Overview of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission collaborative research program to assess tsunami hazard for nuclear power plants on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kammerer, A.M.; ten Brink, Uri S.; Titov, V.V.

2017-01-01

In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) initiated a long-term research program to improve understanding of tsunami hazard levels for nuclear facilities in the United States. For this effort, the US NRC organized a collaborative research program with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with a goal of assessing tsunami hazard on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. Necessarily, the US NRC research program includes both seismic- and landslide-based tsunamigenic sources in both the near and the far fields. The inclusion of tsunamigenic landslides, an important category of sources that impact tsunami hazard levels for the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts is a key difference between this program and most other tsunami hazard assessment programs. The initial phase of this work consisted of collection, interpretation, and analysis of available offshore data, with significant effort focused on characterizing offshore near-field landslides and analyzing their tsunamigenic potential and properties. In the next phase of research, additional field investigations will be conducted in key locations of interest and additional analysis will be undertaken. Simultaneously, the MOST tsunami generation and propagation model used by NOAA will first be enhanced to include landslide-based initiation mechanisms and then will be used to investigate the impact of the tsunamigenic sources identified and characterized by the USGS. The potential for probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment will also be explore in the final phases of the program.

Diet of diamondback terrapins (Malaclemys terrapin) in subtropical mangrove habitats in South Florida

USGS Publications Warehouse

Denton, Mathew J.; Hart, Kristen M.; Demopoulos, Amanda W.J.; Oleinik, Anton; Baldwin, John N.

2016-01-01

Unique among turtles as the only exclusively estuarine species, the diamondback terrapin’s (Malaclemys terrapin) life history predisposes it to impacts from humans both on land and in the near-shore environment. Terrapins are found in salt marshes and mangroves along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts from Massachusetts to Texas. Whereas previous dietary studies have elucidated terrapins’ role in temperate salt marsh food webs, food resources for terrapins inhabiting subtropical mangrove habitats have not been studied. We examined dietary resource use for diamondback terrapins in subtropical mangrove creek and island habitats within Everglades National Park, Florida, to determine foraging strategies of terrapins inhabiting south Florida (SF) mangrove systems. Fecal analysis revealed 6 categories of food items, with gastropods, crabs, and bivalves being the dominant food items. Multivariate analysis revealed differences in food sources based on habitat more so than by terrapin size class. Our results revealed that like their counterparts in temperate salt marshes, SF terrapins consume similar prey categories but with different species and abundances comprising each category.

ISS Pass Over Hurricane Jose and Hurricane Irma 9/8/17

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-09-08

The International Space Station passed over two major Atlantic hurricanes on Friday, Sept. 8. First, the station flew approximately 250 miles over Hurricane Jose at approximately 10:10 a.m. EDT while the Category 3 storm was in the Atlantic just east of the Caribbean. One orbit of the Earth later, the station flew over Hurricane Irma at approximately 11:40 a.m. EDT. The powerful Category 4 storm had already brought destructive wind and rain to islands across the Caribbean and is forecast to impact the Florida peninsula.

Preliminary results of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission collaborative research program to assess tsunami hazard for nuclear power plants on the Atlantic and gulf coasts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kammerer, A.M.; ten Brink, Uri S.; Twitchell, David C.; Geist, Eric L.; Chaytor, Jason D.; Locat, J.; Lee, H.J.; Buczkowski, Brian J.; Sansoucy, M.

2008-01-01

In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (US NRC) initiated a long-term research program to improve understanding of tsunami hazard levels for nuclear facilities in the United States. For this effort, the US NRC organized a collaborative research program with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and other key researchers for the purpose of assessing tsunami hazard on the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of the United States. The initial phase of this work consisted principally of collection, interpretation, and analysis of available offshore data and information. Necessarily, the US NRC research program includes both seismic- and landslide-based tsunamigenic sources in both the near and the far fields. The inclusion of tsunamigenic landslides, an important category of sources that impact tsunami hazard levels for the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts over the long time periods of interest to the US NRC is a key difference between this program and most other tsunami hazard assessment programs. Although only a few years old, this program is already producing results that both support current US NRC activities and look toward the long-term goal of probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment. This paper provides a summary of results from several areas of current research. An overview of the broader US NRC research program is provided in a companion paper in this conference.

78 FR 61838 - Fisheries of the Northeastern United States; Atlantic Herring Fishery; Removal of 2,000-lb (907.2...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-04

...NMFS announces a temporary removal of the 2,000-lb (907.2 kg) trip limit for the Atlantic herring fishery in Management Area 2 (Area 2) because catch data indicate that 95 percent of the total sub-annual catch limit (sub-ACL) threshold in Area 2 has not been fully attained. Vessels issued a Federal permit to harvest Atlantic herring may resume fishing for and landing herring in amounts greater than 2,000 lb (907.2 kg), consistent with their respective Atlantic herring permit categories, effective 0001 hrs, October 1, 2013.

77 FR 21015 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-09

... landings data. NMFS also closes the southern area Angling category fishery for large medium and giant... 2006 Consolidated HMS Fishery Management Plan (Consolidated HMS FMP) and to prevent overharvest of the... daily retention limit of one school, large school, or small medium BFT (measuring 27 to less than 73...

Atmospheric mercury and fine particulate matter in coastal New England: implications for mercury and trace element sources in the northeastern United States

USGS Publications Warehouse

Kolker, Allan; Engle, Mark A.; Peucker-Ehrenbrink, Bernhard; Geboy, Nicholas J.; Krabbenhotft, David P.; Bothner, Michael H.; Tate, Michael T.

2013-01-01

Intensive sampling of ambient atmospheric fine particulate matter was conducted at Woods Hole, Massachusetts over a four-month period from 3 April to 29 July, 2008, in conjunction with year-long deployment of the USGS Mobile Mercury Lab. Results were obtained for trace elements in fine particulate matter concurrently with determination of ambient atmospheric mercury speciation and concentrations of ancillary gasses (SO2, NOx, and O3). For particulate matter, trace element enrichment factors greater than 10 relative to crustal background values were found for As, Bi, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, V, and Zn, indicating contribution of these elements by anthropogenic sources. For other elements, enrichments are consistent with natural marine (Na, Ca, Mg, Sr) or crustal (Ba, Ce, Co, Cs, Fe, Ga, La, Rb, Sc, Th, Ti, U, Y) sources, respectively. Positive matrix factorization was used together with concentration weighted air-mass back trajectories to better define element sources and their locations. Our analysis, based on events exhibiting the 10% highest PM2.5 contributions for each source category, identifies coal-fired power stations concentrated in the U.S. Ohio Valley, metal smelting in eastern Canada, and marine and crustal sources showing surprisingly similar back trajectories, at times each sampling Atlantic coastal airsheds. This pattern is consistent with contribution of Saharan dust by a summer maximum at the latitude of Florida and northward transport up the Atlantic Coast by clockwise circulation of the summer Bermuda High. Results for mercury speciation show diurnal production of RGM by photochemical oxidation of Hg° in a marine environment, and periodic traverse of the study area by correlated RGM-SO2(NOx) plumes, indicative of coal combustion sources.

50 CFR 635.23 - Retention limits for BFT.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Atlantic Tunas permit may possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT in the school, large school, or small medium... Tunas permit may fish for, possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT of any size class, and catch-and-release... or giant BFT may be possessed or retained aboard a vessel that has a General category Atlantic Tunas...

50 CFR 635.23 - Retention limits for BFT.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Atlantic Tunas permit may possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT in the school, large school, or small medium... Tunas permit may fish for, possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT of any size class, and catch-and-release... or giant BFT may be possessed or retained aboard a vessel that has a General category Atlantic Tunas...

50 CFR 635.23 - Retention limits for BFT.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Atlantic Tunas permit may possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT in the school, large school, or small medium... Tunas permit may fish for, possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT of any size class, and catch-and-release... or giant BFT may be possessed or retained aboard a vessel that has a General category Atlantic Tunas...

50 CFR 635.23 - Retention limits for BFT.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Atlantic Tunas permit may possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT in the school, large school, or small medium... Tunas permit may fish for, possess, retain, land, or sell a BFT of any size class, and catch-and-release... or giant BFT may be possessed or retained aboard a vessel that has a General category Atlantic Tunas...

78 FR 20258 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-04

... landings data. The adjusted limit for HMS Charter/Headboat vessels is one school BFT and one large school... regulations. NMFS is required under ATCA and the Magnuson-Stevens Act to provide U.S. fishing vessels with a... default Angling category daily retention limit of one school, large school, or small medium BFT (measuring...

78 FR 21584 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2013 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Quota Specifications

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-04-11

... FMP). The 1999 FMP included a framework process to promulgate annual specifications for the BFT... percent of the 948.7-mt total U.S. quota). Accounting for Dead Discards The United States must report BFT... specifications. Accounting for dead discards in the Longline category in this way may provide further incentive...

76 FR 74003 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Adjustments to the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna General and Harpoon...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-30

... the extension dependent on weather conditions and availability of large medium and giant BFT to the... vessel. NMFS may increase or decrease the actual allowed daily retention limit of large medium and giant... NMFS implements an increase to the Harpoon category daily incidental retention limit of large medium...

76 FR 32086 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-03

... to revert back to the default retention limit of one large medium or giant BFT (measuring 73 inches... 2010 fishing year, NMFS adjusted the General category limit from the default level of one large medium or giant BFT as follows: two large medium or giant BFT for January (74 FR 68709, December 29, 2009...

78 FR 52032 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2006 Consolidated Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Fishery...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-21

... may submit attachments to electronic comments in Microsoft Word or Excel, WordPerfect, or Adobe PDF... categories per the percentages outlined in the 2006 Consolidated HMS FMP. In other words, the combined effect... other words, if a vessel is not allowed access to the Cape Hatteras Gear Restricted Area due to the...

Remote sensing in the coastal and marine environment. Proceedings of the US North Atlantic Regional Workshop

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zaitzeff, J. B. (Editor); Cornillon, P. (Editor); Aubrey, D. A. (Editor)

1980-01-01

Presentations were grouped in the following categories: (1) a technical orientation of Earth resources remote sensing including data sources and processing; (2) a review of the present status of remote sensing technology applicable to the coastal and marine environment; (3) a description of data and information needs of selected coastal and marine activities; and (4) an outline of plans for marine monitoring systems for the east coast and a concept for an east coast remote sensing facility. Also discussed were user needs and remote sensing potentials in the areas of coastal processes and management, commercial and recreational fisheries, and marine physical processes.

Augmentation of Early Intensity Forecasting in Tropical Cyclones

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

modeled storms to the measured signatures. APPROACH The deviation-angle variance technique was introduced in Pineros et al. (2008) as a procedure to...the algorithm developed in the first year of the project. The new method used best-track storm fixes as the points to compute the DAV signal. We...In the North Atlantic basin, RMSE for tropical storm category is 11 kt, hurricane categories 1-3 is 12.5 kt, category 4 is 18 kt and category 5 is

78 FR 77362 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-12-23

... large medium or giant BFT to two large medium or giant BFT for the January 2014 subquota period ((i.e... starting on January 1 would be the default retention limit of one large medium or giant BFT (measuring 73... adjusted the General category limit from the default level of one large medium or giant BFT to two large...

75 FR 79309 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fisheries

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-20

... limit of one large medium or giant BFT (measuring 73 inches (185 cm) CFL) or greater per vessel per day... adjusted the General category limit from the default level of one large medium or giant BFT as follows: Two large medium or giant BFT for January (74 FR 68709, December 29, 2009), and three large medium or giant...

Warming Oceans

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Journal of College Science Teaching, 2005

2005-01-01

Researchers from the Georgia Institute of Technology and the National Center for Atmospheric Research say the number of category 4 and 5 hurricanes (called typhoons or cyclones in other parts of the world) worldwide has nearly doubled over the past 35 years. The North Atlantic appears to be the area worst affected. Category 4 and 5 hurricanes have…

Pressure indicators of wood resource use in an Atlantic forest area, northeastern Brazil.

PubMed

de Medeiros, Patrícia Muniz; de Almeida, Alyson Luiz Santos; da Silva, Taline Cristina; de Albuquerque, Ulysses Paulino

2011-03-01

Wood resources are often used to support the needs of the local population. In order to protect biodiversity and resources, conservation strategies need to consider what types of wood use have the strongest impacts on forested areas. This study aimed to identify the use categories that put higher pressure on an Atlantic forest region located in the municipality of Igarassu in Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. To conduct the study, we measured the volume of all wood products in 62 surveyed residences and registered the average replacement time for such products. The fuelwood category was most important locally and accounted for 92% of annual wood consumption. However, the construction category harvests more destructively and concentrates on the consumption of a few wood species. Therefore we recommend the fuelwood category to be the main focus of conservation effforts. In addition, the most important species for construction purposes (e.g., Eschweilera ovata (Cambess.) Miers, Apuleia leiocarpa (Vogel) J.F. Macbr. and Pogonophora schomburgkiana Miers ex Benth) should also be considered as a priority for conservation.

Composition and origin of PM10 in Cape Verde: Characterization of long-range transport episodes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Salvador, P.; Almeida, S. M.; Cardoso, J.; Almeida-Silva, M.; Nunes, T.; Cerqueira, M.; Alves, C.; Reis, M. A.; Chaves, P. C.; Artíñano, B.; Pio, C.

2016-02-01

A receptor modelling study was performed to identify source categories and their contributions to the PM10 total mass at the Cape Verde archipelago. Trajectory statistical methods were also used to characterize the main atmospheric circulation patterns causing the transport of air masses and to geographically identify the main potential source areas of each PM10 source category. Our findings point out that the variability of the PM10 levels at Cape Verde was prompted by the advections of African mineral dust. The mineral dust load was mainly composed by clay-silicates mineral derived elements (22% of the PM10 total mass on average) with lower amounts of carbonates (9%). A clear northward gradient was observed in carbonates concentration that illustrates the differences in the composition according to the source regions of mineral dust. Mineral dust was frequently linked to industrial emissions from crude oil refineries, fertilizer industries as well as oil and coal power plants, located in the northern and north-western coast of the African continent (29%). Sea salt was also registered in the PM10 mass during most part of the sampling period, with a lower impact in the PM10 levels than the mineral dust one (26%). Combustion aerosols (6%) reached the highest mean values in summer as a consequence of the emissions from local-regional sources. Biomass burning aerosols produced from October to November in sub-sahelian latitudes, had a clear influence in the content of elemental carbon (EC) recorded at Cape Verde but a small impact in the PM10 total mass levels. A minor contribution to the PM10 mass has been associated to secondary inorganic compounds-SIC. Namely, ammonium sulfate and nitrate (SIC 1-5%) and calcium sulfate and nitrate (SIC 2-3%). The main origin of SIC 1 was attributed to emissions of SO2 and NOx from industrial sources located in the northern and north-western African coast and from wildfires produced in the continent. SIC 2 had a clear regional origin in the summer period. However, in the winter period there were probably contributions of soil emissions of evaporate minerals from regions of eastern Algeria. The location of Cape Verde in the Atlantic Ocean at subtropical latitudes, and the absence of relevant local sources of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants, becomes this archipelago, a perfect site to study the impact of external contributions on the background levels of PM10 registered over the north-eastern tropical Atlantic.

Assessment of source probabilities for potential tsunamis affecting the U.S. Atlantic coast

USGS Publications Warehouse

Geist, E.L.; Parsons, T.

2009-01-01

Estimating the likelihood of tsunamis occurring along the U.S. Atlantic coast critically depends on knowledge of tsunami source probability. We review available information on both earthquake and landslide probabilities from potential sources that could generate local and transoceanic tsunamis. Estimating source probability includes defining both size and recurrence distributions for earthquakes and landslides. For the former distribution, source sizes are often distributed according to a truncated or tapered power-law relationship. For the latter distribution, sources are often assumed to occur in time according to a Poisson process, simplifying the way tsunami probabilities from individual sources can be aggregated. For the U.S. Atlantic coast, earthquake tsunami sources primarily occur at transoceanic distances along plate boundary faults. Probabilities for these sources are constrained from previous statistical studies of global seismicity for similar plate boundary types. In contrast, there is presently little information constraining landslide probabilities that may generate local tsunamis. Though there is significant uncertainty in tsunami source probabilities for the Atlantic, results from this study yield a comparative analysis of tsunami source recurrence rates that can form the basis for future probabilistic analyses.

Model Calculations of the Impact of NO(x) from Air Traffic, Lightning and Surface Emissions, Compared with Measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Meijer, E. W.; vanVelthoven, P. F. J.; Thompson, A. M.; Pfister, L.; Schlager, H.; Schulte, P.; Kelder, H.

1999-01-01

The impact of NO(x) from aircraft emissions, lightning and surface contributions on atmospheric nitrogen oxides and ozone has been investigated with the three-dimensional global chemistry transport model TM3 by partitioning the nitrogen oxides and ozone according to source category. The results have been compared with POLINAT II and SONEX airborne measurements in the North Atlantic flight corridor in 1997. Various cases have been investigated: measurements during a stagnant anti-cyclone and an almost cut-off low, both with expected high aircraft contributions, a southward bound flight with an expected strong flight corridor gradient and lightning contributions in the South, and a transatlantic flight with expected boundary layer pollution near the U.S. coast. The agreement between modeled results and measurements is reasonably good for NO and ozone. Also, the calculated impact of the three defined sources were consistent with the estimated exposure of the sampled air to these sources, obtained by specialized back-trajectory model products.

Applications of Skylab data to land use and climatological analysis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alexander, R. H. (Principal Investigator); Lewis, J. E., Jr.; Lins, H. F., Jr.; Jenner, C. B.; Outcalt, S. I.; Pease, R. W.

1976-01-01

The author has identified the following significant results. Skylab study in Central Atlantic Regional Ecological Test Site encompassed two separate but related tasks: (1) evaluation of photographic sensors S190A and B as sources of land use data for planning and managing land resources in major metropolitan regions, and (2) evaluation of the multispectral scanner S192 used in conjunction with associated data and analytical techniques as a data source on urban climates and the surface energy balance. Photographs from the Skylab S190B earth terrain camera were of greatest interest in the land use analysis task; they were of sufficiently high resolution to identify and map many level 2 and 3 land use categories. After being corrected to allow for atmosphere effects, output from thermal and visible bands of the S192 was employed in constructing computer map plots of albedo and surface temperature.

Florida

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2014-05-15

... eastern (Atlantic) coast, partially obscured by clouds, are Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale, and Miami. Further to the east, the shallow waters ... MISR category:  gallery date:  Oct 18, 2000 Images:  Florida ...

Geomorphic characterization of the U.S. Atlantic continental margin

USGS Publications Warehouse

Brothers, Daniel S.; ten Brink, Uri S.; Andrews, Brian D.; Chaytor, Jason D.

2013-01-01

The increasing volume of multibeam bathymetry data collected along continental margins is providing new opportunities to study the feedbacks between sedimentary and oceanographic processes and seafloor morphology. Attempts to develop simple guidelines that describe the relationships between form and process often overlook the importance of inherited physiography in slope depositional systems. Here, we use multibeam bathymetry data and seismic reflection profiles spanning the U.S. Atlantic outer continental shelf, slope and rise from Cape Hatteras to New England to quantify the broad-scale, across-margin morphological variation. Morphometric analyses suggest the margin can be divided into four basic categories that roughly align with Quaternary sedimentary provinces. Within each category, Quaternary sedimentary processes exerted heavy modification of submarine canyons, landslide complexes and the broad-scale morphology of the continental rise, but they appear to have preserved much of the pre-Quaternary, across-margin shape of the continental slope. Without detailed constraints on the substrate structure, first-order morphological categorization the U.S. Atlantic margin does not provide a reliable framework for predicting relationships between form and process.

North Atlantic Deep Water Production during the Last Glacial Maximum

PubMed Central

Howe, Jacob N. W.; Piotrowski, Alexander M.; Noble, Taryn L.; Mulitza, Stefan; Chiessi, Cristiano M.; Bayon, Germain

2016-01-01

Changes in deep ocean ventilation are commonly invoked as the primary cause of lower glacial atmospheric CO2. The water mass structure of the glacial deep Atlantic Ocean and the mechanism by which it may have sequestered carbon remain elusive. Here we present neodymium isotope measurements from cores throughout the Atlantic that reveal glacial–interglacial changes in water mass distributions. These results demonstrate the sustained production of North Atlantic Deep Water under glacial conditions, indicating that southern-sourced waters were not as spatially extensive during the Last Glacial Maximum as previously believed. We demonstrate that the depleted glacial δ13C values in the deep Atlantic Ocean cannot be explained solely by water mass source changes. A greater amount of respired carbon, therefore, must have been stored in the abyssal Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum. We infer that this was achieved by a sluggish deep overturning cell, comprised of well-mixed northern- and southern-sourced waters. PMID:27256826

Shortwave flux at the surface of the Atlantic Ocean: in-situ measurements, satellite data and parametrization.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sinitsyn, Alexey

2017-04-01

Shortwave radiation is one of the key air-sea flux components playing an important role in on the ocean heat balance. The most accurate method to obtaining estimates of shortwave fluxes are the field measurements at various locations at the globe. However, these data are very sparse. Different satellite missions and re-analyses provide alternative source of short-wave radiation data, however they need are source for uncertainties and need to be validated. An alternative way to produce long-term time series of shortwave radiation is to apply bulk parameterizations of shortwave radiation to the observations of Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) cloud data or to the cloud measurements from CM-SAF. In our work, we compare three sources of shortwave flux estimates. In-situ measurements were obtained during 12 cruises (320 day of measurements) of research cruises in different regions of the Atlantic Ocean from 2004 to 2014. Shortwave radiation was measured by the Kipp&Zonen net radiometer CNR-1. Also during the cruise, standard meteorological observations were carried out. Satellite data were the hourly and daily time series of the incoming shortwave radiation with spatial resolution 0.05x0.05 degree (METEOSAT MSG coverage Europe, Africa, Atlantic Ocean), and were obtained by the MVIRI/SEVIRI instrument from METEOSAT. SEVIRI cloud properties were taken from CLAAS-2 data record from CM-SAF. Parameterizations of shortwave fluxes used consisted of three different schemes based upon consideration of only total as well as total and low cloud cover. The incoming shortwave radiation retrieved by satellite had a positive bias of 3 Wm-2 and RMS of 69 Wm-2 compared to in-situ measurements. For different Octa categories the bias was from 1 to 5 Wm-2 and RMS from 41 to 71 Wm-2. The incoming shortwave radiation computed by bulk parameterization indicated a bias of -10 Wm-2 to 60 Wm-2 depending on the scheme and the region of the Atlantic Ocean. The results of the comparison suggest that satellite data is an excellent ground for testing bulk parameterizations of incoming shortwave radiation. Among the bulk paramterizations, the IORAS/SAIL scheme is the least biased algorithm for computing shortwave radiation from cloud observations.

Regional Scale Variability in Background and Source δ13C of Methane in the Atlantic, Europe and the Arctic: Cautionary Tales for Isotopic Modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lowry, D.; Fisher, R. E.; France, J. L.; Lanoiselle, M.; Zazzeri, G.; Nisbet, E. G.

2013-12-01

Modeling studies of methane δ13C, both of modern atmosphere and glacial palaeoclimates have used a global isotopic signature for each of the main source categories, whereas detailed studies of source fluxes, such as boreal wetlands, suggest that on the centimeter to meter scale there is very great variability. In recent years we have been reassessing the usefulness of using a generic source value from source up to regional scale through sampling campaigns in the European Arctic, the UK and onboard ships sailing the Atlantic up to the Arctic Ocean. Currently the boreal wetland source of methane dominates above 60°N. Within Finland this source varies at the wetland scale from -74 to -66‰ depending on wetland type and seasonal variability in temperature and water table. Lapland road trips and ship sampling suggest that these emissions are homogenized to -70 to -67‰ in the well-mixed regional atmosphere. An infrequent boreal forest fire emission adds a -30 to -26‰ component into the mix, and such inputs have been observed in the Mace Head (Ireland) isotopic record of 2002. The story is much more complex once the latitudes of heavily urbanized and agricultural areas of Northern Europe are reached. Isotopic signatures applied to UK and EC inventories suggest that national emissions can vary from -42 to -60‰ depending on source mix, but even this is too simplified. Fugitive emissions from gas distribution systems vary based on the source of the gas, with biogenic-dominated supplies from west Siberia at -50‰ to thermogenic gas of the Southern North Sea fields at -32‰. Coal emissions are also source-dependent and have a similar range to gas, but unlike pipeline-homogenized gas can vary from one mine to the next. Emissions from ruminants vary due to C3 and C4 plant diets, with C4 closer to -50‰ while C3 emissions are in the low -60's. A recent whole barn experiment in the UK recorded -66‰. Landfill signatures also vary. Sites engineered in the last decade emit methane mostly between -60 and -57‰, whereas older sites, more reliant on oxidation in cover soils rather than gas extraction, are closer to -50‰. While outflow from Europe and North America measured along Atlantic ship transects suggest homogenized emissions from these heavily-populated latitudes are -57 to -56‰, the wider variability of sources requires testing against inventories for small regions, and this is the focus of our current work in SE England.

School-Wide Positive Behavior Support: Can It Help Address the Problem of Disproportionate Minority Representation in the Emotional Disturbance Disability Category?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Porter, Jodi Abraham

2012-01-01

This research project investigated the possibility of School-Wide Positive Behavior Support (SWPBS) as a way to address racial/ethnic disproportionality in the Emotional Disturbance (ED) category. The sample consisted of 114 elementary schools from a suburban school district in the Mid-Atlantic region. There were 57 SWPBS schools and 57 non-SWPBS…

Resolving Tropical Cyclone Intensity in Models

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, C. A.

2018-02-01

In recent years, global weather forecast models and global climate models have begun to depict intense tropical cyclones, even up to category 5 on the Saffir-Simpson scale. In light of the limitation of horizontal resolution in such models, the author performs calculations, using the extended Best Track data for Atlantic tropical cyclones, to estimate the ability of models with differing grid spacing to represent Atlantic tropical cyclone intensity statistically. Results indicate that, under optimistic assumptions, models with horizontal grid spacing of one fourth degree or coarser should not produce a realistic number of category 4 and 5 storms unless there are errors in spatial attributes of the wind field. Furthermore, the case of Irma (2017) is used to demonstrate the importance of a realistic depiction of angular momentum and to motivate the use of angular momentum in model evaluation.

Relative Contributions of the Saharan and Sahelian Sources to the Atmospheric Dust Load Over the North Atlantic

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ginoux, Paul; Chin, M.; Torres, O.; Prospero, J.; Dubovik, O.; Holben, B.; Einaudi, Franco (Technical Monitor)

2000-01-01

It has long been recognized that Saharan desert is the major source for long range transport of mineral dust over the Atlantic. The contribution from other natural sources to the dust load over the Atlantic has generally been ignored in previous model studies or been replaced by anthropogenically disturbed soil emissions. Recently, Prospero et.at. have identified the major dust sources over the Earth using TOMS aerosol index. They showed that these sources correspond to dry lakes with layers of sediment deposed in the late Holocene or Pleistocene. One of the most active of these sources seem to be the Bodele depression. Chiapello et al. have analyzed the mineralogical composition of dust on the West coast of Africa. They found that Sahelian dust events are the most intense but are less frequent than Saharan plumes. This suggests that the Bodele depression could contribute significantly to the dust load over the Atlantic. The relative contribution of the Sahel and Sahara dust sources is of importance for marine biogeochemistry or atmospheric radiation, because each source has a distinct mineralogical composition. We present here a model study of the relative contributions of Sahara and Sahel sources to the atmospheric dust aerosols over the North Atlantic. The Georgia Tech/Goddard Global Ozone Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model is used to simulate dust distribution in 1996-1997. Dust particles are labeled depending on their sources. In this presentation, we will present the comparison between the model results and observations from ground based measurements (dust concentration, optical thickness and size distribution) and satellite data (TOMS aerosol index). The relative contribution of each source will then be analyzed spatially and temporally.

Trends and drivers of marine debris on the Atlantic coast of the United States 1997-2007

USGS Publications Warehouse

Ribic, C.A.; Sheavly, S.B.; Rugg, D.J.; Erdmann, Eric S.

2010-01-01

For the first time, we documented regional differences in amounts and long-term trends of marine debris along the US Atlantic coast. The Southeast Atlantic had low land-based and general-source debris loads as well as no increases despite a 19% increase in coastal population. The Northeast (8% population increase) also had low land-based and general-source debris loads and no increases. The Mid-Atlantic (10% population increase) fared the worst, with heavy land-based and general-source debris loads that increased over time. Ocean-based debris did not change in the Northeast where the fishery is relatively stable; it declined over the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast and was correlated with declining regional fisheries. Drivers, including human population, land use status, fishing activity, and oceanic current systems, had complex relationships with debris loads at local and regional scales. Management challenges remain undeniably large but solid information from long-term programs is one key to addressing this pressing pollution issue. ?? 2010.

Trends and drivers of marine debris on the Atlantic coast of the United States 1997-2007.

PubMed

Ribic, Christine A; Sheavly, Seba B; Rugg, David J; Erdmann, Eric S

2010-08-01

For the first time, we documented regional differences in amounts and long-term trends of marine debris along the US Atlantic coast. The Southeast Atlantic had low land-based and general-source debris loads as well as no increases despite a 19% increase in coastal population. The Northeast (8% population increase) also had low land-based and general-source debris loads and no increases. The Mid-Atlantic (10% population increase) fared the worst, with heavy land-based and general-source debris loads that increased over time. Ocean-based debris did not change in the Northeast where the fishery is relatively stable; it declined over the Mid-Atlantic and Southeast and was correlated with declining regional fisheries. Drivers, including human population, land use status, fishing activity, and oceanic current systems, had complex relationships with debris loads at local and regional scales. Management challenges remain undeniably large but solid information from long-term programs is one key to addressing this pressing pollution issue. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) assemblages associated with Nidularium and Vriesea bromeliads in Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The most substantial and best preserved area of Atlantic Forest is within the biogeographical sub-region of Serra do Mar. The topographic complexity of the region creates a diverse array of microclimates, which can affect species distribution and diversity inside the forest. Given that Atlantic Forest includes highly heterogeneous environments, a diverse and medically important Culicidae assemblage, and possible species co-occurrence, we evaluated mosquito assemblages from bromeliad phytotelmata in Serra do Mar (southeastern Brazil). Methods Larvae and pupae were collected monthly from Nidularium and Vriesea bromeliads between July 2008 and June 2009. Collection sites were divided into landscape categories (lowland, hillslope and hilltop) based on elevation and slope. Correlations between bromeliad mosquito assemblage and environmental variables were assessed using multivariate redundancy analysis. Differences in species diversity between bromeliads within each category of elevation were explored using the Renyi diversity index. Univariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess species co-occurrence. Results A total of 2,024 mosquitoes belonging to 22 species were collected. Landscape categories (pseudo-F value = 1.89, p = 0.04), bromeliad water volume (pseudo-F = 2.99, p = 0.03) and bromeliad fullness (Pseudo-F = 4.47, p < 0.01) influenced mosquito assemblage structure. Renyi diversity index show that lowland possesses the highest diversity indices. The presence of An. homunculus was associated with Cx. ocellatus and the presence of An. cruzii was associated with Cx. neglectus, Cx. inimitabilis fuscatus and Cx. worontzowi. Anopheles cruzii and An. homunculus were taken from the same bromeliad, however, the co-occurrence between those two species was not statistically significant. Conclusions One of the main findings of our study was that differences in species among mosquito assemblages were influenced by landscape characteristics. The bromeliad factor that influenced mosquito abundance and assemblage structure was fullness. The findings of the current study raise important questions about the role of An. homunculus in the transmission of Plasmodium in Serra do Mar, southeastern Atlantic Forest. PMID:22340486

Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) assemblages associated with Nidularium and Vriesea bromeliads in Serra do Mar, Atlantic Forest, Brazil.

PubMed

Marques, Tatiani C; Bourke, Brian P; Laporta, Gabriel Z; Sallum, Maria Anice Mureb

2012-02-16

The most substantial and best preserved area of Atlantic Forest is within the biogeographical sub-region of Serra do Mar. The topographic complexity of the region creates a diverse array of microclimates, which can affect species distribution and diversity inside the forest. Given that Atlantic Forest includes highly heterogeneous environments, a diverse and medically important Culicidae assemblage, and possible species co-occurrence, we evaluated mosquito assemblages from bromeliad phytotelmata in Serra do Mar (southeastern Brazil). Larvae and pupae were collected monthly from Nidularium and Vriesea bromeliads between July 2008 and June 2009. Collection sites were divided into landscape categories (lowland, hillslope and hilltop) based on elevation and slope. Correlations between bromeliad mosquito assemblage and environmental variables were assessed using multivariate redundancy analysis. Differences in species diversity between bromeliads within each category of elevation were explored using the Renyi diversity index. Univariate binary logistic regression analyses were used to assess species co-occurrence. A total of 2,024 mosquitoes belonging to 22 species were collected. Landscape categories (pseudo-F value = 1.89, p = 0.04), bromeliad water volume (pseudo-F = 2.99, p = 0.03) and bromeliad fullness (Pseudo-F = 4.47, p < 0.01) influenced mosquito assemblage structure. Renyi diversity index show that lowland possesses the highest diversity indices. The presence of An. homunculus was associated with Cx. ocellatus and the presence of An. cruzii was associated with Cx. neglectus, Cx. inimitabilis fuscatus and Cx. worontzowi. Anopheles cruzii and An. homunculus were taken from the same bromeliad, however, the co-occurrence between those two species was not statistically significant. One of the main findings of our study was that differences in species among mosquito assemblages were influenced by landscape characteristics. The bromeliad factor that influenced mosquito abundance and assemblage structure was fullness. The findings of the current study raise important questions about the role of An. homunculus in the transmission of Plasmodium in Serra do Mar, southeastern Atlantic Forest.

Statistical Aspects of the North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones: Trends, Natural Variability, and Global Warming

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Robert M.

2007-01-01

Statistical aspects of the North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones for the interval 1945- 2005 are examined, including the variation of the yearly frequency of occurrence for various subgroups of storms (all tropical cyclones, hurricanes, major hurricanes, U.S. landfalling hurricanes, and category 4/5 hurricanes); the yearly variation of the mean latitude and longitude (genesis location) of all tropical cyclones and hurricanes; and the yearly variation of the mean peak wind speeds, lowest pressures, and durations for all tropical cyclones, hurricanes, and major hurricanes. Also examined is the relationship between inferred trends found in the North Atlantic basin tropical cyclonic activity and natural variability and global warming, the latter described using surface air temperatures from the Armagh Observatory Armagh, Northern Ireland. Lastly, a simple statistical technique is employed to ascertain the expected level of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclonic activity for the upcoming 2007 season.

A51F-0123: Model Analysis of Tropospheric Aerosol Variability and Sources over the North Atlantic During NAAMES 2015-2016

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Hongyu; Moore, Richard; Hostetler, Chris A.; Ferrare, Richard Anthony; Fairlie, Thomas Duncan; Hu, Youngxiang; Chen, Gao; Hair, Johnathan W.; Johnson, Matthew S.

2016-01-01

The North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) is a five-year Earth-Venture Suborbital-2 Mission to characterize the plankton ecosystems and their influences on remote marine aerosols, boundary layer clouds, and their implications for climate in the North Atlantic. While marine-sourced aerosols have been shown to make important contributions to surface aerosol loading, cloud condensation nuclei and ice nuclei concentrations over remote marine and coastal regions, it is still a challenge to differentiate the marine biogenic aerosol signal from the strong influence of continental pollution outflow. We examine here the spatiotemporal variability and quantify the sources of tropospheric aerosols over the North Atlantic during the first two phases (November 2015 and May-June 2016) of NAAMES using a state-of-the-art chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem). The model is driven by the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) from the NASA Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO). It includes sulfate-nitrate-ammonium aerosol thermodynamics coupled to ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon-aerosol chemistry, mineral dust, sea salt, elemental and organic carbon aerosols, and especially a recently implemented parameterization for the marine primary organic aerosol emission. The simulated aerosols over the North Atlantic are evaluated with available satellite (e.g., MODIS) observations of aerosol optical depths (AOD), and aircraft and ship aerosol measurements. We diagnose transport pathways for continental pollution outflow over the North Atlantic using carbon monoxide, an excellent tracer for anthropogenic pollution transport. We also conduct model perturbation experiments to quantify the relative contributions of terrestrial and oceanic sources to the aerosol loading, AOD, and their variability over the North Atlantic.

Interaction between Tropical Atlantic Variability and El Niño-Southern Oscillation.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Saravanan, R.; Chang, Ping

2000-07-01

The interaction between tropical Atlantic variability and El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated using three ensembles of atmospheric general circulation model integrations. The integrations are forced by specifying observed sea surface temperature (SST) variability over a forcing domain. The forcing domain is the global ocean for the first ensemble, limited to the tropical ocean for the second ensemble, and further limited to the tropical Atlantic region for the third ensemble. The ensemble integrations show that extratropical SST anomalies have little impact on tropical variability, but the effect of ENSO is pervasive in the Tropics. Consistent with previous studies, the most significant influence of ENSO is found during the boreal spring season and is associated with an anomalous Walker circulation. Two important aspects of ENSO's influence on tropical Atlantic variability are noted. First, the ENSO signal contributes significantly to the `dipole' correlation structure between tropical Atlantic SST and rainfall in the Nordeste Brazil region. In the absence of the ENSO signal, the correlations are dominated by SST variability in the southern tropical Atlantic, resulting in less of a dipole structure. Second, the remote influence of ENSO also contributes to positive correlations between SST anomalies and downward surface heat flux in the tropical Atlantic during the boreal spring season. However, even when ENSO forcing is absent, the model integrations provide evidence for a positive surface heat flux feedback in the deep Tropics, which is analyzed in a companion study by Chang et al. The analysis of model simulations shows that interannual atmospheric variability in the tropical Pacific-Atlantic system is dominated by the interaction between two distinct sources of tropical heating: (i) an equatorial heat source in the eastern Pacific associated with ENSO and (ii) an off-equatorial heat source associated with SST anomalies near the Caribbean. Modeling this Caribbean heat source accurately could be very important for seasonal forecasting in the Central American-Caribbean region.

Ethnobotanical study of plants used for therapeutic purposes in the Atlantic Forest region, Southern Brazil.

PubMed

Tribess, Bianca; Pintarelli, Gabrielli Melatto; Bini, Larissa Alida; Camargo, Anderson; Funez, Luís Adriano; de Gasper, André Luís; Zeni, Ana Lúcia Bertarello

2015-04-22

Atlantic Forest is a biome in dangerous situation and it lacks wider information on species with medicinal purposes used by people in this area. In this study an ethnobotanical survey was conducted in Apiúna district, Brazil with the goal of assessing traditional knowledge of medicinal plants used by rural communities in a region covered by Atlantic Forest. The ethnobotanical data were collected through semi-structured interviews and a free list of plants used for medicinal purposes. The respondents were selected by snow ball method. Therefore, the therapeutic use of plants was investigated and the species cited was collected and identified. Local plant uses were evaluated using ethnobotanical indices of diversity and equitability, and then compared with those obtained in other regions of Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Besides, the informant consensus factor (ICF) was calculated. A total of 162 species belonging to 61 families were recorded, mainly Asteraceae and Lamiaceae. Furthermore, the species cited, 45.06% were native and 54.94% were considered exotic. The most frequently reported medicinal uses were the symptoms and signs (17.42%), digestive system (15.33%) and, infectious and parasitic diseases (12.73%). Although, the ICF calculation showed that mental and behavioral (0.85), respiratory system (0.79) and, digestive and genitourinary system diseases (0.78 for both) were the categories with higher values reached. Usually, the administration is oral from leaves preparations. Folk medicine in rural communities in this region of Atlantic Forest is an important source of primary health care. The results indicate an available knowledge of medicinal plants uses in this area, when compared to other regions previously studied. The fact that this research was conducted next to a conservation area makes it possible to dispose the knowledge organized here into a tool for environmental education as well as preservation. Moreover, the pharmacological information will further contribute for the validation and the use of these species in Brazilian health programs benefiting the population. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

Seismic noise frequency dependent P and S wave sources

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stutzmann, E.; Schimmel, M.; Gualtieri, L.; Farra, V.; Ardhuin, F.

2013-12-01

Seismic noise in the period band 3-10 sec is generated in the oceans by the interaction of ocean waves. Noise signal is dominated by Rayleigh waves but body waves can be extracted using a beamforming approach. We select the TAPAS array deployed in South Spain between June 2008 and September 2009 and we use the vertical and horizontal components to extract noise P and S waves, respectively. Data are filtered in narrow frequency bands and we select beam azimuths and slownesses that correspond to the largest continuous sources per day. Our procedure automatically discard earthquakes which are localized during short time durations. Using this approach, we detect many more noise P-waves than S-waves. Source locations are determined by back-projecting the detected slowness/azimuth. P and S waves are generated in nearby areas and both source locations are frequency dependent. Long period sources are dominantly in the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean whereas shorter period sources are rather in the North Atlantic Ocean. We further show that the detected S-waves are dominantly Sv-waves. We model the observed body waves using an ocean wave model that takes into account all possible wave interactions including coastal reflection. We use the wave model to separate direct and multiply reflected phases for P and S waves respectively. We show that in the South Atlantic the complex source pattern can be explained by the existence of both coastal and pelagic sources whereas in the North Atlantic most body wave sources are pelagic. For each detected source, we determine the equivalent source magnitude which is compared to the model.

ISS Passes over Hurricane_Irma_GMT248-1510

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-09-05

The International Space Station’s external cameras captured a dramatic view of Hurricane Irma as it moved across the Atlantic Ocean Sept. 5. The National Hurricane Center had recently upgraded Irma to a Category 5 storm with hurricane warnings issued across the Caribbean.

Observed Recent Trends in Tropical Cyclone Rainfall Over Major Ocean Basins

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lau, K. M.; Zhou, Y. P.

2011-01-01

In this study, we use Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) rainfall data together with historical storm track records to examine the trend of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in major ocean basins during recent decades (1980-2007). We find that accumulated total rainfall along storm tracks for all tropical cyclones shows a weak positive trend over the whole tropics. However, total rainfall associated with weak storms, and intense storms (Category 4-5) both show significant positive trends, while total rainfall associated with intermediate storms (Category1-3) show a significant negative trend. Storm intensity defined as total rain produced per unit storm also shows increasing trend for all storm types. Basin-wide, from the first half (1980-1993) to the second half (1994-2007) of the data period, the North Atlantic shows the pronounced increase in TC number and TC rainfall while the Northeast Pacific shows a significant decrease in all storm types. Except for the Northeast Pacific, all other major basins (North Atlantic, Northwest Pacific, Southern Oceans, and Northern Indian Ocean) show a significant increase in total number and rainfall amount in Category 4-5 storms. Overall, trends in TC rainfall in different ocean basins are consistent with long-term changes in the ambient large-scale environment, including SST, vertical wind shear, sea level pressure, mid-tropospheric humidity, and Maximum Potential Intensity (MPI). Notably the pronounced positive (negative) trend of TC rainfall in the North Atlantic (Northeast Pacific) appears to be related to the most (least) rapid increase in SST and MPI, and the largest decrease (increase) in vertical wind shear in the region, relative to other ocean basins.

Nonlinear analysis of the occurrence of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rojo-Garibaldi, Berenice; Salas-de-León, David Alberto; Adela Monreal-Gómez, María; Sánchez-Santillán, Norma Leticia; Salas-Monreal, David

2018-04-01

Hurricanes are complex systems that carry large amounts of energy. Their impact often produces natural disasters involving the loss of human lives and materials, such as infrastructure, valued at billions of US dollars. However, not everything about hurricanes is negative, as hurricanes are the main source of rainwater for the regions where they develop. This study shows a nonlinear analysis of the time series of the occurrence of hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea obtained from 1749 to 2012. The construction of the hurricane time series was carried out based on the hurricane database of the North Atlantic basin hurricane database (HURDAT) and the published historical information. The hurricane time series provides a unique historical record on information about ocean-atmosphere interactions. The Lyapunov exponent indicated that the system presented chaotic dynamics, and the spectral analysis and nonlinear analyses of the time series of the hurricanes showed chaotic edge behavior. One possible explanation for this chaotic edge is the individual chaotic behavior of hurricanes, either by category or individually regardless of their category and their behavior on a regular basis.

Paleogeographic constraints on continental-scale source-to-sink systems: Northern South America and its Atlantic margins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bajolet, Flora; Chardon, Dominique; Rouby, Delphine; Dall'Asta, Massimo; Roig, Jean-Yves; Loparev, Artiom; Coueffe, Renaud

2017-04-01

Our work aims at setting the evolving boundary conditions of erosion and sediments transfer, transit, and onshore-offshore accumulations on northern South America and along its Atlantic margins. Since the Early Mesozoic, the source-to-sink system evolved under the interplay of four main processes, which are (i) volcanism and arc building along the proto-Andes, (ii) long-term dynamics of the Amazon incratonic basin, (iii) rifting, relaxation and rejuvenation of the Atlantic margins and (iv) building of the Andes. We compiled information available from geological maps and the literature regarding tectonics, plate kinematics, magmatism, stratigraphy, sedimentology (including paleoenvironments and currents) and thermochronology to produce a series of paleogeographic maps showing the tectonic and kinematic framework of continental areas under erosion (sources), by-pass and accumulation (sinks) over the Amazonian craton, its adjacent regions and along its Atlantic margins. The maps also allow assessing the relative impact of (i) ongoing Pacific subduction, (ii) Atlantic rifting and its aftermath, and (iii) Atlantic slab retreat from under the Caribbean domain on the distribution and activity of onshore/offshore sedimentary basins. Stratigraphic and thermochronology data are also used to assess denudation / vertical motions due to sediment transfers and lithosphere-asthenosphere interactions. This study ultimately aims at linking the sediment routing system to long-wavelength deformation of northern South America under the influence of mountain building, intracratonic geodynamics, divergent margin systems and mantle dynamics.

Black carbon concentrations and sources in the marine boundary layer of the tropical Atlantic Ocean using four methodologies

EPA Science Inventory

Combustion-derived aerosols in the marine boundary layer have been poorly studied, especially in remote environments such as the open Atlantic Ocean. The tropical Atlantic has the potential to contain a high concentration of aerosols, such as black carbon, due to the African emis...

Carbon and Neodymium Isotopic Fingerprints of Atlantic Deep Ocean Circulation During the Warm Pliocene

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riesselman, C. R.; Scher, H.; Robinson, M. M.; Dowsett, H. J.; Bell, D. B.

2012-12-01

Earth's future climate may resemble the mid-Piacenzian Age of the Pliocene, a time when global temperatures were sustained within the range predicted for the coming century. Surface and deep water temperature reconstructions and coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model simulations by the USGS PRISM (Pliocene Research Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping) Group identify a dramatic North Atlantic warm surface temperature anomaly in the mid-Piacenzian (3.264 - 3.025 Ma), accompanied by increased evaporation. The anomaly is detected in deep waters at 46°S, suggesting enhanced meridional overturning circulation and more southerly penetration of North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) during the PRISM interval. However deep water temperature proxies are not diagnostic of water mass and some coupled model simulations predict transient decreases in NADW production in the 21st century, presenting a contrasting picture of future climate. We present a new multi-proxy investigation of Atlantic deep ocean circulation during the warm mid-Piacenzian, using δ13C of benthic foraminifera as a proxy for water mass age and the neodymium isotopic composition of fossil fish teeth (ɛNd) as a proxy for water mass source and mixing. This reconstruction utilizes both new and previously published data from DSDP and ODP cores along equatorial (Ceara Rise), southern mid-latitude (Walvis Ridge), and south Atlantic (Meteor Rise/Agulhas Ridge) depth transects. Additional end-member sites in the regions of modern north Atlantic and Southern Ocean deep water formation provide a Pliocene baseline for comparison. δ13C throughout the Atlantic basin is remarkably homogenous during the PRISM interval. δ13C values of Cibicidoides spp. and C. wuellerstorfi largely range between 0‰ and 1‰ at North Atlantic, shallow equatorial, southern mid-latitude, and south Atlantic sites with water depths from 2000-4700 m; both depth and latitudinal gradients are generally small (~0.3‰). However, equatorial Ceara Rise sites below 3500 m diverge, with δ13C values as low as -1.2‰ at ~3.15 Ma. The uniquely negative δ13C values at deep Ceara rise sites suggest that, during PRISM warmth, the oldest Atlantic deep waters may have resided along the modern deep western boundary current, while younger deep water masses were concentrated to the south and east. In the modern Atlantic, the ɛNd value of southern-sourced waters is more radiogenic than that of northern-sourced waters, providing a complimentary means to characterize Pliocene water mass geometry. ɛNd values from shallow (2500 m) and deep (4700 m) Walvis Ridge sites average -10 and -11 respectively; the shallow site is somewhat more radiogenic than published coretop ɛNd (-12), suggesting enhanced Pliocene influence of southern-sourced water masses. Ongoing analytical efforts will fingerprint Piacenzian ɛNd from north and south deep water source regions and will target additional depth transect ɛNd, allowing us to investigate the possibility that "older" carbon isotopic signatures at western equatorial sites reflect entrainment of proto-NADW while "younger" signatures at southern and eastern sites reflect the influence of southern-sourced deep water.

Changes in Equatorial Atlantic Ocean Thermohaline Circulation Across the Mid-Pleistocene Transition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yehudai, M.; Kim, J.; Seguí, M. J.; Goldstein, S. L.; Pena, L. D.; Haynes, L.; Hoenisch, B.; Farmer, J. R.; Ford, H. L.; Raymo, M. E.; Bickert, T.

2016-12-01

The Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT) marked a change in the duration of glacial-interglacial cycles from 41 to 100kyr between 1.3-0.7 Ma. A recent study (Pena and Goldstein, Science, 2014) from the Southern Atlantic Ocean found evidence for major disruptions in the global thermohaline circulation (THC) between MIS 25-21 ( 950-850ka), which may have triggered intensified glacial periods and the onset of the 100 kyr cycles. We report new Nd isotope data on Fe-Mn oxide encrusted foraminifera and fish debris from ODP Site 926 (3.719N, 42.908W, 3598m) between 1.2-0.4 Ma, in order to evaluate changes in the THC in the equatorial Atlantic, through comparison with North and South Atlantic sites. The ODP 926 ɛNd values fall in-between those in the North Atlantic (DSDP 607) and South Atlantic (ODP 1088 and 1090) throughout the studied interval, consistent with mixing between northern and southern end-members, and supporting the interpretation that the data represent the THC signal at this site. Pre-MPT data show smaller glacial-interglacial differences compared to the greater post-MPT glacial-interglacial variability. As Pena and Goldstein (2014) observed in the South Atlantic, during MIS 23 at 900 ka, ɛNd values do not shift significantly toward North Atlantic more negative values, consistent with a weak THC through this critical weak interglacial. Comparing ODP 926 and DSDP 607 data, ɛNd values converge during most interglacial peaks (excepting MIS 23) and diverge otherwise. This observation indicates that northern-sourced water masses dominate the site during peak interglacials, and confirms that the THC has been strongest during peak interglacials throughout the studied interval. Otherwise, diverging ɛNd values indicate a stronger southern-source signal and weaker northern-source signal at the ODP 926 site. This confirms that there was an active but variable THC system before, during, and after the MPT, with stronger deep water export from the North Atlantic during interglacials.

Convective Lofting Links Indian Ocean Air Pollution to Paradoxical South Atlantic Ozone Maxima

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chatfield, Robert B.; Guan, Hong; Thompson, Anne M.; Witte, Jacquelyn C.

2003-01-01

We describe a broad resolution of the "Atlantic Paradox" concerning the seasonal and geographic distribution of tropical tropospheric ozone. We describe periods of significant maximum tropospheric O3 for Jan.-April, 1999, exploiting satellite estimates and SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes). Trajectory analyses connecting sondes and Total Tropospheric Ozone (TTO)O3 maps suggest a complex influence from the Indian Ocean: beginning with mixed combustion sources, then low level transport, cumulonimbus venting, and finally high-level transport to the west, with possible mixing over Africa. For the Jan.- March highest column-O3 periods in the Atlantic, distinct sounding peaks trace to specific NO sources, especially lightning, while in the same episodes, recurring every 30 or 60 days, more diffuse buildups of Indian-to-Atlantic pollution make important contributions.

Convective lofting links Indian Ocean air pollution to paradoxical South Atlantic ozone maxima

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chatfield, R. B.; Guan, H.; Thompson, A. M.; Witte, J. C.

2005-01-01

We describe a broad resolution of the Atlantic Parado concerning the seasonal and geographic distribution, of tropical tropospheric ozone. We highlight periods of significant maximum tropospheric O3 for Jan.- April, 1999, exploiting satellite estimates and SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes). Trajectory analyses connecting sondes and Total Tropospheric Ozone (TTO) maps suggest a complex influence from the Indian Ocean: beginning with mixed combustion sources, then low level transport, cumulonimbus venting, possible stratospheric input, and finally high-level transport to the west, with possible mixing over Africa. For the Jan.-March highest column-O3 periods in the Atlantic, distinct sounding peaks trace to specific NO sources, especially lightning, while in the same episodes, recurring every 20-50 days, more diffuse buildups of Indian-to-Atlantic pollution make important contributions.

Similar mid-depth Atlantic water mass provenance during the Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Stadial 1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Howe, Jacob N. W.; Huang, Kuo-Fang; Oppo, Delia W.; Chiessi, Cristiano M.; Mulitza, Stefan; Blusztajn, Jurek; Piotrowski, Alexander M.

2018-05-01

The delivery of freshwater to the North Atlantic during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) is thought to have fundamentally altered the operation of Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Although benthic foraminiferal carbon isotope records from the mid-depth Atlantic show a pronounced excursion to lower values during HS1, whether these shifts correspond to changes in water mass proportions, advection, or shifts in the carbon cycle remains unclear. Here we present new deglacial records of authigenic neodymium isotopes - a water mass tracer that is independent of the carbon cycle - from two cores in the mid-depth South Atlantic. We find no change in neodymium isotopic composition, and thus water mass proportions, between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and HS1, despite large decreases in carbon isotope values at the onset of HS1 in the same cores. We suggest that the excursions of carbon isotopes to lower values were likely caused by the accumulation of respired organic matter due to slow overturning circulation, rather than to increased southern-sourced water, as typically assumed. The finding that there was little change in water mass provenance in the mid-depth South Atlantic between the LGM and HS1, despite decreased overturning, suggests that the rate of production of mid-depth southern-sourced water mass decreased in concert with decreased production of northern-sourced intermediate water at the onset of HS1. Consequently, we propose that even drastic changes in the strength of AMOC need not cause a significant change in South Atlantic mid-depth water mass proportions.

Atlantic Ocean Circulation and Climate: The Current View From the Geological Record

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Curry, W.

2006-12-01

Several recent advances in our understanding of past ocean circulation come from geological reconstructions using deep sea sediment proxies of water mass structure and flow. Put together, the observations suggest that the Atlantic Ocean during the last glacial period (21,000 years ago) was very different from today. Geochemical tracers document a shoaling of North Atlantic Deep Water and a much greater volume of deep waters with an Antarctic origin. Sedimentary pore water profiles have detected a reversal in the salinity gradient between northern and southern deep water sources. Uranium-series decay products in North Atlantic sediments indicate that the southward transport of North Atlantic Deep Water was as much as 30-40% reduced from today's transport. Ocean-margin density reconstructions are consistent with a one third reduction in transport through the Florida Straits. A reversed cross-basin density gradient in the South Atlantic calls for a different intermediate water circulation in the South Atlantic. The glacial Atlantic circulation appears to be best explained by a reduced influence of North Atlantic deep water sources and much greater influence of Antarctic deep water sources. More recent changes in Atlantic circulation have been much more modest. During the Little Ice Age (LIA - a much smaller cooling event about 200 to 600 years ago), transport of the Florida Current was reduced by about 10%, significant but a much smaller reduction than observed during the glacial period. There is little evidence for a change in the distribution or geochemistry of the water masses during the LIA. For both climate events (the glacial and the LIA) reduced Florida Current transport was accompanied by increased salinity of its surface waters, linking changes in ocean circulation to large scale changes in surface water hydrology. A feedback between the circulation of the Atlantic Ocean and the climate of the tropics has been proposed before and also seen in some coupled climate models: variations in the temperature gradients in the Atlantic basin affect the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and alter evaporation and precipitation patterns in the tropics. The salinity anomalies caused by these atmospheric shifts eventually are transported back to high latitudes by ocean circulation (Vellinga and Wu, 2004). Several recent geological reconstructions appear to observe such a coupling on centennial and millennial time scales.

Efficiency of protected areas in Amazon and Atlantic Forest conservation: A spatio-temporal view

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sobral-Souza, Thadeu; Vancine, Maurício Humberto; Ribeiro, Milton Cezar; Lima-Ribeiro, Matheus S.

2018-02-01

The Amazon and Atlantic Forest are considered the world's most biodiverse biomes. Human and climate change impacts are the principal drivers of species loss in both biomes, more severely in the Atlantic Forest. In response to species loss, the main conservation action is the creation of protected areas (PAs). Current knowledge and research on the PA network's conservation efficiency is scarce, and existing studies have mainly considered a past temporal view. In this study, we tested the efficiency of the current PA network to maintain climatically stable areas (CSAs) across the Amazon and Atlantic Forest. To this, we used an ecological niche modeling approach to biome and paleoclimatic simulations. We propose three categories of conservation priority areas for both biomes, considering CSAs, PAs and intact forest remnants. The biomes vary in their respective PA networks' protection efficiency. Regarding protect CSAs, the Amazon PA network is four times more efficient than the Atlantic Forest PA network. New conservation efforts in these two forest biomes require different approaches. We discussed the conservation actions that should be taken in each biome to increase the efficiency of the PA network, considering both the creation and expansion of PAs as well as restoration programs.

Wet deposition of trace elements and radon daughter systematics in the South and equatorial Atlantic atmosphere

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, Guebuem; Church, Thomas M.

2002-09-01

Atmospheric samples were collected aboard ship in the South and equatorial Atlantic (35°S-10°N) between 19 May and 20 June 1996. We measured 222Rn in air, 210Pb in aerosol, and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cd, Ni, and Cr), 210Pb, and 210Po in precipitation samples. The large variation of 222Rn in air suggests a significant change in the incursion of continental air with time and latitude in the remote Atlantic. In the equatorial and subtropical Atlantic (20°S-10°N), 222Rn activity was lower but 210Pb/222Rn ratios were higher than those at higher latitudes. The higher 210Pb/222Rn ratios in the equatorial Atlantic appear to be due to prevailing trade easterly winds which transport a supported source of 210Pb in Saharan dust from the African Sahel. The enrichment of noncrustal trace elements in precipitation samples from the remote equatorial Atlantic was small on account of the remoteness from the continental emission regions and as a result of dilution with Saharan dust. The wet depositional fluxes of major crustal elements (Fe and Mn) were two- to three-fold higher, while those of Cd and Zn were two- to ten-fold lower, in the South and equatorial Atlantic relative to the western North Atlantic (Bermuda) or North Atlantic coast (Lewes, Delaware). Thus, dominant wet precipitation of Saharan dust in the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) areas of the equatorial Atlantic appears to be a large potential source of micronutrients (i.e., Fe) to surface seawater.

On the Relationship Between the Length of Season and Tropical Cyclone Activity in the North Atlantic Basin During the Weather Satellite Era, 1960-2013

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wilson, Robert M.

2014-01-01

Officially, the North Atlantic basin tropical cyclone season runs from June 1 through November 30 of each year. During this 183-day interval, the vast majority of tropical cyclone onsets are found to occur. For example, in a study of the 715 tropical cyclones that occurred in the North Atlantic basin during the interval 1945-2010, it was found that about 97 percent of them had their onsets during the conventional hurricane season, with the bulk (78 percent) having had onset during the late summer-early fall months of August, September, and October and with none having had onset in the month of March. For the 2014 hurricane season, it already has had the onset of its first named storm on July 1 (day of year (DOY) 182), Arthur, which formed off the east coast of Florida, rapidly growing into a category-2 hurricane with peak 1-minute sustained wind speed of about 90 kt and striking the coast of North Carolina as a category-2 hurricane on July 3. Arthur is the first hurricane larger than category-1 to strike the United States (U.S.) since the year 2008 when Ike struck Texas as a category-2 hurricane and there has not been a major hurricane (category-3 or larger) to strike the U.S. since Wilma struck Florida as a category-3 hurricane in 2005. Only two category-1 hurricanes struck the U.S. in the year 2012 (Isaac and Sandy, striking Louisiana and New York, respectively) and there were no U.S. land-falling hurricanes in 2013 (also true for the years 1962, 1973, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1990, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2009, and 2010). In recent years it has been argued that the length of season (LOS), determined as the inclusive elapsed time between the first storm day (FSD) and the last storm day (LSD) of the yearly hurricane season (i.e., when peak 1-minute sustained wind speed of at least 34 kt occurred and the tropical cyclone was not classified as 'extratropical'), has increased in length with the lengthening believed to be due to the FSD occurring sooner and the LSD occurring later and with both being related to global warming. In this study, the relationship between the LOS and tropical cyclone activity and climate is examined for the weather satellite era, 1960-2013. Estimates are also given for the LOS and LSD, as well as for the expected number of tropical cyclones (NTC), the total number of storm days (NSD), the total accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), and the net tropical cyclone activity (NTCA) index for the 2014 hurricane season.

Changes in the Distribution of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Maine 1979-2005

PubMed Central

Golet, Walter J.; Galuardi, Benjamin; Cooper, Andrew B.; Lutcavage, Molly E.

2013-01-01

The Gulf of Maine, NW Atlantic Ocean, is a productive, seasonal foraging ground for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), but commercial landings of adult size classes were up to 40% below the allocated total allowable catch between 2004 to 2008 for the rod and reel, harpoon, and purse seine categories in the Gulf of Maine. Reduction in Atlantic bluefin tuna catches in the Gulf of Maine could represent a decline in spawning stock biomass, but given wide-ranging, complex migration patterns, and high energetic requirements, an alternative hypothesis is that their dispersal patterns shifted to regions with higher prey abundance or profitability, reducing availability to U.S. fishing fleets. This study fit generalized linear models to Atlantic bluefin tuna landings data collected from fishermen’s logbooks (1979-2005) as well as the distances between bluefin tuna schools and Atlantic herring ( Clupea harengus ), a primary prey species, to test alternative hypotheses for observed shifts in Atlantic bluefin tuna availability in the Gulf of Maine. For the bluefin model, landings varied by day of year, latitude and longitude. The effect of latitude differed by day of year and the effect of longitude differed by year. The distances between Atlantic bluefin tuna schools and Atlantic herring schools were significantly smaller (p<0.05) than would be expected from a randomly distributed population. A time series of average bluefin tuna school positions was positively correlated with the average number of herring captured per tow on Georges Bank in spring and autumn surveys respectively (p<0.01, r2=0.24, p<0.01, r2=0.42). Fishermen’s logbooks contributed novel spatial and temporal information towards testing these hypotheses for the bluefin tuna fishery. PMID:24069420

Changes in the distribution of atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in the Gulf of Maine 1979-2005.

PubMed

Golet, Walter J; Galuardi, Benjamin; Cooper, Andrew B; Lutcavage, Molly E

2013-01-01

The Gulf of Maine, NW Atlantic Ocean, is a productive, seasonal foraging ground for Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus), but commercial landings of adult size classes were up to 40% below the allocated total allowable catch between 2004 to 2008 for the rod and reel, harpoon, and purse seine categories in the Gulf of Maine. Reduction in Atlantic bluefin tuna catches in the Gulf of Maine could represent a decline in spawning stock biomass, but given wide-ranging, complex migration patterns, and high energetic requirements, an alternative hypothesis is that their dispersal patterns shifted to regions with higher prey abundance or profitability, reducing availability to U.S. fishing fleets. This study fit generalized linear models to Atlantic bluefin tuna landings data collected from fishermen's logbooks (1979-2005) as well as the distances between bluefin tuna schools and Atlantic herring (Clupeaharengus), a primary prey species, to test alternative hypotheses for observed shifts in Atlantic bluefin tuna availability in the Gulf of Maine. For the bluefin model, landings varied by day of year, latitude and longitude. The effect of latitude differed by day of year and the effect of longitude differed by year. The distances between Atlantic bluefin tuna schools and Atlantic herring schools were significantly smaller (p<0.05) than would be expected from a randomly distributed population. A time series of average bluefin tuna school positions was positively correlated with the average number of herring captured per tow on Georges Bank in spring and autumn surveys respectively (p<0.01, r(2)=0.24, p<0.01, r(2)=0.42). Fishermen's logbooks contributed novel spatial and temporal information towards testing these hypotheses for the bluefin tuna fishery.

Novel Proxies Approach to Characterise Ice Rafting Events in the North Atlantic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornilova, O.; Russell, M.; Rosell-Melé, A.; Evans, I. S.

2002-12-01

During the last glacial period, there have been several episodes of quasi-periodic iceberg discharge from the ice sheets into the North Atlantic (Heinrich Events) (Heinrich, 1988). These episodes are recorded in Quaternary sediments as layers of ice rafted debris (IRD). Properties of sediments in these Heinrich Layers (HLs) differ from those of adjacent ambient sediments. Heinrich Events (HEs) are associated with changes in global climate. To determine the cause of HEs, work on provenance of IRD was undertaken. Previous studies included analysis of bulk properties of lithic and organic matter in IRD and an attempt to correlate them with those of possible continental sources (e.g. Grousset et al., 2001). We used biomarker approach to characterise the provenance of IRD in the North Atlantic, similar to oil-source rock correlation used in petroleum industry. In this work, biomarker composition of Heinrich Layers from several North Atlantic cores was compared with that of possible source areas. As a proxy for source of IRD, we analysed glaciogenic debris flows from trough mouth fans (TMF) that formed as a result of iceberg discharge (Vorren and Laberg, 1997). Those included samples from the Nordic Seas, Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay. Different classes of organic compounds (e.g. photosynthetic pigments and hydrocarbons) were characterised. Variability within each class, relative abundances of different components and isotopic signatures were considered. Biomarker fingerprints were compared within each core, within each TMF and between TMFs. Cluster analysis was performed to correlate sources of IRD (TMFs) and its sinks (HLs from several North Atlantic cores). Grousset et al. 2001. Zooming in on Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240-259. Heinrich, H. 1988. Origin and Consequence of Ice Rafting In Northeast Atlantic Ocean During the Past 130,000 Years. Quaternary Research, 29, 143-152. Vorren and Laberg. 1997. Trough Mouth Fans - Palaeoclimate and Ice-Sheet Monitors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 856-881.

Observed Near-Surface Currents Four Super Typhoons

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-07-16

floats under category-4 hur- ricane Frances 2004 (D’Asaro et al., 2007 ; Sanford et al., 2011). Maximum current velocities of 2.0 m s−1 and 1.7 m s−1...Teague et al., 2007 ). The observed maximum current velocities and the storm’s track in the earlier studies are listed in Table 1. In addition to current...2011) 1.5 Ivan (2004), Gulf of Mexico Category-4 5.8 ADCP 15 6 Teague et al. ( 2007 ) 2.1 Harvey (2005), Atlantic Tropical storm 6.3 ADCP 5 18 Black

40 CFR 98.160 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Hydrogen Production § 98.160 Definition of the source category. (a) A hydrogen production source category consists of facilities that produce hydrogen gas sold as a product to other entities. (b) This source category comprises process units that produce hydrogen by...

40 CFR 98.160 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Hydrogen Production § 98.160 Definition of the source category. (a) A hydrogen production source category consists of facilities that produce hydrogen gas sold as a product to other entities. (b) This source category comprises process units that produce hydrogen by...

40 CFR 98.160 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Hydrogen Production § 98.160 Definition of the source category. (a) A hydrogen production source category consists of facilities that produce hydrogen gas sold as a product to other entities. (b) This source category comprises process units that produce hydrogen by...

40 CFR 98.160 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Hydrogen Production § 98.160 Definition of the source category. (a) A hydrogen production source category consists of facilities that produce hydrogen gas sold as a product to other entities. (b) This source category comprises process units that produce hydrogen by...

40 CFR 98.160 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Hydrogen Production § 98.160 Definition of the source category. (a) A hydrogen production source category consists of facilities that produce hydrogen gas sold as a product to other entities. (b) This source category comprises process units that produce hydrogen by...

Provenance of ice rafted debris in the North Atlantic: biomarker approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kornilova, O.; Russell, M.; Rosell-Melé, A.

2003-04-01

During the last glacial period, there have been several episodes of quasi-periodic iceberg discharge from the ice sheets into the North Atlantic (Heinrich Events) (Heinrich, 1988). These episodes are recorded in Quaternary sediments as layers of ice rafted debris (IRD), whose properties differ from those of adjacent ambient sediments. Heinrich Events (HEs) are associated with changes in global climate. To determine the cause of HEs, work on provenance of IRD was undertaken. Previous studies included analysis of bulk properties of lithic &organic matter of IRD in Heinrich Layers (HLs) and an attempt to correlate them with possible continental sources (e.g. Grousset et al., 2001). We used biomarker approach to characterise the provenance of IRD in the North Atlantic, similar to oil-source rock correlation well established in petroleum industry. In this work, biomarker composition of Heinrich Layers from several North Atlantic cores was compared with that of possible source areas. As a proxy for source of IRD, we analysed glaciogenic debris flows from trough mouth fans (TMF) that formed as a result of iceberg discharge (Vorren &Laberg, 1997). Those include samples from the Nordic Seas, Labrador Sea, Baffin Bay and combined Arctic sources. Different classes of organic compounds (e.g. photosynthetic pigments and hydrocarbons) were characterised using UV-Vis, LC-MS and GC, GC-MS respectively. Variability within each class, relative abundances of different components and isotopic signatures were considered. Biomarker signatures of debris flows were compared with those of IRD in Heinrich Layers (HLs) from four North Atlantic cores containing HLs 1-6 (MD95-2024, ODP-609, BOSF-5K and SU90-09). Variability between different cores and between different HLs was considered as well as variability within each HL (1-5) for SU90-09. Cluster analysis was performed to correlate sources of IRD (TMFs) and sinks (HLs). Grousset et al. 2001. Zooming in on Heinrich layers. Paleoceanography, 16, 240-259. Heinrich, H. 1988. Origin and Consequence of Ice Rafting In Northeast Atlantic Ocean During the Past 130,000 Years. Quaternary Research, 29, 143-152. Vorren &Laberg. 1997. Trough mouth fans - palaeoclimate and ice-sheet monitors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 856-881.

Yaws, syphilis, sexuality, and the circulation of medical knowledge in the British Caribbean and the Atlantic world.

PubMed

Paugh, Katherine

2014-01-01

This history of the disease categories "yaws" and "syphilis" explores the interplay between European and African medical cultures in the early modern Atlantic world. The assertion made by both early modern and modern medical authorities, that yaws and syphilis are the same disease, prompts a case study of the history of disease that reflects on a variety of issues in the history of medicine: the use of ideas about contagion to demarcate racial and sexual difference at sites around the British Empire; the contrast between persistently holistic ideas about disease causation in the Black Atlantic and the growth of ontological theories of disease among Europeans and Euro-Americans; and the controversy over the African practice of yaws inoculation, which may once have been an effective treatment but was stamped out by plantation owners who viewed it as a waste of their enslaved laborers' valuable time.

Threat Identification Parameters for a Stolen Category 1 Radioactive Source

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ussery, Larry Eugene; Winkler, Ryan; Myers, Steven Charles

2016-02-18

Radioactive sources are used very widely for research and practical applications across medicine, industry, government, universities, and agriculture. The risks associated with these sources vary widely depending on the specific radionuclide used to make the source, source activity, and its chemical and physical form. Sources are categorized by a variety of classification schemes according to the specific risk they pose to the public. This report specifically addresses sources that are classified in the highest category for health risk (category 1). Exposure to an unshielded or lightly shielded category 1 source is extremely dangerous to life and health and can bemore » fatal in relatively short exposure times measured in seconds to minutes. A Category 1 source packaged according to the guidelines dictated by the NRC and U.S. Department of Transportation will typically be surrounded by a large amount of dense shielding material, but will still exhibit a significant dose rate in close proximity. Detection ranges for Category 1 gamma ray sources can extend beyond 5000 ft, but will depend mostly on the source isotope and activity, and the level of shielding around the source. Category 1 sources are easy to detect, but difficult to localize. Dose rates in proximity to an unshielded Category 1 source are extraordinarily high. At distances of a few hundred feet, the functionality of many commonly used handheld instruments will be extremely limited for both the localization and identification of the source. Radiation emitted from a Category 1 source will scatter off of both solid material (ground and buildings) and the atmosphere, a phenomenon known as skyshine. This scattering affects the ability to easily localize and find the source.« less

Tsunami Forecasting in the Atlantic Basin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knight, W. R.; Whitmore, P.; Sterling, K.; Hale, D. A.; Bahng, B.

2012-12-01

The mission of the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) is to provide advance tsunami warning and guidance to coastal communities within its Area-of-Responsibility (AOR). Predictive tsunami models, based on the shallow water wave equations, are an important part of the Center's guidance support. An Atlantic-based counterpart to the long-standing forecasting ability in the Pacific known as the Alaska Tsunami Forecast Model (ATFM) is now developed. The Atlantic forecasting method is based on ATFM version 2 which contains advanced capabilities over the original model; including better handling of the dynamic interactions between grids, inundation over dry land, new forecast model products, an optional non-hydrostatic approach, and the ability to pre-compute larger and more finely gridded regions using parallel computational techniques. The wide and nearly continuous Atlantic shelf region presents a challenge for forecast models. Our solution to this problem has been to develop a single unbroken high resolution sub-mesh (currently 30 arc-seconds), trimmed to the shelf break. This allows for edge wave propagation and for kilometer scale bathymetric feature resolution. Terminating the fine mesh at the 2000m isobath keeps the number of grid points manageable while allowing for a coarse (4 minute) mesh to adequately resolve deep water tsunami dynamics. Higher resolution sub-meshes are then included around coastal forecast points of interest. The WCATWC Atlantic AOR includes eastern U.S. and Canada, the U.S. Gulf of Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are in very close proximity to well-known tsunami sources. Because travel times are under an hour and response must be immediate, our focus is on pre-computing many tsunami source "scenarios" and compiling those results into a database accessible and calibrated with observations during an event. Seismic source evaluation determines the order of model pre-computation - starting with those sources that carry the highest risk. Model computation zones are confined to regions at risk to save computation time. For example, Atlantic sources have been shown to not propagate into the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, fine grid computations are not performed in the Gulf for Atlantic sources. Outputs from the Atlantic model include forecast marigrams at selected sites, maximum amplitudes, drawdowns, and currents for all coastal points. The maximum amplitude maps will be supplemented with contoured energy flux maps which show more clearly the effects of bathymetric features on tsunami wave propagation. During an event, forecast marigrams will be compared to observations to adjust the model results. The modified forecasts will then be used to set alert levels between coastal breakpoints, and provided to emergency management.

78 FR 52123 - Atlantic Highly Migratory Species; 2006 Consolidated Highly Migratory Species Fishery Management...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-08-22

... quota. As described in the proposed rule, the proposed measures include Allocation measures, Area-Based... logistics for 10 public hearings to provide additional opportunities for members of the public to comment on... among the quota categories; (2) area-based measures that would implement restrictions on the use of...

German and American Universities: Mutual Influence--Past and Present. Werkstattberichte 36.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Teichler, Ulrich, Ed.; Wasser, Henry, Ed.

The nine conference papers presented in this report offer analyses of the German and American university systems and their interactions as well as discussions of significant issues in contemporary higher education generally. Papers were solicited from leading scholars on both sides of the Atlantic and assigned to four related categories. Two…

40 CFR 408.150 - Applicability; description of the fish meal processing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the fish... CATEGORY Fish Meal Processing Subcategory § 408.150 Applicability; description of the fish meal processing... menhaden on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and the processing of anchovy on the West Coast into fish meal...

40 CFR 408.150 - Applicability; description of the fish meal processing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Applicability; description of the fish... CATEGORY Fish Meal Processing Subcategory § 408.150 Applicability; description of the fish meal processing... menhaden on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and the processing of anchovy on the West Coast into fish meal...

40 CFR 408.150 - Applicability; description of the fish meal processing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Applicability; description of the fish... CATEGORY Fish Meal Processing Subcategory § 408.150 Applicability; description of the fish meal processing... menhaden on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and the processing of anchovy on the West Coast into fish meal...

40 CFR 408.150 - Applicability; description of the fish meal processing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Applicability; description of the fish... CATEGORY Fish Meal Processing Subcategory § 408.150 Applicability; description of the fish meal processing... menhaden on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and the processing of anchovy on the West Coast into fish meal...

40 CFR 408.150 - Applicability; description of the fish meal processing subcategory.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Applicability; description of the fish... CATEGORY Fish Meal Processing Subcategory § 408.150 Applicability; description of the fish meal processing... menhaden on the Gulf and Atlantic Coasts and the processing of anchovy on the West Coast into fish meal...

Description of three species of Eurypon Gray, 1867 (Raspailiidae: Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Western Atlantic and a name to replace the the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti.

PubMed

Cavalcanti, ThaynÃ; Santos, George Garcia; Pinheiro, Ulisses

2018-02-28

Eurypon  Gray, 1867 comprises 49 valid species distributed worldwide, and in an extensive bathymetric range. Three Eurypon species are known for Brazil, all endemic from the Northeast region. Here, we describe three new species of Eurypon. Two of which are recorded from shallow waters (down to 100 m) off Pernambuco and Paraíba States, and one species is from deep waters (157 m) off Rio Grande do Norte State. Eurypon oxychaetum sp. nov. has large subtylostyles (1025-2125 µm, length), styles, two categories of acanthostyles and oxychaetes; Eurypon potiguaris sp. nov. has large tylostyles (1000-2315 µm, length), two categories of acanthostyles, and thin oxeas; Eurypon verticillatum sp. nov. is a blue sponge with exclusive verticillate acanthostyles. The new species were compared with all other Atlantic species of the genus. A replacement name for the secondary homonym Eurypon topsenti is proposed: Eurypon pulitzeri nom. nov. The presence of verticillate acanthostyles and oxychaetes spicules are reported for the first time in Table 1 genus.

New Perspectives from Satellite and Profile Observations on Tropospheric Ozone over Africa and the Adjacent Oceans: An Indian-Atlantic Ocean Link to tbe "Ozone Paradox"

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thompson, Anne M.; Witte, Jacquelyn C.; Diab, Roseanne D.; Thouret, Valerie; Sauvage, Bastien; Chatfield, B.; Guan, Hong

2004-01-01

In the past few years, tropospheric ozone observations of Africa and its adjacent ocenas have been greatly enhanced by high resolution (spatial and temporal) satellite measurements and profile data from aircraft (MOZAIC) and balloon-borne (SHADOZ) soundings. These views have demonstrated for the first time the complexity of chemical-dynamical interactions over the African continent and the Indian and Atlantic Oceans. The tropical Atlantic "ozone paradax" refers to the observation that during the season of maximum biomass burning in west Africa north of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), the highest tropospheric ozone total column occurs south of the ITCZ over the tropical Atlantic. The longitudinal view of tropospheric ozone in the southern tropics from SHADOZ (Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes) soundings shown the persistence of a "zonal-wave one" pattern that reinforces the "ozone paradox". These ozone features interact with dynamics over southern and northern Africa where anthropogenic sources include the industrial regions of the South African Highveld and Mideastern-Mediterranean influences, respectively. Our newest studies with satellites and soundings show that up to half the ozone pollution over the Atlantic in the January-March "paradox" period may originate from south Asian pollution. Individual patches of pollurion over the Indian Ocean are transported upward by convective mixing and are enriched by pyrogenic, biogenic sources and lightning as they cross Africa and descend over the Atlantic. In summary, local sources, intercontinental import and export and unique regional transport patterns put Africa at a crossroads of troposheric ozone influences.

Track-pattern-based seasonal prediction model for intense tropical cyclone activities over the North Atlantic and the western North Pacific basins

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Choi, W.; Ho, C. H.

2015-12-01

Intense tropical cyclones (TCs) accompanying heavy rainfall and destructive wind gusts sometimes cause incredible socio-economic damages in the regions near their landfall. This study aims to analyze intense TC activities in the North Atlantic (NA) and the western North Pacific (WNP) basins and develop their track propensity seasonal prediction model. Considering that the number of TCs in the NA basin is much smaller than that in the WNP basin, different intensity criteria are used; category 1 and above for NA and category 3 and above for WNP based on Saffir-Simpson hurricane wind scale. By using a fuzzy clustering method, intense TC tracks in the NA and the WNP basins are classified into two and three representative patterns, respectively. Each pattern shows empirical relationships with climate variabilities such as sea surface temperature distribution associated with El Niño/La Niña or Atlantic Meridional Mode, Pacific decadal oscillation, upper and low level zonal wind, and strength of subtropical high. The hybrid statistical-dynamical method has been used to develop the seasonal prediction model for each pattern based on statistical relationships between the intense TC activity and seasonal averaged key predictors. The model performance is statistically assessed by cross validation for the training period (1982-2013) and has been applied for the 2014 and 2015 prediction. This study suggests applicability of this model to real prediction work and provide bridgehead of attempt for intense TC prediction.

Future Changes in Cyclonic Wave Climate in the North Atlantic, with a Focus on the French West Indies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Belmadani, A.; Palany, P.; Dalphinet, A.; Pilon, R.; Chauvin, F.

2017-12-01

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are a major environmental hazard in numerous small islands such as the French West Indies (Guadeloupe, Martinique, St-Martin, St-Barthélémy). The intense associated winds, which can reach 300 km/h or more, can cause serious damage in the islands and their coastlines. In particular, the combined action of waves, currents and low atmospheric pressure leads to severe storm surge and coastal flooding. Here we report on future changes in cyclonic wave climate for the North Atlantic basin, as a preliminary step for downscaled projections over the French West Indies at sub-kilometer-scale resolution. A new configuration of the Météo-France ARPEGE atmospheric general circulation model on a stretched grid with increased resolution in the tropical North Atlantic ( 15 km) is able to reproduce the observed distribution of maximum surface winds, including extreme events corresponding to Category 5 hurricanes. Ensemble historical simulations (1985-2014, 5 members) and future projections with the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) RCP8.5 scenario (2051-2080, 5 members) are used to drive the MFWAM (Météo-France Wave Action Model) over the North Atlantic basin. A lower 50-km resolution grid is used to propagate distant mid-latitude swells into a higher 10-km resolution grid over the cyclonic basin. Wave model performance is evaluated over a few TC case studies including the Sep-Oct 2016 Category 5 Hurricane Matthew, using an operational version of ARPEGE at similar resolution to force MFWAM together with wave buoy data. The latter are also used to compute multi-year wave statistics, which then allow assessing the realism of the MFWAM historical runs. For each climate scenario and ensemble member, a simulation of the cyclonic season (July to mid-November) is performed every year. The simulated sea states over the North Atlantic cyclonic basin over 150 historical simulations are compared to their counterparts over 150 future simulations. Changes in cyclonic wave climate are discussed in the light of concurrent changes in TC activity, inferred from objective tracking of individual TCs.

40 CFR 98.330 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Zinc Production § 98.330 Definition of the source category. The zinc production source category consists of zinc smelters and secondary zinc recycling facilities. ...

40 CFR 98.330 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Zinc Production § 98.330 Definition of the source category. The zinc production source category consists of zinc smelters and secondary zinc recycling facilities. ...

40 CFR 98.340 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Municipal Solid Waste Landfills § 98.340 Definition of the source category. (a) This source category applies to municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills that accepted... of the following sources at municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills: Landfills, landfill gas collection...

Inter-decadal variation of the Tropical Atlantic-Korea (TA-K) teleconnection pattern during boreal summer season

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ham, Yoo-Geun; Hwang, YeonJi; Lim, Young-Kwon; Kwon, Minho

2017-12-01

The inter-decadal variation of the positive relationship between the tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and Korean precipitation during boreal summer season during 1900-2010 is examined. The 15-year moving correlation between the Tropical Atlantic SST (TAtlSST) index (SST anomalies from 30°S to 30°N and 60°W to 20°E) and Korean precipitation (precipitation anomalies from 35°-40°N to 120°-130°E) during June-July-August exhibits strong inter-decadal variation, which becomes positive at the 95% confidence level after the 1980s. Intensification of the linkage between the TAtlSST index and Korean precipitation after the 1980s is attributed to global warming via the increased background SST. The increase in the background SST over the Atlantic provides background conditions that enhance anomalous convective activity by anomalous Atlantic SST warming. Therefore, the overall atmospheric responses associated with the tropical Atlantic SST warming could intensify. The correlation between the TAtlSST index and Korean precipitation also exhibits strong inter-decadal variation within 1980-2010, which is over 0.8 during early 2000s, while it is relative low (i.e., around 0.6) during the early 1980s. The enhanced co-variability between the tropical and the mid-latitude Atlantic SST during the early 2000s indicates the intensification of TAtlSST-related Rossby wave source over the mid-latitude Atlantic, which excites stationary waves propagated from the Atlantic to the Korean peninsula across northern Europe and northeast Asia. This Rossby-wave train induces a cyclonic flow over the northern edge of the Korea, which intensifies southwesterly and results in precipitation over Korea. This observed decadal difference is well simulated by the stationary wave model experiments with a prescribed TAtlSST-related Rossby wave source over the mid-latitude Atlantic.

Model Analysis of Tropospheric Aerosol Variability and Sources over the North Atlantic During NAAMES 2015-2016

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liu, Hongyu; Moore, Richard; Hostetler, Christopher; Ferrare, Richard; Fairlie, T. Duncan; Hu, Youngxiang; Chen, Gao; Hair, Johnathan W.; Johnson, Matthew; Gantt, Brett;

Children's Reading in America, 1776. A Selection of Titles.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Haviland, Virginia, Comp.

This annotated list of reading materials available to American children in 1776 includes both items published on this side of the Atlantic and works issued abroad and sold here as imports. The titles are divided into five categories: (1) primers and other instructional texts, (2) works intended for moral and religious instruction, (3) stories, (4)…

Tectono-Magmatic Evolution of the South Atlantic Continental Margins with Respect to Opening of the Ocean

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melankholina, E. N.; Sushchevskaya, N. M.

2018-03-01

The history of the opening of the South Atlantic in Early Cretaceous time is considered. It is shown that the determining role for continental breakup preparation has been played by tectono-magmatic events within the limits of the distal margins that developed above the plume head. The formation of the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge volcanic system along the trace of the hot spot is considered. The magmatism in the South Atlantic margins, its sources, and changes in composition during the evolution are described. On the basis of petrogeochemical data, the peculiarities of rocks with a continental signature are shown. Based on Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic studies, it is found that the manifestations of magmatism in the proximal margins had features of enriched components related to the EM I and EM II sources, sometimes with certain participation of the HIMU source. Within the limits of the Walvis Ridge, as magmatism expanded to the newly formed oceanic crust, the participation of depleted asthenospheric mantle became larger in the composition of magmas. The role played by the Tristan plume in magma generation is discussed: it is the most considered as the heat source that determined the melting of the ancient enriched lithosphere. The specifics of the tectono-magmatic evolution of the South Atlantic is pointed out: the origination during spreading of a number of hot spots above the periphery of the African superplume. The diachronous character of the opening of the ocean is considered in the context of northward progradation of the breakup line and its connection with the northern branch of the Atlantic Ocean in the Mid-Cretaceous.

40 CFR 98.310 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Titanium Dioxide Production § 98.310 Definition of the source category. The titanium dioxide production source category consists of facilities that use the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. ...

40 CFR 98.310 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Titanium Dioxide Production § 98.310 Definition of the source category. The titanium dioxide production source category consists of facilities that use the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. ...

40 CFR 98.310 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Titanium Dioxide Production § 98.310 Definition of the source category. The titanium dioxide production source category consists of facilities that use the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. ...

40 CFR 98.310 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Titanium Dioxide Production § 98.310 Definition of the source category. The titanium dioxide production source category consists of facilities that use the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. ...

40 CFR 98.310 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Titanium Dioxide Production § 98.310 Definition of the source category. The titanium dioxide production source category consists of facilities that use the chloride process to produce titanium dioxide. ...

Reconstruction of the North Atlantic end-member of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation over glacial-interglacial cycles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kim, J.; Seguí, M. J.; Knudson, K. P.; Yehudai, M.; Goldstein, S. L.; Pena, L. D.; Basak, C.; Ferretti, P.

2017-12-01

North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) represents the major water mass that drives the Atlantic Meridional Ocean Circulation (AMOC), which undergoes substantial reorganization with changing climate. In order to understand its impact on ocean circulation and climate through time, it is necessary to constrain its composition. We report Nd isotope ratios of Fe-Mn oxide encrusted foraminifera and fish debris from DSDP Site 607 (41.00N 32.96W, 3427m), in the present-day core of NADW, and ODP 1063 (33.68N 57.62W, 4585m), on the deep abyssal plain at the interface between NADW and Antarctic Bottom Water. We provide a new North Atlantic paleocirculation record covering 2 Ma. At Site 607 interglacial ɛNd-values are consistently similar to present-day NADW (ɛNd -13.5), with median ɛNd-values of -14.3 in the Early Pleistocene and -13.8 in the Late Pleistocene. Glacial ɛNd-values are higher by 1 ɛNd-unit in the Early Pleistocene, and 1.5-2 ɛNd-units in the Late Pleistocene. Site 1063 shows much greater variability, with ɛNd ranging from -10 to -26. We interpret the North Atlantic AMOC source as represented by the Site 607 interglacial ɛNd-values, which has remained nearly stable throughout the entire period. The higher glacial ɛNd-values reflect incursions of some southern-sourced waters to Site 607, which is supported by coeval shifts to lower benthic foraminiferal d13C. In contrast, the Site 1063 ɛNd-values do not appear to reflect the AMOC end-member, and likely reflects local effects from a bottom source. A period of greatly disrupted ocean circulation marks 950-850 Ma, which may have been triggered by enhanced ice growth in the Northern Hemisphere that began around 1.2 Ma, as suggested by possible input events of Nd from the surrounding cratons into the North Atlantic observed in Site 607. Interglacial AMOC only recovers to the previously observed vigor over 200 ka following the disruption, whereas further intensified SSW incursion into the deep North Atlantic come to characterize the mid-late Pleistocene glacial intervals.

Variability of trace-metal fluxes through the Strait of Gibraltar

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Geen, Alexander; Boyle, Edward

1990-10-01

Three water masses originating in the Atlantic and entering the Alboran Sea through the Strait of Gibraltar have recently been identified on the basis of salinity and Cu, Ni, Cd and Zn concentrations. The endmembers are (1) Atlantic surface water, (2) North Atlantic Central Water and (3) Spanish shelf water. Spanish shelf water is of particular relevance to the trace-metal composition of the inflow to the Mediterranean Sea because this water mass is highly enriched in Cu, Cd and Zn relative to Atlantic surface water. Here, a conservative mixing model is solved for the above Atlantic endmembers, (with the addition of (4) a Mediterranean deep-water endmember) by weighted least-squares and shown to be consistent with tracer data for 42 surface samples collected in April '86 within the Strait of Gibraltar. Sensitivity of the solution to errors in the data and the assumptions of the model are discussed in detail. Uncertainties in the proportions of metal-enriched Spanish shelf water and NACW are (at most) on the order of 6 and 16%, respectively, and often smaller depending on the composition of a given sample. The inversion shows that Spanish shelf water is present predominantly in the northern half of the Strait and contributes up to 55% to Alboran Sea surface samples. Determining a representative composition of the inflow is complicated, however, by rapid change in the proportion of the three Atlantic endmembers present in the Strait of Gibraltar: entrainment of Spanish shelf water through the Strait roughly doubles between April 11 and 17. We show that the timing of collection of these samples minimizes a potential bias in endmember distributions simply due to variable tidal currents. The increase in entrainment of Spanish shelf water from neap tide to spring tide could, therefore, reflect a significant shift to the north of source waters to the Atlantic inflow over the course of a week. The data show that entrainment of Spanish shelf water is a significant source of the increased Cu, Cd and Zn concentrations observed in the Mediterranean relative to open Atlantic surface water, and this source may even account for the greater part of the Mediterranean enrichments.

Petrology and K-Ar ages of rift-related basaltic rocks, offshore northern Brazil, 3/sup 0/N

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fodor, R.V.; McKee, E.H.

1986-07-01

Tholeiitic basaltic rock in three cores from Petrobras drill site APS-21, 1960-2480 m depths, Amapa basin, offshore Brazil is compositionally similar to rift-related basaltic rock associated with the opening of both the North and South Atlantic Oceans (SiO/sub 2/ 52-54 wt %; K/sub 2/O 0.7-1.3%; TiO/sub 2/ 1.3-2%). Whole-rock K-Ar ages are 185.4, 183.2, and 126.5 m.y. If these represent crystallization ages, then the older samples correspond to North Atlantic tectonism (as represented by the Liberian dike system) and the younger correlates with South Atlantic rift-related magmatism (of which Serra Geral flood basalts are the best example). Trace- and REE-elementsmore » identify T-type mantle source-areas (La/Sm/sub (n)/ approx. 2; Zr/Nb 8-11) that feasibly were mixes of N-type and P-type components (metasomatized or veined upper mantle). These Amapa basin mafic rocks document the southernmost magmatism related to North Atlantic rifting, as well as early Mesozoic mantle source-areas and processes beneath Gondwanaland such as those identified with basalts in the South Atlantic basin.« less

Coastal sources, sinks and strong organic complexation of dissolved cobalt within the US North Atlantic GEOTRACES transect GA03

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Noble, Abigail E.; Ohnemus, Daniel C.; Hawco, Nicholas J.; Lam, Phoebe J.; Saito, Mak A.

2017-06-01

Cobalt is the scarcest of metallic micronutrients and displays a complex biogeochemical cycle. This study examines the distribution, chemical speciation, and biogeochemistry of dissolved cobalt during the US North Atlantic GEOTRACES transect expeditions (GA03/3_e), which took place in the fall of 2010 and 2011. Two major subsurface sources of cobalt to the North Atlantic were identified. The more prominent of the two was a large plume of cobalt emanating from the African coast off the eastern tropical North Atlantic coincident with the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) likely due to reductive dissolution, biouptake and remineralization, and aeolian dust deposition. The occurrence of this plume in an OMZ with oxygen above suboxic levels implies a high threshold for persistence of dissolved cobalt plumes. The other major subsurface source came from Upper Labrador Seawater, which may carry high cobalt concentrations due to the interaction of this water mass with resuspended sediment at the western margin or from transport further upstream. Minor sources of cobalt came from dust, coastal surface waters and hydrothermal systems along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The full depth section of cobalt chemical speciation revealed near-complete complexation in surface waters, even within regions of high dust deposition. However, labile cobalt observed below the euphotic zone demonstrated that strong cobalt-binding ligands were not present in excess of the total cobalt concentration there, implying that mesopelagic labile cobalt was sourced from the remineralization of sinking organic matter. In the upper water column, correlations were observed between total cobalt and phosphate, and between labile cobalt and phosphate, demonstrating a strong biological influence on cobalt cycling. Along the western margin off the North American coast, this correlation with phosphate was no longer observed and instead a relationship between cobalt and salinity was observed, reflecting the importance of coastal input processes on cobalt distributions. In deep waters, both total and labile cobalt concentrations were lower than in intermediate depth waters, demonstrating that scavenging may remove labile cobalt from the water column. Total and labile cobalt distributions were also compared to a previously published South Atlantic GEOTRACES-compliant zonal transect (CoFeMUG, GAc01) to discern regional biogeochemical differences. Together, these Atlantic sectional studies highlight the dynamic ecological stoichiometry of total and labile cobalt. As increasing anthropogenic use and subsequent release of cobalt poses the potential to overpower natural cobalt signals in the oceans, it is more important than ever to establish a baseline understanding of cobalt distributions in the ocean.

Airborne CH 2O measurements over the North Atlantic during the 1997 NARE campaign: Instrument comparisons and distributions

DOE PAGES

Fried, Alan; Lee, Yin -Nan; Frost, Greg; ...

2002-02-27

Here, formaldehyde measurements from two independent instruments are compared with photochemical box model calculations. The measurements were made on the NOAA P-3 aircraft as part of the 1997 North Atlantic Regional Experiment (NARE 1997). After examining the possible reasons for the model-measurement discrepancy, we conclude that there are probably one or more additional unknown sources of CH 2O in the North Atlantic troposphere.

Hurricane Gonzalo in the Atlantic Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-12-08

On Oct. 16 at 17:45 UTC NASA's Terra satellite captured this image of Hurricane Gonzalo in the Atlantic Ocean. Image Credit: NASA Goddard MODIS Rapid Response Team-- NASA and NOAA satellites have been providing continuous coverage of Hurricane Gonzalo as it moves toward Bermuda. NASA's Terra satellite saw thunderstorms wrapped tightly around the center with large bands of thunderstorms wrapping into it. NOAA's GOES-East satellite provided and "eye-opening" view of Gonzalo, still a Category 4 hurricane on Oct. 16. A hurricane warning is in effect for Bermuda and that means that hurricane conditions are expected within the warning area, meaning the entire island. Read more: www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/gonzalo-atlantic-ocean/index... NASA image use policy. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center enables NASA’s mission through four scientific endeavors: Earth Science, Heliophysics, Solar System Exploration, and Astrophysics. Goddard plays a leading role in NASA’s accomplishments by contributing compelling scientific knowledge to advance the Agency’s mission. Follow us on Twitter Like us on Facebook Find us on Instagram

Organic matter in eolian dusts over the Atlantic Ocean

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Simoneit, B. R. T.

1977-01-01

The elemental and mineralogical composition and the microfossil and detritus content of particulate fallout from the lower troposphere over the Atlantic Ocean have been extensively documented in earlier work, and it was possible to ascribe terrigenous source areas to such fallout. A brief review of the organic geochemistry of eolian dusts is also presented here. The lipids of eolian dusts sampled from the air mass over the eastern Atlantic from about 35 deg N to 30 deg S were analyzed here. These lipids consisted mainly of normal alkanes, carboxylic acids and alcohols. The n-alkanes were found to range from n-C23 to n-C35 with high CPI values and maximizing at n-C27 in the North Atlantic, at n-C29 in the equatorial Atlantic and at n-C31 in the South Atlantic. The n-fatty acids had mostly bimodal distributions, ranging from n-C12 to n-C30 (high CPI), with maxima at n-C16 and in the northern samples at n-C24 and in the southern samples at n-C26. The n-alcohols ranged from n-C12 to n-C32, with high CPI values and maxima mainly at n-C28. The compositions of these lipids indicated that their terrigenous sources were comprised mainly of higher plant vegetation and desiccated lacustrine mud flats on the African continent.

Development of continental margins of the Atlantic Ocean and successive breakup of the Pangaea-3 supercontinent

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Melankholina, E. N.; Sushchevskaya, N. M.

2017-01-01

Comparative tectonic analysis of passive margins of the Atlantic Ocean has been performed. Tectonotypes of both volcanic and nonvolcanic margins are described, and their comparison with other passive Atlantic margins is given. The structural features of margins, peculiarities of magmatism, its sources and reasons for geochemical enrichment of melts are discussed. The important role of melting of the continental lithosphere in the development of magmatism is demonstrated. Enriched EM I and EM II sources are determined for the lower parts of the volcanic section, and a depleted or poorly enriched source is determined for the upper parts of the volcanic section based on isotope data. The conclusions of the paper relate to tectonic settings of the initial occurrence of magmatism and rifting and breakup during the period of opening of the Mesozoic Ocean. It was found out that breakup and magmatism at proximal margins led only to insignificant structural transformations and reduction of the thickness of the ancient continental crust, while very important magmatic events happened later in the distal zone. New growth of magmatic crust at the stage of continental breakup is determined as a typical feature of distal zones of the margins under study. The relationship of development of margins with the impact of deep plumes as the source of magmatic material or a heat source only is discussed. Progradation of the zone of extension and breakup into the areas of cold lithosphere of the Atlantic and the formation of a single tectonomagmatic system of the ocean are under consideration.

40 CFR 98.200 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Magnesium Production § 98.200 Definition of source category. The magnesium production and processing source category consists of the following processes: (a) Any process in which magnesium metal is produced through smelting (including electrolytic smelting), refining...

40 CFR 98.200 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Magnesium Production § 98.200 Definition of source category. The magnesium production and processing source category consists of the following processes: (a) Any process in which magnesium metal is produced through smelting (including electrolytic smelting), refining...

40 CFR 98.200 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Magnesium Production § 98.200 Definition of source category. The magnesium production and processing source category consists of the following processes: (a) Any process in which magnesium metal is produced through smelting (including electrolytic smelting), refining...

40 CFR 98.200 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Magnesium Production § 98.200 Definition of source category. The magnesium production and processing source category consists of the following processes: (a) Any process in which magnesium metal is produced through smelting (including electrolytic smelting), refining...

Dual Annual Spawning Races in Atlantic Sturgeon

PubMed Central

Balazik, Matthew T.; Musick, John A.

2015-01-01

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, Acipenseridae) populations in the United States were listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act in 2012. Because of the endangered/threatened status, a better understanding of Atlantic sturgeon life-history behavior and habitat use is important for effective management. It has been widely documented that Atlantic sturgeon reproduction occurs from late winter to early summer, varying clinally with latitude. However, recent data show Atlantic sturgeon also spawn later in the year. The group that spawns later in the year seems to be completely separate from the spring spawning run. Recognition of the later spawning season has drastically modified estimates of the population status of Atlantic sturgeon in Virginia. With the combination of new telemetry data and historical documentation we describe a dual spawning strategy that likely occurs in various degrees along most, if not all, of the Atlantic sturgeon's range. Using new data combined with historical sources, a new spawning strategy emerges which managers and researchers should note when determining the status of Atlantic sturgeon populations and implementing conservation measures. PMID:26020631

The Upper Mantle Flow Field around South-Africa as Reflected by Isotopic Provinciality

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyzen, C.; Blichert-Toft, J.; Ludden, J.; Humler, E.; Mevel, C.; Albarede, F.

2006-12-01

Isotopic studies of MORB have established the existence of broad isotopic provinces within the underlying asthenosphere, such as in the Indian Ocean (DUPAL). How these features relate to mantle circulation is, however, still unknown. The steepness of the transition between such isotopic provinces will define the geometry of the velocity field in the upper mantle. In this respect, the transition between the Indian and South Atlantic provinces, two domains that are isotopically contrasted, should be readily identifiable over this long ridge segment. Here, we present Hf isotope data for 60 samples dredged along the SWIR between 35° and 69°E. The new Hf isotope data show that the Indian asthenosphere does not spill directly into the South Atlantic upper mantle: the general decreasing southward gradient observed for ^{176}Hf/^{177}Hf down the mid- Atlantic Ridge, and also for Sr isotopes and model Th/U ratios (derived from Pb isotopes), is overprinted by material with radiogenic Sr, unradiogenic Hf and high Th/U. The Indian domain grades into the South Atlantic around Bouvet, while the South Atlantic collides with the Atlantic province around Tristan. We interpret these features to represent fronts between three adjacent isotopic provinces similar to what has been suggested for the Australian-Antarctic Discordance. The common DUPAL signature of MORB and OIB from the Indian province and the geochemistry of Gulf of Aden MORB and the Afar plume suggest that the source of this distinctive mantle component is deep and lies to the north of the province. This is also what the three-dimensional flow field computed by Behn et al. (2004) from shear-wave splitting shows with a major lower mantle upwelling radiating at the base of the asthenosphere under the Afar plume. Lower mantle gushing out from this source flows southward unimpeded along the Indian ridges, whereas it only reaches the South Atlantic ridge after first having been deflected under the deep roots of the South African Archean cratons. Erosion of these roots by the asthenospheric drift confers a distinct continental signature on the source of South Atlantic MORB. This pattern is also consistent with the observation that the lowest He isotope values occur, on average, along the South Atlantic ridge. To some extent, the dynamics of the North Atlantic upper mantle mirrors the Indian situation: the flow field of Behn et al. (2004) shows that the North Atlantic asthenosphere also fills up through deep mantle upwellings, which is consistent with the Dupal-like isotopic signature of the Arctic ridges. M.D. Behn, C.P. Conrad and P.G. Silver (2004), Detection of upper mantle flow associated with the African Superplume, Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett., 224, 259-274.

40 CFR 63.5485 - Am I subject to this subpart?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... manufacturing includes both the Miscellaneous Viscose Processes source category and the Cellulose Ethers Production source category. The Miscellaneous Viscose Processes source category includes all of the operations that use the viscose process. These operations include the cellulose food casing, rayon...

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation over time: a Nd isotope perspective

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Goldstein, S. L.; Pena, L. D.; Yehudai, M.; Seguí, M. J.; Kim, J.; Knudson, K. P.; Basak, C.

2017-12-01

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is a major means for distributing heat between the tropics and the high latitudes, and thus its temporal variability has major impacts on ice age cycles. We present a summary of work in-progress to generate north-south profiles of the AMOC from the North Atlantic to the Southern Ocean, at various time slices over the past 2 Ma, based on Nd isotopes in Fe-Mn oxide encrusted foraminifera and fish debris. Our sites show a consistent north-south gradient in the North Atlantic source water (NSW) signal strength throughout, providing strong evidence that the data represent the fluctuations of the AMOC. The North Atlantic data show strong evidence that the eNd of the NSW end-member remained similar to today through this time interval (Kim et al. this meeting). We have identified 5 modes of the AMOC circulation. The most common ones are the (1) "interglacial norm" where the NSW signal remains strong into the South Atlantic similar to the present-day, and the (2) "glacial norm" where moderate southern source water (SSW) signals extend into the deep North Atlantic. Less common are the (3) "weak AMOC" mode, typical of Heinrich events, the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT), and MIS 10,16, where even the deep North Atlantic shows a strong SSW signal, and its counterpart the (4) "ultra-strong AMOC", in MIS 9, 11, 19, 21 and 25, when the NSW signal is unusually strong south of the equator. Finally, during the (5) "pre-MPT" mode, in MIS 26 and 27, uniquely low Nd isotope ratios in the North Atlantic signals major input of Nd from the Canadian Shield directly preceding the MPT AMOC crisis (Pena and Goldstein, Science 2014), reflecting events there that likely triggered it. Overall we expect that the AMOC profiles will be useful as a means to directly relate climate to concurrent ocean circulation through time.

Growth of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar fed diets containing barley protein concentrate

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is an important cultured carnivorous species that in the past has not tolerated high levels of most plant protein feed ingredients in the diet. In order to increase efficiency, sustainability and production to meet global demand, new sources of protein must be incorpo...

Hurricane Edouard taken by Expedition 41 crewmember

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-09-16

ISS041-E-011536 (16 Sept. 2014) --- This is the eye of Hurricane Edouard in the Atlantic Ocean, as photographed by one of the Expedition 41 crew members who utilized a 200mm focal length from a position onboard the International Space Station. The crew members photographed and distributed a series of images of the storm via station-to-ground downlinks and via social media. Though having been upgraded from a tropical storm to a Category 2 hurricane, the Atlantic-borne Edouard thus far has avoided land interests as it reached maximum sustained winds of 105 miles per hour, churning in ocean waters several hundred miles southeast of Bermuda. This photo was taken at 13:52:40 GMT on Sept. 16, 2014.

New records, threatens and conservation status for Dichotomius schiffleri Vaz-de-Mello, Louzada & Gavino (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): an endangered dung beetle species from Brazilian atlantic forest ecosystems.

PubMed

Vieira, L; Louzada, J; Vaz-de-Mello, F Z; Lopes, P P; Silva, F A B

2011-01-01

Dichotomius schiffleri Vaz-de-Mello et al is often cited as endemic to the preserved coastal sandy-dune vegetation (restinga) of Guriri Island, Espírito Santo state, and is included in the Brazilian List of Endangered Fauna as "critically endangered" (CR). However, we recorded its occurrence in twelve additional sites along the coasts of Espírito Santo, Bahia, Sergipe and Pernambuco. The geographic distribution of D. schiffleri is limited to the coastal Atlantic Forest domain, mainly in preserved restinga patches. We recommend that D. schiffleri remains in the List of Endangered species, but in the "endangered" (EN) category, according to the IUCN criteria.

Environmental Assessment for the 920th Rescue Wing Beddown Patrick Air Force Base, Florida

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-01

covers approximately 2002 acres and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Banana River on the west (see Figure 2). There is little...along the Atlantic Ocean (see Figure 1). From the dunes, the site gently slopes northwest toward the Banana River shoreline. Currently the 45th...920th RQW COMPLEX ATLANTIC OCEAN B A N A ..?,. BANANA RIVER .. , N "’ A LEGEND N011:: SOURCE: U.S.G.S. 7.5 MINUTE TOPOGRAPHIC

Ridge Segmentation, Tectonic Evolution and Rheology of Slow-Spreading Oceanic Crust

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-09-01

important source of motivation, information, and geological field trips (remember Canarias , HeMn3’?). Dave Aubrey guided me on my first steps in Woods Hole... volcanic Ruppel, C., and P. Shaw. An elastic plate thickness map of the Mid- segmentation of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Kane to Atlantis Fracture Atlantic Ridge...76, 156, 1995. Smith, D. K., J. R. Cann, M. E. Dougherty, J. Lin, J. Keeton, E. McAllister, C. J. MacLeod and S. Spencer, Mid-Atlantic ridge volcanism

40 CFR 98.70 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Ammonia Manufacturing § 98.70 Definition of source category. The ammonia manufacturing source category comprises the process units listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Ammonia manufacturing processes in which ammonia is manufactured from a fossil...

40 CFR 98.70 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Ammonia Manufacturing § 98.70 Definition of source category. The ammonia manufacturing source category comprises the process units listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Ammonia manufacturing processes in which ammonia is manufactured from a fossil...

40 CFR 98.70 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Ammonia Manufacturing § 98.70 Definition of source category. The ammonia manufacturing source category comprises the process units listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Ammonia manufacturing processes in which ammonia is manufactured from a fossil...

40 CFR 98.70 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Ammonia Manufacturing § 98.70 Definition of source category. The ammonia manufacturing source category comprises the process units listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Ammonia manufacturing processes in which ammonia is manufactured from a fossil...

40 CFR 98.70 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Ammonia Manufacturing § 98.70 Definition of source category. The ammonia manufacturing source category comprises the process units listed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section. (a) Ammonia manufacturing processes in which ammonia is manufactured from a fossil...

40 CFR 98.40 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Electricity Generation § 98.40 Definition of the source category. (a) The electricity generation source category comprises electricity generating units that are subject to the requirements of the Acid Rain Program and any other electricity generating units that are...

40 CFR 98.40 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Electricity Generation § 98.40 Definition of the source category. (a) The electricity generation source category comprises electricity generating units that are subject to the requirements of the Acid Rain Program and any other electricity generating units that are...

40 CFR 98.40 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Electricity Generation § 98.40 Definition of the source category. (a) The electricity generation source category comprises electricity generating units that are subject to the requirements of the Acid Rain Program and any other electricity generating units that are...

40 CFR 98.40 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Electricity Generation § 98.40 Definition of the source category. (a) The electricity generation source category comprises electricity generating units that are subject to the requirements of the Acid Rain Program and any other electricity generating units that are...

40 CFR 98.40 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Electricity Generation § 98.40 Definition of the source category. (a) The electricity generation source category comprises electricity generating units that are subject to the requirements of the Acid Rain Program and any other electricity generating units that are...

40 CFR 98.50 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definition of source category. 98.50 Section 98.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Adipic Acid Production § 98.50 Definition of source category...

40 CFR 98.350 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Industrial Wastewater Treatment § 98.350 Definition of source category. (a) This source category consists of anaerobic processes used to treat industrial wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment sludge at facilities that perform the operations listed in this paragraph. (1...

40 CFR 98.350 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Industrial Wastewater Treatment § 98.350 Definition of source category. (a) This source category consists of anaerobic processes used to treat industrial wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment sludge at facilities that perform the operations listed in this paragraph. (1...

40 CFR 98.350 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Industrial Wastewater Treatment § 98.350 Definition of source category. (a) This source category consists of anaerobic processes used to treat industrial wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment sludge at facilities that perform the operations listed in this paragraph. (1...

40 CFR 98.350 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Industrial Wastewater Treatment § 98.350 Definition of source category. (a) This source category consists of anaerobic processes used to treat industrial wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment sludge at facilities that perform the operations listed in this paragraph. (1...

40 CFR 98.50 - Definition of source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Definition of source category. 98.50 Section 98.50 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Adipic Acid Production § 98.50 Definition of source category...

Person-environment interactions contributing to nursing home resident falls.

PubMed

Hill, Elizabeth E; Nguyen, Tam H; Shaha, Maya; Wenzel, Jennifer A; DeForge, Bruce R; Spellbring, Ann Marie

2009-10-01

Although approximately 50% of nursing home residents fall annually, the surrounding circumstances remain inadequately understood. This study explored nursing staff perspectives of person, environment, and interactive circumstances surrounding nursing home falls. Focus groups were conducted at two nursing homes in the mid-Atlantic region with the highest and lowest fall rates among corporate facilities. Two focus groups were conducted per facility: one with licensed nurses and one with geriatric nursing assistants. Thematic and content analysis revealed three themes and 11 categories. Three categories under the Person theme were Change in Residents' Health Status, Decline in Residents' Abilities, and Residents' Behaviors and Personality Characteristics. There were five Nursing Home Environment categories: Design Safety, Limited Space, Obstacles, Equipment Misuse and Malfunction, and Staff and Organization of Care. Three Interactions Leading to Falls categories were identified: Reasons for Falls, Time of Falls, and High-Risk Activities. Findings highlight interactions between person and environment factors as significant contributors to resident falls. Copyright 2009, SLACK Incorporated.

40 CFR 98.60 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definition of the source category. 98.60 Section 98.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Aluminum Production § 98.60 Definition of the source category...

40 CFR 98.80 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 20 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Definition of the source category. 98.80 Section 98.80 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Cement Production § 98.80 Definition of the source category...

40 CFR 98.60 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Definition of the source category. 98.60 Section 98.60 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Aluminum Production § 98.60 Definition of the source category...

40 CFR 98.80 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 21 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Definition of the source category. 98.80 Section 98.80 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Cement Production § 98.80 Definition of the source category...

The effect of verbal context on olfactory neural responses.

PubMed

Bensafi, Moustafa; Croy, Ilona; Phillips, Nicola; Rouby, Catherine; Sezille, Caroline; Gerber, Johannes; Small, Dana M; Hummel, Thomas

2014-03-01

Odor names refer usually to "source" object categories. For example, the smell of rose is often described with its source category (flower). However, linguistic studies suggest that odors can also be named with labels referring to categories of "practices". This is the case when rose odor is described with a verbal label referring to its use in fragrance practices ("body lotion," cosmetic for example). It remains unknown whether naming an odor by its practice category influences olfactory neural responses differently than that observed when named with its source category. The aim of this study was to investigate this question. To this end, functional MRI was used in a within-subjects design comparing brain responses to four different odors (peach, chocolate, linden blossom, and rose) under two conditions whereby smells were described either (1) with their source category label (food and flower) or (2) with a practice category label (body lotion). Both types of labels induced activations in secondary olfactory areas (orbitofrontal cortex), whereas only the source label condition induced activation in the cingulate cortex and the insula. In summary, our findings offer a new look at olfactory perception by indicating differential brain responses depending on whether odors are named according to their source or practice category. Copyright © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

40 CFR 98.80 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Cement Production § 98.80 Definition of the source category. The cement production source category consists of each kiln and each in-line kiln/raw mill at any portland cement manufacturing facility including alkali bypasses, and includes kilns and in-line kiln/raw...

40 CFR 98.80 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Cement Production § 98.80 Definition of the source category. The cement production source category consists of each kiln and each in-line kiln/raw mill at any portland cement manufacturing facility including alkali bypasses, and includes kilns and in-line kiln/raw...

40 CFR 98.80 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Cement Production § 98.80 Definition of the source category. The cement production source category consists of each kiln and each in-line kiln/raw mill at any portland cement manufacturing facility including alkali bypasses, and includes kilns and in-line kiln/raw...

40 CFR 98.150 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING HCFC-22 Production and HFC-23 Destruction § 98.150 Definition of the source category. The HCFC-22 production and HFC-23 destruction source category consists of HCFC-22 production processes and HFC-23 destruction processes. (a) An HCFC-22 production process...

40 CFR 98.150 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING HCFC-22 Production and HFC-23 Destruction § 98.150 Definition of the source category. The HCFC-22 production and HFC-23 destruction source category consists of HCFC-22 production processes and HFC-23 destruction processes. (a) An HCFC-22 production process...

40 CFR 98.180 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (CONTINUED) MANDATORY GREENHOUSE GAS REPORTING Lead Production § 98.180 Definition of the source category. The lead production source category consists of primary lead smelters and secondary lead smelters. A primary lead smelter is a facility engaged in the production of lead metal from lead sulfide ore...

77 FR 15990 - Proposed Confidentiality Determinations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems Source Category...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-03-19

... Proposed Confidentiality Determinations for the Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems Source Category, and... the Petroleum and Natural Gas Systems Source Category, and Amendments to Table A-7, of the Greenhouse... on the proposed rule titled ``Proposed Confidentiality Determinations for the Petroleum and Natural...

Building a Better Strategic Analyst: A Critical Review of the U.S. Army’s All Source Analyst Training Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-05-15

intelligence enterprise to describe the idea used in this monograph. 12 David Brooks, “The Elephantiasis of Reason,” The Atlantic Monthly. (January/February... Elephantiasis of Reason”. The Atlantic Monthly. (January/February, 2003). Boyd, Dennis & Bee, Helen. 2006. Lifespan Development. Fourth Edition. Allyn

Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates (Mid-Atlantic). Bay Anchovy

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-01

Mexico coasts, from Cape Cod, species of anchovies have been Massachusetts, to Yucatan , Mexico recorded from the Mid-Atlantic Region, (Hildebrand 1963...bay anchovies were food web (Figure 3). It is an apparently unaffected by water important source of nutrition for many temperatures exceeding 32 0 C

High Resolution Numerical Simulations and Diagnostic Studies Atmospheric Transport During TRACE-A

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krishnamurti, T. N.; Fuelberg, Henry

1995-01-01

The enclosed publications constitute our final report. These are publications completed in referred journals. The completed work includes: Meteorological conditions associated with vertical distributions of aerosols off the west coast of Africa. TRACE-A trajectory intercomparison 2. Isentropic and kinematic methods. Chemical characteristics of tropospheric air over the tropical South Atlantic Ocean: Relationship to trajectory history. Passive Tracer Transport Relevant to the TRACE-A Experiment. The meteorological environment of the tropospheric ozone maximum over the tropical south Atlantic Ocean. : Influence of a middle-latitude cyclone on tropospheric ozone distributions during a period of TRACE-A. All of this work provided the meteorological background for the Transport of Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator (TRACE-A) project sponsored by Dr,, Joe McNeal of NASA. Our principal findings are that bio-mass burning sources from Africa and South America did contribute to the accumulation of tropospheric ozone over the tropical Atlantic Ocean. Other findings relate to circulations, advections of Ozone and other plausible sources for the TOMS based ozone maximum over the Atlantic Ocean.

Utilization Probability Map for Migrating Bald Eagles in Northeastern North America: A Tool for Siting Wind Energy Facilities and Other Flight Hazards

PubMed Central

Mojica, Elizabeth K.; Watts, Bryan D.; Turrin, Courtney L.

2016-01-01

Collisions with anthropogenic structures are a significant and well documented source of mortality for avian species worldwide. The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is known to be vulnerable to collision with wind turbines and federal wind energy guidelines include an eagle risk assessment for new projects. To address the need for risk assessment, in this study, we 1) identified areas of northeastern North America utilized by migrating bald eagles, and 2) compared these with high wind-potential areas to identify potential risk of bald eagle collision with wind turbines. We captured and marked 17 resident and migrant bald eagles in the northern Chesapeake Bay between August 2007 and May 2009. We produced utilization distribution (UD) surfaces for 132 individual migration tracks using a dynamic Brownian bridge movement model and combined these to create a population wide UD surface with a 1 km cell size. We found eagle migration movements were concentrated within two main corridors along the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coast. Of the 3,123 wind turbines ≥100 m in height in the study area, 38% were located in UD 20, and 31% in UD 40. In the United States portion of the study area, commercially viable wind power classes overlapped with only 2% of the UD category 20 (i.e., the areas of highest use by migrating eagles) and 4% of UD category 40. This is encouraging because it suggests that wind energy development can still occur in the study area at sites that are most viable from a wind power perspective and are unlikely to cause significant mortality of migrating eagles. In siting new turbines, wind energy developers should avoid the high-use migration corridors (UD categories 20 & 40) and focus new wind energy projects on lower-risk areas (UD categories 60–100). PMID:27336482

Utilization Probability Map for Migrating Bald Eagles in Northeastern North America: A Tool for Siting Wind Energy Facilities and Other Flight Hazards.

PubMed

Mojica, Elizabeth K; Watts, Bryan D; Turrin, Courtney L

2016-01-01

Collisions with anthropogenic structures are a significant and well documented source of mortality for avian species worldwide. The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) is known to be vulnerable to collision with wind turbines and federal wind energy guidelines include an eagle risk assessment for new projects. To address the need for risk assessment, in this study, we 1) identified areas of northeastern North America utilized by migrating bald eagles, and 2) compared these with high wind-potential areas to identify potential risk of bald eagle collision with wind turbines. We captured and marked 17 resident and migrant bald eagles in the northern Chesapeake Bay between August 2007 and May 2009. We produced utilization distribution (UD) surfaces for 132 individual migration tracks using a dynamic Brownian bridge movement model and combined these to create a population wide UD surface with a 1 km cell size. We found eagle migration movements were concentrated within two main corridors along the Appalachian Mountains and the Atlantic Coast. Of the 3,123 wind turbines ≥100 m in height in the study area, 38% were located in UD 20, and 31% in UD 40. In the United States portion of the study area, commercially viable wind power classes overlapped with only 2% of the UD category 20 (i.e., the areas of highest use by migrating eagles) and 4% of UD category 40. This is encouraging because it suggests that wind energy development can still occur in the study area at sites that are most viable from a wind power perspective and are unlikely to cause significant mortality of migrating eagles. In siting new turbines, wind energy developers should avoid the high-use migration corridors (UD categories 20 & 40) and focus new wind energy projects on lower-risk areas (UD categories 60-100).

Synoptic and Climatological Analysis of the 1933 Trinidad Hurricane

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Studwell, A.; Jiang, X.; Li, L.

2017-12-01

In June 1933, a Category One hurricane made landfall on the southeastern coast of Trinidad. This was the first and only hurricane to make landfall on the island during modern climate records, i.e., since the middle 19th century. The storm caused thirteen fatalities on Trinidad and yielded $55.1 million (in 2016 dollars) in damage. With twenty named tropical systems, 1933 was the second most active tropical season on record for the Atlantic basin. This is not entirely surprising since there were a developing La Niña over the equatorial Pacific and there was a positive phase on the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in place, both of which are positive factors for an active season for the tropical Atlantic. However, neither of these factors would yield such a southerly track. A preliminary examination of reanalysis data indicated the 500 mb geopotential heights across tropical Atlantic during late June 1933 were well above the 1921-1950 climate normal. This uncharacteristic feature may have contributed to this southerly track and the cyclone's landfall on Trinidad, as the 500 mb winds are a proxy for the hurricane steering flow. Further research is being conducted by examining reanalysis data to determine the statistical likelihood of the anomalous ridge, both in its contemporaneous era, as well as the Climate Change (1981-2010) era.

Cooling of the North Atlantic by Saharan Dust

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lau, K. M.; Kim, K. M.

2007-01-01

Using aerosol optical depth, sea surface temperature, top-of-the-atmosphere solar radiation flux, and oceanic mixed-layer depth from diverse data sources that include NASA satellites, NCEP reanalysis, in situ observations, as well as long-term dust records from Barbados, we examine the possible relationships between Saharan dust and Atlantic sea surface temperature. Results show that the estimated anomalous cooling pattern of the Atlantic during June 2006 relative to June 2005 due to attenuation of surface solar radiation by Saharan dust remarkably resemble observations, accounting for approximately 30-40% of the observed change in sea surface temperature. Historical data analysis show that there is a robust negative correlation between atmospheric dust loading and Atlantic SST consistent with the notion that increased (decreased) Saharan dust is associated with cooling (warming) of the Atlantic during the early hurricane season (July- August-September).

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 17 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-09-04

ISS017-E-015166 (4 Sept. 2008) --- Hurricane Ike was still a Category 4 storm on the morning of Sept. 4 when this photo was taken from the International Space Station's vantage point of 220 miles above the Earth. The season's ninth named storm was churning west-northwestward through the mid-Atlantic Ocean sporting winds of 120 nautical miles per hour with gusts to 145.

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 17 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-09-04

ISS017-E-015170 (4 Sept. 2008) --- Hurricane Ike was still a Category 4 storm on the morning of Sept. 4 when this photo was taken from the International Space Station's vantage point of 220 miles above the Earth. The season's ninth named storm was churning west-northwestward through the mid-Atlantic Ocean sporting winds of 120 nautical miles per hour with gusts to 145.

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 17 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-09-04

ISS017-E-015163 (4 Sept. 2008) --- Hurricane Ike was still a Category 4 storm on the morning of Sept. 4 when this photo was taken from the International Space Station's vantage point of 220 miles above the Earth. The season's ninth named storm was churning west-northwestward through the mid-Atlantic Ocean sporting winds of 120 nautical miles per hour with gusts to 145.

Earth Observations taken by the Expedition 17 Crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2008-09-04

ISS017-E-015162 (4 Sept. 2008) --- Hurricane Ike was still a Category 4 storm on the morning of Sept. 4 when this photo was taken from the International Space Station's vantage point of 220 miles above the Earth. The season's ninth named storm was churning west-northwestward through the mid-Atlantic Ocean sporting winds of 120 nautical miles per hour with gusts to 145.

Successful Teaching of Radiobiology Students in the Medical Management of Acute Radiation Effects From Real Case Histories Using Clinical Signs and Symptoms and Taking Advantage of Recently Developed Software Tools.

PubMed

Majewski, Matthäus; Combs, Stephanie E; Trott, Klaus-Rüdiger; Abend, Michael; Port, Matthias

2018-07-01

In 2015, the Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology organized a North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise to examine the significance of clinical signs and symptoms for the prediction of late-occurring acute radiation syndrome. Cases were generated using either the Medical Treatment Protocols for Radiation Accident Victims (METREPOL, n = 167) system or using real-case descriptions extracted from a database system for evaluation and archiving of radiation accidents based on case histories (SEARCH, n = 24). The cases ranged from unexposed [response category 0 (RC 0, n = 89)] to mild (RC 1, n = 45), moderate (RC 2, n = 19), severe (RC 3, n = 20), and lethal (RC 4, n = 18) acute radiation syndrome. During the previous exercise, expert teams successfully predicted hematological acute radiation syndrome severity, determined whether hospitalization was required, and gave treatment recommendations, taking advantage of different software tools developed by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization teams. The authors provided the same data set to radiobiology students who were introduced to the medical management of acute effects after radiation exposure and the software tools during a class lasting 15 h. Corresponding to the previous results, difficulties in the discrimination between RC 0/RC 1 and RC 3/RC 4, as well as a systematic underestimation of RC 1 and RC 2, were observed. Nevertheless, after merging reported response categories into clinically relevant groups (RC 0-1, RC 2-3, and RC 3-4), it was found that the majority of cases (95.2% ± 2.2 standard deviations) were correctly identified and that 94.7% (±2.6 standard deviations) developing acute radiation syndrome and z96.4% (±1.6 standard deviations) requiring hospitalization were identified correctly. Two out of three student teams also provided a dose estimate. These results are comparable to the best-performing team of the 2015 North Atlantic Treaty Organization exercise (response category: 92.5%; acute radiation syndrome: 95.8%; hospitalization: 96.3%).

Invasion of Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798, in the western north Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

USGS Publications Warehouse

Fuller, Pam L.; Knott, David M.; Kingsley-Smith, Peter R.; Morris, James A.; Buckel, Christine A.; Hunter, Margaret E.; Hartman, Leslie D.

2014-01-01

After going unreported in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean for 18 years (1988 to 2006), the Asian tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, has recently reappeared in the South Atlantic Bight and, for the first time ever, in the Gulf of Mexico. Potential vectors and sources of this recent invader include: 1) discharged ballast water from its native range in Asia or other areas where it has become established; 2) transport of larvae from established non-native populations in the Caribbean or South America via ocean currents; or 3) escape and subsequent migration from active aquaculture facilities in the western Atlantic. This paper documents recent collections of P. monodon from the South Atlantic Bight and the Gulf of Mexico, reporting demographic and preliminary phylogenetic information for specimens collected between North Carolina and Texas from 2006 through 2012. The increased number of reports in 2011 and 2012, ranging from 102 mm to 298 mm total length, indicates that an adult population is present in densities sufficient for breeding, which is indicative of incipient establishment. Based on these reports of P. monodon, its successful invasion elsewhere, and its life history, we believe that this species will become common in the South Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Mexico in less than 10 years. Penaeus monodon is an aggressive predator in its native range and, if established, may prey on native shrimps, crabs, and bivalves. The impacts of an established P. monodon population are potentially widespread (e.g., alterations in local commercial fisheries, direct and indirect pressures on native shrimp, crab and bivalve populations, and subsequent impacts on the populations of other predators of those organisms) and should be considered by resource managers. The impacts of P. monodon on native fauna and the source(s) or vector(s) of the invasion, however, remain unknown at this time.

Deglacial Ocean Circulation Scheme at Intermediate Depths in the Tropical North Atlantic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, R. C.; Marcantonio, F.; Schmidt, M. W.

2014-12-01

In the modern Atlantic Ocean, intermediate water circulation is largely governed by the southward flowing upper North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the northward return flow Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW). During the last deglaciation, it is commonly accepted that the southward flow Glacial North Atlantic Intermediate Water, the glacial analogue of NADW, contributed significantly to past variations in intermediate water circulation. However, to date, there is no common consensus of the role AAIW played during the last deglaciation, especially across abrupt climate events such as the Heinrich 1 and the Younger Dryas. This study aims to reconstruct intermediate northern- and southern-sourced water circulation in the tropical North Atlantic during the past 22 kyr and attempts to confine the boundary between AAIW and northern-sourced intermediate waters in the past. High-resolution Nd isotopic compositions (ɛNd thereafter) of fish debris and bulk sediment acid-reductive leachate from the Southern Caribbean (VM12-107; 1079 m) are inconsistent, again casting concerns, as already raised by recent studies, on the reliability of the leachate method in extracting seawater ɛNd signature. This urges the need to carefully verify the seawater ɛNd integrity in sediment acid-reductive leachate in various oceanic settings. Fish debris Nd isotope record in our study displays a two-step decreasing trend from the early deglaciation to early Holocene. We interpret this as recording a two-step deglacial recovery of the upper NADW, given the assumption on a more radiogenic glacial northern-sourced water is valid. Comparing with authigenic ɛNd records in the Florida Straits [1] and the Demarara Rise [2], our new fish debris ɛNd results suggest that, in the tropical western North Atlantic, glacial and deglacial AAIW never penetrated beyond the lower depth limit of modern AAIW. [1] Xie et al., GCA (140) 2014; [2] Huang et al., EPSL (389) 2014

Nitrous oxide and methane in the Atlantic Ocean between 50°N and 52°S: Latitudinal distribution and sea-to-air flux

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Forster, Grant; Upstill-Goddard, Rob C.; Gist, Niki; Robinson, Carol; Uher, Gunther; Woodward, E. Malcolm S.

2009-07-01

We discuss nitrous oxide (N 2O) and methane (CH 4) distributions in 49 vertical profiles covering the upper ˜300 m of the water column along two ˜13,500 km transects between ˜50°N and ˜52°S during the Atlantic Meridional Transect (AMT) programme (AMT cruises 12 and 13). Vertical N 2O profiles were amenable to analysis on the basis of common features coincident with Longhurst provinces. In contrast, CH 4 showed no such pattern. The most striking feature of the latitudinal depth distributions was a well-defined "plume" of exceptionally high N 2O concentrations coincident with very low levels of CH 4, located between ˜23.5°N and ˜23.5°S; this feature reflects the upwelling of deep waters containing N 2O derived from nitrification, as identified by an analysis of N 2O, apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and NO 3-, and presumably depleted in CH 4 by bacterial oxidation. Sea-to-air emissions fluxes for a region equivalent to ˜42% of the Atlantic Ocean surface area were in the range 0.40-0.68 Tg N 2O yr -1 and 0.81-1.43 Tg CH 4 yr -1. Based on contemporary estimates of the global ocean source strengths of atmospheric N 2O and CH 4, the Atlantic Ocean could account for ˜6-15% and 4-13%, respectively, of these source totals. Given that the Atlantic Ocean accounts for around 20% of the global ocean surface, on unit area basis it appears that the Atlantic may be a slightly weaker source of atmospheric N 2O than other ocean regions but it could make a somewhat larger contribution to marine-derived atmospheric CH 4 than previously thought.

Plastic pollution in islands of the Atlantic Ocean.

PubMed

Monteiro, Raqueline C P; Ivar do Sul, Juliana A; Costa, Monica F

2018-07-01

Marine plastic pollution is present in all oceans, including remote oceanic islands. Despite the increasing number of articles on plastic pollution in the last years, there is still a lack of studies in islands, that are biodiversity hotspots when compared to the surrounding ocean, and even other recognized highly biodiverse marine environments. Articles published in the peer reviewed literature (N = 20) were analysed according to the presence of macro (>5 mm) and microplastics (<5 mm) on beaches and the marine habitats immediately adjacent to 31 islands of the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. The first articles date from the 1980s, but most were published in the 2000s. Articles on macroplastics were predominant in this review (N = 12). Beaches were the most studied environment, possibly due to easy access. The main focus of most articles was the spatial distribution of plastics associated with variables such as position of the beach in relation to wind and currents. Very few studies have analysed plastics colonization by organisms or the identification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Islands of the North/South Atlantic and Caribbean Sea were influenced by different sources of macroplastics, being marine-based sources (i.e., fishing activities) predominant in the Atlantic Ocean basin. On the other hand, in the Caribbean Sea, land-based sources were more common. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Airborne measurements of NO, NO2, and NO(sub y) as related to NASA's TRACE-A field program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradshaw, John; Sandholm, Scott

1995-01-01

The Georgia Tech group's effort on NASA's GTE program and TRACE-A field mission primarily involved analysis and interpretation of the measurement data base obtained during the TRACE-A field campaign. These investigations focused on the distribution of ozone and ozone precursors over the south Atlantic and nearby continental regions of Africa and South Africa. The Transport and Atmospheric Chemistry near the Equator-Atlantic (TRACE-A) Mission was designed with the goal of investigating tropospheric trace gas distributions, sources, and photochemical state over the southern Atlantic. Major scientific issues related to N(x)O(y) tropospheric chemistry addressed in this program included: (1) what controls the tropospheric ozone budget over the southern Atlantic? (2) What are the spatial distributions of CO, CO2, NO, NO2, NO(sub y), O3, NMHC, H2O3, etc. over the southern Atlantic? (3) How does long range transport of long-lived NO(y) compounds affect the more reactive NO(x) budget in southern Atlantic troposphere?

The onset of modern-like Atlantic meridional overturning circulation at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: Evidence, causes, and possible implications for global cooling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abelson, Meir; Erez, Jonathan

2017-06-01

A compilation of benthic δ18O from the whole Atlantic and the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector) shows two major jumps in the interbasinal gradient of δ18O (Δδ18O) during the Eocene and the Oligocene: one at ˜40 Ma and the second concomitant with the isotopic event of the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT), ˜33.7 Ma ago. From previously published circulation models and proxies, we show that the first Δδ18O jump reflects the thermal isolation of Antarctica associated with the proto-Antarctic circumpolar current (ACC). The second marks the onset of interhemispheric northern-sourced circulation cell, similar to the modern Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The onset of AMOC-like circulation slightly preceded (100-300 kyr) the EOT, as we show by the high-resolution profiles of δ18O and δ13C previously published from DSDP/ODP sites in the Southern Ocean and South Atlantic. These events coincide with the onset of antiestuarine circulation between the Nordic seas and the North Atlantic which started around the EOT and may be connected to the deepening of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge. We suggest that while the shallow proto-ACC supplied the energy for deep ocean convection in the Southern Hemisphere, the onset of the interhemispheric northern circulation cell was due to the significant EOT intensification of deepwater formation in the North Atlantic driven by the Nordic antiestuarine circulation. This onset of the interhemispheric northern-sourced circulation cell could have prompted the EOT global cooling.