effective design of stable amorphous formulations.

On the Superficial Gas Velocity in Deep Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Tingwen; Grace, John; Shadle, Lawrence

2011-11-15

The superficial gas velocity is one of the key parameters used to determine the flow hydrodynamics in gas–solids fluidized beds. However, the superficial velocity varies with height in practice, and there is no consistent basis for its specification. Different approaches to determine the superficial gas velocity in a deep gas–solids system are shown to cause difficulties in developing models and in comparing predictions with experimental results. In addition, the reference conditions for superficial gas velocity are important in modeling of deep gas–solids systems where there is a considerable pressure drop.

[Methodological approaches to the development of environmentally benign technology for the use of solid waste in iron metallurgy].

PubMed

Pugin, K G; Vaĭsman, Ia I

2013-01-01

On the basis of the life cycle of materials, containing wastes of iron and steel industry, new methodological approaches to the assessment of technologies of the secondary use of wastes are developed A complex criteria for selection of the technology for the use of resource potential of solid waste of iron and steel industry are developed with taking into account environmental, technological and economic indices. The technology of the use of wastes of ferrovanadium industry as bulk solid materials at the solid waste landfill is shown.

Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty when measuring the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stare, E.; Beges, G.; Drnovsek, J.

2006-07-01

This paper presents the results of research into the measurement of the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking. Two types of tracking were investigated: the proof tracking index (PTI) and the comparative tracking index (CTI). Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in a case study was performed using a test method in accordance with the IEC 60112 standard. In the scope of the tests performed here, this particular test method was used to ensure the safety of electrical appliances. According to the EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard (EN ISO/IEC 17025), in the process of conformity assessment, the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of the test method should be carried out. In the present article, possible influential parameters that are in accordance with the third and fourth editions of the standard IEC 60112 are discussed. The differences, ambiguities or lack of guidance referring to both editions of the standard are described in the article 'Ambiguities in technical standards—case study IEC 60112—measuring the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking' (submitted for publication). Several hundred measurements were taken in the present experiments in order to form the basis for the results and conclusions presented. A specific problem of the test (according to the IEC 60112 standard) is the great variety of influential physical parameters (mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc) that can affect the results. At the end of the present article therefore, there is a histogram containing information on the contributions to the measurement uncertainty.

Fundamental energy limits of SET-based Brownian NAND and half-adder circuits. Preliminary findings from a physical-information-theoretic methodology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ercan, İlke; Suyabatmaz, Enes

2018-06-01

The saturation in the efficiency and performance scaling of conventional electronic technologies brings about the development of novel computational paradigms. Brownian circuits are among the promising alternatives that can exploit fluctuations to increase the efficiency of information processing in nanocomputing. A Brownian cellular automaton, where signals propagate randomly and are driven by local transition rules, can be made computationally universal by embedding arbitrary asynchronous circuits on it. One of the potential realizations of such circuits is via single electron tunneling (SET) devices since SET technology enable simulation of noise and fluctuations in a fashion similar to Brownian search. In this paper, we perform a physical-information-theoretic analysis on the efficiency limitations in a Brownian NAND and half-adder circuits implemented using SET technology. The method we employed here establishes a solid ground that enables studying computational and physical features of this emerging technology on an equal footing, and yield fundamental lower bounds that provide valuable insights into how far its efficiency can be improved in principle. In order to provide a basis for comparison, we also analyze a NAND gate and half-adder circuit implemented in complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology to show how the fundamental bound of the Brownian circuit compares against a conventional paradigm.

School Physical Education in the Transition from Solid Modernity to Liquid Modernity: The Brazilian Case

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bracht, Valter; Gomes, Ivan Marcelo; de Almeida, Felipe Quintão

2015-01-01

This article discusses the implications of the contemporary transition from a solid modernity to a liquid modernity for school physical education, according to the metaphors adopted by the Polish sociologist and English resident Zygmunt Bauman. By leveraging Bauman's sociological theory, this article pursues two aims: (1) to examine how physical…

Demonstration Experiments for Solid-State Physics Using a Table-Top Mechanical Stirling Refrigerator

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osorio, M. R.; Morales, A. Palacio; Rodrigo, J. G.; Suderow, H.; Vieira, S.

2012-01-01

Liquid-free cryogenic devices are acquiring importance in basic science and engineering. But they can also lead to improvements in teaching low temperature and solid-state physics to graduate students and specialists. Most of the devices are relatively expensive, but small-sized equipment is slowly becoming available. Here, we have designed…

Application of the exact exchange potential method for half metallic intermediate band alloy semiconductor.

PubMed

Fernández, J J; Tablero, C; Wahnón, P

2004-06-08

In this paper we present an analysis of the convergence of the band structure properties, particularly the influence on the modification of the bandgap and bandwidth values in half metallic compounds by the use of the exact exchange formalism. This formalism for general solids has been implemented using a localized basis set of numerical functions to represent the exchange density. The implementation has been carried out using a code which uses a linear combination of confined numerical pseudoatomic functions to represent the Kohn-Sham orbitals. The application of this exact exchange scheme to a half-metallic semiconductor compound, in particular to Ga(4)P(3)Ti, a promising material in the field of high efficiency solar cells, confirms the existence of the isolated intermediate band in this compound. (c) 2004 American Institute of Physics.

Concept of a demonstrational hybrid reactor—a tokamak with molten-salt blanket for 233U fuel production: 1. Concept of a stationary Tokamak as a neutron source

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Azizov, E. A.; Gladush, G. G.; Dokuka, V. N.; Khayrutdinov, R. R.

2015-12-01

On the basis of current understanding of physical processes in tokamaks and taking into account engineering constraints, it is shown that a low-cost facility of a moderate size can be designed within the adopted concept. This facility makes it possible to achieve the power density of neutron flux which is of interest, in particular, for solving the problem of 233U fuel production from thorium. By using a molten-salt blanket, the important task of ensuring the safe operation of such a reactor in the case of possible coolant loss is accomplished. Moreover, in a hybrid reactor with the blanket based on liquid salts, the problem of periodic refueling that is difficult to perform in solid blankets can be solved.

Physics in the Twentieth Century

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weisskopf, Victor F.

1970-01-01

Provides a review of the great discoveries, theoretical concepts and development of physics in the 20th century. The growth and significance of diverse fields such as quantum theory, relativity theory, atomic physics, molecular physics, the physics of the solid state, nuclear physics, astrophysics, plasma physics, and particle physics are…

40 CFR 258.28 - Liquids restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 258.28 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS Operating Criteria § 258.28 Liquids restrictions. (a) Bulk or... (Paint Filter Liquids Test), included in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical...

40 CFR 258.28 - Liquids restrictions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 258.28 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS Operating Criteria § 258.28 Liquids restrictions. (a) Bulk or... (Paint Filter Liquids Test), included in “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical...

The Physics of Earthquakes: In the Quest for a Unified Theory (or Model) That Quantitatively Describes the Entire Process of an Earthquake Rupture, From its Nucleation to the Dynamic Regime and to its Arrest

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ohnaka, M.

2004-12-01

For the past four decades, great progress has been made in understanding earthquake source processes. In particular, recent progress in the field of the physics of earthquakes has contributed substantially to unraveling the earthquake generation process in quantitative terms. Yet, a fundamental problem remains unresolved in this field. The constitutive law that governs the behavior of earthquake ruptures is the basis of earthquake physics, and the governing law plays a fundamental role in accounting for the entire process of an earthquake rupture, from its nucleation to the dynamic propagation to its arrest, quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner. Therefore, without establishing the rational constitutive law, the physics of earthquakes cannot be a quantitative science in a true sense, and hence it is urgent to establish the rational constitutive law. However, it has been controversial over the past two decades, and it is still controversial, what the constitutive law for earthquake ruptures ought to be, and how it should be formulated. To resolve the controversy is a necessary step towards a more complete, unified theory of earthquake physics, and now the time is ripe to do so. Because of its fundamental importance, we have to discuss thoroughly and rigorously what the constitutive law ought to be from the standpoint of the physics of rock friction and fracture on the basis of solid evidence. There are prerequisites for the constitutive formulation. The brittle, seismogenic layer and individual faults therein are characterized by inhomogeneity, and fault inhomogeneity has profound implications for earthquake ruptures. In addition, rupture phenomena including earthquakes are inherently scale dependent; indeed, some of the physical quantities inherent in rupture exhibit scale dependence. To treat scale-dependent physical quantities inherent in the rupture over a broad scale range quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner, it is critical to formulate the governing law properly so as to incorporate the scaling property. Thus, the properties of fault inhomogeneity and physical scaling are indispensable prerequisites to be incorporated into the constitutive formulation. Thorough discussion in this context necessarily leads to the consistent conclusion that the constitutive law must be formulated in such a manner that the shear traction is a primary function of the slip displacement, with the secondary effect of slip rate or stationary contact time. This constitutive formulation makes it possible to account for the entire process of an earthquake rupture over a broad scale range quantitatively in a unified and consistent manner.

77 FR 59238 - Call for Expert Reviewers to the U.S. Government Review of the Working Group I Contribution to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-26

... Climate Change (IPCC), Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Summary: The United States Global... Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. The United Nations..., and socio-economic information for understanding the scientific basis of climate change, potential...

Physics: A Career for You?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Inst. of Physics, New York, NY.

Information is provided for students who may be interested in pursuing a career in physics. This information includes the type of work done and areas studied by physicists in the following areas: nuclear physics, solid-state physics, elementary-particle physics, atomic/molecular/electron physics, fluid/plasma physics, space/planetary physics,…

Methods of Predicting Solid Waste Characteristics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyd, Gail B.; Hawkins, Myron B.

The project summarized by this report involved a preliminary design of a model for estimating and predicting the quantity and composition of solid waste and a determination of its feasibility. The novelty of the prediction model is that it estimates and predicts on the basis of knowledge of materials and quantities before they become a part of the…

Undergraduate Laboratory Experiment Facilitating Active Learning of Concepts in Transport Phenomena: Experiment with a Subliming Solid

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Utgikar, Vivek P.

2015-01-01

An experiment based on the sublimation of a solid was introduced in the undergraduate Transport Phenomena course. The experiment required the students to devise their own apparatus and measurement techniques. The theoretical basis, assignment of the experiment, experimental results, and student/instructor observations are described in this paper.…

Use of surfactants as plasticizers in preparing solid dispersions of poorly soluble API: stability testing of selected solid dispersions.

PubMed

Ghebremeskel, Alazar N; Vemavarapu, Chandra; Lodaya, Mayur

2006-08-01

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of surfactant-plasticizers on the physical stability of amorphous drug in polymer matrices formed by hot melt extrusion. Solid dispersions of a poorly soluble drug were prepared using PVP-K30, Plasdone-S630, and HPMC-E5 as the polymeric carriers and surfactants as plasticizers. The solid dispersions were produced by hot melt extrusion at temperatures 10 degrees C above and below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the carrier polymers using a 16 mm-Haake Extruder. The surfactants tested in this study included Tween-80 and Docusate Sodium. The particle size of the extrudate was reduced to have mean of 100-200 micron. The physical stability of the solid dispersions produced was monitored at 30 degrees C/60% for six-months and at 60 degrees C/85% for two-months in open HDPE bottles. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and dissolution testing was performed to assess the physical stability of solid dispersions upon stress testing. The dispersions containing HPMC-E5 were observed especially to be susceptible to physical instability under an accelerated stress conditions (60 degrees C/85%RH) of the solid dispersion. About 6% conversion of amorphous drug to crystalline form was observed. Consequently, the system exhibits similar degree of re-crystallization upon addition of the surfactant. However, under 30 degrees C/60%RH condition, the otherwise amorphous Drug-HPMC-E5 system has been destabilized by the addition of the surfactant. This effect is much more reduced in the extruded solid dispersions where polymeric carriers such as Plasdone S-603 and PVP-K30 (in addition to surfactants) are present. Furthermore, the drug release from the solid dispersions was unaffected at the stress conditions reported above. Possible reasons for the enhanced stability of the dispersions are due to the surfactants ability to lower the viscosity of the melt, increase the API solubility and homogeneity in the carrier polymer. In contrast, while it is possible for the surfactants to destabilize the system by lowering the Tg and increasing the water uptake, the study confirms that this effect is minimal. By and large, the surfactants appear to be promising plasticizers to produce solid dispersions by hot melt extrusion, in so doing improving dissolution rate without compromising the physical stability of the systems.

40 CFR 261.22 - Characteristic of corrosivity.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 261.22 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... Characteristic of corrosivity. (a) A solid waste exhibits the characteristic of corrosivity if a representative... Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods,” EPA Publication SW-846, as incorporated by...

Solid State Division progress report for period ending September 30, 1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Watson, D.M.

1985-03-01

During the reporting period, relatively minor changes have occurred in the research areas of interest to the Division. Nearly all the research of the Division can be classified broadly as mission-oriented basic research. Topics covered include: theoretical solid state physics; surface and near-surface properties of solids; defects in solids; transport properties of solids; neutron scattering; and preparation and characterization of research materials. (GHT)

The Utilization of Sensori-motor Experiences for Introducing Young Pupils to Molecular Motion: A Report of a Pilot Study.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hadzigeorgiou, Yannis

2002-01-01

Does a sensori-motor experience help a physics student understand the movement of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases? Students aged 9-10 were given either traditional demonstrations of solids, liquids, and gases and the variation of molecular motion with temperature (iconic presentation), or they were involved in physical activities as they…

Heating value prediction for combustible fraction of municipal solid waste in Semarang using backpropagation neural network

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khuriati, Ainie; Setiabudi, Wahyu; Nur, Muhammad; Istadi, Istadi

2015-12-01

Backpropgation neural network was trained to predict of combustible fraction heating value of MSW from the physical composition. Waste-to-Energy (WtE) is a viable option for municipal solid waste (MSW) management. The influence of the heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) is very important on the implementation of WtE systems. As MSW is heterogeneous material, direct heating value measurements are often not feasible. In this study an empirical model was developed to describe the heating value of the combustible fraction of municipal solid waste as a function of its physical composition of MSW using backpropagation neural network. Sampling process was carried out at Jatibarang landfill. The weight of each sorting sample taken from each discharged MSW vehicle load is 100 kg. The MSW physical components were grouped into paper wastes, absorbent hygiene product waste, styrofoam waste, HD plastic waste, plastic waste, rubber waste, textile waste, wood waste, yard wastes, kitchen waste, coco waste, and miscellaneous combustible waste. Network was trained by 24 datasets with 1200, 769, and 210 epochs. The results of this analysis showed that the correlation from the physical composition is better than multiple regression method .

Lubrication handbook for use in the space industry. Part A: Solid lubricants. Part B: Liquid lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, M. E.; Thompson, M. B.

1972-01-01

This handbook provides a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel in the space industry can conveniently locate data needed for their work. The handbook is divided into two major parts. Part A is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum, from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications for missiles and spacecraft.

Haptics-based dynamic implicit solid modeling.

PubMed

Hua, Jing; Qin, Hong

2004-01-01

This paper systematically presents a novel, interactive solid modeling framework, Haptics-based Dynamic Implicit Solid Modeling, which is founded upon volumetric implicit functions and powerful physics-based modeling. In particular, we augment our modeling framework with a haptic mechanism in order to take advantage of additional realism associated with a 3D haptic interface. Our dynamic implicit solids are semi-algebraic sets of volumetric implicit functions and are governed by the principles of dynamics, hence responding to sculpting forces in a natural and predictable manner. In order to directly manipulate existing volumetric data sets as well as point clouds, we develop a hierarchical fitting algorithm to reconstruct and represent discrete data sets using our continuous implicit functions, which permit users to further design and edit those existing 3D models in real-time using a large variety of haptic and geometric toolkits, and visualize their interactive deformation at arbitrary resolution. The additional geometric and physical constraints afford more sophisticated control of the dynamic implicit solids. The versatility of our dynamic implicit modeling enables the user to easily modify both the geometry and the topology of modeled objects, while the inherent physical properties can offer an intuitive haptic interface for direct manipulation with force feedback.

Machine learning strategies for systems with invariance properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ling, Julia; Jones, Reese; Templeton, Jeremy

2016-08-01

In many scientific fields, empirical models are employed to facilitate computational simulations of engineering systems. For example, in fluid mechanics, empirical Reynolds stress closures enable computationally-efficient Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes simulations. Likewise, in solid mechanics, constitutive relations between the stress and strain in a material are required in deformation analysis. Traditional methods for developing and tuning empirical models usually combine physical intuition with simple regression techniques on limited data sets. The rise of high performance computing has led to a growing availability of high fidelity simulation data. These data open up the possibility of using machine learning algorithms, such as random forests or neural networks, to develop more accurate and general empirical models. A key question when using data-driven algorithms to develop these empirical models is how domain knowledge should be incorporated into the machine learning process. This paper will specifically address physical systems that possess symmetry or invariance properties. Two different methods for teaching a machine learning model an invariance property are compared. In the first method, a basis of invariant inputs is constructed, and the machine learning model is trained upon this basis, thereby embedding the invariance into the model. In the second method, the algorithm is trained on multiple transformations of the raw input data until the model learns invariance to that transformation. Results are discussed for two case studies: one in turbulence modeling and one in crystal elasticity. It is shown that in both cases embedding the invariance property into the input features yields higher performance at significantly reduced computational training costs.

Connectivity of Photosystem II Is the Physical Basis of Retrapping in Photosynthetic Thermoluminescence

PubMed Central

Tyystjärvi, Esa; Rantamäki, Susanne; Tyystjärvi, Joonas

2009-01-01

Energy transfer between photosystem II (PSII) centers is known from previous fluorescence studies. We have studied the theoretical consequences of energetic connectivity of PSII centers on photosynthetic thermoluminescence (TL) and predict that connectivity affects the TL Q band. First, connectivity is expected to make the Q band wider and more symmetric than an ideal first-order TL band. Second, the presence of closed PSII centers in an energetically connected group of PSII centers is expected to lower the probability that an exciton originating in a recombination reaction becomes retrapped. The latter effect would shift the Q band toward lower temperature, and the shift would be greater the higher the percentage of closed PSII centers at the beginning of the measurement. These effects can be generalized as second-order effects, as they make the Q band resemble the second-order TL bands obtained from semiconducting solids. We applied the connected-units model of chlorophyll fluorescence to derive equations for quantifying the second-order effects in TL. To test the effect of the initial proportion of closed reaction centers, we measured the Q band with different intensities of the excitation flash and found that the peak position changed by 2.5°C toward higher temperature when the flash intensity was lowered from saturating to 0.39% of saturating. The result shows that energy transfer between reaction centers of PSII forms the physical basis of retrapping in photosynthetic TL. The second-order effects partially explain the deviation of the form of the Q band from ideal first-order TL. PMID:19413979

Machine learning strategies for systems with invariance properties

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ling, Julia; Jones, Reese E.; Templeton, Jeremy Alan

Here, in many scientific fields, empirical models are employed to facilitate computational simulations of engineering systems. For example, in fluid mechanics, empirical Reynolds stress closures enable computationally-efficient Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. Likewise, in solid mechanics, constitutive relations between the stress and strain in a material are required in deformation analysis. Traditional methods for developing and tuning empirical models usually combine physical intuition with simple regression techniques on limited data sets. The rise of high-performance computing has led to a growing availability of high-fidelity simulation data, which open up the possibility of using machine learning algorithms, such as random forests or neuralmore » networks, to develop more accurate and general empirical models. A key question when using data-driven algorithms to develop these models is how domain knowledge should be incorporated into the machine learning process. This paper will specifically address physical systems that possess symmetry or invariance properties. Two different methods for teaching a machine learning model an invariance property are compared. In the first , a basis of invariant inputs is constructed, and the machine learning model is trained upon this basis, thereby embedding the invariance into the model. In the second method, the algorithm is trained on multiple transformations of the raw input data until the model learns invariance to that transformation. Results are discussed for two case studies: one in turbulence modeling and one in crystal elasticity. It is shown that in both cases embedding the invariance property into the input features yields higher performance with significantly reduced computational training costs.« less

Machine learning strategies for systems with invariance properties

DOE PAGES

Ling, Julia; Jones, Reese E.; Templeton, Jeremy Alan

2016-05-06

Here, in many scientific fields, empirical models are employed to facilitate computational simulations of engineering systems. For example, in fluid mechanics, empirical Reynolds stress closures enable computationally-efficient Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations. Likewise, in solid mechanics, constitutive relations between the stress and strain in a material are required in deformation analysis. Traditional methods for developing and tuning empirical models usually combine physical intuition with simple regression techniques on limited data sets. The rise of high-performance computing has led to a growing availability of high-fidelity simulation data, which open up the possibility of using machine learning algorithms, such as random forests or neuralmore » networks, to develop more accurate and general empirical models. A key question when using data-driven algorithms to develop these models is how domain knowledge should be incorporated into the machine learning process. This paper will specifically address physical systems that possess symmetry or invariance properties. Two different methods for teaching a machine learning model an invariance property are compared. In the first , a basis of invariant inputs is constructed, and the machine learning model is trained upon this basis, thereby embedding the invariance into the model. In the second method, the algorithm is trained on multiple transformations of the raw input data until the model learns invariance to that transformation. Results are discussed for two case studies: one in turbulence modeling and one in crystal elasticity. It is shown that in both cases embedding the invariance property into the input features yields higher performance with significantly reduced computational training costs.« less

19 CFR 133.2 - Application to record trademark.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... on the basis of physical and material differences (see Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 981 F.2d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), a description of any physical and material difference between the specific... instance, owners who assert that physical and material differences exist must state the basis for such a...

19 CFR 133.2 - Application to record trademark.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... on the basis of physical and material differences (see Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 981 F.2d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), a description of any physical and material difference between the specific... instance, owners who assert that physical and material differences exist must state the basis for such a...

19 CFR 133.2 - Application to record trademark.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... on the basis of physical and material differences (see Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 981 F.2d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), a description of any physical and material difference between the specific... instance, owners who assert that physical and material differences exist must state the basis for such a...

19 CFR 133.2 - Application to record trademark.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... on the basis of physical and material differences (see Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 981 F.2d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), a description of any physical and material difference between the specific... instance, owners who assert that physical and material differences exist must state the basis for such a...

19 CFR 133.2 - Application to record trademark.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... on the basis of physical and material differences (see Lever Bros. Co. v. United States, 981 F.2d 1330 (D.C. Cir. 1993)), a description of any physical and material difference between the specific... instance, owners who assert that physical and material differences exist must state the basis for such a...

The adhesion solidity, physico-mechanical and tribological properties of the coating of titanium nitride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krivina, L. A.; Tarasenko, Yu P.; Fel, Ya A.

2017-05-01

Influence of variable technological factors (arch current, fractional pressure of gas in the camera) on structure, physic-mechanical and tribological features of an ion-plasma coating of titanium nitride has been investigated. The adhesion solidity has been put to the test and the mechanism of destruction of a covering has been also researched by a skretch-test method. The optimal mode of spraying at which the formation of the nanostructured bar coating of TiN has been defined. The covering offers an optimal combination of physic-mechanical, tribological and solidity features.

The mechanical problems on additive manufacturing of viscoelastic solids with integral conditions on a surface increasing in the growth process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parshin, D. A.; Manzhirov, A. V.

2018-04-01

Quasistatic mechanical problems on additive manufacturing aging viscoelastic solids are investigated. The processes of piecewise-continuous accretion of such solids are considered. The consideration is carried out in the framework of linear mechanics of growing solids. A theorem about commutativity of the integration over an arbitrary surface increasing in the solid growing process and the time-derived integral operator of viscoelasticity with a limit depending on the solid point is proved. This theorem provides an efficient way to construct on the basis of Saint-Venant principle solutions of nonclassical boundary-value problems for describing the mechanical behaviour of additively formed solids with integral satisfaction of boundary conditions on the surfaces expanding due to the additional material influx to the formed solid. The constructed solutions will retrace the evolution of the stress-strain state of the solids under consideration during and after the processes of their additive formation. An example of applying the proved theorem is given.

Predictive model to describe water migration in cellular solid foods during storage.

PubMed

Voogt, Juliën A; Hirte, Anita; Meinders, Marcel B J

2011-11-01

Water migration in cellular solid foods during storage causes loss of crispness. To improve crispness retention, physical understanding of this process is needed. Mathematical models are suitable tools to gain this physical knowledge. Water migration in cellular solid foods involves migration through both the air cells and the solid matrix. For systems in which the water migration distance is large compared with the cell wall thickness of the solid matrix, the overall water flux through the system is dominated by the flux through the air. For these systems, water migration can be approximated well by a Fickian diffusion model. The effective diffusion coefficient can be expressed in terms of the material properties of the solid matrix (i.e. the density, sorption isotherm and diffusion coefficient of water in the solid matrix) and the morphological properties of the cellular structure (i.e. water vapour permeability and volume fraction of the solid matrix). The water vapour permeability is estimated from finite element method modelling using a simplified model for the cellular structure. It is shown that experimentally observed dynamical water profiles of bread rolls that differ in crust permeability are predicted well by the Fickian diffusion model. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry.

ELECTRON IRRADIATION OF SOLIDS

DOEpatents

Damask, A.C.

1959-11-01

A method is presented for altering physical properties of certain solids, such as enhancing the usefulness of solids, in which atomic interchange occurs through a vacancy mechanism, electron irradiation, and temperature control. In a centain class of metals, alloys, and semiconductors, diffusion or displacement of atoms occurs through a vacancy mechanism, i.e., an atom can only move when there exists a vacant atomic or lattice site in an adjacent position. In the process of the invention highenergy electron irradiation produces additional vacancies in a solid over those normally occurring at a given temperature and allows diffusion of the component atoms of the solid to proceed at temperatures at which it would not occur under thermal means alone in any reasonable length of time. The invention offers a precise way to increase the number of vacancies and thereby, to a controlled degree, change the physical properties of some materials, such as resistivity or hardness.

The Physics Teacher: The Four States of Matter—Solid, Squishy, Liquid, and Gas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clark, Roy W.

2007-04-01

The featured article offers several demonstrations of substances that seem to be neither solid nor liquid, but somewhere in between. The authors suggest laboratory experiments that can be performed by beginning physics students, and suggest theoretical explanations for the strange viscosity behaviors. The subject is chemistry much more than physics, and it may require chemistry textbook authors to rethink the popular definitions of physical and chemical change. This reviewer then comments on the historical origins of squishiness, and on its unfortunate neglect, in their author's opinion, by general chemistry texts. The subject is properly called rheology, and is of considerable significance to industrial chemists.

LMSC PUBLISHED CONTRIBUTIONS, 1966 IMPRINTS: A CITATION BIBLIOGRAPHY,

DTIC Science & Technology

PHYSICS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES), (*AERONAUTICS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES), (*ASTRONAUTICS, BIBLIOGRAPHIES), (* MATERIALS , BIBLIOGRAPHIES), (*ELECTRONICS...BIBLIOGRAPHIES), (*ENGINEERING, BIBLIOGRAPHIES), ASTROPHYSICS, NUCLEAR PHYSICS, MECHANICS, METALLURGY, CERAMIC MATERIALS , SOLID STATE PHYSICS, INFORMATION RETRIEVAL, PROPULSION SYSTEMS, BIONICS, REPORTS

Flow properties of suspensions rich in solids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Armstrong, W. P.; Gay, E. C.; Nelson, P. A.

1969-01-01

Mathematical evaluation of flow properties of fluids carrying high concentrations of solids in suspension relates suspension viscosity to physical properties of the solids and liquids, and provides a means for predicting flow behavior. A technique for calculating a suspensions flow rates is applicable to the design of pipelines.

Comparative Analyses of Creep Models of a Solid Propellant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, J. B.; Lu, B. J.; Gong, S. F.; Zhao, S. P.

2018-05-01

The creep experiments of a solid propellant samples under five different stresses are carried out at 293.15 K and 323.15 K. In order to express the creep properties of this solid propellant, the viscoelastic model i.e. three Parameters solid, three Parameters fluid, four Parameters solid, four Parameters fluid and exponential model are involved. On the basis of the principle of least squares fitting, and different stress of all the parameters for the models, the nonlinear fitting procedure can be used to analyze the creep properties. The study shows that the four Parameters solid model can best express the behavior of creep properties of the propellant samples. However, the three Parameters solid and exponential model cannot very well reflect the initial value of the creep process, while the modified four Parameters models are found to agree well with the acceleration characteristics of the creep process.

Ambient airborne solids concentrations including volcanic ash at Hanford, Washington sampling sites subsequent to the Mount St. Helens eruption

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sehmel, G. A.

1982-01-01

Airborne solids concentrations were measured on a near daily basis at two Hanford, Washington sites after the eruption of Mount St. Helens on May 18, 1980. These sites are about 211 km east of Mount St. Helens. Collected airborne solids included resuspended volcanic ash plus normal ambient solids. Average airborne solids concentrations were greater at the Hanford meteorological station sampling site which is 24 km northwest of the Horn Rapids dam sampling site. These increased concentrations reflect the sampling site proximity to greater ash fallout depths. Both sites are in low ash fallout areas although the Hanford meteorological station site is closer to the greater ash fallout areas. Airborne solids concentrations were decreased by rain, but airborne solids concentrations rapidly increased as surfaces dried. Airborne concentrations tended to become nearly the same at both sampling sites only for July 12 and 13.

The effect of moisture content on solid-state anaerobic digestion of dairy manure from a sawdust-bedded pack barn

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The effect of moisture content on solid-state anaerobic digestion of dairy manure from a Korean sawdust-bedded pack barn was determined using laboratory-scale digesters operated at three moisture levels (70, 76, and 83% on a wet basis) at 37 C for 85 days. Results showed that digesters containing m...

Enhanced solubility of piperine using hydrophilic carrier-based potent solid dispersion systems.

PubMed

Thenmozhi, Kathavarayan; Yoo, Young Je

2017-09-01

Piperine alkaloid, an important constituent of black pepper, exhibits numerous therapeutic properties, whereas its usage as a drug is limited due to its poor solubility in aqueous medium, which leads to poor bioavailability. Herein, a new method has been developed to improve the solubility of this drug based on the development of solid dispersions with improved dissolution rate using hydrophilic carriers such as sorbitol (Sor), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone K30 (PVP) by solvent method. Physical mixtures of piperine and carriers were also prepared for comparison. The physicochemical properties of the prepared solid dispersions were examined using SEM, TEM, DSC, XRD and FT-IR. In vitro dissolution profile of the solid dispersions was recorded and compared with that of the pure piperine and physical mixtures. The effect of these carriers on the aqueous solubility of piperine has been investigated. The solid dispersions of piperine with Sor, PEG and PVP exhibited superior performance for the dissolution of piperine with a drug release of 70%, 76% and 89%, respectively after 2 h compared to physical mixtures and pure piperine, which could be due to its transformation from crystalline to amorphous form as well as the attachment of hydrophilic carriers to the surface of poorly water-soluble piperine. Results suggest that the piperine solid dispersions prepared with improved in vitro release exhibit potential advantage in delivering poorly water-soluble piperine as an oral supplement.

A Multi-analytical Approach for the Characterization of Marbles from Lesser Himalayas (Northwest Pakistan)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fahad, M.; Iqbal, Y.; Riaz, M.; Ubic, R.; Redfern, S. A. T.

2015-12-01

The KP province of Pakistan hosts widespread deposits of thermo-metamorphic marbles that were extensively used as a building and ornamental stones since the time of earliest flourishing civilization in this region known as Indus Valley Civilization (2500 BC). The macroscopic characteristics of 22 marble varieties collected from three different areas of Lesser Himalayas (Northwest Pakistan), its chemical, mineralogical, petrographic features, temperature conditions of metamorphic re-crystallization, and the main physical properties are presented in order to provide a solid basis for possible studies on the provenance and distribution of building stones from this region. The results provide a set of diagnostic parameters that allow discriminating the investigated marbles and quarries. Studied marbles overlap in major phase assemblage, but the accessory mineral content, chemistry, the maximum grain size (MGS) and other petrographic characteristics are particularly useful in the distinction between them. On the basis of macroscopic features, the studied marbles can be classifies into four groups: (i) white (ii) grey-to-brown veined, (iii) brown-reddish to yellowish and (iv) dark-grey to blackish veined marbles. The results show that the investigated marbles are highly heterogeneous in both their geochemical parameters and minero-petrographic features. Microscopically, the white, grey-to-brown and dark-grey to blackish marbles display homeoblastic/granoblastic texture, and the brown-reddish to yellowish marbles display a heteroblastic texture with traces of slightly deformed polysynthetic twining planes. Minero-petrography, XRD, SEM and EPMA revealed that the investigated marbles chiefly consist of calcite along with dolomite, quartz, muscovite, pyrite, K-feldspar, Mg, Ti and Fe-oxides as subordinates. The magnesium content of calcite coexisting with dolomite was estimated by both XRD and EPMA/EDS, indicating the metamorphic temperature of re-crystallization from 414 - 628oC. The multi-analytical approach applied in the present study allows the best possible discrimination. The detailed databank relating to the quarried material, created here for the first time, provides a solid basis for possible studies on the provenance and distribution of building stones from these areas.

10 CFR Appendix A to Part 605 - The Energy Research Program Office Descriptions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... inorganic chemistry; chemical physics; atomic physics; photochemistry; radiation chemistry; thermodynamics... is comprised of the subfields metallurgy, ceramics, solid state physics, materials chemistry, and... listed below. (a) Applied Plasma Physics (APP) This Division seeks to develop that body of physics...

Semi-solid dosage form of clonazepam for rapid oral mucosal absorption.

PubMed

Sakata, Osamu; Machida, Yoshiharu; Onishi, Hiraku

2011-07-01

In order to obtain an alternative to the intravenous (i.v.) dosage form of clonazepam (CZ), an oral droplet formulation of CZ was developed previously; however, the droplet was physically unstable. Therefore, in the present study, it was attempted to develop an easily-handled dosage form, which was more physically stable and allowed rapid drug absorption from oral mucosa. A semi-solid dosage form, composed of polyethylene glycol 1500 (PEG), CZ, and oleic acid (OA) at 37/1/2 (w/w) and named PEG/CZ/OA, and a semi-solid dosage form containing PEG and CZ at 39/1 (w/w), called PEG/CZ, were prepared. Their physical stability in air at room temperature and oral mucosal absorption in rats were investigated. The semi-solid dosage forms were much more stable physically than the droplet, that is, no recrystallization of CZ was observed for at least 8 days. The effective concentration for humans and rats (20 ng/mL or more) was achieved within 30 min after buccal administration for both PEG/CZ/OA and PEG/CZ. The plasma concentration increased gradually and less varied at each time point for PEG/CZ/OA. PEG/CZ/OA was found to show more rapid and higher absorption of CZ in buccal administration than in sublingual administration. Buccal administration with the semi-solid dosage PEG/CZ with or without OA was suggested to be a possibly useful novel dosage form as an alternative to i.v. injection.

On the physical basis of a theory of human thermoregulation.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Iberall, A. S.; Schindler, A. M.

1973-01-01

Theoretical study of the physical factors which are responsible for thermoregulation in nude resting humans in a physical steady state. The behavior of oxidative metabolism, evaporative and convective thermal fluxes, fluid heat transfer, internal and surface temperatures, and evaporative phase transitions is studied by physiological/physical modeling techniques. The modeling is based on the theories that the body has a vital core with autothermoregulation, that the vital core contracts longitudinally, that the temperature of peripheral regions and extremities decreases towards the ambient, and that a significant portion of the evaporative heat may be lost underneath the skin. A theoretical basis is derived for a consistent modeling of steady-state thermoregulation on the basis of these theories.

High-Throughput Density Measurement Using Magnetic Levitation.

PubMed

Ge, Shencheng; Wang, Yunzhe; Deshler, Nicolas J; Preston, Daniel J; Whitesides, George M

2018-06-20

This work describes the development of an integrated analytical system that enables high-throughput density measurements of diamagnetic particles (including cells) using magnetic levitation (MagLev), 96-well plates, and a flatbed scanner. MagLev is a simple and useful technique with which to carry out density-based analysis and separation of a broad range of diamagnetic materials with different physical forms (e.g., liquids, solids, gels, pastes, gums, etc.); one major limitation, however, is the capacity to perform high-throughput density measurements. This work addresses this limitation by (i) re-engineering the shape of the magnetic fields so that the MagLev system is compatible with 96-well plates, and (ii) integrating a flatbed scanner (and simple optical components) to carry out imaging of the samples that levitate in the system. The resulting system is compatible with both biological samples (human erythrocytes) and nonbiological samples (simple liquids and solids, such as 3-chlorotoluene, cholesterol crystals, glass beads, copper powder, and polymer beads). The high-throughput capacity of this integrated MagLev system will enable new applications in chemistry (e.g., analysis and separation of materials) and biochemistry (e.g., cellular responses under environmental stresses) in a simple and label-free format on the basis of a universal property of all matter, i.e., density.

Impact of solid state fermentation on nutritional, physical and flavor properties of wheat bran.

PubMed

Zhao, Hui-Min; Guo, Xiao-Na; Zhu, Ke-Xue

2017-02-15

To improve the nutritional, physical and flavor properties of wheat bran, yeast and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were used for fermenting wheat bran in solid state. Appearance properties, nutritional properties, microstructure, hydration properties and flavor of raw bran and fermented bran were evaluated. After treatments, water extractable arabinoxylans were 3-4 times higher than in raw bran. Total dietary fiber and soluble dietary fiber increased after solid state fermentation. Over 20% of phytic acid was degraded. Microstructure changes and protein degradation were observed in fermented brans. Water holding capacity and water retention capacity of fermented brans were improved. Results suggest that solid state fermentation is an effective way to improve the properties of wheat brans. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Electro-optic sampling of near-infrared waveforms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keiber, Sabine; Sederberg, Shawn; Schwarz, Alexander; Trubetskov, Michael; Pervak, Volodymyr; Krausz, Ferenc; Karpowicz, Nicholas

2016-03-01

Access to the complete electric field evolution of a laser pulse is essential for attosecond science in general, and for the scrutiny and control of electron phenomena in solid-state physics specifically. Time-resolved field measurements are routine in the terahertz spectral range, using electro-optic sampling (EOS), photoconductive switches and field-induced second harmonic generation. EOS in particular features outstanding sensitivity and ease of use, making it the basis of time-resolved spectroscopic measurements for studying charge carrier dynamics and active optical devices. In this Letter, we show that careful optical filtering allows the bandwidth of this technique to be extended to wavelengths as short as 1.2 μm (230 THz) with half-cycle durations 2.3 times shorter than the sampling pulse. In a proof-of-principle application, we measure the influence of optical parametric amplification (OPA) on the electric field dynamics of a few-cycle near-infrared (NIR) pulse.

Diagnosis of Fanconi Anemia by Diepoxybutane Analysis

PubMed Central

Auerbach, Arleen D.

2015-01-01

Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous disorder characterized by congenital malformations, progressive bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer, particularly hematological malignancies and solid tumors of the head and neck. The main role of FA proteins is in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). FA results from pathogenic variants in at least 16 distinct genes, causing genomic instability. Although the highly variable phenotype makes accurate diagnosis on the basis of clinical manifestations difficult in some patients, diagnosis based on a profound sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents can be used to identify the pre-anemia patient as well as patients with aplastic anemia or leukemia who may or may not have the physical stigmata associated with the syndrome. Diepoxybutane (DEB) analysis is the preferred test for FA because other agents have higher rates of false-positive and false-negative results. PMID:25827349

Concept of a demonstrational hybrid reactor—a tokamak with molten-salt blanket for {sup 233}U fuel production: 1. Concept of a stationary Tokamak as a neutron source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Azizov, E. A.; Gladush, G. G., E-mail: gladush@triniti.ru; Dokuka, V. N.

2015-12-15

On the basis of current understanding of physical processes in tokamaks and taking into account engineering constraints, it is shown that a low-cost facility of a moderate size can be designed within the adopted concept. This facility makes it possible to achieve the power density of neutron flux which is of interest, in particular, for solving the problem of {sup 233}U fuel production from thorium. By using a molten-salt blanket, the important task of ensuring the safe operation of such a reactor in the case of possible coolant loss is accomplished. Moreover, in a hybrid reactor with the blanket basedmore » on liquid salts, the problem of periodic refueling that is difficult to perform in solid blankets can be solved.« less

Geology of the Icy Galilean Satellites: Understanding Crustal Processes and Geologic Histories Through the JIMO Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Figueredo, P. H.; Tanaka, K.; Senske, D.; Greeley, R.

2003-01-01

Knowledge of the geology, style and time history of crustal processes on the icy Galilean satellites is necessary to understanding how these bodies formed and evolved. Data from the Galileo mission have provided a basis for detailed geologic and geo- physical analysis. Due to constrained downlink, Galileo Solid State Imaging (SSI) data consisted of global coverage at a -1 km/pixel ground sampling and representative, widely spaced regional maps at -200 m/pixel. These two data sets provide a general means to extrapolate units identified at higher resolution to lower resolution data. A sampling of key sites at much higher resolution (10s of m/pixel) allows evaluation of processes on local scales. We are currently producing the first global geological map of Europa using Galileo global and regional-scale data. This work is demonstrating the necessity and utility of planet-wide contiguous image coverage at global, regional, and local scales.

pmx: Automated protein structure and topology generation for alchemical perturbations

PubMed Central

Gapsys, Vytautas; Michielssens, Servaas; Seeliger, Daniel; de Groot, Bert L

2015-01-01

Computational protein design requires methods to accurately estimate free energy changes in protein stability or binding upon an amino acid mutation. From the different approaches available, molecular dynamics-based alchemical free energy calculations are unique in their accuracy and solid theoretical basis. The challenge in using these methods lies in the need to generate hybrid structures and topologies representing two physical states of a system. A custom made hybrid topology may prove useful for a particular mutation of interest, however, a high throughput mutation analysis calls for a more general approach. In this work, we present an automated procedure to generate hybrid structures and topologies for the amino acid mutations in all commonly used force fields. The described software is compatible with the Gromacs simulation package. The mutation libraries are readily supported for five force fields, namely Amber99SB, Amber99SB*-ILDN, OPLS-AA/L, Charmm22*, and Charmm36. PMID:25487359

Modeling of Hydraulic Fracturing on the Basis of the Particle Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berezhnoi, D. V.; Gabsalikova, N. F.; Izotov, V. G.; Miheev, V. V.

2018-01-01

A technique of calculating the deformation of the soil environment when it interacts with a liquid on the basis of the particle method a is realized. To describe the behavior of the solid and liquid phases of the soil, a classical two-parameter Lennard-Jones interaction potential and its modified version proposed by the authors were chosen. The model problem of deformation and partial destruction of a soil massif under strong pressure from the liquid pumped into it is solved. Analysis of the results shows that the use of the modified Lennard-Jones potential for describing the solid phase of the soil environment makes it possible to describe the process of formation of cracks in the soil during hydraulic fracturing of the formation.

Combination of large and small basis sets in electronic structure calculations on large systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Røeggen, Inge; Gao, Bin

2018-04-01

Two basis sets—a large and a small one—are associated with each nucleus of the system. Each atom has its own separate one-electron basis comprising the large basis set of the atom in question and the small basis sets for the partner atoms in the complex. The perturbed atoms in molecules and solids model is at core of the approach since it allows for the definition of perturbed atoms in a system. It is argued that this basis set approach should be particularly useful for periodic systems. Test calculations are performed on one-dimensional arrays of H and Li atoms. The ground-state energy per atom in the linear H array is determined versus bond length.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fujiwara, K., E-mail: ku.fujiwara@screen.co.jp; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871; Shibahara, M., E-mail: siba@mech.eng.osaka-u.ac.jp

A classical molecular dynamics simulation was conducted for a system composed of fluid molecules between two planar solid surfaces, and whose interactions are described by the 12-6 Lennard-Jones form. This paper presents a general description of the pressure components and interfacial tension at a fluid-solid interface obtained by the perturbative method on the basis of statistical thermodynamics, proposes a method to consider the pressure components tangential to an interface which are affected by interactions with solid atoms, and applies this method to the calculation system. The description of the perturbative method is extended to subsystems, and the local pressure componentsmore » and interfacial tension at a liquid-solid interface are obtained and examined in one- and two-dimensions. The results are compared with those obtained by two alternative methods: (a) an evaluation of the intermolecular force acting on a plane, and (b) the conventional method based on the virial expression. The accuracy of the numerical results is examined through the comparison of the results obtained by each method. The calculated local pressure components and interfacial tension of the fluid at a liquid-solid interface agreed well with the results of the two alternative methods at each local position in one dimension. In two dimensions, the results showed a characteristic profile of the tangential pressure component which depended on the direction tangential to the liquid-solid interface, which agreed with that obtained by the evaluation of the intermolecular force acting on a plane in the present study. Such good agreement suggests that the perturbative method on the basis of statistical thermodynamics used in this study is valid to obtain the local pressure components and interfacial tension at a liquid-solid interface.« less

Model tests of wind turbine with a vertical axis of rotation type Lenz 2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zwierzchowski, Jaroslaw; Laski, Pawel Andrzej; Blasiak, Slawomir; Takosoglu, Jakub Emanuel; Pietrala, Dawid Sebastian; Bracha, Gabriel Filip; Nowakowski, Lukasz

A building design of vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) was presented in the article. The construction and operating principle of a wind turbine were described therein. Two VAWT turbine models were compared, i.a. Darrieus and Lenz2, taking their strengths and weaknesses into consideration. 3D solid models of turbine components were presented with the use of SolidWorks software. Using CFD methods, the air flow on two aerodynamic fins, symmetrical and asymmetrical, at different angles of attack were tested. On the basis of flow simulation conducted in FlowSimulation, an asymmetrical fin was chosen as the one showing greater load bearing capacities. Due to the uncertainty of trouble-free operation of Darrieus turbine on construction elements creating the basis thereof, a 3D model of Lenz2 turbine was constructed, which is more reliable and makes turbine self-start possible. On the basis of the research, components were designed and technical docu mentation was compiled.

Teaching and communicating dispersion in hydrogeology, with emphasis on the applicability of the Fickian model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kitanidis, P. K.

2017-08-01

The process of dispersion in porous media is the effect of combined variability in fluid velocity and concentration at scales smaller than the ones resolved that contributes to spreading and mixing. It is usually introduced in textbooks and taught in classes through the Fick-Scheidegger parameterization, which is introduced as a scientific law of universal validity. This parameterization is based on observations in bench-scale laboratory experiments using homogeneous media. Fickian means that dispersive flux is proportional to the gradient of the resolved concentration while the Scheidegger parameterization is a particular way to compute the dispersion coefficients. The unresolved scales are thus associated with the pore-grain geometry that is ignored when the composite pore-grain medium is replaced by a homogeneous continuum. However, the challenge faced in practice is how to account for dispersion in numerical models that discretize the domain into blocks, often cubic meters in size, that contain multiple geologic facies. Although the Fick-Scheidegger parameterization is by far the one most commonly used, its validity has been questioned. This work presents a method of teaching dispersion that emphasizes the physical basis of dispersion and highlights the conditions under which a Fickian dispersion model is justified. In particular, we show that Fickian dispersion has a solid physical basis provided that an equilibrium condition is met. The issue of the Scheidegger parameterization is more complex but it is shown that the approximation that the dispersion coefficients should scale linearly with the mean velocity is often reasonable, at least as a practical approximation, but may not necessarily be always appropriate. Generally in Hydrogeology, the Scheidegger feature of constant dispersivity is considered as a physical law and inseparable from the Fickian model, but both perceptions are wrong. We also explain why Fickian dispersion fails under certain conditions, such as dispersion inside and directly upstream of a contaminant source. Other issues discussed are the relevance of column tests and confusion regarding the meaning of terms dispersion and Fickian.

Effects of Dendrimer-Like Biopolymers on Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions and Drug Permeability Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers.

PubMed

Lavan, Monika; Knipp, Gregory

2018-06-04

The potential applications of dendrimer-like biopolymers (DLB) as stabilizing excipients for amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of niclosamide, celecoxib, and resveratrol were evaluated based on (1) the formation and physical stability of the ASD and (2) the permeability and flux of the agents across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The evaluation was made by comparing the performance of prototype phytoglycogen derivatives (DLB1, DLB2, and DLB3) with commonly used polymers such as HPMCAS, PVPVA, and Soluplus®. PXRD was used to confirm the formation of the dispersions and detect crystallinity peaks formed during 2- and 4-week storage at 40°C/75% RH. At concentrations below 2 g/mL, the viability of Caco-2 cells remained above 80% for all DLB samples compared to untreated cells in the MTT assay. Permeability studies revealed a repeating pattern in which an increase in the initial concentration (C 0 ) was associated with a concomitant decrease in the apparent permeability (P app ) which we theorize is due to differences in drug-polymer interactions. Niclosamide-DLB1 dispersion had the lowest flux due to a significant reduction in P app . The high increase in the C 0 of celecoxib-DLB2, however, made up for the reduction in the P app and produced the highest flux values compared to other polymers. Resveratrol-DLB3 had a 5× reduction in P app , but C 0 increased from 25.8 to 176 μg/mL led to a higher flux compared to the crystalline drug without polymer. Collectively, these results provide a "proof-of-concept" basis to demonstrate that DLB excipients have the ability to increase apparent solubility (Sol app ), most likely due to drug-binding capacity.

Rigorous modal analysis of plasmonic nanoresonators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yan, Wei; Faggiani, Rémi; Lalanne, Philippe

2018-05-01

The specificity of modal-expansion formalisms is their capabilities to model the physical properties in the natural resonance-state basis of the system in question, leading to a transparent interpretation of the numerical results. In electromagnetism, modal-expansion formalisms are routinely used for optical waveguides. In contrast, they are much less mature for analyzing open non-Hermitian systems, such as micro- and nanoresonators. Here, by accounting for material dispersion with auxiliary fields, we considerably extend the capabilities of these formalisms, in terms of computational effectiveness, number of states handled, and range of validity. We implement an efficient finite-element solver to compute the resonance states, and derive closed-form expressions of the modal excitation coefficients for reconstructing the scattered fields. Together, these two achievements allow us to perform rigorous modal analysis of complicated plasmonic resonators, being not limited to a few resonance states, with straightforward physical interpretations and remarkable computation speeds. We particularly show that, when the number of states retained in the expansion increases, convergence toward accurate predictions is achieved, offering a solid theoretical foundation for analyzing important issues, e.g., Fano interference, quenching, and coupling with the continuum, which are critical in nanophotonic research.

Editorial: The Sackler International Prize in Biophysical Sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frydman, Lucio

2018-02-01

The Raymond and Beverly Sackler International Prize is awarded alternatively in the fields of Biophysics, Chemistry and Physics on a yearly basis, by Tel Aviv University. The price is intended to encourage dedication to science, originality and excellence, by rewarding outstanding scientists under 45 years of age, with a total purse of 100,000. The 2016 Raymond and Beverly Sackler Prize was awarded in the field of Magnetic Resonance last February in a festive symposium, to three excellent researchers: Professor John Morton (University College London), Professor Guido Pintacuda (Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon and CNRS), and Professor Charalampos Kalodimos (at the time at the University of Minnesota). John was recognized for his novel contributions to quantum information processing, by means of a range of highly elegant physical phenomena involving both NMR and EPR. Guido was recognized for his methodological advances in solid state NMR spectroscopy, including advances in proton detection under ultrafast MAS at ultrahigh magnetic field, and for his insightful applications to challenging biological systems. While Charalampos (Babis) was recognized for beautifully detailed characterizations of structure, function, and dynamics in challenging and important biological systems through solution NMR spectroscopy.

Topological supersymmetry breaking: The definition and stochastic generalization of chaos and the limit of applicability of statistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ovchinnikov, Igor V.; Schwartz, Robert N.; Wang, Kang L.

2016-03-01

The concept of deterministic dynamical chaos has a long history and is well established by now. Nevertheless, its field theoretic essence and its stochastic generalization have been revealed only very recently. Within the newly found supersymmetric theory of stochastics (STS), all stochastic differential equations (SDEs) possess topological or de Rahm supersymmetry and stochastic chaos is the phenomenon of its spontaneous breakdown. Even though the STS is free of approximations and thus is technically solid, it is still missing a firm interpretational basis in order to be physically sound. Here, we make a few important steps toward the construction of the interpretational foundation for the STS. In particular, we discuss that one way to understand why the ground states of chaotic SDEs are conditional (not total) probability distributions, is that some of the variables have infinite memory of initial conditions and thus are not “thermalized”, i.e., cannot be described by the initial-conditions-independent probability distributions. As a result, the definitive assumption of physical statistics that the ground state is a steady-state total probability distribution is not valid for chaotic SDEs.

Majorana modes in solid state systems and its dynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Qi; Wu, Biao

2018-04-01

We review the properties of Majorana fermions in particle physics and point out that Majorana modes in solid state systems are significantly different. The key reason is the concept of anti-particle in solid state systems is different from its counterpart in particle physics. We define Majorana modes as the eigenstates of Majorana operators and find that they can exist both at edges and in the bulk. According to our definition, only one single Majorana mode can exist in a system no matter at edges or in the bulk. Kitaev's spinless p-wave superconductor is used to illustrate our results and the dynamical behavior of the Majorana modes.

Equivalence between three scattering formulations for ultrasonic wave propagation in particulate mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Challis, R. E.; Tebbutt, J. S.; Holmes, A. K.

1998-12-01

The aim of this paper is to present a unified approach to the calculation of the complex wavenumber for a randomly distributed ensemble of homogeneous isotropic spheres suspended in a homogeneous isotropic continuum. Three classical formulations of the diffraction problem for a compression wave incident on a single particle are reviewed; the first is for liquid particles in a liquid continuum (Epstein and Carhart), the second for solid or liquid particles in a liquid continuum (Allegra and Hawley), and the third for solid particles in a solid continuum (Ying and Truell). Equivalences between these formulations are demonstrated and it is shown that the Allegra and Hawley formulation can be adapted to provide a basis for calculation in all three regimes. The complex wavenumber that results from an ensemble of such scatterers is treated using the formulations of Foldy (simple forward scattering), Waterman and Truell, and Lloyd and Berry (multiple scattering). The analysis is extended to provide an approximation for the case of a distribution of particle sizes in the mixture. A number of experimental measurements using a broadband spectrometric technique (reported elsewhere) to obtain the attenuation coefficient and phase velocity as functions of frequency are presented for various mixtures of differing contrasts in physical properties between phases in order to provide a comparison with theory. The materials used were aqueous suspensions of polystyrene spheres, silica spheres, iron spheres, 0022-3727/31/24/012/img1 pigment (AHR), droplets of 1-bromohexadecane, and a suspension of talc particles in a cured epoxy resin.

Purification of uranothorite solid solutions from polyphase systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Clavier, Nicolas; Szenknect, Stéphanie; Costin, Dan Tiberiu; Mesbah, Adel; Ravaux, Johann; Poinssot, Christophe; Dacheux, Nicolas

2013-10-01

The mineral coffinite, nominally USiO4, and associated Th1-xUxSiO4 uranothorite solid solutions are of great interest from a geochemical point of view and in the case of the direct storage of spent nuclear fuels. Nevertheless, they clearly exhibit a lack in the evaluation of their thermodynamic data, mainly because of the difficulties linked with their preparation as pure phases. This paper thus presents physical and chemical methods aiming to separate uranothorite solid solutions from oxide additional phases such as amorphous SiO2 and nanometric crystallized Th1-yUyO2. The repetition of centrifugation steps envisaged in first place was rapidly dropped due to poor recovery yields, to the benefit of successive washings in acid then basic media. Under both static and dynamic flow rates (i.e. low or high rate of leachate renewal), ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectroscopy) analyses revealed the systematic elimination of Th1-yUyO2 in acid media and of SiO2 in basic media. Nevertheless, two successive steps were always needed to reach pure samples. On this basis, a first cycle performed in static conditions was chosen to eliminate the major part of the accessory phases while a second one, in dynamic conditions, allowed the elimination of the residual impurities. The complete purification of the samples was finally evidenced through the characterization of the samples by the means of PXRD (Powder X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) observations and X-EDS (X-Ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) analyses.

Detection of nitroaromatics in the solid, solution, and vapor phases using silicon quantum dot sensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, An; Gonzalez, Christina M.; Sinelnikov, Regina; Newman, W.; Sun, Sarah; Lockwood, Ross; Veinot, Jonathan G. C.; Meldrum, Al

2016-03-01

Silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) represent a well-known QD fluorophore that can emit throughout the visible spectrum depending on the interface structure and surface functional group. Detection of nitroaromatic compounds by monitoring the luminescence response of the sensor material (typically fluorescent polymers) currently forms the basis of new explosives sensing technologies. Freestanding silicon QDs may represent a benign alternative with a high degree of chemical and physical versatility. Here, we investigate dodecyl and amine-terminated Si-QD luminescence response to the presence of nitrobenzene and dinitrotoluene (DNT) in various solid, solution, and vapor forms. For dinitrotoluene vapor the 3σ detection limit was 6 ppb for monomer-terminated QDs. For nitroaromatics dissolved in toluene the detection limit was on the order of 400 nM, corresponding to ∼100 pg of material distributed over ∼1 cm2 on the sensor surface. Solid traces of nitroaromatics were also easily detectable via a simple ‘touch test’. The samples showed minimal interference effects from common contaminants such as water, ethanol, and acetonitrile. The sensor can be as simple and inexpensive as a small circle of filter paper dipped into a QD solution, with a single vial of QDs able to make hundreds of these sensors. Additionally, a trial fiber-optic sensor device was tested by applying the QDs to one end of a 2 × 2 fiber coupler and exposing them to controlled DNT vapor. Finally, the quenching mechanism was explored via luminescence dynamics measurements and is different for blue (amine) and red (dodecyl) fluorescent silicon QDs.

Problems of solid waste management on Mount Kilimanjaro: a challenge to tourism.

PubMed

Kaseva, Mengiseny E; Moirana, Josia L

2010-08-01

We report on the findings of a study on the problems of solid waste management (SWM) on Mountain Kilimanjaro (MK) which is located within Kilimanjaro National Park (KINAPA) in Northern Tanzania. The study was prompted by the fact that flourishing tourism on the mountain over the years has resulted in an increase in the tonnage of solid waste (SW) generated, posing serious challenges in its collection and disposal. The methodology employed in this study included physical observations and questionnaire surveys, as well as waste sorting and weighing to quantify and characterize waste loads collected from each tourist route station covered in this study. On the basis of the established SW generation rate (0.6 kg ca(-1) day(-1)) a total amount of SW generated was estimated to range from about 87 tones (in 2003) to 125 tones (in 2006). An improvement in SW collection from 64% in 2003 to 94% in 2006 was also noted. This improvement can be attributed to the trash-in-trash-out (TITO) system of SW collection which is currently practiced by the management of KINAPA for SWM on MK. The study also highlights potential environmental pollution including air pollution from open burning and pit disposal of SW. Based on average percentage values of waste components and the estimated quantity of waste generated, it was established that the total waste quantum contains about 34% of recyclables. The study recommends that resource recovery and conservation measures through waste recycling and re-use be instituted as one of the options for sustainable SWM on MK.

Organization of Physical Activities as a Precondition of Quality Development of Motor Abilities of Pre-School and School Children

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Markovic, Živorad; Kopas-Vukašinovic, Emina

2015-01-01

In their work authors consider the significance of the organization of physical activities for the development of abilities of pre-school and school children. Led by theoretical basis that physical development of children represents the basis of their whole development, and that "fine motor skills" are determined by the development of…

76 FR 14777 - National Dairy Promotion and Research Program; Final Rule on Amendments to the Order

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

... Ratios for the Dairy Program was 5.49 (nonfat solids basis) and 7.07 (milk fat basis) from 1998 through... produced and marketed commercially, and the disposition or final usage of the raw milk is not a fact in..., milk powders, dairy fat spreads, whey cheeses, processed cheeses, and numerous varieties of natural...

SRC Residual fuel oils

DOEpatents

Tewari, Krishna C.; Foster, Edward P.

1985-01-01

Coal solids (SRC) and distillate oils are combined to afford single-phase blends of residual oils which have utility as fuel oils substitutes. The components are combined on the basis of their respective polarities, that is, on the basis of their heteroatom content, to assure complete solubilization of SRC. The resulting composition is a fuel oil blend which retains its stability and homogeneity over the long term.

Real-Time Time-Frequency Two-Dimensional Imaging of Ultrafast Transient Signals in Solid-State Organic Materials

PubMed Central

Takeda, Jun; Ishida, Akihiro; Makishima, Yoshinori; Katayama, Ikufumi

2010-01-01

In this review, we demonstrate a real-time time-frequency two-dimensional (2D) pump-probe imaging spectroscopy implemented on a single shot basis applicable to excited-state dynamics in solid-state organic and biological materials. Using this technique, we could successfully map ultrafast time-frequency 2D transient absorption signals of β-carotene in solid films with wide temporal and spectral ranges having very short accumulation time of 20 ms per unit frame. The results obtained indicate the high potential of this technique as a powerful and unique spectroscopic tool to observe ultrafast excited-state dynamics of organic and biological materials in solid-state, which undergo rapid photodegradation. PMID:22399879

QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT NO. 83,

DTIC Science & Technology

Topics included are: microwave spectroscopy; radio astronomy; solid-state microwave electronics; optical and infrared spectroscopy; physical electronics and surface physics; physical acoustics; plasma physics; gaseous electronics; plasmas and controlled nuclear fusion ; energy conversion research; statistical communication theory; linguistics; cognitive information processing; communications biophysics; neurophysiology; computation research.

Solid State Division progress report for period ending March 31, 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Hinton, L.W.

1992-09-01

During this period, the division conducted a broad, interdisciplinary materials research program with emphasis on theoretical solid state physics, superconductivity, neutron scattering, synthesis and characterization of materials, ion beam and laser processing, and the structure of solids and surfaces. The High Flux Isotope Reactor was returned to full operation.

To evaluate the change in release from solid dispersion using sodium lauryl sulfate and model drug sulfathiazole.

PubMed

Dave, Rutesh H; Patel, Hardikkumar H; Donahue, Edward; Patel, Ashwinkumar D

2013-10-01

The solubility of drugs remains one of the most challenging aspects of formulation development. There are numerous ways to improve the solubility of drugs amongst which the most promising strategy is solid dispersion. Different ratios of sulfathiazole: PVP-K29/32: sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were prepared (1:1:0.1, 1:1:0.5, 1:1:1) and various methods were employed to characterize the prepared solid dispersions, namely modulated differential scanning calorimeter, X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy and dissolution studies. Lack of crystallinity was observed in internal and external systems suggesting a loss of crystallinity, whereas the physical mixtures showed a characteristic peak of sulfathiazole. In vitro dissolution results clearly showed that the incorporation of a relatively small amount of surfactants (5, 20 or 33% w/w) into a solid dispersion can improve its dissolution rates compared to binary solid dispersion (SD) alone and pure sulfathiazole. In all ratios solid dispersion internal shows a higher dissolution rate compared to a physical mixture and solid dispersion external which suggests that the way that the surfactant is incorporated into the solid dispersion plays an important role in changing the solubility of a drug. The solubilization mechanism is mainly responsible for this higher dissolution rate when we incorporate the SLS in SD.

Physical solid-state properties and dissolution of sustained-release matrices of polyvinylacetate.

PubMed

Gonzalez Novoa, Gelsys Ananay; Heinämäki, Jyrki; Mirza, Sabir; Antikainen, Osmo; Colarte, Antonio Iraizoz; Paz, Alberto Suzarte; Yliruusi, Jouko

2005-02-01

Solid-state compatibility and in vitro dissolution of direct-compressed sustained-release matrices of polyvinylacetate (PVAc) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) containing ibuprofen as a model drug were studied. Polyvinylalcohol (PVA) was used as an alternative water-soluble polymer to PVP. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD) were used for characterizing solid-state polymer-polymer and drug-polymer interactions. The mechanical treatment for preparing physical mixtures of polyvinyl polymers and the drug (i.e. simple blending or stressed cogrinding) was shown not to affect the physical state of the drug and the polymers. With the drug-polymer mixtures the endothermic effect due to drug melting was always evident, but a considerable modification of the melting point of the drug in physical binary mixtures (drug:PVP) was observed, suggesting some interaction between the two. On the other hand, the lack of a significant shift of the melting endothermic peak of the drug in physical tertiary drug-polymer mixtures revealed no evidence of solid-state interaction between the drug and the present polymers. Sustained-release dissolution profiles were achieved from the direct-compressed matrices made from powder mixtures of the drug and PVAc combined with PVP, and the proportion of PVAc in the mixture clearly altered the drug release profiles in vitro. The drug release from the present matrix systems is controlled by both diffusion of the drug through the hydrate matrix and the erosion of the matrix itself.

Thirty-year solid waste generation forecast for facilities at SRS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1994-07-01

The information supplied by this 30-year solid waste forecast has been compiled as a source document to the Waste Management Environmental Impact Statement (WMEIS). The WMEIS will help to select a sitewide strategic approach to managing present and future Savannah River Site (SRS) waste generated from ongoing operations, environmental restoration (ER) activities, transition from nuclear production to other missions, and decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) programs. The EIS will support project-level decisions on the operation of specific treatment, storage, and disposal facilities within the near term (10 years or less). In addition, the EIS will provide a baseline for analysis ofmore » future waste management activities and a basis for the evaluation of the specific waste management alternatives. This 30-year solid waste forecast will be used as the initial basis for the EIS decision-making process. The Site generates and manages many types and categories of waste. With a few exceptions, waste types are divided into two broad groups-high-level waste and solid waste. High-level waste consists primarily of liquid radioactive waste, which is addressed in a separate forecast and is not discussed further in this document. The waste types discussed in this solid waste forecast are sanitary waste, hazardous waste, low-level mixed waste, low-level radioactive waste, and transuranic waste. As activities at SRS change from primarily production to primarily decontamination and decommissioning and environmental restoration, the volume of each waste s being managed will change significantly. This report acknowledges the changes in Site Missions when developing the 30-year solid waste forecast.« less

Modelling of the Thermo-Physical and Physical Properties for Solidification of Al-Alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saunders, N.; Li, X.; Miodownik, A. P.; Schillé, J.-P.

The thermo-physical and physical properties of the liquid and solid phases are critical components in casting simulations. Such properties include the fraction solid transformed, enthalpy release, thermal conductivity, volume and density, all as a function of temperature. Due to the difficulty in experimentally determining such properties at solidification temperatures, little information exists for multi-component alloys. As part of the development of a new computer program for modelling of materials properties (JMatPro) extensive work has been carried out on the development of sound, physically based models for these properties. Wide ranging results will presented for Al-based alloys, which will include more detailed information concerning the density change of the liquid that intrinsically occurs during solidification due to its change in composition.

Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas for standoff isotopic analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harilal, Sivanandan S.; Brumfield, Brian E.; LaHaye, Nicole L.

2018-04-20

This review article covers the present status of isotope detection through emission, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in a laser-produced plasma formed from a solid sample. A description of the physics behind isotope shifts in atoms and molecules is presented, followed by the physics behind solid sampling of laser ablation plumes, optical methods for isotope measurements, the suitable physical conditions of laser-produced plasma plumes for isotopic analysis, and the current status. Finally, concluding remarks will be made on the existing gaps between previous works in the literature and suggestions for future work.

Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas for standoff isotopic analysis

DOE PAGES

Harilal, S. S.; Brumfield, B. E.; LaHaye, N. L.; ...

2018-04-20

This review article covers the present status of isotope detection through emission, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in a laser-produced plasma formed from a solid sample. A description of the physics behind isotope shifts in atoms and molecules is presented, followed by the physics behind solid sampling of laser ablation plumes, optical methods for isotope measurements, the suitable physical conditions of laser-produced plasma plumes for isotopic analysis, and the current status. Lastly, concluding remarks will be made on the existing gaps between previous works in the literature and suggestions for future work.

Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas for standoff isotopic analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harilal, S. S.; Brumfield, B. E.; LaHaye, N. L.

This review article covers the present status of isotope detection through emission, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in a laser-produced plasma formed from a solid sample. A description of the physics behind isotope shifts in atoms and molecules is presented, followed by the physics behind solid sampling of laser ablation plumes, optical methods for isotope measurements, the suitable physical conditions of laser-produced plasma plumes for isotopic analysis, and the current status. Finally, concluding remarks will be made on the existing gaps between previous works in the literature and suggestions for future work.

Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas for standoff isotopic analysis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Harilal, S. S.; Brumfield, B. E.; LaHaye, N. L.

This review article covers the present status of isotope detection through emission, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in a laser-produced plasma formed from a solid sample. A description of the physics behind isotope shifts in atoms and molecules is presented, followed by the physics behind solid sampling of laser ablation plumes, optical methods for isotope measurements, the suitable physical conditions of laser-produced plasma plumes for isotopic analysis, and the current status. Lastly, concluding remarks will be made on the existing gaps between previous works in the literature and suggestions for future work.

Optical spectroscopy of laser-produced plasmas for standoff isotopic analysis

DOE PAGES

Harilal, S. S.; Brumfield, B. E.; LaHaye, N. L.; ...

2018-06-01

This review article covers the present status of isotope detection through emission, absorption, and fluorescence spectroscopy of atoms and molecules in a laser-produced plasma formed from a solid sample. A description of the physics behind isotope shifts in atoms and molecules is presented, followed by the physics behind solid sampling of laser ablation plumes, optical methods for isotope measurements, the suitable physical conditions of laser-produced plasma plumes for isotopic analysis, and the current status. Finally, concluding remarks will be made on the existing gaps between previous works in the literature and suggestions for future work.

Thermodynamic Study of Solid-Liquid Equilibrium in NaCl-NaBr-H2O System at 288.15 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Dan; Meng, Ling-zong; Deng, Tian-long; Guo, Ya-fei; Fu, Qing-Tao

2018-06-01

The solubility data, composition of the solid solution and refractive indices of the NaCl-NaBr-H2O system at 288.15 K were studied with the isothermal equilibrium dissolution method. The solubility diagram and refractive index diagram of this system were plotted at 288.15 K. The solubility diagram consists of two crystallization zones for solid solution Na(Cl,Br) · 2H2O and Na(Cl,Br), one invariant points cosaturated with two solid solution and two univariant solubility isothermal curves. On the basis of Pitzer and Harvie-Weare (HW) chemical models, the composition equations and solubility equilibrium constant equations of the solid solutions at 288.15 K were acquired using the solubility data, the composition of solid solutions, and binary Pitzer parameters. The solubilities calculated using the new method combining the equations are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Solid and Gaseous Fuels.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schultz, Hyman; And Others

1989-01-01

This review covers methods of sampling, analyzing, and testing coal, coke, and coal-derived solids and methods for the chemical, physical, and instrumental analyses of gaseous fuels. The review covers from October 1986, to September 1988. (MVL)

Method and apparatus for acoustic plate mode liquid-solid phase transition detection

DOEpatents

Blair, Dianna S.; Freye, Gregory C.; Hughes, Robert C.; Martin, Stephen J.; Ricco, Antonio J.

1993-01-01

A method and apparatus for sensing a liquid-solid phase transition event is provided which comprises an acoustic plate mode detecting element placed in contact with a liquid or solid material which generates a high-frequency acoustic wave that is attenuated to an extent based on the physical state of the material is contact with the detecting element. The attenuation caused by the material in contact with the acoustic plate mode detecting element is used to determine the physical state of the material being detected. The method and device are particularly suited for detecting conditions such as the icing and deicing of wings of an aircraft. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided wherein the adhesion of a solid material to the detecting element can be measured using the apparatus of the invention.

Thermoacoustics of solids: A pathway to solid state engines and refrigerators

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hao, Haitian; Scalo, Carlo; Sen, Mihir; Semperlotti, Fabio

2018-01-01

Thermoacoustic oscillations have been one of the most exciting discoveries of the physics of fluids in the 19th century. Since its inception, scientists have formulated a comprehensive theoretical explanation of the basic phenomenon which has later found several practical applications to engineering devices. To date, all studies have concentrated on the thermoacoustics of fluid media where this fascinating mechanism was exclusively believed to exist. Our study shows theoretical and numerical evidence of the existence of thermoacoustic instabilities in solid media. Although the underlying physical mechanism exhibits some interesting similarities with its counterpart in fluids, the theoretical framework highlights relevant differences that have important implications on the ability to trigger and sustain the thermoacoustic response. This mechanism could pave the way to the development of highly robust and reliable solid-state thermoacoustic engines and refrigerators.

Alternative Processes for Water Reclamation and Solid Waste Processing in a Physical/chemical Bioregenerative Life Support System

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rogers, Tom D.

1990-01-01

Viewgraphs on alternative processes for water reclamation and solid waste processing in a physical/chemical-bioregenerative life support system are presented. The main objective is to focus attention on emerging influences of secondary factors (i.e., waste composition, type and level of chemical contaminants, and effects of microorganisms, primarily bacteria) and to constructively address these issues by discussing approaches which attack them in a direct manner.

Investigation of phase diagrams and physical stability of drug-polymer solid dispersions.

PubMed

Lu, Jiannan; Shah, Sejal; Jo, Seongbong; Majumdar, Soumyajit; Gryczke, Andreas; Kolter, Karl; Langley, Nigel; Repka, Michael A

2015-01-01

Solid dispersion technology has been widely explored to improve the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds. One of the critical drawbacks associated with this technology is the lack of physical stability, i.e. the solid dispersion would undergo recrystallization or phase separation thus limiting a product's shelf life. In the current study, the melting point depression method was utilized to construct a complete phase diagram for felodipine (FEL)-Soluplus® (SOL) and ketoconazole (KTZ)-Soluplus® (SOL) binary systems, respectively, based on the Flory-Huggins theory. The miscibility or solubility of the two compounds in SOL was also determined. The Flory-Huggins interaction parameter χ values of both systems were calculated as positive at room temperature (25 °C), indicating either compound was miscible with SOL. In addition, the glass transition temperatures of both solid dispersion systems were theoretically predicted using three empirical equations and compared with the practical values. Furthermore, the FEL-SOL solid dispersions were subjected to accelerated stability studies for up to 3 months.

Physical stability and recrystallization kinetics of amorphous ibipinabant drug product by fourier transform raman spectroscopy.

PubMed

Sinclair, Wayne; Leane, Michael; Clarke, Graham; Dennis, Andrew; Tobyn, Mike; Timmins, Peter

2011-11-01

The solid-state physical stability and recrystallization kinetics during storage stability are described for an amorphous solid dispersed drug substance, ibipinabant, at a low concentration (1.0%, w/w) in a solid oral dosage form (tablet). The recrystallization behavior of the amorphous ibipinabant-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersion in the tablet product was characterized by Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy. A partial least-square analysis used for multivariate calibration based on Raman spectra was developed and validated to detect less than 5% (w/w) of the crystalline form (equivalent to less than 0.05% of the total mass of the tablet). The method provided reliable and highly accurate predictive crystallinity assessments after exposure to a variety of stability storage conditions. It was determined that exposure to moisture had a significant impact on the crystallinity of amorphous ibipinabant. The information provided by the method has potential utility for predictive physical stability assessments. Dissolution testing demonstrated that the predicted crystallinity had a direct correlation with this physical property of the drug product. Recrystallization kinetics was measured using FT Raman spectroscopy for the solid dispersion from the tablet product stored at controlled temperature and relative humidity. The measurements were evaluated by application of the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami (JMA) kinetic model to determine recrystallization rate constants and Avrami exponent (n = 2). The analysis showed that the JMA equation could describe the process very well, and indicated that the recrystallization kinetics observed was a two-step process with an induction period (nucleation) followed by rod-like crystal growth. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Structural, Electronic, and Optical Properties of BiOX1-xYx (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) Solid Solutions from DFT Calculations.

PubMed

Zhao, Zong-Yan; Liu, Qing-Lu; Dai, Wen-Wu

2016-08-23

Six BiOX1-xYx (X, Y = F, Cl, Br, and I) solid solutions have been systematically investigated by density functional theory calculations. BiOCl1-xBrx, BiOBr1-xIx, and BiOCl1-xIx solid solutions have very small bowing parameters; as such, some of their properties increase almost linearly with increasing x. For BiOF1-xYx solid solutions, the bowing parameters are very large and it is extremely difficult to fit the related calculated data by a single equation. Consequently, BiOX1-xYx (X, Y = Cl, Br, and I) solid solutions are highly miscible, while BiOF1-xYx (Y = Cl, Br, and I) solid solutions are partially miscible. In other words, BiOF1-xYx solid solutions have miscibility gaps or high miscibility temperature, resulting in phase separation and F/Y inhomogeneity. Comparison and analysis of the calculated results and the related physical-chemical properties with different halogen compositions indicates that the parameters of BiOX1-xYx solid solutions are determined by the differences of the physical-chemical properties of the two halogen compositions. In this way, the large deviation of some BiOX1-xYx solid solutions from Vegard's law observed in experiments can be explained. Moreover, the composition ratio of BiOX1-xYx solid solutions can be measured or monitored using optical measurements.

Ketogenic Diet for Obesity: Friend or Foe?

PubMed Central

Paoli, Antonio

2014-01-01

Obesity is reaching epidemic proportions and is a strong risk factor for a number of cardiovascular and metabolic disorders such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, and also certain types of cancers. Despite the constant recommendations of health care organizations regarding the importance of weight control, this goal often fails. Genetic predisposition in combination with inactive lifestyles and high caloric intake leads to excessive weight gain. Even though there may be agreement about the concept that lifestyle changes affecting dietary habits and physical activity are essential to promote weight loss and weight control, the ideal amount and type of exercise and also the ideal diet are still under debate. For many years, nutritional intervention studies have been focused on reducing dietary fat with little positive results over the long-term. One of the most studied strategies in the recent years for weight loss is the ketogenic diet. Many studies have shown that this kind of nutritional approach has a solid physiological and biochemical basis and is able to induce effective weight loss along with improvement in several cardiovascular risk parameters. This review discusses the physiological basis of ketogenic diets and the rationale for their use in obesity, discussing the strengths and the weaknesses of these diets together with cautions that should be used in obese patients. PMID:24557522

[Anatomical discoveries and concept of human body structure in Nan-jing (Classic of Questioning)].

PubMed

Yang, Shi-zhe

2006-04-01

What Nan-jing (Classic of Questioning) contributes to the anatomical discoveries and concepts of human body structure in TCM is that it clarifies the concept, function and anatomical essence of viscera and bowels. It is the first. book that clearly defines the triple jiao as a "qi bowel", This statement is a typical example of Chinese dualistic system of its view on the human body, consisting of physical and spiritual components. This has stirred up confusion for modern interpretation and, as a result, some thought the visceral theory in the book is not based on substantial basis of anatomy. However, the Forty-second Question in Nan-jing not only carries the contents about Wei (stomach), Xiaochang (small intestine), Huichang (large intestine) and Guangchang (anus) in the chapter of "Intestine and Stomach" in Lingshu Jing (Miraculous Pivot), but also changes these names to those we actually use today in the latter chapters; and it also records the gross anatomical shape and size of gall bladder, urinary bladder and all the five viscerae. So, Nan-jing discusses the structure of human body in ancient times, and is equivalent to an integrated science of modern physiology and anatomy, and establishes a solid basis for the fundamental theory of TCM.

PREFACE: XIX Latin American Symposium on Solid State Physics (SLAFES XIX)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Serquis, Adriana; Balseiro, Carlos; Bolcatto, Pablo

2009-07-01

This volume contains selected papers which have been presented at the XIX Latin American Symposium on Solid State Physics (SLAFES XIX) held at Puerto Iguazú, Argentina, from 5--10 October 2008. The conference, covering all areas of Solid State Physics, is one of the most important and traditional meetings in Physics in our region. The Latin American Symposium on Solid State Physics is a forum where researchers and students from Latin America as well as leading scientists from other parts of the world get together to exchange information, strengthen collaborations and identify new challenges in Solid State Physics. This successful series of meetings has been organised in eight different countries, the last three held in Mérida, Venezuela (2002), La Habana, Cuba (2004) and Puebla, México (2006). Following the trends of previous events, SLAFES XIX included seven plenary talks, eighteen invited talks and contributions, and 28 oral and 255 poster presentations, covering mostly the latest experimental and theoretical advances in Nanophysics, Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, Spintronics, Magnetism, New Materials, Superconductivity, Surfaces and Interfaces, Low-Dimensional Systems, Materials Preparation and Characterization, Theory and Computing Simulations of Materials among other topics. The group of scientists participating had come from Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Brazil, France, Spain, Switzerland and the USA We are indebted to all participants for their enthusiasm and contributions and to the members of the International Advisory Commitees. We also wish to thank to the rest of the Organizing Committee: Gustavo Lozano, Ana María Llois, Laura Steren and Edith Goldberg and very specially to Javier Schmidt, Gustavo Ruano, Marcelo Romero, Lucila Cristina and Juan Carlos Moreno for their invaluable assistance during the event. Finally we gratefully aknowledge the financial support the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina, Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT), Argentina, Secretaría de Estado de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Provincia de Santa Fe, Argentina, Centro Latinoamericano de Física (CLAF), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina, Institute of Physics (IOP) Publishing, The European Physical Journal (EPJ), EDP Science, Societa Italiana di Fisica and Springer. Adriana Serquis, Carlos Balseiro and Pablo Bolcatto

High Energy Density Physics and Exotic Acceleration Schemes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cowan, T.; /General Atomics, San Diego; Colby, E.

2005-09-27

The High Energy Density and Exotic Acceleration working group took as our goal to reach beyond the community of plasma accelerator research with its applications to high energy physics, to promote exchange with other disciplines which are challenged by related and demanding beam physics issues. The scope of the group was to cover particle acceleration and beam transport that, unlike other groups at AAC, are not mediated by plasmas or by electromagnetic structures. At this Workshop, we saw an impressive advancement from years past in the area of Vacuum Acceleration, for example with the LEAP experiment at Stanford. And wemore » saw an influx of exciting new beam physics topics involving particle propagation inside of solid-density plasmas or at extremely high charge density, particularly in the areas of laser acceleration of ions, and extreme beams for fusion energy research, including Heavy-ion Inertial Fusion beam physics. One example of the importance and extreme nature of beam physics in HED research is the requirement in the Fast Ignitor scheme of inertial fusion to heat a compressed DT fusion pellet to keV temperatures by injection of laser-driven electron or ion beams of giga-Amp current. Even in modest experiments presently being performed on the laser-acceleration of ions from solids, mega-amp currents of MeV electrons must be transported through solid foils, requiring almost complete return current neutralization, and giving rise to a wide variety of beam-plasma instabilities. As keynote talks our group promoted Ion Acceleration (plenary talk by A. MacKinnon), which historically has grown out of inertial fusion research, and HIF Accelerator Research (invited talk by A. Friedman), which will require impressive advancements in space-charge-limited ion beam physics and in understanding the generation and transport of neutralized ion beams. A unifying aspect of High Energy Density applications was the physics of particle beams inside of solids, which is proving to be a very important field for diverse applications such as muon cooling, fusion energy research, and ultra-bright particle and radiation generation with high intensity lasers. We had several talks on these and other subjects, and many joint sessions with the Computational group, the EM Structures group, and the Beam Generation group. We summarize our groups' work in the following categories: vacuum acceleration schemes; ion acceleration; particle transport in solids; and applications to high energy density phenomena.« less

Process optimization of solid rad waste management at the Shelter object transformation to the ecologically safety system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Batiy, V.G.; Stojanov, A.I.; Schmieman, E.

2007-07-01

Methodological approach of optimization of schemes of solid radwaste management of the Object Shelter (Shelter) and ChNPP industrial site during transformation to the ecologically safe system was developed. On the basis of the conducted models researches the ALARA-analysis was carried out for the choice of optimum variant of schemes and technologies of solid radwaste management. The criteria of choice of optimum schemes, which are directed on optimization of doses and financial expenses, minimization of amount of the formed radwaste etc, were developed for realization of this ALARA-analysis. (authors)

Cell Model Of A Disordered Solid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, Steven T. J.; Landel, Robert F.; Moacanin, Jovan; Simha, Robert; Papazoglou, Elizabeth

1990-01-01

Elastic properties predicted from first principles. Paper discusses generalization of cell theory of disordered (non-crystaline) solid to include anisotropic stresses. Study part of continuing effort to understand macroscopic stress-and-strain properties of solid materials in terms of microscopic physical phenomena. Emphasis on derivation, from first principles, of bulk, shear, and Young's moduli of glassy material at zero absolute temperature.

Validation of a physically based catchment model for application in post-closure radiological safety assessments of deep geological repositories for solid radioactive wastes.

PubMed

Thorne, M C; Degnan, P; Ewen, J; Parkin, G

2000-12-01

The physically based river catchment modelling system SHETRAN incorporates components representing water flow, sediment transport and radionuclide transport both in solution and bound to sediments. The system has been applied to simulate hypothetical future catchments in the context of post-closure radiological safety assessments of a potential site for a deep geological disposal facility for intermediate and certain low-level radioactive wastes at Sellafield, west Cumbria. In order to have confidence in the application of SHETRAN for this purpose, various blind validation studies have been undertaken. In earlier studies, the validation was undertaken against uncertainty bounds in model output predictions set by the modelling team on the basis of how well they expected the model to perform. However, validation can also be carried out with bounds set on the basis of how well the model is required to perform in order to constitute a useful assessment tool. Herein, such an assessment-based validation exercise is reported. This exercise related to a field plot experiment conducted at Calder Hollow, west Cumbria, in which the migration of strontium and lanthanum in subsurface Quaternary deposits was studied on a length scale of a few metres. Blind predictions of tracer migration were compared with experimental results using bounds set by a small group of assessment experts independent of the modelling team. Overall, the SHETRAN system performed well, failing only two out of seven of the imposed tests. Furthermore, of the five tests that were not failed, three were positively passed even when a pessimistic view was taken as to how measurement errors should be taken into account. It is concluded that the SHETRAN system, which is still being developed further, is a powerful tool for application in post-closure radiological safety assessments.

Modeling Physical Stability of Amorphous Solids Based on Temperature and Moisture Stresses.

PubMed

Zhu, Donghua Alan; Zografi, George; Gao, Ping; Gong, Yuchuan; Zhang, Geoff G Z

2016-09-01

Isothermal microcalorimetry was utilized to monitor the crystallization process of amorphous ritonavir (RTV) and its hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate-based amorphous solid dispersion under various stressed conditions. An empirical model was developed: ln(τ)=ln(A)+EaRT-b⋅wc, where τ is the crystallization induction period, A is a pre-exponential factor, Ea is the apparent activation energy, b is the moisture sensitivity parameter, and wc is water content. To minimize the propagation of errors associated with the estimates, a nonlinear approach was used to calculate mean estimates and confidence intervals. The physical stability of neat amorphous RTV and RTV in hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate solid dispersions was found to be mainly governed by the nucleation kinetic process. The impact of polymers and moisture on the crystallization process can be quantitatively described by Ea and b in this Arrhenius-type model. The good agreement between the measured values under some less stressful test conditions and those predicted, reflected by the slope and R(2) of the correlation plot of these 2 sets of data on a natural logarithm scale, indicates its predictability of long-term physical stability of amorphous RTV in solid dispersions. To further improve the model, more understanding of the impact of temperature and moisture on the amorphous physical stability and fundamentals regarding nucleation and crystallization is needed. Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Identical Collision Terms/Solutions of Kinetic Eqn. and Explanation of Damping of Waves in Plasmas and Solids Known by Different Names

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sharma, S. K.

2010-11-23

In this paper we show that identical collision terms are known by different names in gaseous plasmas and solids. Method used by plasma physicists and the one used by solid state physicists to solve Kinetic equation are also exactly same but they are also known by different names. In fact the physical explanation of damping of plasma Waves given by plasma physicists is quite similar to that given by solid state physicists to explain the absorption of acoustic waves in solids.

7 CFR 3430.902 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... area. Bioenergy means biomass used in the production of energy (electricity; liquid, solid, and gaseous fuels; and heat). Biomass means any organic matter that is available on a renewable or recurring basis...

Comprehensive evaluation of municipal garbage disposal in Changchun City by the strategic environmental assessment.

PubMed

Xu, Jianling L; Tang, Zhanhui H; Shang, Jincheng C; Zhao, Yuanhui H

2010-06-01

The environmental issues caused by the municipal solid waste disposal are becoming a worldwide concern. We studied the situations both domestically and abroad by the strategic environmental assessment (SEA) approach and also conducted comprehensive evaluations of garbage disposal in Changchun City. On the basis of this study, we found that SEA is of great importance in the municipal solid waste disposal. Moreover, with the rapid socioeconomic development of Changchun City, municipal solid waste production increases on an annual basis, and thus, good waste management planning is of great significance. Considering the situation of the economic development of Changchun City, garbage disposal was handled mainly in the major sanitary landfills with appropriate use of incineration technology. This plan is environmentally friendly at a relatively high degree and has met the requirements of minimum investment. It also takes into account the requirements of the development of incineration technology. Regarding environmental pollution in terms of groundwater pollution and atmospheric pollution, this plan is a feasible one by meeting various requirements with low environmental impact among the three plans discussed in this study.

The physical map of wheat chromosome 1BS provides insights into its gene space organization and evolution

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The wheat genome sequence is an essential tool for advanced genomic research and improvements. The generation of a high-quality wheat genome sequence is challenging due to its complex 17 Gb polyploid genome. To overcome these difficulties, sequencing through the construction of BAC-based physical maps of individual chromosomes is employed by the wheat genomics community. Here, we present the construction of the first comprehensive physical map of chromosome 1BS, and illustrate its unique gene space organization and evolution. Results Fingerprinted BAC clones were assembled into 57 long scaffolds, anchored and ordered with 2,438 markers, covering 83% of chromosome 1BS. The BAC-based chromosome 1BS physical map and gene order of the orthologous regions of model grass species were consistent, providing strong support for the reliability of the chromosome 1BS assembly. The gene space for chromosome 1BS spans the entire length of the chromosome arm, with 76% of the genes organized in small gene islands, accompanied by a two-fold increase in gene density from the centromere to the telomere. Conclusions This study provides new evidence on common and chromosome-specific features in the organization and evolution of the wheat genome, including a non-uniform distribution of gene density along the centromere-telomere axis, abundance of non-syntenic genes, the degree of colinearity with other grass genomes and a non-uniform size expansion along the centromere-telomere axis compared with other model cereal genomes. The high-quality physical map constructed in this study provides a solid basis for the assembly of a reference sequence of chromosome 1BS and for breeding applications. PMID:24359668

Nanoionic devices: Interface nanoarchitechtonics for physical property tuning and enhancement

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsuchiya, Takashi; Terabe, Kazuya; Yang, Rui; Aono, Masakazu

2016-11-01

Nanoionic devices have been developed to generate novel functions overcoming limitations of conventional materials synthesis and semiconductor technology. Various physical properties can be tuned and enhanced by local ion transport near the solid/solid interface. Two electronic carrier doping methods can be used to achieve extremely high-density electronic carriers: one is electrostatic carrier doping using an electric double layer (EDL); the other is electrochemical carrier doping using a redox reaction. Atomistic restructuring near the solid/solid interface driven by a DC voltage, namely, interface nanoarchitechtonics, has huge potential. For instance, the use of EDL enables high-density carrier doping in potential superconductors, which can hardly accept chemical doping, in order to achieve room-temperature superconductivity. Optical bandgap and photoluminescence can be controlled for various applications including smart windows and biosensors. In situ tuning of magnetic properties is promising for low-power-consumption spintronics. Synaptic plasticity in the human brain is achieved in neuromorphic devices.

Assessment of environmental policy implementation in solid waste management in Kathmandu, Nepal.

PubMed

Dangi, Mohan B; Schoenberger, Erica; Boland, John J

2017-06-01

In Nepal, full-fledged environmental legislation was rare before the democratic constitution of 1990. The first law covering the environment and sustainability was the Environment Protection Act 1997. While the Solid Waste Act was introduced in 1987, the problem of solid waste management still surfaces in Kathmandu. In order to understand the bedrock of this unrelenting failure in solid waste management, the manuscript digs deeper into policy implementation by dissecting solid waste rules, environmental legislations, relevant local laws, and solid waste management practices in Kathmandu, Nepal. A very rich field study that included surveys, interviews, site visits, and literature review provided the basis for the article. The study shows that volumes of new Nepalese rules are crafted without effective enforcement of their predecessors and there is a frequent power struggle between local government bodies and central authority in implementing the codes and allocating resources in solid waste management. The study concludes that Kathmandu does not require any new instrument to address solid waste problems; instead, it needs creation of local resources, execution of local codes, and commitment from central government to allow free exercise of these policies.

Highly solid-state emissive pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene salts: emission color-tuning with counter anions and application for optical waveguides.

PubMed

Hu, Fang; Zhang, Guanxin; Zhan, Chi; Zhang, Wei; Yan, Yongli; Zhao, Yongsheng; Fu, Hongbing; Zhang, Deqing

2015-03-18

In this paper seven salts of pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene with different anions are reported. They show typical aggregation-induced emission. Crystal structures of three of the salts with (CF(3)SO(2))(2) N(-), CF(3) SO(3)(-), and SbF(6)(-) as the respective counter anions, are determined. The emission behavior of their amorphous and crystalline solids is investigated. Both amorphous and crystalline solids, except for the one with I(-), are highly emissive. Certain amorphous solids are red-emissive with almost the same quantum yields and fluorescence life-times. However, some crystalline solids are found to show different emission colors varying from green to yellow. Thus, their emission colors can be tuned by the counter anions. Furthermore, certain crystalline solids are highly emissive compared to the respective amorphous solids. Such solid-state emission behavior of these pyridinium-substituted tetraphenylethylene salts is interpreted on the basis of their crystal structures. In addition, optical waveguiding behavior of fabricated microrods is presented. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Creation of Novel Solid-Solution Alloy Nanoparticles on the Basis of Density-of-States Engineering by Interelement Fusion.

PubMed

Kobayashi, Hirokazu; Kusada, Kohei; Kitagawa, Hiroshi

2015-06-16

Currently 118 known elements are represented in the periodic table. Of these 118 elements, only about 80 elements are stable, nonradioactive, and widely available for our society. From the viewpoint of the "elements strategy", we need to make full use of the 80 elements to bring out their latent ability and create innovative materials. Furthermore, there is a strong demand that the use of rare or toxic elements be reduced or replaced while their important properties are retained. Advanced science and technology could create higher-performance materials even while replacing or reducing minor or harmful elements through the combination of more abundant elements. The properties of elements are correlated directly with their electronic states. In a solid, the magnitude of the density of states (DOS) at the Fermi level affects the physical and chemical properties. In the present age, more attention has been paid to improving the properties of materials by means of alloying elements. In particular, the solid-solution-type alloy is advantageous because the properties can be continuously controlled by tuning the compositions and/or combinations of the constituent elements. However, the majority of bulk alloys are of the phase-separated type under ambient conditions, where constituent elements are immiscible with each other. To overcome the challenge of the bulk-phase metallurgical aspects, we have focused on the nanosize effect and developed methods involving "nonequilibrium synthesis" or "a process of hydrogen absorption/desorption". We propose a new concept of "density-of-states engineering" for the design of materials having the most desirable and suitable properties by means of "interelement fusion". In this Account, we describe novel solid-solution alloys of Pd-Pt, Ag-Rh, and Pd-Ru systems in which the constituent elements are immiscible in the bulk state. The homogeneous solid-solution alloys of Pd and Pt were created from Pd core/Pt shell nanoparticles using a hydrogen absorption/desorption process as a trigger. Several atom percent replacements of Pd with Pt atoms resulted in a significantly enhanced hydrogen absorption capacity compared with Pd nanoparticles. AgxRh1-x and PdxRu1-x solid-solution alloy nanoparticles were also developed by nonequilibrium synthesis based on a polyol method. The AgxRh1-x nanoparticles demonstrated hydrogen storage properties, although pure metal nanoparticles of each constituent element do not adsorb hydrogen. AgxRh1-x is therefore considered to possess a similar electronic structure to Pd as a synthetic pseudo-palladium. The PdxRu1-x nanoparticles showed enhanced catalytic activity for CO oxidation, with the highest catalytic activity found using the equimolar Pd0.5Ru0.5 nanoparticles. The catalytic activity of the Pd0.5Ru0.5 nanoparticles exceeds that of the widely used and best-performing Ru catalysts for CO oxidation and is also higher than that of neighboring Rh on the periodic table. Our present work provides a guiding principle for the design of a suitable DOS shape according to the intended physical and/or chemical properties and a method for the development of novel solid-solution alloys.

Solid state protein monolayers: Morphological, conformational, and functional properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pompa, P. P.; Biasco, A.; Frascerra, V.; Calabi, F.; Cingolani, R.; Rinaldi, R.; Verbeet, M. Ph.; de Waal, E.; Canters, G. W.

2004-12-01

We have studied the morphological, conformational, and electron-transfer (ET) function of the metalloprotein azurin in the solid state, by a combination of physical investigation methods, namely atomic force microscopy, intrinsic fluorescence spectroscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. We demonstrate that a "solid state protein film" maintains its nativelike conformation and ET function, even after removal of the aqueous solvent.

Design of Solid-Gas Interfaces for Enhanced Thermal Transfer

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-28

modifications. Specifically, for metal surfaces modified with organic self - assembled monolayers (SAMs), both TAC and MAC are close to its theoretical...we designed solid surfaces functionalized with organic self - assembled monolayers (SAMs) and demonstrated associated significant improvement of the...at solid-gas interfaces by self - assembled monolayers ” Applied Physics Letters 102, 061907 (2013). 2. Zhi Liang, William Evans, and Pawel Keblinski

FPGA-based distributed computing microarchitecture for complex physical dynamics investigation.

PubMed

Borgese, Gianluca; Pace, Calogero; Pantano, Pietro; Bilotta, Eleonora

2013-09-01

In this paper, we present a distributed computing system, called DCMARK, aimed at solving partial differential equations at the basis of many investigation fields, such as solid state physics, nuclear physics, and plasma physics. This distributed architecture is based on the cellular neural network paradigm, which allows us to divide the differential equation system solving into many parallel integration operations to be executed by a custom multiprocessor system. We push the number of processors to the limit of one processor for each equation. In order to test the present idea, we choose to implement DCMARK on a single FPGA, designing the single processor in order to minimize its hardware requirements and to obtain a large number of easily interconnected processors. This approach is particularly suited to study the properties of 1-, 2- and 3-D locally interconnected dynamical systems. In order to test the computing platform, we implement a 200 cells, Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation solver and perform a comparison between simulations conducted on a high performance PC and on our system. Since our distributed architecture takes a constant computing time to solve the equation system, independently of the number of dynamical elements (cells) of the CNN array, it allows us to reduce the elaboration time more than other similar systems in the literature. To ensure a high level of reconfigurability, we design a compact system on programmable chip managed by a softcore processor, which controls the fast data/control communication between our system and a PC Host. An intuitively graphical user interface allows us to change the calculation parameters and plot the results.

An improved kinetics approach to describe the physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions.

PubMed

Yang, Jiao; Grey, Kristin; Doney, John

2010-01-15

The recrystallization of amorphous solid dispersions may lead to a loss in the dissolution rate, and consequently reduce bioavailability. The purpose of this work is to understand factors governing the recrystallization of amorphous drug-polymer solid dispersions, and develop a kinetics model capable of accurately predicting their physical stability. Recrystallization kinetics was measured using differential scanning calorimetry for initially amorphous efavirenz-polyvinylpyrrolidone solid dispersions stored at controlled temperature and relative humidity. The experimental measurements were fitted by a new kinetic model to estimate the recrystallization rate constant and microscopic geometry of crystal growth. The new kinetics model was used to illustrate the governing factors of amorphous solid dispersions stability. Temperature was found to affect efavirenz recrystallization in an Arrhenius manner, while recrystallization rate constant was shown to increase linearly with relative humidity. Polymer content tremendously inhibited the recrystallization process by increasing the crystallization activation energy and decreasing the equilibrium crystallinity. The new kinetic model was validated by the good agreement between model fits and experiment measurements. A small increase in polyvinylpyrrolidone resulted in substantial stability enhancements of efavirenz amorphous solid dispersion. The new established kinetics model provided more accurate predictions than the Avrami equation.

The study of effect of solid electrolyte on charge-discharge characteristics of thin-film lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mazaletskiy, L. A.; Lebedev, M. E.; Mironenko, A. A.; Naumov, V. V.; Novozhilova, A. V.; Fedorov, I. S.; Rudy, A. S.

2017-11-01

Results of studies of the solid electrolyte effect on capacitance of thin-film electrodes on the basis of Si-O-Al and VxOy nanocomposites are presented. The studies were carried out by comparing the charge-discharge characteristics of two pairs of the identical electrodes, one of which was covered by LiPON film, within prototypes with two lithium electrodes - the counter and the reference electrode.

Dynamics of Space Vehicles and Space Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-08

dynamics is used for study of longitudinal vibrations of RN, in which participates housing, power - supply system and engine installation. In American...scientific research of G. S. Narimanov. Research of the dynamics of solid bodies with the liquid filling, simulating RN and KA with ZhRD in the powered ...solid body. Page 9. Specifically, then he posed the problem about the review of the conceptual basis of research of rocket dynamics in the powered

Quantifying the risks of solid aerosol geoengineering: the role of fundamental material properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dykema, J. A.; Keutsch, F. N.; Keith, D.

2017-12-01

Solid aerosols have been considered as an alternative to sulfate aerosols for solar geoengineering due to their optical and chemical properties, which lead to different and possibly more attractive risk profiles. Solid aerosols can achieve higher solar scattering efficiency due to their higher refractive index, and in some cases may also be less effective absorbers of thermal infrared radiation. The optical properties of solid aerosols are however sensitive functions of the detailed physical properties of solid materials in question. The relevant details include the exact crystalline structure of the aerosols, the physical size of the particles, and interactions with background stratospheric molecular and particulate constituents. In this work, we examine the impact of these detailed physical properties on the radiative properties of calcite (CaCO3) solid aerosols. We examine how crystal morphology, size, chemical reactions, and interaction with background stratospheric aerosol may alter the scattering and absorption properties of calcite aerosols for solar and thermal infrared radiation. For example, in small particles, crystal lattice vibrations associated with the particle surface may lead to substantially different infrared absorption properties than bulk materials. We examine the wavelength dependence of absorption by the particles, which may lead to altered patterns of stratospheric radiative heating and equilibrium temperatures. Such temperature changes can lead to dynamical changes, with consequences for both stratospheric composition and tropospheric climate. We identify important uncertainties in the current state of understanding, investigate risks associated with these uncertainties, and survey potential approaches to quantitatively improving our knowledge of the relevant material properties.

Photo-physical properties and triplet-triplet absorption of platinum(II) acetylides in solid PMMA matrices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glimsdal, Eirik; Westlund, Robert; Lindgren, Mikael

2009-05-01

Because of their strong nonlinear optical properties, Platinum(II) acetylides are investigated as potential chromophores for optical power limiting (OPL) applications. The strong excited state absorption and efficient intersystem crossing to the triplet states in these materials are desired properties for good OPL performance. We recently reported on OPL and photo-physical properties of Pt(II)-acetylide chromophores in solution, modified with thiophenyl or triazole groups. [R. Westlund et al. J. Mater. Chem. 18, 166 (2008); E. Glimsdal et al. Proc. SPIE 6740, 67400M (2007)] The chromophores were later incorporated into poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) glasses. A variety of doped organic solids were prepared, reaching concentrations of up to 13 wt% of the guest molecule. Raman spectra of the doped solid devices proved that the chemical structure of the nonlinear dyes remains intact upon the polymerization of the solid matrix. Luminescence spectra confirm that the basic photo-physical properties (absorption, emission and inter-system crossing) observed for the solute molecules in THF are maintained also in the solid state. In particular, the phosphorescence lifetime stays in the order of μs to ms, just as in the oxygen evacuated liquid samples. Also, the wavelength dependence and time-dynamics of the triplet absorption spectra of the dyes, dissolved in THF solution and dispersed in solid PMMA matrices, were investigated and compared. Ground state UV absorption spectra between 300 and 420 nm have corresponding broad band visible triplet-triplet absorption between 400 and 800 nm. The triplet state extinction coefficients were determined to be in the order of 104 M-1cm-1.

An Application of Gröbner Basis in Differential Equations of Physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chaharbashloo, Mohammad Saleh; Basiri, Abdolali; Rahmany, Sajjad; Zarrinkamar, Saber

2013-11-01

We apply the Gröbner basis to the ansatz method in quantum mechanics to obtain the energy eigenvalues and the wave functions in a very simple manner. There are important physical potentials such as the Cornell interaction which play significant roles in particle physics and can be treated via this technique. As a typical example, the algorithm is applied to the semi-relativistic spinless Salpeter equation under the Cornell interaction. Many other applications of the idea in a wide range of physical fields are listed as well.

Advances in the physics basis for the European DEMO design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wenninger, R.; Arbeiter, F.; Aubert, J.; Aho-Mantila, L.; Albanese, R.; Ambrosino, R.; Angioni, C.; Artaud, J.-F.; Bernert, M.; Fable, E.; Fasoli, A.; Federici, G.; Garcia, J.; Giruzzi, G.; Jenko, F.; Maget, P.; Mattei, M.; Maviglia, F.; Poli, E.; Ramogida, G.; Reux, C.; Schneider, M.; Sieglin, B.; Villone, F.; Wischmeier, M.; Zohm, H.

2015-06-01

In the European fusion roadmap, ITER is followed by a demonstration fusion power reactor (DEMO), for which a conceptual design is under development. This paper reports the first results of a coherent effort to develop the relevant physics knowledge for that (DEMO Physics Basis), carried out by European experts. The program currently includes investigations in the areas of scenario modeling, transport, MHD, heating & current drive, fast particles, plasma wall interaction and disruptions.

Cometary Evolution: Clues on Physical Properties from Chondritic Interplanetary Dust Particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rietmeijer, Frans J. M.; Mackinnon, Ian D. R.

1989-01-01

The degree of diversity or similarity detected in comets depends primarily on the lifetimes of the individual cometary nuclei at the time of analysis. It is inherent in our understanding of cometary orbital dynamics and the seminal model of comet origins by Oort that cometary evolution is the natural order of events in our Solar System. Thus, predictions of cometary behaviour in terms of bulk physical, mineralogical or chemical parameters should contain an appreciation of temporal variation(s). Previously, Rietmeijer and Mackinnon developed mineralogical bases for the chemical evolution of cometary nuclei primarily with regard to the predominantly silicate fraction of comet nuclei. We suggested that alteration of solids in cometary nuclei should be expected and that indications of likely reactants and products can be derived from judicious comparison with terrestrial diagenetic environments which include hydrocryogenic and low-temperature aqueous alterations. In a further development of this concept, Rietmeijer provides indirect evidence for the formation of sulfides and oxides in comet nuclei. Furthermore, Rietmeijer noted that timescales for hydrocryogenic and low-temperature reactions involving liquid water are probably adequate for relatively mature comets, e.g. P/comet Halley. In this paper, we will address the evolution of comet nuclei physical parameters such as solid particle grain size, porosity and density. In natural environments, chemical evolution (e.g. mineral reactions) is often accompanied by changes in physical properties. These concurrent changes are well-documented in the terrestrial geological literature, especially in studies of sediment diagenesis and we suggest that similar basic principles apply within the upper few meters of active comet nuclei. The database for prediction of comet nuclei physical parameters is, in principle, the same as used for the proposition of chemical evolution. We use detailed mineralogical studies of chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPS) as a guide to the likely constitution of mature comets traversing the inner Solar System. While there is, as yet, no direct proof that a specific sub-group or type of chondritic IDP is derived from a specific comet, it is clear that these particles are extraterrestrial in origin and that a certain portion of the interplanetary flux received by the Earth is cometary in origin. Two chondritic porous (CP) MPs, sample numbers W7010A2 and W7029Cl, from the Johnson Space Center Cosmic Dust Collection have been selected for this study of putative cometary physical parameters. This particular type of particle is considered a likely candidate for a cometary origin on the basis of mineralogy, bulk composition and morphology. While many IDPs have been subjected to intensive study over the past decade, we can develop a physical parameter model on only these two CP IDPs because few others have been studied in sufficient detail.

Cometary Evolution: Clues on Physical Properties from Chondritic Interplanetary Dust Particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reitmeijer, Frans J. M.; Mackinnon, Ian D. R.

1997-01-01

The degree of diversity or similarity detected in comets depends primarily on the lifetimes of the individual cometary nuclei at the time of analysis. It is inherent in our understanding of cometary orbital dynamics and the seminal model of comet origins that cometary evolution is the natural order of events in our Solar System. Thus, predictions of cometary behaviour in terms of bulk physical, mineralogical or chemical parameters should contain an appreciation of temporal variation(s). Previously, Rietmeijer and Mackinnon [1987] developed mineralogical bases for the chemical evolution of cometary nuclei primarily with regard to the predominantly silicate fraction of comet nuclei. We suggested that alteration of solids in cometary nuclei should be expected and that indications of likely reactants and products can be derived from judicious comparison with terrestrial diagenetic environments which include hydrocryogenic and low-temperature aqueous alterations. In a further development of this concept, Rietmeijer [1988] provides indirect evidence for the formation of sulfides and oxides in comet nuclei. Furthermore, Rietmeijer [1988] noted that timescales for hydrocryogenic and low-temperature reactions involving liquid water are probably adequate for relatively mature comets, e.g. P/comet Halley. In this paper, we will address the evolution of comet nuclei physical parameters such as solid particle grain size, porosity and density. In natural environments, chemical evolution (e.g. mineral reactions) is often accompanied by changes in physical properties. These concurrent changes are well-documented in the terrestrial geological literature, especially in studies of sediment diagenesis and we suggest that similar basic principles apply within the upper few meters of active comet nuclei. The database for prediction of comet nuclei physical parameters is, in principle, the same as used for the proposition of chemical evolution. We use detailed mineralogical studies of chondritic interplanetary dust particles (IDPS) as a guide to the likely constitution of mature comets traversing the inner Solar System. While there is, as yet, no direct proof that a specific sub-group or type of chondritic IDP is derived from a specific comet, it is clear that these particles are extraterrestrial in origin and that a certain portion of the interplanetary flux received by the Earth is cometary in origin. Two chondritic porous (CP) IDPS, sample numbers W701OA2 and W7029CI, from the Johnson Space Center Cosmic Dust Collection have been selected for this study of putative cometary physical parameters. This particular type of particle is considered a likely candidate for a cometary origin on the basis of mineralogy, bulk composition and morphology. While many IDPs have been subjected to intensive study over the past decade, we can develop a physical parameter model on only these two CP IDPs because few others have been studied in sufficient detail.

Majorana Fermions in Particle Physics, Solid State and Quantum Information

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borsten, L.; Duff, M. J.

This review is based on lectures given by M. J. Duff summarising the far reaching contributions of Ettore Majorana to fundamental physics, with special focus on Majorana fermions in all their guises. The theoretical discovery of the eponymous fcrmion in 1937 has since had profound implications for particlc physics, solid state and quantum computation. The breadth of these disciplines is testimony to Majorana's genius, which continues to permeate physics today. These lectures offer a whistle-stop tour through some limited subset of the key ideas. In addition to touching on these various applications, we will draw out some fascinating relations connecting the normed division algebras R, ℂ, H, O to spinors, trialities. K-theory and the classification of stable topological states of symmetry-protected gapped free-fermion systems.

A Century of Physics—The Future of Renewable Energy

Science.gov Websites

Society (APS) and the role of physics in the 20th century. Advancements in physics and related fields of world. Several story ideas can be developed to explore the role of physics in energy development for a wind turbine blade? How do scientists use physics, including quantum and solid-state physics

Using Case Studies in the Teaching of Physical Principles

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lowe, Ian

1975-01-01

Proposes the use of problems of the everyday world to motivate students to master basic physical principles. Cites the example of conversion of solar energy by a photovoltaic cell as a source of topics in electricity and solid state physics. (CP)

The Physical Sciences. Report of the National Science Board Submitted to the Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Handler, Philip

Recent advances in the physical sciences, including astronomy, chemical synthesis, chemical dynamics, solid-state sciences, atomic and nuclear science, and elementary particles and high-energy physics are summarized in this report to Congress. The nature of physical science, including its increasing unity, the relationship between science and…

Waves in microstructured solids and negative group velocity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Peets, T.; Kartofelev, D.; Tamm, K.; Engelbrecht, J.

2013-07-01

Waves with negative group velocity (NGV) were discovered in optics by Sommerfeld and Brillouin, and experimentally verified in many cases, for example in left-handed media. For waves in solids, such an effect is described mostly in layered media. In this paper, it is demonstrated that in microstructured solids, waves with NGV may also exist leading to backwards pulse propagation. Two physical cases are analysed: a Mindlin-type hierarchical (a scale within a scale) material and a felt-type (made of fibres) material. For both cases, the dispersion analysis of one-dimensional waves shows that there exists certain ranges of physical parameters which lead to NGV. The results can be used in dispersion engineering for designing materials with certain properties.

HPC Institutional Computing Project: W15_lesreactiveflow KIVA-hpFE Development: A Robust and Accurate Engine Modeling Software

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Carrington, David Bradley; Waters, Jiajia

KIVA-hpFE is a high performance computer software for solving the physics of multi-species and multiphase turbulent reactive flow in complex geometries having immersed moving parts. The code is written in Fortran 90/95 and can be used on any computer platform with any popular complier. The code is in two versions, a serial version and a parallel version utilizing MPICH2 type Message Passing Interface (MPI or Intel MPI) for solving distributed domains. The parallel version is at least 30x faster than the serial version and much faster than our previous generation of parallel engine modeling software, by many factors. The 5thmore » generation algorithm construction is a Galerkin type Finite Element Method (FEM) solving conservative momentum, species, and energy transport equations along with two-equation turbulent model k-ω Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) model and a Vreman type dynamic Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method. The LES method is capable modeling transitional flow from laminar to fully turbulent; therefore, this LES method does not require special hybrid or blending to walls. The FEM projection method also uses a Petrov-Galerkin (P-G) stabilization along with pressure stabilization. We employ hierarchical basis sets, constructed on the fly with enrichment in areas associated with relatively larger error as determined by error estimation methods. In addition, when not using the hp-adaptive module, the code employs Lagrangian basis or shape functions. The shape functions are constructed for hexahedral, prismatic and tetrahedral elements. The software is designed to solve many types of reactive flow problems, from burners to internal combustion engines and turbines. In addition, the formulation allows for direct integration of solid bodies (conjugate heat transfer), as in heat transfer through housings, parts, cylinders. It can also easily be extended to stress modeling of solids, used in fluid structure interactions problems, solidification, porous media modeling and magneto hydrodynamics.« less

Duckweed based wastewater stabilization ponds for wastewater treatment (a low cost technology for small urban areas in Zimbabwe)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dalu, J. M.; Ndamba, J.

A three-year investigation into the potential use of duckweed based wastewater stabilizations ponds for wastewater treatment was carried out at two small urban areas in Zimbabwe. The study hoped to contribute towards improved environmental management through improving the quality of effluent being discharged into natural waterways. This was to be achieved through the development and facilitation of the use of duckweed based wastewater stabilizations ponds. The study was carried out at Nemanwa and Gutu Growth Points both with a total population of 23 000. The two centers, like more than 70% of Zimbabwe’s small urban areas, relied on algae based ponds for domestic wastewater treatment. The final effluent is used to irrigate gum plantations before finding its way into the nearest streams. Baseline wastewater quality information was collected on a monthly basis for three months after which duckweed ( Lemna minor) was introduced into the maturation ponds to at least 50% pond surface cover. The influent and effluent was then monitored on a monthly basis for chemical, physical and bacteriological parameters as stipulated in the Zimbabwe Water (Waste and Effluent Disposal) regulations of 2000. After five months, the range of parameters tested for was narrowed to include only those that sometimes surpassed the limits. These included: phosphates, nitrates, pH, biological oxygen demand, iron, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, total dissolved solids and total suspended solids. Significant reductions to within permissible limits were obtained for most of the above-mentioned parameters except for phosphates, chemical and biological oxygen demand and turbidity. However, in these cases, more than 60% reductions were observed when the influent and effluent levels were compared. It is our belief that duckweed based waste stabilization ponds can now be used successfully for the treatment of domestic wastewater in small urban areas of Zimbabwe.

Development of fast-release solid catchers for rare isotopes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nolen, Jerry; Greene, John; Elam, Jeffrey; Mane, Anil; Sampathkumaran, Uma; Winter, Raymond; Hess, David; Mushfiq, Mohammad; Stracener, Daniel; Wiendenhoever, Ingo

2015-04-01

Porous solid catchers of rare isotopes are being developed for use at high power heavy ion accelerator facilities such as RIKEN, FRIB, and RISP. Compact solid catchers are complementary to helium gas catchers for parasitic harvesting of rare isotopes in the in-flight separators. They are useful for short lived isotopes for basic nuclear physics research and longer-lived isotopes for off-line applications. Solid catchers can operate effectively with high intensity secondary beams, e.g. >> 1E10 atoms/s with release times as short as 10-100 milliseconds. A new method using a very sensitive and efficient RGA has been commissioned off-line at Argonne and is currently being shipped to Florida State University for in-beam measurements of the release curves using stable beams. The same porous solid catcher technology is also being evaluated for use in targets for the production of medical isotopes such as 211-At. Research supported by the U.S. DOE Office of Nuclear Physics under the SBIR Program and Contract # DE-AC02-06CH11357 and a University of Chicago Comprehensive Cancer Center/ANL Pilot Project.

Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical input-output model: A case of Suzhou in China.

PubMed

Liang, Sai; Zhang, Tianzhu

2012-01-01

Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical input-output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impacts of four categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling should be concerned. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Properties of iron under core conditions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, J. M.

2003-04-01

Underlying an understanding of the geodynamo and evolution of the core is knowledge of the physical and chemical properties of iron and iron mixtures under high pressure and temperature conditions. Key properties include the viscosity of the fluid outer core, thermal diffusivity, equations-of-state, elastic properties of solid phases, and phase equilibria for iron and iron-dominated mixtures. As is expected for work that continues to tax technological and intellectual limits, controversy has followed both experimental and theoretical progress in this field. However, estimates for the melting temperature of the inner core show convergence and the equation-of-state for iron as determined in independent experiments and theories are in remarkable accord. Furthermore, although the structure and elastic properties of the solid inner-core phase remains uncertain, theoretical and experimental underpinnings are better understood and substantial progress is likely in the near future. This talk will focus on an identification of properties that are reasonably well known and those that merit further detailed study. In particular, both theoretical and experimental (static and shock wave) determinations of the density of iron under extreme conditions are in agreement at the 1% or better level. The behavior of the Gruneisen parameter (which determines the geothermal gradient and controls much of the outer core heat flux) is constrained by experiment and theory under core conditions for both solid and liquid phases. Recent experiments and theory are suggestive of structure or structures other than the high-pressure hexagonal close-packed (HCP) phase. Various theories and experiments for the elasticity of HCP iron remain in poor accord. Uncontroversial constraints on core chemistry will likely never be possible. However, reasonable bounds are possible on the basis of seismic profiles, geochemical arguments, and determinations of sound velocities and densities at high pressure and temperature.

Tribal Land Cleanup Laws and Regulations

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

EPA works collaboratively with tribes, states, and local governments to preserve our land. A number of federal statutes or laws form the legal basis for the Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response programs.

Fluid flow induced by periodic temperature oscillation over a flat plate: Comparisons with the classical Stokes problems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pal, Debashis; Chakraborty, Suman

2015-05-01

We delineate the dynamics of temporally and spatially periodic flow over a flat plate originating out of periodic thermoviscous expansion of the fluid, as a consequence of a thermal wave applied on the plate wall. We identify two appropriate length scales, namely, the wavelength of the temperature wave and the thermal penetration depth, so as to bring out the complex thermo-physical interaction between the fluid and the solid boundaries. Our results reveal that the entire thermal fluctuation and the subsequent thermoviscous actuation remain confined within a "thermo-viscous boundary layer." Based on the length scales and the analytical solution for the temperature field, we demarcate three different layers, namely, the wall layer (which is further sub-divided into various sub-layers, based on the temperature field), the intermediate layer, and the outer layer. We show that the interactions between the pressure oscillation and temperature-dependent viscosity yield a unidirectional time-averaged (mean) flow within the wall layer opposite to the direction of motion of the thermal wave. We also obtain appropriate scalings for the time-averaged velocity, which we further substantiate by full scale numerical simulations. Our analysis may constitute a new design basis for simultaneous control of the net throughput and mixing over a solid boundary, by the judicious employment of a traveling temperature wave.

Evaluation of engineering properties for the use of leached brown coal ash in soil covers.

PubMed

Mudd, Gavin M; Chakrabarti, Srijib; Kodikara, Jayantha

2007-01-31

The need to engineer cover systems for the successful rehabilitation or remediation of a wide variety of solid wastes is increasing. Some common applications include landfills, hazardous waste repositories, or mine tailings dams and waste rock/overburden dumps. The brown coal industry of the Latrobe Valley region of Victoria, Australia, produces significant quantities of coal ash and overburden annually. There are some site-specific acid mine drainage (AMD) issues associated with overburden material. This needs to be addressed both during the operational phase of a project and during rehabilitation. An innovative approach was taken to investigate the potential to use leached brown coal ash in engineered soil covers on this overburden dump. The basis for this is two-fold: first, the ash has favourable physical characteristics for use in cover systems (such as high storage capacity/porosity, moderately low permeability, and an ability to act as a capillary break layer generating minimal leachate or seepage); and second, the leachate from the ash is mildly alkaline (which can help to mitigate and reduce the risk of AMD). This paper will review the engineering issues involved in using leached brown coal ash in designing soil covers for potentially acid-forming overburden dumps. It presents the results of laboratory work investigating the technical feasibility of using leached brown coal ash in engineered solid waste cover systems.

CO2 sorption on surface-modified carbonaceous support: Probing the influence of the carbon black microporosity and surface polarity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gargiulo, Valentina; Alfè, Michela; Ammendola, Paola; Raganati, Federica; Chirone, Riccardo

2016-01-01

The use of solid sorbents is a convenient option in post-combustion CO2 capture strategies. Sorbents selection is a key point because the materials are required to be both low-cost and versatile in typical post-combustion conditions in order to guarantee an economically advantageous overall process. This work compares strategies to tailor the chemico-physical features of carbon black (CB) by surface-modification and/or coating with a CO2-sorbent phase. The influence of the CB microporosity, enhanced by chemical/thermal treatments, is also taken into account. Three CB surface modifications are performed and compared: (i) oxidation and functionalization with amino-groups, (ii) coating with iron oxides and (iii) impregnation with an ionic liquid (IL). The CO2 capture performance is evaluated on the basis of the breakthrough curves measured at atmospheric pressure and room temperature in a lab-scale fixed bed micro-reactor. Most of tested solids adsorb a CO2 amount significantly higher than a 13X zeolite and DARCO FGD (Norit) activated carbon (up to 4 times more in the best case). The sorbents bearing basic functionalities (amino-groups and IL) exhibit the highest CO2 sorption capacity. The use of a microporous carbonaceous support limits the accessibility of CO2 toward the adsorbing phase (IL or FM) lowering the number of accessible binding sites for CO2.

Influence of Structural Parameters on the Performance of Vortex Valve Variable-Thrust Solid Rocket Motor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Xianggeng; Li, Jiang; He, Guoqiang

2017-04-01

The vortex valve solid variable thrust motor is a new solid motor which can achieve Vehicle system trajectory optimization and motor energy management. Numerical calculation was performed to investigate the influence of vortex chamber diameter, vortex chamber shape, and vortex chamber height of the vortex valve solid variable thrust motor on modulation performance. The test results verified that the calculation results are consistent with laboratory results with a maximum error of 9.5%. The research drew the following major conclusions: the optimal modulation performance was achieved in a cylindrical vortex chamber, increasing the vortex chamber diameter improved the modulation performance of the vortex valve solid variable thrust motor, optimal modulation performance could be achieved when the height of the vortex chamber is half of the vortex chamber outlet diameter, and the hot gas control flow could result in an enhancement of modulation performance. The results can provide the basis for establishing the design method of the vortex valve solid variable thrust motor.

Lubrication handbook

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, M. E.; Thompson, M. B.

1973-01-01

Information on lubricants from government reports, military specifications, qualified parts lists, and suppliers of commercial lubricants has been consolidated in one source. Handbook includes data on chemical and physical properties of solid, bonded solid, and liquid lubricants; dispersions and composites; and greases, oils, and hydraulic fluids.

An extrapolation scheme for solid-state NMR chemical shift calculations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nakajima, Takahito

2017-06-01

Conventional quantum chemical and solid-state physical approaches include several problems to accurately calculate solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties. We propose a reliable computational scheme for solid-state NMR chemical shifts using an extrapolation scheme that retains the advantages of these approaches but reduces their disadvantages. Our scheme can satisfactorily yield solid-state NMR magnetic shielding constants. The estimated values have only a small dependence on the low-level density functional theory calculation with the extrapolation scheme. Thus, our approach is efficient because the rough calculation can be performed in the extrapolation scheme.

Comparative study on solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery and solid dispersion system for enhanced solubility and bioavailability of ezetimibe

PubMed Central

Rashid, Rehmana; Kim, Dong Wuk; Yousaf, Abid Mehmood; Mustapha, Omer; Din, Fakhar ud; Park, Jong Hyuck; Yong, Chul Soon; Oh, Yu-Kyoung; Youn, Yu Seok; Kim, Jong Oh; Choi, Han-Gon

2015-01-01

Background The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics, solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of an ezetimibe-loaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), surface modified solid dispersion (SMSD), and solvent evaporated solid dispersion (SESD) to identify the best drug delivery system with the highest oral bioavailability. Methods For the liquid SNEDDS formulation, Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and Tween 80 were selected as the oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsion-forming region was sketched using a pseudoternary phase diagram on the basis of reduced emulsion size. The optimized liquid SNEDDS was converted to solid SNEDDS by spray drying with silicon dioxide. Furthermore, SMSDs were prepared using the spray drying technique with various amounts of hydroxypropylcellulose and Tween 80, optimized on the basis of their drug solubility. The SESD formulation was prepared with the same composition of optimized SMSD. The aqueous solubility, dissolution, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of all of the formulations were investigated and compared with the drug powder. Results The drug existed in the crystalline form in SMSD, but was changed into an amorphous form in SNEDDS and SESD, giving particle sizes of approximately 24, 6, and 11 µm, respectively. All of these formulations significantly improved the aqueous solubility and dissolution in the order of solid SNEDDS ≥ SESD > SMSD, and showed a total higher plasma concentration than did the drug powder. Moreover, SESD gave a higher area under the drug concentration time curve from zero to infinity than did SNEDDS and SMSD, even if they were not significantly different, suggesting more improved oral bioavailability. Conclusion Among the various formulations tested in this study, the SESD system would be strongly recommended as a drug delivery system for the oral administration of ezetimibe with poor water solubility. PMID:26491288

Cognitive Styles and Socialized Attitudes of Men Who Batter: Where Should We Intervene?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eisikovits, Zvi C.; And Others

1991-01-01

Attempted to differentiate among violent and nonviolent Israeli men (n=120) and predict their physical violence. Violent and nonviolent men could be differentiated primarily on basis of their attitudes and, to lesser degree, on basis of cognitions. Batterers' physical violence was significantly predicted by men's negative attitudes toward battered…

All about Solids, Liquids & Gases. Physical Science for Children[TM]. Schlessinger Science Library. [Videotape].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

2000

In All About Solids, Liquids and Gases, young students will be introduced to the three common forms of matter. They'll learn that all things are made up of tiny particles called atoms and that the movement of these particles determines the form that matter takes. In solids, the particles are packed tightly together and move very little. The…

Methodology to quantify the role of the factors controlling the variation of rivers' total dissolved solids in Jiu Catchment (Romania)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adina Morosanu, Gabriela; Zaharia, Liliana; Ioana-Toroimac, Gabriela; Belleudy, Philippe

2017-04-01

The total dissolved solids (TDS) is a river water quality parameter reflecting its concentration in solute ions. It is sensitive to many physical and anthropogenic features of the watershed. In this context, the objective of this work is to analyze the spatial variation of the TDS and to identify the role of the main controlling factors (e.g. geology, soils, land use) in Jiu River and some of its main tributaries, by using a methodology based on GIS and multivariate analysis. The Jiu watershed (10,000 kmp) is located in south-western Romania and it has a high diversity of physical and anthropogenic features influencing the water flow and its quality. The study is based on TDS measurements performed in August, 2016, during low flow conditions in the Jiu River and its tributaries. To measure in situ the TDS (ppm), an EC/TDS/Temperature Hand-held Tester was used in the 12 measuring points on Jiu River and in another 7 points on some of its tributaries. Across the hydrographic basin, the recorded TDS values ranged from 31 ppm to 607 ppm, while in the case of Jiu River, the TDS varied between 38 ppm at Lonea station (upper Jiu River) and 314 ppm at Išalniča (in the lower course). For each catchment corresponding to the sampling points, the influence of some contiguous features was defined on the basis of the lithology (marls, limestones, erodible bedrocks) and soils (clay textures), as well as the land cover/use influencing the solubility and solid content. This assessment was carried out in GIS through a set of spatial statistics analysis by calculating the percentages of the catchment coverage area for each determinant. In order to identify the contributions of different catchment features on the TDS variability, principal components analysis (PCA) was then applied. The results revealed the major role of the marls and clayey soils in the increase of TDS (on the Amaradia and Gilort rivers and some sections in the middle course of the Jiu River). In contrast, turbidity did not play a significant role in the variation of TDS. The presence and extent of agricultural and industrial areas also have some influence, indicated by its positive correlation with TDS, at 95% confidence level. Thus, the main contributory variables in the increase of TDS are the geological substrate and soil texture across watersheds, followed by the anthropogenic disturbances (reflected by agricultural and industrial activities). Keywords: total dissolved solids, Jiu River, PCA, GIS

40 CFR Table 1 to Subpart Ddddd of... - Emission Limits for New or Reconstructed Boilers and Process Heaters

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... fossil fuel a. Filterable PM (or TSM) 1.1E-03 lb per MMBtu of heat input; or (2.3E-05 lb per MMBtu of... designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. Carbon monoxide (CO) (or CEMS) 130 ppm by volume on a dry basis... minimum sampling time. 4. Stokers designed to burn coal/solid fossil fuel a. CO (or CEMS) 130 ppm by...

Need for improvements in physical pretreatment of source-separated household food waste.

PubMed

Bernstad, A; Malmquist, L; Truedsson, C; la Cour Jansen, J

2013-03-01

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency in physical pretreatment processes of source-separated solid organic household waste. The investigation of seventeen Swedish full-scale pretreatment facilities, currently receiving separately collected food waste from household for subsequent anaerobic digestion, shows that problems with the quality of produced biomass and high maintenance costs are common. Four full-scale physical pretreatment plants, three using screwpress technology and one using dispergation technology, were compared in relation to resource efficiency, losses of nitrogen and potential methane production from biodegradable matter as well as the ratio of unwanted materials in produced biomass intended for wet anaerobic digestion. Refuse generated in the processes represent 13-39% of TS in incoming wet waste. The methane yield from these fractions corresponds to 14-36Nm(3)/ton separately collected solid organic household waste. Also, 13-32% of N-tot in incoming food waste is found in refuse. Losses of both biodegradable material and nutrients were larger in the three facilities using screwpress technology compared to the facility using dispersion technology.(1) Thus, there are large potentials for increase of both the methane yield and nutrient recovery from separately collected solid organic household waste through increased efficiency in facilities for physical pretreatment. Improved pretreatment processes could thereby increase the overall environmental benefits from anaerobic digestion as a treatment alternative for solid organic household waste. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Growth of Chaetomium cellulolyticum on Alkali-Pretreated Hardwood Sawdust Solids and Pretreatment Liquor

PubMed Central

Pamment, N.; Moo-Young, M.; Hsieh, F.-H.; Robinson, C. W.

1978-01-01

The treatment of a hardwood sawdust with 1% NaOH solution at 121°C dissolved 19.7% of the dry matter, mainly hemicellulose and lignin. Fermentation of the treated solids by Chaetomium cellulolyticum for 48 h gave a product containing 12.5% crude protein (total N × 6.25) on a dry weight basis. The in vitro rumen digestibility of the 48-h fermentation product was 30%, compared to 24% for the alkali-treated but unfermented sawdust. Growth was independent of sawdust particle size in the range 40 to 100 mesh. Fermentation of the pretreatment liquor gave a product containing up to 50% crude protein (dry weight basis) with an in vitro rumen digestibility of 65 to 76%. Approximately 6.7 g of crude protein was obtained from the treated solids and 2.2 g from the pretreatment liquor per 100 g of sawdust treated. The product from the pretreatment liquor fermentation has potential as a high-protein animal feed supplement but could not be produced economically without an outlet for the relatively indigestible product from the solids fermentation. Growth on the pretreatment liquor was strongly pH dependent; there was a considerable increase in the lag phase when the pH was lowered from 7.5 to 5.2. This effect appears to be due to an inhibitor whose toxicity is reduced at high pH. PMID:16345308

Conditioning of carbonaceous material prior to physical beneficiation

DOEpatents

Warzinski, Robert P.; Ruether, John A.

1987-01-01

A carbonaceous material such as coal is conditioned by contact with a supercritical fluid prior to physical beneficiation. The solid feed material is contacted with an organic supercritical fluid such as cyclohexane or methanol at temperatures slightly above the critical temperature and pressures of 1 to 4 times the critical pressure. A minor solute fraction is extracted into critical phase and separated from the solid residuum. The residuum is then processed by physical separation such as by froth flotation or specific gravity separation to recover a substantial fraction thereof with reduced ash content. The solute in supercritical phase can be released by pressure reduction and recombined with the low-ash, carbonaceous material.

Sampling, characterisation and processing of solid recovered fuel production from municipal solid waste: An Italian plant case study.

PubMed

Ranieri, Ezio; Ionescu, Gabriela; Fedele, Arcangela; Palmieri, Eleonora; Ranieri, Ada Cristina; Campanaro, Vincenzo

2017-08-01

This article presents the classification of solid recovered fuel from the Massafra municipal solid waste treatment plant in Southern Italy in compliancy with the EN 15359 standard. In order to ensure the reproducibility of this study, the characterisation methods of waste input and output flow, the mechanical biological treatment line scheme and its main parameters for each stage of the processing chain are presented in details, together with the research results in terms of mass balance and derived fuel properties. Under this study, only 31% of refused municipal solid waste input stream from mechanical biological line was recovered as solid recovered fuel with a net heating value (NC=HV) average of 15.77 MJ kg -1 ; chlorine content average of 0.06% on a dry basis; median of mercury <0.0064 mg MJ -1 and 80th percentile <0.0068 mg MJ -1 . The solid recovered fuel produced meets the European Union standard requirements and can be classified with the class code: Net heating value (3); chlorine (1); mercury (1).

Quest for a universal density functional: the accuracy of density functionals across a broad spectrum of databases in chemistry and physics.

PubMed

Peverati, Roberto; Truhlar, Donald G

2014-03-13

Kohn-Sham density functional theory is in principle an exact formulation of quantum mechanical electronic structure theory, but in practice we have to rely on approximate exchange-correlation (xc) functionals. The objective of our work has been to design an xc functional with broad accuracy across as wide an expanse of chemistry and physics as possible, leading--as a long-range goal--to a functional with good accuracy for all problems, i.e. a universal functional. To guide our path towards that goal and to measure our progress, we have developed-building on earlier work of our group-a set of databases of reference data for a variety of energetic and structural properties in chemistry and physics. These databases include energies of molecular processes, such as atomization, complexation, proton addition and ionization; they also include molecular geometries and solid-state lattice constants, chemical reaction barrier heights, and cohesive energies and band gaps of solids. For this paper, we gather many of these databases into four comprehensive databases, two with 384 energetic data for chemistry and solid-state physics and another two with 68 structural data for chemistry and solid-state physics, and we test two wave function methods and 77 density functionals (12 Minnesota meta functionals and 65 others) in a consistent way across this same broad set of data. We especially highlight the Minnesota density functionals, but the results have broader implications in that one may see the successes and failures of many kinds of density functionals when they are all applied to the same data. Therefore, the results provide a status report on the quest for a universal functional.

Crystal Engineering: From Molecules to Products

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Doherty, Michael F.

2006-01-01

Particle production and solids processing are essential components of the contemporary process industries. Crystalline solids represent a large and important segment of this manufacturing sector. Chemical engineers, especially in the United States, have historically abandoned this subject, leaving it to pharmacists, physical chemists, material…

The Pythagorean Theorem and the Solid State

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kelly, Brenda S.; Splittgerber, Allan G.

2005-01-01

Packing efficiency and crystal density can be calculated from basic geometric principles employing the Pythagorean theorem, if the unit-cell structure is known. The procedures illustrated have applicability in courses such as general chemistry, intermediate and advanced inorganic, materials science, and solid-state physics.

Sand filter clogging by septic tank effluent.

PubMed

Spychała, M; Błazejewski, R

2003-01-01

The aim of this study was to characterise conditions and factors affecting fine sand clogging by septic tank effluent on the basis of physical modelling. The physical model consisted of 12 sand columns dosed with sewage from one household (5 persons), preliminary treated in a septic tank. Hydraulic loadings of the sand filters were equal to 82 mm/d. The mean discharge from sand columns, measured as the effluent volume collected during 10 minutes, decreased significantly over the experiment period from 34 cm3/min in August 2000 to 20 cm3/min in August 2001 at the same temperature of about 20 degrees C. First the columns clogged almost completely after 480 days in December 2001, however six columns had remained unclogged till the end of the experiment (March 2002). The temperature had a significant impact on hydraulic conductivity. A vertical distribution of accumulated mass and biomass was investigated in partly clogged sand. Microscopic survey of the clogging layer showed a presence of live micro-organisms, residuals of dead micro-organisms, particularly pieces of small animal armour and many fibres. These particles accelerated the accumulation of solids in the upper clogging layer. The study indicated that temperature impact on the filter hydraulic conductivity was more significant for biological activity, than for sewage viscosity.

'De-watering' capabilities of surfactants in human amniotic fluid.

PubMed Central

Hills, B A

1984-01-01

The phospholipid extracts from each of eleven samples of human amniotic fluid obtained from eleven full-term births were deposited as orientated monolayers adsorbed to glass. The surfaces were found to be rendered hydrophobic with maximum contact angles averaging 54.5 degrees while, upon withdrawing fluid, the edge of the saline pool receded to expose dry surface with minimum contact angles averaging 15.4 degrees. The extracts were found to be surface-active at the liquid-air interface and there was some indication that direct adsorption to solid surfaces was facilitated by calcium ions. It was found that, in all extracts, a continuous layer of saline adjacent to the adsorbed surface would break up spontaneously to expose dry surface when the thickness was reduced to an average of 764 micron, corresponding to several alveolar diameters. This phenomenon is discussed as a possible means of establishing dry patches on the alveolar membrane, especially in the new-born after the fetal alveolar wall has been exposed to the same surfactants in much the same physical form as found in amniotic fluid. Surfactant adsorbed directly to the tissue subphase is suggested as a physical basis for the discontinuity of the aqueous hypophase seen in many electron micrographs of the adult alveolus. This 'de-watering' of the alveolar surface could facilitate gas transfer. PMID:6546947

Using synthetic biology to make cells tomorrow's test tubes.

PubMed

Garcia, Hernan G; Brewster, Robert C; Phillips, Rob

2016-04-18

The main tenet of physical biology is that biological phenomena can be subject to the same quantitative and predictive understanding that physics has afforded in the context of inanimate matter. However, the inherent complexity of many of these biological processes often leads to the derivation of complex theoretical descriptions containing a plethora of unknown parameters. Such complex descriptions pose a conceptual challenge to the establishment of a solid basis for predictive biology. In this article, we present various exciting examples of how synthetic biology can be used to simplify biological systems and distill these phenomena down to their essential features as a means to enable their theoretical description. Here, synthetic biology goes beyond previous efforts to engineer nature and becomes a tool to bend nature to understand it. We discuss various recent and classic experiments featuring applications of this synthetic approach to the elucidation of problems ranging from bacteriophage infection, to transcriptional regulation in bacteria and in developing embryos, to evolution. In all of these examples, synthetic biology provides the opportunity to turn cells into the equivalent of a test tube, where biological phenomena can be reconstituted and our theoretical understanding put to test with the same ease that these same phenomena can be studied in the in vitro setting.

On the Evolving Connections between Psychology and Linguistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Segalowitz, Norman

2001-01-01

Examines the relationship between psychology and linguistics, identifies three reasons why initial efforts at partnership may have been inherently flawed, and argues that recent developments may provide a more solid basis for partnership. (Author/VWL)

Preface: phys. stat. sol. (a) 202/12

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Neumann, Wolfgang; Stutzmann, Martin; Hildebrandt, Stefan

2005-09-01

The present special issue contains a collection of Original Papers dedicated to Professor Johannes Heydenreich on the occasion of his 75th birthday.Johannes Heydenreich, born on 20 June 1930 in Plauen/Vogtland near Dresden, studied physics at the Pädagogische Hochschule Potsdam, where he obtained his first academic degree Dipl. Phys. in 1958. He received his doctoral degree at the Martin Luther University in Halle in 1961 and the Habilitation degree in 1969. Already during his studies in Potsdam, he showed an interest in electron microscopy due to the influence of his teacher and supervisor Prof. Picht, one of the pioneers in electron optics. His interests were strengthened when Johannes Heydenreich did the experimental work for his Diploma degree at the Institute for Experimental Physics of the University of Halle, where he met Prof. Heinz Bethge for the first time. This was the beginning of a fruitful and longstanding collaboration. In 1962 Johannes Heydenreich joined the team of the later Institute for Solid State Physics and Electron Microscopy of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR, in Halle, for which the basis was laid by Prof. Bethge in 1960.Heydenreich has been working as Assistant Director for many years and played a decisive role in introducing and organising the various techniques of electron microscopy in the institute.The research activities of Prof. Heydenreich covered a broad spectrum over the years. At the beginning of his career he made significant contributions in the field of electron mirror microscopy. After that, his main interests were focused on transmission electron microscopy, ranging from diffraction contrast analysis of crystal defects to high-resolution electron microscopy and image processing. His favourite field was studies of defect-induced phenomena in advanced materials. The so-called Bethge-Heydenreich, the book Electron Microscopy in Solid State Physics, published at first in a German edition in 1982 and later in a revised English edition by Elsevier in 1987, provides an excellent overview both of Heydenreich's work and of the spectrum of the Institute of Solid State Physics and Electron Micros-copy in Halle.The international reputation of this institute was the basis for the transformation of it, after the re-unification of Germany, into the Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, the first institute of the Max Planck Society in the Eastern part of Germany. From the beginning, Prof. Heydenreich was on the Board of Directors and served as the Executive Director from 1993 until his retirement in 1995.During this year, the International Centre of Advanced Materials and Electron Microscopy celebrates its 30th anniversary. The Centre was founded in Halle in 1975 as a Centre of Electron Microscopy for the Eastern countries.A remarkable and time-consuming part of Heydenreich's work was associated with this centre. Young scientists from Eastern Europe were trained in the theoretical and practical aspects of electron microscopy during the annual spring and autumn meetings. All in all, Johannes Heydenreich conducted 35 of these schools! From the beginning, he was a member of the Scientific Council of the Centre, and from 1985 until his retirement he was the Director of the Centre. Nowadays, the Centre acts as a real bridge between East and West largely due to the efforts of Johannes Heydenreich.Furthermore, Johannes Heydenreich had been active as a leading member of various scientific boards for many years. He was a co-editor of several journals covering electron microscopy, solid state physics and crystallography. As a member of the Executive Committee of the European Society for Elec-tron Microscopy (CESEM) for many years, and as a member of the Executive board of the German Soci-ety for Electron Microscopy, Johannes Heydenreich has invested a great deal of time and effort in the welfare of the scientific community.Over the course of nearly three decades, Johannes Heydenreich worked as a Professor at the Universities of Halle and Leipzig. Generations of students have admired his excellent lectures with clear repre-sentation and rigorous scholarship.The scientific work of Johannes Heydenreich was honoured by his election to the Academy of Natural Scientists Leopoldina where he worked as a Secretary of Natural Science for many years. The Technical University of Chemnitz conferred an honory doctors degree on Prof. Heydenreich in recognition of his scientific work. The German Society for Electron Microscopy awarded him Honorary Membership.Wolfgang Neumann especially acknowledges with gratitude the time of inspiring collaboration in Halle.All his friends, colleagues, and students wish him many further years of good health. The Editors of physica status solidi join these wishes and add their gratefulness for his long-standing and continuous engagement as a member of the Advisory and Editorial Board of physica status solidi (a).

Structural characterization of the voltage sensor domain and voltage-gated K+- channel proteins vectorially-oriented within a single bilayer membrane at the solid/vapor and solid/liquid interfaces via neutron interferometry

PubMed Central

Gupta, S.; Dura, J.A.; Freites, J.A.; Tobias, D.J.; Blasie, J. K.

2012-01-01

The voltage-sensor domain (VSD) is a modular 4-helix bundle component that confers voltage sensitivity to voltage-gated cation channels in biological membranes. Despite extensive biophysical studies and the recent availability of x-ray crystal structures for a few voltage-gated potassium (Kv-) channels and a voltage-gate sodium (Nav-) channel, a complete understanding of the cooperative mechanism of electromechanical coupling, interconverting the closed-to-open states (i.e. non-conducting to cation conducting) remains undetermined. Moreover, the function of these domains is highly dependent on the physical-chemical properties of the surrounding lipid membrane environment. The basis for this work was provided by a recent structural study of the VSD from a prokaryotic Kv-channel vectorially-oriented within a single phospholipid (POPC; 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) membrane investigated by x-ray interferometry at the solid/moist He (or solid/vapor) and solid/liquid interfaces thus achieving partial to full hydration, respectively (Gupta et. al. Phys. Rev E. 2011, 84). Here, we utilize neutron interferometry to characterize this system in substantially greater structural detail at the sub-molecular level, due to its inherent advantages arising from solvent contrast variation coupled with the deuteration of selected sub-molecular membrane components, especially important for the membrane at the solid/liquid interface. We demonstrate the unique vectorial orientation of the VSD and the retention of its molecular conformation manifest in the asymmetric profile structure of the protein within the profile structure of this single bilayer membrane system. We definitively characterize the asymmetric phospholipid bilayer solvating the lateral surfaces of the VSD protein within the membrane. The profile structures of both the VSD protein and phospholipid bilayer depend upon the hydration state of the membrane. We also determine the distribution of water and exchangeable hydrogen throughout the profile structure of both the VSD itself and the VSD:POPC membrane. These two experimentally-determined water and exchangeable hydrogen distribution profiles are in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations of the VSD protein vectorially-oriented within a fully hydrated POPC bilayer membrane, supporting the existence of the VSD’s water pore. This approach was extended to the full-length Kv-channel (KvAP) at solid/liquid interface, providing the separate profile structures of the KvAP protein and the POPC bilayer within the reconstituted KvAP:POPC membrane. PMID:22686684

Impact Crater Experiments for Introductory Physics and Astronomy Laboratories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Claycomb, J. R.

2009-01-01

Activity-based collisional analysis is developed for introductory physics and astronomy laboratory experiments. Crushable floral foam is used to investigate the physics of projectiles undergoing completely inelastic collisions with a low-density solid forming impact craters. Simple drop experiments enable determination of the average acceleration,…

Origin, Bulk Chemical Composition and Physical Structure of the Galilean Satellites of Jupiter: A Post-Galileo Analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Prentice, A. J. R.

1999-01-01

The origin of Jupiter and the Galilean satellite system is examined in the light of the new data that has been obtained by the NASA Galileo Project. In particular, special attention is given to a theory of satellite origin which was put forward at the start of the Galileo Mission and on the basis of which several predictions have now been proven successful. These predictions concern the chemical composition of Jupiter's atmosphere and the physical structure of the satellites. According to the proposed theory of satellite origin, each of the Galilean satellites formed by chemical condensation and gravitational accumulation of solid grains within a concentric family of orbiting gas rings. These rings were cast off equatorially by the rotating proto-Jovian cloud (PJC which contracted gravitationally to form Jupiter some 4 1/2 billion years ago. The PJC formed from the gas and grains left over from the gas ring that had been shed at Jupiter's orbit by the contracting proto-solar cloud (PSC Supersonic turbulent convection provides the means for shedding discrete gas rings. The temperatures T (sub n) of the system of gas rings shed by the PSC and PJC vary with their respective mean orbital radii R (sub n) (n = 0, 1,2,...) according as T (sub n) proportional to R (sub n) (exp -0.9). If the planet Mercury condenses at 1640 K, so accounting for the high density of that planet via a process of chemical fractionation between iron and silicates, then T (sub n) at Jupiter's orbit is 158 K. Only 35% of the water vapour condenses out. Thus fractionation between rock and ice, together with an enhancement in the abundance of solids relative to gas which takes place through gravitational sedimentation of solids onto the mean orbit of the gas ring, ensures nearly equal proportions of rock and ice in each of Ganymede and Callisto. Io and Europa condense above the H20 ice point and consist solely of hydrated rock (h-rock). The Ganymedan condensate consists of h-rock and H20 ice. For Callisto, NH3 ice makes up -5% of the condensate mass next to h-rock (approximately 50%) and H2O ice (approximately 45%). Detailed thermal and structural models for each of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto are constructed on the basis of the above initial bulk chemical compositions. For Europa (E), a predicted 2-zone model consisting of a dehydrated rock core of mass 0.912 M (sub E) and a 150 km thick frozen mantle of salty H2O yields a moment-of-inertia coefficient which matches the Galileo Orbiter gravity measurement. For Ganymede (G), a 3-zone model possessing an inner core of solid FeS and mass approximately 0.116 M (sub G), and an outer H2O ice mantle of mass approximately 0.502 M (sub G) is needed to explain the gravity data. Ganymede's native magnetic field was formed by thermoremanent magnetization of Fe3O4. A new Callisto (C) model is proposed consisting of a core of mass 0.826 M (sub C) containing a uniform mixture of h-rock (60% by mass) and H2O and NH3 ices, and capped by a mantle of pure ice. This model may have the capacity to yield a thin layer of liquid NH3 (raised dot) 2H2O at the core boundary, in line with Galileo's discovery of an induced magnetic field.

Physics Division annual review, 1 April 1980-31 March 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1982-06-01

Progress in nuclear physics research is reported in the following areas: medium-energy physics (pion reaction mechanisms, high-resolution studies and nuclear structure, and two-nucleon physics with pions and electrons); heavy-ion research at the tandem and superconducting linear accelerator (resonant structure in heavy-ion reactions, fusion cross sections, high angular momentum states in nuclei, and reaction mechanisms and distributions of reaction strengths); charged-particle research; neutron and photonuclear physics; theoretical physics (heavy-ion direct-reaction theory, nuclear shell theory and nuclear structure, nuclear matter and nuclear forces, intermediate-energy physics, microscopic calculations of high-energy collisions of heavy ions, and light ion direct reactions); the superconducting linac; acceleratormore » operations; and GeV electron linac. Progress in atomic and molecular physics research is reported in the following areas: dissociation and other interactions of energetic molecular ions in solid and gaseous targets, beam-foil research and collision dynamics of heavy ions, photoionization- photoelectron research, high-resolution laser rf spectroscopy with atomic and molecular beams, moessbauer effect research, and theoretical atomic physics. Studies on interactions of energetic particles with solids are also described. Publications are listed. (WHK)« less

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schweber, Silvan S.

2014-06-01

Some facets of the life of Hans Bethe after World War II are presented to illustrate how Paul Forman's works, and in particular his various theses—on mathematics and physics in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany, on physics in the immediate post-World War II period, and on postmodernity—have influenced my biography of Bethe. Some aspects of the history of post-World War II quantum field theory, of solid state/condensed matter physics, and of the development of neoliberalism—the commitment to the belief that the market knows best, to free trade, to enhanced privatization, and to a drastic reduction of the government's role in regulating the economy—are reviewed in order to make some observations regarding certain "top-down" views in solid state physics in postmodernity, the economic and cultural condition of many Western societies since the 1980s, the decade in which many historians assume modernity to have ended.

Physics and Chemistry of Earth Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Navrotsky, Alexandra

1994-11-01

Stressing the fundamental solid state behavior of minerals, and emphasizing both theory and experiment, this text surveys the physics and chemistry of earth materials. The author begins with a systematic tour of crystal chemistry of both simple and complex structures (with completely new structural drawings) and discusses how to obtain structural and thermodynamic information experimentally. Dr. Navrotsky also reviews the quantitative concepts of chemical bonding--band theory, molecular orbit and ionic models. She then covers physical properties and relates microscopic features to macroscopic thermodynamic behavior and treats high pressure phase transitions, amorphous materials and solid state reactions. The author concludes with a look at the interface between mineral physics and materials science. Highly illustrated throughout, this book fills the gap between undergraduate texts and specialized review volumes and is appropriate for students and researchers in earth science and materials science.

Recrystallization of nifedipine and felodipine from amorphous molecular level solid dispersions containing poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and sorbed water.

PubMed

Marsac, Patrick J; Konno, Hajime; Rumondor, Alfred C F; Taylor, Lynne S

2008-03-01

To compare the physical stability of amorphous molecular level solid dispersions of nifedipine and felodipine, in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and small amounts of moisture. Thin amorphous films of nifedipine and felodipine and amorphous molecular level solid dispersions with PVP were stored at various relative humidities (RH) and the nucleation rate was measured. The amount of water sorbed at each RH was measured using isothermal vapor sorption and glass transition temperatures (Tg) were determined using differential scanning calorimetry. The solubility of each compound in methyl pyrrolidone was measured as a function of water content. Nifedipine crystallizes more easily than felodipine at any given polymer concentration and in the presence of moisture. The glass transition temperatures of each compound, alone and in the presence of PVP, are statistically equivalent at any given water content. The nifedipine systems are significantly more hygroscopic than the corresponding felodipine systems. Variations in the physical stability of the two compounds could not be explained by differences in Tg. However, the relative physical stability is consistent with differences in the degree of supersaturation of each drug in the solid dispersion, treating the polymer and water as a co-solvent system for each drug compound.

The physical basis for estimating wave-energy spectra with the radar ocean-wave spectrometer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jackson, Frederick C.

1987-01-01

The derivation of the reflectivity modulation spectrum of the sea surface for near-nadir-viewing microwave radars using geometrical optics is described. The equations required for the derivation are presented. The derived reflectivity modulation spectrum provides data on the physical basis of the radar ocean-wave spectrometer measurements of ocean-wave directional spectra.

Amorphous stabilization and dissolution enhancement of amorphous ternary solid dispersions: combination of polymers showing drug-polymer interaction for synergistic effects.

PubMed

Prasad, Dev; Chauhan, Harsh; Atef, Eman

2014-11-01

The purpose of this study was to understand the combined effect of two polymers showing drug-polymer interactions on amorphous stabilization and dissolution enhancement of indomethacin (IND) in amorphous ternary solid dispersions. The mechanism responsible for the enhanced stability and dissolution of IND in amorphous ternary systems was studied by exploring the miscibility and intermolecular interactions between IND and polymers through thermal and spectroscopic analysis. Eudragit E100 and PVP K90 at low concentrations (2.5%-40%, w/w) were used to prepare amorphous binary and ternary solid dispersions by solvent evaporation. Stability results showed that amorphous ternary solid dispersions have better stability compared with amorphous binary solid dispersions. The dissolution of IND from the ternary dispersion was substantially higher than the binary dispersions as well as amorphous drug. Melting point depression of physical mixtures reveals that the drug was miscible in both the polymers; however, greater miscibility was observed in ternary physical mixtures. The IR analysis confirmed intermolecular interactions between IND and individual polymers. These interactions were found to be intact in ternary systems. These results suggest that the combination of two polymers showing drug-polymer interaction offers synergistic enhancement in amorphous stability and dissolution in ternary solid dispersions. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

The SoLid experiment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalousis, L. N.; SoLid Collaboration

2017-09-01

The SoLid experiment is a short-baseline project, probing the disappearance of reactor antineutrinos using a novel detector design. Installed at a very short distance of ˜ 5.5 - 10 m from the BR2 research reactor at SCK·CEN in Mol (Belgium) it will be able to search for active-to-sterile neutrino oscillations, exploring most of the allowed parameter region. SoLid will make use of a highly segmented detector, built from 5 cm PVT cubes, interleaved with 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) screens, and read out by optical fibers and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs). The detector granularity allows for the localization of the positron and neutron signals from antineutrino interactions and the robust neutron identification capabilities, offered by the 6LiF:ZnS(Ag) inorganic scintillator, provide background suppression to an unparalleled level. This paper reviews the experimental layout and current status of SoLid. Emphasis is put on the challenges one faces towards this measurement, focusing on the decisions and strategy adapted by the SoLid collaboration. The analysis scheme and the details of the oscillation framework are also presented, highlighting the sensitivity contour and physics potential of SoLid. Finally, other physics topics, such as, reactor monitoring or measurement of the 235U spectrum are also covered.

Drying paint: from micro-scale dynamics to mechanical instabilities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goehring, Lucas; Li, Joaquim; Kiatkirakajorn, Pree-Cha

2017-04-01

Charged colloidal dispersions make up the basis of a broad range of industrial and commercial products, from paints to coatings and additives in cosmetics. During drying, an initially liquid dispersion of such particles is slowly concentrated into a solid, displaying a range of mechanical instabilities in response to highly variable internal pressures. Here we summarize the current appreciation of this process by pairing an advection-diffusion model of particle motion with a Poisson-Boltzmann cell model of inter-particle interactions, to predict the concentration gradients in a drying colloidal film. We then test these predictions with osmotic compression experiments on colloidal silica, and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments on silica dispersions drying in Hele-Shaw cells. Finally, we use the details of the microscopic physics at play in these dispersions to explore how two macroscopic mechanical instabilities-shear-banding and fracture-can be controlled. This article is part of the themed issue 'Patterning through instabilities in complex media: theory and applications.'

Cell wall elasticity: I. A critique of the bulk elastic modulus approach and an analysis using polymer elastic principles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, H. I.; Spence, R. D.; Sharpe, P. J.; Goeschl, J. D.

1985-01-01

The traditional bulk elastic modulus approach to plant cell pressure-volume relations is inconsistent with its definition. The relationship between the bulk modulus and Young's modulus that forms the basis of their usual application to cell pressure-volume properties is demonstrated to be physically meaningless. The bulk modulus describes stress/strain relations of solid, homogeneous bodies undergoing small deformations, whereas the plant cell is best described as a thin-shelled, fluid-filled structure with a polymer base. Because cell walls possess a polymer structure, an alternative method of mechanical analysis is presented using polymer elasticity principles. This initial study presents the groundwork of polymer mechanics as would be applied to cell walls and discusses how the matrix and microfibrillar network induce nonlinear stress/strain relationships in the cell wall in response to turgor pressure. In subsequent studies, these concepts will be expanded to include anisotropic expansion as regulated by the microfibrillar network.

Yield strength measurement of shock-loaded metal by flyer-impact perturbation method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ma, Xiaojuan; Shi, Zhan

2018-06-01

Yield strength is one of the most important physical properties of a solid material, especially far from its melting line. The flyer-impact perturbation method measures material yield strength on the basis of correlation between the yield strength under shock compression and the damping of oscillatory perturbations in the shape of a shock front passing through the material. We used flyer-impact experiments on targets with machined grooves on the impact surface of shock 6061-T6 aluminum to between 32 and 61 GPa and recorded the evolution of the shock front perturbation amplitude in the sample with electric pins. Simulations using the elastic-plastic model can be matched to the experiments, explaining well the form of the perturbation decay and constraining the yield strength of 6061-T6 aluminum to be 1.31-1.75 GPa. These results are in agreement with values obtained from reshock and release wave profiles. We conclude that the flyer-impact perturbation method is indeed a new means to measure material strength.

Production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): scaling up feasibilities.

PubMed

Dingler, A; Gohla, S

2002-01-01

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN/Lipopearls) are widely discussed as a new colloidal drug carrier system. In contrast to polymeric systems, such as Polylactic copolyol microcapsules, these systems show with a good biocompatibility, if applied parenterally. The solid lipid matrices can be comprised of fats or waxes, and allow protection of incorporated active ingredients against chemical and physical degradation. The SLN can either be produced by 'hot homogenization' of melted lipids at elevated temperatures or by a 'cold homogenization' process. This paper deals with production technologies for SLN formulations, based on non-ethoxylated fat components for topical application and high pressure homogenization. Based on the chosen fat components, a novel and easy manufacturing and scaling-up method was developed to maintain chemical and physical integrity of the encapsulated active ingredients in the carrier.

Hierarchical multi-scale approach to validation and uncertainty quantification of hyper-spectral image modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engel, Dave W.; Reichardt, Thomas A.; Kulp, Thomas J.; Graff, David L.; Thompson, Sandra E.

2016-05-01

Validating predictive models and quantifying uncertainties inherent in the modeling process is a critical component of the HARD Solids Venture program [1]. Our current research focuses on validating physics-based models predicting the optical properties of solid materials for arbitrary surface morphologies and characterizing the uncertainties in these models. We employ a systematic and hierarchical approach by designing physical experiments and comparing the experimental results with the outputs of computational predictive models. We illustrate this approach through an example comparing a micro-scale forward model to an idealized solid-material system and then propagating the results through a system model to the sensor level. Our efforts should enhance detection reliability of the hyper-spectral imaging technique and the confidence in model utilization and model outputs by users and stakeholders.

Electrical stress and strain in lunar regolith simulants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marshall, J.; Richard, D.; Davis, S.

2011-11-01

Experiments to entrain dust with electrostatic and fluid-dynamic forces result in particulate clouds of aggregates rather than individual dust grains. This is explained within the framework of Griffith-flaw theory regarding the comminution/breakage of weak solids. Physical and electrical inhomogeneities in powders are equivalent to microcracks in solids insofar as they facilitate failure at stress risers. Electrical charging of powders induces bulk sample stresses similar to mechanical stresses experienced by strong solids, depending on the nature of the charging. A powder mass therefore "breaks" into clumps rather than separating into individual dust particles. This contrasts with the expectation that electrical forces on the Moon will eject a submicron population of dust from the regolith into the exosphere. A lunar regolith will contain physical and electrostatic inhomogeneities similar to those in most charged powders.

Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy for the Physical Chemistry Laboratory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kinnun, Jacob J.; Leftin, Avigdor; Brown, Michael F.

2013-01-01

Solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy finds growing application to inorganic and organic materials, biological samples, polymers, proteins, and cellular membranes. However, this technique is often neither included in laboratory curricula nor typically covered in undergraduate courses. On the other hand, spectroscopy and…

Solid surface vs. liquid surface: nanoarchitectonics, molecular machines, and DNA origami.

PubMed

Ariga, Katsuhiko; Mori, Taizo; Nakanishi, Waka; Hill, Jonathan P

2017-09-13

The investigation of molecules and materials at interfaces is critical for the accumulation of new scientific insights and technological advances in the chemical and physical sciences. Immobilization on solid surfaces permits the investigation of different properties of functional molecules or materials with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Liquid surfaces also present important media for physicochemical innovation and insight based on their great flexibility and dynamicity, rapid diffusion of molecular components for mixing and rearrangements, as well as drastic spatial variation in the prevailing dielectric environment. Therefore, a comparative discussion of the relative merits of the properties of materials when positioned at solid or liquid surfaces would be informative regarding present-to-future developments of surface-based technologies. In this perspective article, recent research examples of nanoarchitectonics, molecular machines, DNA nanotechnology, and DNA origami are compared with respect to the type of surface used, i.e. solid surfaces vs. liquid surfaces, for future perspectives of interfacial physics and chemistry.

Ionization potential depression in an atomic-solid-plasma picture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rosmej, F. B.

2018-05-01

Exotic solid density matter such as heated hollow crystals allow extended material studies while their physical properties and models such as the famous ionization potential depression are presently under renewed controversial discussion. Here we develop an atomic-solid-plasma (ASP) model that permits ionization potential depression studies also for single and multiple core hole states. Numerical calculations show very good agreement with recently available data not only in absolute values but also for Z-scaled properties while currently employed methods fail. For much above solid density compression, the ASP model predicts increased K-edge energies that are related to a Fermi surface rising. This is in good agreement with recent quantum molecular dynamics simulations. For hot dense matter a quantum number dependent optical electron finite temperature ion sphere model is developed that fits well with line shift and line disappearance data from dense laser produced plasma experiments. Finally, the physical transparency of the ASP picture allows a critical discussion of current methods.

Simulation of municipal solid waste degradation in aerobic and anaerobic bioreactor landfills.

PubMed

Patil, Bhagwan Shamrao; C, Agnes Anto; Singh, Devendra Narain

2017-03-01

Municipal solid waste generation is huge in growing cities of developing nations such as India, owing to the rapid industrial and population growth. In addition to various methods for treatment and disposal of municipal solid waste (landfills, composting, bio-methanation, incineration and pyrolysis), aerobic/anaerobic bioreactor landfills are gaining popularity for economical and effective disposal of municipal solid waste. However, efficiency of municipal solid waste bioreactor landfills primarily depends on the municipal solid waste decomposition rate, which can be accelerated through monitoring moisture content and temperature by using the frequency domain reflectometry probe and thermocouples, respectively. The present study demonstrates that these landfill physical properties of the heterogeneous municipal solid waste mass can be monitored using these instruments, which facilitates proper scheduling of the leachate recirculation for accelerating the decomposition rate of municipal solid waste.

Standard High Solids Vessel Design De-inventory Simulant Qualification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fiskum, Sandra K.; Burns, Carolyn A.M.; Gauglitz, Phillip A.

The Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) is working to develop a Standard High Solids Vessel Design (SHSVD) process vessel. To support testing of this new design, WTP engineering staff requested that a Newtonian simulant be developed that would represent the de-inventory (residual high-density tank solids cleanout) process. Its basis and target characteristics are defined in 24590-WTP-ES-ENG-16-021 and implemented through PNNL Test Plan TP-WTPSP-132 Rev. 1.0. This document describes the de-inventory Newtonian carrier fluid (DNCF) simulant composition that will satisfy the basis requirement to mimic the density (1.18 g/mL ± 0.1 g/mL) and viscosity (2.8 cP ± 0.5more » cP) of 5 M NaOH at 25 °C.1 The simulant viscosity changes significantly with temperature. Therefore, various solution compositions may be required, dependent on the test stand process temperature range, to meet these requirements. Table ES.1 provides DNCF compositions at selected temperatures that will meet the density and viscosity specifications as well as the temperature range at which the solution will meet the acceptable viscosity tolerance.« less

Role of the Strength of Drug-Polymer Interactions on the Molecular Mobility and Crystallization Inhibition in Ketoconazole Solid Dispersions.

PubMed

Mistry, Pinal; Mohapatra, Sarat; Gopinath, Tata; Vogt, Frederick G; Suryanarayanan, Raj

2015-09-08

The effects of specific drug-polymer interactions (ionic or hydrogen-bonding) on the molecular mobility of model amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) were investigated. ASDs of ketoconazole (KTZ), a weakly basic drug, with each of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were prepared. Drug-polymer interactions in the ASDs were evaluated by infrared and solid-state NMR, the molecular mobility quantified by dielectric spectroscopy, and crystallization onset monitored by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and variable temperature X-ray diffractometry (VTXRD). KTZ likely exhibited ionic interactions with PAA, hydrogen-bonding with PHEMA, and weaker dipole-dipole interactions with PVP. On the basis of dielectric spectroscopy, the α-relaxation times of the ASDs followed the order: PAA > PHEMA > PVP. In addition, the presence of ionic interactions also translated to a dramatic and disproportionate decrease in mobility as a function of polymer concentration. On the basis of both DSC and VTXRD, an increase in strength of interaction translated to higher crystallization onset temperature and a decrease in extent of crystallization. Stronger drug-polymer interactions, by reducing the molecular mobility, can potentially delay the crystallization onset temperature as well as crystallization extent.

Falling, flapping, flying, swimming,...: High-Re fluid-solid interactions with vortex shedding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Michelin, Sebastien Honore Roland

The coupling between the motion of a solid body and the dynamics of the surrounding flow is essential to the understanding of a large number of engineering and physical problems, from the stability of a slender structure exposed to the wind to the locomotion of insects, birds and fishes. Because of the strong coupling on a moving boundary of the equations for the solid and fluid, the simulation of such problems is computationally challenging and expensive. This justifies the development of simplified models for the fluid-solid interactions to study their physical properties and behavior. This dissertation proposes a reduced-order model for the interaction of a sharp-edged solid body with a strongly unsteady high Reynolds number flow. In such a case, viscous forces in the fluid are often negligible compared to the fluid inertia or the pressure forces, and the thin boundary layers separate from the solid at the edges, leading to the shedding of large and persistent vortices in the solid's wake. A general two-dimensional framework is presented based on complex potential flow theory. The formation of the solid's vortical wake is accounted for by the shedding of point vortices with unsteady intensity from the solid's sharp edges, and the fluid-solid problem is reformulated exclusively as a solid-vortex interaction problem. In the case of a rigid solid body, the coupled problem is shown to reduce to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations. This model is used to study the effect of vortex shedding on the stability of falling objects. The solid-vortex model is then generalized to study the fluttering instability and non-linear flapping dynamics of flexible plates or flags. The uttering instability and resulting flapping motion result from the competing effects of the fluid forcing and of the solid's flexural rigidity and inertia. Finally, the solid-vortex model is applied to the study of the fundamental effect of bending rigidity on the flapping performance of flapping appendages such as insect wings or fish fins.

Learning Activity Package, Physical Science. LAP Numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, G. J.

These four units of the Learning Activity Packages (LAPs) for individualized instruction in physical science cover measuring techniques, operations of instruments, metric system heat, matter, energy, elements, atomic numbers, isotopes, molecules, mixtures, compounds, physical and chemical properties, liquids, solids, and gases. Each unit contains…

Impact of polymer type on bioperformance and physical stability of hot melt extruded formulations of a poorly water soluble drug.

PubMed

Mitra, Amitava; Li, Li; Marsac, Patrick; Marks, Brian; Liu, Zhen; Brown, Chad

2016-05-30

Amorphous solid dispersion formulations have been widely used to enhance bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. In these formulations, polymer is included to physically stabilize the amorphous drug by dispersing it in the polymeric carrier and thus forming a solid solution. The polymer can also maintain supersaturation and promote speciation during dissolution, thus enabling better absorption as compared to crystalline drug substance. In this paper, we report the use of hot melt extrusion (HME) to develop amorphous formulations of a poorly soluble compound (FaSSIF solubility=1μg/mL). The poor solubility of the compound and high dose (300mg) necessitated the use of amorphous formulation to achieve adequate bioperformance. The effect of using three different polymers (HPMCAS-HF, HPMCAS-LF and copovidone), on the dissolution, physical stability, and bioperformance of the formulations was demonstrated. In this particular case, HPMCAS-HF containing HME provided the highest bioavailability and also had better physical stability as compared to extrudates using HPMCAS-LF and copovidone. The data demonstrated that the polymer type can have significant impact on the formulation bioperformance and physical stability. Thus a thorough understanding of the polymer choice is imperative when designing an amorphous solid dispersion formulation, such that the formulation provides robust bioperformance and has adequate shelf life. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A basis for solid modeling of gear teeth with application in design and manufacture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huston, Ronald L.; Mavriplis, Dimitrios; Oswald, Fred B.; Liu, Yung Sheng

1992-01-01

A new approach to modeling gear tooth surfaces is discussed. A computer graphics solid modeling procedure is used to simulate the tooth fabrication process. This procedure is based on the principles of differential geometry that pertain to envelopes of curves and surfaces. The procedure is illustrated with the modeling of spur, helical, bevel, spiral bevel, and hypoid gear teeth. Applications in design and manufacturing are discussed. Extensions to nonstandard tooth forms, to cams, and to rolling element bearings are proposed.

A Basis for Solid Modeling of Gear Teeth with Application in Design and Manufacture

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huston, Ronald L.; Mavriplis, Dimitrios; Oswald, Fred B.; Liu, Yung Sheng

1994-01-01

This paper discusses a new approach to modeling gear tooth surfaces. A computer graphics solid modeling procedure is used to simulate the tooth fabrication processes. This procedure is based on the principles of differential geometry that pertain to envelopes of curves and surfaces. The procedure is illustrated with the modeling of spur, helical, bevel, spiral bevel and hypoid gear teeth. Applications in design and manufacturing arc discussed. Extensions to nonstandard tooth forms, to cams, and to rolling element hearings are proposed.

Properties of solid and gaseous hydrogen, based upon anisotropic pair interactions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Etters, R. D.; Danilowicz, R.; England, W.

1975-01-01

Properties of H2 are studied on the basis of an analytic anisotropic potential deduced from atomic orbital and perturbation calculations. The low-pressure solid results are based on a spherical average of the anisotropic potential. The ground state energy and the pressure-volume relation are calculated. The metal-insulator phase transition pressure is predicted. Second virial coefficients are calculated for H2 and D2, as is the difference in second virial coefficients between ortho and para H2 and D2.

Solid methane on Triton and Pluto - 3- to 4-micron spectrophotometry

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spencer, John R.; Buie, Marc W.; Bjoraker, Gordon L.

1990-01-01

Methane has been identified in the Pluto/Charon system on the basis of absorption features in the reflectance spectrum at 1.5 and 2.3 microns; attention is presently given to observations of a 3.25 micron-centered deep absorption feature in Triton and Pluto/Charon system reflectance spectra. This absorption may indicate the presence of solid methane, constituting either the dominant surface species or a mixture with a highly transparent substance, such as N2 frost.

Ground-Based Aerosol Measurements

EPA Science Inventory

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a complex chemical mixture of liquid and solid particles suspended in air (Seinfeld and Pandis 2016). Measurements of this complex mixture form the basis of our knowledge regarding particle formation, source-receptor relationships, data to ...

A model for sputtering from solid surfaces bombarded by energetic clusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benguerba, Messaoud

2018-04-01

A model is developed to explain and predict the sputtering from solid surfaces bombarded by energetic clusters, on the basis of shock wave generated at the impact of cluster. Under the shock compression the temperature increases causing the vaporization of material that requires an internal energy behind the shock, at least, of about twice the cohesive energy of target. The sputtering is treated as a gas of vaporized particles from a hemispherical volume behind the shock front. The sputter yield per cluster atoms is given as a universal function depending on the ratio of target to cluster atomic density and the ratio of cluster velocity to the velocity calculated on the basis of an internal energy equals about twice cohesive energy. The predictions of the model for self sputter yield of copper, gold, tungsten and of silver bombarded by C60 clusters agree well, with the corresponding data simulated by molecular dynamics.

Model study on transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel with methanol using solid base catalyst.

PubMed

Liu, Xuejun; Piao, Xianglan; Wang, Yujun; Zhu, Shenlin

2010-03-25

Modeling of the transesterification of vegetable oils to biodiesel using a solid base as a catalyst is very important because the mutual solubilities of oil and methanol will increase with the increasing biodiesel yield. The heterogeneous liquid-liquid-solid reaction system would become a liquid-solid system when the biodiesel reaches a certain content. In this work, we adopted a two-film theory and a steady state approximation assumption, then established a heterogeneous liquid-liquid-solid model in the first stage. After the diffusion coefficients on the liquid-liquid interface and the liquid-solid interface were calculated on the basis of the properties of the system, the theoretical value of biodiesel productivity changing with time was obtained. The predicted values were very near the experimental data, which indicated that the proposed models were suitable for the transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel when solid bases were used as catalysts. Meanwhile, the model indicated that the transesterification reaction was controlled by both mass transfer and reaction. The total resistance will decrease with the increase in biodiesel yield in the liquid-liquid-solid stage. The solid base catalyst exhibited an activation energy range of 9-20 kcal/mol, which was consistent with the reported activation energy range of homogeneous catalysts.

Construction and operation of an industrial solid waste landfill at Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant, Piketon, Ohio

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-10-01

The US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Waste Management, proposes to construct and operate a solid waste landfill within the boundary of the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant (PORTS), Piketon, Ohio. The purpose of the proposed action is to provide PORTS with additional landfill capacity for non-hazardous and asbestos wastes. The proposed action is needed to support continued operation of PORTS, which generates non-hazardous wastes on a daily basis and asbestos wastes intermittently. Three alternatives are evaluated in this environmental assessment (EA): the proposed action (construction and operation of the X-737 landfill), no-action, and offsite shipment of industrial solid wastesmore » for disposal.« less

Solid waste management complex site development plan

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Greager, T.M.

1994-09-30

The main purpose of this Solid Waste Management Complex Site Development Plan is to optimize the location of future solid waste treatment and storage facilities and the infrastructure required to support them. An overall site plan is recommended. Further, a series of layouts are included that depict site conditions as facilities are constructed at the SWMC site. In this respect the report serves not only as the siting basis for future projects, but provides siting guidance for Project W-112, as well. The plan is intended to function as a template for expected growth of the site over the next 30more » years so that future facilities and infrastructure will be properly integrated.« less

Sulfur in vacuum - Sublimation effects on frozen melts, and applications to Io's surface and torus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nash, Douglas B.

1987-01-01

Vacuum sublimation effects on solid sulfur yield a form of the element that is white at room temperature, is fluffy in texture, and forms on frozen sulfur in vacuum through differential evaporation of molecular species in the solid. This vacuum sulfur should exist in large quantity on Io, if the solid free sulfur there has solidified from a melt; a sulfur volcanism model for Io is accordingly developed on this basis which implies that the color and spectra of different sulfur regions of Io could indicate their relative crystallization ages and cooling histories. The flux of sublimating hotspot sulfur appears consistent with estimated turnover rates of the Io surface.

Optical properties of solid and liquid sulfur at visible and infrared wavelengths. [important for composition of Venus, Jupiter, Io, Amalthea and Earth

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sasson, R.; Wright, R.; Arakawa, E. T.; Khare, B. N.; Sagan, C.

1985-01-01

The real part of the refractive index of liquid sulfur and solid orthorhombic sulfur was measured in the 0.4-2.0 micron range, with reference to applications to Venus, Jupiter, Amalthea, Io, and the earth. The imaginary part of the refractive index of liquid sulfur was also measured, and the reflectance of semiinfinite slabs of solid and liquid sulfur was calculated on the basis of the measured values of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index. The conclusion that liquid sulfur melts on Io would be classified as 'black' by the Voyager spectrophotometric analysis is confirmed.

Ginzburg-Landau theory for the solid-liquid interface of bcc elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shih, W. H.; Wang, Z. Q.; Zeng, X. C.; Stroud, D.

1987-01-01

Consideration is given to a simple order-parameter theory for the interfacial tension of body-centered-cubic solids in which the principal order parameter is the amplitude of the density wave at the smallest nonzero reciprocal-lattice vector of the solid. The parameters included in the theory are fitted to the measured heat of fusion, melting temperature, and solid-liquid density difference, and to the liquid structure factor and its temperature derivative at freezing. Good agreement is found with experiment for Na and Fe and the calculated anisotropy of the surface tension among different crystal faces is of the order of 2 percent. On the basis of various assumptions about the universal behavior of bcc crystals at melting, the formalism predicts that the surface tension is proportional to the heat of fusion per surface atom.

Radiological and Nuclear Detection Material Science: Novel Rare-Earth Semiconductors for Solid-State Neutron Detectors and Thin High-k Dielectrics

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-11-01

Department of Physics and Astronomy , University of Nebraska Now post-doctoral associate, Department of Physics, University of California - Riverside...9320 Peter A. Dowben, Charles Bessey Professor of Physics, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, Department of Physics and Astronomy ...pdowben@unl.edu Kirill D. Belashchenko, Associate Professor, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, Department of Physics and Astronomy

Preparation and Evaluation of Solid Dispersion Tablets by a Simple and Manufacturable Wet Granulation Method Using Porous Calcium Silicate.

PubMed

Fujimoto, Yumi; Hirai, Nobuaki; Takatani-Nakase, Tomoka; Takahashi, Koichi

2016-01-01

The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate solid dispersion tablets containing a poorly water-soluble drug using porous calcium silicate (PCS) by a wet granulation method. Nifedipine (NIF) was used as the model poorly water-soluble drug. Solid dispersion tablets were prepared with the wet granulation method using ethanol and water by a high-speed mixer granulator. The binder and disintegrant were selected from 7 and 4 candidates, respectively. The dissolution test was conducted using the JP 16 paddle method. The oral absorption of NIF was studied in fasted rats. Xylitol and crospovidone were selected as the binder and disintegrant, respectively. The dissolution rates of NIF from solid dispersion formulations were markedly enhanced compared with NIF powder and physical mixtures. Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the reduced crystallinity of NIF in the solid dispersion formulations. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) showed the physical interaction between NIF and PCS in the solid dispersion formulations. NIF is present in an amorphous state in granules prepared by the wet granulation method using water. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and peak concentration (C(max)) values of NIF after dosing rats with the solid dispersion granules were significantly greater than those after dosing with NIF powder. The solid dispersion formulations of NIF prepared with PCS using the wet granulation method exhibited accelerated dissolution rates and superior oral bioavailability. This method is very simple, and may be applicable to the development of other poorly water-soluble drugs.

Physical aging in pharmaceutical polymers and the effect on solid oral dosage form stability.

PubMed

Kucera, Shawn A; Felton, Linda A; McGinity, James W

2013-12-05

The application of a polymeric film to a solid oral dosage form can be an effective technique to modify drug release. Most polymers used for such purposes are amorphous in nature and are subject to physical aging. This physical aging phenomenon has been shown to cause changes not only in the mechanical and drug release properties of polymeric films, but also the permeability of these films due to a densification and decrease in free volume of the polymer as the material relaxes to an equilibrated thermodynamic state. Temperature, humidity, and additional excipients in the coating formulations have been shown to influence the aging process. This review article discusses the process of physical aging in films prepared from aqueous dispersions, describes various analytical techniques that can be used to investigate the aging process, and highlights strategies to prevent such aging. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Is classical mechanics a prerequisite for learning physics of the 20th century?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walwema, Godfrey B.; French, Debbie A.; Verley, Jim D.; Burrows, Andrea C.

2016-11-01

Physics of the 20th century has contributed significantly to modern technology, and yet many physics students are never availed the opportunity to study it as part of the curriculum. One of the possible reasons why it is not taught in high school and introductory physics courses could be because curriculum designers believe that students need a solid background in classical mechanics and calculus in order to study physics of the 20th century such as the photoelectric effect, special and general relativity, the uncertainty principle, etc. This presumption may not be justifiable or valid. The authors of this paper contend that teaching physics of the 20th century aids students in relating physics to modern technology and the real world, making studying physics exciting. In this study, the authors correlated scores for matched questions in the Mechanics Baseline Test and a physics of the 20th century test in order to examine the trend of the scores. The participants included undergraduate students attending an introductory algebra-based physics course with no intention of taking physics at a higher level. The analysis of the scores showed no significant correlation for any of the matched pairs of questions. The purpose of this article is to recommend that even without a solid background in classical mechanics, teachers can introduce physics of the 20th century to their students for increased interest.

MONITORING GUIDANCE FOR BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS

EPA Science Inventory

Experimental bioreactor landfill operations at operating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills can be approved under the research development and demonstration (RD&D) provisions of 30CFR 258.4. To provide a basis for consistent data collection for future decision-making in suppor...

MONITORING APPROACHES FOR BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS

EPA Science Inventory

Experimental bioreactor landfill operations at operating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills can be approved under the research development and demonstration (RD&D) provisions of 40 CFR 258.4. To provide a basis for consistent data collection for future decision-making in suppo...

MANIFESTATIONS OF INJURY IN YEAST CELLS EXPOSED TO SUBZERO TEMPERATURES II.

PubMed Central

Mazur, Peter

1961-01-01

Mazur, Peter (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tenn.). Manifestations of injury in yeast cells exposed to subzero temperatures. II. Changes in specific gravity and in the concentration and quantity of cell solids. J. Bacteriol. 82:673–684. 1961.—It has previously been established that subjecting cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to rapid cooling to −30 C results in cell death and in certain morphological alterations. The alterations consisted of the loss of the central vacuole and a 50% decrease in volume. The present experiments were concerned with determining whether the volume decrease was the result of the loss of water alone or of water plus cellular solutes. The density of the “frozenthawed” cells was found to increase from 1.14 to 1.25 g/cm3 on the basis of measurements of the sedimentation rate of the cells. Interferometric and refractometric measurements indicated, furthermore, that the concentration of cell solids increased from 20 to 28%, whereas the total mass of cell solids decreased from 25 to 17 μμg/cell. The decrease in cell volume was thus shown to be the result of loss of solution from the cells, a solution containing 11 to 16% solids. Measurements of the rate of dialysis suggested that most or all of these solids had a molecular weight below 600. The findings are consistent with the view that low-temperature exposure destroyed the vacuolar membrane and sufficiently damaged the permeability barriers of the cell to permit escape of low molecular weight compounds. The damage was present a few seconds after thawing, and may, therefore, have been a direct result of intracellular ice crystals which, on the basis of previous studies, are believed to be responsible for death from low-temperature exposure. PMID:14471819

Comparison of HPMC based polymers performance as carriers for manufacture of solid dispersions using the melt extruder.

PubMed

Ghosh, Indrajit; Snyder, Jennifer; Vippagunta, Radha; Alvine, Marilyn; Vakil, Ronak; Tong, Wei-Qin; Vippagunta, Sudha

2011-10-31

Preparation of amorphous solid dispersions using hot-melt extrusion process for poorly water soluble compounds which degrade on melting remains a challenge due to exposure to high temperatures. The aim of this study was to develop a physically and chemically stable amorphous solid dispersion of a poorly water-soluble compound, NVS981, which is highly thermal sensitive and degrades upon melting at 165 °C. Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) based polymers; HPMC 3cps, HPMC phthalate (HPMCP) and HPMC acetyl succinate (HPMCAS) were selected as carriers to prepare solid dispersions using hot melt extrusion because of their relatively low glass transition temperatures. The solid dispersions were compared for their ease of manufacturing, physical stability such as recrystallization potential, phase separation, molecular mobility and enhancement of drug dissolution. Two different drug loads of 20 and 50% (w/w) were studied in each polymer system. It was interesting to note that solid dispersions with 50% (w/w) drug load were easier to process in the melt extruder compared to 20% (w/w) drug load in all three carriers, which was attributed to the plasticizing behavior of the drug substance. Upon storage at accelerated stability conditions, no phase separation was observed in HPMC 3cps and HPMCAS solid dispersions at the lower and higher drug load, whereas for HPMCP, phase separation was observed at higher drug load after 3 months. The pharmaceutical performance of these solid dispersions was evaluated by studying drug dissolution in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. Drug release from solid dispersion prepared from polymers used for enteric coating, i.e. HPMCP and HPMCAS was faster compared with the water soluble polymer HPMC 3cps. In conclusion, of the 3 polymers studied for preparing solid dispersions of thermally sensitive compound using hot melt extrusion, HPMCAS was found to be the most promising as it was easily processible and provided stable solid dispersions with enhanced dissolution. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

PERSPECTIVE: Physical aspects of cancer invasion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guiot, Caterina; Pugno, Nicola; Delsanto, Pier Paolo; Deisboeck, Thomas S.

2007-12-01

Invasiveness, one of the hallmarks of tumor progression, represents the tumor's ability to expand into the host tissue by means of several complex biochemical and biomechanical processes. Since certain aspects of the problem present a striking resemblance with well-known physical mechanisms, such as the mechanical insertion of a solid inclusion in an elastic material specimen (G Eaves 1973 The invasive growth of malignant tumours as a purely mechanical process J. Pathol. 109 233; C Guiot, N Pugno and P P Delsanto 2006 Elastomechanical model of tumor invasion Appl. Phys. Lett. 89 233901) or a water drop impinging on a surface (C Guiot, P P Delsanto and T S Deisboeck 2007 Morphological instability and cancer invasion: a 'splashing water drop' analogy Theor. Biol. Med. Model 4 4), we propose here an analogy between these physical processes and a cancer system's invasive branching into the surrounding tissue. Accounting for its solid and viscous properties, we then arrive, as a unifying model, to an analogy with a granular solid. While our model has been explicitly formulated for multicellular tumor spheroids in vitro, it should also contribute to a better understanding of tumor invasion in vivo.

Sputtering of ices in the outer solar system

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, R.E.

1996-01-01

Exploration of the outer solar system has led to studies in a new area of physics: electronically induced sputtering of low-temperature, condensed-gas solids (ices). Many of the icy bodies in the outer solar system were found to be bombarded by relatively intense fluxes of ions and electrons, causing both changes in their optical reflectance and ejection (sputtering) of molecules from their surfaces. The small cohesive energies of the condensed-gas solids afford relatively large sputtering rates from the electronic excitations produced in the solid by fast ions and electrons. Such sputtering produces an ambient gas about an icy body, often themore » source of the local plasma. This colloquium outlines the physics of the sputtering of ices and its relevance to several outer-solar-system phenomena: the sputter-produced plasma trapped in Saturn{close_quote}s magnetosphere; the O{sub 2} atmosphere on Europa; and optical absorption features such as SO{sub 2} in the surface of Europa and O{sub 2} and, possibly, O{sub 3} in the surface of Ganymede. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}« less

Processing of carbamazepine-PEG 4000 solid dispersions with supercritical carbon dioxide: preparation, characterisation, and in vitro dissolution.

PubMed

Moneghini, M; Kikic, I; Voinovich, D; Perissutti, B; Filipović-Grcić, J

2001-07-03

The purpose of this study was to apply the attractive technique of the supercritical fluid to the preparation of solvent-free solid dispersions. In particular, the gas antisolvent crystallisation technique (GAS), using supercritical carbon dioxide as processing medium, has been considered to prepare an enhanced release dosage form for of the poorly soluble carbamazepine, employing PEG 4000 as a hydrophilic carrier. The physical characterisation of the systems using laser granulometer, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analyses, and scanning electron microscopy was carried out in order to understand the influence of this technological process on the physical status of the drug. The results of the physical characterisation attested a substantial correspondence of the solid state of the drug before and after treatment with GAS technique, whereas a pronounced change in size and morphology of the drug crystals was noticed. The dramatic reduction of the dimensions and the better crystal shape, together with the presence of the hydrophilic polymer determined a remarkable enhancement of the in vitro drug dissolution rate.

High-Temperature Quantum-Classical Transition in Solid Methane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zakharov, A. Yu.; Leont'eva, A. V.; Prokhorov, A. Yu.; Erenburg, A. I.

2017-04-01

Some experimental studies have reported that physical properties of solid methane exhibit a number of anomalies in the temperature interval between 0.5 T _tr and T _tr (T _tr is triple point of methane). This paper contains an attempt of systematization and theoretical interpretation of the observed anomalies.

SCREENING PROCESSED MILK FOR VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS USING VACUUM DISTILLATION/GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY

EPA Science Inventory

An adaptation of Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response' Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste Physical/Chemical Methods (SW-846) method 8261 to analyze milk for an expanded list of volatile organic compounds is presented. The milk matriz exhibits a strong affinity for o...

Exploring Solid-State Structure and Physical Properties: A Molecular and Crystal Model Exercise

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bindel, Thomas H.

2008-01-01

A crystal model laboratory exercise is presented that allows students to examine relations among the microscopic-macroscopic-symbolic levels, using crystalline mineral samples and corresponding crystal models. Students explore the relationship between solid-state structure and crystal form. Other structure-property relationships are explored. The…

Some Research Centers for Plasma Physics and Solid State Physics in the Netherlands and Belgium. Part II. Belgium,

DTIC Science & Technology

plasma column and observed the interesting phenomenon of plasma ejection. At FUB, Balescu and Prigogine direct a group of sixty theoreticians doing...outstanding work in statistical physics. Balescu is writing another graduate textbook on non-equilibrium statistical mechanics. He is tackling the

Elementary Physical Education: Topeka Public Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Topeka Public Schools, KS.

That physical education should be an integral and unified aspect of early education is the basic tenet of this guidebook for kindergarten through sixth grade. Physical education should not be thought of as play, sports, or just exercise; it should be a scientific program whose every activity has specific goals and solid principles for achieving…

Stories of Discovery Stimulate the Physics Major--A Polemic, with Examples.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leitner, Alfred

1980-01-01

Provides historical examples of intuitive discovery applicable to the teaching of physics for majors. Cites details for the discovery of Coulomb's law, emphasizing the roles of Joseph Priestley and Henry Cavendish. Also discusses the career of Ivar Giaever, a Nobel Prize winner of 1973 in solid state physics. (CS)

The solid state physics programme at ISOLDE: recent developments and perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnston, Karl; Schell, Juliana; Correia, J. G.; Deicher, M.; Gunnlaugsson, H. P.; Fenta, A. S.; David-Bosne, E.; Costa, A. R. G.; Lupascu, Doru C.

2017-10-01

Solid state physics (SSP) research at ISOLDE has been running since the mid-1970s and accounts for about 10%-15% of the overall physics programme. ISOLDE is the world flagship for the on-line production of exotic radioactive isotopes, with high yields, high elemental selectivity and isotopic purity. Consequently, it hosts a panoply of state-of-the-art nuclear techniques which apply nuclear methods to research on life sciences, material science and bio-chemical physics. The ease of detecting radioactivity—<1 ppm concentrations—is one of the features which distinguishes the use of radioisotopes for materials science research. The manner in which nuclear momenta of excited nuclear states interact with their local electronic and magnetic environment, or how charged emitted particles interact with the crystalline lattices allow the determination of the location, its action and the role of the selected impurity element at the nanoscopic state. ISOLDE offers an unrivalled range of available radioactive elements and this is attracting an increasing user community in the field of nuclear SSP research and brings together a community of materials scientists and specialists in nuclear solid state techniques. This article describes the current status of this programme along with recent illustrative results, predicting a bright future for these unique research methods and collaborations.

Bose-Einstein Condensates in 1D Optical Lattices: Nonlinearity and Wannier-Stark Spectra

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arimondo, Ennio; Ciampini, Donatella; Morsch, Oliver

The development of powerful laser cooling and trapping techniques has made possible the controlled realization of dense and cold gaseous samples, thus opening the way for investigations in the ultracold temperature regimes not accessible with conventional techniques. A Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) represents a peculiar gaseous state where all the particles reside in the same quantum mechanical state. Therefore BECs exhibit quantum mechanical phe-nomena on a macroscopic scale with a single quantum mechanical wavefunction describing the external degrees of freedom. That control of the external degrees of freedom is combined with a precise control of the internal degrees. The BEC investigation has become a very active area of research in contem-porary physics. The BEC study encompasses different subfields of physics, i.e., atomic and molecular physics, quantum optics, laser spectroscopy, solid state physics. Atomic physics and laser spectroscopy provide the methods for creating and manipulating the atomic and molecular BECs. However owing to the interactions between the particles composing the condensate and to the configuration of the external potential, concepts and methods from solid state physics are extensively used for BEC description.

Characterizing physical properties and heterogeneous chemistry of single particles in air using optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Z.; Wang, C.; Pan, Y. L.; Videen, G.

2017-12-01

Heterogeneous reactions of solid particles in a gaseous environment are of increasing interest; however, most of the heterogeneous chemistry studies of airborne solids were conducted on particle ensembles. A close examination on the heterogeneous chemistry between single particles and gaseous-environment species is the key to elucidate the fundamental mechanisms of hydroscopic growth, cloud nuclei condensation, secondary aerosol formation, etc., and reduce the uncertainty of models in radiative forcing, climate change, and atmospheric chemistry. We demonstrate an optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS) system to study the heterogeneous chemistry of the solid particles in air at single-particle level. Compared to other single-particle techniques, optical trapping offers a non-invasive, flexible, and stable method to isolate single solid particle from substrates. Benefited from two counter-propagating hollow beams, the optical trapping configuration is adaptive to trap a variety of particles with different materials from inorganic substitution (carbon nanotubes, silica, etc.) to organic, dye-doped polymers and bioaerosols (spores, pollen, etc.), with different optical properties from transparent to strongly absorbing, with different sizes from sub-micrometers to tens of microns, or with distinct morphologies from loosely packed nanotubes to microspheres and irregular pollen grains. The particles in the optical trap may stay unchanged, surface degraded, or optically fragmented according to different laser intensity, and their physical and chemical properties are characterized by the Raman spectra and imaging system simultaneously. The Raman spectra is able to distinguish the chemical compositions of different particles, while the synchronized imaging system can resolve their physical properties (sizes, shapes, morphologies, etc.). The temporal behavior of the trapped particles also can be monitored by the OT-RS system at an indefinite time with a resolution from 10 ms to 5 min, which can be further applied to monitor the dynamics of heterogeneous reactions. The OT-RS system provides a flexible method to characterize and monitor the physical properties and heterogeneous chemistry of optically trapped solid particles in gaseous environment at single-particle level.

Design evaluations for a flight cloud physics holocamera. [holographic/photographic camera for low-g Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moore, W. W., Jr.; Kurtz, R. L.; Lemons, J. F.

1976-01-01

The paper describes a holographic/photographic camera to be used with the zero-g or low-g Atmospheric Cloud Physics Laboratory. The flight prototype holocamera is intended to record particles from 0.01 to 5 microns for an optimum two-dimensional plane only in the microscopic photography mode, particles on a volume basis in the in-line holography mode from 5 microns up, and all particle sizes possible on a volume basis in the acute sideband holography mode.

Solid Cattle Manure Less Prone to Phosphorus Loss in Tile Drainage Water.

PubMed

Wang, Y T; Zhang, T Q; Tan, C S; Qi, Z M; Welacky, T

2018-03-01

Forms (e.g., liquid and solid) of manure influence the risk of P loss after land application. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of P-based application of various forms of cattle manure (liquid, LCM; or solid, SCM) or inorganic P as triple superphosphate (IP) on soil P losses in tile drainage water. A 4-yr field experiment was conducted in a clay loam soil with a corn ( L.)-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation in the Lake Erie basin. Over the 4 yr, the dissolved reactive P (DRP) flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) in tile drainage water was greater under SCM fertilization than under either IP or LCM fertilization. Despite its lower value on an annual basis, DRP FWMC rose dramatically immediately after LCM application. However, the differences in DRP FWMC did not result in detectable differences in DRP loads. Regarding particulate P and total P losses during the 4 yr, they were 68 and 47%, respectively, lower in the soils amended with SCM than in those with IP, whereas both values were similar between IP and LCM treatments. Overall, the P contained in solid cattle manure was less prone to P loss after land application. Accordingly, the present results can provide a basis for manure storage and application of best management practices designed to reduce P losses and improve crop growth. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Scaling up feasibility of the production of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN).

PubMed

Gohla, S H; Dingler, A

2001-01-01

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN/Lipopearls) are widely discussed as colloidal drug carrier system. In contrast to polymeric systems, such as polylactic copolyol capsules, these systems show up with a good biocompatibility, if applied parenterally. The solid lipid matrices can be comprised of fats or waxes and allow protection of incorporated active ingredients against chemical and physical degradation. The SLN can either be produced by "hot homogenisation" of melted lipids at elevated temperatures or a "cold homogenization" process. This paper deals with production technologies for SLN formulations, based on non-ethoxylated fat components for topical application and high pressure homogenization (APV Deutschland GmbH, D-Lübeck). Based on the chosen fat components, a novel and easy manufacturing and scaling up method was developed to maintain chemical and physical integrity of encapsulated active and carrier.

Hierarchical Multi-Scale Approach To Validation and Uncertainty Quantification of Hyper-Spectral Image Modeling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Engel, David W.; Reichardt, Thomas A.; Kulp, Thomas J.

Validating predictive models and quantifying uncertainties inherent in the modeling process is a critical component of the HARD Solids Venture program [1]. Our current research focuses on validating physics-based models predicting the optical properties of solid materials for arbitrary surface morphologies and characterizing the uncertainties in these models. We employ a systematic and hierarchical approach by designing physical experiments and comparing the experimental results with the outputs of computational predictive models. We illustrate this approach through an example comparing a micro-scale forward model to an idealized solid-material system and then propagating the results through a system model to the sensormore » level. Our efforts should enhance detection reliability of the hyper-spectral imaging technique and the confidence in model utilization and model outputs by users and stakeholders.« less

The Status of Physical Activity Opportunities in Idaho Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berei, Catherine P.; Karp, Grace Goc; Kauffman, Katie

2018-01-01

Recent literature indicates that low percentages of Idaho adolescents report being physically active on a daily basis. Research examines school PA, however, little focuses on Comprehensive School Physical Activity Programs (CSPAPs) from the perspectives of physical educators. This study explored Idaho physical educators' perceptions and…

Characterization of melt-quenched and milled amorphous solids of gatifloxacin.

PubMed

Hattori, Yusuke; Suzuki, Ayumi; Otsuka, Makoto

2016-11-01

The objectives of this study were to characterize and investigate the differences in amorphous states of gatifloxacin. We prepared two types of gatifloxacin amorphous solids coded as M and MQ using milling and melt-quenching methods, respectively. The amorphous solids were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), nonisothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and time-resolved near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Both the solids displayed halo XRD patterns, the characteristic of amorphous solids; however, in the non-isothermal DSC profiles, these amorphous solids were distinguished by their crystallization and melting temperatures. The Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose plots of non-isothermal crystallization temperatures at various heating rates indicated a lower activation energy of crystallization for the amorphous solid M than that of MQ. These results support the differentiation between two amorphous states with different physical and chemical properties.

Space or Physics? Children Use Physical Reasoning to Solve the Trap Problem from 2.5 Years of Age

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seed, Amanda M.; Call, Josep

2014-01-01

By 3 years of age, children can solve tasks involving physical principles such as locating a ball that rolled down a ramp behind an occluder by the position of a partially visible solid wall (Berthier, DeBlois, Poirer, Novak, & Clifton, 2000; Hood, Carey, & Prasada, 2000). However, the extent to which children use physical information (the…

Quantum Dots: An Experiment for Physical or Materials Chemistry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winkler, L. D.; Arceo, J. F.; Hughes, W. C.; DeGraff, B. A.; Augustine, B. H.

2005-01-01

An experiment is conducted for obtaining quantum dots for physical or materials chemistry. This experiment serves to both reinforce the basic concept of quantum confinement and providing a useful bridge between the molecular and solid-state world.

Critical considerations for the qualitative and quantitative determination of process-induced disorder in crystalline solids.

PubMed

Newman, Ann; Zografi, George

2014-09-01

Solid-state instabilities in crystalline solids arise during processing primarily because a certain level of structural disorder has been introduced into the crystal. Many physical instabilities appear to be associated with the recrystallization of molecules from these disordered regions, while chemical instabilities arise from sufficient molecular mobility to allow solid-state chemical reactivity. In this Commentary we discuss the various forms of structural disorder, processing which can produce disorder, the quantitative analysis of process-induced order, and strategies to limit disorder and its effects. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

How Does a Liquid Wet a Solid? Hydrodynamics of Dynamic Contact Angles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rame, Enrique

2001-01-01

A contact line is defined at the intersection of a solid surface with the interface between two immiscible fluids. When one fluid displaces another immiscible fluid along a solid surface, the process is called dynamic wetting and a "moving" contact line (one whose position relative to the solid changes in time) often appears. The physics of dynamic wetting controls such natural and industrial processes as spraying of paints and insecticides, dishwashing, film formation and rupture in the eye and in the alveoli, application of coatings, printing, drying and imbibition of fibrous materials, oil recovery from porous rocks, and microfluidics.

Laboratory measurements of physical, chemical, and optical characteristics of Lake Chicot sediment waters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Witte, W. G.; Whitlock, C. H.; Usry, J. W.; Morris, W. D.; Gurganus, E. A.

1981-01-01

Reflectance, chromaticity, diffuse attenuation, beam attenuation, and several other physical and chemical properties were measured for various water mixtures of lake bottom sediment. Mixture concentrations range from 5 ppm to 700 ppm by weight of total suspended solids in filtered deionized tap water. Upwelled reflectance is a nonlinear function of remote sensing wave lengths. Near-infrared wavelengths are useful for monitoring highly turbid waters with sediment concentrations above 100 ppm. It is found that both visible and near infrared wavelengths, beam attenuation correlates well with total suspended solids ranging over two orders of magnitude.

A framework for qualitative reasoning about solid objects

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, E.

1987-01-01

Predicting the behavior of a qualitatively described system of solid objects requires a combination of geometrical, temporal, and physical reasoning. Methods based upon formulating and solving differential equations are not adequate for robust prediction, since the behavior of a system over extended time may be much simpler than its behavior over local time. A first-order logic, in which one can state simple physical problems and derive their solution deductively, without recourse to solving the differential equations, is discussed. This logic is substantially more expressive and powerful than any previous AI representational system in this domain.

Analytical solution for the transient wave propagation of a buried cylindrical P-wave line source in a semi-infinite elastic medium with a fluid surface layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shan, Zhendong; Ling, Daosheng

2018-02-01

This article develops an analytical solution for the transient wave propagation of a cylindrical P-wave line source in a semi-infinite elastic solid with a fluid layer. The analytical solution is presented in a simple closed form in which each term represents a transient physical wave. The Scholte equation is derived, through which the Scholte wave velocity can be determined. The Scholte wave is the wave that propagates along the interface between the fluid and solid. To develop the analytical solution, the wave fields in the fluid and solid are defined, their analytical solutions in the Laplace domain are derived using the boundary and interface conditions, and the solutions are then decomposed into series form according to the power series expansion method. Each item of the series solution has a clear physical meaning and represents a transient wave path. Finally, by applying Cagniard's method and the convolution theorem, the analytical solutions are transformed into the time domain. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate some interesting features in the fluid layer, the interface and the semi-infinite solid. When the P-wave velocity in the fluid is higher than that in the solid, two head waves in the solid, one head wave in the fluid and a Scholte wave at the interface are observed for the cylindrical P-wave line source.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chakravarti, D.; Eisler, R.

The values for strontium-90 and gross beta activity in the fat and non- fat fractions from the livers of twelve coconut crabs (Birgus latro) collected at Rongelap Atoll during March 1958 are presented. Although fat constituted an average of 47 percent by weight on a wet weight basis (74 percent on a dry weight basis), gross beta activity of the fat fraction amounted to less than 0.5 percent of the total activity on a wet weight basis. Fat content on a wet weight basis had a range of 31 percent to 65 percent. There is a linear relationship between strontium-90more » activity and gross beta activity. Since the fat content of coconut crab liver is variable and the fat fraction contains practically no radioactivity, it is suggested that the radioactivity (and mineral content) of liver samples be compared on the basis of the non-fat solids. (auth)« less

The Importance of Physical Literacy for Physical Education and Recreation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Basoglu, Umut Davut

2018-01-01

As the basis of characteristics, qualifications, behaviors, awareness, knowledge and understanding of the development of healthy active living and physical recreation opportunities Physical Literacy (PL); has become a global concern in the fields of physical education and recreation since its first use as a term. Experts from different countries…

Assessment and Grading in Physical Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mohnsen, Bonnie

2006-01-01

This article discusses the basis for assessing and grading students in physical education. Although students should dress appropriately for physical education, be physically active during class time, and improve their fitness (e.g., mile-run time), these items are typically not included in the physical education content standards. The vast…

MONITORING APPROACHES FOR BIOREACTOR LANDFILLS - Report

EPA Science Inventory

Experimental bioreactor landfill operations at operating Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfills can be approved under the research development and demonstration (RD&D) provisions of 30CFR 258.4. To provide a basis for consistent data collection for future decision-making in suppor...

Continuous real-time water-quality monitoring and regression analysis to compute constituent concentrations and loads in the North Fork Ninnescah River upstream from Cheney Reservoir, south-central Kansas, 1999–2012

USGS Publications Warehouse

Stone, Mandy L.; Graham, Jennifer L.; Gatotho, Jackline W.

2013-01-01

Cheney Reservoir, located in south-central Kansas, is the primary water supply for the city of Wichita. The U.S. Geological Survey has operated a continuous real-time water-quality monitoring station since 1998 on the North Fork Ninnescah River, the main source of inflow to Cheney Reservoir. Continuously measured water-quality physical properties include streamflow, specific conductance, pH, water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity. Discrete water-quality samples were collected during 1999 through 2009 and analyzed for sediment, nutrients, bacteria, and other water-quality constituents. Regression models were developed to establish relations between discretely sampled constituent concentrations and continuously measured physical properties to compute concentrations of those constituents of interest that are not easily measured in real time because of limitations in sensor technology and fiscal constraints. Regression models were published in 2006 that were based on data collected during 1997 through 2003. This report updates those models using discrete and continuous data collected during January 1999 through December 2009. Models also were developed for four new constituents, including additional nutrient species and indicator bacteria. In addition, a conversion factor of 0.68 was established to convert the Yellow Springs Instruments (YSI) model 6026 turbidity sensor measurements to the newer YSI model 6136 sensor at the North Ninnescah River upstream from Cheney Reservoir site. Newly developed models and 14 years of hourly continuously measured data were used to calculate selected constituent concentrations and loads during January 1999 through December 2012. The water-quality information in this report is important to the city of Wichita because it allows the concentrations of many potential pollutants of interest to Cheney Reservoir, including nutrients and sediment, to be estimated in real time and characterized over conditions and time scales that would not be possible otherwise. In general, model forms and the amount of variance explained by the models was similar between the original and updated models. The amount of variance explained by the updated models changed by 10 percent or less relative to the original models. Total nitrogen, nitrate, organic nitrogen, E. coli bacteria, and total organic carbon models were newly developed for this report. Additional data collection over a wider range of hydrological conditions facilitated the development of these models. The nitrate model is particularly important because it allows for comparison to Cheney Reservoir Task Force goals. Mean hourly computed total suspended solids concentration during 1999 through 2012 was 54 milligrams per liter (mg/L). The total suspended solids load during 1999 through 2012 was 174,031 tons. On an average annual basis, the Cheney Reservoir Task Force runoff (550 mg/L) and long-term (100 mg/L) total suspended solids goals were never exceeded, but the base flow goal was exceeded every year during 1999 through 2012. Mean hourly computed nitrate concentration was 1.08 mg/L during 1999 through 2012. The total nitrate load during 1999 through 2012 was 1,361 tons. On an annual average basis, the Cheney Reservoir Task Force runoff (6.60 mg/L) nitrate goal was never exceeded, the long-term goal (1.20 mg/L) was exceeded only in 2012, and the base flow goal of 0.25 mg/L was exceeded every year. Mean nitrate concentrations that were higher during base flow, rather than during runoff conditions, suggest that groundwater sources are the main contributors of nitrate to the North Fork Ninnescah River above Cheney Reservoir. Mean hourly computed phosphorus concentration was 0.14 mg/L during 1999 through 2012. The total phosphorus load during 1999 through 2012 was 328 tons. On an average annual basis, the Cheney Reservoir Task Force runoff goal of 0.40 mg/L for total phosphorus was exceeded in 2002, the year with the largest yearly mean turbidity, and the long-term goal (0.10 mg/L) was exceeded in every year except 2011 and 2012, the years with the smallest mean streamflows. The total phosphorus base flow goal of 0.05 mg/L was exceeded every year. Given that base flow goals for total suspended solids, nitrate, and total phosphorus were exceeded every year despite hydrologic conditions, the established base flow goals are either unattainable or substantially more best management practices will need to be implemented to attain them. On an annual average basis, no discernible patterns were evident in total suspended sediment, nitrate, and total phosphorus concentrations or loads over time, in large part because of hydrologic variability. However, more rigorous statistical analyses are required to evaluate temporal trends. A more rigorous analysis of temporal trends will allow evaluation of watershed investments in best management practices.

38 CFR 18.447 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....447 Nonacademic services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education... discriminate on the basis of handicap. A recipient that offers physical education courses or that operates or... students physical education and athletic activities that are separate or different only if separation or...

45 CFR 84.47 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Nonacademic services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and... applies may not discriminate on the basis of handicap. A recipient that offers physical education courses... may offer to handicapped students physical education and athletic activities that are separate or...

22 CFR 142.47 - Non-academic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses, athletics and... not discriminate on the basis of handicap. A recipient that offers physical education courses or that... handicapped students physical education and athletic activities that are separate or different only if...

22 CFR 217.47 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... services. (a) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and athletics... applies may not discriminate on the basis of handicap. A recipient that offers physical education courses... may offer to handicapped students physical education and athletic activities that are separate or...

Humidity induced phase transformation of poloxamer 188 and its effect on physical stability of amorphous solid dispersion of AMG 579, a PDE10A inhibitor.

PubMed

Wu, Qiong; Kennedy, Michael T; Nagapudi, Karthik; Kiang, Y-H

2017-04-15

Poloxamer 188, a commonly used emulsifying and solubilizing agent, was found to be the cause of crystallization of an investigational drug, AMG 579, from its amorphous solid dispersion at accelerated storage conditions. Investigation of this physical stability issue included thorough characterization of poloxamer 188 at non-ambient conditions. At 40°C, poloxamer 188 becomes deliquescent above relative humidity of 75%. Upon returning to ambient conditions, the deliquescent poloxamer 188 loses water and re-solidifies. The reversible phase transformation of poloxamer 188 may cause physical and chemical stability issues and this risk should be assessed when selecting it as an excipient for formulation development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sensitivity of combustion and ignition characteristics of the solid-fuel charge of the microelectromechanical system of a microthruster to macrokinetic and design parameters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Futko, S. I.; Ermolaeva, E. M.; Dobrego, K. V.; Bondarenko, V. P.; Dolgii, L. N.

2012-07-01

We have developed a sensitivity analysis permitting effective estimation of the change in the impulse responses of a microthrusters and in the ignition characteristics of the solid-fuel charge caused by the variation of the basic macrokinetic parameters of the mixed fuel and the design parameters of the microthruster's combustion chamber. On the basis of the proposed sensitivity analysis, we have estimated the spread of both the propulsive force and impulse and the induction period and self-ignition temperature depending on the macrokinetic parameters of combustion (pre-exponential factor, activation energy, density, and heat content) of the solid-fuel charge of the microthruster. The obtained results can be used for rapid and effective estimation of the spread of goal functions to provide stable physicochemical characteristics and impulse responses of solid-fuel mixtures in making and using microthrusters.

Numerical Simulation of Polysilicon Solid-liquid Interface Transmogrification in Heat Transfer Process

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Xi; Ma, Wenhui; Lv, Guoqiang; Zhang, Mingyu

2018-01-01

The shape of solid-liquid interface during the directional solidification process, which is difficult to be observed and measured in actual processes, controls the grain orientation and grain size of polysilicon ingot. We carried out numerical calculations of the directional solidification progress of polycrystalline silicon and invested the means to deal with the latent heat of solidification in numerical simulation. The distributions of the temperature field of the melt for the crystallization progress as well as the transformation of the solid-liquid interface were obtained. The simulation results are consistent with the experimental outcomes. The results show that the curvature of solid-liquid interface is small and stability, larger grain sized columnar crystal can be grown in the laboratory-scale furnace at a solidification rate of 10 μm•s-1. It shall provide important theoretical basis for metallurgical process and polysilicon production technology.

Development and parallelization of a direct numerical simulation to study the formation and transport of nanoparticle clusters in a viscous fluid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sloan, Gregory James

The direct numerical simulation (DNS) offers the most accurate approach to modeling the behavior of a physical system, but carries an enormous computation cost. There exists a need for an accurate DNS to model the coupled solid-fluid system seen in targeted drug delivery (TDD), nanofluid thermal energy storage (TES), as well as other fields where experiments are necessary, but experiment design may be costly. A parallel DNS can greatly reduce the large computation times required, while providing the same results and functionality of the serial counterpart. A D2Q9 lattice Boltzmann method approach was implemented to solve the fluid phase. The use of domain decomposition with message passing interface (MPI) parallelism resulted in an algorithm that exhibits super-linear scaling in testing, which may be attributed to the caching effect. Decreased performance on a per-node basis for a fixed number of processes confirms this observation. A multiscale approach was implemented to model the behavior of nanoparticles submerged in a viscous fluid, and used to examine the mechanisms that promote or inhibit clustering. Parallelization of this model using a masterworker algorithm with MPI gives less-than-linear speedup for a fixed number of particles and varying number of processes. This is due to the inherent inefficiency of the master-worker approach. Lastly, these separate simulations are combined, and two-way coupling is implemented between the solid and fluid.

Atomic-level structural correlations across the morphotropic phase boundary of a ferroelectric solid solution: xBiMg 1/2Ti 1/2O 3-(1$-$x)PbTiO 3

DOE PAGES

Datta, Kaustuv; Neder, Reinhard B.; Chen, Jun; ...

2017-03-28

Revelation of unequivocal structural information at the atomic level for complex systems is uniquely important for deeper and generic understanding of the structure property connections and a key challenge in materials science. Here in this paper we report an experimental study of the local structure by applying total elastic scattering and Raman scattering analyses to an important non-relaxor ferroelectric solid solution exhibiting the so-called composition-induced morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), where concomitant enhancement of physical properties have been detected. The powerful combination of static and dynamic structural probes enabled us to derive direct correspondence between the atomic-level structural correlations and reportedmore » properties. The atomic pair distribution functions obtained from the neutron total scattering experiments were analysed through big-box atom-modelling implementing reverse Monte Carlo method, from which distributions of magnitudes and directions of off-centred cationic displacements were extracted. We found that an enhanced randomness of the displacement-directions for all ferroelectrically active cations combined with a strong dynamical coupling between the A- and B-site cations of the perovskite structure, can explain the abrupt amplification of piezoelectric response of the system near MPB. Finally, altogether this provides a more fundamental basis in inferring structure-property connections in similar systems including important implications in designing novel and bespoke materials.« less

Computed crystal energy landscapes for understanding and predicting organic crystal structures and polymorphism.

PubMed

Price, Sarah Sally L

2009-01-20

The phenomenon of polymorphism, the ability of a molecule to adopt more than one crystal structure, is a well-established property of crystalline solids. The possible variations in physical properties between polymorphs make the reliable reproduction of a crystalline form essential for all research using organic materials, as well as quality control in manufacture. Thus, the last two decades have seen both an increase in interest in polymorphism and the availability of the computer power needed to make the computational prediction of organic crystal structures a practical possibility. In the past decade, researchers have made considerable improvements in the theoretical basis for calculating the sets of structures that are within the energy range of possible polymorphism, called crystal energy landscapes. It is common to find that a molecule has a wide variety of ways of packing with lattice energy within a few kilojoules per mole of the most stable structure. However, as we develop methods to search for and characterize "all" solid forms, it is also now usual for polymorphs and solvates to be found. Thus, the computed crystal energy landscape reflects and to an increasing extent "predicts" the emerging complexity of the solid state observed for many organic molecules. This Account will discuss the ways in which the calculation of the crystal energy landscape of a molecule can be used as a complementary technique to solid form screening for polymorphs. Current methods can predict the known crystal structure, even under "blind test" conditions, but such successes are generally restricted to those structures that are the most stable over a wide range of thermodynamic conditions. The other low-energy structures can be alternative polymorphs, which have sometimes been found in later experimental studies. Examining the computed structures reveals the various compromises between close packing, hydrogen bonding, and pi-pi stacking that can result in energetically feasible structures. Indeed, we have observed that systems with many almost equi-energetic structures that contain a common interchangeable motif correlate with a tendency to disorder and problems with control of the crystallization product. Thus, contrasting the computed crystal energy landscape with the known crystal structures of a given molecule provides a valuable complement to solid form screening, and the examination of the low-energy structures often leads to a rationalization of the forms found.

Collisions of energetic particles with atoms, molecules & solids: A theoretical study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Quashie, Edwin Exam

The detailed knowledge of the accurate ion-solid interaction is at the heart of many technological applications such as nuclear safety, applied material science, medical physics and fusion and fission applications. Its accurate evaluation poses an enormous challenge due to the need of incorporating electronic structure, bound states, size effects, basis sets, and the quantum classical aspects of the problem. Most recent approaches relying on the fitting to experimental data or phenomenological model, fail to describe the ion-solid interaction properly (see [S. N. Markin, D. Primetzhofer, M. Spitz, and P. Bauer, Phys. Rev. B 80 (2009)]) for slow ions. A general Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TDDFT) is used in this thesis to evaluate electron-dynamics easily. For the first time a unified theory is proposed to describe the ion-solid interaction accurately over several orders of magnitude in the ion velocities, unveiling different regimes that before were only partially seen by separate experiments and rarely by any level of existing theory. We identified an electronic stopping which in the band-regime produces a quantum friction that is nonlinear with a power-law with an exponent ˜1.5. At low velocity this nonlinear effect will provide a new impetus for experimental investigations and an improve microscopic models of electron-ion dissipative dynamics. Our study will potentially impact both the experimental and theoretical research in condensed matter. We have applied our developed theory to study stopping of H+ in Cu. The target Cu comprises complicated band structure and this system will help to understand radiation of matter, both in its experimental understanding and also in the modeling of the process, for example in the context of damped molecular dynamics for the simulation of radiation cascades. At this present stage in the field of ion-solid interactions and quantum dissipative dynamics, our findings remain very significant. The same techniques are used in studying the ion-molecule interactions at lower ion velocities. We reported here H+ + CH4 collision dynamics at E = 30 eV. Different exchange-correlation (XC) approximations were implemented and their important roles are studied systematically. For a single orientation of CH4 our rainbow angle at E = 30 eV agrees well with experimental and other theoretical values.

Structural Changes Associated with Transthyretin Misfolding and Amyloid Formation Revealed by Solution and Solid-State NMR

DOE PAGES

Lim, Kwang Hun; Dasari, Anvesh K. R.; Hung, Ivan; ...

2016-03-21

Elucidation of structural changes involved in protein misfolding and amyloid formation is crucial for unraveling the molecular basis of amyloid formation. We report structural analyses of the amyloidogenic intermediate and amyloid aggregates of transthyretin using solution and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. These NMR solution results show that one of the two main β-sheet structures (CBEF β-sheet) is maintained in the aggregation-competent intermediate, while the other DAGH β-sheet is more flexible on millisecond time scales. Magic-angle-spinning solid-state NMR revealed that AB loop regions interacting with strand A in the DAGH β-sheet undergo conformational changes, leading to the destabilized DAGHmore » β-sheet.« less

Chameleon Coatings: Adaptive Surfaces to Reduce Friction and Wear in Extreme Environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muratore, C.; Voevodin, A. A.

2009-08-01

Adaptive nanocomposite coating materials that automatically and reversibly adjust their surface composition and morphology via multiple mechanisms are a promising development for the reduction of friction and wear over broad ranges of ambient conditions encountered in aerospace applications, such as cycling of temperature and atmospheric composition. Materials selection for these composites is based on extensive study of interactions occurring between solid lubricants and their surroundings, especially with novel in situ surface characterization techniques used to identify adaptive behavior on size scales ranging from 10-10 to 10-4 m. Recent insights on operative solid-lubricant mechanisms and their dependency upon the ambient environment are reviewed as a basis for a discussion of the state of the art in solid-lubricant materials.

40 CFR Appendix I to Part 265 - Recordkeeping Instructions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... physical form, i.e., liquid, sludge, solid, or contained gas. If the waste is not listed in part 261..., solid filter cake from production of ___, EPA Hazardous Waste Number W051). Each hazardous waste listed... technique(s) used at the facility to treat, store or dispose of each quantity of hazardous waste received. 1...

2011 NRL REVIEW

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

other mechanism ? What accelerates the solar wind? What are the near- Sun plasma properties (particle density, magnetic field)? Does the solar wind come...microstructure character iza tion, elec tronic ceramics, solid-state physics, fiber optics, electro-optics, microelectronics, fracture mechan ics...computational fluid mechanics , experi mental structural mechanics , solid me chan ics, elastic/plastic fracture mechanics , materials, finite-element

Dissolved-Solids Load in Henrys Fork Upstream from the Confluence with Antelope Wash, Wyoming, Water Years 1970-2009

USGS Publications Warehouse

Foster, Katharine; Kenney, Terry A.

2010-01-01

Annual dissolved-solids load at the mouth of Henrys Fork was estimated by using data from U.S. Geological Survey streamflow-gaging station 09229500, Henrys Fork near Manila, Utah. The annual dissolved-solids load for water years 1970-2009 ranged from 18,300 tons in 1977 to 123,300 tons in 1983. Annual streamflows for this period ranged from 14,100 acre-feet in 1977 to 197,500 acre-feet in 1983. The 25-percent trimmed mean dissolved-solids load for water years 1970-2009 was 44,300 tons per year at Henrys Fork near Manila, Utah. Previous simulations using a SPAtially Referenced Regression On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) model for dissolved solids specific to water year 1991 conditions in the Upper Colorado River Basin predicted an annual dissolved-solids load of 25,000 tons for the Henrys Fork Basin upstream from Antelope Wash. On the basis of computed dissolved-solids load data from Henrys Fork near Manila, Utah, together with estimated annual dissolved-solids load from Antelope Wash and Peoples Canal, this prediction was adjusted to 37,200 tons. As determined by simulations with the Upper Colorado River Basin SPARROW model, approximately 56 percent (14,000 tons per year) of the dissolved-solids load at Henrys Fork upstream from Antelope Wash is associated with the 21,500 acres of irrigated agricultural lands in the upper Henrys Fork Basin.

A Study of Three Outcomes of a College Level Course in Physical Science for Nonscience Students (Adapted PSNS).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frangos, George John

This study was designed to determine if an adapted version of Physical Science for Nonscience Students (PSNS), a physical science course used for nonscience majors in college, significantly contributes to an understanding of the scientific enterprise, positive attitudes toward science and scientists, and knowledge of solid matter and the…

Combustion characteristics and turbulence modeling of swirling reacting flow in solid fuel ramjet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Musa, Omer; Xiong, Chen; Changsheng, Zhou

2017-10-01

This paper reviews the historical studies have been done on the solid-fuel ramjet engine and difficulties associated with numerical modeling of swirling flow with combustible gases. A literature survey about works related to numerical and experimental investigations on solid-fuel ramjet as well as using swirling flow and different numerical approaches has been provided. An overview of turbulence modeling of swirling flow and the behavior of turbulence at streamline curvature and system rotation are presented. A new and simple curvature/correction factor is proposed in order to reduce the programming complexity of SST-CC turbulence model. Finally, numerical and experimental investigations on the impact of swirling flow on SFRJ have been carried out. For that regard, a multi-physics coupling code is developed to solve the problems of multi-physics coupling of fluid mechanics, solid pyrolysis, heat transfer, thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics. The connected-pipe test facility is used to carry out the experiments. The results showed a positive impact of swirling flow on SFRJ along with, three correlations are proposed.

A geological basis for the exploration of the planets: Introduction

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Greeley, R.; Carr, M. H.

1976-01-01

The geological aspects of solar-system exploration were considered by first showing how geologic data are related to space science in general, and, second, by discussing the approach used in planetary geology. The origin, evolution, and distribution of matter condensed in the form of planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids were studied. Terrestrial planets, comets, and asteroids, and the solid satellites of the outer planets are discussed. Jupiter and Saturn, in particular, have satellites of prime importance. Geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, cartography, and other disciplines concerned with the solid planets were all included.

Critical Analysis of the Mathematical Formalism of Theoretical Physics. II. Foundations of Vector Calculus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kalanov, Temur Z.

2014-03-01

A critical analysis of the foundations of standard vector calculus is proposed. The methodological basis of the analysis is the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics. It is proved that the vector calculus is incorrect theory because: (a) it is not based on a correct methodological basis - the unity of formal logic and of rational dialectics; (b) it does not contain the correct definitions of ``movement,'' ``direction'' and ``vector'' (c) it does not take into consideration the dimensions of physical quantities (i.e., number names, denominate numbers, concrete numbers), characterizing the concept of ''physical vector,'' and, therefore, it has no natural-scientific meaning; (d) operations on ``physical vectors'' and the vector calculus propositions relating to the ''physical vectors'' are contrary to formal logic.

Characterization, in Vivo and in Vitro Evaluation of Solid Dispersion of Curcumin Containing d-α-Tocopheryl Polyethylene Glycol 1000 Succinate and Mannitol.

PubMed

Song, Im-Sook; Cha, Jin-Sun; Choi, Min-Koo

2016-10-17

The aim of this study was to prepare a solid dispersion formulation of curcumin to enhance its solubility, dissolution rate, and oral bioavailability. The formulation was prepared with d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and mannitol using solvent evaporation and freeze-drying methods, which yielded a solid dispersion composed of curcumin, TPGS, and mannitol at a ratio of 1:10:15 ( w / w / w ). The solubility and dissolution rate of the curcumin solid dispersion markedly improved compared with those of curcumin powder and a physical mixture of curcumin, TPGS, and mannitol. About 90% of the curcumin was released from the solid dispersion formulation within 10 min. After administering the formulation orally to rats, higher plasma concentrations of curcumin were observed, with increases in the maximum plasma concentration (C max ) and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of 86- and 65-fold, respectively, compared with those of curcumin powder. The solid dispersion formulation effectively increased intestinal permeability and inhibited P-gp function. These effects increased the anti-proliferative effect of curcumin in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Moreover, 2 h incubation with curcumin powder, solid dispersion formulation, and its physical mixture resulted in differential cytotoxic effect of paclitaxel in P-gp overexpressed LLC-PK1-P-gp and MDA-MB-231 cells through the inhibition of P-gp-mediated paclitaxel efflux. In conclusion, compared with curcumin, a solid dispersion formulation of curcumin with TPGS and mannitol could be a promising option for enhancing the oral bioavailability and efficacy of curcumin through increased solubility, dissolution rate, cell permeability, and P-gp modulation.

Sex Equity and Physical Activity Levels in Coeducational Physical Education: Exploring the Potential of Modified Game Forms

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Van Acker, Ragnar; da Costa, Francisco Carreiro; De Bourdeaudhuij, Ilse; Cardon, Greet; Haerens, Leen

2010-01-01

Background: Physical education should promote an active and healthy lifestyle with an emphasis on students' preparation for lifelong physical activity. "Healthy People 2010" recommends that physical education is offered on a daily basis and that pupils engage in physical activities of moderate to vigorous intensity (MVPA) during at least…

Derivation of Rigid Body Analysis Models from Vehicle Architecture Abstractions

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-17

models of every type have their basis in some type of physical representation of the design domain. Rather than describing three-dimensional continua of...arrangement, while capturing just enough physical detail to be used as the basis for a meaningful representation of the design , and eventually, analyses that...permit architecture assessment. The design information captured by the abstractions is available at the very earliest stages of the vehicle

Simulating parameters of lunar physical libration on the basis of its analytical theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petrova, N.; Zagidullin, A.; Nefediev, Yu.

2014-04-01

Results of simulating behavior of lunar physical libration parameters are presented. Some features in the speed change of impulse variables are revealed: fast periodic changes in р2 and long periodic changes in р3. A problem of searching for a dynamic explanation of this phenomenon is put. The simulation was performed on the basis of the analytical libration theory [1] in the programming environment VBA.

Influence of wheat kernel physical properties on the pulverizing process.

PubMed

Dziki, Dariusz; Cacak-Pietrzak, Grażyna; Miś, Antoni; Jończyk, Krzysztof; Gawlik-Dziki, Urszula

2014-10-01

The physical properties of wheat kernel were determined and related to pulverizing performance by correlation analysis. Nineteen samples of wheat cultivars about similar level of protein content (11.2-12.8 % w.b.) and obtained from organic farming system were used for analysis. The kernel (moisture content 10 % w.b.) was pulverized by using the laboratory hammer mill equipped with round holes 1.0 mm screen. The specific grinding energy ranged from 120 kJkg(-1) to 159 kJkg(-1). On the basis of data obtained many of significant correlations (p < 0.05) were found between wheat kernel physical properties and pulverizing process of wheat kernel, especially wheat kernel hardness index (obtained on the basis of Single Kernel Characterization System) and vitreousness significantly and positively correlated with the grinding energy indices and the mass fraction of coarse particles (> 0.5 mm). Among the kernel mechanical properties determined on the basis of uniaxial compression test only the rapture force was correlated with the impact grinding results. The results showed also positive and significant relationships between kernel ash content and grinding energy requirements. On the basis of wheat physical properties the multiple linear regression was proposed for predicting the average particle size of pulverized kernel.

[Preparation and in vitro dissolution of magnolol solid dispersion].

PubMed

Tang, Lan; Qiu, Shuai-Bo; Wu, Lan; Lv, Long-Fei; Lv, Hui-Xia; Shan, Wei-Guang

2016-02-01

In this study, solid dispersion system of magnolol in croscarmellose sodium was prepared by using the solvent evaporation method, in order to increase the drug dissolution. And its dissolution behavior, stability and physical characteristics were studied. The solid dispersion was prepared with magnolol and croscarmellose sodium, with the proportion of 1∶5, the in vitro dissolution of magnolol solid dispersion was up to 80.66% at 120 min, which was 6.9 times of magnolol. The results of DSC (differential scanning calorimetry), IR (infra-red) spectrum and SEM (scanning electron microscopy) showed that magnolol existed in solid dispersion in an amorphous form. After an accelerated stability test for six months, the drug dissolution and content in magnolol solid dispersion showed no significant change. So the solid dispersion prepared with croscarmellose sodium as the carrier can remarkably improve the stability and dissolution of magnolol. Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.

Molecular Momentum Transport at Fluid-Solid Interfaces in MEMS/NEMS: A Review

PubMed Central

Cao, Bing-Yang; Sun, Jun; Chen, Min; Guo, Zeng-Yuan

2009-01-01

This review is focused on molecular momentum transport at fluid-solid interfaces mainly related to microfluidics and nanofluidics in micro-/nano-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS). This broad subject covers molecular dynamics behaviors, boundary conditions, molecular momentum accommodations, theoretical and phenomenological models in terms of gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces affected by various physical factors, such as fluid and solid species, surface roughness, surface patterns, wettability, temperature, pressure, fluid viscosity and polarity. This review offers an overview of the major achievements, including experiments, theories and molecular dynamics simulations, in the field with particular emphasis on the effects on microfluidics and nanofluidics in nanoscience and nanotechnology. In Section 1 we present a brief introduction on the backgrounds, history and concepts. Sections 2 and 3 are focused on molecular momentum transport at gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces, respectively. Summary and conclusions are finally presented in Section 4. PMID:20087458

State-Transition Structures in Physics and in Computation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Petri, C. A.

1982-12-01

In order to establish close connections between physical and computational processes, it is assumed that the concepts of “state” and of “transition” are acceptable both to physicists and to computer scientists, at least in an informal way. The aim of this paper is to propose formal definitions of state and transition elements on the basis of very low level physical concepts in such a way that (1) all physically possible computations can be described as embedded in physical processes; (2) the computational aspects of physical processes can be described on a well-defined level of abstraction; (3) the gulf between the continuous models of physics and the discrete models of computer science can be bridged by simple mathematical constructs which may be given a physical interpretation; (4) a combinatorial, nonstatistical definition of “information” can be given on low levels of abstraction which may serve as a basis to derive higher-level concepts of information, e.g., by a statistical or probabilistic approach. Conceivable practical consequences are discussed.

Solid State Sciences Committee Forum

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

3. REPOT TYPE AND CATES COVERED I Final Report 01 Mar 91-29 Feb 92 4. MrlLE AND SUBTITLE S. FUNOG4 NUMBERS SOLID STATE SCIENCES COMMITTEE FORUM AFOSR...lON IU2EM , Appeved kv pub~e We=% I3. ABSTRACT (MaOimum 200 wovij The 1991 SSSC Forum was conductted under the auspices of the Board on Physics and...Astronomy’s Solid State Sciences Committe (SSSC) and cosponsored with the National Materials Advisory Board (NMAB). The Forum was the culmination of a

Improved product energy intensity benchmarking metrics for thermally concentrated food products.

PubMed

Walker, Michael E; Arnold, Craig S; Lettieri, David J; Hutchins, Margot J; Masanet, Eric

2014-10-21

Product energy intensity (PEI) metrics allow industry and policymakers to quantify manufacturing energy requirements on a product-output basis. However, complexities can arise for benchmarking of thermally concentrated products, particularly in the food processing industry, due to differences in outlet composition, feed material composition, and processing technology. This study analyzes tomato paste as a typical, high-volume concentrated product using a thermodynamics-based model. Results show that PEI for tomato pastes and purees varies from 1200 to 9700 kJ/kg over the range of 8%-40% outlet solids concentration for a 3-effect evaporator, and 980-7000 kJ/kg for a 5-effect evaporator. Further, the PEI for producing paste at 31% outlet solids concentration in a 3-effect evaporator varies from 13,000 kJ/kg at 3% feed solids concentration to 5900 kJ/kg at 6%; for a 5-effect evaporator, the variation is from 9200 kJ/kg at 3%, to 4300 kJ/kg at 6%. Methods to compare the PEI of different product concentrations on a standard basis are evaluated. This paper also presents methods to develop PEI benchmark values for multiple plants. These results focus on the case of a tomato paste processing facility, but can be extended to other products and industries that utilize thermal concentration.

High field CdS detector for infrared radiation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tyagi, R. C.; Boer, K. W.; Hadley, H. C.; Robertson, J. B.

1972-01-01

New and highly sensitive method of detecting infrared irradiation makes possible solid state infrared detector which is more sensitive near room temperature than usual photoconductive low band gap semiconductor devices. Reconfiguration of high field domains in cadmium sulphide crystals provides basis for discovery.

Soot Precursor Material: Spatial Location via Simultaneous LIF-LII Imaging and Characterization via TEM

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanderWal, Randall L.

1996-01-01

The chemical and physical transformation between gaseous fuel pyrolysis products and solid carbonaceous soot represents a critical step in soot formation. In this paper, simultaneous two-dimensional LIF-LII (laser-induced fluorescence - laser-induced incandescence) images identify the spatial location where the earliest identifiable chemical and physical transformation of material towards solid carbonaceous soot occurs along the axial streamline in a normal diffusion flame. The identification of the individual LIF and LII signals is achieved by examining both the excitation wavelength dependence and characteristic temporal decay of each signal. Spatially precise thermophoretic sampling measurements are guided by the LIF-LII images with characterization of the sampled material accomplished via both bright and dark field TEM. Both bright and dark field TEM measurements support the observed changes in photophysical properties which account for conversion of fluorescence to incandescence as fuel pyrolysis products evolve towards solid carbonaceous soot.

Strain-based diffusion solver for realistic representation of diffusion front in physical reactions

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

When simulating fluids, such as water or fire, interacting with solids, it is a challenging problem to represent details of diffusion front in physical reaction. Previous approaches commonly use isotropic or anisotropic diffusion to model the transport of a quantity through a medium or long interface. We have identified unrealistic monotonous patterns with previous approaches and therefore, propose to extend these approaches by integrating the deformation of the material with the diffusion process. Specifically, stretching deformation represented by strain is incorporated in a divergence-constrained diffusion model. A novel diffusion model is introduced to increase the global rate at which the solid acquires relevant quantities, such as heat or saturation. This ensures that the equations describing fluid flow are linked to the change of solid geometry, and also satisfy the divergence-free condition. Experiments show that our method produces convincing results. PMID:28448591

Physical principles and current status of emerging non-volatile solid state memories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, L.; Yang, C.-H.; Wen, J.

2015-07-01

Today the influence of non-volatile solid-state memories on persons' lives has become more prominent because of their non-volatility, low data latency, and high robustness. As a pioneering technology that is representative of non-volatile solidstate memories, flash memory has recently seen widespread application in many areas ranging from electronic appliances, such as cell phones and digital cameras, to external storage devices such as universal serial bus (USB) memory. Moreover, owing to its large storage capacity, it is expected that in the near future, flash memory will replace hard-disk drives as a dominant technology in the mass storage market, especially because of recently emerging solid-state drives. However, the rapid growth of the global digital data has led to the need for flash memories to have larger storage capacity, thus requiring a further downscaling of the cell size. Such a miniaturization is expected to be extremely difficult because of the well-known scaling limit of flash memories. It is therefore necessary to either explore innovative technologies that can extend the areal density of flash memories beyond the scaling limits, or to vigorously develop alternative non-volatile solid-state memories including ferroelectric random-access memory, magnetoresistive random-access memory, phase-change random-access memory, and resistive random-access memory. In this paper, we review the physical principles of flash memories and their technical challenges that affect our ability to enhance the storage capacity. We then present a detailed discussion of novel technologies that can extend the storage density of flash memories beyond the commonly accepted limits. In each case, we subsequently discuss the physical principles of these new types of non-volatile solid-state memories as well as their respective merits and weakness when utilized for data storage applications. Finally, we predict the future prospects for the aforementioned solid-state memories for the next generation of data-storage devices based on a comparison of their performance. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Enhanced Physical Stability of Amorphous Drug Formulations via Dry Polymer Coating.

PubMed

Capece, Maxx; Davé, Rajesh

2015-06-01

Although amorphous solid drug formulations may be advantageous for enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients, they exhibit poor physical stability and undergo recrystallization. To address this limitation, this study investigates stability issues associated with amorphous solids through analysis of the crystallization behavior for acetaminophen (APAP), known as a fast crystallizer, using a modified form of the Avrami equation that kinetically models both surface and bulk crystallization. It is found that surface-enhanced crystallization, occurring faster at the free surface than in the bulk, is the major impediment to the stability of amorphous APAP. It is hypothesized that a novel use of a dry-polymer-coating process referred to as mechanical-dry-polymer-coating may be used to inhibit surface crystallization and enhance stability. The proposed process, which is examined, simultaneously mills and coats amorphous solids with polymer, while avoiding solvents or solutions, which may otherwise cause stability or crystallization issues during coating. It is shown that solid dispersions of APAP (64% loading) with a small particle size (28 μm) could be prepared and coated with the polymer, carnauba wax, in a vibratory ball mill. The resulting amorphous solid was found to have excellent stability as a result of inhibition of surface crystallization. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

In vitro characterization of a novel polymeric system for preparation of amorphous solid drug dispersions.

PubMed

Mahmoudi, Zahra N; Upadhye, Sampada B; Ferrizzi, David; Rajabi-Siahboomi, Ali R

2014-07-01

Preparation of amorphous solid dispersions using polymers is a commonly used formulation strategy for enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, often a single polymer may not bring about a significant enhancement in solubility or amorphous stability of a poorly water-soluble drug. This study describes application of a unique and novel binary polymeric blend in preparation of solid dispersions. The objective of this study was to investigate amorphous solid dispersions of glipizide, a BCS class II model drug, in a binary polymeric system of polyvinyl acetate phthalate (PVAP) and hypromellose (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, HPMC). The solid dispersions were prepared using two different solvent methods: rotary evaporation (rotavap) and fluid bed drug layering on sugar spheres. The performance and physical stability of the dispersions were evaluated with non-sink dissolution testing, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). PXRD analysis demonstrated an amorphous state for glipizide, and mDSC showed no evidence of phase separation. Non-sink dissolution testing in pH 7.5 phosphate buffer indicated more than twofold increase in apparent solubility of the drug with PVAP-HPMC system. The glipizide solid dispersions demonstrated a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and acceptable chemical and physical stability during the stability period irrespective of the manufacturing process. In conclusion, the polymeric blend of PVAP-HPMC offers a unique formulation approach for developing amorphous solid dispersions with the flexibility towards the use of these polymers in different ratios and combined quantities depending on drug properties.

5 CFR 339.206 - Disqualification on the basis of medical history.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... history. 339.206 Section 339.206 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... Disqualification on the basis of medical history. A candidate may not be disqualified for any position solely on the basis of medical history. For positions with medical standards or physical requirements, or...

5 CFR 339.206 - Disqualification on the basis of medical history.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... history. 339.206 Section 339.206 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... Disqualification on the basis of medical history. A candidate may not be disqualified for any position solely on the basis of medical history. For positions with medical standards or physical requirements, or...

5 CFR 339.206 - Disqualification on the basis of medical history.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... history. 339.206 Section 339.206 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... Disqualification on the basis of medical history. A candidate may not be disqualified for any position solely on the basis of medical history. For positions with medical standards or physical requirements, or...

5 CFR 339.206 - Disqualification on the basis of medical history.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... history. 339.206 Section 339.206 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... Disqualification on the basis of medical history. A candidate may not be disqualified for any position solely on the basis of medical history. For positions with medical standards or physical requirements, or...

5 CFR 339.206 - Disqualification on the basis of medical history.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... history. 339.206 Section 339.206 Administrative Personnel OFFICE OF PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT CIVIL SERVICE... Disqualification on the basis of medical history. A candidate may not be disqualified for any position solely on the basis of medical history. For positions with medical standards or physical requirements, or...

Applying the Coupled-Cluster Ansatz to Solids and Surfaces in the Thermodynamic Limit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gruber, Thomas; Liao, Ke; Tsatsoulis, Theodoros; Hummel, Felix; Grüneis, Andreas

2018-04-01

Modern electronic structure theories can predict and simulate a wealth of phenomena in surface science and solid-state physics. In order to allow for a direct comparison with experiment, such ab initio predictions have to be made in the thermodynamic limit, substantially increasing the computational cost of many-electron wave-function theories. Here, we present a method that achieves thermodynamic limit results for solids and surfaces using the "gold standard" coupled cluster ansatz of quantum chemistry with unprecedented efficiency. We study the energy difference between carbon diamond and graphite crystals, adsorption energies of water on h -BN, as well as the cohesive energy of the Ne solid, demonstrating the increased efficiency and accuracy of coupled cluster theory for solids and surfaces.

7 CFR 15b.35 - Nonacademic services.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

...) Physical education and athletics. (1) In providing physical education courses and athletics and similar aid... discriminate on the basis of handicap. A recipient that offers physical education courses or that operates or... students physical education and athletic activities that are separate or different only if separation or...

Structural interpretation in composite systems using powder X-ray diffraction: applications of error propagation to the pair distribution function.

PubMed

Moore, Michael D; Shi, Zhenqi; Wildfong, Peter L D

2010-12-01

To develop a method for drawing statistical inferences from differences between multiple experimental pair distribution function (PDF) transforms of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data. The appropriate treatment of initial PXRD error estimates using traditional error propagation algorithms was tested using Monte Carlo simulations on amorphous ketoconazole. An amorphous felodipine:polyvinyl pyrrolidone:vinyl acetate (PVPva) physical mixture was prepared to define an error threshold. Co-solidified products of felodipine:PVPva and terfenadine:PVPva were prepared using a melt-quench method and subsequently analyzed using PXRD and PDF. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used as an additional characterization method. The appropriate manipulation of initial PXRD error estimates through the PDF transform were confirmed using the Monte Carlo simulations for amorphous ketoconazole. The felodipine:PVPva physical mixture PDF analysis determined ±3σ to be an appropriate error threshold. Using the PDF and error propagation principles, the felodipine:PVPva co-solidified product was determined to be completely miscible, and the terfenadine:PVPva co-solidified product, although having appearances of an amorphous molecular solid dispersion by DSC, was determined to be phase-separated. Statistically based inferences were successfully drawn from PDF transforms of PXRD patterns obtained from composite systems. The principles applied herein may be universally adapted to many different systems and provide a fundamentally sound basis for drawing structural conclusions from PDF studies.

Intraperitoneal adhesions--an ongoing challenge between biomedical engineering and the life sciences.

PubMed

Brochhausen, Christoph; Schmitt, Volker H; Rajab, Taufiek K; Planck, Constanze N E; Krämer, Bernhard; Wallwiener, Markus; Hierlemann, Helmut; Kirkpatrick, C James

2011-07-01

Peritoneal adhesions remain a relevant clinical problem despite the currently available prophylactic barrier materials. So far, the physical separation of traumatized serosa areas using barriers represents the most important clinical strategy for adhesion prevention. However, the optimal material has not yet been found. Further optimization or pharmacological functionalization of these barriers could give an innovative input for peritoneal adhesion prevention. Therefore, a more complete understanding of pathogenesis is required. On the basis of the pathophysiology of adhesion formation the main barriers currently in clinical practice as well as new innovations are discussed in the present review. Physiologically, mesothelial cells play a decisive role in providing a frictionless gliding surface on the serosa. Adhesion formation results from a cascade of events and is regulated by a variety of cellular and humoral factors. The main clinically applied strategy for adhesion prevention is based on the use of liquid or solid adhesion barriers to separate physically any denuded tissue. Both animal and human trials have not yet been able to identify the optimal barrier to prevent adhesion formation in a sustainable way. Therefore, further developments are required for effective prevention of postoperative adhesion formation. To reach this goal the combination of structural modification and pharmacological functionalization of barrier materials should be addressed. Achieving this aim requires the interaction between basic research, materials science and clinical expertise. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Molecular aspects of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy.

PubMed

Boesch, C

1999-01-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well known diagnostic tool in radiology that produces unsurpassed images of the human body, in particular of soft tissue. However, the medical community is often not aware that MRI is an important yet limited segment of magnetic resonance (MR) or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as this method is called in basic science. The tremendous morphological information of MR images sometimes conceal the fact that MR signals in general contain much more information, especially on processes on the molecular level. NMR is successfully used in physics, chemistry, and biology to explore and characterize chemical reactions, molecular conformations, biochemical pathways, solid state material, and many other applications that elucidate invisible characteristics of matter and tissue. In medical applications, knowledge of the molecular background of MRI and in particular MR spectroscopy (MRS) is an inevitable basis to understand molecular phenomenon leading to macroscopic effects visible in diagnostic images or spectra. This review shall provide the necessary background to comprehend molecular aspects of magnetic resonance applications in medicine. An introduction into the physical basics aims at an understanding of some of the molecular mechanisms without extended mathematical treatment. The MR typical terminology is explained such that reading of original MR publications could be facilitated for non-MR experts. Applications in MRI and MRS are intended to illustrate the consequences of molecular effects on images and spectra.

Effects of drug-carrier interactions on drug dissolution from binary and ternary matrices

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iqbal, Zafar

For nearly five decades, pharmaceutical researchers have studied solid solutions of drugs in polymers as a potential means to enhance the dissolution of drugs with poor aqueous solubility. This has become of greater importance in recent years because most new potential drug compounds (new chemical entities) exhibit poor water solubility and present great challenges to scientists who must design dosage forms from which the drugs are bioavailable. During the formulation of a solid solution, the drug undergoes physical but not chemical alterations that increase its chemical potential in the formulation relative to that of the pure drug in its stable form. This increased chemical potential is responsible for enhanced dissolution as well as physical instabilities, such as amorphous to crystalline conversions and precipitation within the solid state. The chemical potential is derived from the Gibbs free energy, so it is reasonable to explain the behavior of solid solution systems in terms of thermodynamics. Solid solutions and dispersions have been extensively studied by pharmaceutical scientists, both with regard to manufacturing aspects and the proposal of various models in attempts to explain the physical bases for how these systems work. Recently, Dave and Bellantone proposed a model based on the thermodynamic changes resulting from the formulation of binary solid solutions of a drug in the polymer PVP. Their model introduced a modification of the F-H theory, which was used to quantify the drug-polymer interaction energies and calculate the entropy of mixing of the drug and polymer. In this work, the model of Dave and Bellantone was extended to include three-component systems, consisting of one drug mixed in a carrier matrix consisting of mixture of two polymers or a polymer and a surfactant. For this research, solid solutions were formed using various drug weight fractions in the formulations. The study focused on the following points: (1) Prepare solid solution formulations and perform appropriate physical characterizations. (2) Characterize the increase in drug dissolution rates resulting from solid solution formulations. (3) Relate the initial dissolution rates to the drug solubility. (4) Explain the solubility enhancement from solid solution dosage in terms of the drug polymer interactions using the extended thermodynamic model. Two poorly water soluble drugs, levonorgestrel (LEVO) and ethinyl estradiol (EE) were formulated in seven solid solution preparations comprised of four carrier systems. Materials used as carriers included various combinations of the polymers PVP K-30, Copovidone (COP), Poloxamer 182, and the surfactant TweenRTM 20. Additionally, ibuprofen (IBU) was used in three formulations consisting of various combinations of PVP K-30, Copovidone and TweenRTM 20. Formulations with various drug weight fractions (0.5%--30%) were prepared using the solvent evaporation technique. Each formulation was tested for dissolution using intrinsic dissolution apparatus (USP). The solid solutions were compressed into tablets into the sample die that maintained a constant surface area during the dissolution process. DSC, XRD and NIRS scans identified that the crystalline peaks of the drug disappeared with the addition of the polymer for all ratios of EE, indicating the formation of solid solutions (to within the limits of detection of the equipment). This was also observed for the LEVO dispersions up to 10% drug loading. At higher drug loading, solutions were formed but some small degree crystallinity was also present. For each experiment, the initial dissolution rates were obtained from the slope of the mass dissolved vs. time plots taken at early times, and volume normalized initial dissolution rates RV were calculated by dividing the initial dissolution rate by the volume fraction of the drug in the formulation. Comparison of the RV values for the various formulations with a reference RV (typically that of the pure drug or of the formulation with the highest polymer content) allowed calculation of relative volume normalized dissolution rates (RNV). The various RNV were used in the thermodynamic model for data analyses and to determine the interactions between the drug and carrier molecules. It was generally seen that RNV increased with decreased drug fraction, and was adequately modeled by the equations derived from the extended thermodynamic model. It was concluded that the model proposed for the binary and ternary systems successfully represented the mechanism of drug-polymer interaction and the energy changes taken place within the dispersion systems. The dissolution data analysis and subsequent understanding of physical modifications in the dispersion systems characterized by XRD, NIRS and DSC further substantiated the findings. The understanding of the fundamental physical might help scientists to predict the effects of mixing various drugs and polymers, and the effects of varying ratios.

Against the grain: The physical properties of anisotropic partially molten rocks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghanbarzadeh, S.; Hesse, M. A.; Prodanovic, M.

2014-12-01

Partially molten rocks commonly develop textures that appear close to textural equilibrium, where the melt network evolves to minimize the energy of the melt-solid interfaces, while maintaining the dihedral angle θ at solid-solid-melt contact lines. Textural equilibrium provides a powerful model for the melt distribution that controls the petro-physical properties of partially molten rocks, e.g., permeability, elastic moduli, and electrical resistivity. We present the first level-set computations of three-dimensional texturally equilibrated melt networks in rocks with an anisotropic fabric. Our results show that anisotropy induces wetting of smaller grain boundary faces for θ > 0 at realistic porosities ϕ < 3%. This was previously not thought to be possible at textural equilibrium and reconciles the theory with experimental observations. Wetting of the grain boundary faces leads to a dramatic redistribution of the melt from the edges to the faces that introduces strong anisotropy in the petro-physical properties such as permeability, effective electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Figure, on left, shows that smaller grain boundaries become wetted at relatively low melt fractions of 3% in stretched polyhedral grains with elongation factor 1.5. Right plot represents the ratio of melt electrical conductivity to effective conductivity of medium (known as formation factor) as an example of anisotropy in physical properties. The plot shows that even slight anisotropy in grains induces considerable anisotropy in electrical properties.

Introducing the Notion of Bare and Effective Mass via Newton's Second Law of Motion

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pinto, Marcus Benghi

2007-01-01

The concepts of bare and effective mass are widely used within modern physics. Their meaning is discussed in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses such as solid state physics, nuclear physics and quantum field theory. Here I discuss how these concepts may be introduced together with the discussion of Newton's second law of motion. The…

Finsler-Geometric Continuum Mechanics

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

gravitation and astrophysical applications. Physical Review D. 1977;16:1643–1663. 50. Ozakin A, Yavari A. A geometric theory of thermal stresses...to physical problems of tensile fracture, shear localization, and cavitation in solid bodies. The pseudo-Finsler approach is demonstrated to be more...Weyl-type transformation of the fundamental tensor, analytical and numerical solutions of representative example problems offer new physical insight

Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces VIII

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pincik, Emil

2014-09-01

The conference SSSI VIII (November 25-28, 2013) was the 8th continuation of the series of the Solid State Surfaces and Interfaces conferences taking place usually in the Smolenice castle in the western part of the Slovak Republic. The event was organized by the following institutions of Slovak Republic: Institute of Physics of SAS Bratislava, Institute of Aurel Stodola of University of Žilina, and Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics of Comenius University Bratislava. More than 150 scientists of the three continents (Europe, Asia and Africa) participated on the event with almost 100 poster presentations. The representatives of all organizing institutions consider this event as very important for Middle Europe region.

(BARS) -- Bibliographic Retrieval System Sandia Shock Compression (SSC) database Shock Physics Index (SPHINX) database. Volume 1: UNIX version query guide customized application for INGRES

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Herrmann, W.; von Laven, G.M.; Parker, T.

1993-09-01

The Bibliographic Retrieval System (BARS) is a data base management system specially designed to retrieve bibliographic references. Two databases are available, (i) the Sandia Shock Compression (SSC) database which contains over 5700 references to the literature related to stress waves in solids and their applications, and (ii) the Shock Physics Index (SPHINX) which includes over 8000 further references to stress waves in solids, material properties at intermediate and low rates, ballistic and hypervelocity impact, and explosive or shock fabrication methods. There is some overlap in the information in the two data bases.

X-ray computed microtomography of sea ice - comment on "A review of air-ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow" by Bartels-Rausch et al. (2014)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Obbard, R. W.

2015-07-01

This comment addresses a statement made in "A review of air-ice chemical and physical interactions (AICI): liquids, quasi-liquids, and solids in snow" by Bartels-Rausch et al. (Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1587-1633, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1587-2014, 2014). Here we rebut the assertion that X-ray computed microtomography of sea ice fails to reveal liquid brine inclusions by discussing the phases present at the analysis temperature.

THE FORMATION OF PB(IV) OXIDES IN CHLORINATED WATER

EPA Science Inventory

Recent research has shown that Pb(IV) oxides can play an important geochemical role in drinking water distribution systems. The basis of most guidance for lead control in drinking water, however, presumes that Pb(II) solids control lead solubility. Therefore, it is important that...

Application and evaluation of scale dissolver treatments

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fielder, G.D.

1994-12-31

In order to provide an improved basis for the design of barium sulfate scale dissolver treatments both laboratory testing and monitoring of field applications were carried out. The deleterious effects of mixing produced water with dissolver prior to contacting scale are shown. Increasing total dissolved solids (TDS) levels can reduce dissolution depending upon temperature. Precomplexation with divalent cations reduces the capacity of the dissolver to solubilize solid scales. Magnesium may adversely affect dissolver performance at elevated temperatures. Several oil and gas wells were closely monitored during initial flowback after treatment. Samples were collected on a frequent basis and analyzed formore » pH, dissolver content, chlorides and various cations. The resulting data were used to construct flowback profiles for evaluation of the treatments. Evidence of scale dissolution is presented. The presence of an incompatible flush brine was discovered in one case and possible reverse order of addition of preflush and dissolver in another. The importance of establishing and following treatment procedures is briefly discussed.« less

Preface: Special Topic Section on Advanced Electronic Structure Methods for Solids and Surfaces.

PubMed

Michaelides, Angelos; Martinez, Todd J; Alavi, Ali; Kresse, Georg; Manby, Frederick R

2015-09-14

This Special Topic section on Advanced Electronic Structure Methods for Solids and Surfaces contains a collection of research papers that showcase recent advances in the high accuracy prediction of materials and surface properties. It provides a timely snapshot of a growing field that is of broad importance to chemistry, physics, and materials science.

Materials Sciences Research.

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-07-01

Physics of Refractory Materials (ERDA) ..... 160 J. Holder - Mechanical Properties of Solids (NSF) ...... 163 A. Granato - Anharmonic Effects in Solids...ERDA) ........ 166 6. Semiconductor Materials and Devices. N. Holonyak - Luinescence, Lasers, Carrier and Impurity Effects in Compound Semiconductors...1975. Dr. P. A. Egelstaff, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, "Three-Body Effects in Simple Fluids," April 9, 1975. Professor G. Leibfried, Oak

Shock and Impact Response of Naval Composite Structures

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-09

elucidating physical mechanisms that control the survivability of composite structures under blast and impact. TECHNICAL APPROACH The Principal...the Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Composite Structures , Kyoto, Japan, July 8-13, 2007. D. ONR Solid Mechanics Program...ONR Solid Mechanics Program Review, Marine Composites and Sandwich Structures , University of Maryland University College, Adelphi, MD, September 21

An Experiment in Physical Chemistry: Polymorphism and Phase Stability in Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Myrick, Michael L.; Baranowski, Megan; Profeta, Luisa T. M.

2010-01-01

Differential scanning calorimetry analyses of two easily prepared polymorphs of acetaminophen (also known as paracetamol) are recorded. The density of the forms can be found in the literature. Rules for heats of transition, heats of fusion, and density, as well as methods for determining the solid-solid transition temperature between the forms,…

Application of Berry's Phase to the Effective Mass of Bloch Electrons

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rave, M. J.; Kerr, W. C.

2010-01-01

Berry's phase, although well known since 1984, has received little attention among textbook authors of solid state physics. We attempt to address this lack by showing how the presence of the Berry's phase significantly changes a standard concept (effective mass) found in most solid state texts. Specifically, we show that the presence of a non-zero…

On the roles of solid wall in the thermal analysis of micro heat pipes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hung, Yew Mun

Micro heat pipe is a small-scale passive heat transfer device of very high thermal conductance that uses phase change and circulation of its working fluid to transfer thermal energy. Different from conventional heat pipe, a micro heat pipe does not contain any wick structure. In this thesis, a one-dimensional, steady-state mathematical model of a single triangular micro heat pipe is developed, with the main purpose of establishing a series of analytical studies on the roles of the solid wall of micro heat pipes in conjunction with the characterization of the thermal performance under the effects of various design and operational parameters. The energy equation of the solid wall is solved analytically to obtain the temperature distribution. The liquid phase is coupled with the solid wall through the continuity of heat flux at their interface, and the continuity, momentum and energy equations of the liquid and vapour phases, together with the Young-Laplace equation for capillary pressure, are solve numerically to yield the heat and fluid flow characteristics of the micro heat pipe. By coupling this mathematical model with the phase-change interfacial resistance model, the relationships for the axial temperature distributions of the liquid and vapour phases throughout the longitudinal direction of a micro heat pipe are also formulated. Four major aspects associated with the operational performance of micro heat pipes are discussed. Firstly, the investigation of the effects of axial conduction in the solid wall reveals that the presence of the solid wall induces change in the phase-change heat transport of the working fluid besides facilitating axial heat conduction in the solid wall. The analysis also highlights the effects of the thickness and thermal conductivity of the solid wall on the axial temperature distribution of solid wall, in the wake of the effects of the axial heat conduction induced on the phase-change heat transport of the working fluid. Secondly, analysis on thermal performance and physical phenomena of an overloaded micro heat pipes incorporating the effects of axial conduction in the solid wall is carried out. The thermal effects of the solid material are investigated and it is observed that the behaviour of the solid wall temperature distribution varies drastically as the applied heat load exceeds the heat transport capacity. The abrupt change in the temperature profile of an overloaded micro heat pipe is of considerable practical significance in which the occurrence of dryout can be identified by physically measuring the solid wall temperatures along the axial direction. Thirdly, by taking into account the axial conduction in the solid wall, the effect of gravity on the thermal performance of an inclined micro heat pipe is explored. Attributed to the occurrence of dryout, an abrupt temperature rise is observed at the evaporator end when the micro heat pipe is negatively inclined. Therefore, the orientation of a micro heat pipe can be determined by physically measuring the solid wall temperature. Lastly, by coupling the heat transfer model of phase-change phenomena at the liquid-vapour interface, the model with axial conduction in the solid wall of the micro heat pipe is extended to predict the axial liquid and vapour temperature distributions of the working fluid, which is useful for the verification of certain assumptions made in the derivation of the mathematical model besides for analyzing the heat transfer characteristics of the evaporation process.

Comparing urban solid waste recycling from the viewpoint of urban metabolism based on physical input-output model: A case of Suzhou in China

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liang Sai, E-mail: liangsai09@gmail.com; Zhang Tianzhu, E-mail: zhangtz@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Impacts of solid waste recycling on Suzhou's urban metabolism in 2015 are analyzed. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Technical levels of reusing scrap tires and food wastes should be improved. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Secondary wastes from reusing food wastes and sludge should be concerned. - Abstract: Investigating impacts of urban solid waste recycling on urban metabolism contributes to sustainable urban solid waste management and urban sustainability. Using a physical input-output model and scenario analysis, urban metabolism of Suzhou in 2015 is predicted and impactsmore » of four categories of solid waste recycling on urban metabolism are illustrated: scrap tire recycling, food waste recycling, fly ash recycling and sludge recycling. Sludge recycling has positive effects on reducing all material flows. Thus, sludge recycling for biogas is regarded as an accepted method. Moreover, technical levels of scrap tire recycling and food waste recycling should be improved to produce positive effects on reducing more material flows. Fly ash recycling for cement production has negative effects on reducing all material flows except solid wastes. Thus, other fly ash utilization methods should be exploited. In addition, the utilization and treatment of secondary wastes from food waste recycling and sludge recycling should be concerned.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Libby, S B; Weiss, M S

Edward Teller was one of the great physicists of the twentieth century. His career began just after the key ideas of the quantum revolution of the 1920's were completed, opening vast areas of physics and chemistry to detailed understanding. Thus, his early work in theoretical physics focused on applying the new quantum theory to the understanding of diverse phenomena. These topics included chemical physics, diamagnetism, and nuclear physics. Later, he made key contributions to statistical mechanics, surface physics, solid state, and plasma physics. In many cases, the ideas in these papers are still rich with important ramifications.

Colloid interaction energies for physically and chemically heterogeneous porous media

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The mean and variance of the colloid interaction energy (phi*) as a function of separation distance (h) were calculated on physically and/or chemically heterogeneous solid surfaces at the representative elementary area (REA) scale. Nanoscale roughness was demonstrated to have a significant influence...

Is physics worth teaching?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Machold, Dolf K.

1992-09-01

The paper points out that many students and adults are accustomed to solving problems in physics on the basis of everyday concepts; believing that these concepts are very successful, those students are not interested in concepts offered by science teaching. Furthermore, the teaching physics in terms of mathematical descriptions of problems is too early — students don't see the original problem, so they are not interested in solutions. One way to avoid these difficulties is M. Wagenschein's proposal of the ‘Exemplary-genetic Method’. This method and its principles are presented and illustrated with examples taken from history. On the basis of this method educational and pedagogical functions of teaching physics are developed. P.S.: Martin Wagenschein (1896 1989), Professor of physics education at the University of Tübingen, was concerned with finding new methods for successfully teaching science.

Association of Self-Perceived Physical Competence and Leisure-Time Physical Activity in Childhood--A Follow-Up Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hamari, Lotta; Heinonen, Olli J.; Aromaa, Minna; Asanti, Riitta; Koivusilta, Leena; Koski, Pasi; Laaksonen, Camilla; Matomäki, Jaakko; Pahkala, Katja; Pakarinen, Anni; Suominen, Sakari; Salanterä, Sanna

2017-01-01

Background: The basis of self-perceived physical competence is built in childhood and school personnel have an important role in this developmental process. We investigated the association between initial self-perceived physical competence and reported leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) longitudinally in 10-, 12-, and 15-year-old children.…

A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables. Part II - Validation and localization analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Arghya; Tengattini, Alessandro; Nguyen, Giang D.; Viggiani, Gioacchino; Hall, Stephen A.; Einav, Itai

2014-10-01

We study the mechanical failure of cemented granular materials (e.g., sandstones) using a constitutive model based on breakage mechanics for grain crushing and damage mechanics for cement fracture. The theoretical aspects of this model are presented in Part I: Tengattini et al. (2014), A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables, Part I - Theory (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2014.05.021). In this Part II we investigate the constitutive and structural responses of cemented granular materials through analyses of Boundary Value Problems (BVPs). The multiple failure mechanisms captured by the proposed model enable the behavior of cemented granular rocks to be well reproduced for a wide range of confining pressures. Furthermore, through comparison of the model predictions and experimental data, the micromechanical basis of the model provides improved understanding of failure mechanisms of cemented granular materials. In particular, we show that grain crushing is the predominant inelastic deformation mechanism under high pressures while cement failure is the relevant mechanism at low pressures. Over an intermediate pressure regime a mixed mode of failure mechanisms is observed. Furthermore, the micromechanical roots of the model allow the effects on localized deformation modes of various initial microstructures to be studied. The results obtained from both the constitutive responses and BVP solutions indicate that the proposed approach and model provide a promising basis for future theoretical studies on cemented granular materials.

Prediction of Ablation Rates from Solid Surfaces Exposed to High Temperature Gas Flow

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Akyuzlu, Kazim M.; Coote, David

2013-01-01

A mathematical model and a solution algorithm is developed to study the physics of high temperature heat transfer and material ablation and identify the problems associated with the flow of hydrogen gas at very high temperatures and velocities through pipes and various components of Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motors. Ablation and melting can be experienced when the inner solid surface of the cooling channels and the diverging-converging nozzle of a Nuclear Thermal Rocket (NTR) motor is exposed to hydrogen gas flow at temperatures around 2500 degrees Kelvin and pressures around 3.4 MPa. In the experiments conducted on typical NTR motors developed in 1960s, degradation of the cooling channel material (cracking in the nuclear fuel element cladding) and in some instances melting of the core was observed. This paper presents the results of a preliminary study based on two types of physics based mathematical models that were developed to simulate the thermal-hydrodynamic conditions that lead to ablation of the solid surface of a stainless steel pipe exposed to high temperature hydrogen gas near sonic velocities. One of the proposed models is one-dimensional and assumes the gas flow to be unsteady, compressible and viscous. An in-house computer code was developed to solve the conservations equations of this model using a second-order accurate finite-difference technique. The second model assumes the flow to be three-dimensional, unsteady, compressible and viscous. A commercial CFD code (Fluent) was used to solve the later model equations. Both models assume the thermodynamic and transport properties of the hydrogen gas to be temperature dependent. In the solution algorithm developed for this study, the unsteady temperature of the pipe is determined from the heat equation for the solid. The solid-gas interface temperature is determined from an energy balance at the interface which includes heat transfer from or to the interface by conduction, convection, radiation, and ablation. Two different ablation models are proposed to determine the heat loss from the solid surface due to the ablation of the solid material. Both of them are physics based. Various numerical simulations were carried out using both models to predict the temperature distribution in the solid and in the gas flow, and then predict the ablation rates at a typical NTR motor hydrogen gas temperature and pressure. Solid mass loss rate per foot of a pipe was also calculated from these predictions. The results are presented for fully developed turbulent flow conditions in a sample SS pipe with a 6 inch diameter.

77 FR 39800 - Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel: Draft Technical Assistance Manual

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-05

... specific learning disabilities. (Sec. 382.3). What is not considered a physical or mental impairment... Secretary 14 CFR Part 382 Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel: Draft Technical... [Docket No. DOT-OST-2012--0098] Nondiscrimination on the Basis of Disability in Air Travel: Draft...

A Hybrid Physics-Based Data-Driven Approach for Point-Particle Force Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Chandler; Akiki, Georges; Balachandar, S.

2017-11-01

This study improves upon the physics-based pairwise interaction extended point-particle (PIEP) model. The PIEP model leverages a physical framework to predict fluid mediated interactions between solid particles. While the PIEP model is a powerful tool, its pairwise assumption leads to increased error in flows with high particle volume fractions. To reduce this error, a regression algorithm is used to model the differences between the current PIEP model's predictions and the results of direct numerical simulations (DNS) for an array of monodisperse solid particles subjected to various flow conditions. The resulting statistical model and the physical PIEP model are superimposed to construct a hybrid, physics-based data-driven PIEP model. It must be noted that the performance of a pure data-driven approach without the model-form provided by the physical PIEP model is substantially inferior. The hybrid model's predictive capabilities are analyzed using more DNS. In every case tested, the hybrid PIEP model's prediction are more accurate than those of physical PIEP model. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program under Grant No. DGE-1315138 and the U.S. DOE, NNSA, ASC Program, as a Cooperative Agreement under Contract No. DE-NA0002378.

Solid-State Characterization and Relative Formation Enthalpies To Evaluate Stability of Cocrystals of an Antidiabetic Drug.

PubMed

Duggirala, Naga Kiran; Frericks Schmidt, Heather L; Lei, Zhaohui; Zaworotko, Michael J; Krzyzaniak, Joseph F; Arora, Kapildev K

2018-05-07

The current study integrates formation enthalpy and traditional slurry experiments to quickly assess the physical stability of cocrystal drug substance candidates for their potential to support drug development. Cocrystals of an antidiabetic drug (GKA) with nicotinamide (NMA), vanillic acid (VLA), and ethyl vanillin (EVL) were prepared and characterized by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), spectroscopic, and thermal techniques. The formation enthalpies of the cocrystals, and their physical mixtures (GKA + coformer) were measured by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method reported by Zhang et al. [ Cryst. Growth Des. 2012 , 12 ( 8 ), 4090 - 4097 ]. The experimentally measured differences in the relative formation enthalpies obtained by integrating the heat flow of each cocrystal against the respective physical mixture were correlated to the physical stability of the cocrystals in the solid state. The relative formation enthalpies of all of the cocrystals studied suggest that the cocrystals are not physically stable at room temperature versus their physical mixtures. To further address relative stability, the cocrystals were slurried in 30% v/v aqueous ethanol, and it was observed that all of the cocrystals revert to GKA within 48 h at room temperature. The slurry experiments are consistent with the relative instability of the cocrystals with respect to their physical mixtures suggested by the DSC results.

Reflections on the nature of the concepts of field in physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pombo, C.

2012-12-01

This paper is a short introduction on the analysis of the concepts of field in physics, showing their different natures. It comprises a study on the development of observers based on observational realism, a physical epistemology in development, on the basis of analytical psychology. This epistemology incorporates and justify the proposition of R. Carnap, of separating observational and theoretical domains of a theory, and gives a criterion for this separation. The basis of three theories are discussed, where concepts of field emerge. We discuss the different origins and meanings of these fields, from an epistemological point of view, in their respective theories. The aim of this paper is to form a basis of discussion to be applied in the analysis of other theories where concepts of field are present, to reach a better understanding of the contemporary programs of unification. We would like to clarify if these programs are intended for unification of fields as elements of the physical reality, fields as explanations for the observations, unification of their theories, or other possible cases.

Charge Equilibrium

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sigmund, Peter

The mean equililibrium charge of a penetrating ion can be estimated on the basis of Bohr's velocity criterion or Lamb's energy criterion. Qualitative and quantitative results are derived on the basis of the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom, which is discussed explicitly. This includes a brief introduction to the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac model. Special attention is paid to trial function approaches by Lenz and Jensen as well as Brandt and Kitagawa. The chapter also offers a preliminary discussion of the role of the stopping medium, gas-solid differences, and a survey of data compilations.

Restartable solid motor stage for shuttle applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rohrbaugh, D. J.

1973-01-01

The application of restartable solid motor stages to shuttle missions has been shown to provide a viable supplement to the shuttle program. Restartable solid motors in the 3000 pound class provide a small expendable transfer stage that reduces the demand on the shuttle for the lower energy missions. Shuttle operational requirements and preliminary performance data provided an input for defining design features required for restartable solid motor applications. These data provided a basis for a configuration definition that is compatible with shuttle operations. Mission by mission analysis showed the impact on a NASA supplied mission model. The results showed a 15% reduction in the number of shuttle flights required. In addition the amount of shuttle capability used to complete the mission objectives was significantly reduced. For example, in the 1979 missions there was a 62% reduction in shuttle capability used. The study also showed that the solid motor could provide a supplement to the TUG that would allow TUGS to be used in a recoverable rather than an expendable mode. The study shows a 71% reduction in the number of TUGs that would be expended.

42 CFR 485.701 - Basis and scope.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Therapy and Speech-Language Pathology Services § 485.701 Basis and scope. This subpart implements section 1861(p)(4) of the Act, which— (a) Defines outpatient physical therapy and speech pathology services; (b...

Basis And Application Of The CARES/LIFE Computer Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nemeth, Noel N.; Janosik, Lesley A.; Gyekenyesi, John P.; Powers, Lynn M.

1996-01-01

Report discusses physical and mathematical basis of Ceramics Analysis and Reliability Evaluation of Structures LIFE prediction (CARES/LIFE) computer program, described in "Program for Evaluation of Reliability of Ceramic Parts" (LEW-16018).

Model development and evaluation of methane potential from anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater sludge and un-dewatered grease trap waste.

PubMed

Yalcinkaya, Sedat; Malina, Joseph F

2015-06-01

The performance of anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater sludge with un-dewatered grease trap waste was assessed using modified biochemical methane potential tests under mesophilic conditions (35°C). Methane potentials, process inhibition and chemical behavior of the process were analyzed at different grease trap waste feed ratios on volatile solids basis. Nonlinear regression analyses of first order reaction and modified Gompertz equations were performed to assist in interpretation of the experimental results. Methane potential of un-dewatered grease trap waste was measured as 606 mL CH4/g VS(added), while methane potential of municipal wastewater sludge was only 223 mL CH4/g VS(added). The results indicated that anaerobic digestion of grease trap waste without dewatering yields less methane potential than concentrated/dewatered grease trap waste because of high wastewater content of un-dewatered grease trap waste. However, anaerobic co-digestion of municipal wastewater sludge and grease trap waste still yields over two times more methane potential and approximately 10% more volatile solids reduction than digestion of municipal wastewater sludge alone. The anaerobic co-digestion process inhibitions were reported at 70% and greater concentrated/dewatered grease trap waste additions on volatile solids basis in previous studies; however, no inhibition was observed at 100% un-dewatered grease trap waste digestion in the present study. These results indicate that anaerobic co-digestion of un-dewatered grease trap waste may reduce the inhibition risk compared to anaerobic co-digestion of concentrated/dewatered grease trap waste. In addition, a mathematical model was developed in this study for the first time to describe the relationship between grease trap waste feed ratio on volatile solids basis and resulting methane potential. Experimental data from the current study as well as previous biochemical methane potential studies were successfully fit to this relationship and allowed estimation of key performance parameters that provide additional insight into the factors affecting biochemical methane potential. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Potentials of the acousto-optical spectral data processing on a basis of a novel algorithm of the collinear wave heterodyning in a large-aperture KRS-5 crystalline cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shcherbakov, Alexandre S.; Maximov, Jewgemij; Sanchez Lucero, Daniel

2010-02-01

Recently proposed modern technique of a precise spectrum analysis within an algorithm of the collinear wave heterodyning implies a two-stage integrated processing, namely, the wave heterodyning of a signal in a square-law nonlinear medium and then the optical processing in the same cell. Technical advantage of this approach is in providing a direct processing of ultra-high-frequency radio-wave signals with essentially improved frequency resolution. This algorithm can be realized on a basis of various physical principles, and we consider an opportunity of involving the potentials of modern acousto-optics for these purposes. From this viewpoint, one needs a large-aperture effective acousto-optical cell, which operates in the Bragg regime and performs the ultra-high-frequency co-directional collinear acoustic wave heterodyning. The technique under consideration imposes specific requirements on the cell's material, namely, a high optical quality of large-size crystalline boules, high-efficient acousto-optical and acoustic interactions, and low group velocity of acoustic waves together with square-low dispersive acoustic losses. We focus our attention on the solid solutions of thallium chalcogenides and take the TlBr-TlI (thallium bromine - thallium iodine) solution, which forms KRS-5 cubic-symmetry crystals with the mass-ratio 58% of TlBr to 42% of TlI. Analysis shows that the acousto-optical cell made of a KRS-5 crystal oriented along the [111] -axis and the corresponding longitudinal elastic mode for producing the dynamic diffractive grating in that crystal can be exploited. With the acoustic velocity of about 1.92 mm/μs and attenuation of approximately 10 dB/(cm GHz2), similar cell is capable to provide an optical aperture of 50 mm and one of the highest figures of acousto-optical merit in solid states in the visible range. Such a cell is rather desirable for applications to direct parallel multi-channel optical spectrum analysis with substantially improved frequency resolution.

Model of Fluidized Bed Containing Reacting Solids and Gases

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bellan, Josette; Lathouwers, Danny

2003-01-01

A mathematical model has been developed for describing the thermofluid dynamics of a dense, chemically reacting mixture of solid particles and gases. As used here, "dense" signifies having a large volume fraction of particles, as for example in a bubbling fluidized bed. The model is intended especially for application to fluidized beds that contain mixtures of carrier gases, biomass undergoing pyrolysis, and sand. So far, the design of fluidized beds and other gas/solid industrial processing equipment has been based on empirical correlations derived from laboratory- and pilot-scale units. The present mathematical model is a product of continuing efforts to develop a computational capability for optimizing the designs of fluidized beds and related equipment on the basis of first principles. Such a capability could eliminate the need for expensive, time-consuming predesign testing.

The electrochemical reduction processes of solid compounds in high temperature molten salts.

PubMed

Xiao, Wei; Wang, Dihua

2014-05-21

Solid electrode processes fall in the central focus of electrochemistry due to their broad-based applications in electrochemical energy storage/conversion devices, sensors and electrochemical preparation. The electrolytic production of metals, alloys, semiconductors and oxides via the electrochemical reduction of solid compounds (especially solid oxides) in high temperature molten salts has been well demonstrated to be an effective and environmentally friendly process for refractory metal extraction, functional materials preparation as well as spent fuel reprocessing. The (electro)chemical reduction of solid compounds under cathodic polarizations generally accompanies a variety of changes at the cathode/melt electrochemical interface which result in diverse electrolytic products with different compositions, morphologies and microstructures. This report summarizes various (electro)chemical reactions taking place at the compound cathode/melt interface during the electrochemical reduction of solid compounds in molten salts, which mainly include: (1) the direct electro-deoxidation of solid oxides; (2) the deposition of the active metal together with the electrochemical reduction of solid oxides; (3) the electro-inclusion of cations from molten salts; (4) the dissolution-electrodeposition process, and (5) the electron hopping process and carbon deposition with the utilization of carbon-based anodes. The implications of the forenamed cathodic reactions on the energy efficiency, chemical compositions and microstructures of the electrolytic products are also discussed. We hope that a comprehensive understanding of the cathodic processes during the electrochemical reduction of solid compounds in molten salts could form a basis for developing a clean, energy efficient and affordable production process for advanced/engineering materials.

THE FORMATION OF PB(IV) OXIDES IN CHLORINATED WATER - PRESENTATION

EPA Science Inventory

Recent research has shown that Pb(IV) oxides can play an important geochemical role in drinking water distribution systems. The basis of most guidance for lead control in drinking water, however, presumes that Pb(II) solids control lead solubility. Therefore, it is important that...

Polygons and Faceted Polyhedra and Nanoporous Networks.

PubMed

Lu, Jianjiang; Mondal, Arunendu; Moulton, Brian; Zaworotko, Michael J

2001-06-01

Small rhombihexahedra and small cubicuboctahedra, namely faceted polyhedra, form the basis of two novel low-density framework solids that are afforded by the self-assembly of molecular squares only or molecular squares and triangles, respectively. © 2001 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Fed. Rep. of Germany.

Across-phase biomass pyrolysis stoichiometry, energy balance, and product formation kinetics

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Predictive correlations between reactions occurring in the gas-, liquid- and solid-phases are necessary to economically utilize the thermochemical conversion of agricultural wastes impacting the food, water, and energy nexus. On the basis of an empirical mass balance (99.7%), this study established...

Detecting and Characterizing Engineered Nanomaterials: A Key Tool for Environmentally Responsible Nanotechnology

EPA Science Inventory

The same properties of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) that are the basis for their many novel applications also raise important issues related to their environmental impact. ENMs might not behave similarly in the environment to the dissolved or solid forms of the chemicals from ...

Good Enough to Eat

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Swinbank, Elizabeth

2004-01-01

This article shows how the physical testing of food ingredients and products can be used as a starting point for exploring aspects of physics. The three main areas addressed are: mechanical properties of solid materials; liquid flow; optical techniques for measuring sugar concentration. The activities described were originally developed for…

Instrumental physical analysis of microwaved glycerol citrate foams

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Solid polyester glyceride polymers generated by microwave cooking were further cured in a conventional oven at 100 oC for 0, 6, 24, 48, or 72 hr and their physical properties were tested. Curing polyester glycerides resulted in decreased moisture content (MC), altered color, increased hydrated polym...

A Course on the Physics and Chemistry of Pollution

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hodges, Laurent

1971-01-01

Describes a course on environmental pollution which stresses physical and chemical principles. Course presents a unified discussion of air and water pollution and solid waste with special treatment of pesticides, thermal pollution, radioactivity, and electric power generation. Uses historical and current statistics extensively to set pollution…

Joint Quantum Institute |

Science.gov Websites

this award for his wide-ranging experimental physics research accomplishments. From 2015-2017 Fenton is a JQI Fellow and assistant professor of physics, and his chief area of research is experimental starting a new experimental research program focused on quantum memory and quantum information in solid

Terahertz Emitter Based on Frequency Mixing in Microchip Solid-State Laser Cavity

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-09

crystals” Applied Physics Letterrs 64, 1324 (1994). 7. Takayuki Shibuya, Takuya Akiba, Koji Suizu, Hirohisa Uchida, Chiko Otani, and Kodo Kawase...thin films”, Journal of Applied Physics 108, 044310 (2010) 23. Takayuki Shibuya, Takuya Akiba, Koji Suizu, Hirohisa Uchida, Chiko Otani, and Kodo

Photochemical gas lasers and hybrid (solid/gas) blue-green femtosecond systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mikheev, L. D.; Tcheremiskine, V. I.; Uteza, O. P.; Sentis, M. L.

2012-01-01

The review summarizes milestones and major breakthrough results obtained in the course of the development of a photochemical method applied to optical excitation of gas lasers on electronic molecular transitions by radiation from such unconventional pump sources as high-temperature electrical discharges and strong shock waves in gas. It also describes principles and techniques applied in hybrid (solid/gas) high-intensity laser systems emitting in the blue-green spectral region, and discusses wavelength scaling of laser-matter interaction by the example of laser wake-field acceleration (LWFA), high-order harmonic generation (HHG) and “water window” soft X-ray lasers. One of the most significant results of the photochemical method development consists in emerging broad bandwidth lasers (XeF(C-A), Xe2Cl, and Kr2F) operating in the blue-green spectral range, which have potential for amplification of ultra-short (down to 10 fs) optical pulses towards the Petawatt peak power level. The main goal of this review is to argue that the active media of these lasers may provide a basis for the development of fs systems generating super-intense ultrashort laser pulses in the visible spectral range. Some specific hybrid schemes, comprising solid state front-ends and photodissociation XeF(C-A) power boosting amplifiers, are described. They are now under development at the Lasers Plasmas and Photonic Processes (LP3) Laboratory (Marseille, France), the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute (Moscow, Russia) and the Institute of High-Current Electronics (Tomsk, Russia) with the aim of conducting proof-of-principle experiments. Some consequences of the visible-wavelength laser field interaction with matter are also surveyed to demonstrate advantages of short driver wavelength in the considered examples. One of the most important consequences is the possibility of coherent soft X-ray generation within the “water window” spectral range with the use of short wavelength driver pulses to pump a recombination laser.

Physical basis of destruction of concrete and other building materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suleymanova, L. A.; Pogorelova, I. A.; Kirilenko, S. V.; Suleymanov, K. A.

2018-03-01

In the article the scientifically-grounded views of authors on the physical essence of destruction process of concrete and other materials are stated; it is shown that the mechanism of destruction of materials is similar in its essence during the mechanical, thermal, physical-chemical and combined influences, and that in its basis Newton's third law lays. In all cases destruction consists in decompaction of structures, loosening of the internal bonds in materials, in the further integrity damage and their division into separate loosely-bound (full destruction) and unbound with each other (incomplete destruction) elements, which depends on the kind of external influence and perfection of materials structure.

An Improved Lattice Boltzmann Model for Non-Newtonian Flows with Applications to Solid-Fluid Interactions in External Flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adam, Saad; Premnath, Kannan

2016-11-01

Fluid mechanics of non-Newtonian fluids, which arise in numerous settings, are characterized by non-linear constitutive models that pose certain unique challenges for computational methods. Here, we consider the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), which offers some computational advantages due to its kinetic basis and its simpler stream-and-collide procedure enabling efficient simulations. However, further improvements are necessary to improve its numerical stability and accuracy for computations involving broader parameter ranges. Hence, in this study, we extend the cascaded LBM formulation by modifying its moment equilibria and relaxation parameters to handle a variety of non-Newtonian constitutive equations, including power-law and Bingham fluids, with improved stability. In addition, we include corrections to the moment equilibria to obtain an inertial frame invariant scheme without cubic-velocity defects. After preforming its validation study for various benchmark flows, we study the physics of non-Newtonian flow over pairs of circular and square cylinders in a tandem arrangement, especially the wake structure interactions and their effects on resulting forces in each cylinder, and elucidate the effect of the various characteristic parameters.

How Plastics Work

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bloomfield, Louis

2013-03-01

We encounter plastics every day, but despite their widespread use, amazing range of properties, and basic scientific underpinnings, most physicists--like most people--know relatively little about plastics. In contrast to hard crystalline and amorphous solids (e.g., metals, salts, ceramics, and glasses), we take plastics for granted, select them carelessly, and examine them more closely only on a need-to-know basis. By ignoring plastics until we need them, however, we risk not knowing what we don't know and using the wrong ones. To repurpose a familiar advertisement, ``there's a plastic for that.'' This talk will review some of the basic physics and science of plastics. It will examine the roles of temperature, order, intermolecular forces, entanglements, and linkages in plastics, and how those issues affect the properties of a given plastic. We'll stop along the way to recognize a few of the more familiar plastics, natural and synthetic, and explain some of their mechanical, chemical, and optical properties. The talk will conclude by explaining the remarkable properties of a plastic that has been largely misunderstood since its discovery 70 years ago: Silly Putty.

Depth profiling analysis of solar wind helium collected in diamond-like carbon film from Genesis

DOE PAGES

Bajo, Ken-ichi; Olinger, Chad T.; Jurewicz, Amy J.G.; ...

2015-01-01

The distribution of solar-wind ions in Genesis mission collectors, as determined by depth profiling analysis, constrains the physics of ion solid interactions involving the solar wind. Thus, they provide an experimental basis for revealing ancient solar activities represented by solar-wind implants in natural samples. We measured the first depth profile of ⁴He in a collector; the shallow implantation (peaking at <20 nm) required us to use sputtered neutral mass spectrometry with post-photoionization by a strong field. The solar wind He fluence calculated using depth profiling is ~8.5 x 10¹⁴ cm⁻². The shape of the solar wind ⁴He depth profile ismore » consistent with TRIM simulations using the observed ⁴He velocity distribution during the Genesis mission. It is therefore likely that all solar-wind elements heavier than H are completely intact in this Genesis collector and, consequently, the solar particle energy distributions for each element can be calculated from their depth profiles. Ancient solar activities and space weathering of solar system objects could be quantitatively reproduced by solar particle implantation profiles.« less

Biophysical aspects of using liposomes as delivery vehicles.

PubMed

Ulrich, Anne S

2002-04-01

Liposomes are used as biocompatible carriers of drugs, peptides, proteins, plasmic DNA, antisense oligonucleotides or ribozymes, for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biochemical purposes. The enormous versatility in particle size and in the physical parameters of the lipids affords an attractive potential for constructing tailor-made vehicles for a wide range of applications. Some of the recent literature will be reviewed here and presented from a biophysical point of view, thus providing a background for the more specialized articles in this special issue on liposome technology. Different properties (size, colloidal behavior, phase transitions, and polymorphism) of diverse lipid formulations (liposomes, lipoplexes, cubic phases, emulsions, and solid lipid nanoparticles) for distinct applications (parenteral, transdermal, pulmonary, and oral administration) will be rationalized in terms of common structural, thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the lipids. This general biophysical basis helps to understand pharmaceutically relevant aspects such as liposome stability during storage and towards serum, the biodistribution and specific targeting of cargo, and how to trigger drug release and membrane fusion. Methods for the preparation and characterization of liposomal formulations in vitro will be outlined, too.

Divergence of activity expansions: Is it actually a problem?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ushcats, M. V.; Bulavin, L. A.; Sysoev, V. M.; Ushcats, S. Yu.

2017-12-01

For realistic interaction models, which include both molecular attraction and repulsion (e.g., Lennard-Jones, modified Lennard-Jones, Morse, and square-well potentials), the asymptotic behavior of the virial expansions for pressure and density in powers of activity has been studied taking power terms of high orders into account on the basis of the known finite-order irreducible integrals as well as the recent approximations of infinite irreducible series. Even in the divergence region (at subcritical temperatures), this behavior stays thermodynamically adequate (in contrast to the behavior of the virial equation of state with the same set of irreducible integrals) and corresponds to the beginning of the first-order phase transition: the divergence yields the jump (discontinuity) in density at constant pressure and chemical potential. In general, it provides a statistical explanation of the condensation phenomenon, but for liquid or solid states, the physically proper description (which can turn the infinite discontinuity into a finite jump of density) still needs further study of high-order cluster integrals and, especially, their real dependence on the system volume (density).

Multidetector CT of blunt traumatic venous injuries in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

PubMed

Holly, Brian P; Steenburg, Scott D

2011-01-01

Venous injuries as a result of blunt trauma are rare. Even though current protocols for multidetector computed tomography (CT) of patients with trauma are designed to evaluate primarily the solid organs and arteries, blunt venous injuries may nevertheless be identified, or at least suspected, on the basis of the multidetector CT findings. Venous injuries are associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Diagnosis of a possible venous injury is crucial because the physical findings of a venous injury are nonspecific and may be absent. This article aims to make the radiologist aware of various venous injuries caused by blunt trauma and to provide helpful hints to aid in the identification of venous injuries. Multidetector CT technology, in combination with interactive manipulation of the raw dataset, can be useful in the creation of multiplanar reconstructed images and in the identification of a venous injury caused by blunt trauma. Familiarity with direct and indirect signs of venous injuries, as well as with examples of blunt traumatic venous injuries in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, will help in the diagnosis of these injuries.

Evaluation of the Effect of Exhausts from Liquid and Solid Rockets on Ozone Layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamagiwa, Yoshiki; Ishimaki, Tetsuya

This paper reports the analytical results of the influences of solid rocket and liquid rocket exhausts on ozone layer. It is worried about that the exhausts from solid propellant rockets cause the ozone depletion in the ozone layer. Some researchers try to develop the analytical model of ozone depletion by rocket exhausts to understand its physical phenomena and to find the effective design of rocket to minimize its effect. However, these models do not include the exhausts from liquid rocket although there are many cases to use solid rocket boosters with a liquid rocket at the same time in practical situations. We constructed combined analytical model include the solid rocket exhausts and liquid rocket exhausts to analyze their effects. From the analytical results, we find that the exhausts from liquid rocket suppress the ozone depletion by solid rocket exhausts.

Lubrication with solids.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.; Johnson, R. L.

1972-01-01

Brief discussion of the historical background, variety range, chemistry, physics, and other properties of solid lubricants, and review of their current uses. The widespread use of solid lubricants did not occur until about 1947. At present, they are the object of such interest that a special international conference on their subject was held in 1971. They are used at temperatures beyond the useful range of conventional lubricating oils and greases. Their low volatility provides them with the capability of functioning effectively in vacuum and invites their use in space applications. Their high load carrying ability makes them useful with heavily loaded components. Solid lubricants, however, do lack some of the desirable properties of conventional lubricants. Unlike oils and greases, which have fluidity and can continuously be carried back into contact with lubricated surfaces, solid lubricants, because of their immobility, have finite lives. Also, oils and greases can carry away frictional heat from contacting surfaces, while solid lubricants cannot.

Microgravity Particle Dynamics

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Clark, Ivan O.; Johnson, Edward J.

1996-01-01

This research seeks to identify the experiment design parameters for future flight experiments to better resolve the effects of thermal and velocity gradients on gas-solid flows. By exploiting the reduced body forces and minimized thermal convection current of reduced gravity experiments, features of gas-solid flow normally masked by gravitationally induced effects can be studied using flow regimes unattainable under unigravity. This paper assesses the physical scales of velocity, length, time, thermal gradient magnitude, and velocity gradient magnitude likely to be involved in laminar gas-solid multiphase flight experiments for 1-100 micro-m particles.

Contact Angle of Drops Measured on Nontransparent Surfaces and Capillary Flow Visualized

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chao, David F.; Zhang, Nengli

2003-01-01

The spreading of a liquid on a solid surface is important for various practical processes, and contact-angle measurements provide an elegant method to characterize the interfacial properties of the liquid with the solid substrates. The complex physical processes occurring when a liquid contacts a solid play an important role in determining the performance of chemical processes and materials. Applications for these processes are in printing, coating, gluing, textile dyeing, and adhesives and in the pharmaceutical industry, biomedical research, adhesives, flat panel display manufacturing, surfactant chemistry, and thermal engineering.

Nature of the Surface and Its Effect on Solid-state Interactions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Georges, J. M.

1984-01-01

An important aspect of the friction and wear of solids is the nature and the mechanical behavior of the surface films. A description of the mechanical, physical, and chemical behavior of surface films is achieved by an investigation of boundary lubrication. Two major points are demonstrated. First, the sliding of two solid surfaces under boundary lubricating conditions creates third bodies in the interface. Second, the nature and the evolution of the interface are dictated by the colloidal behavior of the products generated. To illustrate these two propositions, some recent work is presented.

A life in science

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mott, N.

This book is an autobiography by the 1977 Nobel Prize Winner for Physics. It spans a period of extensive development in physics, such as the beginning of quantum mechanics and its subsequent applications to solid-state physics. The author reveals his insights that have advanced microelectronics, computers and telecommunications and explains his views on issues such as the role of religion for scientists and the nuclear weapons debate.

Effects of polymer type and storage relative humidity on the kinetics of felodipine crystallization from amorphous solid dispersions.

PubMed

Rumondor, Alfred C F; Stanford, Lindsay A; Taylor, Lynne S

2009-12-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of polymer type and storage relative humidity (RH) on the crystallization kinetics of felodipine from amorphous solid dispersions. Crystallization of the model drug felodipine from amorphous solid dispersion samples containing poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) and hypromellose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were evaluated. Samples at three different drug-polymer weight ratios (10, 25, and 50 wt. % polymer) were prepared and stored at six different RHs (0%, 32%, 52% or 66%, 75%, 86%, and 93%). Periodically, the fraction of the drug that had crystallized from the samples was quantified using powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD). Felodipine crystallization rates from PVP-containing dispersions were found to be very sensitive to changes in storage RH, while crystallization rates from HPMCAS-containing dispersions were not. PVP and HPMCAS were similar in terms of their ability to inhibit crystallization at low RH, but when the storage RH was increased to 75% or above, felodipine crystallization from PVP-containing solid dispersions proceeded much faster. It is hypothesized that this trend was caused by moisture-induced drug-polymer immiscibility in PVP-felodipine system. For PVP-containing solid dispersion samples stored at 75% RH and above, crystallization of the model drug felodipine seemed to approach a kinetic plateau, whereby a fraction of the drug still remained amorphous even after storage for 500 days or more. The physical stability of solid dispersions as a function of RH is highly dependent on the polymer used to form the solid dispersion, with PVP-containing dispersions being much less physically stable at high RH than HPMCAS-containing dispersions.

FFTF disposable solid waste cask

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Thomson, J. D.; Goetsch, S. D.

1983-01-01

Disposal of radioactive waste from the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) will utilize a Disposable Solid Waste Cask (DSWC) for the transport and burial of irradiated stainless steel and inconel materials. Retrievability coupled with the desire for minimal facilities and labor costs at the disposal site identified the need for the DSWC. Design requirements for this system were patterned after Type B packages as outlined in 10 CFR 71 with a few exceptions based on site and payload requirements. A summary of the design basis, supporting analytical methods and fabrication practices developed to deploy the DSWC is provided in thismore » paper.« less

22 CFR 41.63 - Two-year home-country physical presence requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Two-year home-country physical presence...-year home-country physical presence requirement. (a) Statutory basis for rule. Section 212(e) of the... exchange visitor who seeks a waiver of the two-year home-country residence and physical presence...

22 CFR 41.63 - Two-year home-country physical presence requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Two-year home-country physical presence...-year home-country physical presence requirement. (a) Statutory basis for rule. Section 212(e) of the... exchange visitor who seeks a waiver of the two-year home-country residence and physical presence...

22 CFR 41.63 - Two-year home-country physical presence requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Two-year home-country physical presence...-year home-country physical presence requirement. (a) Statutory basis for rule. Section 212(e) of the... exchange visitor who seeks a waiver of the two-year home-country residence and physical presence...

22 CFR 41.63 - Two-year home-country physical presence requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Two-year home-country physical presence...-year home-country physical presence requirement. (a) Statutory basis for rule. Section 212(e) of the... exchange visitor who seeks a waiver of the two-year home-country residence and physical presence...

Finnish Cooperating Physics Teachers' Conceptions of Physics Teachers' Teacher Knowledge

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Asikainen, Mervi A.; Hirvonen, Pekka E.

2010-01-01

This article examines Finnish cooperating physics teachers' conceptions of teacher knowledge in physics. Six experienced teachers were interviewed. The data was analyzed to form categories concerning the basis of teacher knowledge, and the tradition of German Didaktik and Shulman's theory of teacher knowledge were used in order to understand the…

Development of advanced test methods for the improvement of production standards for ceramic powders used in solid oxide fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ward, Brian

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are energy conversion devices that use ceramic powders as a precursor material for their electrodes. Presently, powder manufacturers are encountering complications producing consistent precursor powders. Through various thermal, chemical and physical tests, such as DSC and XRD, a preliminary production standard will be developed.

Effect of Interaction of the Temperature Field and Supersaturation on the Morphology of the Solid-Vapor Interface in Crystal Growth by Physical Vapor Transport

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grasza, K.; Palosz, W.; Curreri, Peter A. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

An in-situ study of the morphology of the solid-vapor interface during iodine crystal growth was done. The conditions for terrace growth, flat faces formation and retraction, competition between sources of steps, formation of protrusions, surface roughening, and defect overgrowth are demonstrated and discussed.

Examination of adhesive penetration in modified wood using fluorescence microscopy

Treesearch

Jermal G. Chandler; Rishawn L. Brandon; Charles R. Frihart

2005-01-01

Adhesive bonding takes place when an adhesive undergoes the conversion from liquid to solid. The liquid properties are needed for the adhesive to fully wet the bonding substance, and the solid properties are needed for the strength required for the union of the final product. The mobility of an adhesive depends heavily on its own physical and chemical properties and...

43 CFR 41.415 - Access to course offerings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... on such basis, including health, physical education, industrial, business, vocational, technical... physical education at the elementary school level, the recipient shall comply fully with this section as... September 29, 2000. (2) This section does not prohibit grouping of students in physical education classes...