Development of Composite Honeycomb and Solid Laminate Reference Standards to Aid Aircraft Inspections

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dorrell, L.; Roach, D.

1999-03-04

The rapidly increasing use of composites on commercial airplanes coupled with the potential for economic savings associated with their use in aircraft structures means that the demand for composite materials technology will continue to increase. Inspecting these composite structures is a critical element in assuring their continued airworthiness. The FAA's Airworthiness Assurance NDI Validation Center, in conjunction with the Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee (CACRC), is developing a set of composite reference standards to be used in NDT equipment calibration for accomplishment of damage assessment and post-repair inspection of all commercial aircraft composites. In this program, a series of NDImore » tests on a matrix of composite aircraft structures and prototype reference standards were completed in order to minimize the number of standards needed to carry out composite inspections on aircraft. Two tasks, related to composite laminates and non-metallic composite honeycomb configurations, were addressed. A suite of 64 honeycomb panels, representing the bounding conditions of honeycomb construction on aircraft, were inspected using a wide array of NDI techniques. An analysis of the resulting data determined the variables that play a key role in setting up NDT equipment. This has resulted in a prototype set of minimum honeycomb reference standards that include these key variables. A sequence of subsequent tests determined that this minimum honeycomb reference standard set is able to fully support inspections over the fill range of honeycomb construction scenarios. Current tasks are aimed at optimizing the methods used to engineer realistic flaws into the specimens. In the solid composite laminate arena, we have identified what appears to be an excellent candidate, G11 Phenolic, as a generic solid laminate reference standard material. Testing to date has determined matches in key velocity and acoustic impedance properties, as well as, low attenuation relative to carbon laminates. Furthermore, comparisons of resonance testing response curves from the G11 Phenolic prototype standard was very similar to the resonance response curves measured on the existing carbon and fiberglass laminates. NDI data shows that this material should work for both pulse-echo (velocity-based) and resonance (acoustic impedance-based) inspections. Additional testing and industry review activities are underway to complete the validation of this material.« less

Ionic liquid-modified materials for solid-phase extraction and separation: a review.

PubMed

Vidal, Lorena; Riekkola, Marja-Liisa; Canals, Antonio

2012-02-17

In recent years, materials science has propelled to the research forefront. Ionic liquids with unique and fascinating properties have also left their footprints to the developments of materials science during the last years. In this review we highlight some of their recent advances and provide an overview at the current status of ionic liquid-modified materials applied in solid-phase extraction, liquid and gas chromatography and capillary electrochromatography with reference to recent applications. In addition, the potential of ionic liquids in the modification of capillary inner wall in capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The main target material modified with ionic liquids is silica, but polymers and monoliths have recently joined the studies. Although imidazolium is still clearly the most commonly used ionic liquid for the covalently modification of materials, the exploitation of pyridinium and phosphonium will most probably increase in the future. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods...: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle...

Liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and with isotope-dilution mass spectrometry for determination of isoflavones in soy standard reference materials.

PubMed

Phillips, Melissa M; Bedner, Mary; Reitz, Manuela; Burdette, Carolyn Q; Nelson, Michael A; Yen, James H; Sander, Lane C; Rimmer, Catherine A

2017-02-01

Two independent analytical approaches, based on liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, have been developed for determination of isoflavones in soy materials. These two methods yield comparable results for a variety of soy-based foods and dietary supplements. Four Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) have been produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to assist the food and dietary supplement community in method validation and have been assigned values for isoflavone content using both methods. These SRMs include SRM 3234 Soy Flour, SRM 3236 Soy Protein Isolate, SRM 3237 Soy Protein Concentrate, and SRM 3238 Soy-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form. A fifth material, SRM 3235 Soy Milk, was evaluated using the methods and found to be inhomogeneous for isoflavones and unsuitable for value assignment. Graphical Abstract Separation of six isoflavone aglycones and glycosides found in Standard Reference Material (SRM) 3236 Soy Protein Isolate.

Preliminary Reports, Memoranda and Technical Notes of the Materials Research Council Summer Conference, La Jolla, California

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-07-01

Multilayer Thin Film materials M. S. Wrighton ...................................... 26 •.. Line Defects in Langmuir - Blodgett Films J. P. Hirth...of Langmuir and Blodgett can be used to prepare monolayers and multilayers of organic materials on a o, variety of substrates. The films of organic...references therein. * 2. Cf. Thin Solid Films, 99, (1982) from the proceedings of the "* . International Conference on Langmuir - Blodgett Films held

PARTICULATE EMISSION CONTROL

EPA Science Inventory

Particle or particulate matter is defined as any finely divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, emitted to the ambient air as measured by applicable reference methods, or an equivalent or alternative method, or by a test method specified in 40CFR50.

Crystallization processes in pharmaceutical technology and drug delivery design

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shekunov, B. Yu; York, P.

2000-04-01

Crystallization is a major technological process for particle formation in pharmaceutical industry and, in addition, plays an important role in defining the stability and drug release properties of the final dosage forms. Industrial and regulatory aspects of crystallization are briefly reviewed with reference to solid-state properties of pharmaceuticals. Crystallization, incorporating wider definition to include precipitation and solid-state transitions, is considered in terms of preparation of materials for direct compression, formation of amorphous, solvated and polymorphic forms, chiral separation of drugs, production of materials for inhalation drug delivery and injections. Finally, recent developments in supercritical fluid particle technology is considered in relationship to the areas discussed.

Sediment laboratory quality-assurance project: studies of methods and materials

USGS Publications Warehouse

Gordon, J.D.; Newland, C.A.; Gray, J.R.

2001-01-01

In August 1996 the U.S. Geological Survey initiated the Sediment Laboratory Quality-Assurance project. The Sediment Laboratory Quality Assurance project is part of the National Sediment Laboratory Quality-Assurance program. This paper addresses the fmdings of the sand/fme separation analysis completed for the single-blind reference sediment-sample project and differences in reported results between two different analytical procedures. From the results it is evident that an incomplete separation of fme- and sand-size material commonly occurs resulting in the classification of some of the fme-size material as sand-size material. Electron microscopy analysis supported the hypothesis that the negative bias for fme-size material and the positive bias for sand-size material is largely due to aggregation of some of the fine-size material into sand-size particles and adherence of fine-size material to the sand-size grains. Electron microscopy analysis showed that preserved river water, which was low in dissolved solids, specific conductance, and neutral pH, showed less aggregation and adhesion than preserved river water that was higher in dissolved solids and specific conductance with a basic pH. Bacteria were also found growing in the matrix, which may enhance fme-size material aggregation through their adhesive properties. Differences between sediment-analysis methods were also investigated as pan of this study. Suspended-sediment concentration results obtained from one participating laboratory that used a total-suspended solids (TSS) method had greater variability and larger negative biases than results obtained when this laboratory used a suspended-sediment concentration method. When TSS methods were used to analyze the reference samples, the median suspended sediment concentration percent difference was -18.04 percent. When the laboratory used a suspended-sediment concentration method, the median suspended-sediment concentration percent difference was -2.74 percent. The percent difference was calculated as follows: Percent difference = (( reported mass - known mass)/known mass ) X 100.

High performance solid and liquid lubricants: An industrial guide

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, Ernest L.

1987-01-01

This handbook is intended to provide a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel can conveniently locate data needed for their work. This handbook is divided into two major parts (A and B). Part A is a compilation of solid lubricant suppliers information on chemical and physical property of data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions, and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds, and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications of spacecraft.

On-line double isotope dilution laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of solid materials.

PubMed

Fernández, Beatriz; Rodríguez-González, Pablo; García Alonso, J Ignacio; Malherbe, Julien; García-Fonseca, Sergio; Pereiro, Rosario; Sanz-Medel, Alfredo

2014-12-03

We report on the determination of trace elements in solid samples by the combination of on-line double isotope dilution and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The proposed method requires the sequential analysis of the sample and a certified natural abundance standard by on-line IDMS using the same isotopically-enriched spike solution. In this way, the mass fraction of the analyte in the sample can be directly referred to the certified standard so the previous characterization of the spike solution is not required. To validate the procedure, Sr, Rb and Pb were determined in certified reference materials with different matrices, including silicate glasses (SRM 610, 612 and 614) and powdered samples (PACS-2, SRM 2710a, SRM 1944, SRM 2702 and SRM 2780). The analysis of powdered samples was carried out both by the preparation of pressed pellets and by lithium borate fusion. Experimental results for the analysis of powdered samples were in agreement with the certified values for all materials. Relative standard deviations in the range of 6-21% for pressed pellets and 3-21% for fused solids were obtained from n=3 independent measurements. Minimal sample preparation, data treatment and consumption of the isotopically-enriched isotopes are the main advantages of the method over previously reported approaches. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Development of a candidate reference measurement procedure for the analysis of cortisol in human serum samples by isotope dilution-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Kawaguchi, Migaku; Takatsu, Akiko

2009-08-01

A candidate reference measurement procedure involving isotope dilution coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed and critically evaluated. An isotopically labeled internal standard, cortisol-d(2), was added to a serum sample. After equilibration, solid-phase extractions (SPE) for sample preparation and derivatization with heptafluorobutyric anhydride (HFBA) were performed for GC-MS analysis. The limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 5 and 20 ng g(-1), respectively. The recovery of the added cortisol ranged from 99.8 to 101.0%. Excellent precision was obtained with a within-day variation (RSD) of 0.7% for GC-MS analysis. The accuracy of the measurement was evaluated by comparing of results of this reference measurement procedure on lyophilized human serum reference materials for cortisol (European Reference Materials (ERM)-DA 192) as Certified Reference Materials (CRMs). The results of this method for total cortisol agreed with the certified values within some uncertainty. This method, which demonstrates simply, easy, good accuracy, high precision, and is free from interferences from structural analogues, qualifies as a reference measurement procedure.

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

40 CFR 60.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for... divided solid or liquid material, other than uncombined water, as measured by the reference methods..., magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by...

Reference Materials for Trace Element Microanalysis of Carbonates by SIMS and other Mass Spectrometric Techniques

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Layne, G. D.

2009-12-01

Today, many areas of geochemical research utilize microanalytical determinations of trace elements in carbonate minerals. In particular, there has been an explosion in the application of Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) to studies of marine biomineralization. SIMS provides highly precise determinations of Mg and Sr at the concentration levels normally encountered in corals, mollusks or fish otoliths. It is also a highly effective means for determining a wide range of other trace elements at ppm levels (e.g., Na, Fe, Mn, Ba, REE, Pb, Th, and U) in a variety of naturally occurring calcite and aragonite matrices - and so is potentially valuable in studies of diagenesis, hydrothermal fluids and carbonatitic magmas. For SIMS, modest time per spot (often <5 min), lateral spatial resolution (<10 μm), sample volume consumption (<10 ng) and overall reproducibility compare extremely favorably with other microanalytical techniques for these applications. However, accuracy and reproducibility are currently wholly limited by the homogeneity of available solid reference material - which is far inferior to the tenths of a percent levels of precision achieved by SIMS. Due to variation in the sputtered ion yields of most elements with the major element composition of the sample matrix, accuracy of SIMS depends intimately on matrix-matched solid reference materials. Despite its rapidly increasing use for trace element analyses of carbonates, there remains a dearth of certified reference materials suitable for calibrating SIMS. The pressed powders used by some analysts to calibrate LA-ICP-MS do not perform well for SIMS - they are not perfectly dense or homogeneous to the desired level at the micron scale of sampling. Further, they often prove incompatible with the sample high vacuum compatibility requirement for stable SIMS analysis (10-8 to 10-9 torr). Some naturally occurring calcite has apparent utility as a reference material. For example, equigranular calcite from some zones of carbonatite intrusions (sovites) and recrystallized calcites from highly metamorphosed metallic ore deposits. Most calcite marbles, though possibly appropriate as Sr standards, show substantial inhomogeneity in Mg, Mn and Ba. Some hydrothermal “Iceland Spar” calcite may prove useful as a reference for extremely low concentrations of Mg, Sr and Ba. The best carbonatitic calcites currently in use appear homogeneous to better than 2-3% for Sr (and somewhat less homogeneous for Mg). But these standards still require numerous replicate analyses during analytical sessions to reduce the overall uncertainty to <<1.0%.The availability of appropriate certified solid reference materials with a high degree of homogeneity would greatly benefit the utilization and inter-comparison of SIMS determinations in carbonates, while substantially reducing the time consumed in calibration. Some studies would also benefit from the extension of this effort to the characterization of appropriate standards of other rhombohedral carbonates (especially dolomite and Fe-rich calcite).

Extraction and quantitative analysis of iodine in solid and solution matrixes.

PubMed

Brown, Christopher F; Geiszler, Keith N; Vickerman, Tanya S

2005-11-01

129I is a contaminant of interest in the vadose zone and groundwater at numerous federal and privately owned facilities. Several techniques have been utilized to extract iodine from solid matrixes; however, all of them rely on two fundamental approaches: liquid extraction or chemical/heat-facilitated volatilization. While these methods are typically chosen for their ease of implementation, they do not totally dissolve the solid. We defined a method that produces complete solid dissolution and conducted laboratory tests to assess its efficacy to extract iodine from solid matrixes. Testing consisted of potassium nitrate/potassium hydroxide fusion of the sample, followed by sample dissolution in a mixture of sulfuric acid and sodium bisulfite. The fusion extraction method resulted in complete sample dissolution of all solid matrixes tested. Quantitative analysis of 127I and 129I via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry showed better than +/-10% accuracy for certified reference standards, with the linear operating range extending more than 3 orders of magnitude (0.005-5 microg/L). Extraction and analysis of four replicates of standard reference material containing 5 microg/g 127I resulted in an average recovery of 98% with a relative deviation of 6%. This simple and cost-effective technique can be applied to solid samples of varying matrixes with little or no adaptation.

Halloysite nanotubes as a solid sorbent in ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction for the determination of bismuth in water samples using high-resolution continuum source graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Krawczyk-Coda, Magdalena

2017-03-01

In this research, a simple, accurate, and inexpensive preconcentration procedure was developed for the determination of bismuth in water samples, using high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR CS GFAAS). During the preconcentration step, halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were used as a solid sorbent in ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (USA DMSPE). The influence of the pH of the sample solution, amount of HNTs, and extraction time, as well as of the main parameters of HR CS GFAAS, on absorbance was investigated. The limit of detection was 0.005 μg L- 1. The preconcentration factor achieved for bismuth was 32. The relative standard deviation (RSD) was 4%. The accuracy of this method was validated by analyses of NIST SRM 1643e (Trace elements in water) and TMDA-54.5 (A high level fortified sample for trace elements) certified reference materials. The measured bismuth contents in these certified reference materials were in satisfactory agreement with the certified values according to the t-test for a 95% confidence level. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the determination of bismuth in five different real water samples (seawater, lake water, river water, stream water and rain water).

Application of laser ablation multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the measurement of calcium and lead isotope ratios in packaging for discriminatory purposes.

PubMed

Santamaria-Fernandez, Rebeca; Wolff, Jean-Claude

2010-07-30

The potential of high-precision calcium and lead isotope ratio measurements using laser ablation coupled to multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) to aid distinction between four genuine and five counterfeit pharmaceutical packaging samples and further classification of counterfeit packaging samples has been evaluated. We highlight the lack of reference materials for LA-MC-ICP-MS isotope ratio measurements in solids. In this case the problem is minimised by using National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM) 915a calcium carbonate (as solid pellets) and NIST SRM610 glass disc for sample bracketing external standardisation. In addition, a new reference material, NIST SRM915b calcium carbonate, has been characterised in-house for Ca isotope ratios and is used as a reference sample. Significant differences have been found between genuine and counterfeit samples; the method allows detection of counterfeits and aids further classification of packaging samples. Typical expanded uncertainties for measured-corrected Ca isotope ratio values ((43)Ca/(44)Ca and (42)Ca/(44)Ca) were found to be below 0.06% (k = 2, 95% confidence) and below 0.2% for measured-corrected Pb isotope ratios ((207)Pb/(206)Pb and (208)Pb/(206)Pb). This is the first time that Ca isotope ratios have been measured in packaging materials using LA coupled to a multicollector (MC)-ICP-MS instrument. The use of LA-MC-ICP-MS for direct measurement of Ca and Pb isotopic variations in cardboard/ink in packaging has definitive potential to aid counterfeit detection and classification. Copyright 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED EXTRACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM STANDARD REFERENCE SOILS AND SEDIMENTS

EPA Science Inventory

As part of an ongoing evaluation of new sample preparation techniques by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), especially those that minimize waste solvents, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) of organic compounds from solid materials (or "matrices") was evaluated. Six...

Polyacrylate microspheres composite for all-solid-state reference electrodes.

PubMed

Kisiel, Anna; Donten, Mikołaj; Mieczkowski, Józef; Rius-Ruiz, F Xavier; Maksymiuk, Krzysztof; Michalska, Agata

2010-09-01

A novel concept is proposed for the encapsulation of components within polyacrylate microspheres, prior to their incorporation into a membrane phase. Thus finer and better controlled dispersion of heterogeneous membrane components can be achieved. This concept was verified by using a poly(n-butyl acrylate) membrane-based reference electrode as an example. In this example the proper dispersion of solid constituents of the heterogeneous membrane and prevention of their leakage are both of primary importance. Potassium chloride-loaded poly(n-butyl acrylate) microspheres were prepared and then left in contact with silver nitrate to convert some of the KCl into AgCl. The material obtained was introduced into a poly(n-butyl acrylate) membrane. The reference electrode membranes obtained in this way were characterized with much more stable potential (both in different electrolytes and over time) compared with electrodes prepared by the direct introduction of KCl and AgCl to the membrane.

Lubrication handbook for the space industry. Part A: Solid lubricants. Part B: Liquid lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmurtrey, E. L.

1985-01-01

This handbook is intended to provide a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel can conveniently locate data needed for their work. This handbook is divided into two major parts (A and B). Part A is a compilation of solid lubricant suppliers information on chemical and physical property of data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions, and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical porperty data of more then 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds, and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications of spacecraft.

40 CFR 72.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil fuel-fired means the... average quantity of fossil fuel consumed by a unit, measured in millions of British Thermal Units... high relative to the reference value. Boiler means an enclosed fossil or other fuel-fired combustion...

40 CFR 72.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil fuel-fired means the... average quantity of fossil fuel consumed by a unit, measured in millions of British Thermal Units... high relative to the reference value. Boiler means an enclosed fossil or other fuel-fired combustion...

40 CFR 72.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil fuel-fired means the... average quantity of fossil fuel consumed by a unit, measured in millions of British Thermal Units... high relative to the reference value. Boiler means an enclosed fossil or other fuel-fired combustion...

40 CFR 72.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... any form of solid, liquid, or gaseous fuel derived from such material. Fossil fuel-fired means the... average quantity of fossil fuel consumed by a unit, measured in millions of British Thermal Units... high relative to the reference value. Boiler means an enclosed fossil or other fuel-fired combustion...

Lubrication handbook for use in the space industry. Part A: Solid lubricants. Part B: Liquid lubricants

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Campbell, M. E.; Thompson, M. B.

1972-01-01

This handbook provides a ready reference for many of the solid and liquid lubricants used in the space industry. Lubricants and lubricant properties are arranged systematically so that designers, engineers, and maintenance personnel in the space industry can conveniently locate data needed for their work. The handbook is divided into two major parts. Part A is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 solid lubricants, bonded solid lubricants, dispersions and composites. Part B is a compilation of chemical and physical property data of more than 250 liquid lubricants, greases, oils, compounds and fluids. The listed materials cover a broad spectrum, from manufacturing and ground support to hardware applications for missiles and spacecraft.

High Strength Carbide-Based Fibrous Monolith Materials for Solid Rocket Nozzles

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-02-19

individual powders are blended with thermoplastic melt-extrudable polymer binders and plasticizers , using a high shear mixer (Brabender Technologie Inc...Ethylene Ethyl Acrylate, EEA DuPont MFI 1.5 and 20 DPDA 9169 NT Stearic Acid Crompton Hystrene 97 18 NF FG 65 References 1. J. B

Shack-Hartmann and Interferometric Hybrid Wavefront Sensor

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-24

focused spots from those measured for a reference surface [45]. In 1971 B. C. Platt and R. V. Shack proposed using a lenticular screen made with two...Shack-Hartmann WFS. Modern Shack-Hartmann sensors use a lenslet array formed from a solid piece of optical material instead of a lenticular screen [45

Nanojets: Electrification, Energetics, Dynamics, Stability and Breakup

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-01

citations therein. This excellent review contains original material as well as a comprehensive discussion and list of references to earlier work on...Increasing E field, liquid state aspect ratio d =10 nm E > Ecritical + E=0.625 V/nm Decreasing E field after ordering; liquid-solid coexistence E=1.0 V

Vessel suppressed chest Computed Tomography for semi-automated volumetric measurements of solid pulmonary nodules.

PubMed

Milanese, Gianluca; Eberhard, Matthias; Martini, Katharina; Vittoria De Martini, Ilaria; Frauenfelder, Thomas

2018-04-01

To evaluate whether vessel-suppressed computed tomography (VSCT) can be reliably used for semi-automated volumetric measurements of solid pulmonary nodules, as compared to standard CT (SCT) MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ninety-three SCT were elaborated by dedicated software (ClearRead CT, Riverain Technologies, Miamisburg, OH, USA), that allows subtracting vessels from lung parenchyma. Semi-automated volumetric measurements of 65 solid nodules were compared between SCT and VSCT. The measurements were repeated by two readers. For each solid nodule, volume measured on SCT by Reader 1 and Reader 2 was averaged and the average volume between readers acted as standard of reference value. Concordance between measurements was assessed using Lin's Concordance Correlation Coefficient (CCC). Limits of agreement (LoA) between readers and CT datasets were evaluated. Standard of reference nodule volume ranged from 13 to 366 mm 3 . The mean overestimation between readers was 3 mm 3 and 2.9 mm 3 on SCT and VSCT, respectively. Semi-automated volumetric measurements on VSCT showed substantial agreement with the standard of reference (Lin's CCC = 0.990 for Reader 1; 0.985 for Reader 2). The upper and lower LoA between readers' measurements were (16.3, -22.4 mm 3 ) and (15.5, -21.4 mm 3 ) for SCT and VSCT, respectively. VSCT datasets are feasible for the measurements of solid nodules, showing an almost perfect concordance between readers and with measurements on SCT. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Quantification of the predominant monomeric catechins in baking chocolate standard reference material by LC/APCI-MS.

PubMed

Nelson, Bryant C; Sharpless, Katherine E

2003-01-29

Catechins are polyphenolic plant compounds (flavonoids) that may offer significant health benefits to humans. These benefits stem largely from their anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, and antimutagenic properties. Recent epidemiological studies suggest that the consumption of flavonoid-containing foods is associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular disease. Chocolate is a natural cocoa bean-based product that reportedly contains high levels of monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric catechins. We have applied solid-liquid extraction and liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry to the identification and determination of the predominant monomeric catechins, (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, in a baking chocolate Standard Reference Material (NIST Standard Reference Material 2384). (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin are detected and quantified in chocolate extracts on the basis of selected-ion monitoring of their protonated [M + H](+) molecular ions. Tryptophan methyl ester is used as an internal standard. The developed method has the capacity to accurately quantify as little as 0.1 microg/mL (0.01 mg of catechin/g of chocolate) of either catechin in chocolate extracts, and the method has additionally been used to certify (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin levels in the baking chocolate Standard Reference Material. This is the first reported use of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the quantitative determination of monomeric catechins in chocolate and the only report certifying monomeric catechin levels in a food-based Standard Reference Material.

Elasto-capillary torsion at a liquid interface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oratis, Alexandros; Farmer, Timothy; Bird, James

2016-11-01

When a liquid drop wets a solid, the droplet typically spreads over the solid. By contrast, for sufficiently compliant solids, the solid can instead spread around the drop. This wrapping phenomenon has been exploited to assemble 3-dimensional structures from 2-dimensional sheets, a process often referred to as capillary origami. Although existing studies of this self-assembly have demonstrated bending and folding, methods of inducing spontaneous twisting by means of capillarity are less clear. Here we demonstrate that spontaneous twist can be initiated in a compliant solid through a combination of surface chemistry and capillarity. Experimentally, we measure the angle of twist on a surface with binary patterns of surface wettability as we vary the solid's geometric and material properties. We develop a scaling law to relate this angle of twist to the elastic and interfacial properties, which compares well with our experimental results.

Torsion pendulum measurements on viscoelastic materials during vacuum exposure

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ward, T. C.; Evans, M. L.

1972-01-01

A torsional pendulum apparatus designed for testing in situ in vacuum, the dynamic mechanical properties of materials is described. The application of this apparatus to an experimental program to measure the effects of vacuum on the mechanical properties of two ablator materials (a foamed material and a filled elastomer) and a solid rocket propellant (a filled elastomer) is presented. Results from the program are discussed as to the effects of vacuum on the mechanical properties of these three materials. In addition, time-temperature-superposition, as a technique for accelerating vacuum induced changes in mechanical properties, is discussed with reference to the three materials tested in the subject program.

Flow-through bioassay for measuring bioaccumulation of toxic substances from sediment

USGS Publications Warehouse

Mac, Michael J.; Edsall, Carol C.; Hesselberg, Robert J.; Sayers, Richard E.

1984-01-01

Over 10 million cubic meters of sediment are dredged annually from Great Lakes waterways. Because much of this material is taken from harbors, connecting channels, and other nearshore areas that often are contaminated with toxic substances, the sediments proposed for dredging need to be evaluated for the presence of bioavailable contaminants and the potential for toxicity to the biota. Sound decisions on the appropriate disposal of the dredged material can be made only after such an evaluation. Presently, no standardized procedure exists for evaluating dredged material in freshwater systems although current criteria for discharge of dredged material into marine water have been developed (USEPA/CE 1977). In the ocean discharge guideline, it is recommended that bioassays be conducted on liquid, solid, and suspended particulate phases of dredged material. because it appears that the solid phase has the greatest potential for environmental damage and because measurement of bioaccumulation must be made to evaluate sediments for disposal (USEPA/CE 1977, Seeyle and Mac 1983), we developed a bioassay for testing the solid phase of dredged material that measures the survival of organisms and, perhaps more important, the bioaccumulation of toxic substances by aquatic organisms from naturally contaminated sediments (Peddicord et al. 1980; Rubinstein et al. 1980, 1983; Seeyle st al. 1982), several have used testing methods that result in unacceptable mortality to control organisms (Bahnick et al. 1981, Prater et al. 1983). Our bioassay is intended to estimate the potential for bioaccumlation of contaminants from sediments that are not acutely toxic to test organisms, but are suspected of containing persistent contaminants. By using test organisms that are not highly susceptible to toxic compounds, the bioaccumulation test allows estimation of the potential food-chain accumulation of contaminants that may occur in local biota from surficial sediments. In practice, bioaccumulation observed in this bioassay by organisms exposed to test sediments (sediments to be dredged) would be compared to bioaccumulation observed from sediments collected from a reference site (e.g. a disposal site or open lake), and also from control sediments (relatively clean sediment). Decisions could then be based on a comparison of results between tests and reference sediments to determine if disposal would cause dehydration to the habitat, and between reference and control sediment to determine if even the reference material is seriously contaminated. Although the test is not intended to be a toxicity test per se, use of test, reference, and control sediments enables interpretation of any mortality of organisms that may occur during the bioassays. High mortality in bioassays with test or reference sediment would indicate acute toxicity of sediments in the project area. However if high mortality occurs in all three sediments, it can be assumed that the organisms were not in a healthy state at the time of testing. We describe the results of 10-day sediment bioassays in which both mortality and bioaccumulation were measured in four aquatic organisms. We exposed two infaunal organisms and two species of fish to test and control sediments in the laboratory.

The Physics and Chemistry of Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gersten, Joel I.; Smith, Frederick W.

2001-06-01

A comprehensive introduction to the structure, properties, and applications of materials This title provides the first unified treatment for the broad subject of materials. Authors Gersten and Smith use a fundamental approach to define the structure and properties of a wide range of solids on the basis of the local chemical bonding and atomic order present in the material. Emphasizing the physical and chemical origins of material properties, the book focuses on the most technologically important materials being utilized and developed by scientists and engineers. Appropriate for use in advanced materials courses, The Physics and Chemistry of Materials provides the background information necessary to assimilate the current academic and patent literature on materials and their applications. Problem sets, illustrations, and helpful tables complete this well-rounded new treatment. Five sections cover these important topics: * Structure of materials, including crystal structure, bonding in solids, diffraction and the reciprocal lattice, and order and disorder in solids * Physical properties of materials, including electrical, thermal, optical, magnetic, and mechanical properties * Classes of materials, including semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic materials, and optical materials in addition to metals, ceramics, polymers, dielectrics, and ferroelectrics * A section on surfaces, thin films, interfaces, and multilayers discusses the effects of spatial discontinuities in the physical and chemical structure of materials * A section on synthesis and processing examines the effects of synthesis on the structure and properties of various materials This book is enhanced by a Web-based supplement that offers advanced material together with an entire electronic chapter on the characterization of materials. The Physics and Chemistry of Materials is a complete introduction to the structure and properties of materials for students and an excellent reference for scientists and engineers.

Assessment of bioburden encapsulated in bulk materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schubert, Wayne W.; Newlin, Laura; Chung, Shirley Y.; Ellyin, Raymond

2016-05-01

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) imposes bioburden limitations on all spacecraft destined for solar system bodies that might harbor evidence of extant or extinct life. The subset of microorganisms trapped within solid materials during manufacture and assembly is referred to as encapsulated bioburden. In the absence of spacecraft-specific data, NASA relies on specification values to estimate total spacecraft encapsulated bioburden, typically 30 endospores/cm3 or 300 viable cells/cm3 in non-electronic materials. Specification values for endospores have been established conservatively, and represent no less than an order of magnitude greater abundance than that derived from empirical assessments of actual spacecraft materials. The goal of this study was to generate data germane to determining whether revised bulk encapsulated material values (lower than those estimated by historical specifications) tailored specifically to the materials designated in modern-day spacecraft design could be used, on a case-by-case basis, to comply with planetary protection requirements. Organic materials having distinctly different chemical properties and configurations were selected. This required more than one experimental and analytical approach. Filtration was employed for liquid electrolytes, lubricants were suspended in an aqueous solution and solids (wire and epoxy sealant) were cryogenically milled. The final data characteristic for all bioburden estimates was microbial colony formation in rich agar growth medium. To assess survival potential, three non-spore-forming bacterial cell lines were systematically encapsulated in an epoxy matrix, liberated via cryogenic grinding, and cultured. Results suggest that bulk solid materials harbor significantly fewer encapsulated microorganisms than are estimated by specification values. Lithium-ion battery electrolyte reagents housed fewer than 1 CFU/cm3. Results also demonstrated that non-spore-forming microorganisms are capable of surviving encapsulation within, and liberation from, epoxy solids. It must be noted, however, that all purposely spiked experimental solids, resulted in very low recovery (1 × 10-3-1 × 10-5 CFU/cm3) of viable organisms.

Liquid Chromatography with Absorbance Detection and with Isotope-Dilution Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Isoflavones in Soy Standard Reference Materials

PubMed Central

Phillips, Melissa M.; Bedner, Mary; Gradl, Manuela; Burdette, Carolyn Q.; Nelson, Michael A.; Yen, James H.; Sander, Lane C.; Rimmer, Catherine A.

2017-01-01

Two independent analytical approaches, based on liquid chromatography with absorbance detection and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, have been developed for determination of isoflavones in soy materials. These two methods yield comparable results for a variety of soy-based foods and dietary supplements. Four Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) have been produced by the National Institute of Standards and Technology to assist the food and dietary supplement community in method validation and have been assigned values for isoflavone content using both methods. These SRMs include SRM 3234 Soy Flour, SRM 3236 Soy Protein Isolate, SRM 3237 Soy Protein Concentrate, and SRM 3238 Soy-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form. A fifth material, SRM 3235 Soy Milk, was evaluated using the methods and found to be inhomogeneous for isoflavones and unsuitable for value assignment. PMID:27832301

Friction, Wear, and Evaporation Rates of Various Materials in Vacuum to 10(exp -7) mm Hg

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, Donald H.; Swikert, Max; Johnson, Robert L.

1961-01-01

The requirements for bearings and seals to operate in the environment of space dictate a new area for lubrication research. The low ambient pressures encountered in space can be expected to influence the behavior of oil, grease, and solid-film lubricants. The property of these materials most significantly affected by low ambient pressures is the evaporation rate. Various investigators have therefore measured the evaporation rates of oils and greases in vacuum as one method of establishing their relative merit for space applications (1-3). The results of this work have given some indication as to the oils and greases with the greatest stability at reduced ambient pressures. Only limited experimental work, however, has been reported in the literature for inorganic solids and soft metals which have potential use as solid lubricant films or coatings for hard alloy substrates [e.g. Reference ( 4 )]. In general, the evaporation rates of these materials would be lower than those of oils and greases. These films might therefore be very attractive as lubricants for high vacuum service.

Method for crystal growth control

DOEpatents

Yates, Douglas A.; Hatch, Arthur E.; Goldsmith, Jeff M.

1981-01-01

The growth of a crystalline body of a selected material is controlled so that the body has a selected cross-sectional shape. The apparatus is of the type which includes the structure normally employed in known capillary die devices as well as means for observing at least the portion of the surfaces of the growing crystalline body and the meniscus (of melt material from which the body is being pulled) including the solid/liquid/vapor junction in a direction substantially perpendicular to the meniscus surface formed at the junction when the growth of the crystalline body is under steady state conditions. The cross-sectional size of the growing crystalline body can be controlled by determining which points exhibit a sharp change in the amount of reflected radiation of a preselected wavelength and controlling the speed at which the body is being pulled or the temperature of the growth pool of melt so as to maintain those points exhibiting a sharp change at a preselected spatial position relative to a predetermined reference position. The improvement comprises reference object means positioned near the solid/liquid/vapor junction and capable of being observed by the means for observing so as to define said reference position so that the problems associated with convection current jitter are overcome.

Single-step preparation of TiO2/MWCNT Nanohybrid materials by laser pyrolysis and application to efficient photovoltaic energy conversion.

PubMed

Wang, Jin; Lin, Yaochen; Pinault, Mathieu; Filoramo, Arianna; Fabert, Marc; Ratier, Bernard; Bouclé, Johann; Herlin-Boime, Nathalie

2015-01-14

This paper presents the continuous-flowand single-step synthesis of a TiO2/MWCNT (multiwall carbon nanotubes) nanohybrid material. The synthesis method allows achieving high coverage and intimate interface between the TiO2particles and MWCNTs, together with a highly homogeneous distribution of nanotubes within the oxide. Such materials used as active layer in theporous photoelectrode of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells leads to a substantial performance improvement (20%) as compared to reference devices.

Dissipative Structures At Laser-Solid Interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nanai, Laszlo

1989-05-01

The questions which are discussed in this lecture refer to one of sections of laser-solid interactions, namely: to formation of different dissipative structures on the surface of metals and semiconductors when they are irradiated by intensive laser light in chemically active media (f.e.air). Some particular examples of the development at different spatial and time instabilities, periodic and stochastic structures, auto-wave processes are present-ed using testing materials vanadium metal and semiconducting V205 single crystals and light sources: cw and pulsed CO2 and YAG lasers.

77 FR 18987 - Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans; Pennsylvania; Nonattainment New...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-29

... sulfate (SO 4 ); nitrate (NO 3 ); ammonium; elemental carbon; a great variety of organic compounds; and inorganic material (including metals, dust, sea salt, and other trace elements) generally referred to as... the air as a solid or liquid particle (e.g., elemental carbon from diesel engines or fire activities...

JPRS Report, Science & Technology, USSR: Materials Science

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-11

crystallization of the amorphous phase, and subsequent growth of ß-boron grains. References 5: all Russian. 2415/9835 UDC 621.033.67 Erosion of Materials in...Weightlessness and Effect of Magnetic Field on Liquation Processes in InSb Crystals (V. S. Zemskov, M. R. Raukhman; FIZIKA I KHIMIYA OBRABOTKI MATERIALOV, No...No 7, Jul 87) 13 Production of CdP2^CdAs2 Solid-Solution Single Crystals and Measurement of Their Cathodoluminescence Spectra (V, B, Lazarev, S

A Solid Case for Microgravity Processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grugel, Richard N.

2000-01-01

Solidification of metals, particularly alloys, is a complicated process. At some sufficiently high temperature, the components comprising an alloy fully mix, producing a single homogeneous liquid. Unfortunately, after this liquid is cast into a mold and allowed to freeze, the resulting solid is usually very inhomogeneous. In most cases the first solid to "freeze out" of the liquid has a composition very close to one of the pure metals. This initially solidifying metal usually comprises microscopic, pine-tree shaped components, collectively referred to as a dendritic array, whose distribution, alignment, and scale directly influence a materials strength and docility. During dendrite growth the adjacent liquid becomes enriched, and consequently, solidifies a much lower temperature and considerably later time. Thus, in the course of solidification, both the solid and the enriched liquid can have compositions (and local temperatures) significantly different from those of the bulk liquid. Different compositions and temperatures imply different densities that, in Earth's gravity, induce motion in the liquid. Such motion promotes formation of a casting that is denser at the bottom and lighter at the top. This condition known as macrosegregation, precludes optimized, uniform material properties.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roach, Dennis Patrick; Rackow, Kirk A.

The FAA's Airworthiness Assurance NDI Validation Center, in conjunction with the Commercial Aircraft Composite Repair Committee, developed a set of composite reference standards to be used in NDT equipment calibration for accomplishment of damage assessment and post-repair inspection of all commercial aircraft composites. In this program, a series of NDI tests on a matrix of composite aircraft structures and prototype reference standards were completed in order to minimize the number of standards needed to carry out composite inspections on aircraft. Two tasks, related to composite laminates and non-metallic composite honeycomb configurations, were addressed. A suite of 64 honeycomb panels, representingmore » the bounding conditions of honeycomb construction on aircraft, was inspected using a wide array of NDI techniques. An analysis of the resulting data determined the variables that play a key role in setting up NDT equipment. This has resulted in a set of minimum honeycomb NDI reference standards that include these key variables. A sequence of subsequent tests determined that this minimum honeycomb reference standard set is able to fully support inspections over the full range of honeycomb construction scenarios found on commercial aircraft. In the solid composite laminate arena, G11 Phenolic was identified as a good generic solid laminate reference standard material. Testing determined matches in key velocity and acoustic impedance properties, as well as, low attenuation relative to carbon laminates. Furthermore, comparisons of resonance testing response curves from the G11 Phenolic NDI reference standard was very similar to the resonance response curves measured on the existing carbon and fiberglass laminates. NDI data shows that this material should work for both pulse-echo (velocity-based) and resonance (acoustic impedance-based) inspections.« less

Rational coating of Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte on MoS2 electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, R. C.; Wang, X. L.; Zhang, S. Z.; Xia, Y.; Xia, X. H.; Wu, J. B.; Tu, J. P.

2018-01-01

Large interfacial resistance between electrode and electrolyte limits the development of high-performance all-solid-state batteries. Herein we report a uniform coating of Li7P3S11 solid electrolyte on MoS2 to form a MoS2/Li7P3S11 composite electrode for all-solid-state lithium ion batteries. The as-synthesized Li7P3S11 processes a high ionic of 2.0 mS cm-1 at room temperature. Due to homogeneous union and reduced interfacial resistance, the assembled all-solid-state batteries with the MoS2/Li7P3S11 composite electrode exhibit higher reversible capacity of 547.1 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and better cycling stability than the counterpart based on untreated MoS2. Our study provides a new reference for design/fabrication of advanced electrode materials for high-performance all-solid-state batteries.

Effect of proton-conduction in electrolyte on electric efficiency of multi-stage solid oxide fuel cells

PubMed Central

Matsuzaki, Yoshio; Tachikawa, Yuya; Somekawa, Takaaki; Hatae, Toru; Matsumoto, Hiroshige; Taniguchi, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Kazunari

2015-01-01

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical devices that enable the highest fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiencies under high operating temperatures. The concept of multi-stage electrochemical oxidation using SOFCs has been proposed and studied over the past several decades for further improving the electrical efficiency. However, the improvement is limited by fuel dilution downstream of the fuel flow. Therefore, evolved technologies are required to achieve considerably higher electrical efficiencies. Here we present an innovative concept for a critically-high fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 85% based on the lower heating value (LHV), in which a high-temperature multi-stage electrochemical oxidation is combined with a proton-conducting solid electrolyte. Switching a solid electrolyte material from a conventional oxide-ion conducting material to a proton-conducting material under the high-temperature multi-stage electrochemical oxidation mechanism has proven to be highly advantageous for the electrical efficiency. The DC efficiency of 85% (LHV) corresponds to a net AC efficiency of approximately 76% (LHV), where the net AC efficiency refers to the transmission-end AC efficiency. This evolved concept will yield a considerably higher efficiency with a much smaller generation capacity than the state-of-the-art several tens-of-MW-class most advanced combined cycle (MACC). PMID:26218470

Effect of proton-conduction in electrolyte on electric efficiency of multi-stage solid oxide fuel cells.

PubMed

Matsuzaki, Yoshio; Tachikawa, Yuya; Somekawa, Takaaki; Hatae, Toru; Matsumoto, Hiroshige; Taniguchi, Shunsuke; Sasaki, Kazunari

2015-07-28

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising electrochemical devices that enable the highest fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiencies under high operating temperatures. The concept of multi-stage electrochemical oxidation using SOFCs has been proposed and studied over the past several decades for further improving the electrical efficiency. However, the improvement is limited by fuel dilution downstream of the fuel flow. Therefore, evolved technologies are required to achieve considerably higher electrical efficiencies. Here we present an innovative concept for a critically-high fuel-to-electricity conversion efficiency of up to 85% based on the lower heating value (LHV), in which a high-temperature multi-stage electrochemical oxidation is combined with a proton-conducting solid electrolyte. Switching a solid electrolyte material from a conventional oxide-ion conducting material to a proton-conducting material under the high-temperature multi-stage electrochemical oxidation mechanism has proven to be highly advantageous for the electrical efficiency. The DC efficiency of 85% (LHV) corresponds to a net AC efficiency of approximately 76% (LHV), where the net AC efficiency refers to the transmission-end AC efficiency. This evolved concept will yield a considerably higher efficiency with a much smaller generation capacity than the state-of-the-art several tens-of-MW-class most advanced combined cycle (MACC).

Use of similarity scoring in the development of oral solid dosage forms.

PubMed

Ferreira, Ana P; Olusanmi, Dolapo; Sprockel, Omar; Abebe, Admassu; Nikfar, Faranak; Tobyn, Mike

2016-12-05

In the oral solid dosage form space, material physical properties have a strong impact on the behaviour of the formulation during processing. The ability to identify materials with similar characteristics (and thus expected to exhibit similar behaviour) within the company's portfolio can help accelerate drug development by enabling early assessment and prediction of potential challenges associated with the powder properties of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient. Such developments will aid the production of robust dosage forms, in an efficient manner. Similarity scoring metrics are widely used in a number of scientific fields. This study proposes a practical implementation of this methodology within pharmaceutical development. The developed similarity metrics is based on the Mahalanobis distance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to confirm morphological similarity between the reference material and the closest matches identified by the metrics proposed. The results show that the metrics proposed are able to successfully identify material with similar physical properties. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

[Rapid identification of micro-constituents in monoammonium glycyrrhizinate raw materials by high-pressure solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry].

PubMed

Yang, Xue-Dong; Tang, Xu-Yan; Sang, Lin

2012-11-01

To establish a method for rapid identification of micro-constituents in monoammonium glycyrrhizinate by high-pressure solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. HPLC preparative chromatograph was adopted for determining the optimal method for high-pressure solid phase extraction under optimal conditions. 5C18-MS-II column (20.0 mm x 20.0 mm) was used as the extraction column, with 35% acetonitrile-acetic acid solution (pH 2. 20) as eluent at the speed of 16 mL x min(-1). The sample size was 0.5 mL, and the extraction cycle was 4.5 min. Then, extract liquid was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) after being concentrated by 100 times. Under the optimal condition of high-pressure solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, 10 components were rapidly identified from monoammonium glycyrrhizinate raw materials. Among them, the chemical structures of six micro-constituents were identified as 3-O-[beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-30-0-beta-D-apiopyranosylglycyrrhetic/3-O- [P-D-glucuronopyranosyl-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-30-O-beta-D-arabinopyranosylglycyrrhetic, glycyrrhizic saponin F3, 22-hydroxyglycyrrhizin/18alpha-glycyrrhizic saponin G2, 3-O-[beta-D-rhamnopyranosyl]-24-hydroxyglycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizic saponin J2, and glycyrrhizic saponin B2 by MS(n) spectra analysis and reference to literatures. Four main chemical components were identified as glycyrrhizic saponin G2, 18beta-glycyrrhizic acid, uralglycyrrhizic saponin B and 18alpha-glycyrrhizic acid by liquid chromatography, MS(n) and ultraviolet spectra information and comparison with reference substances. The method can be used to identify chemical constituents in monoammonium glycyrrhizinate quickly and effectively, without any reference substance, which provides basis for quality control and safe application of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate-related products.

Solid state potentiometric gaseous oxide sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wachsman, Eric D. (Inventor); Azad, Abdul Majeed (Inventor)

2003-01-01

A solid state electrochemical cell (10a) for measuring the concentration of a component of a gas mixture (12) includes first semiconductor electrode (14) and second semiconductor electrode (16) formed from first and second semiconductor materials, respectively. The materials are selected so as to undergo a change in resistivity upon contacting a gas component, such as CO or NO. An electrolyte (18) is provided in contact with the first and second semiconductor electrodes. A reference cell can be included in contact with the electrolyte. Preferably, a voltage response of the first semiconductor electrode is opposite in slope direction to that of the second semiconductor electrode to produce a voltage response equal to the sum of the absolute values of the control system uses measured pollutant concentrations to direct adjustment of engine combustion conditions.

Aerogel Projects Ongoing in MSFC's Engineering Directorate

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shular, D. A.; Smithers, G. A.; Plawsky, J. L.

2001-01-01

When we speak of an aerogel material, we are referring more to process and structure than to a specific substance. Aerogel, considered the lightest solid material, has been made from silica for seventy years. Resorcinol-formaldehyde, organic aerogels have been developed more recently. However, aerogel can be made from almost any type of substance, even lead. Because an aerogel is mostly air (about 99%), the solid substance used will affect the weight very little. The problem with aerogels is their low tensile strength and lack of elasticity. Therefore, the challenge is to find ways to make the stronger or ways to circumvent the strength issue. Organic aerogels have slightly higher strength than base silica aerogels, while the carbonized version has three to five times the break strength of the base aerogel.

Proceedings of the Army Symposium on Solid Mechanics, 1976 - Composite Materials: The Influence of Mechanics of Failure on Design

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-09-01

SOFTENING STRIP DESIGN CONCEPTS Initial studies of softening strip design concepts were presented by Eisenmann (8) in boron/epoxy laminates. His...Metals," Foreign Object Impact Damage to Composites, ASTM-STP-568, 1974. 8. Eisenmann , J. R., and Kaminski, B. E., "Fracture Control for Composite...REFERENCES 1. Waddoups, M.E., Eisenmann , J.R., and Kaminski, B.E., Journal of Composite Materials, Vol. 5, October 1971, pp. 446-454. 2. Whitney

High-performance organic light-emitting diodes comprising ultrastable glass layers

PubMed Central

Rodríguez-Viejo, Javier

2018-01-01

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are one of the key solid-state light sources for various applications including small and large displays, automotive lighting, solid-state lighting, and signage. For any given commercial application, OLEDs need to perform at their best, which is judged by their device efficiency and operational stability. We present OLEDs that comprise functional layers fabricated as ultrastable glasses, which represent the thermodynamically most favorable and, thus, stable molecular conformation achievable nowadays in disordered solids. For both external quantum efficiencies and LT70 lifetimes, OLEDs with four different phosphorescent emitters show >15% enhancements over their respective reference devices. The only difference to the latter is the growth condition used for ultrastable glass layers that is optimal at about 85% of the materials’ glass transition temperature. These improvements are achieved through neither material refinements nor device architecture optimization, suggesting a general applicability of this concept to maximize the OLED performance, no matter which specific materials are used. PMID:29806029

Data summary of municipal solid waste management alternatives. Volume 11, Alphabetically indexed bibliography

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

1992-10-01

This appendix contains the alphabetically indexed bibliography for the complete group of reports on municipal waste management alternatives. The references are listed for each of the following topics: mass burn technologies, RDF technologies, fluidized-bed combustion, pyrolysis and gasification of MSW, materials recovery- recycling technologies, sanitary landfills, composting, and anaerobic digestion of MSW.

The adsorption of alkyl-dimethyl-benzyl-ammonium chloride onto cotton nonwoven hydroentangled substrates at the solid-liquid interface is minimized by additive chemistries

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Quaternary ammonium compounds, commonly referred to as quats, are cationic surfactants widely used as the active biocide ingredient for disposable disinfecting wipes. The cationic nature of quats results in a strong ionic interaction and adsorption onto wipes materials that have an anionic surface ...

Preparation and characterization of a suite of ephedra-containing standard reference materials.

PubMed

Sharpless, Katherine E; Anderson, David L; Betz, Joseph M; Butler, Therese A; Capar, Stephen G; Cheng, John; Fraser, Catharine A; Gardner, Graeme; Gay, Martha L; Howell, Daniel W; Ihara, Toshihide; Khan, Mansoor A; Lam, Joseph W; Long, Stephen E; McCooeye, Margaret; Mackey, Elizabeth A; Mindak, William R; Mitvalsky, Staci; Murphy, Karen E; NguyenPho, Agnes; Phinney, Karen W; Porter, Barbara J; Roman, Mark; Sander, Lane C; Satterfield, Mary B; Scriver, Christine; Sturgeon, Ralph; Thomas, Jeanice Brown; Vocke, Robert D; Wise, Stephen A; Wood, Laura J; Yang, Lu; Yen, James H; Ziobro, George C

2006-01-01

The National Institute of Standards and Technology, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, and the National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, are collaborating to produce a series of Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) for dietary supplements. A suite of ephedra materials is the first in the series, and this paper describes the acquisition, preparation, and value assignment of these materials: SRMs 3240 Ephedra sinica Stapf Aerial Parts, 3241 E. sinica Stapf Native Extract, 3242 E. sinica Stapf Commercial Extract, 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, and 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder. Values are assigned for ephedrine alkaloids and toxic elements in all 5 materials. Values are assigned for other analytes (e.g., caffeine, nutrient elements, proximates, etc.) in some of the materials, as appropriate. Materials in this suite of SRMs are intended for use as primary control materials when values are assigned to in-house (secondary) control materials and for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of alkaloids, toxic elements, and, in the case of SRM 3244, nutrients in similar materials.

[Evidential value of dental materials identification by infrared spectroscopy in forensic medicine opinionating].

PubMed

Wachowiak, Roman; Strach, Bogna

2007-01-01

The potential for a release of dental restoration material or a spontaneous loss of a tooth structure fragment in the course of mastication frequently requires a reliable identification of the lost fragment in order to confirm its origin. The consequences of incidental mechanical injuries -- in view of the presence of dangerous solid fragments -- become particularly important in cases of using a chewing gum. The problem involves distinguishing between the structure of a fragment of restoration or a broken tooth structure and incidental contaminants of chewing gum produced in the process of gum manufacturing. The consequences of mechanical injuries or exposure to potential structural tooth damage in the course of gum chewing provide a subject for numerous litigations against manufacturer of chewing gum and require appropriate identification of the material. The studies were conducted using solid phase infrared spectroscopy in the range of 500-4000 wavelength (cm(-1)) for a quick identification of dental materials used in the dental practice. A database of infrared transmission spectra characteristic of commonly employed dental filling materials was prepared to provide a systemic reference system, useful in controversial interpretation cases.

An Extension of Holographic Moiré to Micromechanics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sciammarella, C. A.; Sciammarella, F. M.

The electronic Holographic Moiré is an ideal tool for micromechanics studies. It does not require a modification of the surface by the introduction of a reference grating. This is of particular advantage when dealing with materials such as solid propellant grains whose chemical nature and surface finish makes the application of a reference grating very difficult. Traditional electronic Holographic Moiré presents some difficult problems when large magnifications are needed and large rigid body motion takes place. This paper presents developments that solves these problems and extends the application of the technique to micromechanics.

Innovative oxide materials for electrochemical energy conversion and oxygen separation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belousov, V. V.

2017-10-01

Ion-conducting solid metal oxides are widely used in high-temperature electrochemical devices for energy conversion and oxygen separation. However, liquid metal oxides possessing unique electrochemical properties still remain of limited use. The review demonstrates the potential for practical applications of molten oxides. The transport properties of molten oxide materials are discussed. The emphasis is placed on the chemical diffusion of oxygen in the molten oxide membrane materials for electrochemical energy conversion and oxygen separation. The thermodynamics of these materials is considered. The dynamic polymer chain model developed to describe the oxygen ion transport in molten oxides is discussed. Prospects for further research into molten oxide materials are outlined. The bibliography includes 145 references.

Portable and wide-range solid-state transmission densitometer for quality control in film radiography

PubMed Central

Aramburo, Javier Morales; Gonzalez, Sigifredo Solano; Toledo, Jorge Toledo

2010-01-01

In biology, materials science, radiography quality control or film dosimetry in radiotherapy, a transmission densitometer is useful for measurements of optical density. The design proposed here is oriented to quality control in radiographic films. The instrument described here utilizes low-cost solid-state devices and is easy to construct. The use of 1-watt white light-emitting diode in this densitometer enables low power consumption and a cold light source. Moreover, the instrument does not need a reference light, which results in decreasing the number of parts and reducing the overall size of the apparatus. PMID:20927222

Metal/Metal Oxide Differential Electrode pH Sensors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, William; Buehler, Martin; Keymeulen, Didier

2007-01-01

Solid-state electrochemical sensors for measuring the degrees of acidity or alkalinity (in terms of pH values) of liquid solutions are being developed. These sensors are intended to supplant older electrochemical pH sensors that include glass electrode structures and reference solutions. The older sensors are fragile and subject to drift. The present developmental solid-state sensors are more rugged and are expected to be usable in harsh environments. The present sensors are based on a differential-electrode measurement principle. Each sensor includes two electrodes, made of different materials, in equilibrium with the solution of interest.

Measurement of Thermal Radiation Properties of Solids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Richmond, J. C. (Editor)

1963-01-01

The overall objectives of the Symposium were to afford (1) an opportunity for workers in the field to describe the equipment and procedures currently in use for measuring thermal radiation properties of solids, (2) an opportunity for constructive criticism of the material presented, and (3) an open forum for discussion of mutual problems. It was also the hope of the sponsors that the published proceedings of the Symposium would serve as a valuable reference on measurement techniques for evaluating thermal radiation properties of solids, partic.ularly for those with limited experience in the field. Because of the strong dependence of emitted flux upon temperature, the program committee thought it advisable to devote the first session to a discussion of the problems of temperature measurement. All of the papers in Session I were presented at the request of and upon topics suggested by the Committee. Because of time and space limitations, it, was impossible to consider all temperature measurement problems that might arise--the objective was rather to call to the attention of the reader some of the problems that might be encountered, and to provide references that might provide solutions.

A novel mechanical model for phase-separation in debris flows

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pudasaini, Shiva P.

2015-04-01

Understanding the physics of phase-separation between solid and fluid phases as a two-phase mass moves down slope is a long-standing challenge. Here, I propose a fundamentally new mechanism, called 'separation-flux', that leads to strong phase-separation in avalanche and debris flows. This new model extends the general two-phase debris flow model (Pudasaini, 2012) to include a separation-flux mechanism. The new flux separation mechanism is capable of describing and controlling the dynamically evolving phase-separation, segregation, and/or levee formation in a real two-phase, geometrically three-dimensional debris flow motion and deposition. These are often observed phenomena in natural debris flows and industrial processes that involve the transportation of particulate solid-fluid mixture material. The novel separation-flux model includes several dominant physical and mechanical aspects that result in strong phase-separation (segregation). These include pressure gradients, volume fractions of solid and fluid phases and their gradients, shear-rates, flow depth, material friction, viscosity, material densities, boundary structures, gravity and topographic constraints, grain shape, size, etc. Due to the inherent separation mechanism, as the mass moves down slope, more and more solid particles are brought to the front, resulting in a solid-rich and mechanically strong frontal surge head followed by a weak tail largely consisting of the viscous fluid. The primary frontal surge head followed by secondary surge is the consequence of the phase-separation. Such typical and dominant phase-separation phenomena are revealed here for the first time in real two-phase debris flow modeling and simulations. However, these phenomena may depend on the bulk material composition and the applied forces. Reference: Pudasaini, Shiva P. (2012): A general two-phase debris flow model. J. Geophys. Res., 117, F03010, doi: 10.1029/2011JF002186.

High-temperature potentiometric oxygen sensor with internal reference

DOEpatents

Routbort, Jules L [Hinsdale, IL; Singh, Dileep [Naperville, IL; Dutta, Prabir K [Worthington, OH; Ramasamy, Ramamoorthy [North Royalton, OH; Spirig, John V [Columbus, OH; Akbar, Sheikh [Hilliard, OH

2011-11-15

A compact oxygen sensor is provided, comprising a mixture of metal and metal oxide an enclosure containing said mixture, said enclosure capable of isolating said mixture from an environment external of said enclosure, and a first wire having a first end residing within the enclosure and having a second end exposed to the environment. Also provided is a method for the fabrication of an oxygen sensor, the method comprising confining a metal-metal oxide solid mixture to a container which consists of a single material permeable to oxygen ions, supplying an electrical conductor having a first end and a second end, whereby the first end resides inside the container as a reference (PO.sub.2).sup.ref, and the second end resides outside the container in the atmosphere where oxygen partial pressure (PO.sub.2).sup.ext is to be measured, and sealing the container with additional single material such that grain boundary sliding occurs between grains of the single material and grains of the additional single material.

Extensive sequencing of seven human genomes to characterize benchmark reference materials

PubMed Central

Zook, Justin M.; Catoe, David; McDaniel, Jennifer; Vang, Lindsay; Spies, Noah; Sidow, Arend; Weng, Ziming; Liu, Yuling; Mason, Christopher E.; Alexander, Noah; Henaff, Elizabeth; McIntyre, Alexa B.R.; Chandramohan, Dhruva; Chen, Feng; Jaeger, Erich; Moshrefi, Ali; Pham, Khoa; Stedman, William; Liang, Tiffany; Saghbini, Michael; Dzakula, Zeljko; Hastie, Alex; Cao, Han; Deikus, Gintaras; Schadt, Eric; Sebra, Robert; Bashir, Ali; Truty, Rebecca M.; Chang, Christopher C.; Gulbahce, Natali; Zhao, Keyan; Ghosh, Srinka; Hyland, Fiona; Fu, Yutao; Chaisson, Mark; Xiao, Chunlin; Trow, Jonathan; Sherry, Stephen T.; Zaranek, Alexander W.; Ball, Madeleine; Bobe, Jason; Estep, Preston; Church, George M.; Marks, Patrick; Kyriazopoulou-Panagiotopoulou, Sofia; Zheng, Grace X.Y.; Schnall-Levin, Michael; Ordonez, Heather S.; Mudivarti, Patrice A.; Giorda, Kristina; Sheng, Ying; Rypdal, Karoline Bjarnesdatter; Salit, Marc

2016-01-01

The Genome in a Bottle Consortium, hosted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is creating reference materials and data for human genome sequencing, as well as methods for genome comparison and benchmarking. Here, we describe a large, diverse set of sequencing data for seven human genomes; five are current or candidate NIST Reference Materials. The pilot genome, NA12878, has been released as NIST RM 8398. We also describe data from two Personal Genome Project trios, one of Ashkenazim Jewish ancestry and one of Chinese ancestry. The data come from 12 technologies: BioNano Genomics, Complete Genomics paired-end and LFR, Ion Proton exome, Oxford Nanopore, Pacific Biosciences, SOLiD, 10X Genomics GemCode WGS, and Illumina exome and WGS paired-end, mate-pair, and synthetic long reads. Cell lines, DNA, and data from these individuals are publicly available. Therefore, we expect these data to be useful for revealing novel information about the human genome and improving sequencing technologies, SNP, indel, and structural variant calling, and de novo assembly. PMID:27271295

In Vitro Investigations of Human Bioaccessibility from Reference Materials Using Simulated Lung Fluids

PubMed Central

Pelfrêne, Aurélie; Cave, Mark R.; Wragg, Joanna; Douay, Francis

2017-01-01

An investigation for assessing pulmonary bioaccessibility of metals from reference materials is presented using simulated lung fluids. The objective of this paper was to contribute to an enhanced understanding of airborne particulate matter and its toxic potential following inhalation. A large set of metallic elements (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, and Zn) was investigated using three lung fluids (phosphate-buffered saline, Gamble’s solution and artificial lysosomal fluid) on three standard reference materials representing different types of particle sources. Composition of the leaching solution and four solid-to-liquid (S/L) ratios were tested. The results showed that bioaccessibility was speciation- (i.e., distribution) and element-dependent, with percentages varying from 0.04% for Pb to 86.0% for Cd. The higher extraction of metallic elements was obtained with the artificial lysosomal fluid, in which a relative stability of bioaccessibility was observed in a large range of S/L ratios from 1/1000 to 1/10,000. For further investigations, it is suggested that this method be used to assess lung bioaccessibility of metals from smelter-impacted dusts. PMID:28125027

Ferroelectric Dispersed Composite Solid Electrolyte for CO2 Gas Sensor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Singh, K.; Ambekar, P.; Bhoga, S. S.

2002-12-01

The Li2CO3:LiNbO3 composite system was investigated for the application in electrochemical gas sensor. The conductivity maximum is observed for 50Li2CO3+50LiNbO3. An enhancement in conductivity is understood to be due to the percolation threshold. The composite is also seen less sensitive to moisture. Potentiometric sensors are obtained using optimized composition. At the reference electrode, the activity of Li+ is fixed by using open reference electrode material. Good reversibility of cell emf was observed for PCO2 ranging from 200 ppm to 20% at 400°C. The cell response was Nernstian, following nearly two-electron reaction. The sensor showed negligible cross-sensitivity to moisture. Developed solid electrolyte not only exhibit shorter response time but also improves over all performance relative to the sensor based on pure carbonate.

A discrete element model for the investigation of the geometrically nonlinear behaviour of solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ockelmann, Felix; Dinkler, Dieter

2018-07-01

A three-dimensional discrete element model for elastic solids with large deformations is presented. Therefore, an discontinuum approach is made for solids. The properties of elastic material are transferred analytically into the parameters of a discrete element model. A new and improved octahedron gap-filled face-centred cubic close packing of spheres is split into unit cells, to determine the parameters of the discrete element model. The symmetrical unit cells allow a model with equal shear components in each contact plane and fully isotropic behaviour for Poisson's ratio above 0. To validate and show the broad field of applications of the new model, the pin-pin Euler elastica is presented and investigated. The thin and sensitive structure tends to undergo large deformations and rotations with a highly geometrically nonlinear behaviour. This behaviour of the elastica can be modelled and is compared to reference solutions. Afterwards, an improved more realistic simulation of the elastica is presented which softens secondary buckling phenomena. The model is capable of simulating solids with small strains but large deformations and a strongly geometrically nonlinear behaviour, taking the shear stiffness of the material into account correctly.

NETL Crosscutting Research Video Series: Multiphase Flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Tingwen; Vaidheeswaran, Avinash

For over 30 years, NETL’s work in multiphase flow science has served as one of the cornerstones of the lab’s research portfolio. Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of gases, liquids and/or solid materials. The goal of the multiphase flow science team is to provide computational modeling tools to help offset the risk and cost of multiphase reactor development.

Cleanup Verification Package for the 618-2 Burial Ground

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

W. S. Thompson

2006-12-28

This cleanup verification package documents completion of remedial action for the 618-2 Burial Ground, also referred to as Solid Waste Burial Ground No. 2; Burial Ground No. 2; 318-2; and Dry Waste Burial Site No. 2. This waste site was used primarily for the disposal of contaminated equipment, materials and laboratory waste from the 300 Area Facilities.

Rheological properties of soil: a review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Guangli; Zhu, Long; Yu, Chao

2017-05-01

Recently rheological methods have been applied to investigate the mechanical properties of soil micro-structure. Rheological techniques have a number of quantitative physically based measurements and offer a better understanding of how soil micro-structure behaves when subject to stress. Rheological material is refers to deformation properties similar to the solid and flow properties similar to the liquid of bound water and colloidal substances under stress. Soil rheology is divided into fluid rheology and plasticity rheology. Fluid rheology is produced by rheological material. Plasticity rheology mainly refers to the sliding and peristaltic between soil solid particles under shear stress. It is generally believed that the soft soil rheology mainly belongs to fluid rheology, while the rheology of sand and other coarse grained soil mainly belongs to plasticity rheology. Thus, rheology mechanisms of soft soil and sand are different. This paper introduces the methods of the research progress on the rheology of soil, in the soil rheological mechanism, rheological model and rheological numerical aspects of the research at home and abroad were summarized and analysed, discussed the problems existed in related research, and puts forward some suggestions for the future study on the rheology of soil.

Value assignment of nutrient concentrations in five standard reference materials and six reference materials.

PubMed

Sharpless, K E; Gill, L M

2000-01-01

A number of food-matrix reference materials (RMs) are available from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and from Agriculture Canada through NIST. Most of these materials were originally value-assigned for their elemental composition (major, minor, and trace elements), but no additional nutritional information was provided. Two of the materials were certified for selected organic constituents. Ten of these materials (Standard Reference Material [SRM] 1,563 Cholesterol and Fat-Soluble Vitamins in Coconut Oil [Natural and Fortified], SRM 1,566b Oyster Tissue, SRM 1,570a Spinach Leaves, SRM 1,974a Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), RM 8,415 Whole Egg Powder, RM 8,418 Wheat Gluten, RM 8,432 Corn Starch, RM 8,433 Corn Bran, RM 8,435 Whole Milk Powder, and RM 8,436 Durum Wheat Flour) were recently distributed by NIST to 4 laboratories with expertise in food analysis for the measurement of proximates (solids, fat, protein, etc.), calories, and total dietary fiber, as appropriate. SRM 1846 Infant Formula was distributed as a quality control sample for the proximates and for analysis for individual fatty acids. Two of the materials (Whole Egg Powder and Whole Milk Powder) were distributed in an earlier interlaboratory comparison exercise in which they were analyzed for several vitamins. Value assignment of analyte concentrations in these 11 SRMs and RMs, based on analyses by the collaborating laboratories, is described in this paper. These materials are intended primarily for validation of analytical methods for the measurement of nutrients in foods of similar composition (based on AOAC INTERNATIONAL's fat-protein-carbohydrate triangle). They may also be used as "primary control materials" in the value assignment of in-house control materials of similar composition. The addition of proximate information for 10 existing reference materials means that RMs are now available from NIST with assigned values for proximates in 6 of the 9 sectors of the AOAC triangle. Five of these materials have values assigned for total dietary fiber-the first such information provided for materials available from NIST.

Finite plate thickness effects on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability in elastic-plastic materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Polavarapu, Rinosh; Banerjee, Arindam

2017-11-01

The majority of theoretical studies have tackled the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) problem in solids using an infinitely thick plate. Recent theoretical studies by Piriz et al. (PRE 95, 053108, 2017) have explored finite thickness effects. We seek to validate this recent theoretical estimate experimentally using our rotating wheel RTI experiment in an accelerated elastic-plastic material. The test section consists of a container filled with air and mayonnaise (a non-Newtonian emulsion) with an initial perturbation between two materials. The plate thickness effects are studied by varying the depth of the soft-solid. A set of experiments is run by employing different initial conditions with different container dimensions. Additionally, the effect of acceleration rate (driving pressure rise time) on the instability threshold with reference to the finite thickness will also be inspected. Furthermore, the experimental results are compared to the analytical strength models related to finite thickness effects on RTI. Authors acknowledge financial support from DOE-SSAA Grant # DE-NA0003195 and LANL subcontract #370333.

Quantum Impurity Models as Reference Systems for Strongly Correlated Materials: The Road from the Kondo Impurity Model to First Principles Electronic Structure Calculations with Dynamical Mean-Field Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotliar, Gabriel

2005-01-01

Dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) relates extended systems (bulk solids, surfaces and interfaces) to quantum impurity models (QIM) satisfying a self-consistency condition. This mapping provides an economic description of correlated electron materials. It is currently used in practical computations of physical properties of real materials. It has also great conceptual value, providing a simple picture of correlated electron phenomena on the lattice, using concepts derived from quantum impurity models such as the Kondo effect. DMFT can also be formulated as a first principles electronic structure method and is applicable to correlated materials.

Properties and effects of remaining carbon from waste plastics gasifying on iron scale reduction.

PubMed

Zhang, Chongmin; Chen, Shuwen; Miao, Xincheng; Yuan, Hao

2011-06-01

The carbonous activities of three kinds of carbon-bearing materials gasified from plastics were tested with coal coke as reference. The results showed that the carbonous activities of these remaining carbon-bearing materials were higher than that of coal-coke. Besides, the fractal analyses showed that the porosities of remaining carbon-bearing materials were higher than that of coal-coke. It revealed that these kinds of remaining carbon-bearing materials are conducive to improve the kinetics conditions of gas-solid phase reaction in iron scale reduction. Copyright © 2011 The Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Report: landfill alternative daily cover: conserving air space and reducing landfill operating cost.

PubMed

Haughey, R D

2001-02-01

Title 40, Part 258 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Solid Waste Disposal Facility Criteria, commonly referred to as Subtitle D, became effective on October 9, 1993. It establishes minimum criteria for solid waste disposal facility siting, design, operations, groundwater monitoring and corrective action, and closure and postclosure maintenance, while providing EPA-approved state solid waste regulatory programs flexibility in implementing the criteria. Section 258.21(a) [40 CFR 258.21(a)] requires owners or operators of municipal solid waste landfill (MSWLF) units to cover disposed solid waste with 30cm of earthen material at the end of the operating day, or at more frequent intervals, if necessary, to control disease vectors, fires, odours, blowing litter, and scavenging. This requirement is consistent with already existing solid waste facility regulations in many states. For many MSWLFs, applying daily cover requires the importation of soil which increases landfill operating costs. Daily cover also uses valuable landfill air space, reducing potential operating revenue and the landfill's operating life. 40 CFR 258.21 (b) allows the director of an approved state to approve alternative materials of an alternative thickness if the owner or operator demonstrates that the alternative material and thickness will control disease vectors, fires, odours, blowing litter, and scavenging without presenting a threat to human health and the environment. Many different types of alternative daily cover (ADC) are currently being used, including geosynthetic tarps, foams, garden waste, and auto shredder fluff. These materials use less air space than soil and can reduce operating costs. This paper discusses the variety of ADCs currently being used around the country and their applicability to different climates and operating conditions, highlighting the more unusual types of ADC, the types of demonstrations necessary to obtain approval of ADC, and the impact on landfill air space and operating costs of ADC use.

Invited Article: Refractive index matched scanning of dense granular materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dijksman, Joshua A.; Rietz, Frank; Lőrincz, Kinga A.; van Hecke, Martin; Losert, Wolfgang

2012-01-01

We review an experimental method that allows to probe the time-dependent structure of fully three-dimensional densely packed granular materials and suspensions by means of particle recognition. The method relies on submersing a granular medium in a refractive index matched fluid. This makes the resulting suspension transparent. The granular medium is then visualized by exciting, layer by layer, the fluorescent dye in the fluid phase. We collect references and unreported experimental know-how to provide a solid background for future development of the technique, both for new and experienced users.

Applications of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in materials science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker, Johanna Sabine

2002-12-01

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and laser ablation ICP-MS (LA-ICP-MS) have been applied as the most important inorganic mass spectrometric techniques having multielemental capability for the characterization of solid samples in materials science. ICP-MS is used for the sensitive determination of trace and ultratrace elements in digested solutions of solid samples or of process chemicals (ultrapure water, acids and organic solutions) for the semiconductor industry with detection limits down to sub-picogram per liter levels. Whereas ICP-MS on solid samples (e.g. high-purity ceramics) sometimes requires time-consuming sample preparation for its application in materials science, and the risk of contamination is a serious drawback, a fast, direct determination of trace elements in solid materials without any sample preparation by LA-ICP-MS is possible. The detection limits for the direct analysis of solid samples by LA-ICP-MS have been determined for many elements down to the nanogram per gram range. A deterioration of detection limits was observed for elements where interferences with polyatomic ions occur. The inherent interference problem can often be solved by applying a double-focusing sector field mass spectrometer at higher mass resolution or by collision-induced reactions of polyatomic ions with a collision gas using an ICP-MS fitted with collision cell. The main problem of LA-ICP-MS is quantification if no suitable standard reference materials with a similar matrix composition are available. The calibration problem in LA-ICP-MS can be solved using on-line solution-based calibration, and different procedures, such as external calibration and standard addition, have been discussed with respect to their application in materials science. The application of isotope dilution in solution-based calibration for trace metal determination in small amounts of noble metals has been developed as a new calibration strategy. This review discusses new analytical developments and possible applications of ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS for the quantitative determination of trace elements and in surface analysis for materials science.

Unifying role of dissipative action in the dynamic failure of solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Grady, Dennis E.

2015-04-01

A fourth-power law underlying the steady shock-wave structure and solid viscosity of condensed material has been observed for a wide range of metals and non-metals. The fourth-power law relates the steady-wave Hugoniot pressure to the fourth power of the strain rate during passage of the material through the structured shock wave. Preceding the fourth-power law was the observation in a shock transition that the product of the shock dissipation energy and the shock transition time is a constant independent of the shock pressure amplitude. Invariance of this energy-time product implies the fourth-power law. This property of the shock transition in solids was initially identified as a shock invariant. More recently, it has been referred to as the dissipative action, although no relationship to the accepted definitions of action in mechanics has been demonstrated. This same invariant property has application to a wider range of transient failure phenomena in solids. Invariance of this dissipation action has application to spall fracture, failure through adiabatic shear, shock compaction of granular media, and perhaps others. Through models of the failure processes, a clearer picture of the physics underlying the observed invariance is emerging. These insights in turn are leading to a better understanding of the shock deformation processes underlying the fourth-power law. Experimental result and material models encompassing the dynamic failure of solids are explored for the purpose of demonstrating commonalities leading to invariance of the dissipation action. Calculations are extended to aluminum and uranium metals with the intent of predicting micro-scale dynamics and spatial structure in the steady shock wave.

Solid State Carbon Monoxide Sensor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Upchurch, Billy T. (Inventor); Wood, George M. (Inventor); Schryer, David R. (Inventor); Leighty, Bradley D. (Inventor); Oglesby, Donald M. (Inventor); Kielin, Erik J. (Inventor); Brown, Kenneth G. (Inventor); DAmbrosia, Christine M. (Inventor)

1999-01-01

A means for detecting carbon monoxide which utilizes an un-heated catalytic material to oxidize carbon monoxide at ambient temperatures. Because this reaction is exothermic, a thermistor in contact with the catalytic material is used as a sensing element to detect the heat evolved as carbon monoxide is oxidized to carbon dioxide at the catalyst surface, without any heaters or external heating elements for the ambient air or catalytic element material. Upon comparison to a reference thermistor, relative increases in the temperature of the sensing thermistor correspond positively with an increased concentration of carbon monoxide in the ambient medium and are thus used as an indicator of the presence of carbon monoxide.

Sludge stabilization through aerobic digestion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hartman, R.B.; Smith, D.G.; Bennett, E.R.

1979-10-01

The aerobic digestion process with certain modifications is evaluated as an alternative for sludge processing capable of developing a product with characteristics required for land application. Environmental conditions, including temperature, solids concentration, and digestion time, that affect the aerobic digestion of a mixed primary sludge-trickling filter humus are investigated. Variations in these parameters that influence the characteristics of digested sludge are determined, and the parameters are optimized to: provide the maximum rate of volatile solids reduction; develop a stable, nonodorous product sludge; and provide the maximum rate of oxidation of the nitrogenous material present in the feed sludge. (3 diagrams,more » 9 graphs, 15 references, 3 tables)« less

Second-order polynomial model to solve the least-cost lumber grade mix problem

Treesearch

Urs Buehlmann; Xiaoqiu Zuo; R. Edward Thomas

2010-01-01

Material costs when cutting solid wood parts from hardwood lumber for secondary wood products manufacturing account for 20 to 50 percent of final product cost. These costs can be minimized by proper selection of the lumber quality used. The lumber quality selection problem is referred to as the least-cost lumber grade mix problem in the industry. The objective of this...

NETL Crosscutting Research Video Series: Multiphase Flow (Short Version)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

None

For over 30 years, NETL’s work in multiphase flow science has served as one of the cornerstones of the lab’s research portfolio. Multiphase flow refers to the simultaneous flow of gases, liquids and/or solid materials. The goal of the multiphase flow science team is to provide computational modeling tools to help offset the risk and cost of multiphase reactor development.

Properties of Extruded PS-212 Type Self-Lubricating Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waters, W. J.; Sliney, H. E.; Soltis, R. F.

1993-01-01

Research has been underway at the NASA Lewis Research Center since the 1960's to develop high temperature, self-lubricating materials. The bulk of the research has been done in-house by a team of researchers from the Materials Division. A series of self-lubricating solid material systems has been developed over the years. One of the most promising is the composite material system referred to as PS-212 or PM-212. This material is a powder metallurgy product composed of metal bonded chromium carbide and two solid lubricating materials known to be self-lubricating over a wide temperature range. NASA feels this material has a wide potential in industrial applications. Simplified processing of this material would enhance its commercial potential. Processing changes have the potential to reduce processing costs, but tribological and physical properties must not be adversely affected. Extrusion processing has been employed in this investigation as a consolidation process for PM-212/PS-212. It has been successful in that high density bars of EX-212 (extruded PM-212) can readily be fabricated. Friction and strength data indicate these properties have been maintained or improved over the P.M. version. A range of extrusion temperatures have been investigated and tensile, friction, wear, and microstructural data have been obtained. Results indicate extrusion temperatures are not critical from a densification standpoint, but other properties are temperature dependent.

Guide for in-service ultrasonic inspection of boreless turbine rotors and other solid shafts. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nottingham, L.D.; Sabourin, P.F.

1992-12-01

This report discusses nondestructive examination which is generally considered less essential for solid (unbored) turbine rotors than for bored rotors because the stresses are normally lower without a bore. Occasionally, however, situations do arise in which examination may not only be advisable, but essential to maintain confidence in a rotor`s capacity for continued safe operation. Even though a bore is undesirable from a stress standpoint, it is valuable as a surface from which to conduct periodic nondestructive examination of the rotor center material, the region in which the majority of forging and ingot solidification flaws are found and also wheremore » the highest bulk rotation stresses occur. Without a bore, ultrasonic examination of this material must be conducted from the outer periphery, a task that is made difficult by the periphery geometry and lack of a continuous, uniform surface from which to conduct the examination. The material beneath the blade attachment areas, in fact, is the most difficult to inspect because of limited access and the most likely for flaw growth due to the higher stresses developed by the wheel and blade loads. Ultrasonic inspection techniques for the examination of difficult-to-inspect areas of a solid rotor are presented, with recommended procedures and reference standards to verify inspection adequacy.« less

Guide for in-service ultrasonic inspection of boreless turbine rotors and other solid shafts

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nottingham, L.D.; Sabourin, P.F.

1992-12-01

This report discusses nondestructive examination which is generally considered less essential for solid (unbored) turbine rotors than for bored rotors because the stresses are normally lower without a bore. Occasionally, however, situations do arise in which examination may not only be advisable, but essential to maintain confidence in a rotor's capacity for continued safe operation. Even though a bore is undesirable from a stress standpoint, it is valuable as a surface from which to conduct periodic nondestructive examination of the rotor center material, the region in which the majority of forging and ingot solidification flaws are found and also wheremore » the highest bulk rotation stresses occur. Without a bore, ultrasonic examination of this material must be conducted from the outer periphery, a task that is made difficult by the periphery geometry and lack of a continuous, uniform surface from which to conduct the examination. The material beneath the blade attachment areas, in fact, is the most difficult to inspect because of limited access and the most likely for flaw growth due to the higher stresses developed by the wheel and blade loads. Ultrasonic inspection techniques for the examination of difficult-to-inspect areas of a solid rotor are presented, with recommended procedures and reference standards to verify inspection adequacy.« less

Development and co-validation of porcine insulin certified reference material by high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Wu, Liqing; Takatsu, Akiko; Park, Sang-Ryoul; Yang, Bin; Yang, Huaxin; Kinumi, Tomoya; Wang, Jing; Bi, Jiaming; Wang, Yang

2015-04-01

This article concerns the development and co-validation of a porcine insulin (pINS) certified reference material (CRM) produced by the National Institute of Metrology, People's Republic of China. Each CRM unit contained about 15 mg of purified solid pINS. The moisture content, amount of ignition residue, molecular mass, and purity of the pINS were measured. Both high-performance liquid chromatography-isotope dilution mass spectrometry and a purity deduction method were used to determine the mass fraction of the pINS. Fifteen units were selected to study the between-bottle homogeneity, and no inhomogeneity was observed. A stability study concluded that the CRM was stable for at least 12 months at -20 °C. The certified value of the CRM was (0.892 ± 0.036) g/g. A co-validation of the CRM was performed among Chinese, Japanese, and Korean laboratories under the framework of the Asian Collaboration on Reference Materials. The co-validation results agreed well with the certified value of the CRM. Consequently, the pINS CRM may be used as a calibration material or as a validation standard for pharmaceutical purposes to improve the quality of pharmaceutical products.

Mid-infrared reflectlance spectra (2.3-22 micions) of sulfur, gold, KBr, MgO, and halon

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nash, D. B.

1986-01-01

Biconical diffuse reflectance spectra in the mid-infrared are presented for powder and other solid forms of sulfur, gold, potassium bromide, magnesium oxide, and halon. Comparisons are made with previously published results of other investigators, and recommendations are made regarding the relative usefulnees of these materials as reflectance standards in the mid-IR. Sulfur has strong intrinsic bands at wavelengths greater than 7 microns that must be taken into account for its use as a reflectance standard. Some sulfur samples have hydrocarbon contaminants and in powder form may have adsorbed water, both of which produce bands in the 3-4-micron region. Potassium bromide has several weak intrinsic bands and is very sensitive to adsorbed water contamination; otherwise it is a good IR reference material. Magnesium oxide and halon have major bands structure and low reflectivity at wavelengths greater than 2.6 microns and thus are unsuitable as reference materials in the mid-IR. Vapor-deposited gold on fine sandpaper (600 grit) is very bright, spectrally flat, and fairly diffuse, so it is the superior material (of those examined) for reflectance reference material throughout the IR. Fine gold powder, on the other hand, is much less bright than evaporated gold, and its reflectivity at wavelengths greater than its particle size is highly sensitive to particle packing density.

NEXT GENERATION LEACHING TESTS FOR EVALUATING ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

In the U.S. as in other countries, there is increased interest in using industrial by-products as alternative or secondary materials, helping to conserve virgin or raw materials. The LEAF and associated test methods are being used to develop the source term for leaching or any inorganic constituents of potential concern (COPC) in determining what is environmentally acceptable. The leaching test methods include batch equilibrium, percolation column and semi-dynamic mass transport tests for monolithic and compacted granular materials. By testing over a range of values for pH, liquid/solid ratio, and physical form of the material, this approach allows one data set to be used to evaluate a range of management scenarios for a material, representing different environmental conditions (e.g., disposal or beneficial use). The results from these tests may be interpreted individually or integrated to identify a solid material’s characteristic leaching behavior. Furthermore the LEAF approach provides the ability to make meaningful comparisons of leaching between similar and dissimilar materials from national and worldwide origins. To present EPA's research under SHC to implement validated leaching tests referred to as the Leaching Environmental Assessment Framework (LEAF). The primary focus will be on the guidance for implementation of LEAF describing three case studies for developing source terms for evaluating inorganic constituents.

Innovative approach to facilitate reuse of nonhazardous industrial solid waste as building material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

St-Laurent, S.G.; Boutin, A.

1997-12-31

The steel industry generates large volumes of inorganic nonhazardous solid waste. During the last five years, Quebec`s steel industry has developed new technologies to recover metal from slags and tailings. Since these processes recover 10 to 30 percent of the metal, large volumes of nonhazardous residues still need to be recycled or disposed of. In order to encourage recycling initiatives, le Ministere de l`Environnement et de la Faune du Quebec (MEF) (Quebec`s Ministry of Environment and Wildlife) established guidelines for the management of nonhazardous industrial solid waste. The aim of these guidelines is to propose a test procedure to evaluatemore » the quality of the material and to define material classes based on their potential for reuse. The evaluation procedure is based on standard tests, generally used for the evaluation of stabilized and solidified hazardous waste. The protocol includes an analysis of the total content of metals in the residue, the determination of the acid neutralization capacity and the prediction of the acid generation potential when the residue contains significant levels of sulfides. The protocol includes three different leachate tests in order to evaluate the mobility of contaminants present in the residue. The leaching procedures are: (1) an equilibrium extraction with water, (2) a modified TCLP extraction, and (3) an acid rain simulation effect extraction. A method is actually under development to collect leachate from a material pile subject to 18 months of rainfall. Materials are categorized into different classes according to their test results. Various potential reuse options are associated with material classes. Evaluation criteria were defined by using water quality standards and results obtained by testing reference construction material supplied by the Quebec`s Ministere des Transports (Ministry of Transportation).« less

The preparation of uranium-adsorbed silica particles as a reference material for the fission track analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Park, Y. J.; Lee, M. H.; Pyo, H. Y.; Kim, H. A.; Sohn, S. C.; Jee, K. Y.; Kim, W. H.

2005-06-01

Uranium-adsorbed silica particles were prepared as a reference material for the fission track analysis (FTA) of swipe samples. A modified instrumental setup for particle generation, based on a commercial vibrating orifice aerosol generator to produce various sizes of droplets from a SiO 2 solution, is described. The droplets were transferred into a weak acidic solution bath to produce spherical solid silica particles. The classification of the silica particles in the range from 5 to 20 μm was carried out by the gravitational sedimentation method. The size distribution and morphology of the classified silica particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The physicochemical properties of the classified silica particles such as the surface area, pore size and pore volume were measured. After an adsorption of 5% 235U on the silica particles in a solution adjusted to pH 4.5, the uranium-adsorbed silica particles were calcined up to 950 °C in a furnace to fix the uranium strongly onto the silica particles. The various sizes of uranium-adsorbed silica particles were applied to the FTA for use as a reference material.

Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Uncertainy, and the Archetype-Genome Exemplar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Greene, M. Steven

This dissertation argues that the mechanics and physics of solids rely on a fundamental exemplar: the apparent properties of a system depend on the building blocks that comprise it. Building blocks are referred to as archetypes and apparent system properties as the system genome. Three entities are of importance: the archetype properties, the conformation of archetypes, and the properties of interactions activated by that conformation. The combination of these entities into the system genome is called assembly. To show the utility of the archetype-genome exemplar, the dissertation presents the mathematical construction and computational implementation of a new theory for solid mechanics that is a continuum manifestation of the assembly process. The so-called archetype-blending continuum theory aligns the form of globally valid balance laws with physics evolving in a material's composite constitutive response so that, by rethinking conventional micromechanics, the theory accounts naturally for each piece of the genome assembly triplet: archetypes, interactions, and their conformation. With the pieces of the triplet isolated in the theory, materials genome design concepts that separately control microstructure and property may be gleaned from exploration of the constitutive parameter space. A suite of simulations that apply the new theory to polymer nanocomposite materials demonstrate the ability of the theory to predict a robust material genome that includes damping properties, modulus weakening, local strain amplification, and size effects. The dissertation also presents a theoretical assessment of the importance of uncertainty propagation in the archetype-genome exemplar. The findings from a set of computational experiments on instances of a general class of microstructured materials suggest that when overlap occurs between the size of the system geometry and the features of the conformation, material genomes become less certain. Increasing nonuniformity of boundary conditions and the size of random field correlation lengths exacerbate this conclusion. These criteria are combined into a scalar metric used to assess the impact of archetype-level uncertainties on the material genome for general scenarios in solid mechanics. Exemplary benchmark problems include bending in elastoplasticity and instability-induced pattern transition in porous elastomer. The contributions of this dissertation are threefold: (1) the mathematical construction of a new continuum theory for mechanics and physics of solids, (2) implementation of the theory, and (3) theoretical assessment of the scenarios in which material genomes deviate from determinism.

Laser ablation in analytical chemistry - A review

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Russo, Richard E.; Mao, Xianglei; Liu, Haichen

Laser ablation is becoming a dominant technology for direct solid sampling in analytical chemistry. Laser ablation refers to the process in which an intense burst of energy delivered by a short laser pulse is used to sample (remove a portion of) a material. The advantages of laser ablation chemical analysis include direct characterization of solids, no chemical procedures for dissolution, reduced risk of contamination or sample loss, analysis of very small samples not separable for solution analysis, and determination of spatial distributions of elemental composition. This review describes recent research to understand and utilize laser ablation for direct solid sampling,more » with emphasis on sample introduction to an inductively coupled plasma (ICP). Current research related to contemporary experimental systems, calibration and optimization, and fractionation is discussed, with a summary of applications in several areas.« less

Sierra/SolidMechanics 4.48 User's Guide: Addendum for Shock Capabilities.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Plews, Julia A.; Crane, Nathan K; de Frias, Gabriel Jose

This is an addendum to the Sierra/SolidMechanics 4.48 User's Guide that documents additional capabilities available only in alternate versions of the Sierra/SolidMechanics (Sierra/SM) code. These alternate versions are enhanced to provide capabilities that are regulated under the U.S. Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) export-control rules. The ITAR regulated codes are only distributed to entities that comply with the ITAR export-control requirements. The ITAR enhancements to Sierra/SM in- clude material models with an energy-dependent pressure response (appropriate for very large deformations and strain rates) and capabilities for blast modeling. Since this is an addendum to the standardmore » Sierra/SM user's guide, please refer to that document first for general descriptions of code capability and use.« less

Carbon nanotubes--electronic/electrochemical properties and application for nanoelectronics and photonics.

PubMed

Sgobba, Vito; Guldi, Dirk M

2009-01-01

The fundamental chemical, redox, electrochemical, photoelectrochemical, optical and optoelectronic features of carbon nanotubes are surveyed with particular emphasis on the most relevant applications as electron donor/electron acceptor or as electron conductor/hole conductor materials, in solutions and in the solid state. Methods that aim at p- and n-doping as a means to favor hole or electron injection/transport are covered as well (critical review, 208 references).

Damping Goes the Distance in Golf

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2004-01-01

In the late 1980s, Dr. Benjamin Dolgin of NASA s Jet Propulsion Laboratory developed a concept for a high-damping graphite/viscoelastic material for the Strategic Defense Initiative (popularly referred to as "Star Wars"), as part of a space-based laser anti-missile program called "Asterix." Dolgin drummed up this concept with the intention of stabilizing weapons launch platforms in space, where there is no solid ground to firmly support these structures. Without the inclusion of high-damping material, the orbital platforms were said to vibrate for 20 minutes after force was applied - a rate deemed "unacceptable" by leaders of the Strategic Defense Initiative.

Thermal radiative properties: Nonmetallic solids.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Touloukian, Y. S.; Dewitt, D. P.

1972-01-01

The volume consists of a text on theory, estimation, and measurement, together with its bibliography, the main body of numerical data and its references, and the material index. The text material assumes a role complementary to the main body of numerical data. The physics and basic concepts of thermal radiation are discussed in detail, focusing attention on treatment of nonmetallic materials: theory, estimation, and methods of measurement. Numerical data is presented in a comprehensive manner. The scope of coverage includes the nonmetallic elements and their compounds, intermetallics, polymers, glasses, and minerals. Analyzed data graphs provide an evaluative review of the data. All data have been obtained from their original sources, and each data set is so referenced.

Ionogels, ionic liquid based hybrid materials.

PubMed

Le Bideau, Jean; Viau, Lydie; Vioux, André

2011-02-01

The current interest in ionic liquids (ILs) is motivated by some unique properties, such as negligible vapour pressure, thermal stability and non-flammability, combined with high ionic conductivity and wide electrochemical stability window. However, for material applications, there is a challenging need for immobilizing ILs in solid devices, while keeping their specific properties. In this critical review, ionogels are presented as a new class of hybrid materials, in which the properties of the IL are hybridized with those of another component, which may be organic (low molecular weight gelator, (bio)polymer), inorganic (e.g. carbon nanotubes, silica etc.) or hybrid organic-inorganic (e.g. polymer and inorganic fillers). Actually, ILs act as structuring media during the formation of inorganic ionogels, their intrinsic organization and physicochemical properties influencing the building of the solid host network. Conversely, some effects of confinement can modify some properties of the guest IL, even though liquid-like dynamics and ion mobility are preserved. Ionogels, which keep the main properties of ILs except outflow, while allowing easy shaping, considerably enlarge the array of applications of ILs. Thus, they form a promising family of solid electrolyte membranes, which gives access to all-solid devices, a topical industrial challenge in domains such as lithium batteries, fuel cells and dye-sensitized solar cells. Replacing conventional media, organic solvents in lithium batteries or water in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), by low-vapour-pressure and non flammable ILs presents major advantages such as improved safety and a higher operating temperature range. Implementation of ILs in separation techniques, where they benefit from huge advantages as well, relies again on the development of supported IL membranes such as ionogels. Moreover, functionalization of ionogels can be achieved both by incorporation of organic functions in the solid matrix, and by encapsulation of molecular species (from metal complexes to enzymes) in the immobilized IL phase, which opens new routes for designing advanced materials, especially (bio)catalytic membranes, sensors and drug release systems (194 references).

Thermodynamically constrained correction to ab initio equations of state

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

French, Martin; Mattsson, Thomas R.

2014-07-07

We show how equations of state generated by density functional theory methods can be augmented to match experimental data without distorting the correct behavior in the high- and low-density limits. The technique is thermodynamically consistent and relies on knowledge of the density and bulk modulus at a reference state and an estimation of the critical density of the liquid phase. We apply the method to four materials representing different classes of solids: carbon, molybdenum, lithium, and lithium fluoride. It is demonstrated that the corrected equations of state for both the liquid and solid phases show a significantly reduced dependence ofmore » the exchange-correlation functional used.« less

DFT, Its Impact on Condensed Matter and on ``Materials-Genome'' Research

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scheffler, Matthias

About 40 years ago, two seminal works demonstrated the power of density-functional theory (DFT) for real materials. These studies by Moruzzi, Janak, and Williams on metals and Yin and Cohen on semiconductors visualized the spatial distribution of electrons, predicted the equation of state of solids, crystal stability, pressure-induced phase transitions, and more. They also stressed the importance of identifying trends by looking at many systems (e.g. the whole transition-metal series). Since then, the field has seen numerous applications of DFT to solids, liquids, defects, surfaces, and interfaces providing important descriptions and explanations as well as predictions of experimentally not yet identified systems. - ∖ ∖ About 10 years ago, G. Ceder and his group [Ref. 3 and references therein] started with high-throughput screening calculations in the spirit of what in 2011 became the ``Materials Genome Initiative''. The idea of high-throughput screening is old (a key example is the ammonia catalyst found by A. Mittasch at BASF more than 100 years ago), but it is now increasingly becoming clear that big data of materials does not only provide direct information but that the data is structured. This enables interpolation, (modest) extrapolation, and new routes towards understanding [Ref. 5 and references therein]. - ∖ ∖ The amount of data created by ``computational materials science'' is significant. For instance, the NoMaD Repository (which includes also data from other repositories, e.g. AFLOWLIB and OQMD) now holds more than 18 million total-energy calculations. In fact, the amount of data of computational materials science is steadily increasing, and about hundred million CPU core hours are nowadays used every day, worldwide, for DFT calculations for materials. - ∖ ∖ The talk will summarize this enormous impact of DFT on materials science, and it will address the next steps, e.g. the issue how to exploit big data of materials for doing forefront research, how to find (hidden) structure in the data in order to advance materials science, identify new scientific phenomena, and to provide support towards industrial applications. The NOMAD Laboratory Center of Excellence, European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, Grant agreement no. 676580.

A Single-Phase Analytic Equation of State for Solid Polyurea and Polyurea Aerogels

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whitworth, Nicholas; Lambourn, Brian

2017-06-01

Commercially available polymers are commonly used as impactors in high explosive gas-gun experiments. This paper presents a relatively simple, single-phase, analytic equation of state (EoS) for solid polyurea and polyurea aerogels suitable for use in hydrocode simulations. An exponential shock velocity-particle velocity relation is initially fit to available Hugoniot data on the solid material, which has a density of 1.13 g/cm3. This relation is then converted to a finite strain relation along the principal isentrope, which is used as the reference curve for a Mie-Gruneisen form of EoS with an assumed form for the variation of Gruneisen Γ with specific volume. Using the solid EoS in conjunction with the Snowplough model for porosity, experimental data on the shock response of solid polyurea and polyurea aerogels with initial densities of 0.20 and 0.35 g/cm3 can be reproduced to a reasonable degree of accuracy. A companion paper at this conference describes the application of this and other EoS in modelling shock-release-reshock gas-gun experiments on the insensitive high explosive PBX 9502.

Characterization and Detailed Analysis of Regression Behavior for HTPB Solid Fuels Containing High Aluminum Loadings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kibbey, Timothy P.; Cortopassi, Andrew C.; Boyer, Eric C.

2017-01-01

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center's Materials and Processes Department, with support from the Propulsion Systems Department, has renewed the development and maintenance of a hybrid test bed for exposing ablative thermal protection materials to an environment similar to that seen in solid rocket motors (SRM). The Solid Fuel Torch (SFT), operated during the Space Shuttle program, utilized gaseous oxygen for oxidizer and an aluminized hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) fuel grain to expose a converging section of phenolic material to a 400 psi, 2-phase flow combustion environment. The configuration allows for up to a 2 foot long, 5 inch diameter fuel grain cartridge. Wanting to now test rubber insulation materials with a turn-back feature to mimic the geometry of an aft dome being impinged by alumina particles, the throat area has now been increased by several times to afford flow similarity. Combined with the desire to maintain a higher operating pressure, the oxidizer flow rate is being increased by a factor of 10. Out of these changes has arisen the need to characterize the fuel/oxidizer combination in a higher mass flux condition than has been previously tested at MSFC, and at which the literature has little to no reporting as well. For (especially) metalized fuels, hybrid references have pointed out possible dependence of fuel regression rate on a number of variables: mass flux, G - oxidizer only (G0), or - total mass flux (Gtot), Length, L, Pressure, P, and Diameter, D.

Pseudopotential calculations and photothermal lensing measurements of two-photon absorption in solids

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

White, W.T. III

1985-11-04

We have studied two-photon absorption in solids theoretically and experimentally. We have shown that it is possible to use accurate band structure techniques to compute two-photon absorption spectra within 15% of measured values in a wide band-gap material, ZnS. The empirical pseudopotential technique that we used is significantly more accurate than previous models of two-photon absorption in zinc blende materials, including present tunneling theories (which are essentially parabolic-band results in disguise) and the nonparabolic-band formalism of Pidgeon et al. and Weiler. The agreement between our predictions and previous measurements allowed us to use ZnS as a reference material in ordermore » to validate a technique for measuring two-photon absorption that was previously untried in solids, pulsed dual-beam thermal lensing. With the validated technique, we examined nonlinear absorption in one other crystal (rutile) and in several glasses, including silicates, borosilicates, and one phosphate glass. Initially, we believed that the absorption edges of all the materials were comparable; however, subsequent evidence suggested that the effective band-gap energies of the glasses were above the energy of two photons in our measurement. Therefore, we attribute the nonlinear absorption that we observed in glasses to impurities or defects. The measured nonlinear absorption coefficients were of the order of a few cm/TW in the glasses and of the order of 10 cm/GW in the crystals, four orders of magnitude higher than in glasses. 292 refs.« less

Towards Lead-Free Piezoceramics: Facing a Synthesis Challenge

PubMed Central

Villafuerte-Castrejón, María Elena; Morán, Emilio; Reyes-Montero, Armando; Vivar-Ocampo, Rodrigo; Peña-Jiménez, Jesús-Alejandro; Rea-López, Salvador-Oliver; Pardo, Lorena

2016-01-01

The search for electroceramic materials with enhanced ferro-pyro-piezoelectric properties and revealing the perovskite type structure has been the objective of a significant number of manuscripts reported in the literature. This has been usually carried out by proposing the synthesis and processing of new compounds and solid solution series. In this work, several methods to obtain ferro-pyro-piezoelectric families of materials featuring the well-known ABO3 perovskite structure (or related) such as BaTiO3, Ba1–xCaxTi1–yZryO3, (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3, (K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 and their solid solutions with different cations either in the A or B positions, are presented. For this kind of materials, the challenge for obtaining a single phase compound with a specific grain size and morphology and, most importantly, with the adequate stoichiometry, will also be discussed. The results reviewed herein will be discussed in terms of the tendency of working with softer conditions, i.e., lower temperature and shorter reaction times, also referred to as soft-chemistry. PMID:28787822

Nuclear Materials Science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Whittle, Karl

2016-06-01

Concerns around global warming have led to a nuclear renaissance in many countries, meanwhile the nuclear industry is warning already of a need to train more nuclear engineers and scientists, who are needed in a range of areas from healthcare and radiation detection to space exploration and advanced materials as well as for the nuclear power industry. Here Karl Whittle provides a solid overview of the intersection of nuclear engineering and materials science at a level approachable by advanced students from materials, engineering and physics. The text explains the unique aspects needed in the design and implementation of materials for use in demanding nuclear settings. In addition to material properties and their interaction with radiation the book covers a range of topics including reactor design, fuels, fusion, future technologies and lessons learned from past incidents. Accompanied by problems, videos and teaching aids the book is suitable for a course text in nuclear materials and a reference for those already working in the field.

76 FR 8658 - Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-15

... Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code..., the Coast Guard amended its regulations governing the carriage of solid hazardous materials in bulk to... hazardous bulk solid materials not addressed in the amended regulations. This notice announces that the...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Slattery, Stuart R

ExaMPM is a mini-application for the Material Point Method (MPM) for studying the application of MPM to future exascale computing systems. MPM is a general method for computational mechanics and fluids and is used in a wide variety of science and engineering disciplines to study problems with large deformations, phase change, fracture, and other phenomena. ExaMPM provides a reference implementation of MPM as described in the 1994 work of Sulsky et.al. (Sulsky, Deborah, Zhen Chen, and Howard L. Schreyer. "A particle method for history-dependent materials." Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 118.1-2 (1994): 179-196.). The software can solve basicmore » MPM problems in solid mechanics using the original algorithm of Sulsky with explicit time integration, basic geometries, and free-slip and no-slip boundary conditions as described in the reference. ExaMPM is intended to be used as a starting point to design new parallel algorithms for the next generation of DOE supercomputers.« less

Thermodynamic data for biomass conversion and waste incineration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Domalski, E.S.; Jobe, T.L. Jr; Milne, T.A.

1986-09-01

The general purpose of this collection of thermodynamic data of selected materials is to make property information available to the engineering community on chemical mixtures, polymers, composite materials, solid wastes, biomass, and materials not easily identifiable by a single stoichiometric formula. More than 700 materials have been compiled covering properties such as specific heat, gross heat of combustion, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization, and vapor pressure. The information was obtained from the master files of the NBS Chemical Thermodynamics Data Center, the annual issues of the Bulletin of Chemical Thermodynamics, intermittent examinations of the Chemical Abstracts subject indexes, individualmore » articles by various authors, and other general reference sources. The compilation is organized into several broad categories; materials are listed alphabetically within each category. For each material, the physical state, information as to the composition or character of the material, the kind of thermodynamic property reported, the specific property values for the material, and citations to the reference list are given. In addition, appendix A gives an empirical formula that allows heats of combustion of carbonaceous materials to be predicted with surprising accuracy when the elemental composition is known. A spread sheet illustrates this predictability with examples from this report and elsewhere. Appendix B lists some reports containing heats of combustion not included in this publication. Appendix C contains symbols, units, conversion factors, and atomic weights used in evaluating and compiling the thermodynamic data.« less

Mechanical cloak design by direct lattice transformation

PubMed Central

Bückmann, Tiemo; Kadic, Muamer; Schittny, Robert; Wegener, Martin

2015-01-01

Spatial coordinate transformations have helped simplifying mathematical issues and solving complex boundary-value problems in physics for decades already. More recently, material-parameter transformations have also become an intuitive and powerful engineering tool for designing inhomogeneous and anisotropic material distributions that perform wanted functions, e.g., invisibility cloaking. A necessary mathematical prerequisite for this approach to work is that the underlying equations are form invariant with respect to general coordinate transformations. Unfortunately, this condition is not fulfilled in elastic–solid mechanics for materials that can be described by ordinary elasticity tensors. Here, we introduce a different and simpler approach. We directly transform the lattice points of a 2D discrete lattice composed of a single constituent material, while keeping the properties of the elements connecting the lattice points the same. After showing that the approach works in various areas, we focus on elastic–solid mechanics. As a demanding example, we cloak a void in an effective elastic material with respect to static uniaxial compression. Corresponding numerical calculations and experiments on polymer structures made by 3D printing are presented. The cloaking quality is quantified by comparing the average relative SD of the strain vectors outside of the cloaked void with respect to the homogeneous reference lattice. Theory and experiment agree and exhibit very good cloaking performance. PMID:25848021

On the Theory of Reactive Mixtures for Modeling Biological Growth

PubMed Central

Ateshian, Gerard A.

2013-01-01

Mixture theory, which can combine continuum theories for the motion and deformation of solids and fluids with general principles of chemistry, is well suited for modeling the complex responses of biological tissues, including tissue growth and remodeling, tissue engineering, mechanobiology of cells and a variety of other active processes. A comprehensive presentation of the equations of reactive mixtures of charged solid and fluid constituents is lacking in the biomechanics literature. This study provides the conservation laws and entropy inequality, as well as interface jump conditions, for reactive mixtures consisting of a constrained solid mixture and multiple fluid constituents. The constituents are intrinsically incompressible and may carry an electrical charge. The interface jump condition on the mass flux of individual constituents is shown to define a surface growth equation, which predicts deposition or removal of material points from the solid matrix, complementing the description of volume growth described by the conservation of mass. A formu-lation is proposed for the reference configuration of a body whose material point set varies with time. State variables are defined which can account for solid matrix volume growth and remodeling. Constitutive constraints are provided on the stresses and momentum supplies of the various constituents, as well as the interface jump conditions for the electrochem cal potential of the fluids. Simplifications appropriate for biological tissues are also proposed, which help reduce the governing equations into a more practical format. It is shown that explicit mechanisms of growth-induced residual stresses can be predicted in this framework. PMID:17206407

Solid-shape energy fuels from recyclable municipal solid waste and plastics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gug, Jeongin

Diversion of waste streams, such as plastics, wood and paper, from municipal landfills and extraction of useful materials from landfills is an area of increasing interest across the country, especially in densely populated areas. One promising technology for recycling MSW (municipal solid waste) is to burn the high energy content components in standard coal boilers. This research seeks to reform wastes into briquette that are compatible with typical coal combustion processes. In order to comply with the standards of coal-fired power plants, the feedstock must be mechanically robust, moisture resistance, and retain high fuel value. Household waste with high paper and fibers content was used as the base material for this study. It was combined with recyclable plastics such as PE, PP, PET and PS for enhanced binding and energy efficiency. Fuel pellets were processed using a compression molding technique. The resulting moisture absorption, proximate analysis from burning, and mechanical properties were investigated after sample production and then compared with reference data for commercial coals and biomass briquettes. The effects of moisture content, compression pressure and processing temperature were studied to identify the optimal processing conditions with water uptake tests for the durability of samples under humid conditions and burning tests to examine the composition of samples. Lastly, mechanical testing revealed the structural stability of solid fuels. The properties of fuel briquettes produced from waste and recycled plastics improved with higher processing temperature but without charring the material. Optimization of moisture content and removal of air bubbles increased the density, stability and mechanical strength. The sample composition was found to be more similar to biomass fuels than coals because the majority of the starting material was paper-based solid waste. According to the proximate analysis results, the waste fuels can be expected to have low temperature ignition, less char formation and reduced CO2 emission with the high heating energy value similar to coal. It is concluded that solid fuels from paper based waste and plastics can be a good energy resource as an alternative and sustainable fuel, which may help to alleviate the environmental problems related to landfill space at the same time.

Headspace solid phase microextraction--GC/C-IRMS for delta13CVPDB measurements of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons using EA-IRMS calibration.

PubMed

Ebongué, Véronique Woule; Geypens, Benny; Berglund, Michael; Taylor, Philip

2009-03-01

This work aims at comparing the delta(13)C(VPDB) of mono-aromatic hydrocarbons benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomers (BTEX) measured by elemental analyser (EA)-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (IRMS) with the delta(13)C(VPDB) measured on the same compounds by headspace solid phase microextraction - GC/C-IRMS (hSPME - GC/C-IRMS) with the final goal of using these compounds as internal standards on the latter system. The EA-IRMS measurements were done using calcium and lithium carbonate isotopic reference materials: NBS19 and L-SVEC for establishing the delta(13)C(VPDB) scale. The EA-IRMS measurements with helium dilution of a set of five reference materials (USGS40, USGS41, IAEA-CH-6, IAEA-CH-3 and IAEA-601) show systematic bias of 1 per thousand relative to their assigned values. This bias due to the dilution mechanism in the used ConfloII interface device could not be avoided. As the selected hydrocarbons: BTEX could not be analysed by EA-IRMS without helium dilution, their delta(13)C(VPDB) must be corrected from this observed bias using an external calibration. The CO(2) gas calibrated using EA-IRMS without helium dilution, was used as an in-house reference for the delta(13)C(VPDB) measurements of the BTEX by the hSPME - GC/C-IRMS system. The comparison made between the delta(13)C(VPDB) measured on the same BTEX compounds by EA-IRMS (with external calibration) and by hSPME - GC/C-IRMS techniques showed good agreement.

Detectability of Delaminations in Solid Rocket Motors with Embedded Stress Sensors

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-04

thick, respectively. The propellant is a typical HTPB/AP composite grain with an EPDM insulation layer. The temperature-dependent elastic mechanical...properties of HTPB/AP and EPDM were obtained from in-house testing at AFRL/RZSM (Edwards AFB). The motor case is assumed to be a filament-wound...collection of EPDM insulation material. REFERENCES   1 Ruderman, G. A., “Health Management Issues and Strategy for Air Force Missiles,” International

Magnetic ferrite particles combined with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the speciation of low concentrations of arsenic.

PubMed

López-García, Ignacio; Marín-Hernández, Juan José; Hernández-Córdoba, Manuel

2018-05-01

Freshly in situ prepared ferrite particles were used for the micro-solid phase extraction of arsenic species. When the separation was carried out at pH 8, inorganic arsenic (As(III) + As(V)) and monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) were retained in the magnetic material. A second aliquot was treated with 2,3 dimercapto propanol, leading to the retention of As(V)+MMA, while a third aliquot was first treated with sodium thiosulphate, in which case only inorganic arsenic passed to the solid phase. In all cases, the solid residue collected by a magnet was suspended in a dilute nitric acid solution containing Triton X-100 and introduced into the electrothermal atomizer to obtain the analytical signal of arsenic. The use of palladium as a chemical modifier allowed calibration to be carried out with aqueous standards. The detection limit was 0.02µgL -1 arsenic for a 10mL sample volume. The procedure was applied to waters and herbal infusions, and its reliability was evaluated by analyzing eleven certified reference materials for which speciation data are provided. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grady, Dennis E.

A fourth-power law underlying the steady shock-wave structure and solid viscosity of condensed material has been observed for a wide range of metals and non-metals. The fourth-power law relates the steady-wave Hugoniot pressure to the fourth power of the strain rate during passage of the material through the structured shock wave. Preceding the fourth-power law was the observation in a shock transition that the product of the shock dissipation energy and the shock transition time is a constant independent of the shock pressure amplitude. Invariance of this energy-time product implies the fourth-power law. This property of the shock transition inmore » solids was initially identified as a shock invariant. More recently, it has been referred to as the dissipative action, although no relationship to the accepted definitions of action in mechanics has been demonstrated. This same invariant property has application to a wider range of transient failure phenomena in solids. Invariance of this dissipation action has application to spall fracture, failure through adiabatic shear, shock compaction of granular media, and perhaps others. Through models of the failure processes, a clearer picture of the physics underlying the observed invariance is emerging. These insights in turn are leading to a better understanding of the shock deformation processes underlying the fourth-power law. Experimental result and material models encompassing the dynamic failure of solids are explored for the purpose of demonstrating commonalities leading to invariance of the dissipation action. Calculations are extended to aluminum and uranium metals with the intent of predicting micro-scale dynamics and spatial structure in the steady shock wave.« less

The Physics of Semiconductors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brennan, Kevin F.

1999-02-01

Modern fabrication techniques have made it possible to produce semiconductor devices whose dimensions are so small that quantum mechanical effects dominate their behavior. This book describes the key elements of quantum mechanics, statistical mechanics, and solid-state physics that are necessary in understanding these modern semiconductor devices. The author begins with a review of elementary quantum mechanics, and then describes more advanced topics, such as multiple quantum wells. He then disusses equilibrium and nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. Following this introduction, he provides a thorough treatment of solid-state physics, covering electron motion in periodic potentials, electron-phonon interaction, and recombination processes. The final four chapters deal exclusively with real devices, such as semiconductor lasers, photodiodes, flat panel displays, and MOSFETs. The book contains many homework exercises and is suitable as a textbook for electrical engineering, materials science, or physics students taking courses in solid-state device physics. It will also be a valuable reference for practicing engineers in optoelectronics and related areas.

Thermal and Chemical Characterization of Composite Materials. MSFC Center Director's Discretionary Fund Final Report, Project No. ED36-18

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stanley, D. C.; Huff, T. L.

2003-01-01

The purpose of this research effort was to: (1) provide a concise and well-defined property profile of current and developing composite materials using thermal and chemical characterization techniques and (2) optimize analytical testing requirements of materials. This effort applied a diverse array of methodologies to ascertain composite material properties. Often, a single method of technique will provide useful, but nonetheless incomplete, information on material composition and/or behavior. To more completely understand and predict material properties, a broad-based analytical approach is required. By developing a database of information comprised of both thermal and chemical properties, material behavior under varying conditions may be better understood. THis is even more important in the aerospace community, where new composite materials and those in the development stage have little reference data. For example, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectral databases available for identification of vapor phase spectra, such as those generated during experiments, generally refer to well-defined chemical compounds. Because this method renders a unique thermal decomposition spectral pattern, even larger, more diverse databases, such as those found in solid and liquid phase FTIR spectroscopy libraries, cannot be used. By combining this and other available methodologies, a database specifically for new materials and materials being developed at Marshall Space Flight Center can be generated . In addition, characterizing materials using this approach will be extremely useful in the verification of materials and identification of anomalies in NASA-wide investigations.

Solid materials for removing metals and fabrication method

DOEpatents

Coronado, Paul R.; Reynolds, John G.; Coleman, Sabre J.

2004-10-19

Solid materials have been developed to remove contaminating metals and organic compounds from aqueous media. The contaminants are removed by passing the aqueous phase through the solid materials which can be in molded, granular, or powder form. The solid materials adsorb the metals and the organics leaving a purified aqueous stream. The materials are sol-gel and or sol-gel and granulated activated carbon (GAC) mixtures. The species-specific adsorption occurs through specific chemical modifications of the solids tailored towards the contaminant(s). The contaminated solid materials can then be disposed of or the contaminant can be removed and the solids recycled.

230Th-234U Model-Ages of Some Uranium Standard Reference Materials

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Williams, R W; Gaffney, A M; Kristo, M J

The 'age' of a sample of uranium is an important aspect of a nuclear forensic investigation and of the attribution of the material to its source. To the extent that the sample obeys the standard rules of radiochronometry, then the production ages of even very recent material can be determined using the {sup 230}Th-{sup 234}U chronometer. These standard rules may be summarized as (a) the daughter/parent ratio at time=zero must be known, and (b) there has been no daughter/parent fractionation since production. For most samples of uranium, the 'ages' determined using this chronometer are semantically 'model-ages' because (a) some assumptionmore » of the initial {sup 230}Th content in the sample is required and (b) closed-system behavior is assumed. The uranium standard reference materials originally prepared and distributed by the former US National Bureau of Standards and now distributed by New Brunswick Laboratory as certified reference materials (NBS SRM = NBL CRM) are good candidates for samples where both rules are met. The U isotopic standards have known purification and production dates, and closed-system behavior in the solid form (U{sub 3}O{sub 8}) may be assumed with confidence. We present here {sup 230}Th-{sup 234}U model-ages for several of these standards, determined by isotope dilution mass spectrometry using a multicollector ICP-MS, and compare these ages with their known production history.« less

Radiation Effects in Fission and Fusion Reactors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Odette, G. Robert; Wirth, Brian D.

Since the prediction of "Wigner disease" [1] and the subsequent observation of anisotropic growth of the graphite used in the Chicago Pile, the effects of radiation on materials has been an important technological concern. The broad field of radiation effects impacts many critical advanced technologies, ranging from semiconductor processing to severe materials degradation in nuclear reactor environments. Radiation effects also occur in many natural environments, ranging from deep space to inside the Earth's crust. As selected examples that involve many basic phenomena that cross-cut and illustrate the broader impacts of radiation exposure on materials, this article focuses on modeling microstructural changes in iron-based ferritic alloys under high-energy neutron irradiation relevant to light water fission reactor pressure vessels. We also touch briefly on radiation effects in structural alloys for fusion reactor first wall and blanket structures; in this case the focus is on modeling the evolution of self-interstitial atom clusters and dislocation loops. Note, since even the narrower topic of structural materials for nuclear energy applications encompass a vast literature dating from 1942, the references included in this article are primarily limited to these two narrower subjects. Thus, the references cited here are presented as examples, rather than comprehensive bibliographies. However, the interested reader is referred to proceedings of continuing symposia series that have been sponsored by several organizations, several monographs [2-4] and key journals (e.g., Journal of Nuclear Materials, Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids).

Lyophilization -Solid Waste Treatment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Litwiller, Eric; Flynn, Michael; Fisher, John; Reinhard, Martin

2004-01-01

This paper discusses the development of a solid waste treatment system that has been designed for a Mars transit exploration mission. The technology described is an energy-efficient lyophilization technique that is designed to recover water from spacecraft solid wastes. Candidate wastes include feces, concentrated brines from water processors, and other solid wastes that contain free water. The system is designed to operate as a stand-alone process or to be integrated into the International Space Station Waste Collection System. In the lyophilization process, water in an aqueous waste is frozen and then sublimed, separating the waste into a dried solid material and liquid water. The sublimed water is then condensed in a solid ice phase and then melted to generate a liquid product. In the subject system the waste solids are contained within a 0.2 micron bio-guard bag and after drying are removed from the system and stored in a secondary container. This technology is ideally suited to applications such as the Mars Reference Mission, where water recovery rates approaching 100% are desirable but production of CO2 is not. The system is designed to minimize power consumption through the use of thermoelectric heat pumps. The results of preliminary testing of a prototype system and testing of the final configuration are provided. A mathematical model of the system is also described.

Electrocatalytic cermet gas detector/sensor

DOEpatents

Vogt, Michael C.; Shoemarker, Erika L.; Fraioli, deceased, Anthony V.

1995-01-01

An electrocatalytic device for sensing gases. The gas sensing device includes a substrate layer, a reference electrode disposed on the substrate layer comprised of a nonstoichiometric chemical compound enabling oxygen diffusion therethrough, a lower reference electrode coupled to the reference electrode, a solid electrolyte coupled to the lower reference electrode and an upper catalytically active electrode coupled to the solid electrolyte.

Reduction of Effective Acceleration to Microgravity Levels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Downey, James P.

2000-01-01

Acceleration due to earth's gravity causes buoyancy driven convection and sedimentation in solutions. In addition. pressure gradients occur as a function of the height within a liquid column. Hence gravity effects both equilbria conditions and phase transitions as a result of hydrostatic pressure gradients. The affect of gravity on the rate of heat and man transfer in solutal processes can be particularly important in polymer processing due to the high sensitivity of polymeric materials to processing conditions. The term microgravity has been coined to describe an environment in which the affects of gravitational acceleration am greatly reduced. It may seem odd to talk in term of reducing the effects of gravitational acceleration since gravitational attraction is a basic property of matter. However, die presence of gravity on in situ processing or measurements can be negated by achieving conditions in which the laboratory, or more specifically the container of the experimental materials, a subjected to the same acceleration as the materials themselves. With regard to the laboratory reference frame, there is virtually no force on the experimental solutions. This is difficult to achieve but can be done. A short review of Newtonian physics provides an explanation on both how processes we affected by gravity and how microgravity conditions are achieved. The fact that fluids deform when subject to a force bid solids do not indicates that solids have a structure able to exert an opposing force that negates an externally applied force. Liquids deform when a force is applied, indicating that a liquid structure cannot completely negate an applied force. Just how easily a liquid resists deformation is related to its viscosity. Spaceflight provides an environment in which the laboratory reference frame i.e. the spacecraft and all the equipment therein an experiencing virtually identical forces. There is no solid foundation underneath such a laboratory, so the laboratory accelerates according to the force of gravity as do the experimental fluids within the lab. Hence, the magnitude of the form excited by the laboratory on the experimental solutions within are greatly reduced. When compared with a laboratory on the ground and averaged over time, the fluids in a spaceflight laboratory experience approximately a 10 (sup -6)decrease in acceleration relative to their laboratory reference frame hence the term microgravity.

Method and apparatus for semi-solid material processing

DOEpatents

Han, Qingyou [Knoxville, TN; Jian, Xiaogang [Knoxville, TN; Xu, Hanbing [Knoxville, TN; Meek, Thomas T [Knoxville, TN

2009-02-24

A method of forming a material includes the steps of: vibrating a molten material at an ultrasonic frequency while cooling the material to a semi-solid state to form non-dendritic grains therein; forming the semi-solid material into a desired shape; and cooling the material to a solid state. The method makes semi-solid castings directly from molten materials (usually a metal), produces grain size usually in the range of smaller than 50 .mu.m, and can be easily retrofitted into existing conventional forming machine.

Method and apparatus for semi-solid material processing

DOEpatents

Han, Qingyou [Knoxville, TN; Jian, Xiaogang [Knoxville, TN; Xu, Hanbing [Knoxville, TN; Meek, Thomas T [Knoxville, TN

2009-11-24

A method of forming a material includes the steps of: vibrating a molten material at an ultrasonic frequency while cooling the material to a semi-solid state to form non-dendritic grains therein; forming the semi-solid material into a desired shape; and cooling the material to a solid state. The method makes semi-solid castings directly from molten materials (usually a metal), produces grain size usually in the range of smaller than 50 .mu.m, and can be easily retrofitted into existing conventional forming maching.

Method and apparatus for semi-solid material processing

DOEpatents

Han, Qingyou [Knoxville, TN; Jian, Xiaogang [Knoxville, TN; Xu, Hanbing [Knoxville, TN; Meek, Thomas T [Knoxville, TN

2007-05-15

A method of forming a material includes the steps of: vibrating a molten material at an ultrasonic frequency while cooling the material to a semi-solid state to form non-dendritic grains therein; forming the semi-solid material into a desired shape; and cooling the material to a solid state. The method makes semi-solid castings directly from molten materials (usually a metal), produces grain size usually in the range of smaller than 50 .mu.m, and can be easily retrofitted into existing conventional forming machine.

Ion exchange separation of chromium from natural water matrix for stable isotope mass spectrometric analysis

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ball, J.W.; Bassett, R.L.

2000-01-01

A method has been developed for separating the Cr dissolved in natural water from matrix elements and determination of its stable isotope ratios using solid-source thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS). The separation method takes advantage of the existence of the oxidized form of Cr as an oxyanion to separate it from interfering cations using anion-exchange chromatography, and of the reduced form of Cr as a positively charged ion to separate it from interfering anions such as sulfate. Subsequent processing of the separated sample eliminates residual organic material for application to a solid source filament. Ratios for 53Cr/52Cr for National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 979 can be measured using the silica gel-boric acid technique with a filament-to-filament standard deviation in the mean 53Cr/52Cr ratio for 50 replicates of 0.00005 or less. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors.

PubMed

Zhong, Cheng; Deng, Yida; Hu, Wenbin; Qiao, Jinli; Zhang, Lei; Zhang, Jiujun

2015-11-07

Electrolytes have been identified as some of the most influential components in the performance of electrochemical supercapacitors (ESs), which include: electrical double-layer capacitors, pseudocapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors. This paper reviews recent progress in the research and development of ES electrolytes. The electrolytes are classified into several categories, including: aqueous, organic, ionic liquids, solid-state or quasi-solid-state, as well as redox-active electrolytes. Effects of electrolyte properties on ES performance are discussed in detail. The principles and methods of designing and optimizing electrolytes for ES performance and application are highlighted through a comprehensive analysis of the literature. Interaction among the electrolytes, electro-active materials and inactive components (current collectors, binders, and separators) is discussed. The challenges in producing high-performing electrolytes are analyzed. Several possible research directions to overcome these challenges are proposed for future efforts, with the main aim of improving ESs' energy density without sacrificing existing advantages (e.g., a high power density and a long cycle-life) (507 references).

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: from nanoparticles to technology.

PubMed

Baláž, Peter; Achimovičová, Marcela; Baláž, Matej; Billik, Peter; Cherkezova-Zheleva, Zara; Criado, José Manuel; Delogu, Francesco; Dutková, Erika; Gaffet, Eric; Gotor, Francisco José; Kumar, Rakesh; Mitov, Ivan; Rojac, Tadej; Senna, Mamoru; Streletskii, Andrey; Wieczorek-Ciurowa, Krystyna

2013-09-21

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

Phase conjugate Twyman-Green interferometer for testing spherical surfaces and lenses and for measuring refractive indices of liquids or solid transparent materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shukla, R. P.; Dokhanian, Mostafa; Venkateswarlu, Putcha; George, M. C.

1990-01-01

The present paper describes an application of a phase conjugate Twyman-Green interferometer using barium titanate as a self-pumping mirror for testing optical components like concave and convex spherical mirrors and lenses. The aberrations introduced by the beam splitter while testing concave or convex spherical mirrors of large aperture are automatically eliminated due to self-focussing property of the phase conjugate mirror. There is no necessity for a good spherical surface as a reference surface unlike in classical Twyman-Green interferometer or Williams interferometer. The phase conjugate Twyman Green interferometer with a divergent illumination can be used as a test plate for checking spherical surfaces. A nondestructive technique for measuring the refractive indices of a Fabry Perot etalon by using a phase conjugate interferometer is also suggested. The interferometer is found to be useful for measuring the refractive indices of liquids and solid transparent materials with an accuracy of the order of + or - 0.0004.

Solid materials for removing arsenic and method thereof

DOEpatents

Coronado, Paul R.; Coleman, Sabre J.; Sanner, Robert D.; Dias, Victoria L.; Reynolds, John G.

2010-09-28

Solid materials have been developed to remove arsenic compounds from aqueous media. The arsenic is removed by passing the aqueous phase through the solid materials which can be in molded, granular, or powder form. The solid materials adsorb the arsenic leaving a purified aqueous stream. The materials are aerogels or xerogels and aerogels or xerogels and solid support structure, e.g., granulated activated carbon (GAC), mixtures. The species-specific adsorption occurs through specific chemical modifications of the solids tailored towards arsenic.

Solid materials for removing arsenic and method thereof

DOEpatents

Coronado, Paul R [Livermore, CA; Coleman, Sabre J [Oakland, CA; Sanner, Robert D [Livermore, CA; Dias, Victoria L [Livermore, CA; Reynolds, John G [San Ramon, CA

2008-07-01

Solid materials have been developed to remove arsenic compounds from aqueous media. The arsenic is removed by passing the aqueous phase through the solid materials which can be in molded, granular, or powder form. The solid materials adsorb the arsenic leaving a purified aqueous stream. The materials are aerogels or xerogels and aerogels or xerogels and solid support structure, e.g., granulated activated carbon (GAC), mixtures. The species-specific adsorption occurs through specific chemical modifications of the solids tailored towards arsenic.

Preliminary characterisation of new glass reference materials (GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G) by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry using 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm wavelengths

USGS Publications Warehouse

Guillong, M.; Hametner, K.; Reusser, E.; Wilson, S.A.; Gunther, D.

2005-01-01

New glass reference materials GSA-1G, GSC-1G, GSD-1G and GSE-1G have been characterised using a prototype solid state laser ablation system capable of producing wavelengths of 193 nm, 213 nm and 266 nm. This system allowed comparison of the effects of different laser wavelengths under nearly identical ablation and ICP operating conditions. The wavelengths 213 nm and 266 nm were also used at higher energy densities to evaluate the influence of energy density on quantitative analysis. In addition, the glass reference materials were analysed using commercially available 266 nm Nd:YAG and 193 nm ArF excimer lasers. Laser ablation analysis was carried out using both single spot and scanning mode ablation. Using laser ablation ICP-MS, concentrations of fifty-eight elements were determined with external calibration to the NIST SRM 610 glass reference material. Instead of applying the more common internal standardisation procedure, the total concentration of all element oxide concentrations was normalised to 100%. Major element concentrations were compared with those determined by electron microprobe. In addition to NIST SRM 610 for external calibration, USGS BCR-2G was used as a more closely matrix-matched reference material in order to compare the effect of matrix-matched and non matrix-matched calibration on quantitative analysis. The results show that the various laser wavelengths and energy densities applied produced similar results, with the exception of scanning mode ablation at 266 nm without matrix-matched calibration where deviations up to 60% from the average were found. However, results acquired using a scanning mode with a matrix-matched calibration agreed with results obtained by spot analysis. The increased abundance of large particles produced when using a scanning ablation mode with NIST SRM 610, is responsible for elemental fractionation effects caused by incomplete vaporisation of large particles in the ICP.

Effects of Moisture and Other Contaminants in Friction Composites

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-01-30

NC 126, (Cardolite Corporation, Newark, NJ), a cashew nut shell liquid modified phenolic resin. NC126 is different from a straight phenolic resin in...that there is an alkyl chain substituent in the meta position of the phenol. The resin is derived from cashew nut shell liquid and is a solid...crosslinked cashew resin and is often referred to as cashew particles. The friction materials were processed by compression molding at 160 °C and 1000 psi

Mass, energy and material balances of SRF production process. Part 3: solid recovered fuel produced from municipal solid waste.

PubMed

Nasrullah, Muhammad; Vainikka, Pasi; Hannula, Janne; Hurme, Markku; Kärki, Janne

2015-02-01

This is the third and final part of the three-part article written to describe the mass, energy and material balances of the solid recovered fuel production process produced from various types of waste streams through mechanical treatment. This article focused the production of solid recovered fuel from municipal solid waste. The stream of municipal solid waste used here as an input waste material to produce solid recovered fuel is energy waste collected from households of municipality. This article presents the mass, energy and material balances of the solid recovered fuel production process. These balances are based on the proximate as well as the ultimate analysis and the composition determination of various streams of material produced in a solid recovered fuel production plant. All the process streams are sampled and treated according to CEN standard methods for solid recovered fuel. The results of the mass balance of the solid recovered fuel production process showed that 72% of the input waste material was recovered in the form of solid recovered fuel; 2.6% as ferrous metal, 0.4% as non-ferrous metal, 11% was sorted as rejects material, 12% as fine faction and 2% as heavy fraction. The energy balance of the solid recovered fuel production process showed that 86% of the total input energy content of input waste material was recovered in the form of solid recovered fuel. The remaining percentage (14%) of the input energy was split into the streams of reject material, fine fraction and heavy fraction. The material balances of this process showed that mass fraction of paper and cardboard, plastic (soft) and wood recovered in the solid recovered fuel stream was 88%, 85% and 90%, respectively, of their input mass. A high mass fraction of rubber material, plastic (PVC-plastic) and inert (stone/rock and glass particles) was found in the reject material stream. © The Author(s) 2014.

Studies of LA-ICP-MS on quartz glasses at different wavelengths of a Nd:YAG laser.

PubMed

Becker, J S; Tenzler, D

2001-07-01

The capability of LA-ICP-MS for determination of trace impurities in transparent quartz glasses was investigated. Due to low or completely lacking absorption of laser radiation, laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) proves difficult on transparent solids, and in particular the quantification of measurement results is problematic in these circumstances. Quartz glass reference materials of various compositions were studied by using a Nd:YAG laser system with focused laser radiation of wavelengths of 1064 nm, 532 nm and 266 nm, and an ICP-QMS (Elan 6000, Perkin Elmer). The influence of ICP and laser ablation conditions in the analysis of quartz glasses of different compositions was investigated, with the laser power density in the region of interaction between laser radiation and solid surface determining the ablation process. The trace element concentration was determined via calibration curves recorded with the aid of quartz glass reference materials. Under optimized measuring conditions the correlation coefficients of the calibration curves are in the range of 0.9-1. The relative sensitivity factors of the trace elements determined in the quartz glass matrix are 0.1-10 for most of the trace elements studied by LA-ICP-MS. The detection limits of the trace elements in quartz glass are in the low ng/g to pg/g range.

75 FR 34682 - Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-18

...] RIN 1625-AB47 Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk... on June 17, 2010, entitled ``Bulk Solid Hazardous Materials: Harmonization With the International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes (IMSBC) Code.'' This correction provides correct information with regard to the...

Electrocatalytic cermet gas detector/sensor

DOEpatents

Vogt, M.C.; Shoemarker, E.L.; Fraioli, A.V.

1995-07-04

An electrocatalytic device for sensing gases is described. The gas sensing device includes a substrate layer, a reference electrode disposed on the substrate layer comprised of a nonstoichiometric chemical compound enabling oxygen diffusion therethrough, a lower reference electrode coupled to the reference electrode, a solid electrolyte coupled to the lower reference electrode and an upper catalytically active electrode coupled to the solid electrolyte. 41 figs.

Measuring oxygen yields of a thermal conversion/elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer for organic and inorganic materials through injection of CO.

PubMed

Yin, Xijie; Chen, Zhigang

2014-12-01

The thermal conversion/elemental analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (TC/EA-IRMS) is widely used to measure the δ(18) O value of various substances. A premise for accurate δ(18) O measurement is that the oxygen in the sample can be converted into carbon monoxide (CO) quantitatively or at least proportionally. Therefore, a precise method to determine the oxygen yield of TC/EA-IRMS measurements is needed. Most studies have used the CO peak area obtained from a known amount of a solid reference material (for example, benzoic acid) to calibrate the oxygen yield of the sample. Although it was assumed that the oxygen yield of the solid reference material is 100%, no direct evidence has been provided. As CO is the analyte gas for δ(18) O measurement by IRMS, in this study, we use a six-port valve to inject CO gas into the TC/EA. The CO is carried to the IRMS by the He carrier gas and the CO peak area is measured by the IRMS. The CO peak area thus obtained from a known amount of the injected CO is used to calibrate the oxygen yield of the sample. The oxygen yields of commonly used organic and inorganic reference materials such as benzoic acid (C6 H5 COOH), silver phosphate (Ag3 PO4 ), calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) and silicon dioxide (SiO2 ) are investigated at different reactor temperatures and sample sizes. We obtained excellent linear correlation between the peak area for the injected CO and its oxygen atom amount. C6 H5 COOH has the highest oxygen yield, followed by Ag3 PO4 , CaCO3 and SiO2 . The oxygen yields of TC/EA-IRMS are less than 100% for both organic and inorganic substances, but the yields are relatively stable at the specified reactor temperature and for a given quantity of sample. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Measurement of breast-tissue x-ray attenuation by spectral mammography: solid lesions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fredenberg, Erik; Kilburn-Toppin, Fleur; Willsher, Paula; Moa, Elin; Danielsson, Mats; Dance, David R.; Young, Kenneth C.; Wallis, Matthew G.

2016-04-01

Knowledge of x-ray attenuation is essential for developing and evaluating x-ray imaging technologies. For instance, techniques to distinguish between cysts and solid tumours at mammography screening would be highly desirable to reduce recalls, but the development requires knowledge of the x-ray attenuation for cysts and tumours. We have previously measured the attenuation of cyst fluid using photon-counting spectral mammography. Data on x-ray attenuation for solid breast lesions are available in the literature, but cover a relatively wide range, likely caused by natural spread between samples, random measurement errors, and different experimental conditions. In this study, we have adapted a previously developed spectral method to measure the linear attenuation of solid breast lesions. A total of 56 malignant and 5 benign lesions were included in the study. The samples were placed in a holder that allowed for thickness measurement. Spectral (energy-resolved) images of the samples were acquired and the image signal was mapped to equivalent thicknesses of two known reference materials, which can be used to derive the x-ray attenuation as a function of energy. The spread in equivalent material thicknesses was relatively large between samples, which is likely to be caused mainly by natural variation and only to a minor extent by random measurement errors and sample inhomogeneity. No significant difference in attenuation was found between benign and malignant solid lesions. The separation between cyst-fluid and tumour attenuation was, however, significant, which suggests it may be possible to distinguish cystic from solid breast lesions, and the results lay the groundwork for a clinical trial. In addition, the study adds a relatively large sample set to the published data and may contribute to a reduction in the overall uncertainty in the literature.

40 CFR 227.32 - Liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... solid phases of a material. 227.32 Section 227.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... MATERIALS Definitions § 227.32 Liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a material. (a) For the... obtained above prior to centrifugation and filtration. The solid phase includes all material settling to...

40 CFR 227.32 - Liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a material.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... solid phases of a material. 227.32 Section 227.32 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION... MATERIALS Definitions § 227.32 Liquid, suspended particulate, and solid phases of a material. (a) For the... obtained above prior to centrifugation and filtration. The solid phase includes all material settling to...

Microbial specificity of metallic surfaces exposed to ambient seawater

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zaidi, B.R.; Bard, R.F.; Tosteson, T.R.

1984-09-01

High-molecular-weight materials associated with the extracellular matrix and film found on titanium and aluminum surfaces after exposure to flowing coastal seawater were isolated. This material was purified by hydroxylapatite chromatography and subsequently employed to produce antibodies in the toad, Bufo marinus. The antibodies were immobilized on a solid support and employed to isolate adhesion-enhancing, high-molecular-weight materials from the laboratory culture media of bacterial strains recovered from the respective metallic surfaces during the course of their exposure to seawater. The adhesion-enhancing materials produced by the surface-associated bacterial strains were immunologically related to the extracellular biofouling matrix material found on the surfacesmore » from which these bacteria were isolated. The surface selectivity of these bacterial strains appeared to be based on the specificity of the interaction between adhesion-enhancing macromolecules produced by these bacteria and the surfaces in question. 30 references, 6 tables.« less

Solid expellant plasma generator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stone, Nobie H. (Inventor); Poe, Garrett D. (Inventor); Rood, Robert (Inventor)

2010-01-01

An improved solid expellant plasma generator has been developed. The plasma generator includes a support housing, an electrode rod located in the central portion of the housing, and a mass of solid expellant material that surrounds the electrode rod within the support housing. The electrode rod and the solid expellant material are made of separate materials that are selected so that the electrode and the solid expellant material decompose at the same rate when the plasma generator is ignited. This maintains a point of discharge of the plasma at the interface between the electrode and the solid expellant material.

Progress and Opportunities in Soft Photonics and Biologically Inspired Optics.

PubMed

Kolle, Mathias; Lee, Seungwoo

2018-01-01

Optical components made fully or partially from reconfigurable, stimuli-responsive, soft solids or fluids-collectively referred to as soft photonics-are poised to form the platform for tunable optical devices with unprecedented functionality and performance characteristics. Currently, however, soft solid and fluid material systems still represent an underutilized class of materials in the optical engineers' toolbox. This is in part due to challenges in fabrication, integration, and structural control on the nano- and microscale associated with the application of soft components in optics. These challenges might be addressed with the help of a resourceful ally: nature. Organisms from many different phyla have evolved an impressive arsenal of light manipulation strategies that rely on the ability to generate and dynamically reconfigure hierarchically structured, complex optical material designs, often involving soft or fluid components. A comprehensive understanding of design concepts, structure formation principles, material integration, and control mechanisms employed in biological photonic systems will allow this study to challenge current paradigms in optical technology. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the fields of soft photonics and biologically inspired optics, emphasizes the ties between the two fields, and outlines future opportunities that result from advancements in soft and bioinspired photonics. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Materials research for passive solar systems: Solid-state phase-change materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benson, D. K.; Webb, J. D.; Burrows, R. W.; McFadden, J. D. O.; Christensen, C.

1985-03-01

A set of solid-state phase-change materials is being evaluated for possible use in passive solar thermal energy storage systems. The most promising materials are organic solid solutions of pentaerythritol (C5H12O4), pentaglycerinve (C5H12O3), and neopentyl glycol (C5H12O2). Solid solution mixtures of these compounds can be tailored so that they exhibit solid-to-solid phase transformations at any desired temperature between 25 C and 188 C, and have latent heats of transformation etween 20 and 70 cal/g. Transformation temperatures, specific heats, and latent heats of transformation have been measured for a number of these materials. Limited cyclic experiments suggest that the solid solutions are stable. These phase-change materials exhibit large amounts of undercooling; however, the addition of certain nucleating agents as particulate dispersions in the solid phase-change material greatly reduces this effect. Computer simulations suggest that the use of an optimized solid-state phase-change material in a Trombe wall could provide better performance than a concrete Trombe wall four times thicker and nine times heavier.

Determination of lead in flour samples directly by solid sampling high resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tinas, Hande; Ozbek, Nil; Akman, Suleyman

2018-02-01

In this study, lead concentrations in various flour samples were determined by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry with solid sampling. Since samples were analyzed directly, the risks and disadvantages of sample digestion were eliminated. Solid flour samples were dried, weighed on the platforms, Pd was added as a modifier and introduced directly into a graphite tube using a manual solid sampler. Platforms and tubes were coated with Zr. The optimized pyrolysis and atomization temperatures were 800 °C and 2200 °C, respectively. The sensitivities of lead in various flour certified reference materials (CRMs) and aqueous standards were not significantly different. Therefore, aqueous standards were safely used for calibration. The absolute limit of detection and characteristic mass were 7.2 pg and 9.0 pg of lead, respectively. The lead concentrations in different types of flour samples were found in the range of 25-52 μg kg- 1. Finally, homogeneity factors representing the heterogeneity of analyte distribution for lead in flour samples were determined.

Alternative synthetic approaches for metal-organic frameworks: transformation from solid matters.

PubMed

Zhan, Guowu; Zeng, Hua Chun

2016-12-20

Developing economic and sustainable synthetic strategies for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is imperative for promoting MOF materials into large scale industrial use. Very recently, an alternative strategy for MOF synthesis by using solvent-insoluble "solid matters" as cation reservoirs and/or templates has been developed to accomplish this goal, in which the solid matters often refer to metals, metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates, and so forth, but excluding the soluble metal salts which have been prevailingly used in MOF synthesis. Although most of the pioneering activities in this field have just started in the past 5 years, remarkable achievements have been made covering the synthesis, functionalization, positioning, and applications. A great number of MOFs in powder form, thin-films, or membranes, have been prepared through such solid-to-MOF transformations. This field is rapidly developing and expanding, and the number of related scientific publications has strikingly increased over the last few years. The aim of this review is to summarise the latest developments, highlight the present state-of-the-art, and also provide an overview for future research directions.

Multiple yielding processes in a colloidal gel under large amplitude oscillatory stress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibaud, Thomas; Perge, Christophe; Lindström, Stefan B.; Taberlet, Nicolas; Manneville, Sébastien

Fatigue refers to the changes in material properties caused by repeatedly applied loads. It has been widely studied for, e.g., construction materials, but much less has been done on soft materials. Here, we characterize the fatigue dynamics of a colloidal gel. Fatigue is induced by large amplitude oscillatory stress (LAOStress), and the local displacements of the gel are measured through high-frequency ultrasonic imaging. We show that fatigue eventually leads to rupture and fluidization. We evidence four successive steps associated with these dynamics: (i) the gel first remains solid, (ii) it then slides against the walls, (iii) the bulk of the sample becomes heterogeneous and displays solid-fluid coexistence, and (iv) it is finally fully fluidized. It is possible to homogeneously scale the duration of each step with respect to the stress oscillation amplitude $\\sigma_0$. The data are compatible with both exponential and power-law scalings with $\\sigma_0$, which hints at two possible interpretations in terms of delayed yielding in terms activated processes or of the Basquin law. Surprisingly, we find that the model parameters behave nonmonotonically as we change the oscillation frequency and/or the gel concentration.

Process for coal liquefaction using electrodeposited catalyst

DOEpatents

Moore, Raymond H.

1978-01-01

A process for the liquefaction of solid hydrocarbonaceous materials is disclosed. Particles of such materials are electroplated with a metal catalyst and are then suspended in a hydrocarbon oil and subjected to hydrogenolysis to liquefy the solid hydrocarbonaceous material. A liquid product oil is separated from residue solid material containing char and the catalyst metal. The catalyst is recovered from the solid material by electrolysis for reuse. A portion of the product oil can be employed as the hydrocarbon oil for suspending additional particles of catalyst coated solid carbonaceous material for hydrogenolysis.

Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty when measuring the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stare, E.; Beges, G.; Drnovsek, J.

2006-07-01

This paper presents the results of research into the measurement of the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking. Two types of tracking were investigated: the proof tracking index (PTI) and the comparative tracking index (CTI). Evaluation of the measurement uncertainty in a case study was performed using a test method in accordance with the IEC 60112 standard. In the scope of the tests performed here, this particular test method was used to ensure the safety of electrical appliances. According to the EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard (EN ISO/IEC 17025), in the process of conformity assessment, the evaluation of the measurement uncertainty of the test method should be carried out. In the present article, possible influential parameters that are in accordance with the third and fourth editions of the standard IEC 60112 are discussed. The differences, ambiguities or lack of guidance referring to both editions of the standard are described in the article 'Ambiguities in technical standards—case study IEC 60112—measuring the resistance of solid isolating materials to tracking' (submitted for publication). Several hundred measurements were taken in the present experiments in order to form the basis for the results and conclusions presented. A specific problem of the test (according to the IEC 60112 standard) is the great variety of influential physical parameters (mechanical, electrical, chemical, etc) that can affect the results. At the end of the present article therefore, there is a histogram containing information on the contributions to the measurement uncertainty.

Strain localization in usnaturated soils with large deformation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Song, X.; Borja, R. I.

2014-12-01

Strain localization is a ubiquitous feature of granular materials undergoing nonhomogeneous deformation. In unsaturated porous media, how the localized deformation band is formed depends crucially on the degree of saturation, since fluid in the pores of a solid imposes a volume constraint on the deformation of the solid. When fluid flow is involved, the inception of the localized deformation band also depends on the heterogeneity of a material, which is quantified in terms of the spatial variation of density, the degree of saturation, and matric suction. We present a mathematical framework for coupled solid-deformation/fluid-diffusion in unsaturated porous media that takes into account material and geometric nonlinearities [1, 2]. The framework relies on the continuum principle of thermodynamics to identify an effective, or constitutive, stress for the solid matrix, and a water retention law that highlights the interdependence of degree of saturation, suction, and porosity of the material. We discuss the role of heterogeneity, quantified either deterministically or stochastically, on the development of a persistent shear band. We derive bifurcation conditions [3] governing the initiation of such a shear band. This research is inspired by current testing techniques that allow nondestructive and non-invasive measurement of density and the degree of saturation through high-resolution imaging [4]. The numerical simulations under plane strain condition demonstrate that the bifurcation not only manifests itself on the loading response curve and but also in the space of the degree of saturation, specific volume and suction stress. References[1] Song X, Borja RI, Mathematical framework for unsaturated flow in the finite deformation range. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng 2014; 97: 658-686. [2] Song X, Borja RI, Finite deformation and fluid flow in unsaturated soils with random heterogeneity. Vadose Zone Journal 2014; doi:10.2136/vzj2013.07.0131. [3] Song X, Borja RI, Instability and bifurcation in partially saturated porous media. 2014. to be submitted. [4] Song X, Strain localization in unsaturated porous media. 2014. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University, California.

Solid-phase materials for chelating metal ions and methods of making and using same

DOEpatents

Harrup, Mason K.; Wey, John E.; Peterson, Eric S.

2003-06-10

A solid material for recovering metal ions from aqueous streams, and methods of making and using the solid material, are disclosed. The solid material is made by covalently bonding a chelating agent to a silica-based solid, or in-situ condensing ceramic precursors along with the chelating agent to accomplish the covalent bonding. The chelating agent preferably comprises a oxime type chelating head, preferably a salicylaldoxime-type molecule, with an organic tail covalently bonded to the head. The hydrocarbon tail includes a carbon-carbon double bond, which is instrumental in the step of covalently bonding the tail to the silica-based solid or the in-situ condensation. The invented solid material may be contacted directly with aqueous streams containing metal ions, and is selective to ions such as copper (II) even in the presence of such ions as iron (III) and other materials that are present in earthen materials. The solid material with high selectivity to copper may be used to recover copper from mining and plating industry streams, to replace the costly and toxic solvent extraction steps of conventional copper processing.

Spontaneous Polarization in Bio-organic Materials Studied by Scanning Pyroelectric Microscopy (SPEM) and Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy (SHGM)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Putzeys, T.; Wübbenhorst, M.; van der Veen, M. A.

2015-06-01

Bio-organic materials such as bones, teeth, and tendon generally show nonlinear optical (Masters and So in Handbook of Biomedical Nonlinear Optical Microscopy, 2008), pyro- and piezoelectric (Fukada and Yasuda in J Phys Soc Jpn 12:1158, 1957) properties, implying a permanent polarization, the presence of which can be rationalized by describing the growth of the sample and the creation of a polar axis according to Markov's theory of stochastic processes (Hulliger in Biophys J 84:3501, 2003; Batagiannis et al. in Curr Opin Solid State Mater Sci 17:107, 2010). Two proven, versatile techniques for probing spontaneous polarization distributions in solids are scanning pyroelectric microscopy (SPEM) and second harmonic generation microscopy (SHGM). The combination of pyroelectric scanning with SHG-microscopy in a single experimental setup leading to complementary pyroelectric and nonlinear optical data is demonstrated, providing us with a more complete image of the polarization in organic materials. Crystals consisting of a known polar and hyperpolarizable material, CNS (4-chloro-4-nitrostilbene) are used as a reference sample, to verify the functionality of the setup, with both SPEM and SHGM images revealing the same polarization domain information. In contrast, feline and human nails exhibit a pyroelectric response, but a second harmonic response is absent for both keratin containing materials, implying that there may be symmetry-allowed SHG, but with very inefficient second harmonophores. This new approach to polarity detection provides additional information on the polar and hyperpolar nature in a variety of (bio) materials.

75 FR 45489 - New York: Incorporation by Reference of State Hazardous Waste Management Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-08-03

... (EPA). ACTION: Direct final rule. SUMMARY: The Solid Waste Disposal Act, as amended, commonly referred... Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA) for which the State has not yet been authorized and... 7004(b) of the Solid Waste Disposal Act as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), 6926, 6974(b). Dated: April 27...

New NIST sediment SRM for inorganic analysis.

PubMed

Zeisler, Rolf

2004-03-01

NIST maintains a portfolio of more than 1300 standard reference materials (SRM), more than a third of these relating to measurements in the biological and environmental fields. As part of the continuous renewal and replacement efforts, a set of new marine sediments has been recently developed covering organic and inorganic determinations. This paper describes the steps taken in sample preparation, homogeneity assay, and analytical characterization and certification with specific emphasis on SRM 2702 inorganics in marine sediment. Neutron activation analysis showed the SRM to be highly homogeneous, opening the possibility for use with solid sampling techniques. The certificate provides certified mass fraction values for 25 elements, reference values for eight elements, and information values for 11 elements, covering most of the priority pollutants with small uncertainties of only several percent relative. The values were obtained by combining results from different laboratories and techniques using a Bayesian statistical model. An intercomparison carried out in field laboratories with the material before certification illustrates a high commutability of this SRM.

Progress in Ion Transport Membranes for Gas Separation Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bose, Arun C.; Stiegel, Gary J.; Armstrong, Phillip A.; Halper, Barry J.; (Ted) Foster, E. P.

This chapter describes the evolution and advances of ion transport membranes for gas separation applications, especially separation of oxygen from air. In partnership with the US Department of Energy (DOE), Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. (Air Products) successfully developed a novel class of mixed ion-electron conducting materials and membrane architecture. These novel materials are referred to as ion transport membranes (ITM). Generically, ITMs consist of modified perovskite and brownmillerite oxide solid electrolytes and provide high oxygen anion and electron conduction typically at high temperatures driven by an oxygen potential gradient without the need for external power. The partial pressure ratio across the ITM layer creates the driving force for oxygen separation.

Non-invasive NMR stratigraphy of a multi-layered artefact: an ancient detached mural painting.

PubMed

Di Tullio, Valeria; Capitani, Donatella; Presciutti, Federica; Gentile, Gennaro; Brunetti, Brunetto Giovanni; Proietti, Noemi

2013-10-01

NMR stratigraphy was used to investigate in situ, non-destructively and non-invasively, the stratigraphy of hydrogen-rich layers of an ancient Nubian detached mural painting. Because of the detachment procedure, a complex multi-layered artefact was obtained, where, besides layers of the original mural painting, also the materials used during the procedure all became constitutive parts of the artefact. NMR measurements in situ enabled monitoring of the state of conservation of the artefact and planning of minimum representative sampling to validate results obtained in situ by solid-state NMR analysis of the samples. This analysis enabled chemical characterization of all organic materials. Use of reference compounds and prepared specimens assisted data interpretation.

Dosimetry and image quality assessment in a direct radiography system

PubMed Central

Oliveira, Bruno Beraldo; de Oliveira, Marcio Alves; Paixão, Lucas; Teixeira, Maria Helena Araújo; Nogueira, Maria do Socorro

2014-01-01

Objective To evaluate the mean glandular dose with a solid state detector and the image quality in a direct radiography system, utilizing phantoms. Materials and Methods Irradiations were performed with automatic exposure control and polymethyl methacrylate slabs with different thicknesses to calculate glandular dose values. The image quality was evaluated by means of the structures visualized on the images of the phantoms. Results Considering the uncertainty of the measurements, the mean glandular dose results are in agreement with the values provided by the equipment and with internationally adopted reference levels. Results obtained from images of the phantoms were in agreement with the reference values. Conclusion The present study contributes to verify the equipment conformity as regards dose values and image quality. PMID:25741119

Solid lithium ion conducting electrolytes and methods of preparation

DOEpatents

Narula, Chaitanya K; Daniel, Claus

2013-05-28

A composition comprised of nanoparticles of lithium ion conducting solid oxide material, wherein the solid oxide material is comprised of lithium ions, and at least one type of metal ion selected from pentavalent metal ions and trivalent lanthanide metal ions. Solution methods useful for synthesizing these solid oxide materials, as well as precursor solutions and components thereof, are also described. The solid oxide materials are incorporated as electrolytes into lithium ion batteries.

Solid lithium ion conducting electrolytes and methods of preparation

DOEpatents

Narula, Chaitanya K.; Daniel, Claus

2015-11-19

A composition comprised of nanoparticles of lithium ion conducting solid oxide material, wherein the solid oxide material is comprised of lithium ions, and at least one type of metal ion selected from pentavalent metal ions and trivalent lanthanide metal ions. Solution methods useful for synthesizing these solid oxide materials, as well as precursor solutions and components thereof, are also described. The solid oxide materials are incorporated as electrolytes into lithium ion batteries.

Radiologic safety assessment for low level waste storage on TRU pads

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ryan, J.P.

1986-03-17

The reference document (TA 2-1118) proposes to store Low Level Radioactive Solid Waste in B-25 boxes on concrete pads at the 643-G burial ground site, pending resolution of policy concernig its ultimate disposal. This analysis verifies that the reference proposal is safe, as long as it is applied to a limited material quantity of low specific activity, as described in the reference document. The predominant concern in the safety analysis is the emission of airborne activity as a result of tornados and fires. However, containment provided by B-25 boxes is sufficient to mitigate the consequences of these events sufficiently. Nevertheless,more » it is strongly recommended that any above-ground storage procedures include provisions for covering the waste containment boxes to prevent exposure to rainwater and subsequent corrosion if the storage period is to extend beyond one year.« less

Solid State Division progress report, September 30, 1981

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1982-04-01

Progress made during the 19 months from March 1, 1980, through September 30, 1981, is reported in the following areas: theoretical solid state physics (surfaces, electronic and magnetic properties, particle-solid interactions, and laser annealing); surface and near-surface properties of solids (plasma materials interactions, ion-solid interactions, pulsed laser annealing, and semiconductor physics and photovoltaic conversion); defects in solids (radiation effects, fracture, and defects and impurities in insulating crystals); transport properties of solids (fast-ion conductors, superconductivity, and physical properties of insulating materials); neutron scattering (small-angle scattering, lattice dynamics, and magnetic properties); crystal growth and characterization (nuclear waste forms, ferroelectric mateirals, high-temperature materials,more » and special materials); and isotope research materials. Publications and papers are listed. (WHK)« less

Engineered glass seals for solid-oxide fuel cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Surdoval, Wayne; Lara-Curzio, Edgar; Stevenson, Jeffry

2017-02-07

A seal for a solid oxide fuel cell includes a glass matrix having glass percolation therethrough and having a glass transition temperature below 650.degree. C. A deformable second phase material is dispersed in the glass matrix. The second phase material can be a compliant material. The second phase material can be a crushable material. A solid oxide fuel cell, a precursor for forming a seal for a solid oxide fuel cell, and a method of making a seal for a solid oxide fuel cell are also disclosed.

Nonlinear elastic inclusions in isotropic solids.

PubMed

Yavari, Arash; Goriely, Alain

2013-12-08

We introduce a geometric framework to calculate the residual stress fields and deformations of nonlinear solids with inclusions and eigenstrains. Inclusions are regions in a body with different reference configurations from the body itself and can be described by distributed eigenstrains. Geometrically, the eigenstrains define a Riemannian 3-manifold in which the body is stress-free by construction. The problem of residual stress calculation is then reduced to finding a mapping from the Riemannian material manifold to the ambient Euclidean space. Using this construction, we find the residual stress fields of three model systems with spherical and cylindrical symmetries in both incompressible and compressible isotropic elastic solids. In particular, we consider a finite spherical ball with a spherical inclusion with uniform pure dilatational eigenstrain and we show that the stress in the inclusion is uniform and hydrostatic. We also show how singularities in the stress distribution emerge as a consequence of a mismatch between radial and circumferential eigenstrains at the centre of a sphere or the axis of a cylinder.

Nonlinear elastic inclusions in isotropic solids

PubMed Central

Yavari, Arash; Goriely, Alain

2013-01-01

We introduce a geometric framework to calculate the residual stress fields and deformations of nonlinear solids with inclusions and eigenstrains. Inclusions are regions in a body with different reference configurations from the body itself and can be described by distributed eigenstrains. Geometrically, the eigenstrains define a Riemannian 3-manifold in which the body is stress-free by construction. The problem of residual stress calculation is then reduced to finding a mapping from the Riemannian material manifold to the ambient Euclidean space. Using this construction, we find the residual stress fields of three model systems with spherical and cylindrical symmetries in both incompressible and compressible isotropic elastic solids. In particular, we consider a finite spherical ball with a spherical inclusion with uniform pure dilatational eigenstrain and we show that the stress in the inclusion is uniform and hydrostatic. We also show how singularities in the stress distribution emerge as a consequence of a mismatch between radial and circumferential eigenstrains at the centre of a sphere or the axis of a cylinder. PMID:24353470

40 CFR 241.3 - Standards and procedures for identification of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... identification of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid wastes when used as fuels or ingredients in...) SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES USED AS FUELS OR INGREDIENTS IN COMBUSTION UNITS Identification of Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials That Are Solid Wastes When Used as Fuels or Ingredients in Combustion Units...

From electronic consumer products to e-wastes: Global outlook, waste quantities, recycling challenges.

PubMed

Tansel, Berrin

2017-01-01

Advancements in technology, materials development, and manufacturing processes have changed the consumer products and composition of municipal solid waste (MSW) since 1960s. Increasing quantities of discarded consumer products remain a major challenge for recycling efforts, especially for discarded electronic products (also referred as e-waste). The growing demand for high tech products has increased the e-waste quantities and its cross boundary transport globally. This paper reviews the challenges associated with increasing e-waste quantities. The increasing need for raw materials (especially for rare earth and minor elements) and unregulated e-waste recycling operations in developing and underdeveloped counties contribute to the growing concerns for e-waste management. Although the markets for recycled materials are increasing; there are major challenges for development of the necessary infrastructure for e-waste management and accountability as well as development of effective materials recovery technologies and product design. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Method of altering the effective bulk density of solid material and the resulting product

DOEpatents

Kool, Lawrence B.; Nolen, Robert L.; Solomon, David E.

1983-01-01

A method of adjustably tailoring the effective bulk density of a solid material in which a mixture comprising the solid material, a film-forming polymer and a volatile solvent are sprayed into a drying chamber such that the solvent evaporates and the polymer dries into hollow shells having the solid material captured within the shell walls. Shell density may be varied as a function of solid/polymer concentration, droplet size and drying temperature.

Rare-earth-doped materials with application to optical signal processing, quantum information science, and medical imaging technology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cone, R. L.; Thiel, C. W.; Sun, Y.; Böttger, Thomas; Macfarlane, R. M.

2012-02-01

Unique spectroscopic properties of isolated rare earth ions in solids offer optical linewidths rivaling those of trapped single atoms and enable a variety of recent applications. We design rare-earth-doped crystals, ceramics, and fibers with persistent or transient "spectral hole" recording properties for applications including high-bandwidth optical signal processing where light and our solids replace the high-bandwidth portion of the electronics; quantum cryptography and information science including the goal of storage and recall of single photons; and medical imaging technology for the 700-900 nm therapeutic window. Ease of optically manipulating rare-earth ions in solids enables capturing complex spectral information in 105 to 108 frequency bins. Combining spatial holography and spectral hole burning provides a capability for processing high-bandwidth RF and optical signals with sub-MHz spectral resolution and bandwidths of tens to hundreds of GHz for applications including range-Doppler radar and high bandwidth RF spectral analysis. Simply stated, one can think of these crystals as holographic recording media capable of distinguishing up to 108 different colors. Ultra-narrow spectral holes also serve as a vibration-insensitive sub-kHz frequency reference for laser frequency stabilization to a part in 1013 over tens of milliseconds. The unusual properties and applications of spectral hole burning of rare earth ions in optical materials are reviewed. Experimental results on the promising Tm3+:LiNbO3 material system are presented and discussed for medical imaging applications. Finally, a new application of these materials as dynamic optical filters for laser noise suppression is discussed along with experimental demonstrations and theoretical modeling of the process.

Chapter 3. Determination of semivolatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

USGS Publications Warehouse

Zaugg, Steven D.; Burkhardt, Mark R.; Burbank, Teresa L.; Olson, Mary C.; Iverson, Jana L.; Schroeder, Michael P.

2006-01-01

A method for the determination of 38 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and semivolatile organic compounds in solid samples is described. Samples are extracted using a pressurized solvent extraction system. The compounds of interest are extracted from the solid sample twice at 13,800 kilopascals; first at 120 degrees Celsius using a water/isopropyl alcohol mixture (50:50, volume-to-volume ratio), and then the sample is extracted at 200 degrees Celsius using a water/isopropyl alcohol mixture (80:20, volume-to-volume ratio). The compounds are isolated using disposable solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges containing divinylbenzene-vinylpyrrolidone copolymer resin. The cartridges are dried with nitrogen gas, and then sorbed compounds are eluted from the SPE material using a dichloromethane/diethyl ether mixture (80:20, volume-to-volume ratio) and passed through a sodium sulfate/Florisil SPE cartridge to remove residual water and to further clean up the extract. The concentrated extract is solvent exchanged into ethyl acetate and the solvent volume reduced to 0.5 milliliter. Internal standard compounds are added prior to analysis by capillary-column gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Comparisons of PAH data for 28 sediment samples extracted by Soxhlet and the accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) method described in this report produced similar results. Extraction of PAH compounds from standard reference material using this method also compared favorably with Soxhlet extraction. The recoveries of PAHs less than molecular weight 202 (pyrene or fluoranthene) are higher by up to 20 percent using this ASE method, whereas the recoveries of PAHs greater than or equal to molecular weight 202 are equivalent. This ASE method of sample extraction of solids has advantages over conventional Soxhlet extraction by increasing automation of the extraction process, reducing extraction time, and using less solvent. Extract cleanup also is greatly simplified because SPE replaces commonly used gel permeation chromatography. The performance of the method (as expressed by mean recoveries and mean precision) was determined using Ottawa sand, a commercially available topsoil, and an environmental stream sediment, fortified at 1.5 and 15 micrograms per compound. Recoveries of PAH and semivolatile compounds in Ottawa sand samples fortified at 1.5 micrograms averaged 88 percent ? 9.4 percent relative standard deviation, and calculated initial method detection limits per compound averaged 14 micrograms per kilogram, assuming a 25-gram sample size. The recovery for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene is less than 60 percent; thus, the concentration of this compound will always be reported as estimated with the E remark code. The analysis of 25 alkylated PAH homolog groups also can be determined with this method with extra data analysis and review, but because of the lack of authentic reference standard compounds, these results are considered to be semiquantitative. The PAH homolog groups are quantitated using the response factor of a parent PAH method compound, if available. Precision data for the alkylated PAH homologs detected in a marine sediment standard reference material (SRM 1944) also are presented to document and demonstrate method capability.

49 CFR 173.212 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.212 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group II. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 173.212 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group II.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.212 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group II. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 173.213 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group III.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.213 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group III. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 173.211 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group I.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.211 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group I. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 173.213 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group III.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.213 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group III. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 173.211 - Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group I.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials... Hazardous Materials Other Than Class 1 and Class 7 § 173.211 Non-bulk packagings for solid hazardous materials in Packing Group I. (a) When § 172.101 of this subchapter specifies that a solid hazardous...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

49 CFR 177.838 - Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5 (oxidizing) materials, and Division 4.2 (pyroforic...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (flammable solid) or Class 5 (oxidizing) materials shall be contained entirely within the body of the motor.... Special care shall also be taken in the loading of any motor vehicle with Class 4 (flammable solid) or... 49 Transportation 2 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Class 4 (flammable solid) materials, Class 5...

Production and composition of pyrogenic dissolved organic matter from a logical series of laboratory-generated chars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bostick, Kyle W.; Zimmerman, Andrew R.; Wozniak, Andrew. S.; Mitra, Siddhartha; Hatcher, Patrick G.

2018-04-01

Though pyrogenic carbon (pyC) has been assumed to be predominantly stable, degradation and transfers of pyC between various pools have been found to influence its cycling and longevity in the environment. Dissolution via leaching may be the main control on loss processes such as microbial or abiotic oxidation, mineral sorption, or export to aquatic systems. Yet, little is known of the controls on pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) generation or composition. Here, the yield and composition of pyDOM generated through batch leaching of a thermal series of oak and grass biochars, as well as several non-pyrogenic reference materials, was compared to that of their parent solids. Over 17 daily leaching cycles, biochars made from oak at 250 to 650° C released decreasing amounts of C on both a weight (16.9 to 0.3%, respectively) and C yield basis (7.4 to 0.2% C, respectively). Aryl-C represented an estimated 32 to 82% of C in the parent solids (identified by 13C-NMR), but only 7 to 38% in the leachates (identified by 1H-NMR), though both increased with pyrolysis temperature. PyC, often operationally defined as condensed aromatic carbon (ConAC), was quantified using the benzenepolycarboxylic acid (BPCA) method. Tri- and tetra-carboxylated BPCAs were formed from non-pyrogenic reference materials, thus, only penta- and hexa-carboxylated BPCAs were used to derive a BPCA-C to ConAC conversion factor of 7.04. ConAC made up 24 to 57% of the pyrogenic solid C (excluding the 250 °C biochar), but only about 9 to 23% of their respective leachates' DOC, though both proportions generally increased with pyrolysis temperature. Weighted BPCA compound distributions, or the BPCA Aromatic Condensation (BACon) Index, indicate that ConAC cluster size increased in pyrogenic solids but not in leachates. Additional evidence presented suggests that both aromatic cluster size and O-containing functional group contents in the pyrogenic solid control pyC solubility. Overall, pyDOM was found to be compositionally dissimilar from its parent chars and contained a complex mixture of organic compound groups. Thus, it is expected that estimates of dissolved pyC production and export, made only by detection of ConAC, are too low by factors of 4 to 11.

Dynamic toughness in elastic nonlinear viscous solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tang, S.; Guo, T. F.; Cheng, L.

2009-02-01

This work addresses the interrelationship among dissipative mechanisms—material separation in the fracture process zone (FPZ), nonelastic deformation in the surrounding background material and kinetic energy—and how they affect the macroscopic dynamic fracture toughness as well as the limiting crack speed in strain rate sensitive materials. To this end, a micromechanics-based model for void growth in a nonlinear viscous solid is incorporated into a microporous strip of cell elements that forms the FPZ. The latter is surrounded by background material described by conventional constitutive relations. In the first part of the paper, the background material is assumed to be purely elastic. Here, the computed dynamic fracture toughness is a convex function of crack velocity. In the second part, the background material as well as the FPZ are described by similar rate-sensitivity parameters. Voids grow in the strain rate strengthened FPZ as the crack velocity increases. Consequently, the work of separation increases. By contrast, the inelastic dissipation in the background material appears to be a concave function of crack velocity. At the lower crack velocity regime, where dissipation in the background material is dominant, toughness decreases as crack velocity increases. At high crack velocities, inelastic deformation enhanced by the inertial force can cause a sharp increase in toughness. Here, the computed toughness increases rapidly with crack velocity. There exist regimes where the toughness is a non-monotonic function of the crack velocity. Two length scales—the width of the FPZ and the ratio of the shear wave speed to the reference strain rate—can be shown to strongly affect the dynamic fracture toughness. Our computational simulations can predict experimental data for fracture toughness vs. crack velocity reported in several studies for amorphous polymeric materials.

Apparatus and method for transient thermal infrared emission spectrometry

DOEpatents

McClelland, John F.; Jones, Roger W.

1991-12-24

A method and apparatus for enabling analysis of a solid material (16, 42) by applying energy from an energy source (20, 70) top a surface region of the solid material sufficient to cause transient heating in a thin surface layer portion of the solid material (16, 42) so as to enable transient thermal emission of infrared radiation from the thin surface layer portion, and by detecting with a spectrometer/detector (28, 58) substantially only the transient thermal emission of infrared radiation from the thin surface layer portion of the solid material. The detected transient thermal emission of infrared radiation is sufficiently free of self-absorption by the solid material of emitted infrared radiation, so as to be indicative of characteristics relating to molecular composition of the solid material.

Solid state phase change materials for thermal energy storage in passive solar heated buildings

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Benson, D. K.; Christensen, C.

1983-11-01

A set of solid state phase change materials was evaluated for possible use in passive solar thermal energy storage systems. The most promising materials are organic solid solutions of pentaerythritol, pentaglycerine and neopentyl glycol. Solid solution mixtures of these compounds can be tailored so that they exhibit solid-to-solid phase transformations at any desired temperature within the range from less than 25 deg to 188 deg. Thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity, density and volumetric expansion were measured. Computer simulations were used to predict the performance of various Trombe wall designs incorporating solid state phase change materials. Optimum performance was found to be sensitive to the choice of phase change temperatures and to the thermal conductivity of the phase change material. A molecular mechanism of the solid state phase transition is proposed and supported by infrared spectroscopic evidence.

Determinants of influenza vaccination among solid organ transplant recipients attending Sicilian reference center.

PubMed

Restivo, Vincenzo; Vizzini, Giovanni; Mularoni, Alessandra; Di Benedetto, Cinzia; Gioè, Santi Mauro; Vitale, Francesco

2017-02-01

Among solid organ transplant recipients, influenza infection is commonly associated with higher morbidity and mortality than immunocompetent hosts. Therefore, in these subjects influenza vaccination is of paramount importance. The main objective of the study was to assess compliance to vaccination and analyze factors associated with influenza vaccination of solid organ transplant recipients admitted to the Sicilian solid organ transplant Reference Center IRCCS-ISMETT in Palermo during 2014-2015 influenza season. Thirty one (37.8%) out of 82 solid organ transplant recipients were vaccinated against influenza. The main reason for vaccination refusal was fear of adverse reaction (n = 16, 31.4%), impaired health status (n = 14, 27.4%) and low vaccine efficacy (n = 10, 19.6%). Vaccinated solid organ transplant recipients compare with unvaccinated had smaller hospital admissions for infectious respiratory diseases (9.7% Vs 23.5%) during surveillance period. On multivariate analysis the factors positively associated with influenza vaccination were the advice of Reference Center physicians (OR 53.4, p < 0.001) and to perform vaccine against pneumococcus (OR 7.0, p = 0.016). This study showed that Reference Center physicians play a key role on vaccine communication and recommendation for patients at risk and it underlines the effectiveness of influenza vaccination in solid organ transplant recipients. However, it remains that, although physician advice resulted a strong determinant for vaccination, influenza vaccination coverage in this subset of population remains still unsatisfactory.

Solid-State Division progress report for period ending March 31, 1983

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Watson, D.M.

1983-09-01

Progress and activities are reported on: theoretical solid-state physics (surfaces; electronic, vibrational, and magnetic properties; particle-solid interactions; laser annealing), surface and near-surface properties of solids (surface, plasma-material interactions, ion implantation and ion-beam mixing, pulsed-laser and thermal processing), defects in solids (radiation effects, fracture, impurities and defects, semiconductor physics and photovoltaic conversion), transport properties of solids (fast-ion conductors, superconductivity, mass and charge transport in materials), neutron scattering (small-angle scattering, lattice dynamics, magnetic properties, structure and instrumentation), and preparation and characterization of research materials (growth and preparative methods, nuclear waste forms, special materials). (DLC)

A Generalizable Top-Down Nanostructuring Method of Bulk Oxides: Sequential Oxygen-Nitrogen Exchange Reaction.

PubMed

Lee, Lanlee; Kang, Byungwuk; Han, Suyoung; Kim, Hee-Eun; Lee, Moo Dong; Bang, Jin Ho

2018-05-27

A thermal reaction route that induces grain fracture instead of grain growth is devised and developed as a top-down approach to prepare nanostructured oxides from bulk solids. This novel synthesis approach, referred to as the sequential oxygen-nitrogen exchange (SONE) reaction, exploits the reversible anion exchange between oxygen and nitrogen in oxides that is driven by a simple two-step thermal treatment in ammonia and air. Internal stress developed by significant structural rearrangement via the formation of (oxy)nitride and the creation of oxygen vacancies and their subsequent combination into nanopores transforms bulk solid oxides into nanostructured oxides. The SONE reaction can be applicable to most transition metal oxides, and when utilized in a lithium-ion battery, the produced nanostructured materials are superior to their bulk counterparts and even comparable to those produced by conventional bottom-up approaches. Given its simplicity and scalability, this synthesis method could open a new avenue to the development of high-performance nanostructured electrode materials that can meet the industrial demand of cost-effectiveness for mass production. © 2018 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Porous and Microporous Honeycomb Composites as Potential Boundary-Layer Bleed Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, D. O.; Willis, B. P.; Schoenenberger, M.

1997-01-01

Results of an experimental investigation are presented in which the use of porous and microporous honeycomb composite materials is evaluated as an alternate to perforated solid plates for boundary-layer bleed in supersonic aircraft inlets. The terms "porous" and "microporous," respectively, refer to bleed orifice diameters roughly equal to and much less than the displacement thickness of the approach boundary-layer. A Baseline porous solid plate, two porous honeycomb, and three microporous honeycomb configurations are evaluated. The performance of the plates is characterized by the flow coefficient and relative change in boundary-layer profile parameters across the bleed region. The tests were conducted at Mach numbers of 1.27 and 1.98. The results show the porous honeycomb is not as efficient at removing mass compared to the baseline. The microporous plates were about equal to the baseline with one plate demonstrating a significantly higher efficiency. The microporous plates produced significantly fuller boundary-layer profiles downstream of the bleed region for a given mass flow removal rate than either the baseline or the porous honeycomb plates.

Correlation between structural and semiconductor-metal changes and extreme conditions materials chemistry in Ge-Sn.

PubMed

Guillaume, Christophe L; Serghiou, George; Thomson, Andrew; Morniroli, Jean-Paul; Frost, Dan J; Odling, Nicholas; Jeffree, Chris E

2010-09-20

High pressure and temperature experiments on Ge-Sn mixtures to 24 GPa and 2000 K reveal segregation of Sn from Ge below 10 GPa whereas Ge-Sn agglomerates persist above 10 GPa regardless of heat treatment. At 10 GPa Ge reacts with Sn to form a tetragonal P4(3)2(1)2 Ge(0.9)Sn(0.1) solid solution on recovery, of interest for optoelectronic applications. Using electron diffraction and scanning electron microscopy measurements in conjunction with a series of tailored experiments promoting equilibrium and kinetically hindered synthetic conditions, we provide a step by step correlation between the semiconductor-metal and structural changes of the solid and liquid states of the two elements, and whether they segregate, mix or react upon compression. We identify depletion zones as an effective monitor for whether the process is moving toward reaction or segregation. This work hence also serves as a reference for interpretation of complex agglomerates and for developing successful synthesis conditions for new materials using extremes of pressure and temperature.

Purification of metal-organic framework materials

DOEpatents

Farha, Omar K.; Hupp, Joseph T.

2012-12-04

A method of purification of a solid mixture of a metal-organic framework (MOF) material and an unwanted second material by disposing the solid mixture in a liquid separation medium having a density that lies between those of the wanted MOF material and the unwanted material, whereby the solid mixture separates by density differences into a fraction of wanted MOF material and another fraction of unwanted material.

Purification of metal-organic framework materials

DOEpatents

Farha, Omar K.; Hupp, Joseph T.

2015-06-30

A method of purification of a solid mixture of a metal-organic framework (MOF) material and an unwanted second material by disposing the solid mixture in a liquid separation medium having a density that lies between those of the wanted MOF material and the unwanted material, whereby the solid mixture separates by density differences into a fraction of wanted MOF material and another fraction of unwanted material.

Leaching from solid waste incineration ashes used in cement-treated base layers for pavements.

PubMed

Cai, Z; Bager, Dirch H; Christensen, T H

2004-01-01

Waste incineration bottom ash and treated flue gas cleaning products mixed with 2.5% of cement (50 kg/m3) were tested in the laboratory in terms of compressive strength and tank leaching tests over a 64-day period. Although the material displayed lower mechanical strength than a reference concrete, the strength still was sufficient for use as a base layer for roads. The metal content in the incineration-residue-based specimens was up to 100 times higher than in the reference concrete, suggesting that the mixed waste incineration residue should be used only for dedicated purposes. The leaching of Cl and Na was increased by a factor of 20-100 from the incineration-residue-based specimens as compared to the reference, while the leaching of K, Ca and SO4 was increased by a factor of 2-10. The leaching of heavy metals was also higher from the incineration-residue-based specimens than from the reference with respect to Cu (50 times), Cd, Pb and Zn (5 times), but not with respect to Cr and Ni. The leaching curves did only allow for a closer evaluation of the leaching process in a few cases. The physical retention of the constituents seemed to be the same in the reference as in the incineration-residue-based specimens. Heavy metal leaching was limited by enhanced chemical retention in the incineration-residue-specimens as compared to the reference. Since no quality criteria in terms of leaching from a monolithic material are currently available, the leaching issue must be evaluated case by case.

Cobalt internal standard for Ni to assist the simultaneous determination of Mo and Ni in plant materials by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry employing direct solid sample analysis.

PubMed

de Babos, Diego Victor; Bechlin, Marcos André; Barros, Ariane Isis; Ferreira, Edilene Cristina; Gomes Neto, José Anchieta; de Oliveira, Silvana Ruella

2016-05-15

A new method is proposed for the simultaneous determination of Mo and Ni in plant materials by high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS GFAAS), employing direct solid sample analysis (DSS) and internal standardization (IS). Cobalt was used as internal standard to minimize matrix effects during Ni determinations, enabling the use of aqueous standards for calibration. Correlation coefficients for the calibration curves were typically better than 0.9937. The performance of the method was checked by analysis of six plant certified reference materials, and the results for Mo and Ni were in agreement with the certified values (95% confidence level, t-test). Analysis was made of different types of plant materials used as renewable sources of energy, including sugarcane leaves, banana tree fiber, soybean straw, coffee pods, orange bagasse, peanut hulls, and sugarcane bagasse. The concentrations found for Mo and Ni ranged from 0.08 to 0.63 ng mg(-1) and from 0.41 to 6.92 ng mg(-1), respectively. Precision (RSD) varied from 2.1% to 11% for Mo and from 3.7% to 10% for Ni. Limits of quantification of 0.055 and 0.074 ng were obtained for Mo and Ni, respectively. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Process for minimizing solids contamination of liquids from coal pyrolysis

DOEpatents

Wickstrom, Gary H.; Knell, Everett W.; Shaw, Benjamin W.; Wang, Yue G.

1981-04-21

In a continuous process for recovery of liquid hydrocarbons from a solid carbonaceous material by pyrolysis of the carbonaceous material in the presence of a particulate source of heat, particulate contamination of the liquid hydrocarbons is minimized. This is accomplished by removing fines from the solid carbonaceous material feed stream before pyrolysis, removing fines from the particulate source of heat before combining it with the carbonaceous material to effect pyrolysis of the carbonaceous material, and providing a coarse fraction of reduced fines content of the carbon containing solid residue resulting from the pyrolysis of the carbonaceous material before oxidizing carbon in the carbon containing solid residue to form the particulate source of heat.

Solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for gold determination in geological samples after preconcentration onto carbon nanotubes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobrowolski, Ryszard; Mróz, Agnieszka; Dąbrowska, Marzena; Olszański, Piotr

2017-06-01

A novelty method for the determination of gold in geological samples by solid sampling high-resolution continuum source graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (SS HR CS GF AAS) after solid-phase extraction onto modified carbon nanotubes (CNT) was described. The methodology developed is based on solid phase extraction of Au(III) ions from digested samples to eliminate strong interference caused by iron compounds and problems related to inhomogeneities of the samples. The use of aqueous or solid standard for calibration was studied and the slope of calibration curve was the same for both of these modes. This statement indicates the possibility to perform the calibration of the method using aqueous standard solutions. Under optimum conditions the absolute detection limit for gold was equal to 2.24 · 10- 6 μg g- 1 while the adsorption capacity of modified carbon nanotubes was 264 mg g- 1. The proposed procedure was validated by the application of certified reference materials (CRMs) with different content of gold and different matrix, the results were in good agreement with certified values. The method was successfully applied for separation and determination of gold ions in complex geological samples, with precision generally better than 8%.

Methods for the preparation and analysis of solids and suspended solids for total mercury

USGS Publications Warehouse

Olund, Shane D.; DeWild, John F.; Olson, Mark L.; Tate, Michael T.

2004-01-01

The methods documented in this report are utilized by the Wisconsin District Mercury Lab for analysis of total mercury in solids (soils and sediments) and suspended solids (isolated on filters). Separate procedures are required for the different sample types. For solids, samples are prepared by room-temperature acid digestion and oxidation with aqua regia. The samples are brought up to volume with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution to ensure complete oxidation and heated at 50?C in an oven overnight. Samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. A method detection limit of 0.3 ng of mercury per digestion bomb was established using multiple analyses of an environmental sample. Based on the range of masses processed, the minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.6 ng/g to 6 ng/g. Suspended solids samples are oxidized with a 5 percent bromine monochloride solution and held at 50?C in an oven for 5 days. The samples are then analyzed with an automated flow injection system incorporating a cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer. Using a certified reference material as a surrogate for an environmental sample, a method detection limit of 0.059 ng of mercury per filter was established. The minimum sample reporting limit varies from 0.059 ng/L to 1.18 ng/L, depending on the volume of water filtered.

Compression selective solid-state chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hu, Anguang

Compression selective solid-state chemistry refers to mechanically induced selective reactions of solids under thermomechanical extreme conditions. Advanced quantum solid-state chemistry simulations, based on density functional theory with localized basis functions, were performed to provide a remarkable insight into bonding pathways of high-pressure chemical reactions in all agreement with experiments. These pathways clearly demonstrate reaction mechanisms in unprecedented structural details, showing not only the chemical identity of reactive intermediates but also how atoms move along the reaction coordinate associated with a specific vibrational mode, directed by induced chemical stress occurred during bond breaking and forming. It indicates that chemical bonds in solids can break and form precisely under compression as we wish. This can be realized through strongly coupling of mechanical work to an initiation vibrational mode when all other modes can be suppressed under compression, resulting in ultrafast reactions to take place isothermally in a few femtoseconds. Thermodynamically, such reactions correspond to an entropy minimum process on an isotherm where the compression can force thermal expansion coefficient equal to zero. Combining a significantly brief reaction process with specific mode selectivity, both statistical laws and quantum uncertainty principle can be bypassed to precisely break chemical bonds, establishing fundamental principles of compression selective solid-state chemistry. Naturally this leads to understand the ''alchemy'' to purify, grow, and perfect certain materials such as emerging novel disruptive energetics.

Solid-liquid work of adhesion of coarse-grained models of n-hexane on graphene layers derived from the conditional reversible work method.

PubMed

Ardham, Vikram Reddy; Deichmann, Gregor; van der Vegt, Nico F A; Leroy, Frédéric

2015-12-28

We address the question of how reducing the number of degrees of freedom modifies the interfacial thermodynamic properties of heterogeneous solid-liquid systems. We consider the example of n-hexane interacting with multi-layer graphene which we model both with fully atomistic and coarse-grained (CG) models. The CG models are obtained by means of the conditional reversible work (CRW) method. The interfacial thermodynamics of these models is characterized by the solid-liquid work of adhesion WSL calculated by means of the dry-surface methodology through molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the CRW potentials lead to values of WSL that are larger than the atomistic ones. Clear understanding of the relationship between the structure of n-hexane in the vicinity of the surface and WSL is elucidated through a detailed study of the energy and entropy components of WSL. We highlight the crucial role played by the solid-liquid energy fluctuations. Our approach suggests that CG potentials should be designed in such a way that they preserve the range of solid-liquid interaction energies, but also their fluctuations in order to preserve the reference atomistic value of WSL. Our study thus opens perspectives into deriving CG interaction potentials that preserve the thermodynamics of solid-liquid contacts and will find application in studies that intend to address materials driven by interfaces.

Advanced functional materials in solid phase extraction for ICP-MS determination of trace elements and their species - A review.

PubMed

He, Man; Huang, Lijin; Zhao, Bingshan; Chen, Beibei; Hu, Bin

2017-06-22

For the determination of trace elements and their species in various real samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), solid phase extraction (SPE) is a commonly used sample pretreatment technique to remove complex matrix, pre-concentrate target analytes and make the samples suitable for subsequent sample introduction and measurements. The sensitivity, selectivity/anti-interference ability, sample throughput and application potential of the methodology of SPE-ICP-MS are greatly dependent on SPE adsorbents. This article presents a general overview of the use of advanced functional materials (AFMs) in SPE for ICP-MS determination of trace elements and their species in the past decade. Herein the AFMs refer to the materials featuring with high adsorption capacity, good selectivity, fast adsorption/desorption dynamics and satisfying special requirements in real sample analysis, including nanometer-sized materials, porous materials, ion imprinting polymers, restricted access materials and magnetic materials. Carbon/silica/metal/metal oxide nanometer-sized adsorbents with high surface area and plenty of adsorption sites exhibit high adsorption capacity, and porous adsorbents would provide more adsorption sites and faster adsorption dynamics. The selectivity of the materials for target elements/species can be improved by using physical/chemical modification, ion imprinting and restricted accessed technique. Magnetic adsorbents in conventional batch operation offer unique magnetic response and high surface area-volume ratio which provide a very easy phase separation, greater extraction capacity and efficiency over conventional adsorbents, and chip-based magnetic SPE provides a versatile platform for special requirement (e.g. cell analysis). The performance of these adsorbents for the determination of trace elements and their species in different matrices by ICP-MS is discussed in detail, along with perspectives and possible challenges in the future development. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

40 CFR 262.215 - Unwanted material that is not solid or hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Unwanted material that is not solid or... (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Alternative... Eligible Academic Entities § 262.215 Unwanted material that is not solid or hazardous waste. (a) If an...

46 CFR 148.04-19 - Tankage, garbage or rough ammoniate, solid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Tankage, garbage or rough ammoniate, solid. 148.04-19... CARRIAGE OF SOLID HAZARDOUS MATERIALS IN BULK Special Additional Requirements for Certain Material § 148.04-19 Tankage, garbage or rough ammoniate, solid. (a) The material must contain at least 7 percent...

40 CFR 262.215 - Unwanted material that is not solid or hazardous waste.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Unwanted material that is not solid or... (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS APPLICABLE TO GENERATORS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE Alternative... Eligible Academic Entities § 262.215 Unwanted material that is not solid or hazardous waste. (a) If an...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable solids and oxidizing materials used as chemical stores and reagents are governed by subparts 194.15 and...

Effect of synthesis methods on the Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} thermoelectric ceramic performances

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sotelo, A.; Rasekh, Sh.; Torres, M.A.

2015-01-15

Three different synthesis methods producing nanometric grain sizes, coprecipitation with ammonium carbonate, oxalic acid, and by attrition milling have been studied to produce Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} ceramics and compared with the classical solid state route. These three processes have produced high reactive precursors and all the organic material and CaCO{sub 3}·have been decomposed in a single thermal treatment. Coprecipitation leads to pure Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} phase, while attrition milling and classical solid state produce small amounts of Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 2}O{sub 6} secondary phase. Power factor values are similar for all three samples, being slightly lower for the onesmore » produced by attrition milling. These values are much higher than the obtained in samples prepared by the classical solid state method, used as reference. The maximum power factor values determined at 800 °C (∼0.43 mW/K{sup 2} m) are slightly higher than the best reported values obtained in textured ones which also show much higher density values. - Graphical abstract: Impressive raise of PF in Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} thermoelectric materials obtained from nanometric grains. - Highlights: • Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} has been produced by four different methods. • Precursors particle sizes influences on the final performances. • Coprecipitation methods produce single Ca{sub 3}Co{sub 4}O{sub 9} phase. • Power factor reaches values comparable to high density textured materials.« less

Introduction to polymer-based solid-contact ion-selective electrodes-basic concepts, practical considerations, and current research topics.

PubMed

Bieg, Christoph; Fuchsberger, Kai; Stelzle, Martin

2017-01-01

This review aims at providing an introductory overview for researchers new to the field of ion-selective electrodes. Both state of the art technology and novel developments towards solid-contact reference (sc-RE) and solid-contact ion selective electrodes (sc-ISE) are discussed. This technology has potentially widespread and important applications provided certain performance criteria can be met. We present basic concepts, operation principles, and theoretical considerations with regard to their function. Analytical performance and suitability of sc-RE and sc-ISE for a given application depend on critical parameters, which are discussed in this review. Comprehensive evaluation of sensor performance along this set of parameters is considered indispensable to allow for a well-founded comparison of different technologies. Methods and materials employed in the construction of sc-RE and sc-ISE, in particular the solid contact and the polymer membrane composite, are presented and discussed in detail. Operation principles beyond potentiometry are mentioned, which would further extend the field of ISE application. Finally, we conclude by directing the reader to important areas for further scientific research and development work considered particularly critical and promising for advancing this field in sensor R&D. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

High-Resolution and Analytical TEM Investigation of Space Radiation Processing Effects in Primitive Solar System Materials and Airless Planetary Surface Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christoffersen, R.; Rahman, Z.; Keller, L. P.; Dukes, C.; Baragiola, R.

2012-01-01

Energetic ions present in the diverse plasma conditions in space play a significant role in the formation and modification of solid phases found in environments ranging from the interstellar medium (ISM) to the surfaces of airless bodies such as asteroids and the Moon. These effects are often referred to as space radiation processing, a term that encompasses changes induced in natural space-exposed materials that may be only structural, such as in radiation-induced amorphization, or may involve ion-induced nanoscale to microscale chemical changes, as occurs in preferential sputtering and ion-beam mixing. Ion sputtering in general may also be responsible for partial or complete erosion of space exposed materials, in some instances possibly bringing about the complete destruction of free-floating solid grains in the ISM or in circumstellar nebular dust clouds. We report here on two examples of the application of high-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to problems in space radiation processing. The first problem concerns the role of space radiation processing in controlling the overall fate of Fe sulfides as hosts for sulfur in the ISM. The second problem concerns the known, but as yet poorly quantified, role of space radiation processing in lunar space weathering.

A bill to ensure that methodologies and technologies used by the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection to screen for and detect the presence of chemical, nuclear, biological, and radiological weapons in municipal solid waste are as effective as the methodologies and technologies used by the Bureau to screen for those materials in other items of commerce entering the United States through commercial motor vehicle transport.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Levin, Carl [D-MI

2011-04-14

Senate - 04/14/2011 Read twice and referred to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Process for desulfurizing petroleum feedstocks

DOEpatents

Gordon, John Howard; Alvare, Javier

2014-06-10

A process for upgrading an oil feedstock includes reacting the oil feedstock with a quantity of an alkali metal, wherein the reaction produces solid materials and liquid materials. The solid materials are separated from the liquid materials. The solid materials may be washed and heat treated by heating the materials to a temperature above 400.degree. C. The heat treating occurs in an atmosphere that has low oxygen and water content. Once heat treated, the solid materials are added to a solution comprising a polar solvent, where sulfide, hydrogen sulfide or polysulfide anions dissolve. The solution comprising polar solvent is then added to an electrolytic cell, which during operation, produces alkali metal and sulfur.

Dynamic fractionation of trace metals in soil and sediment samples using rotating coiled column extraction and sequential injection microcolumn extraction: a comparative study.

PubMed

Rosende, Maria; Savonina, Elena Yu; Fedotov, Petr S; Miró, Manuel; Cerdà, Víctor; Wennrich, Rainer

2009-09-15

Dynamic fractionation has been recognized as an appealing alternative to conventional equilibrium-based sequential extraction procedures (SEPs) for partitioning of trace elements (TE) in environmental solid samples. This paper reports the first attempt for harmonization of flow-through dynamic fractionation using two novel methods, the so-called sequential injection microcolumn (SIMC) extraction and rotating coiled column (RCC) extraction. In SIMC extraction, a column packed with the solid sample is clustered in a sequential injection system, while in RCC, the particulate matter is retained under the action of centrifugal forces. In both methods, the leachants are continuously pumped through the solid substrates by the use of either peristaltic or syringe pumps. A five-step SEP was selected for partitioning of Cu, Pb and Zn in water soluble/exchangeable, acid-soluble, easily reducible, easily oxidizable and moderately reducible fractions from 0.2 to 0.5 g samples at an extractant flow rate of 1.0 mL min(-1) prior to leachate analysis by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Similarities and discrepancies between both dynamic approaches were ascertained by fractionation of TE in certified reference materials, namely, SRM 2711 Montana Soil and GBW 07311 sediment, and two real soil samples as well. Notwithstanding the different extraction conditions set by both methods, similar trends of metal distribution were in generally found. The most critical parameters for reliable assessment of mobilizable pools of TE in worse-case scenarios are the size-distribution of sample particles, the density of particles, the content of organic matter and the concentration of major elements. For reference materials and a soil rich in organic matter, the extraction in RCC results in slightly higher recoveries of environmentally relevant fractions of TE, whereas SIMC leaching is more effective for calcareous soils.

Directed assembly of nanomaterials for miniaturized sensors by dip-pen nanolithography using precursor inks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Su, Ming

The advent of nanomaterials with enhanced properties and the means to pattern them in a controlled fashion have paved the way to construct miniaturized sensors for improved detection. However it remains a challenge for the traditional methods to create such sensors and sensor arrays. Dip pen nanolithography (DPN) can form nanostructures on a substrate by controlling the transfer of molecule inks. However, previous DPN can not pattern solid materials on insulating surfaces, which are necessary to form functional electronic devices. In the dissertation, the concept of reactive precursor inks for DPN is developed for the generation of solid functional nanostructures of the following materials: organic molecule, sol-gel material, and conducting polymer. First, the covalent bonding is unnecessary for DPN as shown in the colored ink DPN; therefore the numbers of molecules that can be patterned is extended beyond thiol or thiolated molecules. Subsequently, a reactive precursor strategy (sol) is developed to pattern inorganic or organic/inorganic composite nanostructures on silicon based substrates. The method works by hydrolysis of metal precursors in the water meniscus and allows the preparation of solid structures with controlled geometry beyond the individual molecule level. Then the SnO 2 nanostructures patterned between the gaps of electrodes are tested as gas sensors. Proof-of-concept experiments are demonstrated on miniaturized sensors that show fast response and recovery to certain gases. Furthermore, an eight-unit sensor array is fabricated on a chip using SnO2 sols that are doped with different metals. The multiplexed device can recognize different gases by comparing the response patterns with the reference patterns of known gases generated on the same array. At last, the idea of precursor ink for DPN is extended to construct conducting polymer based devices. By using an acid promoted polymerization approach, conducting polymers are patterned on silicon dioxide substrates. The patterned organic solids response to light and behave as miniaturized photo-detectors. The microstructures are studied using microscopic and spectroscopic techniques.

Non-classical continuum theory for solids incorporating internal rotations and rotations of Cosserat theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Surana, K. S.; Joy, A. D.; Reddy, J. N.

2017-03-01

This paper presents a non-classical continuum theory in Lagrangian description for solids in which the conservation and the balance laws are derived by incorporating both the internal rotations arising from the Jacobian of deformation and the rotations of Cosserat theories at a material point. In particular, in this non-classical continuum theory, we have (i) the usual displacements ( ±b \\varvec{u}) and (ii) three internal rotations ({}_i ±b \\varvec{Θ}) about the axes of a triad whose axes are parallel to the x-frame arising from the Jacobian of deformation (which are completely defined by the skew-symmetric part of the Jacobian of deformation), and (iii) three additional rotations ({}_e ±b \\varvec{Θ}) about the axes of the same triad located at each material point as additional three degrees of freedom referred to as Cosserat rotations. This gives rise to ±b \\varvec{u} and {}_e ±b \\varvec{{Θ} as six degrees of freedom at a material point. The internal rotations ({}_i ±b \\varvec{Θ}), often neglected in classical continuum mechanics, exist in all deforming solid continua as these are due to Jacobian of deformation. When the internal rotations {}_i ±b \\varvec{Θ} are resisted by the deforming matter, conjugate moment tensor arises that together with {}_i ±b \\varvec{Θ} may result in energy storage and/or dissipation, which must be accounted for in the conservation and the balance laws. The Cosserat rotations {}_e ±b \\varvec{Θ} also result in conjugate moment tensor which, together with {}_e ±b \\varvec{Θ}, may also result in energy storage and/or dissipation. The main focus of the paper is a consistent derivation of conservation and balance laws that incorporate aforementioned physics and associated constitutive theories for thermoelastic solids. The mathematical model derived here has closure, and the constitutive theories derived using two alternate approaches are in agreement with each other as well as with the condition resulting from the entropy inequality. Material coefficients introduced in the constitutive theories are clearly defined and discussed.

Direct analysis of environmental and biological samples for total mercury with comparison of sequential atomic absorption and fluorescence measurements from a single combustion event

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cizdziel, James V.; Tolbert, Candice; Brown, Garry

2010-02-01

A Direct Mercury Analyzer (DMA) based on sample combustion, concentration of mercury by amalgamation with gold, and cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS) was coupled to a mercury-specific cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometer (CVAFS). The purpose was to evaluate combustion-AFS, a technique which is not commercially available, for low-level analysis of mercury in environmental and biological samples. The experimental setup allowed for comparison of dual measurements of mercury (AAS followed by AFS) for a single combustion event. The AFS instrument control program was modified to properly time capture of mercury from the DMA, avoiding deleterious combustion products from reaching its gold traps. Calibration was carried out using both aqueous solutions and solid reference materials. The absolute detection limits for mercury were 0.002 ng for AFS and 0.016 ng for AAS. Recoveries for reference materials ranged from 89% to 111%, and the precision was generally found to be <10% relative standard deviation (RSD). The two methods produced similar results for samples of hair, finger nails, coal, soil, leaves and food stuffs. However, for samples with mercury near the AAS detection limit (e.g., filter paper spotted with whole blood and segments of tree rings) the signal was still quantifiable with AFS, demonstrating the lower detection limit and greater sensitivity of AFS. This study shows that combustion-AFS is feasible for the direct analysis of low levels of mercury in solid samples that would otherwise require time-consuming and contamination-prone digestion.

Comparison of solid phase extraction, saponification and gel permeation chromatography for the clean-up of microwave-assisted biological extracts in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

PubMed

Navarro, P; Cortazar, E; Bartolomé, L; Deusto, M; Raposo, J C; Zuloaga, O; Arana, G; Etxebarria, N

2006-09-22

The feasibility of different clean-up procedures was studied for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biota samples such as oysters, mussels and fish liver. In this sense, once the samples were extracted--essentially with acetone and in a microwave system--and before they could be analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), three different approaches were studied for the clean-up step: solid phase extraction (SPE), microwave-assisted saponification (MAS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The main aim of this work was to maximise the recoveries of PAHs and to minimise the presence of interfering compounds in the last extract. In the case of SPE, Florisil cartridges of 1, 2 and 5 g, and silica cartridges of 5 g were studied. In that case, and with oysters and mussels, microwave-assisted extraction and 5 g Florisil cartridges provided good results. In addition, the concentrations obtained for Standard Reference Material (SRM) NIST 2977 (mussel tissue) were in good agreement with the certified values. In the case of microwave-assisted saponification, the extracts were not as clean as those obtained with 5 g Florisil and this fact lead to overestimate the concentration of the heaviest PAHs. Finally, the cleanest extracts were obtained by GPC. The method was successfully applied to mussels, oysters and hake liver, and the results obtained for NIST 2977 (mussel tissue) were within the confidence interval of the certified reference material for most of the certified analytes.

Aspects of the mechanisms of smoke generation by burning materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bankston, C. P.; Zinn, B. T.; Browner, R. F.; Powell, E. A.

1981-01-01

An investigation of smoke generation during the burning of natural and synthetic solid materials (relevant to fire safety problems), under simulated fire conditions, is presented. Smoke formation mechanisms, including flaming and nonflaming combustion, are reviewed, and the complex physical, chemical, and electrical processes, important in smoke particulate production, are identified. With reference to the smoke formation mechanisms, measured experimental data are discussed, and include effects of ventilation gas temperature, dependence on material composition, and chemical analysis of smoke particulates. Significant differences in smoke characteristics are observed between flaming and nonflaming conditions, which is attributed to specific differences in controlling mechanisms and resultant ways leading to particulate formation. The effects of polymer substrate properties and effects of additives for a given substrate on smoke properties are also discussed in terms of basic processes. It is shown that many of the measured trends can be interpreted by considering postulated mechanisms of particulate formation.

Thermal response of a 4D carbon/carbon composite with volume ablation: a numerical simulation study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Bai; Li, Xudong

2018-02-01

As carbon/carbon composites usually work at high temperature environments, material ablation inevitably occurs, which further affects the system stability and safety. In this paper, the thermal response of a thermoprotective four-directional carbon/carbon (4D C/C) composite is studied herein using a numerical model focusing on volume ablation. The model is based on energy- and mass-conservation principles as well as on the thermal decomposition equation of solid materials. The thermophysical properties of the C/C composite during the ablation process are calculated, and the thermal response during ablation, including temperature distribution, density, decomposition rate, char layer thickness, and mass loss, are quantitatively predicted. The present numerical study provides a fundamental understanding of the ablative mechanisms of a 4D C/C composite, serving as a reference and basis for further designs and optimizations of thermoprotective materials.

Sputtering from a Porous Material by Penetrating Ions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rodriguez-Nieva, J. F.; Bringa, E. M.; Cassidy, T. A.; Johnson, R. E.; Caro, A.; Fama, M.; Loeffler, M.; Baragiola, R. A.; Farkas, D.

2012-01-01

Porous materials are ubiquitous in the universe and weathering of porous surfaces plays an important role in the evolution of planetary and interstellar materials. Sputtering of porous solids in particular can influence atmosphere formation, surface reflectivity, and the production of the ambient gas around materials in space, Several previous studies and models have shown a large reduction in the sputtering of a porous solid compared to the sputtering of the non-porous solid. Using molecular dynamics simulations we study the sputtering of a nanoporous solid with 55% of the solid density. We calculate the electronic sputtering induced by a fast, penetrating ion, using a thermal spike representation of the deposited energy. We find that sputtering for this porous solid is, surprisingly, the same as that for a full-density solid, even though the sticking coefficient is high.

Staged heating by oxidation of carbonaceous material

DOEpatents

Knell, Everett W.; Green, Norman W.

1978-01-31

A carbonaceous material is pyrolyzed in the presence of a particulate source of heat obtained by the partial oxidation of a carbon containing solid residue of the carbonaceous material. The heat obtained from the oxidation of the carbon containing solid residue is maximized by preheating the carbon containing solid residue with a hot gas stream obtained by oxidizing the gaseous combustion products of the carbon containing solid residue.

Testing of felt-ceramic materials for combustor applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Venkat, R. S.; Roffe, G.

1983-01-01

The feasibility of using composite felt ceramic materials as combustor liners was experimentally studied. The material consists of a porous felt pad sandwiched between a layer of ceramic and one of solid metal. Flat, rectangular test panels, which encompassed several design variations of the basic composite material, were tested, two at a time, in a premixed gas turbine combustor as sections of the combustor wall. Tests were conducted at combustor inlet conditions of 0.5 MPa and 533 K with a reference velocity of 25 m/s. The panels were subjected to a hot gas temperature of 2170 K with 1% of the total airflow used to film cool the ceramic surface of the test panel. In general, thin ceramic layers yield low ceramic stress levels with high felt ceramic interface temperatures. On the other hand, thick ceramic layers result in low felt ceramic interface temperatures but high ceramic stress levels. Extensive thermal cycling appears to cause material degradation, but for a limited number of cycles, the survivability of felt ceramic materials, even under extremely severe combustor operating conditions, was conclusively demonstrated.

40 CFR 258.21 - Cover material requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Section 258.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS Operating Criteria § 258.21 Cover material requirements. (a... cover disposed solid waste with six inches of earthen material at the end of each operating day, or at...

40 CFR 258.21 - Cover material requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Section 258.21 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES CRITERIA FOR MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILLS Operating Criteria § 258.21 Cover material requirements. (a... cover disposed solid waste with six inches of earthen material at the end of each operating day, or at...

Structural investigations of Pu{sup III} phosphate by X-ray diffraction, MAS-NMR and XANES spectroscopy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Popa, Karin; Raison, Philippe E., E-mail: philippe.raison@ec.europa.eu; Martel, Laura

2015-10-15

PuPO{sub 4} was prepared by a solid state reaction method and its crystal structure at room temperature was solved by powder X-ray diffraction combined with Rietveld refinement. High resolution XANES measurements confirm the +III valence state of plutonium, in agreement with valence bond derivation. The presence of the americium (as β{sup −} decay product of plutonium) in the +III oxidation state was determined based on XANES spectroscopy. High resolution solid state {sup 31}P NMR agrees with the XANES results and the presence of a solid-solution. - Graphical abstract: A full structural analysis of PuPO{sub 4} based on Rietveld analysis ofmore » room temperature X-ray diffraction data, XANES and MAS NMR measurements was performed. - Highlights: • The crystal structure of PuPO{sub 4} monazite is solved. • In PuPO{sub 4} plutonium is strictly trivalent. • The presence of a minute amount of Am{sup III} is highlighted. • We propose PuPO{sub 4} as a potential reference material for spectroscopic and microscopic studies.« less

Electrolytes for solid oxide fuel cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fergus, Jeffrey W.

The high operating temperature of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), as compared to polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), improves tolerance to impurities in the fuel, but also creates challenges in the development of suitable materials for the various fuel cell components. In response to these challenges, intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFCs) are being developed to reduce high-temperature material requirements, which will extend useful lifetime, improve durability and reduce cost, while maintaining good fuel flexibility. A major challenge in reducing the operating temperature of SOFCs is the development of solid electrolyte materials with sufficient conductivity to maintain acceptably low ohmic losses during operation. In this paper, solid electrolytes being developed for solid oxide fuel cells, including zirconia-, ceria- and lanthanum gallate-based materials, are reviewed and compared. The focus is on the conductivity, but other issues, such as compatibility with electrode materials, are also discussed.

76 FR 26681 - Wisconsin: Incorporation by Reference of Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... that are authorized and that the EPA will enforce under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, commonly referred...: This action is issued under the authority of sections 2002(a), 3006 and 7004(b) of the Solid Waste and... of Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Program AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA...

Assessment of tbe Performance of Ablative Insulators Under Realistic Solid Rocket Motor Operating Conditions (a Doctoral Dissertation)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Martin, Heath Thomas

2013-01-01

Ablative insulators are used in the interior surfaces of solid rocket motors to prevent the mechanical structure of the rocket from failing due to intense heating by the high-temperature solid-propellant combustion products. The complexity of the ablation process underscores the need for ablative material response data procured from a realistic solid rocket motor environment, where all of the potential contributions to material degradation are present and in their appropriate proportions. For this purpose, the present study examines ablative material behavior in a laboratory-scale solid rocket motor. The test apparatus includes a planar, two-dimensional flow channel in which flat ablative material samples are installed downstream of an aluminized solid propellant grain and imaged via real-time X-ray radiography. In this way, the in-situ transient thermal response of an ablator to all of the thermal, chemical, and mechanical erosion mechanisms present in a solid rocket environment can be observed and recorded. The ablative material is instrumented with multiple micro-thermocouples, so that in-depth temperature histories are known. Both total heat flux and thermal radiation flux gauges have been designed, fabricated, and tested to characterize the thermal environment to which the ablative material samples are exposed. These tests not only allow different ablative materials to be compared in a realistic solid rocket motor environment but also improve the understanding of the mechanisms that influence the erosion behavior of a given ablative material.

Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials for energy source generation.

PubMed

Li, Liang; Diederick, Ryan; Flora, Joseph R V; Berge, Nicole D

2013-11-01

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal conversion technique that converts food wastes and associated packaging materials to a valuable, energy-rich resource. Food waste collected from local restaurants was carbonized over time at different temperatures (225, 250 and 275°C) and solids concentrations to determine how process conditions influence carbonization product properties and composition. Experiments were also conducted to determine the influence of packaging material on food waste carbonization. Results indicate the majority of initial carbon remains integrated within the solid-phase at the solids concentrations and reaction temperatures evaluated. Initial solids concentration influences carbon distribution because of increased compound solubilization, while changes in reaction temperature imparted little change on carbon distribution. The presence of packaging materials significantly influences the energy content of the recovered solids. As the proportion of packaging materials increase, the energy content of recovered solids decreases because of the low energetic retention associated with the packaging materials. HTC results in net positive energy balances at all conditions, except at a 5% (dry wt.) solids concentration. Carbonization of food waste and associated packaging materials also results in net positive balances, but energy needs for solids post-processing are significant. Advantages associated with carbonization are not fully realized when only evaluating process energetics. A more detailed life cycle assessment is needed for a more complete comparison of processes. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Computational designing and screening of solid materials for CO2capture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Duan, Yuhua

In this presentation, we will update our progress on computational designing and screening of solid materials for CO2 capture. By combining thermodynamic database mining with first principles density functional theory and phonon lattice dynamics calculations, a theoretical screening methodology to identify the most promising CO2 sorbent candidates from the vast array of possible solid materials have been proposed and validated at NETL. The advantage of this method is that it identifies the thermodynamic properties of the CO2 capture reaction as a function of temperature and pressure without any experimental input beyond crystallographic structural information of the solid phases involved. The calculated thermodynamic properties of different classes of solid materials versus temperature and pressure changes were further used to evaluate the equilibrium properties for the CO2 adsorption/desorption cycles. According to the requirements imposed by the pre- and post- combustion technologies and based on our calculated thermodynamic properties for the CO2 capture reactions by the solids of interest, we were able to identify only those solid materials for which lower capture energy costs are expected at the desired working conditions. In addition, we present a simulation scheme to increase and decrease the turnover temperature (Tt) of solid capturing CO2 reaction by mixing other solids. Our results also show that some solid sorbents can serve as bi-functional materials: CO2 sorbent and CO oxidation catalyst. Such dual functionality could be used for removing both CO and CO2 after water-gas-shift to obtain pure H2.

Biochemical transformation of solid carbonaceous material

DOEpatents

Lin, Mow S.; Premuzic, Eugene T.

2001-09-25

A method of biochemically transforming macromolecular compounds found in solid carbonaceous materials, such as coal is provided. The preparation of new microorganisms, metabolically weaned through challenge growth processes to biochemically transform solid carbonaceous materials at extreme temperatures, pressures, pH, salt and toxic metal concentrations is also disclosed.

Using reweighting and free energy surface interpolation to predict solid-solid phase diagrams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schieber, Natalie P.; Dybeck, Eric C.; Shirts, Michael R.

2018-04-01

Many physical properties of small organic molecules are dependent on the current crystal packing, or polymorph, of the material, including bioavailability of pharmaceuticals, optical properties of dyes, and charge transport properties of semiconductors. Predicting the most stable crystalline form at a given temperature and pressure requires determining the crystalline form with the lowest relative Gibbs free energy. Effective computational prediction of the most stable polymorph could save significant time and effort in the design of novel molecular crystalline solids or predict their behavior under new conditions. In this study, we introduce a new approach using multistate reweighting to address the problem of determining solid-solid phase diagrams and apply this approach to the phase diagram of solid benzene. For this approach, we perform sampling at a selection of temperature and pressure states in the region of interest. We use multistate reweighting methods to determine the reduced free energy differences between T and P states within a given polymorph and validate this phase diagram using several measures. The relative stability of the polymorphs at the sampled states can be successively interpolated from these points to create the phase diagram by combining these reduced free energy differences with a reference Gibbs free energy difference between polymorphs. The method also allows for straightforward estimation of uncertainties in the phase boundary. We also find that when properly implemented, multistate reweighting for phase diagram determination scales better with the size of the system than previously estimated.

Solid-liquid work of adhesion of coarse-grained models of n-hexane on graphene layers derived from the conditional reversible work method

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ardham, Vikram Reddy; Leroy, Frédéric, E-mail: vandervegt@csi.tu-darmstadt.de, E-mail: f.leroy@theo.chemie.tu-darmstadt.de; Deichmann, Gregor

We address the question of how reducing the number of degrees of freedom modifies the interfacial thermodynamic properties of heterogeneous solid-liquid systems. We consider the example of n-hexane interacting with multi-layer graphene which we model both with fully atomistic and coarse-grained (CG) models. The CG models are obtained by means of the conditional reversible work (CRW) method. The interfacial thermodynamics of these models is characterized by the solid-liquid work of adhesion W{sub SL} calculated by means of the dry-surface methodology through molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the CRW potentials lead to values of W{sub SL} that are larger thanmore » the atomistic ones. Clear understanding of the relationship between the structure of n-hexane in the vicinity of the surface and W{sub SL} is elucidated through a detailed study of the energy and entropy components of W{sub SL}. We highlight the crucial role played by the solid-liquid energy fluctuations. Our approach suggests that CG potentials should be designed in such a way that they preserve the range of solid-liquid interaction energies, but also their fluctuations in order to preserve the reference atomistic value of W{sub SL}. Our study thus opens perspectives into deriving CG interaction potentials that preserve the thermodynamics of solid-liquid contacts and will find application in studies that intend to address materials driven by interfaces.« less

Linking process and structure in the friction stir scribe joining of dissimilar materials: A computational approach with experimental support

DOE PAGES

Gupta, Varun; Upadhyay, Piyush; Fifield, Leonard S.; ...

2018-04-04

We present that friction stir welding (FSW) is a popular technique to join dissimilar materials in numerous applications. The solid state nature of the process enables joining materials with strikingly different physical properties. For welds in lap configuration, an enhancement to this technology is made by introducing a short, hard insert, referred to as a cutting-scribe, at the bottom of the tool pin. The cutting-scribe induces deformation in the bottom plate which leads to the formation of mechanical interlocks or hook like structures at the interface of two materials. A thermo-mechanical computational model employing a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is developedmore » to quantitatively capture the morphology of these interlocks during the FSW process. Simulations using this model are validated by experimental observations. In conclusion, the identified interface morphology coupled with the predicted temperature field from this process–structure model can be used to estimate the post-weld microstructure and joint strength.« less

Anaerobic Digestion.

PubMed

Liebetrau, Jan; Sträuber, Heike; Kretzschmar, Jörg; Denysenko, Velina; Nelles, Michael

2017-04-09

The term anaerobic digestion usually refers to the microbial conversion of organic material to biogas, which mainly consists of methane and carbon dioxide. The technical application of the naturally-occurring process is used to provide a renewable energy carrier and - as the substrate is often waste material - to reduce the organic matter content of the substrate prior to disposal.Applications can be found in sewage sludge treatment, the treatment of industrial and municipal solid wastes and wastewaters (including landfill gas utilization), and the conversion of agricultural residues and energy crops.For biorefinery concepts, the anaerobic digestion (AD) process is, on the one hand, an option to treat organic residues from other production processes. Concomitant effects are the reduction of organic carbon within the treated substance, the conversion of nitrogen and sulfur components, and the production of an energy-rich gas - the biogas. On the other hand, the multistep conversion of complex organic material offers the possibility of interrupting the conversion chain and locking out intermediates for utilization as basic material within the chemical industry.

Linking process and structure in the friction stir scribe joining of dissimilar materials: A computational approach with experimental support

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gupta, Varun; Upadhyay, Piyush; Fifield, Leonard S.

The friction stir welding (FSW) is a popular technique to join dissimilar materials in numerous applications. The solid state nature of the process enables joining materials with strikingly different physical properties. For the welds in lap configuration, an enhancement to this technology is made by introducing a short hard insert, referred to as cutting-scribe, at the bottom of the tool pin. The cutting-scribe induces deformation in the bottom plate which leads to the formation of mechanical interlocks or hook like structures at the interface of two materials. A thermo-mechanically coupled computational model employing coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is developed to quantitativelymore » capture the morphology of these interlocks during the FSW process. The simulations using developed model are validated by the experimental observations.The identified interface morphology coupled with the predicted temperature field from this process-structure model can then be used to estimate the post-weld microstructure and joint strength.« less

Linking process and structure in the friction stir scribe joining of dissimilar materials: A computational approach with experimental support

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gupta, Varun; Upadhyay, Piyush; Fifield, Leonard S.

We present that friction stir welding (FSW) is a popular technique to join dissimilar materials in numerous applications. The solid state nature of the process enables joining materials with strikingly different physical properties. For welds in lap configuration, an enhancement to this technology is made by introducing a short, hard insert, referred to as a cutting-scribe, at the bottom of the tool pin. The cutting-scribe induces deformation in the bottom plate which leads to the formation of mechanical interlocks or hook like structures at the interface of two materials. A thermo-mechanical computational model employing a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is developedmore » to quantitatively capture the morphology of these interlocks during the FSW process. Simulations using this model are validated by experimental observations. In conclusion, the identified interface morphology coupled with the predicted temperature field from this process–structure model can be used to estimate the post-weld microstructure and joint strength.« less

Programming and machining of complex parts based on CATIA solid modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Xiurong

2017-09-01

The complex parts of the use of CATIA solid modeling programming and simulation processing design, elaborated in the field of CNC machining, programming and the importance of processing technology. In parts of the design process, first make a deep analysis on the principle, and then the size of the design, the size of each chain, connected to each other. After the use of backstepping and a variety of methods to calculate the final size of the parts. In the selection of parts materials, careful study, repeated testing, the final choice of 6061 aluminum alloy. According to the actual situation of the processing site, it is necessary to make a comprehensive consideration of various factors in the machining process. The simulation process should be based on the actual processing, not only pay attention to shape. It can be used as reference for machining.

Solid-phase extraction of heavy metal ions on bucky tubes disc in natural water and herbal plant samples.

PubMed

Soylak, Mustafa; Unsal, Yunus Emre

2011-10-01

A preconcentration-separation procedure has been established based on solid-phase extraction of Fe(III) and Pb(II) on bucky tubes (BTs) disc. Fe(III) and Pb(II) ions were quantitatively recovered at pH 6. The influences of the analytical parameters like sample volume, flow rates on the recoveries of analytes on BT disc were investigated. The effects of co-existing ions on the recoveries were also studied. The detection limits for iron and lead were found 1.6 and 4.9 μg L⁻¹, respectively. The validation of the presented method was checked by the analysis of TMDA-51.3 fortified water certified reference material. The presented procedure was successfully applied to the separation-preconcentration and determination of iron and lead content of some natural water and herbal plant samples from Kayseri, Turkey.

Halloysite Nanotubes as a New Adsorbent for Solid Phase Extraction and Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron in Water and Food Samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samadi, A.; Amjadi, M.

2016-07-01

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) have been introduced as a new solid phase extraction adsorbent for preconcentration of iron(II) as a complex with 2,2-bipyridine. The cationic complex is effectively adsorbed on the sorbent in the pH range of 3.5-6.0 and efficiently desorbed by trichloroacetic acid. The eluted complex has a strong absorption around 520 nm, which was used for determination of Fe(II). After optimizing extraction conditions, the linear range of the calibration graph was 5.0-500 μg/L with a detection limit of 1.3 μg/L. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of trace iron in various water and food samples, and the accuracy was assessed through the recovery experiments and analysis of a certified reference material (NIST 1643e).

Origin of Outstanding Stability in the Lithium Solid Electrolyte Materials: Insights from Thermodynamic Analyses Based on First-Principles Calculations

DOE PAGES

Zhu, Yizhou; He, Xingfeng; Mo, Yifei

2015-10-06

First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the electrochemical stability of lithium solid electrolyte materials in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries. The common solid electrolytes were found to have a limited electrochemical window. Our results suggest that the outstanding stability of the solid electrolyte materials is not thermodynamically intrinsic but is originated from kinetic stabilizations. The sluggish kinetics of the decomposition reactions cause a high overpotential leading to a nominally wide electrochemical window observed in many experiments. The decomposition products, similar to the solid-electrolyte-interphases, mitigate the extreme chemical potential from the electrodes and protect the solid electrolyte from further decompositions. With the aidmore » of the first-principles calculations, we revealed the passivation mechanism of these decomposition interphases and quantified the extensions of the electrochemical window from the interphases. We also found that the artificial coating layers applied at the solid electrolyte and electrode interfaces have a similar effect of passivating the solid electrolyte. Our newly gained understanding provided general principles for developing solid electrolyte materials with enhanced stability and for engineering interfaces in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.« less

Solid-solid phase change thermal storage application to space-suit battery pack

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Son, Chang H.; Morehouse, Jeffrey H.

1989-01-01

High cell temperatures are seen as the primary safety problem in the Li-BCX space battery. The exothermic heat from the chemical reactions could raise the temperature of the lithium electrode above the melting temperature. Also, high temperature causes the cell efficiency to decrease. Solid-solid phase-change materials were used as a thermal storage medium to lower this battery cell temperature by utilizing their phase-change (latent heat storage) characteristics. Solid-solid phase-change materials focused on in this study are neopentyl glycol and pentaglycerine. Because of their favorable phase-change characteristics, these materials appear appropriate for space-suit battery pack use. The results of testing various materials are reported as thermophysical property values, and the space-suit battery operating temperature is discussed in terms of these property results.

Back-surface gold mirrors for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency (VR-SFG) spectroscopy using 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane as an adhesion promoter.

PubMed

Quast, Arthur D; Zhang, Feng; Linford, Matthew R; Patterson, James E

2011-06-01

Back-surface mirrors are needed as reference materials for vibrationally resonant sum-frequency generation (VR-SFG) probing of liquid-solid interfaces. Conventional noble metal mirrors are not suitable for back-surface applications due to the presence of a metal adhesion layer (chromium or titanium) between the window substrate and the reflective metal surface. Using vapor deposited 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MPTMS) as a bi-functional adhesion promoter, gold mirrors were fabricated on fused silica substrates. These mirrors exhibit excellent gold adhesion as determined by the Scotch(®) tape test. They also produce minimal spectroscopic interference in the C-H stretching region (2800-3000 cm(-1)), as characterized by VR-SFG. These mirrors are thus robust and can be used as back-surface mirrors for a variety of applications, including reference mirrors for VR-SFG.

Solid lubricant materials for high temperatures: A review

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sliney, Harold E.

1985-01-01

Solid lubricants that can be used above 300 C in air are discussed, including coatings and self-lubricating composite bearing materials. The lubricants considered are representative dichalcogenides, graphite, graphite fluoride, polyimides, soft oxides, oxidatively stable fluorides, and hard coating materials. A few general design considerations revelant to solid lubrication are interspersed.

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

46 CFR 194.05-11 - Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 46 Shipping 7 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Flammable solids and oxidizing materials-Detail... and Marking § 194.05-11 Flammable solids and oxidizing materials—Detail requirements. (a) Flammable... 194.20. (b) Oxidizing materials used as blasting agents are regulated by the appropriate portions of...

Youth Solid Waste Educational Materials List, November 1991.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. Cooperative Extension Service.

This guide provides a brief description and ordering information for approximately 300 educational materials for grades K-12 on the subject of solid waste. The materials cover a variety of environmental issues and actions related to solid waste management. Entries are divided into five sections including audiovisual programs, books, magazines,…

Proton conducting membrane using a solid acid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Haile, Sossina M. (Inventor); Chisholm, Calum (Inventor); Boysen, Dane (Inventor); Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor)

2002-01-01

A solid acid material is used as a proton conducting membrane in an electrochemical device. The solid acid material can be one of a plurality of different kinds of materials. A binder can be added, and that binder can be either a nonconducting or a conducting binder. Nonconducting binders can be, for example, a polymer or a glass. A conducting binder enables the device to be both proton conducting and electron conducting. The solid acid material has the general form M.sub.a H.sub.b (XO.sub.t).sub.c.

Electrocatalytic cermet sensor

DOEpatents

Shoemaker, E.L.; Vogt, M.C.

1998-06-30

A sensor is described for O{sub 2} and CO{sub 2} gases. The gas sensor includes a plurality of layers driven by a cyclic voltage to generate a unique plot characteristic of the gas in contact with the sensor. The plurality of layers includes an alumina substrate, a reference electrode source of anions, a lower electrical reference electrode of Pt coupled to the reference source of anions, a solid electrolyte containing tungsten and coupled to the lower reference electrode, a buffer layer for preventing flow of Pt ions into the solid electrolyte and an upper catalytically active Pt electrode coupled to the buffer layer. 16 figs.

Electrocatalytic cermet sensor

DOEpatents

Shoemaker, Erika L.; Vogt, Michael C.

1998-01-01

A sensor for O.sub.2 and CO.sub.2 gases. The gas sensor includes a plurality of layers driven by a cyclic voltage to generate a unique plot characteristic of the gas in contact with the sensor. The plurality of layers includes an alumina substrate, a reference electrode source of anions, a lower electrical reference electrode of Pt coupled to the reference source of anions, a solid electrolyte containing tungsten and coupled to the lower reference electrode, a buffer layer for preventing flow of Pt ions into the solid electrolyte and an upper catalytically active Pt electrode coupled to the buffer layer.

Major- and minor-metal composition of three distinct solid material fractions associated with Juan de Fuca hydrothermal fluids (northeast Pacific), and calculation of dilution fluid samples

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hinkley, T.K.; Seeley, J.L.; Tatsumoto, M.

1988-01-01

Three distinct types of solid material are associated with each sample of the hydrothermal fluid that was collected from the vents of the Southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. The solid materials appear to be representative of deposits on ocean floors near mid-ocean ridges, and interpretation of the chemistry of the hydrothermal solutions requires understanding of them. Sr isotopic evidence indicates that at least two and probably all three of these solid materials were removed from the solution with which they are associated, by precipitation or adsorption. This occurred after the "pure" hydrothermal fluid was diluted and thoroughly mixed with ambient seawater. The three types of solid materials, are, respectively, a coarse Zn- and Fe-rich material with small amounts of Na and Ca; a finer material also rich in Zn and Fe, but with alkali and alkaline-earth metals; and a scum composed of Ba or Zn, with either considerable Fe or Si, and Sr. Mineral identification is uncertain because of uncertain anion composition. Only in the cases of Ba and Zn were metal masses greater in solid materials than in the associated fluids. For all other metals measured, masses in fluids dwarf those in solids. The fluids themselves contain greater concentrations of all metals measured, except Mg, than seawater. We discuss in detail the relative merits of two methods of determining the mixing proportions of "pure" hydrothermal solution and seawater in the fluids, one based on Sr isotopes, and another previously used method based on Mg concentrations. Comparison of solute concentrations in the several samples shows that degree of dilution of "pure" hydrothermal solutions by seawater, and amounts of original solutes that were removed from it as solid materials, are not related. There is no clear evidence that appreciable amounts of solid materials were not conserved (lost) either during or prior to sample collection. ?? 1988.

A Multi-Parametric Device with Innovative Solid Electrodes for Long-Term Monitoring of pH, Redox-Potential and Conductivity in a Nuclear Waste Repository

PubMed Central

Daoudi, Jordan; Betelu, Stephanie; Tzedakis, Theodore; Bertrand, Johan; Ignatiadis, Ioannis

2017-01-01

We present an innovative electrochemical probe for the monitoring of pH, redox potential and conductivity in near-field rocks of deep geological radioactive waste repositories. The probe is composed of a monocrystalline antimony electrode for pH sensing, four AgCl/Ag-based reference or Cl− selective electrodes, one Ag2S/Ag-based reference or S2− selective electrode, as well as four platinum electrodes, a gold electrode and a glassy-carbon electrode for redox potential measurements. Galvanostatic electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy using AgCl/Ag-based and platinum electrodes measure conductivity. The use of such a multi-parameter probe provides redundant information, based as it is on the simultaneous behaviour under identical conditions of different electrodes of the same material, as well as on that of electrodes made of different materials. This identifies the changes in physical and chemical parameters in a solution, as well as the redox reactions controlling the measured potential, both in the solution and/or at the electrode/solution interface. Understanding the electrochemical behaviour of selected materials thus is a key point of our research, as provides the basis for constructing the abacuses needed for developing robust and reliable field sensors. PMID:28608820

A Multi-Parametric Device with Innovative Solid Electrodes for Long-Term Monitoring of pH, Redox-Potential and Conductivity in a Nuclear Waste Repository.

PubMed

Daoudi, Jordan; Betelu, Stephanie; Tzedakis, Theodore; Bertrand, Johan; Ignatiadis, Ioannis

2017-06-13

We present an innovative electrochemical probe for the monitoring of pH, redox potential and conductivity in near-field rocks of deep geological radioactive waste repositories. The probe is composed of a monocrystalline antimony electrode for pH sensing, four AgCl/Ag-based reference or Cl - selective electrodes, one Ag₂S/Ag-based reference or S 2- selective electrode, as well as four platinum electrodes, a gold electrode and a glassy-carbon electrode for redox potential measurements. Galvanostatic electrochemistry impedance spectroscopy using AgCl/Ag-based and platinum electrodes measure conductivity. The use of such a multi-parameter probe provides redundant information, based as it is on the simultaneous behaviour under identical conditions of different electrodes of the same material, as well as on that of electrodes made of different materials. This identifies the changes in physical and chemical parameters in a solution, as well as the redox reactions controlling the measured potential, both in the solution and/or at the electrode/solution interface. Understanding the electrochemical behaviour of selected materials thus is a key point of our research, as provides the basis for constructing the abacuses needed for developing robust and reliable field sensors.

Experiment Evaluation of Bifurcation in Sands

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alshibi, Khalid A.; Sture, Stein

2000-01-01

The basic principles of bifurcation analysis have been established by several investigators, however several issues remain unresolved, specifically how do stress level, grain size distribution, and boundary conditions affect general bifurcation phenomena in pressure sensitive and dilatant materials. General geometrical and kinematics conditions for moving surfaces of discontinuity was derived and applied to problems of instability of solids. In 1962, the theoretical framework of bifurcation by studying the acceleration waves in elasto-plastic (J2) solids were presented. Bifurcation analysis for more specific forms of constitutive behavior was examined by studying localization in pressure-sensitive, dilatant materials, however, analyses were restricted to plane deformation states only. Bifurcation analyses were presented and applied to predict shear band formations in sand under plane strain condition. The properties of discontinuous bifurcation solutions for elastic-plastic solids under axisymmetric and plane strain loading conditions were studied. The study focused on theory, but also references and comparisons to experiments were made. The current paper includes a presentation of a summary of bifurcation analyses for biaxial and triaxial (axisymmetric) loading conditions. The Coulomb model is implemented using incremental piecewise scheme to predict the constitutive relations and shear band inclination angles. Then, a comprehensive evaluation of bifurcation phenomena is presented based on data from triaxial experiments performed under microgravity conditions aboard the Space Shuttle under very low effective confining pressure (0.05 to 1.30 kPa), in which very high peak friction angles (47 to 75 degrees) and dilatancy angles (30 to 31 degrees) were measured. The evaluation will be extended to include biaxial experiments performed on the same material under low (10 kPa) and moderate (100 kPa) confining pressures. A comparison between the behavior under biaxial and triaxial loading conditions will be presented, and related issues concerning influence of confining pressure will be discussed.

Electrochemical slurry compositions and methods for preparing the same

DOEpatents

Doherty, Tristan; Limthongkul, Pimpa; Butros, Asli; Duduta, Mihai; Cross, III, James C.

2016-11-01

Embodiments described herein generally relate to semi-solid suspensions, and more particularly to systems and methods for preparing semi-solid suspensions for use as electrodes in electrochemical devices such as, for example batteries. In some embodiments, a method for preparing a semi-solid electrode includes combining a quantity of an active material with a quantity of an electrolyte to form an intermediate material. The intermediate material is then combined with a conductive additive to form an electrode material. The electrode material is mixed to form a suspension having a mixing index of at least about 0.80 and is then formed into a semi-solid electrode.

[Transformation of baicalin and wogonoside through liquid fermentation with Bacillus natto].

PubMed

Long, Hou-ning; Zhang, Shuo; Yao, Lei; Zhang, Min; Wang, Peng-jiao; Meng, Xiao-xia; Gao, Xiu; Zhang, Rong-ping

2015-12-01

This experiment aimed to explore and research the process of preparing baicalein and wogonin through liquid fermentation with Bacillus natto. Active enzymes of produced by B. natto was used for the biological transformation of baclin and wogonoside, in order to increase the content of the haicalein and wogonin in the scutellaria. With the content of the baicalein and wogonin as evaluating indexes, the effects of carbon source, nitrogen source, the types and suitable concentration of inorganic salt, medium pH, granularities of medical materials, liquid volume in flask, shaking speed, liquid-to-solid ratio, fermentation time on the fermentation process were studied. The optimal process conditions for liquid fermentation of scutellaria were 1.0% of peptone, 0.05% of NaCl, pH at 6, the granularities of medical materials of the scutellaria screened through 40-mesh sifter, 33% of liquid, shaker incubator speed at 200 r x min(-1), liquid-to-solid ratio of 5:1, temperature at 37 degrees C, fermentation for 6 days, baclin's conversion rate at 97.6% and wogonoside's conversion rate at 97% in the scutellaria. According to the verification test, the process was stable and feasible, and could provide data reference for the industrial production.

Splash flow from a metal plate hit by an electron beam pulse

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garcia, M., LLNL

1997-09-01

When a pulsed electron beam hits a metal plate with sufficient energy a volume of the metal becomes hot fluid that subsequently sprays out of the plate. A second pulse of electrons traveling toward the plate would scatter and degrade before impacting the solid plate because of its encounter with the diffuse material of the initial splash. People designing electron beam machines for use as pulsed radiation sources wish to eliminate the interaction between the electrons and the splash because they want sharp radiation pulses emitted from the solid plate. This report presents a compressible fluid model of this splashmore » flow and compares specific cases with experiments and comprehensive calculations performed by B. DeVolder and others at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, see reference (1). My aim was to develop as simple a theory as possible to calculate the speed and density of the splash flow. I have used both simplifying assumptions and mathematical approximations to develop convenient formulas. As I wished to make a clear and interesting presentation of this work to a diverse audience that includes people outside the specialty of fluid dynamics, some of my descriptions may seem wordier than necessary. The plan of the report is as follows. In the section called ``energy deposition`` I describe how an electron beam deposits energy in a solid plate, converting some of the material into a hot fluid. The initial temperature of this fluid is the key parameter in determining the nature of the subsequent flow; an explicit formula is shown. Flow occurs in two regions: along a streamtube within the metal plate and as an expanding plume outside the metal plate. Flow within the plate is described in the section called ``isentropic flow.`` This flow occurs as expansion waves move at the speed of sound through the streamtube. The analysis of this flow provides a formula for the mass flow over time from the plate into the external splash. The section called ``centered expansion`` elaborates on the nature of certain approximations I have made in treating the wave phenomena in both the streamtube and splash flows. The section called ``splash flow`` presents a formula to describe the material density as a function of space and time outside the plate. This formula depends on the time- dependent material density at the plate, which was found during the streamtube analysis. The section called ``examples`` shows the results of specific calculations and a comparison to computational and experimental results described in reference (1). The final section, ``possible future work,`` poses new questions.« less

System for chemically digesting low level radioactive, solid waste material

DOEpatents

Cowan, Richard G.; Blasewitz, Albert G.

1982-01-01

An improved method and system for chemically digesting low level radioactive, solid waste material having a high through-put. The solid waste material is added to an annular vessel (10) substantially filled with concentrated sulfuric acid. Concentrated nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide is added to the sulfuric acid within the annular vessel while the sulfuric acid is reacting with the solid waste. The solid waste is mixed within the sulfuric acid so that the solid waste is substantilly fully immersed during the reaction. The off gas from the reaction and the products slurry residue is removed from the vessel during the reaction.

NASICON-Structured Materials for Energy Storage.

PubMed

Jian, Zelang; Hu, Yong-Sheng; Ji, Xiulei; Chen, Wen

2017-05-01

The demand for electrical energy storage (EES) is ever increasing, which calls for better batteries. NASICON-structured materials represent a family of important electrodes due to its superior ionic conductivity and stable structures. A wide range of materials have been considered, where both vanadium-based and titanium-based materials are recommended as being of great interest. NASICON-structured materials are suitable for both the cathode and the anode, where the operation potential can be easily tuned by the choice of transition metal and/or polyanion group in the structure. NASICON-structured materials also represent a class of solid electrolytes, which are widely employed in all-solid-state ion batteries, all-solid-state air batteries, and hybrid batteries. NASICON-structured materials are reviewed with a focus on both electrode materials and solid-state electrolytes. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

75 FR 17332 - Idaho: Incorporation by Reference of Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Program

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-06

... regulations that are authorized and that the EPA will enforce under the Solid Waste Disposal Act, commonly...(b) of the Solid Waste and Disposal Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 6912(a), 6926, 6974(b). Dated: March...: Incorporation by Reference of Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Program AGENCY: Environmental Protection...

Catalytic Wastewater Treatment Using Pillared Clays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perathoner, Siglinda; Centi, Gabriele

After introduction on the use of solid catalysts in wastewater treatment technologies, particularly advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), this review discussed the use of pillared clay (PILC) materials in three applications: (i) wet air catalytic oxidation (WACO), (ii) wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation (WHPCO) on Cu-PILC and Fe-PILC, and (iii) behavior of Ti-PILC and Fe-PILC in the photocatalytic or photo-Fenton conversion of pollutants. Literature data are critically analyzed to evidence the main direction to further investigate, in particularly with reference to the possible practical application of these technologies to treat industrial, municipal, or agro-food production wastewater.

Transfer of Materials from Water to Solid Surfaces Using Liquid Marbles.

PubMed

Kawashima, Hisato; Paven, Maxime; Mayama, Hiroyuki; Butt, Hans-Jürgen; Nakamura, Yoshinobu; Fujii, Syuji

2017-09-27

Remotely controlling the movement of small objects is desirable, especially for the transportation and selection of materials. Transfer of objects between liquid and solid surfaces and triggering their release would allow for development of novel material transportation technology. Here, we describe the remote transport of a material from a water film surface to a solid surface using quasispherical liquid marbles (LMs). A light-induced Marangoni flow or an air stream is used to propel the LMs on water. As the LMs approach the rim of the water film, gravity forces them to slide down the water rim and roll onto the solid surface. Through this method, LMs can be efficiently moved on water and placed on a solid surface. The materials encapsulated within LMs can be released at a specific time by an external stimulus. We analyzed the velocity, acceleration, and force of the LMs on the liquid and solid surfaces. On water, the sliding friction due to the drag force resists the movement of the LMs. On a solid surface, the rolling distance is affected by the surface roughness of the LMs.

Direct determination of cadmium in foods by solid sampling electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a tungsten coil trap

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Ying; Mao, Xuefei; Liu, Jixin; Wang, Min; Qian, Yongzhong; Gao, Chengling; Qi, Yuehan

2016-04-01

In this work, a solid sampling device consisting of a tungsten coil trap, porous carbon vaporizer and on-line ashing furnace of a Ni-Cr coil was interfaced with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). A modified double gas circuit system was employed that was composed of carrier and supplemental gas lines controlled by separate gas mass flow controllers. For Cd determination in food samples using the assembled solid sampling ICP-MS, the optimal ashing and vaporization conditions, flow rate of the argon-hydrogen (Ar/H2) (v:v = 24:1) carrier gas and supplemental gas, and minimum sampling mass were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of quantification was 0.5 pg and the relative standard deviation was within a 10.0% error range (n = 10). Furthermore, the mean spiked recoveries for various food samples were 99.4%-105.9% (n = 6). The Cd concentrations measured by the proposed method were all within the certified values of the reference materials or were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from those of the microwave digestion ICP-MS method, demonstrating the good accuracy and precision of the solid sampling ICP-MS method for Cd determination in food samples.

GENERAL P, TYPE-I S, AND TYPE-II S WAVES IN ANELASTIC SOLIDS; INHOMOGENEOUS WAVE FIELDS IN LOW-LOSS SOLIDS.

USGS Publications Warehouse

Borcherdt, Roger D.; Wennerberg, Leif

1985-01-01

The physical characteristics for general plane-wave radiation fields in an arbitrary linear viscoelastic solid are derived. Expressions for the characteristics of inhomogeneous wave fields, derived in terms of those for homogeneous fields, are utilized to specify the characteristics and a set of reference curves for general P and S wave fields in arbitrary viscoelastic solids as a function of wave inhomogeneity and intrinsic material absorption. The expressions show that an increase in inhomogeneity of the wave fields cause the velocity to decrease, the fractional-energy loss (Q** minus **1) to increase, the deviation of maximum energy flow with respect to phase propagation to increase, and the elliptical particle motions for P and type-I S waves to approach circularity. Q** minus **1 for inhomogeneous type-I S waves is shown to be greater than that for type-II S waves, with the deviation first increasing then decreasing with inhomogeneity. The mean energy densities (kinetic, potential, and total), the mean rate of energy dissipation, the mean energy flux, and Q** minus **1 for inhomogeneous waves are shown to be greater than corresponding characteristics for homogeneous waves, with the deviations increasing as the inhomogeneity is increased for waves of fixed maximum displacement amplitude.

Evaluation of the influence of mechanical activation on physical and chemical properties of municipal solid waste incineration sludge.

PubMed

Caprai, V; Florea, M V A; Brouwers, H J H

2018-06-15

Despite numerous studies concerning the application of by-products in the construction field, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) residues are not widely used as secondary building materials. In some European countries, washing treatment to the full bottom ash (BA) fraction (0-32 mm) is applied, isolating more contaminated particles, smaller than 0.063 mm. Therefore, a MWSI sludge is produced, having a high moisture content, and thus a limited presence of soluble species. In order to enhance its performance as building material, here, dry mechanical activation is applied on MSWI sludge. Thereafter, a reactivity comparison between reference BA and untreated and treated MSWI sludge is provided, evaluating their behaviour in the presence of cement and their pozzolanic activity. Moreover, the mechanical performances, as 25% substitution of Portland cement (PC) are assessed, based on the EN 450. Mechanical activation enhances MSWI sludge physically due to the improved particle morphology and packing. Chemically, the hydration degree of PC is enhanced by the MSWI sludge by ≈25%. The milling treatment proved to be beneficial to the residues performances in the presence of PC, providing 32% higher strength than untreated sample. Environmentally, the compliance with the unshaped material legislation is successfully verified, according to the Soil Quality Decree. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and Performance Characterization of a Nanocomposite Ternary Thermite: Al/Fe2O3/SiO2

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Prentice, D; Pantoya, M L; Clapsaddle, B J

2005-02-04

Making solid energetic materials requires the physical mixing of solid fuels and oxidizers or the incorporation of fuel and oxidizing moieties into a single molecule. The former are referred to as composite energetic materials (i.e., thermites, propellants, pyrotechnics) and the latter are deemed monomolecular energetic materials (i.e., explosives). Mass diffusion between the fuel and oxidizer is the rate controlling step for composite reactions while bond breaking and chemical kinetics control monomolecular reactions. Although composites have higher energy densities than monomolecular species, they release that energy over a longer period of time because diffusion controlled reactions are considerably slower than chemistrymore » controlled reactions. Conversely, monomolecular species exhibit greater power due to more rapid kinetics than physically mixed energetics. Reducing the diffusion distance between fuel and oxidizer species within an energetic composite would enhance the reaction rate. Recent advances in nanotechnology have spurred the development of nano-scale fuel and oxidizer particles that can be combined into a composite and effectively reduce diffusion distances to nano-scale dimensions or less. These nanocomposites have the potential to deliver the best of both worlds: high energy density of the physically mixed composite with the high power of the monomolecular species. Toward this end, researchers at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) developed nano-particle synthesis techniques, based on sol-gel chemistry, for the production of thermite nanocomposites.« less

Solid State Division annual progress report for period ending December 31, 1975

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wilkinson, M.K.; Young, F.W. Jr.

1976-05-01

Research activities are reported in programs on theoretical solid state physics, physical properties of solids, radiation effects in metals, neutron scattering, research materials, and isotope research materials. (JRD)

A novel optical biosensor for direct and selective determination of serotonin in serum by Solid Surface-Room Temperature Phosphorescence.

PubMed

Ramon-Marquez, Teresa; Medina-Castillo, Antonio L; Fernandez-Gutierrez, Alberto; Fernandez-Sanchez, Jorge F

2016-08-15

This paper describes a novel biosensor which combines the use of nanotechnology (non-woven nanofibre mat) with Solid Surface-Room Temperature Phosphorescence (SS-RTP) measurement for the determination of serotonin in human serum. The developed biosensor is simple and can be directly applied in serum; only requires a simple clean-up protocol. Therefore it is the first time that serotonin is analysed directly in serum with a non-enzymatic technique. This new approach is based on the covalent immobilization of serotonin directly from serum on a functional nanofibre material (Tiss®-Link) with a preactivated surface for direct covalent immobilization of primary and secondary amines, and the subsequent measurement of serotonin phosphorescent emission from the solid surface. The phosphorescent detection allows avoiding the interference from any fluorescence emission or scattering light from any molecule present in the serum sample which can be also immobilised on the nanofibre material. The determination of serotonin with this SS-RTP sensor overcomes some limitations, such as large interference from the matrix and high cost and complexity of many of the methods widely used for serotonin analysis. The potential applicability of the sensor in the clinical diagnosis was demonstrated by analysing serum samples from seven healthy volunteers. The method was validated with an external reference laboratory, obtaining a correlation coefficient of 0.997 which indicates excellent correlation between the two methods. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Solid state recycling of aluminium alloys via a porthole die hot extrusion process: Scaling up to production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paraskevas, Dimos; Kellens, Karel; Deng, Yelin; Dewulf, Wim; Kampen, Carlos; Duflou, Joost R.

2017-10-01

Whereas industrial symbiosis has led to increased energy and resource efficiency in process industries, this concept has not yet been applied in discrete product manufacturing. Metal scrap is first conventionally recycled, for which substantial energy and resource efficiency losses have been reported. Recent research has however proven the feasibility of `meltless' recycling of light metal scrap, yielding a first glimpse of potential industrial symbiosis. Various solid state recycling techniques (such as recycling via hot extrusion or Spark Plasma Sintering) have been proposed for scrap consolidation directly into bulk products or semis by physical disruption and dispersion of the oxide surface film by imposing significant plastic and shear strain. Solid State Recycling (SSR) methods can omit substantial material losses as they bypass the metallurgical recycling step. In this context the case of direct production of bulk aluminium profiles via hot extrusion at industrial scale is demonstrated within this paper. The extrusion tests were performed directly into the production line, highlighting the scaling up potentials and the industrial relevance of this research. A significant amount of machining chips were collected, chemically cleaned and cold compacted into chip based billets with ˜80% relative density. Afterwards the scrap consolidation was achieved by imposing significant plastic and shear deformation into the material during hot extrusion through a modified 2-porthole extrusion die-set. The production process sequence along with microstructural investigations and mechanical properties comparison of the cast based profile used as reference versus the chip based profile are presented.

Dry-Surface Simulation Method for the Determination of the Work of Adhesion of Solid-Liquid Interfaces.

PubMed

Leroy, Frédéric; Müller-Plathe, Florian

2015-08-04

We introduce a methodology, referred to as the dry-surface method, to calculate the work of adhesion of heterogeneous solid-liquid interfaces by molecular simulation. This method employs a straightforward thermodynamic integration approach to calculate the work of adhesion as the reversible work to turn off the attractive part of the actual solid-liquid interaction potential. It is formulated in such a way that it may be used either to evaluate the ability of force fields to reproduce reference values of the work of adhesion or to optimize force-field parameters with reference values of the work of adhesion as target quantities. The methodology is tested in the case of water on a generic model of nonpolar substrates with the structure of gold. It is validated through a quantitative comparison to phantom-wall calculations and against a previous characterization of the thermodynamics of the gold-water interface. It is found that the work of adhesion of water on nonpolar substrates is a nonlinear function of the microscopic solid-liquid interaction energy parameter. We also comment on the ability of mean-field approaches to predict the work of adhesion of water on nonpolar substrates. In addition, we discuss in detail the information on the solid-liquid interfacial thermodynamics delivered by the phantom-wall approach. We show that phantom-wall calculations yield the solid-liquid interfacial tension relative to the solid surface tension rather than the absolute solid-liquid interfacial tension as previously believed.

Liquefaction process for solid carbonaceous materials containing alkaline earth metal humates

DOEpatents

Epperly, William R.; Deane, Barry C.; Brunson, Roy J.

1982-01-01

An improved liquefaction process wherein wall scale and particulate agglomeration during the liquefaction of solid carbonaceous materials containing alkaline earth metal humates is reduced and/or eliminated by subjecting the solid carbonaceous materials to controlled cyclic cavitation during liquefaction. It is important that the solid carbonaceous material be slurried in a suitable solvent or diluent during liquefaction. The cyclic cavitation may be imparted via pressure cycling, cyclic agitation and the like. When pressure cycling or the like is employed an amplitude equivalent to at least 25 psia is required to effectively remove scale from the liquefaction vessel walls.

Armor systems including coated core materials

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S [Idaho Falls, ID; Lillo, Thomas M [Idaho Falls, ID; McHugh, Kevin M [Idaho Falls, ID

2012-07-31

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Armor systems including coated core materials

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; McHugh, Kevin M

2013-10-08

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Rapid Radiochemical Methods for Asphalt Paving Material ...

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Technical Brief Validated rapid radiochemical methods for alpha and beta emitters in solid matrices that are commonly encountered in urban environments were previously unavailable for public use by responding laboratories. A lack of tested rapid methods would delay the quick determination of contamination levels and the assessment of acceptable site-specific exposure levels. Of special concern are matrices with rough and porous surfaces, which allow the movement of radioactive material deep into the building material making it difficult to detect. This research focuses on methods that address preparation, radiochemical separation, and analysis of asphalt paving materials and asphalt roofing shingles. These matrices, common to outdoor environments, challenge the capability and capacity of very experienced radiochemistry laboratories. Generally, routine sample preparation and dissolution techniques produce liquid samples (representative of the original sample material) that can be processed using available radiochemical methods. The asphalt materials are especially difficult because they do not readily lend themselves to these routine sample preparation and dissolution techniques. The HSRP and ORIA coordinate radiological reference laboratory priorities and activities in conjunction with HSRP’s Partner Process. As part of the collaboration, the HSRP worked with ORIA to publish rapid radioanalytical methods for selected radionuclides in building material matrice

The quataron concept: a key to solve the problem of the nanostate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Askhabov, A. M.

2003-04-01

In a number of our works (Askhabov, 1998-2002) we have described a set of ideas and principles dealing with structural organization of substance in the nanorange and its role for formation of crystalline and noncrystalline materials. These ideas have been collectively referred to as the “quataron concept”. Central in this new concept is the idea that there are specific nanosize clusters arising under non-equilibrium conditions. These clusters are understood as a peculiar form of structural organization of substance at the nanolevel and referred to as "hidden" phase clusters or quatarons. As inequilibrium objects, quatarons are capable of self-organization and self-development. With their valencies fully realized (in covalent interactions), they can become large molecules; with a three-dimensional ordering (atom arrangement in a crystal lattice) they will produce crystalline particles. Quatarons are the basis for all kinds of equilibrium nanostructures from ordinary tetra- and octahedral groupings to the widely known fullerenes or dense dodecahedral and icosahedral clusters, colloidal, fractal particles. In particular, the quataron theory offers a very simple solution to the fullerene problem. Quatarons are fullerene predecessors. The fullerene architecture is dictated by hollow quatarons. Besides, it has been found that only clusters more than ~1.2 nm in size can become potenial centers of crystallization. Thus, quatarons seem to be behind all the rest of nanoparticles, including nanocrystals. This theory also broadens our understanding of the amorphous state. If for some reason quatarons or their aggregates fail to crystallize, for example, as a result of the fractal structure of the cluster surface or owing to their non-crystallographic (icosahedral) shape, then in the condensed state they give rise to a special class of solid ultradisperse materials (quatarites) of various degrees of ordering. The closest analogue of such materials is opal, a material made up of one-size spherical silica particles. A well-ordered material composed of carbon fullerenes is known as fullerite. The quataron concept will produce a profound effect on the mineralogical science, physics and chemistry of minerals. Already now we have obviously reached the point where we need to revise some of the fundamental genetic, structural and classificational issues. In particular, what was said above about the structure and formation of noncrystalline materials dictates the necessity of a broader understanding of the mineral. This would result in that a large number of materials now referred to as mineraloids will fall into the area of minerals and will be considered as new mineral species, which would mean that minerals are not only natural objects (chemical compounds) of crystalline structure but also X-ray amorphous solids of certain arrangement of elements (fullerites, quatarites, opals, etc.). The work was done with financial support from RFBI (grant N. 02-05-64688) and INTAS (grant N. 99-0247).

Physics-based animation of large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic solids, and model-reduced flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerszewski, Daniel James

Physical simulation has become an essential tool in computer animation. As the use of visual effects increases, the need for simulating real-world materials increases. In this dissertation, we consider three problems in physics-based animation: large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic material simulation, and dimensionality reduction techniques for fluid simulation. Fluid simulation has been one of the greatest successes of physics-based animation, generating hundreds of research papers and a great many special effects over the last fifteen years. However, the animation of large-scale, splashing liquids remains challenging. We show that a novel combination of unilateral incompressibility, mass-full FLIP, and blurred boundaries is extremely well-suited to the animation of large-scale, violent, splashing liquids. Materials that incorporate both plastic and elastic deformations, also referred to as elastioplastic materials, are frequently encountered in everyday life. Methods for animating such common real-world materials are useful for effects practitioners and have been successfully employed in films. We describe a point-based method for animating elastoplastic materials. Our primary contribution is a simple method for computing the deformation gradient for each particle in the simulation. Given the deformation gradient, we can apply arbitrary constitutive models and compute the resulting elastic forces. Our method has two primary advantages: we do not store or compare to an initial rest configuration and we work directly with the deformation gradient. The first advantage avoids poor numerical conditioning and the second naturally leads to a multiplicative model of deformation appropriate for finite deformations. One of the most significant drawbacks of physics-based animation is that ever-higher fidelity leads to an explosion in the number of degrees of freedom. This problem leads us to the consideration of dimensionality reduction techniques. We present several enhancements to model-reduced fluid simulation that allow improved simulation bases and two-way solid-fluid coupling. Specifically, we present a basis enrichment scheme that allows us to combine data-driven or artistically derived bases with more general analytic bases derived from Laplacian Eigenfunctions. Additionally, we handle two-way solid-fluid coupling in a time-splitting fashion---we alternately timestep the fluid and rigid body simulators, while taking into account the effects of the fluid on the rigid bodies and vice versa. We employ the vortex panel method to handle solid-fluid coupling and use dynamic pressure to compute the effect of the fluid on rigid bodies. Taken together, these contributions have advanced the state-of-the art in physics-based animation and are practical enough to be used in production pipelines.

Assessment of Bacterial Spores in Solid Materials: Curriculum Improvements Partnership Award for the Integration of Research (CIPAIR)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lavallee, Richard J.

2012-01-01

This summer, we quantified the release, by cryogenic grinding at liquid nitrogen temperatures, of microbes present in 4 different spacecraft solids: epoxy 9309, epoxy 9394, epoxy 9396, and a silicone coating. Three different samples of each material were prepared: aseptically prepared solid material, powdered material inoculated with a known spore count of Bacillus atrophaeus, and solid material artificially embedded with a known spore count of Bacillus atrophaeus. Samples were cryogenically ground as needed, and the powders were directly cultured to determine the number of microbial survivors per gram of material. Recovery rates were found to be highly material-dependent, varying from 0.2 to 50% for inoculated material surfaces and 0.002 to 0.5% for embedded spores. A study of the spore survival rate versus total grinding time was also performed, with results indicating that longer grinding time decreases recovery rates of viable spores.

On the certification of cadmium at trace and ultratrace levels in standard reference materials using ID ICP-MS.

PubMed

Murphy, K E; Long, S E; Vocke, R D

2007-04-01

Analytical methods used for the isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric (ID-ICP-MS) measurement of Cd at microg kg(-1) and sub-microg kg(-1) levels are described and applied to the certification of new dietary supplement, blood, and serum Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The materials are: SRM 3240 Ephedra sinica Stapf Aerial Parts, SRM 3241 Ephedra sinica Stapf Native Extract, SRM 3243 Ephedra-Containing Solid Oral Dosage Form, SRM 3244 Ephedra-Containing Protein Powder, SRM 966 Toxic Metals in Bovine Blood, Level 1 (L1) and Level 2 (L2), and SRM 1598a Animal Serum. The concentration of Cd in the materials ranges from 120 microg kg(-1) down to 0.03 microg kg(-1). At these levels, the factors that most influence the accuracy of the ICP-MS data are the procedure blank and spectral and nonspectral interferences. Nonspectral interference, caused by the high concentration of dissolved solids in the matrices investigated, resulted in signal suppression. Matrix separation was used to enhance signal intensity and to reduce spectral interference for the accurate determination of Cd in SRM 1598a and SRM 3244. Chromatographic separation procedures using Chelex for SRM 1598a and anion exchange for SRM 3244 were optimized to achieve the desired separation characteristics without substantially increasing the procedure blank. Sensitivity for the determination of Cd in serum was additionally enhanced through the use of desolvation nebulization. We determined that separations were not required for the accurate ICP-MS determination of Cd in SRM 3240, SRM 3241, SRM 3243, and SRM 966 L2 under optimized analysis conditions. These samples were diluted to a minimum volume and introduced to the ICP-MS via low flow (40-100 microL/min) microconcentric nebulizers. SRM 966 L1 was also analyzed directly, but results were highly variable. The ID-ICP-MS sample preparation and ratio measurement protocols described here resulted in total expanded uncertainties of less than 1% for the determination of 90.85 microg kg(-1) Cd in SRM 3240, and less than 10% total expanded uncertainty for the determination of 0.0468 microg kg(-1) Cd in SRM 1598a.

Compatibility tests between Jarytherm DBT synthetic oil and solid materials from wastes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fasquelle, Thomas; Falcoz, Quentin; Neveu, Pierre; Flamant, Gilles; Walker, Jérémie

2016-05-01

Direct thermocline thermal energy storage is the cheapest sensible thermal energy storage configuration. Indeed, a thermocline tank consists in one tank instead of two and reduces costs. Thermocline thermal energy storages are often filled with cheap solid materials which could react with the heat transfer fluid in the case of incompatibility. PROMES laboratory is building a pilot-scale parabolic trough solar loop including a direct thermocline thermal energy storage system. The working fluid will be a synthetic oil, the Jarytherm® DBT, and the thermal energy storage tank will be filled with stabilized solid materials elaborated from vitrified wastes. Compatibility tests have been conducted in order to check on one hand if the thermo-mechanical properties and life time of the energy storage medium are not affected by the contact with oil and, on the other hand, if the thermal oil performances are not degraded by the solid filler. These experiments consisted in putting in contact the oil and the solid materials in small tanks. In order to discriminate the solid materials tested in the shortest time, accelerating aging conditions at 330 °C for 500 hours were used. The measurements consisted in X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscopy for the solids, and thermo-physical and chemical properties measurements for the oil. Regarding the solid samples, their crystalline structure did not change during the test, but it is difficult to conclude about their elementary composition and they seem to absorb oil. While thermal properties still makes Jarytherm® DBT a good heat transfer fluid after the accelerated aging tests, this study results in differentiating most compatible materials. Thus according to our study, Jarytherm® DBT can be used in direct thermocline thermal energy storage applications when compatibility of the solid material has been demonstrated.

Application of Organic Solid Electrolytes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sekido, S.

1982-01-01

If ions are considered to be solid material which transport electric charges, polymer materials can then be considered as organic solid electrolytes. The role of these electrolytes is discussed for (1) ion concentration sensors; (2) batteries using lithium as the cathode and a charge complex of organic material and iodine in the anode; and (3) elements applying electrical double layer capability.

40 CFR 241.3 - Standards and procedures for identification of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... combustion units. 241.3 Section 241.3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES USED AS FUELS OR INGREDIENTS IN COMBUSTION UNITS Identification of Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials That Are Solid Wastes When Used as Fuels or Ingredients in Combustion Units...

40 CFR 241.3 - Standards and procedures for identification of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... combustion units. 241.3 Section 241.3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES USED AS FUELS OR INGREDIENTS IN COMBUSTION UNITS Identification of Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials That Are Solid Wastes When Used as Fuels or Ingredients in Combustion Units...

40 CFR 241.3 - Standards and procedures for identification of non-hazardous secondary materials that are solid...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... combustion units. 241.3 Section 241.3 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES SOLID WASTES USED AS FUELS OR INGREDIENTS IN COMBUSTION UNITS Identification of Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials That Are Solid Wastes When Used as Fuels or Ingredients in Combustion Units...

Coated armor system and process for making the same

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S.; Lillo, Thomas M.; McHugh, Kevin M.

2010-11-23

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Solid Waste: Health Concerns

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Duel, Ward

1975-01-01

In this article the means of disposing solid wastes are discussed with reference to their health hazards and environmental desirability. Included in the discussion are solid waste dumps, landfills, incinerators, and grinders. Some attention is given to the reclamation of mineral resources from trash. (MA)

Determination of fluorine in herbs and water samples by molecular absorption spectrometry after preconcentration on nano-TiO2 using ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction.

PubMed

Krawczyk-Coda, Magdalena; Stanisz, Ewa

2017-11-01

This work presents ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro solid phase extraction (USA DMSPE) for preconcentration of fluorine (F) in water and herb samples. TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs) were used as an adsorbent. The determination with slurry sampling was performed via molecular absorption of calcium monofluoride (CaF) at 606.440 nm using a high-resolution continuum source electrothermal absorption spectrometry (HR-CS ET MAS). Several factors influencing the efficiency of the preconcentration technique, such as the amount of TiO 2 , pH of sample solution, ultrasonication and centrifugation time and TiO 2 slurry solution preparation before injection to HR-CS ET MAS, were investigated in detail. The conditions of detection step (wavelength, calcium amount, pyrolysis and molecule-forming temperatures) were also studied. After extraction, adsorbent with the analyte was mixed with 200 μL of H 2 O to prepare a slurry solution. The concentration limit of detection was 0.13 ng mL -1 . The achieved preconcentration factor was 7. The relative standard deviations (RSDs, %) for F in real samples were 3-15%. The accuracy of this method was evaluated by analyses of certified reference materials after spiking: INCT-MPH-2 (Mixed Polish Herbs), INCT-SBF-4 (Soya Bean Flour), ERM-CAO11b (Hard Drinking Water) and TMDA-54.5 (Lake Ontario Water). The measured F contents in reference materials were in satisfactory agreement with the added amounts, and the recoveries were found to be 97-109%. Under the developed extraction conditions, the proposed method has been successfully applied for the determination of F in real water samples (lake, sea, tap water) and herbs.

The Materials Chemistry of Atomic Oxygen with Applications to Anisotropic Etching of Submicron Structures in Microelectronics and the Surface Chemistry Engineering of Porous Solids

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Koontz, Steve L.; Leger, Lubert J.; Wu, Corina; Cross, Jon B.; Jurgensen, Charles W.

1994-01-01

Neutral atomic oxygen is the most abundant component of the ionospheric plasma in the low Earth orbit environment (LEO; 200 to 700 kilometers altitude) and can produce significant degradation of some spacecraft materials. In order to produce a more complete understanding of the materials chemistry of atomic oxygen, the chemistry and physics of O-atom interactions with materials were determined in three radically different environments: (1) The Space Shuttle cargo bay in low Earth orbit (the EOIM-3 space flight experiment), (2) a high-velocity neutral atom beam system (HVAB) at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), and (3) a microwave-plasma flowing-discharge system at JSC. The Space Shuttle and the high velocity atom beam systems produce atom-surface collision energies ranging from 0.1 to 7 eV (hyperthermal atoms) under high-vacuum conditions, while the flowing discharge system produces a 0.065 eV surface collision energy at a total pressure of 2 Torr. Data obtained in the three different O-atom environments referred to above show that the rate of O-atom reaction with polymeric materials is strongly dependent on atom kinetic energy, obeying a reactive scattering law which suggests that atom kinetic energy is directly available for overcoming activation barriers in the reaction. General relationships between polymer reactivity with O atoms and polymer composition and molecular structure have been determined. In addition, vacuum ultraviolet photochemical effects have been shown to dominate the reaction of O atoms with fluorocarbon polymers. Finally, studies of the materials chemistry of O atoms have produced results which may be of interest to technologists outside the aerospace industry. Atomic oxygen 'spin-off' or 'dual use' technologies in the areas of anisotropic etching in microelectronic materials and device processing, as well as surface chemistry engineering of porous solid materials are described.

Materials cohesion and interaction forces.

PubMed

Rosenholm, Jarl B; Peiponen, Kai-Erik; Gornov, Evgeny

2008-09-01

The most important methods to determine the cohesive interactions of materials and adhesive interactions between different substances are reviewed. The term cohesion is generalized as representing the unifying interaction forces of a single material and adhesion forces between different substances due to attraction. The aim is to interlink a number of frequently used interaction parameters in order to promote the understanding of materials research executed within different scientific (Material, Colloid, Sol-Gel and Nano) communities. The modern interdisciplinary research requires a removal of the historical obstacles represented by widely differing nomenclature used for the same material properties. The interaction parameters of different models are reviewed and representative numerical values computed from tabulated thermodynamic and spectroscopic material constants. The results are compared with published values. The models are grouped to represent single and two component systems, respectively. The latter group includes models for films on substrates and work of adhesion between liquids and solids. In most cases rather rough approximations have been employed, mostly relating to van der Waals substances for which the gas state is common reference state. In order to improve the predictability of the key Hamaker constant, a novel model for interpreting the dielectric spectrum is presented. The interrelation between thermodynamic, electronic, spectroscopic and dielectric parameters is illustrated by model calculations on typical inorganic materials of current interest as model compounds. The ionic solids are represented by NaCl and KCl, while ZnO, FeO, Fe(2)O(3), Fe(3)O(4), Al(2)O(3), SiO(2), TiO(2), ZrO(2), SnO, SnO(2) represent ceramic oxides and semiconductors. The model compounds thus illustrate the effect of bond type (covalent or ionic) and valence (charge number and sign) of the constituent elements. However, since the focus is placed on a phenomenological analysis, the number of examples remains self-evidently incomplete.

Advanced Materials and Solids Analysis Research Core (AMSARC)

EPA Science Inventory

The Advanced Materials and Solids Analysis Research Core (AMSARC), centered at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Andrew W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati, Ohio, is the foundation for the Agency's solids and surfaces analysis capabilities. ...

Fabrication of Semi-quasi Solid DSSC using Spiro Material as Hole Transport Material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Safriani, L.; Primawati, W. P.; Mulyana, C.; Susilawati, T.; Aprilia, A.

2017-05-01

Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) has been emerging a promising development in recent years. DSSC is a low-cost solar cell belonging to the third generation of solar cells. However, the conversion efficiency of DSSC is still far behind compared to silicon based solar cells. To produce long stability of DSSC, the used of solid state electrolyte is recommended instead of liquid electrolyte, though solid state DSSC also has problem relating to a lack of pore-filling hole transport material into mesoporous TiO2. In this work an attempt to improve performance of DSSC has been done by adding hole transport material into mesoporous TiO2 layer and optimizing fabrication method. In the first part of the work, we used low Tg material spiro-TAD and spiro-TPD as hole transport material with mosalyte and hybrid polymer as gel electrolyte to obtain a semi-quasi solid DSSC. In the second part, we modified fabrication method by annealing process before spin-coated spiro material into dye-coated TiO2 substrate. Current-voltage measurement of semi-quasi solid DSSC was performed using halogen lamp. We found that the used of spiro-TPD as hole transport give the best power conversion efficiency η = 2.03% of semi-quasi solid DSSC.

Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-01-01

HEADSPACE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY METHOD FOR STUDIES OF REACTION AND PERMEATION OF...TITLE AND SUBTITLE Headspace Gas Chromatography Method for Studies of Reaction and Permeation of Volatile Agents with Solid Materials 5a...method is described for measuring the reactivity and permeability of fabrics, films, and other solid materials. Headspace gas chromatography (GC)

High solids fermentation reactor

DOEpatents

Wyman, Charles E.; Grohmann, Karel; Himmel, Michael E.; Richard, Christopher J.

1993-03-02

A fermentation reactor and method for fermentation of materials having greater than about 10% solids. The reactor includes a rotatable shaft along the central axis, the shaft including rods extending outwardly to mix the materials. The reactor and method are useful for anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes to produce methane, for production of commodity chemicals from organic materials, and for microbial fermentation processes.

High solids fermentation reactor

DOEpatents

Wyman, Charles E.; Grohmann, Karel; Himmel, Michael E.; Richard, Christopher J.

1993-01-01

A fermentation reactor and method for fermentation of materials having greater than about 10% solids. The reactor includes a rotatable shaft along the central axis, the shaft including rods extending outwardly to mix the materials. The reactor and method are useful for anaerobic digestion of municipal solid wastes to produce methane, for production of commodity chemicals from organic materials, and for microbial fermentation processes.

Method for improving the durability of ion insertion materials

DOEpatents

Lee, Se-Hee; Tracy, C. Edwin; Cheong, Hyeonsik M.

2002-01-01

The invention provides a method of protecting an ion insertion material from the degradative effects of a liquid or gel-type electrolyte material by disposing a protective, solid ion conducting, electrically insulating, layer between the ion insertion layer and the liquid or gel-type electrolyte material. The invention further provides liquid or gel-type electrochemical cells having improved durability having a pair of electrodes, a pair of ion insertion layers sandwiched between the pair of electrodes, a pair of solid ion conducting layers sandwiched between the ion insertion layers, and a liquid or gel-type electrolyte material disposed between the solid ion conducting layers, where the solid ion conducting layer minimizes or prevents degradation of the faces of the ion insertion materials facing the liquid or gel-type electrolyte material. Electrochemical cells of this invention having increased durability include secondary lithium batteries and electrochromic devices.

Characteristics and Generation of Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) in Semarang City Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fikri, Elanda; Purwanto; Sunoko, Henna Rya

2018-02-01

Most of Household Hazardous Waste (HHW) is currently mixed with domestics waste. So that, it can impact human health and environmental quality. One important aspect in the management strategy is to determine the quantity generated and characteristics of HHW. The method used to determine the characteristics HHW refers to SNI 19-2454-2002, while the HHW generation refers to the SNI 19-3694-1994 calculated based on weight and volume. Research was conducted in four districts of Semarang. The samples used in this study were 400 families calculated based on the proportion of Slovin Formula. The characteristic of HHW in Semarang City is mainly infectious (79%), then poisonous (13%), combustible (6%) and corrosive materials (2%). The quantity HHW generated is 0.01 kg/person/day equivalent with 5.1% of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Semarang (linear equations : y=1,278x+82,00 (volume), y=0,216x+13,89 (weight).

NiF2/NaF:CaF2/Ca Solid-State High-Temperature Battery Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

West, William; Whitacre, Jay; DelCastillo, Linda

2009-01-01

Experiments and theoretical study have demonstrated the promise of all-solid-state, high-temperature electrochemical battery cells based on NiF2 as the active cathode material, CaF2 doped with NaF as the electrolyte material, and Ca as the active anode material. These and other all-solid-state cells have been investigated in a continuing effort to develop batteries for instruments that must operate in environments much hotter than can be withstood by ordinary commercially available batteries. Batteries of this type are needed for exploration of Venus (where the mean surface temperature is about 450 C), and could be used on Earth for such applications as measuring physical and chemical conditions in geothermal wells and oil wells. All-solid-state high-temperature power cells are sought as alternatives to other high-temperature power cells based, variously, on molten anodes and cathodes or molten eutectic salt electrolytes. Among the all-solid-state predecessors of the present NiF2/NaF:CaF2/Ca cells are those described in "Solid-State High-Temperature Power Cells" (NPO-44396), NASA Tech Briefs, Vol. 32, No. 5 (May 2008), page 40. In those cells, the active cathode material is FeS2, the electrolyte material is a crystalline solid solution of equimolar amounts of Li3PO4 and LiSiO4, and the active anode material is Li contained within an alloy that remains solid in the intended high operational temperature range.

Aggregation-induced emission—fluorophores and applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hong, Yuning

2016-06-01

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a novel photophysical phenomenon found in a group of luminogens that are not fluorescent in solution but are highly emissive in the aggregate or solid state. Since the first publication of AIE luminogens in 2001, AIE has become a hot research area in which the number of research papers regarding new AIE molecules and their applications has been increasing in an exponential manner. Thomson Reuters Essential Science Indicators ranked AIE no.3 among the Top 100 Research Frontiers in the field of Chemistry and Materials Science in 2013. In this review, I will give a general introduction of the AIE phenomenon, discuss the structure-property relationship of the AIE lumingens and summarize the recent progress in the applications including as light-emitting materials in optoelectronics, as chemosensors and bioprobes, and for bioimaging (total 69 references cited).

Relativistic quantum chaos-An emergent interdisciplinary field.

PubMed

Lai, Ying-Cheng; Xu, Hong-Ya; Huang, Liang; Grebogi, Celso

2018-05-01

Quantum chaos is referred to as the study of quantum manifestations or fingerprints of classical chaos. A vast majority of the studies were for nonrelativistic quantum systems described by the Schrödinger equation. Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of Dirac materials such as graphene and topological insulators, which are described by the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. A new field has thus emerged: relativistic quantum chaos. This Tutorial aims to introduce this field to the scientific community. Topics covered include scarring, chaotic scattering and transport, chaos regularized resonant tunneling, superpersistent currents, and energy level statistics-all in the relativistic quantum regime. As Dirac materials have the potential to revolutionize solid-state electronic and spintronic devices, a good understanding of the interplay between chaos and relativistic quantum mechanics may lead to novel design principles and methodologies to enhance device performance.

New Primary Standards for Establishing SI Traceability for Moisture Measurements in Solid Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Heinonen, M.; Bell, S.; Choi, B. Il; Cortellessa, G.; Fernicola, V.; Georgin, E.; Hudoklin, D.; Ionescu, G. V.; Ismail, N.; Keawprasert, T.; Krasheninina, M.; Aro, R.; Nielsen, J.; Oğuz Aytekin, S.; Österberg, P.; Skabar, J.; Strnad, R.

2018-01-01

A European research project METefnet addresses a fundamental obstacle to improving energy-intensive drying process control: due to ambiguous reference analysis methods and insufficient methods for estimating uncertainty in moisture measurements, the achievable accuracy in the past was limited and measurement uncertainties were largely unknown. This paper reports the developments in METefnet that provide a sound basis for the SI traceability: four new primary standards for realizing the water mass fraction were set up, analyzed and compared to each other. The operation of these standards is based on combining sample weighing with different water vapor detection techniques: cold trap, chilled mirror, electrolytic and coulometric Karl Fischer titration. The results show that an equivalence of 0.2 % has been achieved between the water mass fraction realizations and that the developed methods are applicable to a wide range of materials.

Relativistic quantum chaos—An emergent interdisciplinary field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lai, Ying-Cheng; Xu, Hong-Ya; Huang, Liang; Grebogi, Celso

2018-05-01

Quantum chaos is referred to as the study of quantum manifestations or fingerprints of classical chaos. A vast majority of the studies were for nonrelativistic quantum systems described by the Schrödinger equation. Recent years have witnessed a rapid development of Dirac materials such as graphene and topological insulators, which are described by the Dirac equation in relativistic quantum mechanics. A new field has thus emerged: relativistic quantum chaos. This Tutorial aims to introduce this field to the scientific community. Topics covered include scarring, chaotic scattering and transport, chaos regularized resonant tunneling, superpersistent currents, and energy level statistics—all in the relativistic quantum regime. As Dirac materials have the potential to revolutionize solid-state electronic and spintronic devices, a good understanding of the interplay between chaos and relativistic quantum mechanics may lead to novel design principles and methodologies to enhance device performance.

Methods of producing armor systems, and armor systems produced using such methods

DOEpatents

Chu, Henry S; Lillo, Thomas M; McHugh, Kevin M

2013-02-19

An armor system and method involves providing a core material and a stream of atomized coating material that comprises a liquid fraction and a solid fraction. An initial layer is deposited on the core material by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is less than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis. An outer layer is then deposited on the initial layer by positioning the core material in the stream of atomized coating material wherein the solid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material is greater than the liquid fraction of the stream of atomized coating material on a weight basis.

Apparatus for the measurement of electrical resistivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity of thermoelectric materials between 300 K and 12 K

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Martin, Joshua; Nolas, George S.

2016-01-01

We have developed a custom apparatus for the consecutive measurement of the electrical resistivity, the Seebeck coefficient, and the thermal conductivity of materials between 300 K and 12 K. These three transport properties provide for a basic understanding of the thermal and electrical properties of materials. They are of fundamental importance in identifying and optimizing new materials for thermoelectric applications. Thermoelectric applications include waste heat recovery for automobile engines and industrial power generators, solid-state refrigeration, and remote power generation for sensors and space probes. The electrical resistivity is measured using a four-probe bipolar technique, the Seebeck coefficient is measured using the quasi-steady-state condition of the differential method in a 2-probe arrangement, and the thermal conductivity is measured using a longitudinal, multiple gradient steady-state technique. We describe the instrumentation and the measurement uncertainty associated with each transport property, each of which is presented with representative measurement comparisons using round robin samples and/or certified reference materials. Transport properties data from this apparatus have supported the identification, development, and phenomenological understanding of novel thermoelectric materials.

Evaluation of ultrasound-assisted in situ sorbent formation solid-phase extraction method for determination of arsenic in water, food and biological samples.

PubMed

Ezoddin, Maryam; Majidi, Behrooz; Abdi, Khosrou

2015-01-01

A simple and rapid ultrasound-assisted in situ sorbent formation solid-phase extraction (UAISFSPE) coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry detection (ET-AAS) was developed for preconcentration and determination of arsenic (As) in various samples. A small amount of cationic surfactant is dissolved in the aqueous sample containing As ions, which were complexed by ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate After shaking, a little volume of hexafluorophosphate (NaPF6) as an ion-pairing agent was added into the solution by a microsyringe. Due to the interaction between surfactant and ion-pairing agent, solid particles are formed. The alkyl groups of the surfactant in the solid particles strongly interact with the hydrophobic groups of analytes and become bound. Sonication aids the dispersion of the sorbent into the sample solution and mass transfer of the analyte into the sorbent, thus reducing the extraction time. The solid particles are centrifuged, and the sedimented particles can be dissolved in an appropriate solvent to recover the absorbed analyte. After separation, total arsenic (As(III) and As(V)) was determined by ET-AAS. Several experimental parameters were investigated and optimized. A detection limit of 7 ng L(-1) with preconcentration factor of 100 and relative standard deviation for 10 replicate determinations of 0.1 µg L(-1) As(III) were 4.5% achieved. Consequently, the method was applied to the determination of arsenic in certified reference materials, water, food and biological samples with satisfactory results.

Thermophysical Parameters of Organic PCM Coconut Oil from T-History Method and Its Potential as Thermal Energy Storage in Indonesia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Silalahi, Alfriska O.; Sukmawati, Nissa; Sutjahja, I. M.; Kurnia, D.; Wonorahardjo, S.

2017-07-01

The thermophysical parameters of organic phase change material (PCM) of coconut oil (co_oil) have been studied by analyzing the temperature vs time data during liquid-solid phase transition (solidification process) based on T-history method, adopting the original version and its modified form to extract the values of mean specific heats of the solid and liquid co_oil and the heat of fusion related to phase transition of co_oil. We found that the liquid-solid phase transition occurs rather gradually, which might be due to the fact that co_oil consists of many kinds of fatty acids with the largest amount of lauric acid (about 50%), with relatively small supercooling degree. For this reason, the end of phase transition region become smeared out, although the inflection point in the temperature derivative is clearly observed signifying the drastic temperature variation between the phase transition and solid phase periods. The data have led to the values of mean specific heat of the solid and liquid co_oil that are comparable to the pure lauric acid, while the value for heat of fusion is resemble to those of the DSC result, both from references data. The advantage of co_oil as the potential sensible and latent TES for room-temperature conditioning application in Indonesia is discussed in terms of its rather broad working temperature range due to its mixture composition characteristic.

Cadmium determination in natural waters at the limit imposed by European legislation by isotope dilution and TiO2 solid-phase extraction.

PubMed

García-Ruiz, Silvia; Petrov, Ivan; Vassileva, Emilia; Quétel, Christophe R

2011-11-01

The cadmium content in surface water is regulated by the last European Water Framework Directive to a maximum between 0.08 and 0.25 μg L(-1) depending on the water type and hardness. Direct measurement of cadmium at this low level is not straightforward in real samples, and we hereby propose a validated method capable of addressing cadmium content below μg L(-1) level in natural water. It is based on solid-phase extraction using TiO(2) nanoparticles as solid sorbent (0.05 g packed in mini-columns) to allow the separation and preconcentration of cadmium from the sample, combined to direct isotope dilution and detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). The extraction setup is miniaturised and semi-automated to reduce risks of sample contamination and improve reproducibility. Procedural blanks for the whole measurement process were 5.3 ± 2.8 ng kg(-1) (1 s) for 50 g of ultrapure water preconcentrated ten times. Experimental conditions influencing the separation (including loading pH, sample flow rates, and acid concentration in the eluent) were evaluated. With isotope dilution the Cd recovery rate does not have to be evaluated carefully. Moreover, the mathematical model associated to IDMS is known, and provides transparency for the uncertainty propagation. Our validation protocol was in agreement with guidelines of the ISO/IEC 17025 standard (chapter 5.4.5). Firstly, we assessed the experimental factors influencing the final result. Secondly, we compared the isotope ratios measured after our separation procedure to the reference values obtained with a different protocol for the digested test material IMEP-111 (mineral feed). Thirdly, we analysed the certified reference material BCR-609 (groundwater). Finally, combined uncertainties associated to our results were estimated according to ISO-GUM guidelines (typically, 3-4% k = 2 for a cadmium content of around 100 ng kg(-1)). We applied the developed method to the groundwater and wastewater samples ERM-CA615 and BCR-713, respectively, and results agreed with certificate values within uncertainty statements.

Pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials with solvent quench recovery

DOEpatents

Green, Norman W.; Duraiswamy, Kandaswamy; Lumpkin, Robert E.; Knell, Everett W.; Mirza, Zia I.; Winter, Bruce L.

1978-04-18

In a continuous process for recovery of values contained in a solid carbonaceous material, the carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to flash pyrolysis in the presence of a particulate heat source to form a pyrolysis product stream containing a carbon containing solid residue and volatilized hydrocarbons. After the carbon containing solid residue is separated from the pyrolysis product stream, values are obtained by condensing volatilized hydrocarbons. The particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing carbon in the solid residue. Apparatus useful for practicing this process are disclosed.

Apparatus and Method for Increasing the Diameter of Metal Alloy Wires Within a Molten Metal Pool

DOEpatents

Hartman, Alan D.; Argetsinger, Edward R.; Hansen, Jeffrey S.; Paige, Jack I.; King, Paul E.; Turner, Paul C.

2002-01-29

In a dip forming process the core material to be coated is introduced directly into a source block of coating material eliminating the need for a bushing entrance component. The process containment vessel or crucible is heated so that only a portion of the coating material becomes molten, leaving a solid portion of material as the entrance port of, and seal around, the core material. The crucible can contain molten and solid metals and is especially useful when coating core material with reactive metals. The source block of coating material has been machined to include a close tolerance hole of a size and shape to closely fit the core material. The core material moves first through the solid portion of the source block of coating material where the close tolerance hole has been machined, then through a solid/molten interface, and finally through the molten phase where the diameter of the core material is increased. The crucible may or may not require water-cooling depending upon the type of material used in crucible construction. The system may operate under vacuum, partial vacuum, atmospheric pressure, or positive pressure depending upon the type of source material being used.

Apparatus and method for increasing the diameter of metal alloy wires within a molten metal pool

DOEpatents

Hartman, Alan D.; Argetsinger, Edward R.; Hansen, Jeffrey S.; Paige, Jack I.; King, Paul E.; Turner, Paul C.

2002-01-29

In a dip forming process the core material to be coated is introduced directly into a source block of coating material eliminating the need for a bushing entrance component. The process containment vessel or crucible is heated so that only a portion of the coating material becomes molten, leaving a solid portion of material as the entrance port of, and seal around, the core material. The crucible can contain molten and solid metals and is especially useful when coating core material with reactive metals. The source block of coating material has been machined to include a close tolerance hole of a size and shape to closely fit the core material. The core material moves first through the solid portion of the source block of coating material where the close tolerance hole has been machined, then through a solid/molten interface, and finally through the molten phase where the diameter of the core material is increased. The crucible may or may not require water-cooling depending upon the type of material used in crucible construction. The system may operate under vacuum, partial vacuum, atmospheric pressure, or positive pressure depending upon the type of source material being used.

Method of production of pure hydrogen near room temperature from aluminum-based hydride materials

DOEpatents

Pecharsky, Vitalij K.; Balema, Viktor P.

2004-08-10

The present invention provides a cost-effective method of producing pure hydrogen gas from hydride-based solid materials. The hydride-based solid material is mechanically processed in the presence of a catalyst to obtain pure gaseous hydrogen. Unlike previous methods, hydrogen may be obtained from the solid material without heating, and without the addition of a solvent during processing. The described method of hydrogen production is useful for energy conversion and production technologies that consume pure gaseous hydrogen as a fuel.

Composite Solid Electrolyte For Lithium Cells

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peled, Emmanuel; Nagasubramanian, Ganesan; Halpert, Gerald; Attia, Alan I.

1994-01-01

Composite solid electrolyte material consists of very small particles, each coated with thin layer of Lil, bonded together with polymer electrolyte or other organic binder. Material offers significant advantages over other solid electrolytes in lithium cells and batteries. Features include high ionic conductivity and strength. Composite solid electrolyte expected to exhibit flexibility of polymeric electrolytes. Polymer in composite solid electrolyte serves two purposes: used as binder alone, conduction taking place only in AI2O3 particles coated with solid Lil; or used as both binder and polymeric electrolyte, providing ionic conductivity between solid particles that it binds together.

Solid-state lasers for coherent communication and remote sensing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Byer, Robert L.

1992-01-01

Semiconductor-diode laser-pumped solid-state lasers have properties that are superior to other lasers for the applications of coherent communication and remote sensing. These properties include efficiency, reliability, stability, and capability to be scaled to higher powers. We have demonstrated that an optical phase-locked loop can be used to lock the frequency of two diode-pumped 1.06 micron Nd:YAG lasers to levels required for coherent communication. Monolithic nonplanar ring oscillators constructed from solid pieces of the laser material provide better than 10 kHz frequency stability over 0.1 sec intervals. We have used active feedback stabilization of the cavity length of these lasers to demonstrate 0.3 Hz frequency stabilization relative to a reference cavity. We have performed experiments and analysis to show that optical parametric oscillators (OPO's) reproduce the frequency stability of the pump laser in outputs that can be tuned to arbitrary wavelengths. Another measurement performed in this program has demonstrated the sub-shot-noise character of correlations of the fluctuations in the twin output of OPO's. Measurements of nonlinear optical coefficients by phase-matched second harmonic generation are helping to resolve inconsistency in these important parameters.

A hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for modeling fluid-structure interaction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sheldon, Jason P.; Miller, Scott T.; Pitt, Jonathan S.

2016-12-01

This work presents a novel application of the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) finite element method to the multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) problems. Recent applications of the HDG method have primarily been for single-physics problems including both solids and fluids, which are necessary building blocks for FSI modeling. Utilizing these established models, HDG formulations for linear elastostatics, a nonlinear elastodynamic model, and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian Navier-Stokes are derived. The elasticity formulations are written in a Lagrangian reference frame, with the nonlinear formulation restricted to hyperelastic materials. With these individual solid and fluid formulations, the remaining challenge in FSI modeling is coupling together their disparate mathematics on the fluid-solid interface. This coupling is presented, along with the resultant HDG FSI formulation. Verification of the component models, through the method of manufactured solutions, is performed and each model is shown to converge at the expected rate. The individual components, along with the complete FSI model, are then compared to the benchmark problems proposed by Turek and Hron [1]. The solutions from the HDG formulation presented in this work trend towards the benchmark as the spatial polynomial order and the temporal order of integration are increased.

A hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin method for modeling fluid–structure interaction

DOE PAGES

Sheldon, Jason P.; Miller, Scott T.; Pitt, Jonathan S.

2016-08-31

This study presents a novel application of the hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin (HDG) finite element method to the multi-physics simulation of coupled fluid–structure interaction (FSI) problems. Recent applications of the HDG method have primarily been for single-physics problems including both solids and fluids, which are necessary building blocks for FSI modeling. Utilizing these established models, HDG formulations for linear elastostatics, a nonlinear elastodynamic model, and arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian Navier–Stokes are derived. The elasticity formulations are written in a Lagrangian reference frame, with the nonlinear formulation restricted to hyperelastic materials. With these individual solid and fluid formulations, the remaining challenge in FSI modelingmore » is coupling together their disparate mathematics on the fluid–solid interface. This coupling is presented, along with the resultant HDG FSI formulation. Verification of the component models, through the method of manufactured solutions, is performed and each model is shown to converge at the expected rate. The individual components, along with the complete FSI model, are then compared to the benchmark problems proposed by Turek and Hron [1]. The solutions from the HDG formulation presented in this work trend towards the benchmark as the spatial polynomial order and the temporal order of integration are increased.« less

40 CFR 62.3916 - Identification of Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Existing Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units § 62.3916 Identification of Plan. (a... reference subpart III of 40 CFR part 62, the commercial and industrial solid waste incineration rule, which... plan applies to all applicable existing Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units for...

40 CFR 62.3916 - Identification of Plan.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Existing Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units § 62.3916 Identification of Plan. (a... reference subpart III of 40 CFR part 62, the commercial and industrial solid waste incineration rule, which... plan applies to all applicable existing Commercial and Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Units for...

Solid oxide fuel cell with single material for electrodes and interconnect

DOEpatents

McPheeters, Charles C.; Nelson, Paul A.; Dees, Dennis W.

1994-01-01

A solid oxide fuel cell having a plurality of individual cells. A solid oxide fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with electrolyte disposed therebetween, and the anode, cathode and interconnect elements are comprised of substantially one material.

Cermet materials prepared by combustion synthesis and metal infiltration

DOEpatents

Holt, Joseph B.; Dunmead, Stephen D.; Halverson, Danny C.; Landingham, Richard L.

1991-01-01

Ceramic-metal composites (cermets) are made by a combination of self-propagating high temperature combustion synthesis and molten metal infiltration. Solid-gas, solid-solid and solid-liquid reactions of a powder compact produce a porous ceramic body which is infiltrated by molten metal to produce a composite body of higher density. AlN-Al and many other materials can be produced.

Decontamination of materials contaminated with Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis Al Hakam spores using PES-Solid, a solid source of peracetic acid.

PubMed

Buhr, T L; Wells, C M; Young, A A; Minter, Z A; Johnson, C A; Payne, A N; McPherson, D C

2013-08-01

To develop test methods and evaluate survival of Bacillus anthracis Ames, B. anthracis ∆Sterne and B. thuringiensis Al Hakam spores after exposure to PES-Solid (a solid source of peracetic acid), including PES-Solid formulations with bacteriostatic surfactants. Spores (≥ 7 logs) were dried on seven different test materials and treated with three different PES-Solid formulations (or preneutralized controls) at room temperature for 15 min. There was either no spore survival or less than 1 log (<10 spores) of spore survival in 56 of 63 test combinations (strain, formulation and substrate). Less than 2.7 logs (<180 spores) survived in the remaining seven test combinations. The highest spore survival rates were seen on water-dispersible chemical agent resistant coating (CARC-W) and Naval ship topcoat (NTC). Electron microscopy and Coulter analysis showed that all spore structures were intact after spore inactivation with PES-Solid. Three PES-Solid formulations inactivated Bacillus spores that were dried on seven different materials. A test method was developed to show that PES-Solid formulations effectively inactivate Bacillus spores on different materials. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Computational Modeling of Mixed Solids for CO2 CaptureSorbents

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duan, Yuhua

2015-01-01

Since current technologies for capturing CO2 to fight global climate change are still too energy intensive, there is a critical need for development of new materials that can capture CO2 reversibly with acceptable energy costs. Accordingly, solid sorbents have been proposed to be used for CO2 capture applications through a reversible chemical transformation. By combining thermodynamic database mining with first principles density functional theory and phonon lattice dynamics calculations, a theoretical screening methodology to identify the most promising CO2 sorbent candidates from the vast array of possible solid materials has been proposed and validated. The calculated thermodynamic properties of differentmore » classes of solid materials versus temperature and pressure changes were further used to evaluate the equilibrium properties for the CO2 adsorption/desorption cycles. According to the requirements imposed by the pre- and post- combustion technologies and based on our calculated thermodynamic properties for the CO2 capture reactions by the solids of interest, we were able to screen only those solid materials for which lower capture energy costs are expected at the desired pressure and temperature conditions. Only those selected CO2 sorbent candidates were further considered for experimental validations. The ab initio thermodynamic technique has the advantage of identifying thermodynamic properties of CO2 capture reactions without any experimental input beyond crystallographic structural information of the solid phases involved. Such methodology not only can be used to search for good candidates from existing database of solid materials, but also can provide some guidelines for synthesis new materials. In this presentation, we apply our screening methodology to mixing solid systems to adjust the turnover temperature to help on developing CO2 capture Technologies.« less

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chiang, Yet-Ming; Carter, Craig W.; Ho, Bryan Y.

Redox flow devices are described in which at least one of the positive electrode or negative electrode-active materials is a semi-solid or is a condensed ion-storing electroactive material, and in which at least one of the electrode-active materials is transported to and from an assembly at which the electrochemical reaction occurs, producing electrical energy. The electronic conductivity of the semi-solid is increased by the addition of conductive particles to suspensions and/or via the surface modification of the solid in semi-solids (e.g., by coating the solid with a more electron conductive coating material to increase the power of the device). Highmore » energy density and high power redox flow devices are disclosed. The redox flow devices described herein can also include one or more inventive design features. In addition, inventive chemistries for use in redox flow devices are also described.« less

Enhanced densification under shock compression in porous silicon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lane, J. Matthew D.; Thompson, Aidan P.; Vogler, Tracy J.

2014-10-01

Under shock compression, most porous materials exhibit lower densities for a given pressure than that of a full-dense sample of the same material. However, some porous materials exhibit an anomalous, or enhanced, densification under shock compression. We demonstrate a molecular mechanism that drives this behavior. We also present evidence from atomistic simulation that silicon belongs to this anomalous class of materials. Atomistic simulations indicate that local shear strain in the neighborhood of collapsing pores nucleates a local solid-solid phase transformation even when bulk pressures are below the thermodynamic phase transformation pressure. This metastable, local, and partial, solid-solid phase transformation, which accounts for the enhanced densification in silicon, is driven by the local stress state near the void, not equilibrium thermodynamics. This mechanism may also explain the phenomenon in other covalently bonded materials.

Flight-vehicle materials, structures, and dynamics - Assessment and future directions. Vol. 4 - Tribological materials and NDE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fusaro, Robert L. (Editor); Achenbach, J. D. (Editor)

1993-01-01

The present volume on tribological materials and NDE discusses liquid lubricants for advanced aircraft engines, a liquid lubricant for space applications, solid lubricants for aeronautics, and thin solid-lubricant films in space. Attention is given to the science and technology of NDE, tools for an NDE engineering base, experimental techniques in ultrasonics for NDE and material characterization, and laser ultrasonics. Topics addressed include thermal methods of NDE and quality control, digital radiography in the aerospace industry, materials characterization by ultrasonic methods, and NDE of ceramics and ceramic composites. Also discussed are smart materials and structures, intelligent processing of materials, implementation of NDE technology on flight structures, and solid-state weld evaluation.

Atomistic Simulation of Interfaces in Materials of Solid State Ionics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivanov-Schitz, A. K.; Mazo, G. N.

2018-01-01

The possibilities of describing correctly interfaces of different types in solids within a computer experiment using molecular statics simulation, molecular dynamics simulation, and quantum chemical calculations are discussed. Heterophase boundaries of various types, including grain boundaries and solid electrolyte‒solid electrolyte and ionic conductor‒electrode material interfaces, are considered. Specific microstructural features and mechanisms of the ion transport in real heterophase structures (cationic conductor‒metal anode and anionic conductor‒cathode) existing in solid state ionics devices (such as solid-state batteries and fuel cells) are discussed.

Crystallization process

DOEpatents

Adler, Robert J.; Brown, William R.; Auyang, Lun; Liu, Yin-Chang; Cook, W. Jeffrey

1986-01-01

An improved crystallization process is disclosed for separating a crystallizable material and an excluded material which is at least partially excluded from the solid phase of the crystallizable material obtained upon freezing a liquid phase of the materials. The solid phase is more dense than the liquid phase, and it is separated therefrom by relative movement with the formation of a packed bed of solid phase. The packed bed is continuously formed adjacent its lower end and passed from the liquid phase into a countercurrent flow of backwash liquid. The packed bed extends through the level of the backwash liquid to provide a drained bed of solid phase adjacent its upper end which is melted by a condensing vapor.

The role of the micro environment on the tribological behavior of materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buckley, D. H.

1980-01-01

The paper reviews studies of the role of the microenvironment in the adhesion, friction, and wear behavior of materials in solid-state contact. The microenvironment is defined as the environment on the surface of solids in solid-state contact. Properties of the environment are discussed which exert an influence on the adhesion, friction, wear, and lubrication of materials in contact. The effect of the environment on lubricants and their properties is considered with respect to the interaction of lubricants with material surfaces in contact; the effect on the ability of lubricants to provide protective surface films is also considered. It is concluded that naturally occurring oxides are probably the best available natural solid-film lubricants.

76 FR 44093 - Definition of Solid Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-22

...) 325199 All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing; (5) 325211 Plastics Material and Resin... 1056). In its most recent opinion dealing with the definition of solid waste, Safe Food and Fertilizer... excludes from the definition of solid waste hazardous secondary materials used to make zinc fertilizers...

Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as an Adsorbent for Preconcentration and Determination of Trace Amount of Nickel in Environmental Samples by Atom Trap Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shirkhanloo, H.; Falahnejad, M.; Zavvar Mousavi, H.

2016-01-01

A rapid enrichment method based on solid-phase extraction (SPE) has been established for preconcentration and separation of trace Ni(II) ions in water samples prior to their determination by atom trap flame atomic absorption spectrometry. A column filled with bulky NH2-UVM7 was used as the novel adsorbent. Under optimal conditions, the linear range, limit of detection (LOD), and preconcentration factor (PF) were 3-92 μg/L, 0.8 μg/L, and 100, respectively. The validity of the method was checked by the standard reference material.

Site Investigation Report for Fort McClellan, Alabama

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-31

used 55 Assumed RD or VX used BG Bacillus Gobi SM Serratia Marcescens Reference: Solid Waste Study No. 99-056-73/76, Fort McClellan, AL, Jul 73-Aug...Bacillus Gobi SM Serratia Marcescens STB Supertropical Bleach Reference: Solid Waste Study No. 99-056-73/76, Fort McClellan, AL, Jul 73-Aug 75...REPORT ORGANIZATION ................................ 1-1 1.4 FACILITY BACKGROUND ............................... 1-3 1.4.1 Post Description and History

Graphene nanocomposites for electrochemical cell electrodes

DOEpatents

Zhamu, Aruna; Jang, Bor Z.; Shi, Jinjun

2015-11-19

A composite composition for electrochemical cell electrode applications, the composition comprising multiple solid particles, wherein (a) a solid particle is composed of graphene platelets dispersed in or bonded by a first matrix or binder material, wherein the graphene platelets are not obtained from graphitization of the first binder or matrix material; (b) the graphene platelets have a length or width in the range of 10 nm to 10 .mu.m; (c) the multiple solid particles are bonded by a second binder material; and (d) the first or second binder material is selected from a polymer, polymeric carbon, amorphous carbon, metal, glass, ceramic, oxide, organic material, or a combination thereof. For a lithium ion battery anode application, the first binder or matrix material is preferably amorphous carbon or polymeric carbon. Such a composite composition provides a high anode capacity and good cycling response. For a supercapacitor electrode application, the solid particles preferably have meso-scale pores therein to accommodate electrolyte.

Study on Thermal and Mechanical Properties of EPDM Insulation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Zhong-Shui; Xu, Jin-Sheng; Chen, Xiong; Jiang, Jing

As the most common insulation material of solid rocket motors, thermal and mechanical properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) composite are inspected in the study. Referring to the results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), composition and morphology of EPDM composite in different thermal degradation degree are investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) to inspect the mechanism of thermal insulation. Mechanical properties of EPDM composite in the state of pyrolysis are investigated by uniaxial tensile tests. At the state of initial pyrolysis, composite belongs to the category of hyperelastic-viscoelastic material. The tendency of tensile strength increased and elongation decreased with increasing of heating temperature. Composite behaves as the linear rule at the state of late pyrolysis, which belongs to the category of bittle. The elasticity modulus of curves are almost the same while the heating temperature ranges from 200°C to 300°C, and then gradually go down. The tensile strength of pyrolytic material reach the highest at the heating temperature of 300°C, and the virgin material has the largest elongation.

Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite enriched in selenite and manganese ions: physicochemical and antibacterial properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kolmas, Joanna; Groszyk, Ewa; Piotrowska, Urszula

2015-07-01

In this work, we used the co-precipitation method to synthesize hydroxyapatite (Mn-SeO3-HA) containing both selenium IV (approximately 3.60 wt.%) and manganese II (approximately 0.29 wt.%). Pure hydroxyapatite (HA), hydroxyapatite-containing manganese (II) ions (Mn-HA), and hydroxyapatite-containing selenite ions alone (SeO3-HA), prepared with the same method, were used as reference materials. The structures and physicochemical properties of all the obtained samples were investigated. PXRD studies showed that the obtained materials were homogeneous and consisted of apatite phase. Introducing selenites into the hydroxyapatite crystals considerably affects the size and degree of ordering. Experiments with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that Mn-SeO3-HA crystals are very small, needle-like, and tend to form agglomerates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) were used to analyze the structure of the obtained material. Preliminary microbiological tests showed that the material demonstrated antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, yet such properties were not confirmed regarding Escherichia coli. PACS codes: 61, 76, 81

Mercury determination in non- and biodegradable materials by cold vapor capacitively coupled plasma microtorch atomic emission spectrometry.

PubMed

Frentiu, Tiberiu; Mihaltan, Alin I; Ponta, Michaela; Darvasi, Eugen; Frentiu, Maria; Cordos, Emil

2011-10-15

A new analytical system consisting of a low power capacitively coupled plasma microtorch (20 W, 13.56 MHz, 150 ml min(-1) Ar) and a microspectrometer was investigated for the Hg determination in non- and biodegradable materials by cold-vapor generation, using SnCl(2) reductant, and atomic emission spectrometry. The investigated miniaturized system was used for Hg determination in recyclable plastics from electronic equipments and biodegradable materials (shopping bags of 98% biodegradable polyethylene and corn starch) with the advantages of easy operation and low analysis costs. Samples were mineralized in HNO(3)-H(2)SO(4) mixture in a high-pressure microwave system. The detection limits of 0.05 ng ml(-1) or 0.08 μg g(-1) in solid sample were compared with those reported for other analytical systems. The method precision was 1.5-9.4% for Hg levels of 1.37-13.9 mg kg(-1), while recovery in two polyethylene certified reference materials in the range 98.7 ± 4.5% (95% confidence level). Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel Nanostructured Solid Materials for Modulating Oral Drug Delivery from Solid-State Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

PubMed

Dening, Tahnee J; Rao, Shasha; Thomas, Nicky; Prestidge, Clive A

2016-01-01

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have gained significant attention in recent times, owing to their ability to overcome the challenges limiting the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the successful commercialization of several LBDDS products over the years, a large discrepancy exists between the number of poorly water-soluble drugs displaying suboptimal in vivo performances and the application of LBDDS to mitigate their various delivery challenges. Conventional LBDDS, including lipid solutions and suspensions, emulsions, and self-emulsifying formulations, suffer from various drawbacks limiting their widespread use and commercialization. Accordingly, solid-state LBDDS, fabricated by adsorbing LBDDS onto a chemically inert solid carrier material, have attracted substantial interest as a viable means of stabilizing LBDDS whilst eliminating some of the various limitations. This review describes the impact of solid carrier choice on LBDDS performance and highlights the importance of appropriate solid carrier material selection when designing hybrid solid-state LBDDS. Specifically, emphasis is placed on discussing the ability of the specific solid carrier to modulate drug release, control lipase action and lipid digestion, and enhance biopharmaceutical performance above the original liquid-state LBDDS. To encourage the interested reader to consider their solid carrier choice on a higher level, various novel materials with the potential for future use as solid carriers for LBDDS are described. This review is highly significant in guiding future research directions in the solid-state LBDDS field and fostering the translation of these delivery systems to the pharmaceutical marketplace.

Proton conducting membrane using a solid acid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boysen, Dane A. (Inventor); Narayanan, Sekharipuram R. (Inventor); Haile, Sossina M. (Inventor); Chisholm, Calum (Inventor)

2006-01-01

A solid acid material is used as a proton conducting membrane in an electrochemical device. The solid acid material can be one of a plurality of different kinds of materials. A binder can be added, and that binder can be either a nonconducting or a conducting binder. Nonconducting binders can be, for example, a polymer or a glass. A conducting binder enables the device to be both proton conducting and electron conducting.

Thermodynamics of water-solid interactions in crystalline and amorphous pharmaceutical materials.

PubMed

Sacchetti, Mark

2014-09-01

Pharmaceutical materials, crystalline and amorphous, sorb water from the atmosphere, which affects critical factors in the development of drugs, such as the selection of drug substance crystal form, compatibility with excipients, dosage form selection, packaging, and product shelf-life. It is common practice to quantify the amount of water that a material sorbs at a given relative humidity (RH), but the results alone provide minimal to no physicochemical insight into water-solid interactions, without which pharmaceutical scientists cannot develop an understanding of their materials, so as to anticipate and circumvent potential problems. This research was conducted to advance the science of pharmaceutical materials by examining the thermodynamics of solids with sorbed water. The compounds studied include nonhygroscopic drugs, a channel hydrate drug, a stoichiometric hydrate excipient, and an amorphous excipient. The water sorption isotherms were measured over a range of temperature to extract the partial molar enthalpy and entropy of sorbed water as well as the same quantities for some of the solids. It was found that water-solid interactions spanned a range of energy and entropy as a function of RH, which was unique to the solid, and which could be valuable in identifying batch-to-batch differences and effects of processing in material performance. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association.

Cermet materials prepared by combustion synthesis and metal infiltration

DOEpatents

Holt, J.B.; Dunmead, S.D.; Halverson, D.C.; Landingham, R.L.

1991-01-29

Ceramic-metal composites (cermets) are made by a combination of self-propagating high temperature combustion synthesis and molten metal infiltration. Solid-gas, solid-solid and solid-liquid reactions of a powder compact produce a porous ceramic body which is infiltrated by molten metal to produce a composite body of higher density. AlN-Al and many other materials can be produced. 6 figures.

49 CFR 176.400 - Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 49 Transportation 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids... Solids), Class 5 (Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides), and Division 1.5 Materials § 176.400 Stowage of Division 1.5, Class 4 (flammable solids) and Class 5 (oxidizers and organic peroxides) materials. (a) Class...

Attosecond transient absorption instrumentation for thin film materials: Phase transitions, heat dissipation, signal stabilization, timing correction, and rapid sample rotation.

PubMed

Jager, Marieke F; Ott, Christian; Kaplan, Christopher J; Kraus, Peter M; Neumark, Daniel M; Leone, Stephen R

2018-01-01

We present an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption apparatus tailored to attosecond and femtosecond measurements on bulk solid-state thin-film samples, specifically when the sample dynamics are sensitive to heating effects. The setup combines methodology for stabilizing sub-femtosecond time-resolution measurements over 48 h and techniques for mitigating heat buildup in temperature-dependent samples. Single-point beam stabilization in pump and probe arms and periodic time-zero reference measurements are described for accurate timing and stabilization. A hollow-shaft motor configuration for rapid sample rotation, raster scanning capability, and additional diagnostics are described for heat mitigation. Heat transfer simulations performed using a finite element analysis allow comparison of sample rotation and traditional raster scanning techniques for 100 Hz pulsed laser measurements on vanadium dioxide, a material that undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition at a modest temperature of 340 K. Experimental results are presented confirming that the vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) sample cannot cool below its phase transition temperature between laser pulses without rapid rotation, in agreement with the simulations. The findings indicate the stringent conditions required to perform rigorous broadband XUV time-resolved absorption measurements on bulk solid-state samples, particularly those with temperature sensitivity, and elucidate a clear methodology to perform them.

Catalytic properties of new anode materials for solid oxide fuel cells operated under methane at intermediary temperature

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sauvet, A.-L.; Fouletier, J.

The recent trend in solid oxide fuel cell concerns the use of natural gas as fuel. Steam reforming of methane is a well-established process for producing hydrogen directly at the anode side. In order to develop new anode materials, the catalytic activities of several oxides for the steam reforming of methane were characterized by gas chromatography. We studied the catalytic activity as a function of steam/carbon ratios r. The methane and the steam content were varied between 5 and 30% and between 1.5 and 3.5%, respectively, corresponding to r-values between 0.07 and 0.7. Catalyst (ruthenium and vanadium)-doped lanthanum chromites substituted with strontium, gadolinium-doped ceria (Ce 0.9Gd 0.1O 2) referred as to CeGdO 2, praseodymium oxide, molybdenum oxide and copper oxide were tested. The working temperature was fixed at 850°C, except for 5% ruthenium-doped La 1- xSr xCrO 3 where the temperature was varied between 700 and 850°C. Two types of behavior were observed as a function of the activity of the catalyst. The higher steam reforming efficiency was observed with 5% of ruthenium above 750°C.

Attosecond transient absorption instrumentation for thin film materials: Phase transitions, heat dissipation, signal stabilization, timing correction, and rapid sample rotation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jager, Marieke F.; Ott, Christian; Kaplan, Christopher J.; Kraus, Peter M.; Neumark, Daniel M.; Leone, Stephen R.

2018-01-01

We present an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) transient absorption apparatus tailored to attosecond and femtosecond measurements on bulk solid-state thin-film samples, specifically when the sample dynamics are sensitive to heating effects. The setup combines methodology for stabilizing sub-femtosecond time-resolution measurements over 48 h and techniques for mitigating heat buildup in temperature-dependent samples. Single-point beam stabilization in pump and probe arms and periodic time-zero reference measurements are described for accurate timing and stabilization. A hollow-shaft motor configuration for rapid sample rotation, raster scanning capability, and additional diagnostics are described for heat mitigation. Heat transfer simulations performed using a finite element analysis allow comparison of sample rotation and traditional raster scanning techniques for 100 Hz pulsed laser measurements on vanadium dioxide, a material that undergoes an insulator-to-metal transition at a modest temperature of 340 K. Experimental results are presented confirming that the vanadium dioxide (VO2) sample cannot cool below its phase transition temperature between laser pulses without rapid rotation, in agreement with the simulations. The findings indicate the stringent conditions required to perform rigorous broadband XUV time-resolved absorption measurements on bulk solid-state samples, particularly those with temperature sensitivity, and elucidate a clear methodology to perform them.

Solid oxide fuel cell with single material for electrodes and interconnect

DOEpatents

McPheeters, C.C.; Nelson, P.A.; Dees, D.W.

1994-07-19

A solid oxide fuel cell is described having a plurality of individual cells. A solid oxide fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with electrolyte disposed there between, and the anode, cathode and interconnect elements are comprised of substantially one material. 9 figs.

On-line solid phase selective separation and preconcentration of Cd(II) by solid-phase extraction using carbon active modified with methyl thymol blue.

PubMed

Ensafi, Ali A; Ghaderi, Ali R

2007-09-05

An on-line flow system was used to develop a selective and efficient on-line sorbent extraction preconcentration system for cadmium. The method is based on adsorption of cadmium ions onto the activated carbon modified with methyl thymol blue. Then the adsorbed ions were washed using 0.5M HNO(3) and the eluent was used to determine the Cd(II) ions using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. The results obtained show that the modified activated carbon has the greatest adsorption capacity of 80 microg of Cd(II) per 1.0 g of the solid phase. The optimal pH value for the quantitative preconcentration was 9.0 and full desorption is achieved by using 0.5M HNO(3) solution. It is established that the solid phase can be used repeatedly without a considerable adsorption capacity loss. The detection limit was less than 1 ngmL(-1) Cd(II), with an enrichment factor of 1000. The calibration graph was linear in the range of 1-2000 ngmL(-1) Cd(II). The developed method has been applied to the determination of trace cadmium (II) in water samples and in the following reference materials: sewage sludge (CRM144R), and sea water (CASS.4) with satisfactory results. The accuracy was assessed through recovery experiments.

Experimental rheological procedure adapted to pasty dewatered sludge up to 45 % dry matter.

PubMed

Mouzaoui, M; Baudez, J C; Sauceau, M; Arlabosse, P

2018-04-15

Wastewater sludge are characterized by complex rheological properties, strongly dependent on solids concentration and temperature. These properties are required for process hydrodynamic modelling but their correct measurement is often challenging at high solids concentrations. This is especially true to model the hydrodynamic of dewatered sludge during drying process where solids content (TS) increases with residence time. Indeed, until now, the literature mostly focused on the rheological characterization of sludge at low and moderate TS (between 4 and 8%). Limited attention was paid to pasty and highly concentrated sludge mainly because of the difficulties to carry out the measurements. Results reproducibility appeared to be poor and thus may not be always fully representative of the effective material properties. This work demonstrates that reproducible results can be obtained by controlling cracks and fractures which always take place in classical rotational rheometry. In that purpose, a well-controlled experimental procedure has been developed, allowing the exact determination of the surface effectively sheared. This surface is calculated by scattering a classical stress sweep with measurements at a reference strain value. The implementation of this procedure allows the correct determination of solid-like characteristics from 20 to 45% TS but also shows that pasty and highly concentrated sludge highlight normal forces caused by dilatancy. Moreover the surface correction appears to be independent of TS in the studied range. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Preparation and Characterization of Materials.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wold, Aaron

1980-01-01

Presents several examples illustrating different aspects of materials problems, including problems associated with solid-solid reactions, sintering and crystal growth, characterization of materials, preparation and characterization of stoichiometric ferrites and chromites, copper-sulfur systems, growth of single crystals by chemical vapor…

Thermal conversion of municipal solid waste via hydrothermal carbonization: comparison of carbonization products to products from current waste management techniques.

PubMed

Lu, Xiaowei; Jordan, Beth; Berge, Nicole D

2012-07-01

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a novel thermal conversion process that may be a viable means for managing solid waste streams while minimizing greenhouse gas production and producing residual material with intrinsic value. HTC is a wet, relatively low temperature (180-350 °C) thermal conversion process that has been shown to convert biomass to a carbonaceous residue referred to as hydrochar. Results from batch experiments indicate HTC of representative waste materials is feasible, and results in the majority of carbon (45-75% of the initially present carbon) remaining within the hydrochar. Gas production during the batch experiments suggests that longer reaction periods may be desirable to maximize the production of energy-favorable products. If using the hydrochar for applications in which the carbon will remain stored, results suggest that the gaseous products from HTC result in fewer g CO(2)-equivalent emissions than the gases associated with landfilling, composting, and incineration. When considering the use of hydrochar as a solid fuel, more energy can be derived from the hydrochar than from the gases resulting from waste degradation during landfilling and anaerobic digestion, and from incineration of food waste. Carbon emissions resulting from the use of the hydrochar as a fuel source are smaller than those associated with incineration, suggesting HTC may serve as an environmentally beneficial alternative to incineration. The type and extent of environmental benefits derived from HTC will be dependent on hydrochar use/the purpose for HTC (e.g., energy generation or carbon storage). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Theoretical calculating the thermodynamic properties of solid sorbents for CO{sub 2} capture applications

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duan, Yuhua

2012-11-02

Since current technologies for capturing CO{sub 2} to fight global climate change are still too energy intensive, there is a critical need for development of new materials that can capture CO{sub 2} reversibly with acceptable energy costs. Accordingly, solid sorbents have been proposed to be used for CO{sub 2} capture applications through a reversible chemical transformation. By combining thermodynamic database mining with first principles density functional theory and phonon lattice dynamics calculations, a theoretical screening methodology to identify the most promising CO{sub 2} sorbent candidates from the vast array of possible solid materials has been proposed and validated. The calculatedmore » thermodynamic properties of different classes of solid materials versus temperature and pressure changes were further used to evaluate the equilibrium properties for the CO{sub 2} adsorption/desorption cycles. According to the requirements imposed by the pre- and post- combustion technologies and based on our calculated thermodynamic properties for the CO{sub 2} capture reactions by the solids of interest, we were able to screen only those solid materials for which lower capture energy costs are expected at the desired pressure and temperature conditions. Only those selected CO{sub 2} sorbent candidates were further considered for experimental validations. The ab initio thermodynamic technique has the advantage of identifying thermodynamic properties of CO{sub 2} capture reactions without any experimental input beyond crystallographic structural information of the solid phases involved. Such methodology not only can be used to search for good candidates from existing database of solid materials, but also can provide some guidelines for synthesis new materials. In this presentation, we first introduce our screening methodology and the results on a testing set of solids with known thermodynamic properties to validate our methodology. Then, by applying our computational method to several different kinds of solid systems, we demonstrate that our methodology can predict the useful information to help developing CO{sub 2} capture Technologies.« less

Solid-state selective (13)C excitation and spin diffusion NMR to resolve spatial dimensions in plant cell walls.

PubMed

Foston, Marcus; Katahira, Rui; Gjersing, Erica; Davis, Mark F; Ragauskas, Arthur J

2012-02-15

The average spatial dimensions between major biopolymers within the plant cell wall can be resolved using a solid-state NMR technique referred to as a (13)C cross-polarization (CP) SELDOM (selectively by destruction of magnetization) with a mixing time delay for spin diffusion. Selective excitation of specific aromatic lignin carbons indicates that lignin is in close proximity to hemicellulose followed by amorphous and finally crystalline cellulose. (13)C spin diffusion time constants (T(SD)) were extracted using a two-site spin diffusion theory developed for (13)C nuclei under magic angle spinning (MAS) conditions. These time constants were then used to calculate an average lower-limit spin diffusion length between chemical groups within the plant cell wall. The results on untreated (13)C enriched corn stover stem reveal that the lignin carbons are, on average, located at distances ∼0.7-2.0 nm from the carbons in hemicellulose and cellulose, whereas the pretreated material had larger separations.

The RDF/SRF torrefaction: An effect of temperature on characterization of the product - Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel.

PubMed

Białowiec, Andrzej; Pulka, Jakub; Stępień, Paweł; Manczarski, Piotr; Gołaszewski, Janusz

2017-12-01

The influence of Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)/Solid Recovery Fuel (SRF) torrefaction temperature on product characteristic was investigated. RDF/SRF thermal treatment experiment was conducted with 1-h residence time, under given temperatures: 200, 220, 240, 260, 280 and 300°C. Sawdust was used as reference material. The following parameters of torrefaction char from sawdust and Carbonized Refuse Derived Fuel (CRDF) from RDF/SRF were measured: moisture, calorific value, ash content, volatile compounds and sulfur content. Sawdust biochar was confirmed as a good quality solid fuel, due to significant fuel property increase. The study also indicated that RDF torrefaction reduced moisture significantly from 22.9% to 1.4% and therefore increased lower heating value (LHV) from 19.6 to 25.3MJ/kg. Results suggest that RDF torrefaction may be a good method for increasing attractiveness of RDF as an energy source, and it could help unify RDF properties on the market. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Humidity Effect on Nanoscale Electrochemistry in Solid Silver Ion Conductors and the Dual Nature of Its Locality

DOE PAGES

Yang, Sangmo; Strelcov, Evgheni; Paranthaman, Mariappan Parans; ...

2015-01-07

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a powerful tool to investigate electrochemistry in nanoscale volumes. While most SPM-based studies have focused on reactions at the tip-surface junction, charge and mass conservation requires coupled and intrinsically non-local cathodic and anodic processes that can be significantly affected by ambient humidity. Here, we explore the role of water in both cathodic and anodic processes, associated charge transport, and topographic volume changes depending on the polarity of tip bias. The first-order reversal curve current-voltage technique combined with simultaneous detection of the sample topography, referred to as FORC-IVz, was applied to a silver solid ion conductor.more » We found that the protons generated from water affect silver ionic conduction, silver particle formation and dissolution, and mechanical integrity of the material. This work highlights the dual nature (simultaneously local and non-local) of electrochemical SPM studies, which should be considered for comprehensive understanding of nanoscale electrochemistry.« less

Humidity effect on nanoscale electrochemistry in solid silver ion conductors and the dual nature of its locality.

PubMed

Yang, Sang Mo; Strelcov, Evgheni; Paranthaman, M Parans; Tselev, Alexander; Noh, Tae Won; Kalinin, Sergei V

2015-02-11

Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) is a powerful tool to investigate electrochemistry in nanoscale volumes. While most SPM-based studies have focused on reactions at the tip-surface junction, charge and mass conservation requires coupled and intrinsically nonlocal cathodic and anodic processes that can be significantly affected by ambient humidity. Here, we explore the role of water in both cathodic and anodic processes, associated charge transport, and topographic volume changes depending on the polarity of tip bias. The first-order reversal curve current-voltage technique combined with simultaneous detection of the sample topography, referred to as FORC-IVz, was applied to a silver solid ion conductor. We found that the protons generated from water affect silver ionic conduction, silver particle formation and dissolution, and mechanical integrity of the material. This work highlights the dual nature (simultaneously local and nonlocal) of electrochemical SPM studies, which should be considered for comprehensive understanding of nanoscale electrochemistry.

Investigation on phase transitions of 1-decylammonium hydrochloride as the potential thermal energy storage material

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dan, Wen-Yan; Di, You-Ying; He, Dong-Hua; Liu, Yu-Pu

2011-02-01

1-Decylammonium hydrochloride was synthesized by the method of liquid phase synthesis. Chemical analysis, elemental analysis, and X-ray single crystal diffraction techniques were applied to characterize its composition and structure. Low-temperature heat capacities of the compounds were measured with a precision automated adiabatic calorimeter over the temperature range from 78 to 380 K. Three solid-solid phase transitions have been observed at the peak temperatures of 307.52 ± 0.13, 325.02 ± 0.19, and 327.26 ± 0.07 K. The molar enthalpies and entropies of three phase transitions were determined based on the analysis of heat capacity curves. Experimental molar heat capacities were fitted to two polynomial equations of the heat capacities as a function of temperature by least square method. Smoothed heat capacities and thermodynamic functions of the compound relative to the standard reference temperature 298.15 K were calculated and tabulated at intervals of 5 K based on the fitted polynomials.

On the purity assessment of solid sodium borohydride

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Botasini, Santiago; Méndez, Eduardo

2012-01-01

Since sodium borohydride has become extensively used as chemical hydrogen storage material in fuel cells, many techniques have been proposed to assess the purity of this substance. However, all of them are developed in aqueous media, where the reagent is unstable. In addition, its hygroscopic nature was difficults in any attempt to make precise quantifications. The present work compares three different methods, namely, voltammetric, titrimetric, and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in order to assess the purity of sodium borohydride, using an expired and a new sodium borohydride samples as references. Our results show that only the FTIR measurements provide a simple and semi-quantitative means to assess the purity of sodium borohydride due to the fact that it is the only one that measures the sample in the solid state. A comparison between the experimental data and theoretical calculation reveals the identification of the absorption bands at 1437 cm-1 of sodium metaborate and 2291 cm-1 of sodium borohydride which represent a good fingerprint for the qualitative assessment of the sample quality.

High energy density redox flow device

DOEpatents

Chiang, Yet-Ming; Carter, W. Craig; Ho, Bryan Y; Duduta, Mihai; Limthongkul, Pimpa

2014-05-13

Redox flow devices are described in which at least one of the positive electrode or negative electrode-active materials is a semi-solid or is a condensed ion-storing electroactive material, and in which at least one of the electrode-active materials is transported to and from an assembly at which the electrochemical reaction occurs, producing electrical energy. The electronic conductivity of the semi-solid is increased by the addition of conductive particles to suspensions and/or via the surface modification of the solid in semi-solids (e.g., by coating the solid with a more electron conductive coating material to increase the power of the device). High energy density and high power redox flow devices are disclosed. The redox flow devices described herein can also include one or more inventive design features. In addition, inventive chemistries for use in redox flow devices are also described.

Resolved granular debris-flow simulations with a coupled SPH-DCDEM model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Birjukovs Canelas, Ricardo; Domínguez, José M.; Crespo, Alejandro J. C.; Gómez-Gesteira, Moncho; Ferreira, Rui M. L.

2016-04-01

Debris flows represent some of the most relevant phenomena in geomorphological events. Due to the potential destructiveness of such flows, they are the target of a vast amount of research (Takahashi, 2007 and references therein). A complete description of the internal processes of a debris-flow is however still an elusive achievement, explained by the difficulty of accurately measuring important quantities in these flows and developing a comprehensive, generalized theoretical framework capable of describing them. This work addresses the need for a numerical model applicable to granular-fluid mixtures featuring high spatial and temporal resolution, thus capable of resolving the motion of individual particles, including all interparticle contacts. This corresponds to a brute-force approach: by applying simple interaction laws at local scales the macro-scale properties of the flow should be recovered by upscaling. This methodology effectively bypasses the complexity of modelling the intermediate scales by resolving them directly. The only caveat is the need of high performance computing, a demanding but engaging research challenge. The DualSPHysics meshless numerical implementation, based on Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH), is expanded with a Distributed Contact Discrete Element Method (DCDEM) in order to explicitly solve the fluid and the solid phase. The model numerically solves the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for the liquid phase and Newton's motion equations for solid bodies. The interactions between solids are modelled with classical DEM approaches (Kruggel-Emden et al, 2007). Among other validation tests, an experimental set-up for stony debris flows in a slit check dam is reproduced numerically, where solid material is introduced trough a hopper assuring a constant solid discharge for the considered time interval. With each sediment particle undergoing tens of possible contacts, several thousand time-evolving contacts are efficiently treated. Fully periodic boundary conditions allow for the recirculation of the material. The results, comprising mainly of retention curves, are in good agreement with the measurements, correctly reproducing the changes in efficiency with slit spacing and effective density. Ackownledgements: Project RECI/ECM-HID/0371/2012, funded by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), has partially supported this work. It was also partially funded by Xunta de Galicia under project Programa de Consolidacion e Estructuracion de Unidades de Investigacion Competitivas (Grupos de Referencia Competitiva), financed by European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) and by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad under de Project BIA2012-38676-C03-03. References Takahashi, T. Debris Flow, Mechanics, Prediction and Countermeasures. Taylor and Francis, 2007 Kruggel-Emden, H.; Simsek, E.; Rickelt, S.; Wirtz, S. & Scherer, V. Review and extension of normal force models for the Discrete Element Method. Powder Technology , 2007, 171, 157 - 173

24 Inch Reusable Solid Rocket Motor Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2002-01-01

A scaled-down 24-inch version of the Space Shuttle's Reusable Solid Rocket Motor was successfully fired for 21 seconds at a Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Test Stand. The motor was tested to ensure a replacement material called Lycocel would meet the criteria set by the Shuttle's Solid Motor Project Office. The current material is a heat-resistant, rayon-based, carbon-cloth phenolic used as an insulating material for the motor's nozzle. Lycocel, a brand name for Tencel, is a cousin to rayon and is an exceptionally strong fiber made of wood pulp produced by a special 'solvent-spirning' process using a nontoxic solvent. It will also be impregnated with a phenolic resin. This new material is expected to perform better under the high temperatures experienced during launch. The next step will be to test the material on a 48-inch solid rocket motor. The test, which replicates launch conditions, is part of Shuttle's ongoing verification of components, materials, and manufacturing processes required by MSFC, which oversees the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor project. Manufactured by the ATK Thiokol Propulsion Division in Promontory, California, the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor measures 126 feet (38.4 meters) long and 12 feet (3.6 meters) in diameter. It is the largest solid rocket motor ever flown and the first designed for reuse. During its two-minute burn at liftoff, each motor generates an average thrust of 2.6 million pounds (1.2 million kilograms).

Criticality Safety Evaluation for Small Sample Preparation and Non-Destructive Assay (NDA) Operations in Wing 7 Basement of the CMR Facility

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kunkle, Paige Elizabeth; Zhang, Ning

Nuclear Criticality Safety (NCS) has reviewed the fissionable material small sample preparation and NDA operations in Wing 7 Basement of the CMR Facility. This is a Level-1 evaluation conducted in accordance with NCS-AP-004 [Reference 1], formerly NCS-GUIDE-01, and the guidance set forth on use of the Standard Criticality Safety Requirements (SCSRs) [Reference 2]. As stated in Reference 2, the criticality safety evaluation consists of both the SCSR CSED and the SCSR Application CSED. The SCSR CSED is a Level-3 CSED [Reference 3]. This Level-1 CSED is the SCSR Application CSED. This SCSR Application (Level-1) evaluation does not derive controls, itmore » simply applies controls derived from the SCSR CSED (Level-3) for the application of operations conducted here. The controls derived in the SCSR CSED (Level-3) were evaluated via the process described in Section 6.6.5 of SD-130 (also reproduced in Section 4.3.5 of NCS-AP-004 [Reference 1]) and were determined to not meet the requirements for consideration of elevation into the safety basis documentation for CMR. According to the guidance set forth on use of the SCSRs [Reference 2], the SCSR CSED (Level-3) is also applicable to the CMR Facility because the process and the normal and credible abnormal conditions in question are bounded by those that are described in the SCSR CSED. The controls derived in the SCSR CSED include allowances for solid materials and solution operations. Based on the operations conducted at this location, there are less-than-accountable (LTA) amounts of 233U. Based on the evaluation documented herein, the normal and credible abnormal conditions that might arise during the execution of this process will remain subcritical with the following recommended controls.« less

Method and apparatus for acoustic plate mode liquid-solid phase transition detection

DOEpatents

Blair, Dianna S.; Freye, Gregory C.; Hughes, Robert C.; Martin, Stephen J.; Ricco, Antonio J.

1993-01-01

A method and apparatus for sensing a liquid-solid phase transition event is provided which comprises an acoustic plate mode detecting element placed in contact with a liquid or solid material which generates a high-frequency acoustic wave that is attenuated to an extent based on the physical state of the material is contact with the detecting element. The attenuation caused by the material in contact with the acoustic plate mode detecting element is used to determine the physical state of the material being detected. The method and device are particularly suited for detecting conditions such as the icing and deicing of wings of an aircraft. In another aspect of the present invention, a method is provided wherein the adhesion of a solid material to the detecting element can be measured using the apparatus of the invention.

Variations of Thermal Pressure for Solids along the Principal Hugoniot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gong, Zizheng; Yu, Hui; Deng, Liwei; Zhang, Li; Yang, Jinke

2006-07-01

The behavior of thermal pressure PTH for all kinds of solid materials was investigated using the lattice dynamics theory up to 500GPa. The results show that for most metals, ionic crystal and minerals, the thermal pressure is approximately independent on volume, whereas the thermal pressure of a few solids has strong dependence on volume. The volume dependence of thermal pressure has no relation with the chemical bonding type and crystal structure of materials, but is correlated with the Debye temperature ΘD and the second Grüneisen parameter q. The ratio of the thermal pressure to the total pressure (PTH /PTotal) along the Hugoniot keeps constant over a wide compression range, not only for non-porous materials but also for porous materials within certain porosity, which could explain the existence of material constant parameter β along solid Hugoniot.

Effect of Transitioning from Standard Reference Material 2806a to Standard Reference Material 2806b for Light Obscuration Particle Countering

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-01

Reference Material 2806b for Light Obscuration Particle Countering April 2016 UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Joel Schmitigal 27809 Standard Form 298 (Rev...Standard Reference Material 2806b for Light Obscuration Particle Countering 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6...Reference Material 2806a to Standard Reference Material 2806b for Light Obscuration Particle Countering Joel Schmitigal Force Projection

High-Resolution Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy: Characterization of Polymorphism in Cimetidine, a Pharmaceutical Compound

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pacilio, Julia E.; Tokarski, John T.; Quiñones, Rosalynn; Iuliucci, Robbie J.

2014-01-01

High-resolution solid-state NMR (SSNMR) spectroscopy has many advantages as a tool to characterize solid-phase material that finds applications in polymer chemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, biomolecular structure determination, and others, including the pharmaceutical industry. The technology associated with achieving high resolution…

Interlaboratory study of a method for determining nonvolatile organic carbon in aquifer materials

USGS Publications Warehouse

Caughey, M.E.; Barcelona, M.J.; Powell, R.M.; Cahill, R.A.; Gron, C.; Lawrenz, D.; Meschi, P.L.

1995-01-01

The organic carbon fraction in aquifer materials exerts a major influence on the subsurface mobilities of organic and organic-associated contaminants. The spatial distribution of total organic carbon (TOC) in aquifer materials must be determined before the transport of hydrophobic organic pollutants in aquifers can be modeled accurately. Previous interlaboratory studies showed that it is difficult to measure TOC concentrations 1%. We have tested a new analytical method designed to improve the accuracy and precision of nonvolatile TOC quantitation in geologic materials that also contain carbonate minerals. Four authentic aquifer materials and one NIST standard reference material were selected as test materials for a blind collaborative study. Nonvolatile TOC in these materials ranged from 0.05 to 1.4%, while TIC ranged from 0.46 to 12.6%. Sample replicates were digested with sulfurous acid, dried at 40??C, and then combusted at 950??C using LECO or UIC instruments. For the three test materials that contained >2% TIC, incomplete acidification resulted in a systematic positive bias of TOC values reported by five of the six laboratories that used the test method. Participants did not have enough time to become proficient with the new method before they analyzed the test materials. A seventh laboratory successfully used an alternative method that analyzed separate liquid and solid fractions of the acidified sample residues. ?? 1995 Springer-Verlag.

Satellite Power System (SPS) concept definition study (Exhibit D). Volume 2: Systems/subsystems analyses

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hanley, G. M.

1981-01-01

Modifications to the reference concept were studied and the best approaches defined. The impact of the high efficiency multibandgap solar array on the reference concept design is considered. System trade studies for several solid state concepts, including the sandwich concept and a separate antenna/solar concept, are described. Two solid state concepts were selected and a design definition is presented for each. Magnetrons as an alternative to the reference klystrons for dc/RF conversion are evaluated. System definitions are presented for the preferred klystron and solid state concepts. Supporting systems are analyzed, with major analysis in the microwave, structures, and power distribution areas. Results of studies for thermal control, attitude control, stationkeeping, and details of a multibandgap solar cell study are included. Advanced laser concepts and the meteorological effects of a laser beam power transmission concept are considered.

Supercooling of Hydrogen on Template Materials to Deterministically Seed Ignition-Quality Solid Fuel Layers

DOE PAGES

Shin, S. J.; Zepeda-Ruiz, L. A.; Lee, J. R. I.; ...

2016-09-01

In this study, we explored templating effects of various materials for hydrogen (H 2 and D 2) solidification by measuring the degree of supercooling required for liquid hydrogen to solidify below each triple point. The results show high supercooling (>100 mK) for most metallic, covalent, and ionic solids, and low supercooling (<100 mK) for van der Waals (vdW) solids. We attribute the low supercooling of vdW solids to the weak interaction of the substrate and hydrogen. Highly ordered pyrolytic graphite showed the lowest supercooling among materials that are solid at room temperature, but did not exhibit a templating effect withinmore » a fill-tube and capsule assembly.« less

Layered solid sorbents for carbon dioxide capture

DOEpatents

Li, Bingyun; Jiang, Bingbing; Gray, McMahan L; Fauth, Daniel J; Pennline, Henry W; Richards, George A

2013-02-25

A solid sorbent for the capture and the transport of carbon dioxide gas is provided having at least one first layer of a positively charged material that is polyethylenimine or poly(allylamine hydrochloride), that captures at least a portion of the gas, and at least one second layer of a negatively charged material that is polystyrenesulfonate or poly(acryclic acid), that transports the gas, wherein the second layer of material is in juxtaposition to, attached to, or crosslinked with the first layer for forming at least one bilayer, and a solid substrate support having a porous surface, wherein one or more of the bilayers is/are deposited on the surface of and/or within the solid substrate. A method of preparing and using the solid sorbent is provided.

Layered solid sorbents for carbon dioxide capture

DOEpatents

Li, Bingyun; Jiang, Bingbing; Gray, McMahan L; Fauth, Daniel J; Pennline, Henry W; Richards, George A

2014-11-18

A solid sorbent for the capture and the transport of carbon dioxide gas is provided having at least one first layer of a positively charged material that is polyethylenimine or poly(allylamine hydrochloride), that captures at least a portion of the gas, and at least one second layer of a negatively charged material that is polystyrenesulfonate or poly(acryclic acid), that transports the gas, wherein the second layer of material is in juxtaposition to, attached to, or crosslinked with the first layer for forming at least one bilayer, and a solid substrate support having a porous surface, wherein one or more of the bilayers is/are deposited on the surface of and/or within the solid substrate. A method of preparing and using the solid sorbent is provided.

Screening combinatorial arrays of inorganic materials with spectroscopy or microscopy

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2004-02-03

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

1999-01-01

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial sythesis of organometallic materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2002-07-16

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Polymer arrays from the combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiao-Dong; Goldwasser, Isy; Briceno, Gabriel; Sun, Xiao-Dong

2004-09-21

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2002-02-12

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Preparation and screening of crystalline inorganic materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G [La Jolla, CA; Xiang, Xiaodong [Danville, CA; Goldwasser, Isy [Palo Alto, CA; Brice{hacek over }o, Gabriel; Sun, Xiao-Dong [Fremont, CA; Wang, Kai-An [Cupertino, CA

2008-10-28

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

1999-12-21

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial synthesis of novel materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2001-01-01

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Combinatorial screening of inorganic and organometallic materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2002-01-01

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Preparation and screening of crystalline zeolite and hydrothermally-synthesized materials

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy; Briceno, Gabriel; Sun, Xiao-Dong; Wang, Kai-An

2005-03-08

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Materials ``alchemy'': Shape-preserving chemical transformation of micro-to-macroscopic 3-D structures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sandhage, Kenneth H.

2010-06-01

The scalable fabrication of nano-structured materials with complex morphologies and tailorable chemistries remains a significant challenge. One strategy for such synthesis consists of the generation of a solid structure with a desired morphology (a “preform”), followed by reactive conversion of the preform into a new chemistry. Several gas/solid and liquid/solid reaction processes that are capable of such chemical conversion into new micro-to-nano-structured materials, while preserving the macroscopic-to-microscopic preform morphologies, are described in this overview. Such shape-preserving chemical transformation of one material into another could be considered a modern type of materials “alchemy.”

Ion conduction in crystalline superionic solids and its applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chandra, Angesh

2014-06-01

Superionic solids an area of multidisciplinary research activity, incorporates to study the physical, chemical and technological aspects of rapid ion movements within the bulk of the special class of ionic materials. It is an emerging area of materials science, as these solids show tremendous technological scopes to develop wide variety of solid state electrochemical devices such as batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, sensors, electrochromic displays (ECDs), memories, etc. These devices have wide range of applicabilities viz. power sources for IC microchips to transport vehicles, novel sensors for controlling atmospheric pollution, new kind of memories for computers, smart windows/display panels, etc. The field grew with a rapid pace since then, especially with regards to designing new materials as well as to explore their device potentialities. Amongst the known superionic solids, fast Ag+ ion conducting crystalline solid electrolytes are attracted special attention due to their relatively higher room temperature conductivity as well as ease of materials handling/synthesis. Ion conduction in these electrolytes is very much interesting part of today. In the present review article, the ion conducting phenomenon and some device applications of crystalline/polycrystalline superionic solid electrolytes have been reviewed in brief. Synthesis and characterization tools have also been discussed in the present review article.

Lack of Penetration in Friction Stir Welds: Effects on Mechanical Properties and NDE Feasibility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kinchen, David G.; Adams, Glynn P.

2000-01-01

This presentation reviews the issue of lack of penetration (LOP) in Friction Stir Welding and the feasibility of using non-destructive tests to detect . Friction Stir Welding takes place in the solid phase below the melting point of the materials to be joined. It thus gives the ability to join materials which are difficult to fusion weld, for example 2000 and 7000 aluminium alloys. This process though can result in a lack of penetration, due to an incomplete penetration of the DXZ. This is frequently referred to as a "kissing bond", which requires micro examination to detect. The presentation then discusses the surface crack tension tests. It then reviews the simulated service test and results. It then discusses the feasibility of using non-destructive examination to detect LOP, the forms of test which can be used, and the results the tests.

Combinatorial synthesis and screening of non-biological polymers

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiao-Dong; Goldwasser, Isy; Briceno, Gabriel; Sun, Xiao-Dong; Wang, Kai-An

2006-04-25

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Giant magnetoresistive cobalt oxide compounds

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

1998-01-01

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Giant magnetoresistive cobalt oxide compounds

DOEpatents

Schultz, P.G.; Xiang, X.; Goldwasser, I.

1998-07-07

Methods and apparatus are disclosed for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties. 58 figs.

Synthesis and screening combinatorial arrays of zeolites

DOEpatents

Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiaodong; Goldwasser, Isy

2003-11-18

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, non-biological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Review of high-throughput techniques for detecting solid phase Transformation from material libraries produced by combinatorial methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Jonathan A.

2005-01-01

High-throughput measurement techniques are reviewed for solid phase transformation from materials produced by combinatorial methods, which are highly efficient concepts to fabricate large variety of material libraries with different compositional gradients on a single wafer. Combinatorial methods hold high potential for reducing the time and costs associated with the development of new materials, as compared to time-consuming and labor-intensive conventional methods that test large batches of material, one- composition at a time. These high-throughput techniques can be automated to rapidly capture and analyze data, using the entire material library on a single wafer, thereby accelerating the pace of materials discovery and knowledge generation for solid phase transformations. The review covers experimental techniques that are applicable to inorganic materials such as shape memory alloys, graded materials, metal hydrides, ferric materials, semiconductors and industrial alloys.

Recent developments in the field of environmental reference materials at the JRC Ispra.

PubMed

Muntau, H

2001-06-01

The production of reference materials for environmental analysis started in the Joint Research Centre at Ispra/Italy in 1972 with the objective of later certification by the BCR, but for obvious budget reasons only a fraction of the total production achieved at Ispra ever reached certification level, although all materials were produced according to the severe quality requirements requested for certified reference materials. Therefore, the materials not destinated to certification are in growing demand as inter-laboratory test materials and as laboratory reference materials, for internal quality control, e.g., by control charts. The history of reference material production within the Joint Research Centre is briefly reviewed and the latest additions described. New developments such as micro-scale reference materials intended for analytical methods requiring sample intakes at milligram or sub-milligram level and therefor not finding supply on the reference material market, and "wet" environmental reference materials, which meet more precisely the "real-world" environmental analysis conditions, are presented and the state-of-the-art discussed.

Apparatus and methods for filtering granular solid material

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Backes, Douglas J. (Inventor); Poulter, Clay B. (Inventor); Godfrey, Max R. (Inventor); Tolman, Dennis K. (Inventor); Dutton, Melinda S. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

Apparatuses for screening granular solid particulate material include a generally planar first screen and a second screen. A plurality of apertures extends through the first screen. At least a portion of the second screen is oriented at an angle to the first screen, and apertures extend through a perforated region of the second screen. The second screen includes at least one region configured to prevent at least some particles of solid material from passing through the second screen.

Chemical digestion of low level nuclear solid waste material

DOEpatents

Cooley, Carl R.; Lerch, Ronald E.

1976-01-01

A chemical digestion for treatment of low level combustible nuclear solid waste material is provided and comprises reacting the solid waste material with concentrated sulfuric acid at a temperature within the range of 230.degree.-300.degree.C and simultaneously and/or thereafter contacting the reacting mixture with concentrated nitric acid or nitrogen dioxide. In a special embodiment spent ion exchange resins are converted by this chemical digestion to noncombustible gases and a low volume noncombustible residue.

Uncertainty evaluation of mass values determined by electronic balances in analytical chemistry: a new method to correct for air buoyancy.

PubMed

Wunderli, S; Fortunato, G; Reichmuth, A; Richard, Ph

2003-06-01

A new method to correct for the largest systematic influence in mass determination-air buoyancy-is outlined. A full description of the most relevant influence parameters is given and the combined measurement uncertainty is evaluated according to the ISO-GUM approach [1]. A new correction method for air buoyancy using an artefact is presented. This method has the advantage that only a mass artefact is used to correct for air buoyancy. The classical approach demands the determination of the air density and therefore suitable equipment to measure at least the air temperature, the air pressure and the relative air humidity within the demanded uncertainties (i.e. three independent measurement tasks have to be performed simultaneously). The calculated uncertainty is lower for the classical method. However a field laboratory may not always be in possession of fully traceable measurement systems for these room climatic parameters.A comparison of three approaches applied to the calculation of the combined uncertainty of mass values is presented. Namely the classical determination of air buoyancy, the artefact method, and the neglecting of this systematic effect as proposed in the new EURACHEM/CITAC guide [2]. The artefact method is suitable for high-precision measurement in analytical chemistry and especially for the production of certified reference materials, reference values and analytical chemical reference materials. The method could also be used either for volume determination of solids or for air density measurement by an independent method.

Space Shuttle Projects

NASA Image and Video Library

2002-08-01

A scaled-down 24-inch version of the Space Shuttle's Reusable Solid Rocket Motor was successfully fired for 21 seconds at a Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) Test Stand. The motor was tested to ensure a replacement material called Lycocel would meet the criteria set by the Shuttle's Solid Motor Project Office. The current material is a heat-resistant, rayon-based, carbon-cloth phenolic used as an insulating material for the motor's nozzle. Lycocel, a brand name for Tencel, is a cousin to rayon and is an exceptionally strong fiber made of wood pulp produced by a special "solvent-spirning" process using a nontoxic solvent. It will also be impregnated with a phenolic resin. This new material is expected to perform better under the high temperatures experienced during launch. The next step will be to test the material on a 48-inch solid rocket motor. The test, which replicates launch conditions, is part of Shuttle's ongoing verification of components, materials, and manufacturing processes required by MSFC, which oversees the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor project. Manufactured by the ATK Thiokol Propulsion Division in Promontory, California, the Reusable Solid Rocket Motor measures 126 feet (38.4 meters) long and 12 feet (3.6 meters) in diameter. It is the largest solid rocket motor ever flown and the first designed for reuse. During its two-minute burn at liftoff, each motor generates an average thrust of 2.6 million pounds (1.2 million kilograms).

A LABORATORY STUDY TO INVESTIGATE GASEOUS EMISSIONS AND SOLIDS DECOMPOSITION DURING COMPOSTING OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

EPA Science Inventory

The report gives results of a materials flow analysis performed for composting municipal solid waste (MSW) and specific biodegradable organic components of MSW. (NOTE: This work is part of an overall U.S. EPA project providing cost, energy, and materials flow information on diffe...

Solid State Division progress report for period ending March 31, 1992

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Green, P.H.; Hinton, L.W.

1992-09-01

During this period, the division conducted a broad, interdisciplinary materials research program with emphasis on theoretical solid state physics, superconductivity, neutron scattering, synthesis and characterization of materials, ion beam and laser processing, and the structure of solids and surfaces. The High Flux Isotope Reactor was returned to full operation.

76 FR 53897 - EPA Seeking Input Materials Measurement; Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Recycling, and Source...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-30

... stakeholder input regarding the efficacy and scope of the MSW Characterization Report called ``Municipal Solid Waste in the United States'' as part of a broader discussion about sustainable materials management... efficacy and scope of the MSW Characterization Report called ``Municipal Solid Waste in the United States...

Role of anisotropy in determining stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahmad, Zeeshan; Viswanathan, Venkatasubramanian

2017-10-01

We investigate the stability of electrodeposition at solid-solid interfaces for materials exhibiting an anisotropic mechanical response. The stability of electrodeposition or resistance to the formation of dendrites is studied within a linear stability analysis. The deformation and stress equations are solved using the Stroh formalism and faithfully recover the boundary conditions at the interface. The stability parameter is used to quantify the stability of different solid-solid interfaces incorporating the full anisotropy of the elastic tensor of the two materials. Results show a high degree of variability in the stability parameter depending on the crystallographic orientation of the solids in contact, and point to opportunities for exploiting this effect in developing Li metal anodes.

Enhanced densification under shock compression in porous silicon

DOE PAGES

Lane, J. Matthew; Thompson, Aidan Patrick; Vogler, Tracy

2014-10-27

Under shock compression, most porous materials exhibit lower densities for a given pressure than that of a full-dense sample of the same material. However, some porous materials exhibit an anomalous, or enhanced, densification under shock compression. The mechanism driving this behavior was not completely determined. We present evidence from atomistic simulation that pure silicon belongs to this anomalous class of materials and demonstrate the associated mechanisms responsible for the effect in porous silicon. Atomistic response indicates that local shear strain in the neighborhood of collapsing pores catalyzes a local solid-solid phase transformation even when bulk pressures are below the thermodynamicmore » phase transformation pressure. This metastable, local, and partial, solid-solid phase transformation, which accounts for the enhanced densification in silicon, is driven by the local stress state near the void, not equilibrium thermodynamics. This mechanism may also explain the phenomenon in other covalently bonded materials.« less

In situ remediation process using divalent metal cations

DOEpatents

Brady, Patrick V.; Khandaker, Nadim R.; Krumhansl, James L.; Teter, David M.

2004-12-14

An in situ process for treating ambient solid materials (e.g., soils, aquifer solids, sludges) by adding one or more divalent metal cations to the ambient solid material. The added divalent metal cations, such as Cu.sup.2+ or Zn.sup.2+, combine with metal oxide/hydroxides (e.g., ferric oxide/hydroxide or aluminum oxide/hydroxide) already present in the ambient solid material to form an effective sorbent material having a large number of positively-charged surface complexes that binds and immobilizes anionic contaminant species (e.g., arsenic or chromate). Divalent metal cations can be added, for example, by injecting an aqueous solution of CuSO.sub.4 into an aquifer contaminated with arsenic or chromate. Also, sludges can be stabilized against leaching of anionic contaminants through the addition of divalent metal cations. Also, an inexpensive sorbent material can be easily formed by mixing divalent metal cations with soil that has been removed from the ground.

Modelling the Solid Waste Flow into Sungai Ikan Landfill Sites by Material Flow Analysis Method

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ghani, Latifah A.; Ali, Nora'aini; Hassan, Nur Syafiqah A.

2017-12-01

The purpose of this paper is to model the material flow of solid waste flows at Kuala Terengganu by using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) method, generated by STAN Software Analysis. Sungai Ikan Landfill has been operated for about 10 years. Average, Sungai Ikan Landfill receive an amount around 260 tons per day of solid waste. As for the variety source of the solid waste coming from, leachates that accumulated has been tested and measured. Highest reading of pH of the leachate is 8.29 which is still in the standard level before discharging the leachate to open water which pH in between 8.0-9.0. The percentages of the solid waste has been calculated and seven different types of solid waste has been segregated. That is, plastics, organic waste, paper, polystyrene, wood, fabric and can. The estimation of the solid waste that will be end as a residue are around 244 tons per day.

Solid-State Electrolyte Anchored with a Carboxylated Azo Compound for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

PubMed

Luo, Chao; Ji, Xiao; Chen, Ji; Gaskell, Karen J; He, Xinzi; Liang, Yujia; Jiang, Jianjun; Wang, Chunsheng

2018-05-23

Organic electrode materials are promising for green and sustainable lithium-ion batteries. However, the high solubility of organic materials in the liquid electrolyte results in the shuttle reaction and fast capacity decay. Herein, azo compounds are firstly applied in all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLB) to suppress the dissolution challenge. Due to the high compatibility of azobenzene (AB) based compounds to Li 3 PS 4 (LPS) solid electrolyte, the LPS solid electrolyte is used to prevent the dissolution and shuttle reaction of AB. To maintain the low interface resistance during the large volume change upon cycling, a carboxylate group is added into AB to provide 4-(phenylazo) benzoic acid lithium salt (PBALS), which could bond with LPS solid electrolyte via the ionic bonding between oxygen in PBALS and lithium ion in LPS. The ionic bonding between the active material and solid electrolyte stabilizes the contact interface and enables the stable cycle life of PBALS in ASSLB. © 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Semi-solid electrodes having high rate capability

DOEpatents

Chiang, Yet-Ming; Duduta, Mihai; Holman, Richard; Limthongkul, Pimpa; Tan, Taison

2016-06-07

Embodiments described herein relate generally to electrochemical cells having high rate capability, and more particularly to devices, systems and methods of producing high capacity and high rate capability batteries having relatively thick semi-solid electrodes. In some embodiments, an electrochemical cell includes an anode and a semi-solid cathode. The semi-solid cathode includes a suspension of an active material of about 35% to about 75% by volume of an active material and about 0.5% to about 8% by volume of a conductive material in a non-aqueous liquid electrolyte. An ion-permeable membrane is disposed between the anode and the semi-solid cathode. The semi-solid cathode has a thickness of about 250 .mu.m to about 2,000 .mu.m, and the electrochemical cell has an area specific capacity of at least about 7 mAh/cm.sup.2 at a C-rate of C/4. In some embodiments, the semi-solid cathode slurry has a mixing index of at least about 0.9.

BOOK REVIEW: NMR Imaging of Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Blümich, Bernhard

2003-09-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of materials is a field of increasing importance. Applications extend from fundamental science like the characterization of fluid transport in porous rock, catalyst pellets and hemodialysers into various fields of engineering for process optimization and product quality control. While the results of MRI imaging are being appreciated by a growing community, the methods of imaging are far more diverse for materials applications than for medical imaging of human beings. Blümich has delivered the first book in this field. It was published in hardback three years ago and is now offered as a paperback for nearly half the price. The text provides an introduction to MRI imaging of materials covering solid-state NMR spectroscopy, imaging methods for liquid and solid samples, and unusual MRI in terms of specialized approaches to spatial resolution such as an MRI surface scanner. The book represents an excellent and thorough treatment which will help to grow research in materials MRI. Blümich developed the treatise over many years for his research students, graduates in chemistry, physics and engineering. But it may also be useful for medical students looking for a less formal discussion of solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The structure of this book is easy to perceive. The first three chapters cover an introduction, the fundamentals and methods of solid-state NMR spectroscopy. The book starts at the ground level where no previous knowledge about NMR is assumed. Chapter 4 discusses a wide variety of transformations beyond the Fourier transformation. In particular, the Hadamard transformation and the 'wavelet' transformation are missing from most related books. This chapter also includes a description of noise-correlation spectroscopy, which promises the imaging of large objects without the need for extremely powerful radio-frequency transmitters. Chapters 5 and 6 cover basic imaging methods. The following chapter about the use of relaxation and spectroscopic methods to weight or filter the spin signals represents the core of the book. This is a subject where Blümich is deeply involved with substantial contributions. The chapter includes a lot of ideas to provide MR contrast between different regions based on their mobility, diffusion, spin couplings or NMR spectra. After describing NMR imaging methods for solids with broad lines, Blümich spends time on applications in the last two chapters of the book. This part is really fun to read. It underlines the effort to bring NMR into many kinds of manufacturing. Car tyres and high-voltage cables are just two such areas. Elastomeric materials, green-state ceramics and food science represent other interesting fields of applications. This part of the book represents a personal but nevertheless extensive compilation of modern applications. As a matter of course the MOUSE is presented, a portable permanent-magnet based NMR developed by Blümich and his co-workers. Thus the book is not only of interest to NMR spectroscopists but also to people in material science and chemical engineering. The bibliography and indexing are excellent and may serve as an attractive reference source for NMR spectroscopists. The book is the first on the subject and likely to become the standard text for NMR imaging of materials as the books by Abragam, Slicher and Ernst et al are for NMR spectroscopy. The purchase of this beautiful book for people dealing with NMR spectroscopy or medical MRI is highly recommended. Ralf Ludwig

Tips on Creating Complex Geometry Using Solid Modeling Software

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gow, George

2008-01-01

Three-dimensional computer-aided drafting (CAD) software, sometimes referred to as "solid modeling" software, is easy to learn, fun to use, and becoming the standard in industry. However, many users have difficulty creating complex geometry with the solid modeling software. And the problem is not entirely a student problem. Even some teachers and…

Real-time monitoring of ischemia inside stomach.

PubMed

Tahirbegi, Islam Bogachan; Mir, Mònica; Samitier, Josep

2013-02-15

The low pH in the gastric juice of the stomach makes it difficult to fabricate stable and functional all-solid-state pH ISE sensors to sense ischemia, mainly because of anion interference and adhesion problem between the ISE membrane and the electrode surface. In this work, the adhesion of ISE membrane on solid surface at low pH was improved by modifying the surface with a conductive substrate containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. This creates a stable and robust candidate for low pH applications. Moreover, anion interference problem at low pH was solved by integration of all-solid-state ISE and internal reference electrodes on an array. So, the same tendencies of anion interferences for all-solid-state ISE and all-solid-state reference electrodes cancel each other in differential potentiometric detection. The developed sensor presents a novel all-solid-state potentiometric, miniaturized and mass producible pH ISE sensor for detecting ischemia on the stomach tissue on an array designed for endoscopic applications. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Method of draining water through a solid waste site without leaching

DOEpatents

Treat, Russell L.; Gee, Glendon W.; Whyatt, Greg A.

1993-01-01

The present invention is a method of preventing water from leaching solid waste sites by preventing atmospheric precipitation from contacting waste as the water flows through a solid waste site. The method comprises placing at least one drain hole through the solid waste site. The drain hole is seated to prevent waste material from entering the drain hole, and the solid waste site cover material is layered and graded to direct water to flow toward the drain hole and to soil beneath the waste site.

Method of draining water through a solid waste site without leaching

DOEpatents

Treat, R.L.; Gee, G.W.; Whyatt, G.A.

1993-02-02

The present invention is a method of preventing water from leaching solid waste sites by preventing atmospheric precipitation from contacting waste as the water flows through a solid waste site. The method comprises placing at least one drain hole through the solid waste site. The drain hole is seated to prevent waste material from entering the drain hole, and the solid waste site cover material is layered and graded to direct water to flow toward the drain hole and to soil beneath the waste site.

Gas storage materials, including hydrogen storage materials

DOEpatents

Mohtadi, Rana F; Wicks, George G; Heung, Leung K; Nakamura, Kenji

2013-02-19

A material for the storage and release of gases comprises a plurality of hollow elements, each hollow element comprising a porous wall enclosing an interior cavity, the interior cavity including structures of a solid-state storage material. In particular examples, the storage material is a hydrogen storage material such as a solid state hydride. An improved method for forming such materials includes the solution diffusion of a storage material solution through a porous wall of a hollow element into an interior cavity.

Gas storage materials, including hydrogen storage materials

DOEpatents

Mohtadi, Rana F; Wicks, George G; Heung, Leung K; Nakamura, Kenji

2014-11-25

A material for the storage and release of gases comprises a plurality of hollow elements, each hollow element comprising a porous wall enclosing an interior cavity, the interior cavity including structures of a solid-state storage material. In particular examples, the storage material is a hydrogen storage material, such as a solid state hydride. An improved method for forming such materials includes the solution diffusion of a storage material solution through a porous wall of a hollow element into an interior cavity.

Organic electronics with polymer dielectrics on plastic substrates fabricated via transfer printing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hines, Daniel R.

Printing methods are fast becoming important processing techniques for the fabrication of flexible electronics. Some goals for flexible electronics are to produce cheap, lightweight, disposable radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, very large flexible displays that can be produced in a roll-to-roll process and wearable electronics for both the clothing and medical industries. Such applications will require fabrication processes for the assembly of dissimilar materials onto a common substrate in ways that are compatible with organic and polymeric materials as well as traditional solid-state electronic materials. A transfer printing method has been developed with these goals and application in mind. This printing method relies primarily on differential adhesion where no chemical processing is performed on the device substrate. It is compatible with a wide variety of materials with each component printed in exactly the same way, thus avoiding any mixed processing steps on the device substrate. The adhesion requirements of one material printed onto a second are studied by measuring the surface energy of both materials and by surface treatments such as plasma exposure or the application of self-assembled monolayers (SAM). Transfer printing has been developed within the context of fabricating organic electronics onto plastic substrates because these materials introduce unique opportunities associated with processing conditions not typically required for traditional semiconducting materials. Compared to silicon, organic semiconductors are soft materials that require low temperature processing and are extremely sensitive to chemical processing and environmental contamination. The transfer printing process has been developed for the important and commonly used organic semiconducting materials, pentacene (Pn) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). A three-step printing process has been developed by which these materials are printed onto an electrode subassembly consisting of previously printed electrodes separated by a polymer dielectric layer all on a plastic substrate. These bottom contact, flexible organic thin-film transistors (OTFT) have been compared to unprinted (reference) devices consisting of top contact electrodes and a silicon dioxide dielectric layer on a silicon substrate. Printed Pn and P3HT TFTs have been shown to out-perform the reference devices. This enhancement has been attributed to an annealing under pressure of the organic semiconducting material.

Ultrasonic nondestructive materials characterization

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Green, R. E., Jr.

1986-01-01

A brief review of ultrasonic wave propagation in solid materials is presented with consideration of the altered behavior in anisotropic and nonlinear elastic materials in comparison with isotropic and linear elastic materials. Some experimental results are described in which ultrasonic velocity and attenuation measurements give insight into materials microstructure and associated mechanical properties. Recent developments with laser beam non-contact generation and detection of ultrasound are presented. The results of several years of experimental measurements using high-power ultrasound are discussed, which provide substantial evidence of the inability of presently accepted theories to fully explain the interaction of ultrasound with solid materials. Finally, a special synchrotron X-ray topographic system is described which affords the possibility of observing direct interaction of ultrasonic waves with the microstructural features of real crystalline solid materials for the first time.

Solid state division progress report, period ending February 29, 1980

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1980-09-01

Research is reported concerning theoretical solid state physics; surface and near-surface properties of solids; defects in solids; transport properties of solids; neutron scattering; crystal growth and characterization; and isotope research materials.

Purification of trona ores by conditioning with an oil-in-water emulsion

DOEpatents

Miller, J. D.; Wang, Xuming; Li, Minhua

2009-04-14

The present invention is a trona concentrate and a process for floating gangue material from trona ore that comprises forming an emulsion, conditioning the trona ore at a high solids content in a saturated trona suspension, and then floating and removing the gangue material. The process for separating trona from gangue materials in trona ore can include emulsifying an oil in an aqueous solution to form an oil-in-water emulsion. A saturated trona suspension having a high solids content can also be formed having trona of a desired particle size. The undissolved trona in the saturated suspension can be conditioned by mixing the saturated suspension and the oil-in-water emulsion to form a conditioning solid suspension of trona and gangue material. A gas can be injected through the conditioning solid suspension to float the gangue material. Thus, the floated gangue material can be readily separated from the trona to form a purified trona concentrate without requirements of additional heat or other expensive processing steps.

Ceramic and polymeric solid electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fergus, Jeffrey W.

Lithium-ion batteries are important for energy storage in a wide variety of applications including consumer electronics, transportation and large-scale energy production. The performance of lithium-ion batteries depends on the materials used. One critical component is the electrolyte, which is the focus of this paper. In particular, inorganic ceramic and organic polymer solid-electrolyte materials are reviewed. Solid electrolytes provide advantages in terms of simplicity of design and operational safety, but typically have conductivities that are lower than those of organic liquid electrolytes. This paper provides a comparison of the conductivities of solid-electrolyte materials being used or developed for use in lithium-ion batteries.

Squishy Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Habdas, Piotr; Weeks, Eric R.; Lynn, David G.

2006-05-01

Most people do not realize that many substances they use in the kitchen and the bathroom are not simple liquids or solids. Everyone is familiar with three states of matter: solids, liquids, and gases. However, creams, shampoo, toothpaste, and ketchup all have properties of both liquids and solids. This paper describes demonstrations and laboratory exercises1 that show intriguing properties of squishy substances, defined as materials that are not unambiguously solid, liquid, or gas. Unlike some areas of physics, the concepts behind squishy materials are understandable even by beginning students. Squishy physics can be used to show physics questions arising from everyday life and to convey the excitement of current research.

The Thermal Diffusivity Measurement of the Two-layer Ceramics Using the Laser Flash Methodn

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akoshima, Megumi; Ogwa, Mitsue; Baba, Tetsuya; Mizuno, Mineo

Ceramics-based thermal barrier coatings are used as heat and wear shields of gas turbines. There are strong needs to evaluate thermophysical properties of coating, such as thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity of them. Since the coatings are attached on substrates, it is no easy to measure these properties separately. The laser flash method is one of the most popular thermal diffusivity measurement methods above room temperature for solid materials. The surface of the plate shape specimen is heated by the pulsed laser-beam, then the time variation of the temperature of the rear surface is observed by the infrared radiometer. The laser flash method is non-contact and short time measurement. In general, the thermal diffusivity of solids that are dense, homogeneous and stable, are measured by this method. It is easy to measure thermal diffusivity of a specimen which shows heat diffusion time about 1 ms to 1 s consistent with the specimen thickness of about 1 mm to 5 mm. On the other hand, this method can be applied to measure the specific heat capacity of the solids. And it is also used to estimate the thermal diffusivity of an unknown layer in the layered materials. In order to evaluate the thermal diffusivity of the coating attached on substrate, we have developed a measurement procedure using the laser flash method. The multi-layer model based on the response function method was applied to calculate the thermal diffusivity of the coating attached on substrate from the temperature history curve observed for the two-layer sample. We have verified applicability of the laser flash measurement with the multi-layer model using the measured results and the simulation. It was found that the laser flash measurement for the layered sample using the multi-layer model was effective to estimate the thermal diffusivity of an unknown layer in the sample. We have also developed the two-layer ceramics samples as the reference materials for this procedure.

Development of improved ablative materials for ASRM. [Advanced Solid Rocket Motor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Canfield, A.; Armour, W.; Clinton, R.

1991-01-01

A program to improve ablative materials for the Advanced Solid Rocket Motor (ASRM) is briefly discussed. The main concerns with the baseline material are summarized along with the measures being undertaken to obtain improvements. The materials involved in the program, all of which have been manufactured and are now being evaluated, are mentioned.

Spontaneously Combustible Solids -- A Literature Search

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-05-01

Wasahizeon, D.* C. It. K(EY WORDS (Continue on reviers side It necesary and Identify by block number) Pyrophoric Materials Hazardous Materials...and Identify by block number) Existing information on spontaneously combustible solids including pyrophoric - air hazardous materials and water... pyrophoric -air hazardous and water reactive materials. All available hazard classification systems and test methods releting to spontaneous combustion have

46 CFR 169.323 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... other material having equivalent fire resistant qualities. (e) Trash receptacles must be constructed of non-combustible materials with solid sides and bottoms and have solid noncombustible covers. Rails and...

46 CFR 169.323 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... other material having equivalent fire resistant qualities. (e) Trash receptacles must be constructed of non-combustible materials with solid sides and bottoms and have solid noncombustible covers. Rails and...

46 CFR 169.323 - Furniture and furnishings.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... other material having equivalent fire resistant qualities. (e) Trash receptacles must be constructed of non-combustible materials with solid sides and bottoms and have solid noncombustible covers. Rails and...

Technical Update: Johnson Space Center system using a solid electrolytic cell in a remote location to measure oxygen fugacities in CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jurewicz, A. J. G.; Williams, R. J.; Le, L.; Wagstaff, J.; Lofgren, G.; Lanier, A.; Carter, W.; Roshko, A.

1993-01-01

Details are given for the design and application of a (one atmosphere) redox-control system. This system differs from that given in NASA Technical Memorandum 58234 in that it uses a single solid-electrolytic cell in a remote location to measure the oxygen fugacities of multiple CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces. This remote measurement extends the range of sample-furnace conditions that can be measured using a solid-electrolytic cell, and cuts costs by extending the life of the sensors and by minimizing the number of sensors in use. The system consists of a reference furnace and an exhaust-gas manifold. The reference furnace is designed according to the redox control system of NASA Technical Memorandum 58234, and any number of CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnaces can be attached to the exhaust-gas manifold. Using the manifold, the exhaust gas from individual CO/CO2 controlled atmosphere furnaces can be diverted through the reference furnace, where a solid-electrolyte cell is used to read the ambient oxygen fugacity. The oxygen fugacity measured in the reference furnace can then be used to calculate the oxygen fugacity in the individual CO/CO2 controlled-atmosphere furnace. A BASIC computer program was developed to expedite this calculation.

Solid state electrolyte composites based on complex hydrides and metal doped fullerenes/fulleranes for batteries and electrochemical applications

DOEpatents

Zidan, Ragaiy; Teprovich, Jr., Joseph A.; Colon-Mercado, Hector R.; Greenway, Scott D.

2018-05-01

A LiBH₄--C₆₀ nanocomposite that displays fast lithium ionic conduction in the solid state is provided. The material is a homogenous nanocomposite that contains both LiBH₄ and a hydrogenated fullerene species. In the presence of C₆₀, the lithium ion mobility of LiBH₄ is significantly enhanced in the as prepared state when compared to pure LiBH₄. After the material is annealed the lithium ion mobility is further enhanced. Constant current cycling demonstrated that the material is stable in the presence of metallic lithium electrodes. The material can serve as a solid state electrolyte in a solid-state lithium ion battery.

Development and evaluation of an ablative closeout material for solid rocket booster thermal protection system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patterson, W. J.

1979-01-01

A trowellable closeout/repair material designated as MTA-2 was developed and evaluated for use on the Solid Rocket Booster. This material is composed of an epoxy-polysulfide binder and is highly filled with phenolic microballoons for density control and ablative performance. Mechanical property testing and thermal testing were performed in a wind tunnel to simulate the combined Solid Rocket Booster trajectory aeroshear and heating environments. The material is characterized by excellent thermal performance and was used extensively on the Space Shuttle STS-1 and STS-2 flight hardware.

Extrusion of electrode material by liquid injection into extruder barrel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keller, David Gerard; Giovannoni, Richard Thomas; MacFadden, Kenneth Orville

An electrode sheet product is formed using an extruder having a feed throat and a downstream section by separately mixing an active electrode material and a solid polymer electrolyte composition that contains lithium salt. The active electrode material is fed into the feed throat of the extruder, while a portion of at least one fluid component of the solid polymer electrolyte composition is introduced to the downstream section. The active electrode material and the solid polymer electrolyte composition are compounded in a downstream end of the extruder. The extruded sheets, adhered to current collectors, can be formed into battery cells.

Solid-binding peptides: smart tools for nanobiotechnology.

PubMed

Care, Andrew; Bergquist, Peter L; Sunna, Anwar

2015-05-01

Over the past decade, solid-binding peptides (SBPs) have been used increasingly as molecular building blocks in nanobiotechnology. These peptides show selectivity and bind with high affinity to the surfaces of a diverse range of solid materials including metals, metal oxides, metal compounds, magnetic materials, semiconductors, carbon materials, polymers, and minerals. They can direct the assembly and functionalisation of materials, and have the ability to mediate the synthesis and construction of nanoparticles and complex nanostructures. As the availability of newly synthesised nanomaterials expands rapidly, so too do the potential applications for SBPs. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Structural studies of the crystallisation of microporous materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davies, Andrew Treharne

A range of powerful synchrotron radiation characterisation techniques have been used to study fundamental aspects of the fonnation of microporous solids, specifically alumi nosilicates, heteroatom substituted aluminophosphates and titanosilicates. This work has been performed with the aim of investigating in situ the structural changes occurring during crystallisation and post synthetic treatment. In situ EDXRD was used to follow the crystallisation of these materials under a wide range of synthesis conditions using a hydrothermal cell and a solid-state detector array. A quantitative analysis of the crystallisation kinetics was performed for the large pore aluminosilicate, zeolite A, using a simple mathematical model to calculate the activation energy of formation. The results obtained were found to closely agree with both the experimental results and theoretical models of others. A qualitative study of the effect of altering the synthesis conditions was also investigated for this material. Similar kinetic studies were then performed for a range of microporous aluminophosphates and their cobalt substituted derivatives in order to follow the effects of varying synthesis conditions such as the synthesis temperature, organic template type, and cobalt concentration. Distinct trends were noted in the formation times, stability and nature of the resulting crystalline phases as conditions were varied. The relationship between the cobalt and organic template molecules during crystallisation was considered in some detail with reference to other experimental data and theoretical models. The alumi nophosphate studies were subsequently extended to a range of other heteroatom substituted aluminophosphates, using in situ EDXRD, complimented by EXAFS, which allowed investigation of the local environments around the heteroatoms within the microporous structure. EDXRD and EXAFS studies have been performed on the microporous titanosilicate, ETS-10, while the thermal stability of this material has also been investigated in situ using synchrotron X-ray diffraction in conjunction with a high temperature environmental cell.

Reference hematologic and plasma chemistry values of brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis).

PubMed

Lamirande, E W; Bratthauer, A D; Fischer, D C; Nichols, D K

1999-12-01

Reference hematologic and plasma chemistry values were determined from 103 blood samples collected from 53 clinically healthy brown tree snakes (Boiga irregularis). Female snakes had significantly higher mean plasma values for total solids, total protein, calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), uric acid, and blood monocyte percentage than did males, whereas males had significantly higher mean plasma fibrinogen values. The variances for hematocrit, monocyte percentage, azurophil percentage, plasma total solids, plasma total protein, albumin, Ca, and P also differed significantly between sexes. The higher mean values and greater variances for plasma total protein, plasma total solids, Ca, and P in the female snakes were probably associated with yolk synthesis and accumulation.

Barochemistry: Predictive Solid State Chemistry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yoo, Choong-Shik

The application of compression energy comparable to that of chemical bonds, but substantially greater than those of defects and grain boundaries in solids allows us to pursue novel concepts of high-pressure chemistry (or barochemistry) in materials development by design. At such extreme pressures, simple molecular solids covert into densely packed extended network structures that can be predicted from first principles. In recent years, a significant number of new materials and novel extended structures have been designed and discovered in highly compressed states of the first- and second- row elemental solids, including Li, C, H2,N2, O2, CO, CO2, and H2O. These extended solids are extremely hard, have high energy density, and exhibit novel electronic and nonlinear optical properties that are superior to other known materials at ambient conditions. However, these materials are often formed at formidable pressures and are highly metastable at ambient conditions; only a few systems have been recovered, limiting the materials within a realm of fundamental scientific discoveries. Therefore, an exciting new research area has emerged on the barochemistry to understand and, ultimately, control the stability, bonding, structure, and properties of low Z extended solids. In this paper, we will present our recent research to develop hybrid low Z extended solids amenable to scale up synthesis and ambient stabilization, utilizing kinetically controlled processes in dense solid mixtures and discuss the governing fundamental principles of barochemistry. This work was performed in support of the NSF (DMR-1203834), DTRA (HDTRA1-12-01-0020), and DARPA (W31P4Q-12-1-0009).

40 CFR 243.202-1 - Requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) which are considered... transportation of solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be... materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be constructed, operated, and...

40 CFR 243.202-1 - Requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) which are considered... transportation of solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be... materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be constructed, operated, and...

40 CFR 243.202-1 - Requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) which are considered... transportation of solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be... materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be constructed, operated, and...

40 CFR 243.202-1 - Requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) which are considered... transportation of solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be... materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be constructed, operated, and...

40 CFR 243.202-1 - Requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) which are considered... transportation of solid waste (or materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be... materials which have been separated for the purpose of recycling) shall be constructed, operated, and...

Feed gas contaminant removal in ion transport membrane systems

DOEpatents

Underwood, Richard Paul [Allentown, PA; Makitka, III, Alexander; Carolan, Michael Francis [Allentown, PA

2012-04-03

An oxygen ion transport membrane process wherein a heated oxygen-containing gas having one or more contaminants is contacted with a reactive solid material to remove the one or more contaminants. The reactive solid material is provided as a deposit on a support. The one or more contaminant compounds in the heated oxygen-containing gas react with the reactive solid material. The contaminant-depleted oxygen-containing gas is contacted with a membrane, and oxygen is transported through the membrane to provide transported oxygen.

Residual thermal stresses in a solid sphere cast from a thermosetting material

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Levitsky, M.; Shaffer, B. W.

1975-01-01

Expressions are developed for the residual thermal stresses in a solid sphere cast from a chemically hardening thermosetting material in a rigid spherical mold. The description of the heat generation rate and temperature variation is derived from a first-order chemical reaction. Solidification is described by the continuous transformation of the material from an inviscid liquidlike state into an elastic solid, with intermediate properties determined by the degree of chemical reaction. Residual stress components are obtained as functions of the parameters of the hardening process and the properties of the hardening material. Variation of the residual stresses with a nondimensionalized reaction rate parameter and the relative compressibility of the hardened material is discussed in detail.

A self-forming composite electrolyte for solid-state sodium battery with ultra-long cycle life

DOE PAGES

Zhang, Zhizhen; Yang, Xiao -Qing; Zhang, Qinghua; ...

2016-10-31

Replacing organic liquid electrolyte with inorganic solid electrolytes (SE) can potentially address the inherent safety problems in conventional rechargeable batteries. Furthermore, all-solid-state batteries have been plagues by the relatively low ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes and large charge-transfer resistance resulted from solid-solid interfaces between electrode materials and solid electrolytes. Here we report a new design strategy for improving the ionic conductivity of solid electrolyte by self-forming a composite material. An optimized Na + ion conducting composite electrolyte derived from the NASICON structure was successfully synthesized, yielding ultra-high ionic conductivity of 3.4 mS cm –1 at 25°C and 14 ms cmmore » –1 at 80°C.« less

Protective interlayer for high temperature solid electrolyte electrochemical cells

DOEpatents

Isenberg, Arnold O.; Ruka, Roswell J.

1986-01-01

A high temperature, solid electrolyte electrochemical cell is made, having a first and second electrode with solid electrolyte between them, where the electrolyte is formed by hot chemical vapor deposition, where a solid, interlayer material, which is electrically conductive, oxygen permeable, and protective of electrode material from hot metal halide vapor attack, is placed between the first electrode and the electrolyte, to protect the first electrode from the hot metal halide vapors during vapor deposition.

Protective interlayer for high temperature solid electrolyte electrochemical cells

DOEpatents

Isenberg, Arnold O.; Ruka, Roswell J.; Zymboly, Gregory E.

1985-01-01

A high temperature, solid electrolyte electrochemical cell is made, having a first and second electrode with solid electrolyte between them, where the electrolyte is formed by hot chemical vapor deposition, where a solid, interlayer material, which is electrically conductive, oxygen permeable, and protective of electrode material from hot metal halide vapor attack, is placed between the first electrode and the electrolyte, to protect the first electrode from the hot metal halide vapors during vapor deposition.

Protective interlayer for high temperature solid electrolyte electrochemical cells

DOEpatents

Isenberg, Arnold O.; Ruka, Roswell J.

1987-01-01

A high temperature, solid electrolyte electrochemical cell is made, having a first and second electrode with solid electrolyte between them, where the electrolyte is formed by hot chemical vapor deposition, where a solid, interlayer material, which is electrically conductive, oxygen permeable, and protective of electrode material from hot metal halide vapor attack, is placed between the first electrode and the electrolyte, to protect the first electrode from the hot metal halide vapors during vapor deposition.

Combinatorial synthesis of inorganic or composite materials

DOEpatents

Goldwasser, Isy; Ross, Debra A.; Schultz, Peter G.; Xiang, Xiao-Dong; Briceno, Gabriel; Sun, Xian-Dong; Wang, Kai-An

2010-08-03

Methods and apparatus for the preparation and use of a substrate having an array of diverse materials in predefined regions thereon. A substrate having an array of diverse materials thereon is generally prepared by delivering components of materials to predefined regions on a substrate, and simultaneously reacting the components to form at least two materials or, alternatively, allowing the components to interact to form at least two different materials. Materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, covalent network solids, ionic solids and molecular solids. More particularly, materials which can be prepared using the methods and apparatus of the present invention include, for example, inorganic materials, intermetallic materials, metal alloys, ceramic materials, organic materials, organometallic materials, nonbiological organic polymers, composite materials (e.g., inorganic composites, organic composites, or combinations thereof), etc. Once prepared, these materials can be screened for useful properties including, for example, electrical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, optical, magnetic, chemical, or other properties. Thus, the present invention provides methods for the parallel synthesis and analysis of novel materials having useful properties.

Cell Model Of A Disordered Solid

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peng, Steven T. J.; Landel, Robert F.; Moacanin, Jovan; Simha, Robert; Papazoglou, Elizabeth

1990-01-01

Elastic properties predicted from first principles. Paper discusses generalization of cell theory of disordered (non-crystaline) solid to include anisotropic stresses. Study part of continuing effort to understand macroscopic stress-and-strain properties of solid materials in terms of microscopic physical phenomena. Emphasis on derivation, from first principles, of bulk, shear, and Young's moduli of glassy material at zero absolute temperature.

Enhanced reversibility and durability of a solid oxide Fe-air redox battery by carbothermic reaction derived energy storage materials.

PubMed

Zhao, Xuan; Li, Xue; Gong, Yunhui; Huang, Kevin

2014-01-18

The recently developed solid oxide metal-air redox battery is a new technology capable of high-rate chemistry. Here we report that the performance, reversibility and stability of a solid oxide iron-air redox battery can be significantly improved by nanostructuring energy storage materials from a carbothermic reaction.

40 CFR 257.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Domestic septage is either liquid or solid material removed from a septic tank, cesspool, portable toilet.... Domestic septage does not include liquid or solid material removed from a septic tank, cesspool, or similar...

Reference-based optical characterization of glass-ceramic converter for high-power white LEDs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Engel, A.; Letz, M.; Zachau, T.; Pawlowski, E.; Seneschal-Merz, K.; Korb, T.; Enseling, D.; Hoppe, B.; Peuchert, U.; Hayden, J. S.

2007-02-01

Fluorescence techniques are known for their high sensitivity and are widely used as analytical tools and detection methods for product and process control, material sciences, environmental and bio-technical analysis, molecular genetics, cell biology, medical diagnostics and drug screening. According to DIN/ISO 17025 certified standards are used for fluorescence diagnostics having the drawback of giving relative values for fluorescence intensities only. Therefore reference materials for a quantitative characterization have to be related directly to the materials under investigation. In order to evaluate these figures it is necessary to calculate absolute numbers like absorption/excitation cross section and quantum yield. This can be done for different types of dopants in different materials like glass, glass ceramics, crystals or nano crystalline material embedded in polymer matrices. Here we consider a special type of glass ceramic with Ce doped YAG as the main crystalline phase. This material has been developed for the generation of white light realized by a blue 460 nm semiconductor transition using a yellow phosphor or converter material respectively. Our glass ceramic is a pure solid state solution for a yellow phosphor. For the production of such a kind of material a well controlled thermal treatment is employed to transfer the original glass into a glass ceramic with a specific crystalline phase. In our material Ce doped YAG crystallites of a size of several µm are embedded in a matrix of a residual glass. We present chemical, structural and spectroscopic properties of our material. Based on this we will discuss design options for white LED's with respect to heat management, scattering regime, reflection losses, chemical durability and stability against blue and UV radiation, which evolve from our recently developed material. In this paper we present first results on our approaches to evaluate quantum yield and light output. Used diagnostics are fluorescence (steady state, decay time) and absorption (remission, absorption) spectroscopy working in different temperature regimes (10 - 350 K) of the measured samples in order to get a microscopic view of the relevant physical processes and to prove the correctness of the obtained data.

Solid-State Explosive Reaction for Nanoporous Bulk Thermoelectric Materials.

PubMed

Zhao, Kunpeng; Duan, Haozhi; Raghavendra, Nunna; Qiu, Pengfei; Zeng, Yi; Zhang, Wenqing; Yang, Jihui; Shi, Xun; Chen, Lidong

2017-11-01

High-performance thermoelectric materials require ultralow lattice thermal conductivity typically through either shortening the phonon mean free path or reducing the specific heat. Beyond these two approaches, a new unique, simple, yet ultrafast solid-state explosive reaction is proposed to fabricate nanoporous bulk thermoelectric materials with well-controlled pore sizes and distributions to suppress thermal conductivity. By investigating a wide variety of functional materials, general criteria for solid-state explosive reactions are built upon both thermodynamics and kinetics, and then successfully used to tailor material's microstructures and porosity. A drastic decrease in lattice thermal conductivity down below the minimum value of the fully densified materials and enhancement in thermoelectric figure of merit are achieved in porous bulk materials. This work demonstrates that controlling materials' porosity is a very effective strategy and is easy to be combined with other approaches for optimizing thermoelectric performance. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

BCLDP site environmental report for calendar year 1997 on radiological and nonradiological parameters

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fry, J.

1998-09-30

Battelle Memorial Institute currently maintains its retired nuclear research facilities in a surveillance and maintenance (S and M) mode and continues decontamination and decommissioning (D and D) activities. The activities are referred to as the Battelle Columbus Laboratories Decommissioning Project (BCLDP). Operations reference in this report are performed in support of S and M and D and D activities. The majority of this report is devoted to discussion of the West Jefferson facility, because the source term at this facility is larger than the source term at Battelle`s King Avenue site. The contamination found at the King Avenue site consistsmore » of small amounts of residual radioactive material in solid form, which has become embedded or captured in nearby surfaces such as walls, floors, ceilings, drains, laboratory equipment, and soils. By the end of calendar year (CY) 1997, most remediation activities were completed at the King Avenue site. The contamination found at the West Jefferson site is the result of research and development activities with irradiated materials. During CY 1997, multiple tests at the West Jefferson Nuclear Sciences Area found no isotopes present above the minimum detectable activity (MDA) for air releases or for liquid discharges to Big Darby Creek. Data obtained from downstream sampling locations were statistically indistinguishable from background levels.« less

Rare earth elements profile in a cultivated and non-cultivated soil determined by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Neves, Vinicius M; Heidrich, Graciela M; Hanzel, Flavia B; Muller, Edson I; Dressler, Valderi L

2018-05-01

Rare earth elements (REEs) have several applications but the effects on environment are not well known. Therefore, the aim of this work is to establish a method for direct solid sample analysis by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) to evaluate the concentration and distribution of REEs in cultivated and non-cultivated soil. Samples were collected in two areas to 40 cm of depth. The LA-ICP-MS method is easy to be implemented and the sample treatment is very fast comprising only its drying, grounding and pressing as a pellet. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by using a certified reference material (BCR 667 - Estuarine Sediment, Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM)) where good agreement with the certified values was obtained. Analyte recovery at two levels of concentration (2.5 and 15.0 μg g -1 ) was also performed and recoveries in the range of 85%-120% were achieved, values that are acceptable for LA-ICP-MS analysis. In general, the concentration of the REEs is higher in the cultivated soil and increased from the surface to deeper layers, which can be a consequence of fertilizer application. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Nanocrystalline cerium oxide materials for solid fuel cell systems

DOEpatents

Brinkman, Kyle S

2015-05-05

Disclosed are solid fuel cells, including solid oxide fuel cells and PEM fuel cells that include nanocrystalline cerium oxide materials as a component of the fuel cells. A solid oxide fuel cell can include nanocrystalline cerium oxide as a cathode component and microcrystalline cerium oxide as an electrolyte component, which can prevent mechanical failure and interdiffusion common in other fuel cells. A solid oxide fuel cell can also include nanocrystalline cerium oxide in the anode. A PEM fuel cell can include cerium oxide as a catalyst support in the cathode and optionally also in the anode.

Determination of organotin compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-pulsed flame-photometric detection (HS-SPME-GC-PFPD).

PubMed

Bravo, Manuel; Lespes, Gaëtane; De Gregori, Ida; Pinochet, Hugo; Gautier, Martine Potin

2005-12-01

A method based on Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME, with a 100 mum PDMS-fiber) in combination with gas-chromatography and pulsed flame-photometric detection (GC-PFPD) has been investigated for simultaneous determination of eight organotin compounds. Monobutyltin (MBT), dibutyltin (DBT), tributyltin (TBT), monophenyltin (MPhT), and the semi-volatile diphenyltin (DPhT), triphenyltin (TPhT), monooctyltin (MOcT), and dioctyltin (DOcT) were determined after derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate. The conditions used for the extraction and preconcentration step were optimised by experimental design methodology. Tripropyltin (TPrT) and diheptyltin (DHepT) were used as internal standards for quantification of volatile and semi-volatile organotin compounds, respectively. The analytical precision (RSD) for ten successive injections of a standard mixture containing all the organic tin compounds ranged between 2 and 11%. The limits of detection for all the organotin compounds were sub ng (Sn) L(-1) in water and close to ng (Sn) kg(-1) in sediments. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analysis of two certified reference material (CRM) sediment samples. The HS-SPME-GC-PFPD was then applied to the analysis of three harbour sediment samples. The results showed that headspace SPME is an attractive tool for analysis of organotin compounds in solid environmental matrices.

Surface study of graphene ink for fine solid lines printed on BOPP Substrate in micro-flexographic printing using XPS analysis technique

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassan, S.; Yusof, M. S.; Embong, Z.; Ding, S.; Maksud, M. I.

2018-01-01

Micro-flexographic printing is a combination of flexography and micro-contact printing technique. It is a new printing method for fine solid lines printing purpose. Graphene material has been used as depositing agent or printing ink in other printing technique like inkjet printing. This graphene ink is printed on biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) by using Micro-flexographic printing technique. The choose of graphene as a printing ink is due to its wide application in producing electronic and micro-electronic devices such as Radio-frequency identification (RFID) and printed circuit board. The graphene printed on the surface of BOPP substrate was analyzed using X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The positions for each synthetic component in the narrow scan are referred to the electron binding energy (eV). This research is focused on two narrow scan regions which are C 1s and O 1s. Further discussion of the narrow scan spectrum will be explained in detail. From the narrow scan analysis, it is proposed that from the surface adhesive properties of graphene, it is suitable as an alternative printing ink medium for Micro-flexographic printing technique in printing multiple fine solid lines at micro to nano scale feature.

Headspace and direct immersion solid phase microextraction procedures for selenite determination in urine, saliva and milk by gas chromatography mass spectrometry.

PubMed

Kapsimali, D C; Zachariadis, G A

2009-10-01

Two solid phase microextraction modes were investigated and compared for their performance on the determination of selenites in various biological liquids like human urine and saliva and various types of milk. Using sodium tetraethylborate (NaBEt(4)) as ethylating reagent, selenites are converted in situ to volatile diethylselenides (DESe) in aqueous medium. The derivative is collected in situ by solid phase microextraction (SPME) using a silica fiber coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) either from the headspace (HS-SPME) or directly from the liquid phase (LP-SPME) and finally determined by capillary GC/MS. Under optimum conditions of SPME, the GC separation was also optimized. Between the two examined microextraction techniques, direct immersion of the PDMS fiber in the liquid phase was proved less satisfactory. In contrast, the headspace procedure appears to be more efficient. The quantification of selenites was achieved in SIM mode with good analytical performance. A non-fat milk powder certified reference material was analyzed to evaluate the accuracy of the method. The overall precision of the method was ranged between 6.2% and 9.7%. Detection limits achieved were 0.05microgL(-1) for human urine, 0.08microgL(-1) for saliva and 0.03-0.06microgL(-1) in various milk matrices.

Optimization of multiplexed PCR on an integrated microfluidic forensic platform for rapid DNA analysis.

PubMed

Estes, Matthew D; Yang, Jianing; Duane, Brett; Smith, Stan; Brooks, Carla; Nordquist, Alan; Zenhausern, Frederic

2012-12-07

This study reports the design, prototyping, and assay development of multiplexed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on a plastic microfluidic device. Amplification of 17 DNA loci is carried out directly on-chip as part of a system for continuous workflow processing from sample preparation (SP) to capillary electrophoresis (CE). For enhanced performance of on-chip PCR amplification, improved control systems have been developed making use of customized Peltier assemblies, valve actuators, software, and amplification chemistry protocols. Multiple enhancements to the microfluidic chip design have been enacted to improve the reliability of sample delivery through the various on-chip modules. This work has been enabled by the encapsulation of PCR reagents into a solid phase material through an optimized Solid Phase Encapsulating Assay Mix (SPEAM) bead-based hydrogel fabrication process. SPEAM bead technology is reliably coupled with precise microfluidic metering and dispensing for efficient amplification and subsequent DNA short tandem repeat (STR) fragment analysis. This provides a means of on-chip reagent storage suitable for microfluidic automation, with the long shelf-life necessary for point-of-care (POC) or field deployable applications. This paper reports the first high quality 17-plex forensic STR amplification from a reference sample in a microfluidic chip with preloaded solid phase reagents, that is designed for integration with up and downstream processing.

Spectrophotometric determination of basic fuchsin from various water samples after vortex assisted solid phase extraction using reduced graphene oxide as an adsorbent.

PubMed

Tokalıoğlu, Şerife; Yavuz, Emre; Aslantaş, Ayşe; Şahan, Halil; Taşkın, Ferhat; Patat, Şaban

2015-01-01

In this study, a fast and simple vortex assisted solid phase extraction method was developed for the separation/preconcentration of basic fuchsin in various water samples. The determination of basic fuchsin was carried out at a wavelength of 554 nm by spectrophotometry. Reduced graphene oxide which was used as a solid phase extractor was synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller. The optimum conditions are as follows: pH 2, contact times for adsorption and elution of 30 s and 90 s, respectively, 10 mg adsorbent, and eluent (ethanol) volume of 1 mL. The effects of some interfering ions and dyes were investigated. The method was linear in the concentration range of 50-250 μg L(-1). The adsorption capacity was 34.1 mg g(-1). The preconcentration factor, limit of detection and precision (RSD, %) of the method were found to be 400, 0.07 μg L(-1) and 1.2%, respectively. The described method was validated by analyzing basic fuchsin spiked certified reference material (SPS-WW1 Batch 114-Wastewater) and spiked real water samples. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Real-Time Time-Frequency Two-Dimensional Imaging of Ultrafast Transient Signals in Solid-State Organic Materials

PubMed Central

Takeda, Jun; Ishida, Akihiro; Makishima, Yoshinori; Katayama, Ikufumi

2010-01-01

In this review, we demonstrate a real-time time-frequency two-dimensional (2D) pump-probe imaging spectroscopy implemented on a single shot basis applicable to excited-state dynamics in solid-state organic and biological materials. Using this technique, we could successfully map ultrafast time-frequency 2D transient absorption signals of β-carotene in solid films with wide temporal and spectral ranges having very short accumulation time of 20 ms per unit frame. The results obtained indicate the high potential of this technique as a powerful and unique spectroscopic tool to observe ultrafast excited-state dynamics of organic and biological materials in solid-state, which undergo rapid photodegradation. PMID:22399879

Pyrolysis with cyclone burner

DOEpatents

Green, Norman W.; Duraiswamy, Kandaswamy; Lumpkin, Robert E.

1978-07-25

In a continuous process for recovery of values contained in a solid carbonaceous material, the carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to flash pyrolysis in the presence of a particulate heat source over an overflow weir to form a pyrolysis product stream containing a carbon containing solid residue and volatilized hydrocarbons. After the carbon containing solid residue is separated from the pyrolysis product stream, values are obtained by condensing volatilized hydrocarbons. The particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing carbon in the solid residue and separating out the fines.

Pyrolysis with staged recovery

DOEpatents

Green, Norman W.; Duraiswamy, Kandaswamy; Lumpkin, Robert E.; Winter, Bruce L.

1979-03-20

In a continuous process for recovery of values contained in a solid carbonaceous material, the carbonaceous material is comminuted and then subjected to flash pyrolysis in the presence of a particulate heat source fed over an overflow weir to form a pyrolysis product stream containing a carbon containing solid residue and volatilized hydrocarbons. After the carbon containing solid residue is separated from the pyrolysis product stream, values are obtained by condensing volatilized hydrocarbons. The particulate source of heat is formed by oxidizing carbon in the solid residue.

Inorganic trace analysis by mass spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Becker, Johanna Sabine; Dietze, Hans-Joachim

1998-10-01

Mass spectrometric methods for the trace analysis of inorganic materials with their ability to provide a very sensitive multielemental analysis have been established for the determination of trace and ultratrace elements in high-purity materials (metals, semiconductors and insulators), in different technical samples (e.g. alloys, pure chemicals, ceramics, thin films, ion-implanted semiconductors), in environmental samples (waters, soils, biological and medical materials) and geological samples. Whereas such techniques as spark source mass spectrometry (SSMS), laser ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS), laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), glow discharge mass spectrometry (GDMS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) have multielemental capability, other methods such as thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS), accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) have been used for sensitive mono- or oligoelemental ultratrace analysis (and precise determination of isotopic ratios) in solid samples. The limits of detection for chemical elements using these mass spectrometric techniques are in the low ng g -1 concentration range. The quantification of the analytical results of mass spectrometric methods is sometimes difficult due to a lack of matrix-fitted multielement standard reference materials (SRMs) for many solid samples. Therefore, owing to the simple quantification procedure of the aqueous solution, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is being increasingly used for the characterization of solid samples after sample dissolution. ICP-MS is often combined with special sample introduction equipment (e.g. flow injection, hydride generation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or electrothermal vaporization) or an off-line matrix separation and enrichment of trace impurities (especially for characterization of high-purity materials and environmental samples) is used in order to improve the detection limits of trace elements. Furthermore, the determination of chemical elements in the trace and ultratrace concentration range is often difficult and can be disturbed through mass interferences of analyte ions by molecular ions at the same nominal mass. By applying double-focusing sector field mass spectrometry at the required mass resolution—by the mass spectrometric separation of molecular ions from the analyte ions—it is often possible to overcome these interference problems. Commercial instrumental equipment, the capability (detection limits, accuracy, precision) and the analytical application fields of mass spectrometric methods for the determination of trace and ultratrace elements and for surface analysis are discussed.

Extrusion of electrode material by liquid injection into extruder barrel

DOEpatents

Keller, D.G.; Giovannoni, R.T.; MacFadden, K.O.

1998-03-10

An electrode sheet product is formed using an extruder having a feed throat and a downstream section by separately mixing an active electrode material and a solid polymer electrolyte composition that contains lithium salt. The active electrode material is fed into the feed throat of the extruder, while a portion of at least one fluid component of the solid polymer electrolyte composition is introduced to the downstream section. The active electrode material and the solid polymer electrolyte composition are compounded in a downstream end of the extruder. The extruded sheets, adhered to current collectors, can be formed into battery cells. 1 fig.

Experimental micro mechanics methods for conventional and negative Poisson's ratio cellular solids as Cosserat continua

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lakes, R.

1991-01-01

Continuum representations of micromechanical phenomena in structured materials are described, with emphasis on cellular solids. These phenomena are interpreted in light of Cosserat elasticity, a generalized continuum theory which admits degrees of freedom not present in classical elasticity. These are the rotation of points in the material, and a couple per unit area or couple stress. Experimental work in this area is reviewed, and other interpretation schemes are discussed. The applicability of Cosserat elasticity to cellular solids and fibrous composite materials is considered as is the application of related generalized continuum theories. New experimental results are presented for foam materials with negative Poisson's ratios.

Extrusion of electrode material by liquid injection into extruder barrel

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keller, D.G.; Giovannoni, R.T.; MacFadden, K.O.

An electrode sheet product is formed using an extruder having a feed throat and a downstream section by separately mixing an active electrode material and a solid polymer electrolyte composition that contains lithium salt. The active electrode material is fed into the feed throat of the extruder, while a portion of at least one fluid component of the solid polymer electrolyte composition is introduced to the downstream section. The active electrode material and the solid polymer electrolyte composition are compounded in a downstream end of the extruder. The extruded sheets, adhered to current collectors, can be formed into battery cells.more » 1 fig.« less

Subscale solid motor nozzle tests, phase 4 and nozzle materials screening and thermal characterization, phase 5

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arnold, J.; Dodson, J.; Laub, B.

1979-01-01

Subscale solid motor nozzles containing a baseline material or low cost materials to be considered as potential replacements for the baseline material are designed and tested. Data are presented from tests of four identically designed 2.5 inch throat diameter nozzles and one 7 inch throat diameter nozzle. The screening of new candidate low cost materials, as well as their thermophysical and thermochemical characterization is also discussed.

Proton transfer and hydrogen bonding in the organic solid state: a combined XRD/XPS/ssNMR study of 17 organic acid-base complexes.

PubMed

Stevens, Joanna S; Byard, Stephen J; Seaton, Colin C; Sadiq, Ghazala; Davey, Roger J; Schroeder, Sven L M

2014-01-21

The properties of nitrogen centres acting either as hydrogen-bond or Brønsted acceptors in solid molecular acid-base complexes have been probed by N 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as (15)N solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopy and are interpreted with reference to local crystallographic structure information provided by X-ray diffraction (XRD). We have previously shown that the strong chemical shift of the N 1s binding energy associated with the protonation of nitrogen centres unequivocally distinguishes protonated (salt) from hydrogen-bonded (co-crystal) nitrogen species. This result is further supported by significant ssNMR shifts to low frequency, which occur with proton transfer from the acid to the base component. Generally, only minor chemical shifts occur upon co-crystal formation, unless a strong hydrogen bond is formed. CASTEP density functional theory (DFT) calculations of (15)N ssNMR isotropic chemical shifts correlate well with the experimental data, confirming that computational predictions of H-bond strengths and associated ssNMR chemical shifts allow the identification of salt and co-crystal structures (NMR crystallography). The excellent agreement between the conclusions drawn by XPS and the combined CASTEP/ssNMR investigations opens up a reliable avenue for local structure characterization in molecular systems even in the absence of crystal structure information, for example for non-crystalline or amorphous matter. The range of 17 different systems investigated in this study demonstrates the generic nature of this approach, which will be applicable to many other molecular materials in organic, physical, and materials chemistry.

Theophylline-nicotinamide cocrystal formation in physical mixture during storage.

PubMed

Ervasti, Tuomas; Aaltonen, Jaakko; Ketolainen, Jarkko

2015-01-01

Pharmaceutically relevant properties, such as solubility and dissolution rate, of active pharmaceutical ingredients can be enhanced by cocrystal formation. Theophylline and nicotinamide are known to form cocrystals, for example if subjected to solid-state grinding. However, under appropriate conditions, cocrystals can also form in physical mixtures without any mechanical activation. The purpose of this work was to study whether theophylline and nicotinamide could form cocrystals spontaneously, without mechanical activation. Crystalline theophylline and nicotinamide powders were gently mixed manually in a 1:1 molar ratio and stored at different relative humidity and temperature conditions. The solid state of the samples was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffractometry. Three different variations of theophylline were used as starting materials, e.g., two size fractions of theophylline anhydrate (large 710 μm-1 mm and small 180-355 μm), and monohydrate (recrystallized from water). As a reference, anhydrous theophylline-nicotinamide cocrystals were prepared by solid-state grinding. The results of this study indicate that theophylline-nicotinamide cocrystals can form without any mechanical activation from physical mixtures of theophylline and nicotinamide during storage. For anhydrous samples, storage humidity was found to be a critical parameter for cocrystal formation. Increasing temperature was also found to have an accelerating effect on the transformation. The effect of particle size of anhydrous theophylline on the transformation rate could not be completely resolved; DSC and Raman indicated slightly faster transformation with a physical mixture prepared from large size fraction of anhydrous theophylline, but the differences were only minor. Cocrystal formation was also observed in the physical mixture prepared from theophylline monohydrate, but the rate was not as high as with samples prepared from anhydrous material. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Holistic computational structure screening of more than 12,000 candidates for solid lithium-ion conductor materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sendek, Austin D.; Yang, Qian; Cubuk, Ekin D.; Duerloo, Karel-Alexander N.; Cui, Yi; Reed, Evan J.

We present a new type of large-scale computational screening approach for identifying promising candidate materials for solid state electrolytes for lithium ion batteries that is capable of screening all known lithium containing solids. To predict the likelihood of a candidate material exhibiting high lithium ion conductivity, we leverage machine learning techniques to train an ionic conductivity classification model using logistic regression based on experimental measurements reported in the literature. This model, which is built on easily calculable atomistic descriptors, provides new insight into the structure-property relationship for superionic behavior in solids and is approximately one million times faster to evaluate than DFT-based approaches to calculating diffusion coefficients or migration barriers. We couple this model with several other technologically motivated heuristics to reduce the list of candidate materials from the more than 12,000 known lithium containing solids to 21 structures that show promise as electrolytes, few of which have been examined experimentally. Our screening utilizes structures and electronic information contained in the Materials Project database. This work is supported by an Office of Technology Licensing Fellowship through the Stanford Graduate Fellowship Program and a seed Grant from the TomKat Center for Sustainable Energy at Stanford.

Method and apparatus for nucleating the crystallization of undercooled materials

DOEpatents

Benson, David K.; Barret, Peter F.

1989-01-01

A method of storing and controlling a release of latent heat of transition of a phase-change material is disclosed. The method comprises trapping a crystallite of the material between two solid objects and retaining it there under high pressure by applying a force to press the two solid objects tightly together. A crystallite of the material is exposed to a quantity of the material that is in a supercooled condition to nucleate the crystallization of the supercooled material.

Transcription of lignocellulose-decomposition associated genes, enzyme activities and production of ethanol upon bioconversion of waste substrate by Phlebia radiata.

PubMed

Mäkinen, Mari A; Risulainen, Netta; Mattila, Hans; Lundell, Taina K

2018-05-04

Previously identified twelve plant cell wall degradation-associated genes of the white rot fungus Phlebia radiata were studied by RT-qPCR in semi-aerobic solid-state cultures on lignocellulose waste material, and on glucose-containing reference medium. Wood-decay-involved enzyme activities and ethanol production were followed to elucidate both the degradative and fermentative processes. On the waste lignocellulose substrate, P. radiata carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy) genes encoding cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic activities were significantly upregulated whereas genes involved in lignin modification displayed a more complex response. Two lignin peroxidase genes were differentially expressed on waste lignocellulose compared to glucose medium, whereas three manganese peroxidase-encoding genes were less affected. On the contrary, highly significant difference was noticed for three cellulolytic genes (cbhI_1, eg1, bgl1) with higher expression levels on the lignocellulose substrate than on glucose. This indicates expression of the wood-attacking degradative enzyme system by the fungus also on the recycled, waste core board material. During the second week of cultivation, ethanol production increased on the core board to 0.24 g/L, and extracellular activities against cellulose, xylan, and lignin were detected. Sugar release from the solid lignocellulose resulted with concomitant accumulation of ethanol as fermentation product. Our findings confirm that the fungus activates its white rot decay system also on industrially processed lignocellulose adopted as growth substrate, and under semi-aerobic cultivation conditions. Thus, P. radiata is a good candidate for lignocellulose-based renewable biotechnology to make biofuels and biocompounds from materials with less value for recycling or manufacturing.

Quaternary ammonium-functionalized MCM-48 mesoporous silica as a sorbent for the dispersive solid-phase extraction of endocrine disrupting compounds in water.

PubMed

Zhang, Shijuan; Lu, Fengli; Ma, Xiaoyun; Yue, Mingbo; Li, Yanxin; Liu, Jiammin; You, Jinmao

2018-07-06

MCM-48 mesoporous silica was functionalized with dimethyloctadecyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride, a quaternary ammonium salt with a long hydrophobic chain, to prepare a new sorbent for the dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) of seven endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) including 4-hexylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, bisphenol A, estrone, 17β-estradiol and estriol in water. A series of differently functionalized MCM-48 materials were also synthesized, and they served as reference materials to study the mechanism. The developed DSPE method was combined with HPLC with fluorescence detection to evaluate the adsorption performance. The results indicated that the quaternary ammonium-functionalized MCM-48 mesoporous silica can be used as ideal sorbent for EDCs in water with recoveries of higher than 95% due to the electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic effect. Hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions in other synthesized materials could lead to about 25-30% increase in recoveries, but the results for polyhydroxy compounds were still not satisfying. The quaternary ammonium-functionalized MCM-48 mesoporous silica was successfully applied to the DSPE of EDCs in real water samples. The optimum extraction conditions were sorbent amount, 15 mg; desorption time; 5 min; elution volume, 0.8 mL; sample pH 3.0; and salt addition, 5 g/L. The limits of detection were in the range of 1.2-2.6 ng/L, while the limits of quantitation were in the range of 4.3-8.3 ng/L. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures Report

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

Each year EPA releases the Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures report, formerly called Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: Facts and Figures. It includes information on Municipal Solid Waste generation, recycling, an

Development of high temperature materials for solid propellant rocket nozzle applications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manning, C. R., Jr.; Lineback, L. D.

1974-01-01

Aspects of the development and characteristics of thermal shock resistant hafnia ceramic material for use in solid propellant rocket nozzles are presented. The investigation of thermal shock resistance factors for hafnia based composites, and the preparation and analysis of a model of elastic materials containing more than one crack are reported.

Solar solids reactor

DOEpatents

Yudow, B.D.

1986-02-24

A solar powered kiln is provided, that is of relatively simple design and which efficiently uses solar energy. The kiln or solids reactor includes a stationary chamber with a rearward end which receives solid material to be reacted and a forward end through which reacted material is disposed of, and a screw conveyor extending along the bottom of the chamber for slowly advancing the material between the chamber ends. Concentrated solar energy is directed to an aperture at the forward end of the chamber to heat the solid material moving along the bottom of the chamber. The solar energy can be reflected from a mirror facing at an upward incline, through the aperture and against a heat-absorbing material near the top of the chamber, which moves towards the rear of the chamber to distribute heat throughout the chamber. Pumps at the forward and rearward ends of the chamber pump heated sweep gas through the length of the chamber, while minimizing the flow of gas through an open aperture through which concentrated sunlight is received.

Solar solids reactor

DOEpatents

Yudow, Bernard D.

1987-01-01

A solar powered kiln is provided, that is of relatively simple design and which efficiently uses solar energy. The kiln or solids reactor includes a stationary chamber with a rearward end which receives solid material to be reacted and a forward end through which reacted material is disposed of, and a screw conveyor extending along the bottom of the chamber for slowly advancing the material between the chamber ends. Concentrated solar energy is directed to an aperture at the forward end of the chamber to heat the solid material moving along the bottom of the chamber. The solar energy can be reflected from a mirror facing at an upward incline, through the aperture and against a heat-absorbing material near the top of the chamber, which moves towards the rear of the chamber to distribute heat throughout the chamber. Pumps at the forward and rearward ends of the chamber pump heated sweep gas through the length of the chamber, while minimizing the flow of gas through an open aperture through which concentrated sunlight is received.

Investigation of the Ignition and Burning of Materials in Space Cabin Atmospheres. Part 1: Ignition and Burning of Material

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lew, H. G.

1972-01-01

An analytical study of the theory of ignition and burning of a plastic material immersed in an atmosphere of a space cabin which may be subjected to gravity force changes is considered. The hazardous condition in a space cabin environment where the changes of gravity may effect the combustion process is evaluated. The model considered the analysis of the coupled gas and solid phases and is based on the premise that material heating leads to the formation of pyrolysis gases from the decomposed solid which then react with the ambient oxidizer to further the combustion process. Moreover, free convection plays a dominant role in transporting these hot gases to the virgin material. A time-dependent study of the coupled gas-solid model as required for ignition processes with emphasis on the surface energy interchange of the gas and solid phases has been made. Detailed distribution of species composition and temperature patterns provide a spatial and time map of the evolving gases from the material combustion.

An effect of surface properties on detachment of adhered solid to cooling surface for formation of clathrate hydrate slurry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Daitoku, Tadafumi; Utaka, Yoshio

In air-conditioning systems, it is desirable that the liquid-solid phase change temperature of a cool energy storage material is approximately 10 °C from the perspective of improving coefficient of performance (COP). Moreover, a thermal storage material that forms slurry can realize large heat capacity of working fluids. Since the solid that adheres to the heat transfer surface forms a thermal resistance layer and remarkably reduces the rate of cold storage, it is important to avoid the adhesion of a thick solid layer on the surface so as to realize efficient energy storage. Considering a harvest type cooling unit, the force required for removing the solid phase from the heat transfer surface was studied. Tetra-n-butylammonium Bromide (TBAB) clathrate hydrate was used as a cold storage material. The effect of the heat transfer surface properties on the scraping force for detachment of adhered solid of TBAB hydrate to the heat transfer surface was examined experimentally.

75 FR 31843 - Identification of Non-Hazardous Secondary Materials That Are Solid Waste

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-04

...On January 2, 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA or the Agency) issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) to solicit comment on which non-hazardous secondary materials that are used as fuels or ingredients in combustion units are solid wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The meaning of ``solid waste'' as defined under RCRA is of particular importance since it will determine whether a combustion unit is required to meet emissions standards for solid waste incineration units issued under section 129 of the Clean Air Act (CAA) or emissions standards for commercial, industrial, and institutional boilers issued under CAA section 112. CAA section 129 states that the term ``solid waste'' shall have the meaning ``established by the Administrator pursuant to [RCRA].'' EPA is proposing a definition of non-hazardous solid waste that would be used to identify whether non-hazardous secondary materials burned as fuels or used as ingredients in combustion units are solid waste. EPA is also proposing that non-hazardous secondary materials that have been discarded, and are therefore solid wastes, may be rendered products after they have been processed (altered chemically or physically) into a fuel or ingredient product. This proposed rule is necessary to identify units for the purpose of developing certain standards under sections 112 and 129 of the CAA. In addition to this proposed rule, EPA is concurrently proposing air emission requirements under CAA section 112 for industrial, commercial, and institutional boilers and process heaters, as well as air emission requirements under CAA section 129 for commercial and industrial solid waste incineration units.

Teaching pH Measurements with a Student-Assembled Combination Quinhydrone Electrode

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scholz, Fritz; Steinhardt, Tim; Kahlert, Heike; Porksen, Jens R.; Behnert, Jurgen

2005-01-01

A simple combination pH electrode consisting of a solid-state quinhydrone sensor and a solid-state quinhydrone reference electrode is described. Both electrodes are essentially rubber stoppers that are inserted into a special doublewalled holder.

Detection of solid C(triple bond)N bearing materials on solar system bodies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cruikshank, Dale P.; Hartmann, W. K.; Tholen, David J.; Allamandola, L. J.; Brown, R. H.; Matthews, C. N.; Bell, J. F.

1991-01-01

We found observational evidence for the presence of C(triple bond)N-bearing solid materials on four classes of Solar System bodies: comets, asteroids, the rings of Uranus, and Saturn's satellite Iapetus. Gaseous CN was known in comet spectra, and the IR spectra of Comet P/Halley show emission of the CN fundamental at 4.5 microns interpreted as solids containing CN- group in the grains of the inner coma. The presented data offer the first evidence for chemically related material on the other objects.

Application of ionic liquid for extraction and separation of bioactive compounds from plants.

PubMed

Tang, Baokun; Bi, Wentao; Tian, Minglei; Row, Kyung Ho

2012-09-01

In recent years, ionic liquids (ILs), as green and designer solvents, have accelerated research in analytical chemistry. This review highlights some of the unique properties of ILs and provides an overview of the preparation and application of IL or IL-based materials to extract bioactive compounds in plants. IL or IL-based materials in conjunction with liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) analytical technologies etc., have been applied successfully to the extraction or separation of bioactive compounds from plants. This paper reviews the available data and references to examine the advantages of IL and IL-based materials in these applications. In addition, the main target compounds reviewed in this paper are bioactive compounds with multiple therapeutic effects and pharmacological activities. Based on the importance of the targets, this paper reviews the applications of ILs, IL-based materials or co-working with analytical technologies. The exploitation of new applications of ILs on the extraction of bioactive compounds from plant samples is expected to increase. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Enhanced electrodes for solid state gas sensors

DOEpatents

Garzon, Fernando H.; Brosha, Eric L.

2001-01-01

A solid state gas sensor generates an electrical potential between an equilibrium electrode and a second electrode indicative of a gas to be sensed. A solid electrolyte substrate has the second electrode mounted on a first portion of the electrolyte substrate and a composite equilibrium electrode including conterminous transition metal oxide and Pt components mounted on a second portion of the electrolyte substrate. The composite equilibrium electrode and the second electrode are electrically connected to generate an electrical potential indicative of the gas that is being sensed. In a particular embodiment of the present invention, the second electrode is a reference electrode that is exposed to a reference oxygen gas mixture so that the electrical potential is indicative of the oxygen in a gas stream.

40 CFR Appendix IV to Part 266 - Reference Air Concentrations*

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Reference Air Concentrations* IV Appendix IV to Part 266 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Pt. 266, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 266—Reference Air Concentrations* Constituent CAS...

40 CFR Appendix IV to Part 266 - Reference Air Concentrations*

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Reference Air Concentrations* IV Appendix IV to Part 266 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Pt. 266, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 266—Reference Air Concentrations* Constituent CAS...

40 CFR Appendix IV to Part 266 - Reference Air Concentrations*

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 27 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Reference Air Concentrations* IV Appendix IV to Part 266 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Pt. 266, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 266—Reference Air Concentrations* Constituent CAS...

40 CFR Appendix IV to Part 266 - Reference Air Concentrations*

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 26 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Reference Air Concentrations* IV Appendix IV to Part 266 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) SOLID WASTES... MANAGEMENT FACILITIES Pt. 266, App. IV Appendix IV to Part 266—Reference Air Concentrations* Constituent CAS...

Solid State Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-15

literature. The perovskites lanthanum gallate (LaGaO3) (see Reference 1) and lanthanum aluminate (LaAIO 3) (see Reference 2) provide a good lattice match to...reported to be significantly reduced in doped gallate substrates (e.g., La 0.95Gd 0.05GaO 3) (see Reference 5). Doping serves the dual role of

On-line determination of Sb(III) and total Sb using baker's yeast immobilized on polyurethane foam and hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Menegário, Amauri A.; Silva, Ariovaldo José; Pozzi, Eloísa; Durrant, Steven F.; Abreu, Cassio H.

2006-09-01

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was immobilized in cubes of polyurethane foam and the ability of this immobilized material to separate Sb(III) and Sb(V) was investigated. A method based on sequential determination of total Sb (after on-line reduction of Sb(V) to Sb(III) with thiourea) and Sb(III) (after on-line solid-liquid phase extraction) by hydride generation inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry is proposed. A flow system assembled with solenoid valves was used to manage all stages of the process. The effects of pH, sample loading and elution flow rates on solid-liquid phase extraction of Sb(III) were evaluated. Also, the parameters related to on-line pre-reduction (reaction coil and flow rates) were optimized. Detection limits of 0.8 and 0.15 μg L - 1 were obtained for total Sb and Sb(III), respectively. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of river water and effluent samples. The results obtained for the determination of total Sb were in agreement with expected values, including the river water Standard Reference Material 1640 certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Recoveries of Sb(III) and Sb(V) in spiked samples were between 81 ± 19 and 111 ±15% when 120 s of sample loading were used.

Clinical assessment of gastric emptying and sensory function utilizing gamma scintigraphy: Establishment of reference intervals for the liquid and solid components of the Nottingham test meal in healthy subjects.

PubMed

Parker, H L; Tucker, E; Blackshaw, E; Hoad, C L; Marciani, L; Perkins, A; Menne, D; Fox, M

2017-11-01

Current investigations of stomach function are based on small test meals that do not reliably induce symptoms and analysis techniques that rarely detect clinically relevant dysfunction. This study presents the reference intervals of the modular "Nottingham test meal" (NTM) for assessment of gastric function by gamma scintigraphy (GSc) in a representative population of healthy volunteers (HVs) stratified for age and sex. The NTM comprises 400 mL liquid nutrient (0.75 kcal/mL) and an optional solid component (12 solid agar-beads (0 kcal). Filling and dyspeptic sensations were documented by 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS). Gamma scintigraphy parameters that describe early and late phase Gastric emptying (GE) were calculated from validated models. Gastric emptying (GE) of the liquid component was measured in 73 HVs (male 34; aged 45±20). The NTM produced normal postprandial fullness (VAS ≥30 in 41/74 subjects). Dyspeptic symptoms were rare (VAS ≥30 in 2/74 subjects). Gastric emptying half-time with the Liquid- and Solid-component -NTM was median 44 (95% reference interval 28-78) minutes and 162 (144-193) minutes, respectively. Gastric accommodation was assessed by the ratio of the liquid-NTM retained in the proximal:total stomach and by Early phase emptying assessed by gastric volume after completing the meal (GCV0). No consistent effect of anthropometric measures on GE parameters was present. Reference intervals are presented for GSc measurements of gastric motor and sensory function assessed by the NTM. Studies involving patients are required to determine whether the reference interval range offers optimal diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. © 2017 The Authors. Neurogastroenterology & Motility Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.