source holmberg ix: Topics by Science.gov

Sample records for source holmberg ix

Broadband X-ray spectra of the ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg IX X-1 observed with NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Walton, D. J.; Harrison, F. A.; Grefenstette, B. W.

2014-09-20

We present results from the coordinated broadband X-ray observations of the extreme ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg IX X-1 performed by NuSTAR, XMM-Newton, and Suzaku in late 2012. These observations provide the first high-quality spectra of Holmberg IX X-1 above 10 keV to date, extending the X-ray coverage of this remarkable source up to ∼30 keV. Broadband observations were undertaken at two epochs, between which Holmberg IX X-1 exhibited both flux and strong spectral variability, increasing in luminosity from L {sub X} = (1.90 ± 0.03) × 10{sup 40} erg s{sup –1} to L {sub X} = (3.35 ± 0.03) ×more » 10{sup 40} erg s{sup –1}. Neither epoch exhibits a spectrum consistent with emission from the standard low/hard accretion state seen in Galactic black hole binaries, which would have been expected if Holmberg IX X-1 harbors a truly massive black hole accreting at substantially sub-Eddington accretion rates. The NuSTAR data confirm that the curvature observed previously in the 3-10 keV bandpass does represent a true spectral cutoff. During each epoch, the spectrum appears to be dominated by two optically thick thermal components, likely associated with an accretion disk. The spectrum also shows some evidence for a nonthermal tail at the highest energies, which may further support this scenario. The available data allow for either of the two thermal components to dominate the spectral evolution, although both scenarios require highly nonstandard behavior for thermal accretion disk emission.« less
SPITZER IRAC OBSERVATIONS OF IR EXCESS IN HOLMBERG IX X-1: A CIRCUMBINARY DISK OR A VARIABLE JET?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dudik, R. P.; Berghea, C. T.; Roberts, T. P.

2016-11-01

We present Spitzer Infrared Array Camera photometric observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX, X-1) in Holmberg IX. We construct a spectral energy distribution (SED) for Holmberg IX X-1 based on published optical, UV, and X-ray data combined with the IR data from this analysis. We modeled the X-ray and optical data with disk and stellar models; however, we find a clear IR excess in the ULX SED that cannot be explained by fits or extrapolations of any of these models. Instead, further analysis suggests that the IR excess results from dust emission, possibly a circumbinary disk, or a variablemore » jet.« less
Galaxy Mission Completes Four Star-Studded Years in Space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2007-01-01

NASA's Galaxy Evolution Explorer is celebrating its fourth year in space with some of M81's 'hottest' stars.
In a new ultraviolet image, the magnificent M81 spiral galaxy is shown at the center. The orbiting observatory spies the galaxy's 'sizzling young starlets' as wisps of bluish-white swirling around a central golden glow. The tints of gold at M81's center come from a 'senior citizen' population of smoldering stars.
'This is a spectacular view of M81,' says Dr. John Huchra, of the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Mass. 'When we proposed to observe this galaxy with GALEX we hoped to see globular clusters, open clusters, and young stars...this view is everything that we were hoping for.'
The image is one of thousands gathered so far by GALEX, which launched April 28, 2003. This mission uses ultraviolet wavelengths to measure the history of star formation 80 percent of the way back to the Big Bang.
The large fluffy bluish-white material to the left of M81 is a neighboring galaxy called Holmberg IX. This galaxy is practically invisible to the naked human eye. However, it is illuminated brilliantly in GALEX's wide ultraviolet eyes. Its ultraviolet colors show that it is actively forming young stars. The bluish-white fuzz in the space surrounding M81 and Holmberg IX is new star formation triggered by gravitational interactions between the two galaxies. Huchra notes that the active star formation in Holmberg IX is a surprise, and says that more research needs to be done in light of the new findings from GALEX.
'Some astronomers suspect that the galaxy Holmberg IX is the result of a galactic interaction between M81 and another neighboring galaxy M82,' says Huchra. 'This particular galaxy is especially important because there are a lot of galaxies like Holmberg IX around our Milky Way galaxy. By understanding how Holmberg IX came to be, we hope to understand how all the little galaxies surrounding the Milky Way developed.'
'Four years after GALEX's launch, the spacecraft is performing magnificently. The mission results have been simply amazing as it helps us to unlock the secrets of galaxies, the building blocks of our universe,' says Kerry Erickson, GALEX project manager.
M81 and Holberg IX are located approximately 12 million light-years away in the northern constellation Ursa Major. In addition to leading the GALEX observations of M81, Huchra and his team also took observations of the region with NASA's Spitzer and Hubble space telescopes. By combining all these views of M81, Huchra hopes to gain a better understanding about how M81 has developed into the spiral galaxy we see today.
The California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, Calif., leads the Galaxy Evolution Explorer mission and is responsible for science operations and data analysis. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also in Pasadena, manages the mission and built the science instrument. The mission was developed under NASA's Explorers Program managed by the Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. Researchers from South Korea and France collaborated on this mission.
Suzaku observations of spectral variations of the ultra-luminous X-ray source Holmberg IX X-1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kobayashi, Shogo B.; Nakazawa, Kazuhiro; Makishima, Kazuo

2017-02-01

Observations of the ultra-luminous X-ray source (ULX) Holmberg IX X-1 were carried out with Suzaku twice, once on 2012 April 13 and then on 2012 October 24, with exposures of 180 ks and 217 ks, respectively. The source showed a hard power-law shaped spectrum with a mild cutoff at ˜8 keV, which is typical of ULXs when they are relatively dim. On both occasions, the 0.6-11 keV spectrum was explained successfully in terms of a cool (˜0.2 keV) multi-color disk blackbody emission model and thermal Comptonization emission produced by an electron cloud with a relatively low temperature and high optical depth, assuming that a large fraction of the disk-blackbody photons are Comptonized whereas the rest are observed directly. The 0.5-10 keV luminosity was 1.2 × 1040 erg s-1 in April, and ˜14% higher in October. This brightening was accompanied by spectral softening in ≥2 keV, with little change in the ≤2 keV spectral shape. This behavior can be understood if the accretion disk remains unchanged while the electron cloud covers a variable fraction of the disk. The absorbing column density was consistent with the galactic line-of sight value, and did not vary by more than 1.6 × 1021 cm-2. Together with the featureless spectra, these properties may not be reconciled easily with the super-critical accretion scenario of this source.
The Broadband Spectral Variability of Holmberg IX X-1

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Walton, D. J.; Fürst, F.; Harrison, F. A.; Middleton, M. J.; Fabian, A. C.; Bachetti, M.; Barret, D.; Miller, J. M.; Ptak, A.; Rana, V.; Stern, D.; Tao, L.

2017-04-01

We present results from four new broadband X-ray observations of the extreme ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg IX X-1 ({L}{{X}}> {10}40 erg s-1), performed by Suzaku and NuSTAR in coordination. Combined with the archival data, we now have broadband observations of this remarkable source from six separate epochs. Two of these new observations probe lower fluxes than seen previously, allowing us to extend our knowledge of the broadband spectral variability exhibited. The spectra are well fit by two thermal blackbody components that dominate the emission below 10 keV, as well as a steep ({{Γ }}˜ 3.5) power-law tail that dominates above ˜15 keV. Remarkably, while the 0.3-10.0 keV flux varies by a factor of ˜3 between all these epochs, the 15-40 keV flux varies by only ˜20%. Although the spectral variability is strongest in the ˜1-10 keV band, both of the thermal components are required to vary when all epochs are considered. We also revisit the search for iron absorption features by leveraging the high-energy NuSTAR data to improve our sensitivity to extreme velocity outflows in light of the ultra-fast outflow recently detected in NGC 1313 X-1. Iron absorption from a similar outflow along our line of sight can be ruled out in this case. We discuss these results in the context of super-Eddington accretion models that invoke a funnel-like geometry for the inner flow, and propose a scenario in which we have an almost face-on view of a funnel that expands to larger radii with increasing flux, resulting in an increasing degree of geometrical collimation for the emission from intermediate-temperature regions.
OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE HOLMBERG IX X-1 AND ITS STELLAR ENVIRONMENT

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Grise, F.; Kaaret, P.; Pakull, M. W.

2011-06-10

Holmberg IX X-1 is an archetypal ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX). Here we study the properties of the optical counterpart and of its stellar environment using optical data from SUBARU/Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph, GEMINI/GMOS-N and Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Advanced Camera for Surveys, as well as simultaneous Chandra X-ray data. The V {approx} 22.6 spectroscopically identified optical counterpart is part of a loose cluster with an age {approx}< 20 Myr. Consequently, the mass upper limit on individual stars in the association is about 20 M{sub sun}. The counterpart is more luminous than the other stars of the association, suggesting a non-negligiblemore » optical contribution from the accretion disk. An observed UV excess also points to non-stellar light similar to X-ray active low-mass X-ray binaries. A broad He II {lambda}4686 emission line identified in the optical spectrum of the ULX further suggests optical light from X-ray reprocessing in the accretion disk. Using stellar evolutionary tracks, we have constrained the mass of the counterpart to be {approx}> 10 M{sub sun}, even if the accretion disk contributes significantly to the optical luminosity. Comparison of the photometric properties of the counterpart with binary models show that the donor may be more massive, {approx}> 25 M{sub sun}, with the ULX system likely undergoing case AB mass transfer. Finally, the counterpart exhibits photometric variability of 0.14 mag between two HST observations separated by 50 days which could be due to ellipsoidal variations and/or disk reprocessing of variable X-ray emission.« less
The Broadband Spectral Variability of Holmberg IX X-1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Walton, D.J.; Furst, F.; Harrison, F.A.; Middleton, M.J.; Fabian, A. C.; Bachetti, M.; Barret, D.; Miller, J. M.; Ptak, A.; Rana, V.;

2017-01-01

We present results from four new broadband X-ray observations of the extreme ultraluminous X-ray source Holmberg IX X-1 (L (sub X) greater than 10 (sup 40) ergs per second), performed by Suzaku and NuSTAR in coordination. Combined with the archival data, we now have broadband observations of this remarkable source from six separate epochs. Two of these new observations probe lower fluxes than seen previously, allowing us to extend our knowledge of the broadband spectral variability exhibited. The spectra are well fit by two thermal blackbody components that dominate the emission below 10 kiloelectronvolts, as well as a steep (Gamma approximately equal to 3.5) power-law tail that?dominates above approximately 15 kiloelectronvolts. Remarkably, while the 0.3-10.0 kiloelectronvolts flux varies by a factor of approximately 3 between all these epochs, the 15-40 kiloelectronvolts flux varies by only approximately 20 percent. Although the spectral variability is strongest in the approximately 1-10 kiloelectronvolts band, both of the thermal components are required to vary when all epochs are considered. We also revisit the search for iron absorption features by leveraging the high-energy NuSTAR data to improve our sensitivity to extreme velocity outflows in light of the ultra-fast outflow recently detected in NGC 1313 X-1. Iron absorption from a similar outflow along our line of sight can be ruled out in this case. We discuss these results in the context of super-Eddington accretion models that invoke a funnel-like geometry for the inner flow, and propose a scenario in which we have an almost face-on view of a funnel that expands to larger radii with increasing flux, resulting in an increasing degree of geometrical collimation for the emission from intermediate-temperature regions.

Searching for outflows in ultraluminous X-ray sources through high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kosec, P.; Pinto, C.; Fabian, A. C.; Walton, D. J.

2018-02-01

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are non-nuclear point sources exceeding the Eddington luminosity of a 10 M⊙ black hole. Modern consensus for a majority of the ULX population is that they are powered by stellar-mass black holes or neutron stars accreting well above the Eddington limit. Theoretical models of super-Eddington accretion predict existence of powerful outflows of moderately ionized gas at mildly relativistic velocities. So far, these winds have been found in three systems: NGC 1313 X-1, NGC 5408 X-1 and NGC 55 ULX. In this work, we create a sample of all ULXs with usable archival high-resolution X-ray data, with 10 sources in total, in which we aim to find more signatures of outflows. We perform Gaussian line scans to find any narrow spectral signatures, and physical wind model scans where possible. We tentatively identify an outflow in NGC 5204 X-1, blueshifted to 0.34c, which produces emission features with a total significance of at least 3σ. Next we compare ULXs with similar hardness ratios. Holmberg IX X-1 shows absorption features that could be associated with a photoionized outflowing absorber, similar to that seen in NGC 1313 X-1. The spectrum of Holmberg II X-1 possesses features similar to NGC 5408 X-1 and NGC 6946 X-1 shows O VIII rest-frame emission. All other sources from the sample also show tentative evidence of spectral features in their high-resolution spectra. Further observations with the XMM-Newton and Chandra gratings will place stronger constraints. Future missions like XARM and Athena will be able to detect them at larger distances and increase our sample.
LBT Discovery of a Yellow Supergiant Eclipsing Binary in the Dwarf Galaxy Holmberg IX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Prieto, J. L.; Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, C. S.; Weisz, D. R.; Baruffolo, A.; Bechtold, J.; Burwitz, V.; De Santis, C.; Gallozzi, S.; Garnavich, P. M.; Giallongo, E.; Hill, J. M.; Pogge, R. W.; Ragazzoni, R.; Speziali, R.; Thompson, D. J.; Wagner, R. M.

2008-01-01

In a variability survey of M81 using the Large Binocular Telescope we have discovered a peculiar eclipsing binary (MV ~ - 7.1) in the field of the dwarf galaxy Holmberg IX. It has a period of 271 days, and the light curve is well fit by an overcontact model in which both stars are overflowing their Roche lobes. It is composed of two yellow supergiants (V - Isimeq 1 mag, Teffsimeq 4800 K), rather than the far more common red or blue supergiants. Such systems must be rare. While we failed to find any similar systems in the literature, we did, however, note a second example. The SMC F0 supergiant R47 is a bright (MV ~ - 7.5) periodic variable whose All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS) light curve is well fit as a contact binary with a 181 day period. We propose that these systems are the progenitors of supernovae like SN 2004et and SN 2006ov, which appeared to have yellow progenitors. The binary interactions (mass transfer, mass loss) limit the size of the supergiant to give it a higher surface temperature than an isolated star at the same core evolutionary stage. We also discuss the possibility of this variable being a long-period Cepheid. Based on data acquired using the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT). The LBT is an international collaboration among institutions in the United States, Italy and Germany. LBT Corporation partners are The University of Arizona on behalf of the Arizona university system; Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Italy; LBT Beteiligungsgesellschaft, Germany, representing the Max-Planck Society, the Astrophysical Institute Potsdam, and Heidelberg University; The Ohio State University, and The Research Corporation, on behalf of The University of Notre Dame, University of Minnesota, and University of Virginia.
Photometry of resolved galaxies. IV - Holmberg I and Holmberg II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hoessel, J. G.; Danielson, G. E.

1984-01-01

Colors and magnitudes are presented for 279 resolved stars in the Holmberg I dwarf galaxy and 468 resolved stars in Holmberg II. Both systems are Magellanic type dwarf members of the M81-NGC 2403 Group, which lies at approximately 3 Mpc from the Local Group. The photometry was done in the GRI passbands using CCD detectors. Color-magnitude diagrams and luminosity functions are constructed; these are compared with results for several Local Group galaxies and with theoretical work. Holmberg I is found to have a low present star formation rate, while Holmberg II is very active at present.
The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer: Evidence of High Unbeamed Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berghea, C. T.; Dudik, R. P.; Weaver, K. A.; Kallman, T. R.

2008-01-01

We present the first Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line detected from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. This line is a well established signature of high excitation, usually associated with AGN. Its detection suggests that the ULX has a strong impact on the surrounding gas. A Spitzer high resolution spectral map shows that the [O IV] is coincident with the X-ray position of the Holmberg II ULX. We find that the luminosity and the morphology of the line emission is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is radiation bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the west, and probably matter bounded to the east. Evidence for a massive black hole (BH) in this ULX is mounting. Detailed photoionization models favor an intermediate mass black hole of at least 85 Solar Mass as the ionization source for the [OIV] emission. We find that the spectral type of the companion star strongly affects the expected strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] in some starburst galaxies containing black hole binaries.
The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer. II. Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berghea, C. T.; Dudik, R. P.; Weaver, K. A.; Kallman, T. R.

2009-01-01

This is the second of two papers examining Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. Here we perform detailed photoionization modeling of they infrared lines. Our analysis suggests that the luminosity and morphology of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter-bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the east, and probably radiation-bounded to the west. A bolometric luminosity in excess of 1040 erg per second would be needed to produce the measured [O IV] flux. We use modeling and previously published studies to conclude that shacks likely contribute very little, if at all, to the high excitation line fluxes observed in the Holmberg II ULX. Additionally, we find that the spectral type of the companion star has a surprisingly strong effect on they predicted strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] hi some starburst systems containing black hole binaries.
The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer. 2; Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berghea, C. T.; Dudik, R. P.; Weaver, K. A.; Kallman, T. R.

2009-01-01

This is the second of two papers examining Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. Here we perform detailed photoionization modeling of the infrared lines. Our analysis suggests that the luminosity and morphology of the [O IV] 25.89 micron emission line is consistent with photoionization by the soft X-ray and far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter-bounded both in the line of sight direction and to the east, and probably radiation-bounded to the west. A bolometric luminosity in excess of 10(exp 40) erg/s would be needed to produce the measured [O IV] flux. We use modeling and previously published studies to conclude that shocks likely contribute very little, if at all, to the high-excitation line fluxes observed in the Holmberg II ULX. Additionally, we find that the spectral type of the companion star has a surprisingly strong effect on the predicted strength of the [O IV] emission. This finding could explain the origin of [O IV] in some starburst systems containing black hole binaries.
The Great Pretenders Among the ULX Class

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Christodoulou, Dimitris M.; Laycock, Silas G. T.; Kazanas, Demosthenes; Cappallo, Rigel; Contopoulos, Ioannis

2017-05-01

The recent discoveries of pulsed X-ray emission from three ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources have finally enabled us to recognize a subclass within the ULX class: the great pretenders, neutron stars (NSs) that appear to emit X-ray radiation at isotropic luminosities {L}{{X}}=7× {10}39 {erg} {{{s}}}-1-1× {10}41 {erg} {{{s}}}-1 only because their emissions are strongly beamed toward our direction and our sight lines are offset by only a few degrees from their magnetic-dipole axes. The three known pretenders appear to be stronger emitters than the presumed black holes of the ULX class, such as Holmberg II & IX X-1, IC10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1. For these three NSs, we have adopted a single reasonable assumption, that their brightest observed outbursts unfold at the Eddington rate, and we have calculated both their propeller states and their surface magnetic-field magnitudes. We find that the results are not at all different from those recently obtained for the Magellanic Be/X-ray pulsars: the three NSs reveal modest magnetic fields of about 0.3-0.4 TG and beamed propeller-line X-ray luminosities of ˜ {10}36-{10}37 {erg} {{{s}}}-1, substantially below the Eddington limit.
The Great Pretenders Among the ULX Class

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Christodoulou, Dimitris M.; Laycock, Silas G. T.; Kazanas, Demosthenes; Cappallo, Rigel; Contopoulos, Ioannis

2017-01-01

The recent discoveries of pulsed X-ray emission from three ultraluminous X-ray (ULX) sources have finally enabled us to recognize a subclass within the ULX class: the great pretenders, neutron stars (NSs) that appear to emit X-ray radiation at isotropic luminosities Lx = 7 x 10(exp 39) erg/s - 1 x 10(exp 41) erg/s only because their emissions are strongly beamed toward our direction and our sight lines are offset by only a few degrees from their magnetic-dipole axes. The three known pretenders appear to be stronger emitters than the presumed black holes of the ULX class, such as Holmberg II & IX X-1, IC10 X-1 and NGC 300 X-1. For these three NSs, we have adopted a single reasonable assumption, that their brightest observed outbursts unfold at the Eddington rate, and we have calculated both their propeller states and their surface magnetic-field magnitudes. We find that the results are not at all different from those recently obtained for the Magellanic Be/X-ray pulsars: the three NSs reveal modest magnetic fields of about 0.3 - 0.4 TG and beamed propeller-line X-ray luminosities of approx. 10(exp 36) - 10(exp 37) erg/s, substantially below the Eddington limit.
On the Holmberg asymmetry of the satellites of disk galaxies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Byrd, Gene G.; Valtonen, Mauri J.

1987-01-01

A tidal explanation for the observation by Holmberg that the satellites of edge-on disk galaxies tend to avoid the sector within + or - 30 deg of the major axes of the disk galaxies is considered. It is shown that satellites with small orbit-to-disk inclinations are likely to become compact and consequently be left out in Holmberg's survey due to the resemblance to stars. The explanation is supported by the observation of an excess of compact galaxies near the major-axis direction of edge-on disk galaxies. The disk tidal explanation also predicts that the asymmetry should be weaker with larger satellites. It is found that the Karachentsev (1972, 1980) binary galaxy sample, where the typical companion is comparable to the primary galaxy, shows no Holmberg effect. The case of M32 as a compact satellite of the Andromeda galaxy is discussed as a nearby observationally supported example of the above processes.
76 FR 7568 - Change in Bank Control Notices; Acquisitions of Shares of a Bank or Bank Holding Company

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-10

..., Templeton, Pennsylvania; Marsha L. Snyder, and Richard J. Krauland, both of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Bryan... Bradford, Pennsylvania; Kelly J. Holmberg, and Hailey J. Holmberg, both of Naples, Florida; and Charles H...
Speaking Personally--With Robert G. Holmberg

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Journal of Distance Education, 2009

2009-01-01

This article presents an interview with Robert G. Holmberg, professor emeritus at Athabasca University (AU). He retired at the end of 2007 following a thirty-three-year academic career at AU in Edmonton and Athabasca, Alberta, Canada. During that time he oversaw the development and delivery of several of the university's first courses. He helped…
The First Detection of (OIV) from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source with Spitzer.I. Observational Results for Holmberg II ULX

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-11

nebulae of up to 500 pc diameter (Pakull & Mirioni 2002). These are much larger than regular supernova remnants (SNRs) and energy estimates show that...interaction of the ULX with the surrounding medium. Interestingly, SS 433 is also surrounded by a 100 pc radio nebula , W 50 (e.g., Fabrika 2004). Vázquez et al...ionization nebulae for investigating X-ray sources has long been realized, beginning with the first detection of nebulae around supersoft sources such
Spitzer Observations of MF 16 Nebula and the Associated Ultraluminous X-Ray Source

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

reserved. Printed in the U.S.A. SPITZER OBSERVATIONS OF MF 16 NEBULA AND THE ASSOCIATED ULTRALUMINOUS X-RAY SOURCE C. T. Berghea and R. P. Dudik United...associated nebula MF 16. This ULX has very similar properties to the famous Holmberg II ULX, the first ULX to show a prominent infrared [O iv] emission...the most interesting developments in ULX history is the discovery in recent years of large ionized bubble nebulae around some of the most famous ULXs

Comparison of the behavior of normal factor IX and the factor IX Bm variant Hilo in the prothrombin time test using tissue factors from bovine, human, and rabbit sources.

PubMed

Lefkowitz, J B; Monroe, D M; Kasper, C K; Roberts, H R

1993-07-01

A subset of hemophilia B patients have a prolonged bovine-brain prothrombin time. These CRM+ patients are classified as having hemophilia Bm. The prolongation of the prothrombin time has been reported only with bovine brain (referred to as ox brain in some literature) as the source of thromboplastin; prothrombin times determined with thromboplastin from rabbit brain or human brain are not reported to be prolonged. Factor IX from a hemophilia Bm patient (factor IX Hilo) was isolated. The activity of factor IX Hilo was compared to that of normal factor IX in prothrombin time assays when the thromboplastin source was of bovine, rabbit, or human origin. Factor IX, either normal or Hilo, prolonged a prothrombin time regardless of the tissue factor source. However, unless thromboplastin was from a bovine source, this prolongation required high concentrations of factor IX. Further, factor IX normal was as effective as factor IX Hilo in prolonging the prothrombin time when rabbit or human thromboplastin was used. With bovine thromboplastin, factor IX Hilo was significantly better than factor IX normal at prolonging the prothrombin time. The amount of prolongation was dependent on the amount of factor IX Hilo added. In addition, the prolongation was dependent on the concentration of factor X present in the sample. The prothrombin time changed as much as 20 seconds when the factor X concentration was varied from 50% to 150% to normal (fixed concentration of factor IX Hilo). These results demonstrate the difficulty of classifying the severity of a hemophilia Bm patient based on the bovine brain prothrombin time unless both the factor IX and factor X concentrations are known.
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cseh, David; Corbel, Stephane; Kaaret, Philip

We present new radio, optical, and X-ray observations of three ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) that are associated with large-scale nebulae. We report the discovery of a radio nebula associated with the ULX IC 342 X-1 using the Very Large Array (VLA). Complementary VLA observations of the nebula around Holmberg II X-1, and high-frequency Australia Telescope Compact Array and Very Large Telescope spectroscopic observations of NGC 5408 X-1 are also presented. We study the morphology, ionization processes, and the energetics of the optical/radio nebulae of IC 342 X-1, Holmberg II X-1, and NGC 5408 X-1. The energetics of the optical nebulamore » of IC 342 X-1 is discussed in the framework of standard bubble theory. The total energy content of the optical nebula is 6 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 52} erg. The minimum energy needed to supply the associated radio nebula is 9.2 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 50} erg. In addition, we detected an unresolved radio source at the location of IC 342 X-1 at the VLA scales. However, our Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) observations using the European VLBI Network likely rule out the presence of any compact radio source at milliarcsecond (mas) scales. Using a simultaneous Swift X-ray Telescope measurement, we estimate an upper limit on the mass of the black hole in IC 342 X-1 using the 'fundamental plane' of accreting black holes and obtain M{sub BH} {<=} (1.0 {+-} 0.3) Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 3} M{sub Sun }. Arguing that the nebula of IC 342 X-1 is possibly inflated by a jet, we estimate accretion rates and efficiencies for the jet of IC 342 X-1 and compare with sources like S26, SS433, and IC 10 X-1.« less
The First Detection of [O IV] from an Ultraluminous X-ray Source with Spitzer. I. Observational Results for Holmberg II ULX

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Berghea, C. T.; Dudik, R. P.; Weaver, K. A.; Kallman, T. R.

2009-01-01

We presen the first Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS) observations of the [O IV] 25.89 um emission line detected from the ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX) in Holmberg II. This line is a well established signature of high excitation usually associated with AGN. Its detection suggests that the ULX has a strong impact on the surrounding gas. A Spitzer high resolution spectral map shows that the [O IV] is coincident with the X-ray position of the ULX. The ratios of the [O IV] to lower ionization lines are similar to those observed in AGN, suggesting that a strong UV and X-ray source is responsible for the, photoionization. The best XMM-Newton data is used to model the X-ray band which is then extrapolated into the UV. We perform infrared and ultraviolet photometry, and use its previously published optical and radio data to construct the full SED for the ULX and its companion. The preferred model to describe the SED includes an accretion disk which dominates the soft X-rays but contributes little at UV and optical wavelengths. The optical counterpart is consistent with a B supergiant as previously suggested in other studies. The bolometric luminosity of the ULX suggests the presence of an intermediate-mass black hole with mass >85 M for sub-Eddington accretion or, alternatively, a stellar-mass black hole that is accreting at super-Eddington rates. In a follow-up second paper we perform detailed photoionization modeling of the infrared lines in order to constrain the bolometric luminosity of the ULX.
The First Detection of (O IV) from an Ultraluminous X-Ray Source with Spitzer. 2. Evidence for High Luminosity in Holmberg II ULX

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

from the accretion disk of the binary system and inconsistent with narrow beaming. We show that the emission nebula is matter- bounded both in the line...making them very dif- ficult to characterize. The ionization nebulae surrounding some ULXs have become critical for understanding the properties of...Abolmasov et al. 2007). It is located inside an ionized nebula (the “Foot nebula ”), and shows high- ionization optical emission lines coincident with
Star-formation complexes in the `galaxy-sized' supergiant shell of the galaxy Holmberg I

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Egorov, Oleg V.; Lozinskaya, Tatiana A.; Moiseev, Alexei V.; Smirnov-Pinchukov, Grigory V.

2018-05-01

We present the results of observations of the galaxy Holmberg I carried out at the Russian 6-m telescope in the narrow-band imaging, long-slit spectroscopy, and scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer modes. A detailed analysis of gas kinematics, ionization conditions, and metallicity of star-forming regions in the galaxy is presented. The aim of the paper is to analyse the propagation of star formation in the galaxy and to understand the role of the ongoing star formation in the evolution of the central `galaxy-sized' supergiant H I shell (SGS), where all regions of star formation are observed. We show that star formation in the galaxy occurs in large unified complexes rather than in individual giant H II regions. Evidence of the triggered star formation is observed both on scales of individual complexes and of the whole galaxy. We identified two supernova-remnant candidates and one late-type WN star and analysed their spectrum and surrounding-gas kinematics. We provide arguments indicating that the SGS in Holmberg I is destructing by the influence of star formation occurring on its rims.
The MYStIX Infrared-Excess Source Catalog

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Povich, Matthew S.; Kuhn, Michael A.; Getman, Konstantin V.; Busk, Heather A.; Feigelson, Eric D.; Broos, Patrick S.; Townsley, Leisa K.; King, Robert R.; Naylor, Tim

2013-12-01

The Massive Young Star-Forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-rays (MYStIX) project provides a comparative study of 20 Galactic massive star-forming complexes (d = 0.4-3.6 kpc). Probable stellar members in each target complex are identified using X-ray and/or infrared data via two pathways: (1) X-ray detections of young/massive stars with coronal activity/strong winds or (2) infrared excess (IRE) selection of young stellar objects (YSOs) with circumstellar disks and/or protostellar envelopes. We present the methodology for the second pathway using Spitzer/IRAC, 2MASS, and UKIRT imaging and photometry. Although IRE selection of YSOs is well-trodden territory, MYStIX presents unique challenges. The target complexes range from relatively nearby clouds in uncrowded fields located toward the outer Galaxy (e.g., NGC 2264, the Flame Nebula) to more distant, massive complexes situated along complicated, inner Galaxy sightlines (e.g., NGC 6357, M17). We combine IR spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting with IR color cuts and spatial clustering analysis to identify IRE sources and isolate probable YSO members in each MYStIX target field from the myriad types of contaminating sources that can resemble YSOs: extragalactic sources, evolved stars, nebular knots, and even unassociated foreground/background YSOs. Applying our methodology consistently across 18 of the target complexes, we produce the MYStIX IRE Source (MIRES) Catalog comprising 20,719 sources, including 8686 probable stellar members of the MYStIX target complexes. We also classify the SEDs of 9365 IR counterparts to MYStIX X-ray sources to assist the first pathway, the identification of X-ray-detected stellar members. The MIRES Catalog provides a foundation for follow-up studies of diverse phenomena related to massive star cluster formation, including protostellar outflows, circumstellar disks, and sequential star formation triggered by massive star feedback processes.
Star-Mapping Tools Enable Tracking of Endangered Animals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2009-01-01

Software programmer Jason Holmberg of Portland, Oregon, partnered with a Goddard Space Flight Center astrophysicist to develop a method for tracking the elusive whale shark using the unique spot patterns on the fish s skin. Employing a star-mapping algorithm originally designed for the Hubble Space Telescope, Holmberg created the Shepherd Project, a photograph database and pattern-matching system that can identify whale sharks by their spots and match images contributed to the database by photographers from around the world. The system has been adapted for tracking other rare and endangered animals, including polar bears and ocean sunfish.
A tuneable approach to uniform light distribution for artificial daylight photodynamic therapy.

PubMed

O'Mahoney, Paul; Haigh, Neil; Wood, Kenny; Brown, C Tom A; Ibbotson, Sally; Eadie, Ewan

2018-06-16

Implementation of daylight photodynamic therapy (dPDT) is somewhat limited by variable weather conditions. Light sources have been employed to provide artificial dPDT indoors, with low irradiances and longer treatment times. Uniform light distribution across the target area is key to ensuring effective treatment, particularly for large areas. A novel light source is developed with tuneable direction of light emission in order to meet this challenge. Wavelength composition of the novel light source is controlled such that the protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX) weighed spectra of both the light source and daylight match. The uniformity of the light source is characterised on a flat surface, a model head and a model leg. For context, a typical conventional PDT light source is also characterised. Additionally, the wavelength uniformity across the treatment site is characterised. The PpIX-weighted spectrum of the novel light source matches with PpIX-weighted daylight spectrum, with irradiance values within the bounds for effective dPDT. By tuning the direction of light emission, improvements are seen in the uniformity across large anatomical surfaces. Wavelength uniformity is discussed. We have developed a light source that addresses the challenges in uniform, multiwavelength light distribution for large area artificial dPDT across curved anatomical surfaces. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Characterization and standardization of tissue-simulating protoporphyrin IX optical phantoms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marois, Mikael; Bravo, Jaime; Davis, Scott C.; Kanick, Stephen Chad

2016-03-01

Optical devices for measuring protoporphryin IX (PpIX) fluorescence in tissue are routinely validated by measurements in optical phantoms. Yet there exists limited data to form a consensus on the recipe for phantoms that both mimic the optical properties found in tissue and yield a reliable and stable relationship between PpIX concentration and the fluorescence remission intensity. This study characterizes the influence of multiple phantom components on PpIX fluorescence emission intensity, using Intralipid as the scattering source, bovine whole blood as the background absorber, and Tween as a surfactant to prevent PpIX aggregation. Optical measurements showed a linear proportionality (r>0.99) between fluorescence intensity and PpIX concentration (0.1 to 10 μg/mL) over a range of Intralipid (1 to 2%) and whole blood (0.5 to 3%) for phantoms containing low surfactant (≤0.1%), with fluorescence intensities and scattering and absorption properties stable for 5 h after mixing. The role of surfactant in PpIX phantoms was found to be complex, as aggregation was evident in aqueous nonturbid phantoms with no surfactant (0% Tween), and avoided in phantoms containing Intralipid as the scattering source with no additional or low amounts of added surfactant (≤0.1% Tween). Conversely, phantoms containing higher surfactant content (>0.1% Tween) and whole blood showed interactions that distorted the fluorescence emissions.
Subsurface PpIX imaging in vivo with ultrasound-guided tomographic spectroscopy: reconstruction vs. born-normalized data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flynn, Brendan P.; D'Souza, Alisha V.; Kanick, Stephen C.; Maytin, Edward; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W.

2013-03-01

Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-based photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an effective treatment for skin cancers including basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Topically applied ALA promotes PpIX production preferentially in tumors, and many strategies have been developed to increase PpIX distribution and PDT treatment efficacy at depths > 1mm is not fully understood. While surface imaging techniques provide useful diagnosis, dosimetry, and efficacy information for superficial tumors, these methods cannot interrogate deeper tumors to provide in situ insight into spatial PpIX distributions. We have developed an ultrasound-guided, white-light-informed, tomographics spectroscopy system for the spatial measurement of subsurface PpIX. Detailed imaging system specifications, methodology, and optical-phantom-based characterization will be presented separately. Here we evaluate preliminary in vivo results using both full tomographic reconstruction and by plotting individual tomographic source-detector pair data against US images.
Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight Illumination for Photodynamic Therapy--Use of Greenhouses and Artificial Light Sources.

PubMed

Lerche, Catharina M; Heerfordt, Ida M; Heydenreich, Jakob; Wulf, Hans Christian

2016-02-29

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (daylight PDT) is a simple and pain free treatment of actinic keratoses. Weather conditions may not always allow daylight PDT outdoors. We compared the spectrum of five different lamp candidates for indoor "daylight PDT" and investigated their ability to photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Furthermore, we measured the amount of PpIX activating daylight available in a glass greenhouse, which can be an alternative when it is uncomfortable for patients to be outdoors. The lamps investigated were: halogen lamps (overhead and slide projector), white light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, red LED panel and lamps used for conventional PDT. Four of the five light sources were able to photobleach PpIX completely. For halogen light and the red LED lamp, 5000 lux could photobleach PpIX whereas 12,000 lux were needed for the white LED lamp. Furthermore, the greenhouse was suitable for daylight PDT since the effect of solar light is lowered only by 25%. In conclusion, we found four of the five light sources and the greenhouse usable for indoor daylight PDT. The greenhouse is beneficial when the weather outside is rainy or windy. Only insignificant ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) radiation passes through the greenhouse glass, so sun protection is not needed.
Alternatives to Outdoor Daylight Illumination for Photodynamic Therapy—Use of Greenhouses and Artificial Light Sources

PubMed Central

Lerche, Catharina M.; Heerfordt, Ida M.; Heydenreich, Jakob; Wulf, Hans Christian

2016-01-01

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (daylight PDT) is a simple and pain free treatment of actinic keratoses. Weather conditions may not always allow daylight PDT outdoors. We compared the spectrum of five different lamp candidates for indoor “daylight PDT” and investigated their ability to photobleach protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Furthermore, we measured the amount of PpIX activating daylight available in a glass greenhouse, which can be an alternative when it is uncomfortable for patients to be outdoors. The lamps investigated were: halogen lamps (overhead and slide projector), white light-emitting diode (LED) lamp, red LED panel and lamps used for conventional PDT. Four of the five light sources were able to photobleach PpIX completely. For halogen light and the red LED lamp, 5000 lux could photobleach PpIX whereas 12,000 lux were needed for the white LED lamp. Furthermore, the greenhouse was suitable for daylight PDT since the effect of solar light is lowered only by 25%. In conclusion, we found four of the five light sources and the greenhouse usable for indoor daylight PDT. The greenhouse is beneficial when the weather outside is rainy or windy. Only insignificant ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) radiation passes through the greenhouse glass, so sun protection is not needed. PMID:26938525
A Continued Census of Mid-IR Variability from ULXs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lau, Ryan; Kasliwal, Mansi; Heida, Marianne; Walton, Dom

2017-04-01

The nature of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) that radiate at luminosities >10^39 erg/s is still a mystery. ULXs are believed to be binaries with an accreting compact object and stellar mass-donor companion, but such high luminosities require accretion rates that are factors of 100 greater than the Eddington limit for accretion onto a neutron star or stellar mass black hole. The difficulties in interpreting ULXs are largely attributed to current observational challenges in determining their orbital properties as well as the properties of the mass-donor companion. Recently, near- and mid-infrared (IR) observations have been demonstrated as powerful diagnostics of the mass-donor companion and the circumstellar environment of ULXs. For example, serendipitous Spitzer/IRAC observations of the ULX Holmberg II X-1 in our Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) revealed the first detection of mid-IR variability from a ULX, where we claimed that the mid-IR emission arises from a dusty circumbinary torus in the winds of a supergiant B[e] mass-donor companion. We identified 5 additional mid-IR ULX counterparts detected by Spitzer/IRAC, one of which shows significant variability like Holmberg II X-1. Although we are finding a growing sample of ULXs exhibiting mid-IR variability, it is unclear what causes it. Notably, the week - year cadence baselines of the SPIRITS observations are inadequate for resolving variability timescales consistent with several observed ULX orbital periods. In this proposal, we request time-series observations of 6 ULXs with cadence baselines ranging from 0.5 days to 1 week in order to identify the timescales associated mid-IR variability.
The inclination of the dwarf irregular galaxy Holmberg II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sánchez-Salcedo, F. J.; Hidalgo-Gámez, A. M.; Martínez-García, E. E.

2014-10-01

We provide constraints on the inclination angle of the H I disk of the dwarf irregular galaxy Holmberg II (Ho II) from a stability analysis of the outer gaseous disk. We point out that a mean inclination angle of 27(°) and thus a flat circular velocity of ≈ 60 km s(-1) , is required to have a level of gravitational stability similar to that found in other galaxies. Adopting this inclination angle, we find that Ho II lies on the right location in the baryonic Tully-Fisher relation. Moreover, for this inclination, its rotation curve is consistent with MOND. However, the corresponding analysis of the stability under MOND indicates that this galaxy could be problematic for MOND because its outer parts are marginally unstable in this gravity theory. We urge MOND simulators to study numerically the non-linear stability of gas-rich dwarf galaxies since this may provide a new key test for MOND.
An ultrasound-guided fluorescence tomography system: design and specification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

D'Souza, Alisha V.; Flynn, Brendan P.; Kanick, Stephen C.; Torosean, Sason; Davis, Scott C.; Maytin, Edward V.; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W.

2013-03-01

An ultrasound-guided fluorescence molecular tomography system is under development for in vivo quantification of Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) during Aminolevulinic Acid - Photodynamic Therapy (ALA-PDT) of Basal Cell Carcinoma. The system is designed to combine fiber-based spectral sampling of PPIX fluorescence emission with co-registered ultrasound images to quantify local fluorophore concentration. A single white light source is used to provide an estimate of the bulk optical properties of tissue. Optical data is obtained by sequential illumination of a 633nm laser source at 4 linear locations with parallel detection at 5 locations interspersed between the sources. Tissue regions from segmented ultrasound images, optical boundary data, white light-informed optical properties and diffusion theory are used to estimate the fluorophore concentration in these regions. Our system and methods allow interrogation of both superficial and deep tissue locations up to PpIX concentrations of 0.025ug/ml.
Rethinking Federal Regulation of Sexual Harassment

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melnick, R. Shep

2018-01-01

Over the past decade, federal regulation of education under Title IX has been sucked into the impetuous vortex of partisan polarization. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits schools that receive federal funding from discriminating on the basis of sex. For decades, intercollegiate athletics was the main source of controversy.…
Definitions from Pioneers in the Field.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saba, Farhad, Ed.

1999-01-01

Presents classical definitions and explanations of distance education selected from pioneers of the field or those who have made seminal contributions to the conceptualization of distance education and related fields. Discusses definitions by Desmond Keegan, Michael G. Moore, Borje Holmberg, and Otto Peters. (AEF)
Performance and life cycle environmental benefits of recycling spent ion exchange brines by catalytic treatment of nitrate.

PubMed

Choe, Jong Kwon; Bergquist, Allison M; Jeong, Sangjo; Guest, Jeremy S; Werth, Charles J; Strathmann, Timothy J

2015-09-01

Salt used to make brines for regeneration of ion exchange (IX) resins is the dominant economic and environmental liability of IX treatment systems for nitrate-contaminated drinking water sources. To reduce salt usage, the applicability and environmental benefits of using a catalytic reduction technology to treat nitrate in spent IX brines and enable their reuse for IX resin regeneration were evaluated. Hybrid IX/catalyst systems were designed and life cycle assessment of process consumables are used to set performance targets for the catalyst reactor. Nitrate reduction was measured in a typical spent brine (i.e., 5000 mg/L NO3(-) and 70,000 mg/L NaCl) using bimetallic Pd-In hydrogenation catalysts with variable Pd (0.2-2.5 wt%) and In (0.0125-0.25 wt%) loadings on pelletized activated carbon support (Pd-In/C). The highest activity of 50 mgNO3(-)/(min - g(Pd)) was obtained with a 0.5 wt%Pd-0.1 wt%In/C catalyst. Catalyst longevity was demonstrated by observing no decrease in catalyst activity over more than 60 days in a packed-bed reactor. Based on catalyst activity measured in batch and packed-bed reactors, environmental impacts of hybrid IX/catalyst systems were evaluated for both sequencing-batch and continuous-flow packed-bed reactor designs and environmental impacts of the sequencing-batch hybrid system were found to be 38-81% of those of conventional IX. Major environmental impact contributors other than salt consumption include Pd metal, hydrogen (electron donor), and carbon dioxide (pH buffer). Sensitivity of environmental impacts of the sequencing-batch hybrid reactor system to sulfate and bicarbonate anions indicate the hybrid system is more sustainable than conventional IX when influent water contains <80 mg/L sulfate (at any bicarbonate level up to 100 mg/L) or <20 mg/L bicarbonate (at any sulfate level up to 100 mg/L) assuming 15 brine reuse cycles. The study showed that hybrid IX/catalyst reactor systems have potential to reduce resource consumption and improve environmental impacts associated with treating nitrate-contaminated water sources. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Mediated Communication as a Component of Distance Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holmberg, Borje, Ed.

The concern of this booklet is with "two-way traffic", or real communication, in distance education. Following an introduction by Holmberg, the following papers appear: "Some Thoughts on Delayed and Immediate Feedback" (Diehl); "The Effect of Field Scoring on Time to Completion in Career Development Courses" (Diehl);…
VizieR Online Data Catalog: Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies (RC1; de Vaucouleurs+ 1964)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Vaucouleurs, G.; de Vaucouleurs, A.

1995-11-01

The Reference Catalogue of Bright Galaxies lists for each entry the following information: NGC number, IC number, or A number; A, B, or C designation; B1950.0 positions, position at 100 year precession; galactic and supergalactic positions; revised morphological type and source; type and color class in Yerkes list 1 and 2; Hubble-Sandage type; revised Hubble type according to Holmberg; logarithm of mean major diameter (log D) and ratio of major to minor diameter (log R) and their weights; logarithm of major diameter; sources of the diameters; David Dunlap Observatory type and luminosity class; Harvard photographic apparent magnitude; weight of V, B-V(0), U-B(0); integrated magnitude B(0) and its weight in the B system; mean surface brightness in magnitude per square minute of arc and sources for the B magnitude; mean B surface brightness derived from corrected Harvard magnitude; the integrated color index in the standard B-V system; "intrinsic" color index; sources of B-V and/or U-B; integrated color in the standard U-B system; observed radial velocity in km/sec; radial velocity corrected for solar motion in km/sec; sources of radial velocities; solar motion correction; and direct photographic source. The catalog was created by concatenating four files side by side. (1 data file).

The Effect of Electroencephalogram (EEG) Reference Choice on Information-Theoretic Measures of the Complexity and Integration of EEG Signals

PubMed Central

Trujillo, Logan T.; Stanfield, Candice T.; Vela, Ruben D.

2017-01-01

Converging evidence suggests that human cognition and behavior emerge from functional brain networks interacting on local and global scales. We investigated two information-theoretic measures of functional brain segregation and integration—interaction complexity CI(X), and integration I(X)—as applied to electroencephalographic (EEG) signals and how these measures are affected by choice of EEG reference. CI(X) is a statistical measure of the system entropy accounted for by interactions among its elements, whereas I(X) indexes the overall deviation from statistical independence of the individual elements of a system. We recorded 72 channels of scalp EEG from human participants who sat in a wakeful resting state (interleaved counterbalanced eyes-open and eyes-closed blocks). CI(X) and I(X) of the EEG signals were computed using four different EEG references: linked-mastoids (LM) reference, average (AVG) reference, a Laplacian (LAP) “reference-free” transformation, and an infinity (INF) reference estimated via the Reference Electrode Standardization Technique (REST). Fourier-based power spectral density (PSD), a standard measure of resting state activity, was computed for comparison and as a check of data integrity and quality. We also performed dipole source modeling in order to assess the accuracy of neural source CI(X) and I(X) estimates obtained from scalp-level EEG signals. CI(X) was largest for the LAP transformation, smallest for the LM reference, and at intermediate values for the AVG and INF references. I(X) was smallest for the LAP transformation, largest for the LM reference, and at intermediate values for the AVG and INF references. Furthermore, across all references, CI(X) and I(X) reliably distinguished between resting-state conditions (larger values for eyes-open vs. eyes-closed). These findings occurred in the context of the overall expected pattern of resting state PSD. Dipole modeling showed that simulated scalp EEG-level CI(X) and I(X) reflected changes in underlying neural source dependencies, but only for higher levels of integration and with highest accuracy for the LAP transformation. Our observations suggest that the Laplacian-transformation should be preferred for the computation of scalp-level CI(X) and I(X) due to its positive impact on EEG signal quality and statistics, reduction of volume-conduction, and the higher accuracy this provides when estimating scalp-level EEG complexity and integration. PMID:28790884
Influence of meat source, pH and production time on zinc protoporphyrin IX formation as natural colouring agent in nitrite-free dry fermented sausages.

PubMed

De Maere, Hannelore; Chollet, Sylvie; De Brabanter, Jos; Michiels, Chris; Paelinck, Hubert; Fraeye, Ilse

2018-01-01

Nitrite is commonly used in meat products due to its plural technological advantages. However, it is controversial because of its detrimental side effects on health. Within the context of nitrite reduction, zinc protoporphyrin IX (Zn(II)PPIX) formation in meat products as natural red colouring agent has been suggested. This investigation presents the evaluation of naturally occurring pigments, namely Zn(II)PPIX, protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) and heme in nitrite-free dry fermented sausages in function of time, meat source (pork, horsemeat and a combination of both meat sources) and pH condition. In function of time, Zn(II)PPIX and PPIX were formed and heme content decreased. Higher pH conditions promoted Zn(II)PPIX and PPIX formation, whereas the influence of pH on heme was less clear. The use of horsemeat also promoted Zn(II)PPIX formation. Moreover, even similar amounts were formed when it was combined with pork. Product redness, however, could not be related to Zn(II)PPIX formation. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Delineating Normal from Diseased Brain by Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stepp, Herbert; Stummer, Walter

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) as a precursor of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has been established as an orally applied drug to guide surgical resection of malignant brain tumors by exciting the red fluorescence of PpIX. The accumulation of PpIX in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is highly selective and provides excellent contrast to normal brain when using surgical microscopes with appropriately filtered light sources and cameras. The positive predictive value of fluorescent tissue is very high, enabling safe gross total resection of GBM and other brain tumors and improving prognosis of patients. Compared to other intraoperative techniques that have been developed with the aim of increasing the rate of safe gross total resections of malignant gliomas, PpIX fluorescence is considerably simpler, more cost effective, and comparably reliable. We present the basics of 5-ALA-based fluorescence-guided resection, and discuss the clinical results obtained for GBM and the experience with the fluorescence staining of other primary brain tumors and metastases as well as the results for spinal cord tumors. The phototoxicity of PpIX, increasingly used for photodynamic therapy of brain tumors, is mentioned briefly in this chapter.
Pandemic Influenza: An Analysis of State Preparedness and Response Plans

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-24

RL32752, Continuity of Operations (COOP) in the Executive Branch: Issues in the 109th Congress, by R. Eric Petersen, and White House Homeland Security...23 Holmberg, S.D., Layton , C.M., Ghneim, G.S., and Wagener, D.K., “State Plans for Containment of Pandemic Influenza,” Emerging Infectious Diseases
Does Stellar Feedback Create HI Holes? An HST/VLA Study of Holmberg II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Weisz, Daniel R.; Skillman, E. D.; Cannon, J. M.; Dolphin, A. E.; Kennicutt, R. C., Jr.; Lee, J.; Walter, F.

2010-01-01

We use deep HST/ACS F555W and F814W photometry of resolved stars in the M81 Group dwarf irregular galaxy Holmberg II to study the hypothesis that the holes identified in the neutral ISM (HI) are created by stellar feedback. From the deep photometry, we construct color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and measure the star formation histories (SFHs) for stars contained in HI holes from two independent holes catalogs, as well as select control fields, i.e., similar sized regions that span a range of HI column densities. The recent SFHs confirm multiple episodes of star formation within most holes. Converting the recent SFHs into stellar feedback energies, we find that enough energy has been generated to have created all holes. However, the required energy is not always produced over a time scale that is less than the estimated kinematic age of the hole. A similar analysis of stars in the control fields finds that the stellar populations of the control fields and HI holes are statistically indistinguishable. However, because we are only sensitive to holes ˜ 100 pc in diameter, we cannot tell if there are smaller holes inside the control fields. The combination of the CMDs, recent SFHs, and locations of young stars shows that the stellar populations inside HI holes are not coherent, single-aged, stellar clusters, as previously suggested, but rather multi-age populations distributed across each hole. From a comparison of the modeled and observed integrated magnitudes, and the locations and energetics of stars inside of HI holes, we propose a potential new model: a viable mechanism for creating the observed HI holes in Holmberg II is stellar feedback from multiple generations of SF spread out over tens or hundreds of Myr, and thus, the concept of an age for an HI hole is intrinsically ambiguous.
Star Formation Histories of the LEGUS Dwarf Galaxies. I. Recent History of NGC 1705, NGC 4449, and Holmberg II

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cignoni, M.; Sacchi, E.; Aloisi, A.; Tosi, M.; Calzetti, D.; Lee, J. C.; Sabbi, E.; Adamo, A.; Cook, D. O.; Dale, D. A.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Gallagher, J. S., III; Gouliermis, D. A.; Grasha, K.; Grebel, E. K.; Hunter, D. A.; Johnson, K. E.; Messa, M.; Smith, L. J.; Thilker, D. A.; Ubeda, L.; Whitmore, B. C.

2018-03-01

We use Hubble Space Telescope observations from the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey to reconstruct the recent star formation histories (SFHs) of three actively star-forming dwarf galaxies, NGC 4449, Holmberg II, and NGC 1705, from their UV color–magnitude diagrams (CMDs). We apply a CMD fitting technique using two independent sets of stellar isochrones, PARSEC-COLIBRI and MIST, to assess the uncertainties related to stellar evolution modeling. Irrespective of the adopted stellar models, all three dwarfs are found to have had almost constant star formation rates (SFRs) in the last 100–200 Myr, with modest enhancements (a factor of ∼2) above the 100 Myr averaged SFR. Significant differences among the three dwarfs are found in terms of the overall SFR, the timing of the most recent peak, and the SFR/area. The initial mass function of NGC 1705 and Holmberg II is consistent with a Salpeter slope down to ≈5 M ⊙, whereas it is slightly flatter, s = ‑2.0, in NGC 4449. The SFHs derived with the two different sets of stellar models are consistent with each other, except for some quantitative details, attributable to their input assumptions. They also share the drawback that all synthetic diagrams predict a clear separation in color between the upper main-sequence and helium-burning stars, which is not apparent in the data. Since neither differential reddening, which is significant in NGC 4449, nor unresolved binaries appear to be sufficient to fill the gap, we suggest this calls for a revision of both sets of stellar evolutionary tracks. Based on observations obtained with the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope at the Space Telescope Science Institute, which is operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy under NASA Contract NAS 5-26555.
Use of acousto-optic tunable filter in fluorescence imaging endoscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouhifd, Mounir; Whelan, Maurice; Aprahamian, Marc

2003-10-01

A prototype instrument for fluorescence-based medical diagnostics in vivo is described. The system consists of a rigid endoscope comprising a UV laser-source for fluorescence excitation and a white light source for direct imaging. An acousto-optic tuneable filter (AOTF) is employed as a full-field tuneable bandpass filter. This allows fast continuous or random-access tuning with high filtering efficiency. A study of the diagnostic potential of fluorescence imaging for pancreatitis was conducted on a rat model. In particular, the aim was to detect autofluorescence of endogenous protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) that has been shown to accumulate in early-stage diseased tissue undergoing an inflammatory response.
Influence of protoporphyrin IX loaded phloroglucinol succinic acid dendrimer in photodynamic therapy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, M. Suresh; Aruna, P.; Ganesan, S.

2018-03-01

One of the major problems reported clinically for photosensitizers (PS) in Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is, the cause of side-effects to normal tissue due to dark toxicity. The usefulness of photosensitizers can be made possible by reducing its dark toxicity nature. In such scenario, biocompatible carriers can be used as a drug delivery system to evade the problems that arises while using free (dark toxic) drugs. So in this study, we have developed a nano drug delivery system called Phloroglucinol Succinic acid (PGSA) dendrimer, entrapped a photosensitizer, protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) inside the system and investigated whether the photodynamic efficacy of the anionic surface charged dendrimer-PpIX nano formulation is enhanced than achieved by the free PpIX in HeLa cancer cell lines. Moreover, the Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was monitored using 2‧,7‧-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCF-DA)- ROS Marker with phase contrast microscopy for the IC50 values of free and dendrimer-PpIX nano formulation. Similarly, the mode of cell death has been confirmed by cell cycle analysis for the same. For the in vitro PDT application, we have used a simple light source (Light Emitting Diode) with a power of 30-50 mW for 20 min irradiation. Hence, in this study we have taken steps to report this anionic drug delivery system is good to consider for the photodynamic therapy applications with the photosensitizer, PpIX which satisfied the prime requirement of PDT.
Distance Education MBA Students: An Investigation into the Use of an Orientation Course to Address Academic and Social Integration Issues

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kanuka, Heather; Jugdev, Kam

2006-01-01

Distance education programmes warrant the use of innovative intervention practices to enhance student learning experiences. Academic and social empathy by faculty has been shown to enhance student retention in programmes along with their critical thinking abilities. Using Holmberg's theory of teaching-learning conversations as the guiding…
A Hyper Suprime-Cam View of the Interacting Galaxies of the M81 Group

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Okamoto, Sakurako; Arimoto, Nobuo; Ferguson, Annette M. N.; Bernard, Edouard J.; Irwin, Mike J.; Yamada, Yoshihiko; Utsumi, Yousuke

2015-08-01

We present the first results of a wide-field mapping survey of the M81 group conducted with Hyper Suprime-Cam on the Subaru Telescope. Our deep photometry reaches ˜2 mag below the tip of the red giant branch (RGB) and reveals the spatial distribution of both old and young stars over an area of ˜ 100 × 115 kpc at the distance of M81. The young stars (˜30-160 Myr old) closely follow the neutral hydrogen distribution and can be found in a stellar stream between M81 and NGC 3077 and in numerous outlying stellar associations, including the known concentrations of Arp's Loop, Holmberg IX, an arc in the halo of M82, BK3N, and the Garland. Many of these groupings do not have counterparts in the RGB maps, suggesting they may be genuinely young systems. Our survey also reveals for the first time the very extended (≥slant 2× {R}25) halos of RGB stars around M81, M82, and NGC 3077, as well as faint tidal streams that link these systems. The halos of M82 and NGC 3077 exhibit highly disturbed morphologies, presumably a consequence of the recent gravitational encounter and their ongoing disruption. While the halos of M81 and NGC 3077 and the inner halo of M82 have similar {(g-i)}0 colors, the outer halo of M82 is significantly bluer indicating it is more metal poor. Remarkably, our deep panoramic view of the M81 group demonstrates that the complexity long known to be present in HI is equally matched in the low surface brightness stellar component. Based on data collected at Subaru Telescope, which is operated by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan.
Multi-spectral wide-field imaging for PplX PDT dosimetry of skin (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LaRochelle, Ethan; Chun, Hayden H.; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W.; Maytin, Edward V.; Chapman, Michael S.; Davis, Scott C.

2016-03-01

Actinic Kertoses (AK) are common pre-cancerous lesions associated with sun-damaged skin. While generally benign, the condition can progress to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and is a particular concern for immunosuppressed patients who are susceptible to uncontrolled AK and SCC. Among the FDA-approved treatment options for AK, ALA-based photodynamic therapy is unique in that it is non-scarring and can be repeated on the same area. However, response rates vary widely due to variations in drug and light delivery, PpIX production, and tissue oxygenation. Thus, developing modalities to predict response is critical to enable patient-specific treatment-enhancing interventions. To that end, we have developed a wide-field spectrally-resolved fluorescence imaging system capable of red and blue light excitation. While blue light excites PpIX efficiently, poor photon penetration limits the image content to superficial layers of skin. Red light excitation, on the other hand, can reveal fluorescence information originating from deeper in tissue, which may provide relevant information about PpIX distribution. Our instrument illuminates the skin via a fiber-based ring illuminator, into which is coupled sequentially a white light source, and blue and red laser diodes. Light emitted from the tissue passes through a high-speed filter wheel with filters selected to resolve the PpIX emission spectrum. This configuration enables the use of spectral fitting to decouple PpIX fluorescence from background signal, improving sensitivity to low concentrations of PpIX. Images of tissue-simulating phantoms and animal models confirm a linear response to PpIX, and the ability to image sub-surface PpIX inaccessible with blue light using red excitation.
HPC Insights, Fall 2011

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

Simulating Satellite Tracking Using Parallel Computing By Andrew Lindstrom ,University of Hawaii at Hilo — Mentors: Carl Holmberg, Maui High Performance...RDECOM) and his management team, RDECOM Deputy Director Gary Martin ; ARL Director John Miller; Communications- Electronics Research, Development...Saves Resources By Mike Knowles, ARL DSRC Site Lead, Lockheed Martin mode instead of full power down. The first phase of the EAS effort is an attempt
Comparison of Blue and White Lamp Light with Sunlight for Daylight-Mediated, 5-ALA Photodynamic Therapy, in vivo.

PubMed

Marra, Kayla; LaRochelle, Ethan P; Chapman, M Shane; Hoopes, P Jack; Lukovits, Karina; Maytin, Edward V; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W

2018-04-16

Daylight-mediated photodynamic therapy (d-PDT) as a treatment for actinic keratosis (AK) is an increasingly common technique due to a significant reduction in pain, leading to better patient tolerability. While past studies have looked at different light sources and delivery methods, this study strives to provide equivalent PpIX-weighted light doses with the hypothesis that artificial light sources could be equally as effective as natural sunlight if their PpIX-weighted fluences were equalized. Normal mouse skin was used as the model to compare blue LED light, metal halide white light and natural sunlight, with minimal incubation time between topical ALA application and the onset of light delivery. A total PpIX-weighted fluence of 20 J eff cm -2 was delivered over 2 h, and the efficacy of response was quantified using three acute bioassays for PDT damage: PpIX photobleaching, Stat3 crosslinking and quantitative histopathology. These bioassays indicated blue light was slightly inferior to both sunlight and white light, but that the latter two were not significantly different. The results suggest that metal halide white light could be a reasonable alternative to daylight PDT, which should allow a more controlled treatment that is independent of weather and yet should have similar response rates with limited pain during treatment. © 2018 The American Society of Photobiology.
Evaluation of a hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment technology for nitrate removal from drinking water.

PubMed

Bergquist, Allison M; Choe, Jong Kwon; Strathmann, Timothy J; Werth, Charles J

2016-06-01

Ion exchange (IX) is the most common approach to treating nitrate-contaminated drinking water sources, but the cost of salt to make regeneration brine, as well as the cost and environmental burden of waste brine disposal, are major disadvantages. A hybrid ion exchange-catalyst treatment system, in which waste brine is catalytically treated for reuse, shows promise for reducing costs and environmental burdens of the conventional IX system. An IX model with separate treatment and regeneration cycles was developed, and ion selectivity coefficients for each cycle were separately calibrated by fitting experimental data. Of note, selectivity coefficients for the regeneration cycle required fitting the second treatment cycle after incomplete resin regeneration. The calibrated and validated model was used to simulate many cycles of treatment and regeneration using the hybrid system. Simulated waste brines and a real brine obtained from a California utility were also evaluated for catalytic nitrate treatment in a packed-bed, flow-through column with 0.5 wt%Pd-0.05 wt%In/activated carbon support (PdIn/AC). Consistent nitrate removal and no apparent catalyst deactivation were observed over 23 d (synthetic brine) and 45 d (real waste brine) of continuous-flow treatment. Ion exchange and catalyst results were used to evaluate treatment of 1 billion gallons of nitrate-contaminated source water at a 0.5 MGD water treatment plant. Switching from a conventional IX system with a two bed volume regeneration to a hybrid system with the same regeneration length and sequencing batch catalytic reactor treatment would save 76% in salt cost. The results suggest the hybrid system has the potential to address the disadvantages of a conventional IX treatment systems. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
40 CFR 142.14 - Records kept by States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... locations if it also has ground water source(s); (5) Section 141.74(c)(1)—Any decision to allow a public... locations if it also has ground water source(s); (7) Section 141.75(a)(2)(ix)—Any decision to allow reduced... decision that a public water system's watershed control program meets the requirements of this section...
40 CFR 142.14 - Records kept by States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... locations if it also has ground water source(s); (5) Section 141.74(c)(1)—Any decision to allow a public... locations if it also has ground water source(s); (7) Section 141.75(a)(2)(ix)—Any decision to allow reduced... decision that a public water system's watershed control program meets the requirements of this section...
Discussion Summary & Recommendations: Private Sector Members of Roundtable on Higher Education. Meeting at Kathryn, North Dakota, April 5, 2006

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

North Dakota University System, 2006

2006-01-01

A majority of the private sector members on the Roundtable on Higher Education (See Attachment-A) gathered at the Corporate Adventures training center in Kathryn, North Dakota, on April 5, 2006. Also attending were Senator Ray Holmberg, Chair of the Roundtable on Higher Education and Eddie Dunn on behalf of Dr. Robert Potts, Chancellor of the…
All Source Sensor Integration Using an Extended Kalman Filter

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-22

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 All...Positioning System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ASPN All Source Positioning Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 DARPA Defense Advanced...equations are developed for sensor preprocessed mea- 1 surements, and these navigation equations are not dependent upon the integrating filter. That is
SOURCE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS GUIDANCE - A METHODS DIRECTORY

EPA Science Inventory

Sampling and analytical methodologies are needed by EPA and industry for testing stationary sources for specific organic compounds such as those listed under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Appendix VIII and Appendix IX and the Clean Air Act of 1990. omputerized...
ALA-PpIX variability quantitatively imaged in A431 epidermoid tumors using in vivo ultrasound fluorescence tomography and ex vivo assay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

DSouza, Alisha V.; Flynn, Brendan P.; Gunn, Jason R.; Samkoe, Kimberley S.; Anand, Sanjay; Maytin, Edward V.; Hasan, Tayyaba; Pogue, Brian W.

2014-03-01

Treatment monitoring of Aminolevunilic-acid (ALA) - Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) of basal-cell carcinoma (BCC) calls for superficial and subsurface imaging techniques. While superficial imagers exist for this purpose, their ability to assess PpIX levels in thick lesions is poor; additionally few treatment centers have the capability to measure ALA-induced PpIX production. An area of active research is to improve treatments to deeper and nodular BCCs, because treatment is least effective in these. The goal of this work was to understand the logistics and technical capabilities to quantify PpIX at depths over 1mm, using a novel hybrid ultrasound-guided, fiber-based fluorescence molecular spectroscopictomography system. This system utilizes a 633nm excitation laser and detection using filtered spectrometers. Source and detection fibers are collinear so that their imaging plane matches that of ultrasound transducer. Validation with phantoms and tumor-simulating fluorescent inclusions in mice showed sensitivity to fluorophore concentrations as low as 0.025μg/ml at 4mm depth from surface, as presented in previous years. Image-guided quantification of ALA-induced PpIX production was completed in subcutaneous xenograft epidermoid cancer tumor model A431 in nude mice. A total of 32 animals were imaged in-vivo, using several time points, including pre-ALA, 4-hours post-ALA, and 24-hours post-ALA administration. On average, PpIX production in tumors increased by over 10-fold, 4-hours post-ALA. Statistical analysis of PpIX fluorescence showed significant difference among all groups; p<0.05. Results were validated by exvivo imaging of resected tumors. Details of imaging, analysis and results will be presented to illustrate variability and the potential for imaging these values at depth.

Intense pulse light and 5-ALA PDT: phototoxic effects in vitro depend on the spectral overlap with protoporphyrine IX but do not match cut-off filter notations.

PubMed

Maisch, Tim; Moor, Anne C E; Regensburger, Johannes; Ortland, Christoph; Szeimies, Rolf-Markus; Bäumler, Wolfgang

2011-02-01

Successful photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires a light source by which light is absorbed by the photosensitizer. Such absorption is achieved by adapting the emission spectrum of the lamp to the absorption-spectrum of the photosensitizer. Intense pulsed light sources (IPLs) are widely used in dermatology, but a standardized protocol for IPL-PDT is not available. Five different IPLs were chosen to evaluate their efficacy for PDT in vitro and the possibility for developing a standard protocol for PDT. Emission-spectra of IPLs were measured with an optical spectrograph and compared with the absorption spectrum of protoporphyrine IX (PpIX). Keratinocytes were incubated with 5-ALA and illuminated with the IPLs. Cell viability was determined for radiant exposures ranging from 0 to 504 J/cm(2) and pulse durations from 8 to 100 milliseconds. A standard LED light source was used as a reference. Cell viability is less effectively reduced by 5-ALA-PDT with IPLs than by a LED light source. Radiant exposures of the five IPLs ranged between 80 and 311 J/cm(2) to achieve the EC(50) value. This value correlated with the spectral overlap of the respective IPL and the absorption-spectrum of PpIX but not with the cut-off filter notations supplied by the manufacturer. All IPLs assessed emit different spectra because of different filter technologies. Different radiant exposures (J/cm(2) ) were necessary to achieve a photodynamic effect with 5-ALA in vitro depending on these spectra similar to the photodynamic effect of the standard LED light source. IPLs may be applicable in clinical PDT but radiant exposure protocols must be separately evaluated for each single IPL despite similar cut-off filter specifications. Such protocols are highly important for clinical practice to avoid a potential mismatch of excitation wavelengths and to prevent photothermal side effects when light intensities of up to hundreds of W/cm(2) are applied. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The design of a low-cost Thomson Scattering system for use on the ORNL PhIX device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Biewer, T. M.; Lore, J.; Goulding, R. H.; Hillis, D. L.; Owen, L.; Rapp, J.

2012-10-01

Study of the plasma-material interface (PMI) under high power and particle flux on linear plasma devices is an active area of research that is relevant to fusion-grade toroidal devices such as ITER and DEMO. ORNL is assembling a 15 cm diameter, ˜3 m long linear machine, called the Physics Integration eXperiment (PhIX), which incorporates a helicon plasma source, electron heating, and a material target. The helicon source has demonstrated coupling of up to 100 kW of rf power, and produced ne >= 4 x 10^19 m-3 in D, and He fueled plasmas, measured with interferometry and Langmuir probes (LP). Optical emission spectroscopy was used to confirm LP measurements that Te is about 10 eV in helicon heated plasmas, which will presumably increase when electron heating is applied. Plasma parameters (ne, Te, n0) of the PhIX device will be measured with a novel, low-cost Thomson Scattering (TS) system. The data will be used to characterize the PMI regime with multiple profile measurements in front of the target. Profiles near the source and target will be used to determine the parallel transport regime via comparison to 2D fluid plasma simulations. This work was supported by the US. D.O.E. contract DE-AC05-00OR22725.
When Left Means Right: An Explanation of the Left Cradling Bias in Terms of Right Hemisphere Specializations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bourne, Victoria J.; Todd, Brenda K.

2004-01-01

Previous research has indicated that 70-85% of women and girls show a bias to hold infants, or dolls, to the left side of their body. This bias is not matched in males (e.g. deChateau, Holmberg & Winberg, 1978; Todd, 1995). This study tests an explanation of cradling preferences in terms of hemispheric specialization for the perception of facial…
Serendipitous discovery of a faint dwarf galaxy near a Local Volume dwarf

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makarova, L. N.; Makarov, D. I.; Antipova, A. V.; Karachentsev, I. D.; Tully, R. B.

2018-03-01

A faint dwarf irregular galaxy has been discovered in the HST/ACS field of LV J1157+5638. The galaxy is resolved into individual stars, including the brightest magnitude of the red giant branch. The dwarf is very likely a physical satellite of LV J1157+5638. The distance modulus of LV J1157+5638 using the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) distance indicator is 29.82 ± 0.09 mag (D = 9.22 ± 0.38 Mpc). The TRGB distance modulus of LV J1157+5638 sat is 29.76 ± 0.11 mag (D = 8.95 ± 0.42 Mpc). The distances to the two galaxies are consistent within the uncertainties. The projected separation between them is only 3.9 kpc. LV J1157+5638 has a total absolute V magnitude of -13.26 ± 0.10 and linear Holmberg diameter of 1.36 kpc, whereas its faint satellite LV J1157+5638 sat has MV = -9.38 ± 0.13 mag and Holmberg diameter of 0.37 kpc. Such a faint dwarf was discovered for the first time beyond the nearest 4 Mpc from us. The presence of main-sequence stars in both galaxies unambiguously indicates the classification of the objects as dwarf irregulars with recent or ongoing star formation events in both galaxies.
VizieR Online Data Catalog: MYStIX: the Chandra X-ray sources (Kuhn+, 2013)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuhn, M. A.; Getman, K. V.; Broos, P. S.; Townsley, L. K.; Feigelson, E. D.

2013-11-01

X-ray observations were made with the imaging array on the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS-I) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. This array of four CCD detectors subtends 17'x17' on the sky. Data were acquired from the Chandra Data Archive from 2001 Jan to Mar 2008 for 10 MYStIX fields (Flame Nebula, RCW 36, NGC 2264, Rosette Nebula, Lagoon Nebula, NGC 2362, DR 21, RCW 38, Trifid Nebula and NGC 1893); see table1. (2 data files).
40 CFR 98.460 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... cull. (viii) Bricks, mortar, or cement. (ix) Furnace slag. (x) Materials used as refractory (e.g., alumina, silicon, fire clay, fire brick). (xi) Plastics (e.g., polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene...
VizieR Online Data Catalog: Candidate X-ray OB stars in MYStIX regions (Povich+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Povich, M. S.; Busk, H. A.; Feigelson, E. D.; Townsley, L. K.; Kuhn, M. A.

2017-10-01

X-ray point source catalogs for the 18 Massive Young Star-forming Complex Study in Infrared and X-Rays (MYStIX) regions studied here were produced by Kuhn+ (2010, J/ApJ/725/2485 and 2013, J/ApJS/209/27) and Townsley (2014+, J/ApJS/213/1) from archival Chandra Advanced CCD Imaging Camera (ACIS) observations. MYStIX JHKs NIR photometry was obtained from images taken with the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope (UKIRT) Wide-field Camera or from the Two-Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS). See section 2 for further details. Spitzer MIR photometry at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0um was provided either by the Galactic Legacy Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE; Benjamin+ 2003PASP..115..953B) or by Kuhn+ (2013, J/ApJS/209/29). (4 data files).
Effects of Mixtures on Liquid and Solid Fragment Size Distributions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-01

bins, too few size bins, fixed bin widths, or inadequately- varying bin widths. Overpopulated bins – which typically occur for smaller fragments...2010 C. V. B. Cunningham, The Kuz-Ram Fragmentation Model – 20 Years On, In R. Holmberg et. al., Editors, Proceedings of the 3 rd World ...1992 P. K. Sahoo and T. Riedel, Mean Value Theorems and Functional Equations, World Scientific, 1998 K. A. Sallam, C. Aalburg, G.M. Faeth
Theory and optical design of x-ray echo spectrometers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shvyd'ko, Yuri

X-ray echo spectroscopy, a space-domain counterpart of neutron spin echo, is a recently proposed inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) technique. X-ray echo spectroscopy relies on imaging IXS spectra and does not require x-ray monochromatization. Due to this, the echo-type IXS spectrometers are broadband, and thus have a potential to simultaneously provide dramatically increased signal strength, reduced measurement times, and higher resolution compared to the traditional narrow-band scanning-type IXS spectrometers. The theory of x-ray echo spectrometers presented earlier [Yu. Shvyd'ko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 080801 (2016)] is developed here further with a focus on questions of practical importance, which could facilitate opticalmore » design and assessment of the feasibility and performance of the echo spectrometers. Among others, the following questions are addressed: spectral resolution, refocusing condition, echo spectrometer tolerances, refocusing condition adjustment, effective beam size on the sample, spectral window of imaging and scanning range, impact of the secondary source size on the spectral resolution, angular dispersive optics, focusing and collimating optics, and detector's spatial resolution. In conclusion, examples of optical designs and characteristics of echo spectrometers with 1-meV and 0.1-meV resolutions are presented.« less
Theory and optical design of x-ray echo spectrometers

DOE PAGES

Shvyd'ko, Yuri

2017-08-02

X-ray echo spectroscopy, a space-domain counterpart of neutron spin echo, is a recently proposed inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) technique. X-ray echo spectroscopy relies on imaging IXS spectra and does not require x-ray monochromatization. Due to this, the echo-type IXS spectrometers are broadband, and thus have a potential to simultaneously provide dramatically increased signal strength, reduced measurement times, and higher resolution compared to the traditional narrow-band scanning-type IXS spectrometers. The theory of x-ray echo spectrometers presented earlier [Yu. Shvyd'ko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 080801 (2016)] is developed here further with a focus on questions of practical importance, which could facilitate opticalmore » design and assessment of the feasibility and performance of the echo spectrometers. Among others, the following questions are addressed: spectral resolution, refocusing condition, echo spectrometer tolerances, refocusing condition adjustment, effective beam size on the sample, spectral window of imaging and scanning range, impact of the secondary source size on the spectral resolution, angular dispersive optics, focusing and collimating optics, and detector's spatial resolution. In conclusion, examples of optical designs and characteristics of echo spectrometers with 1-meV and 0.1-meV resolutions are presented.« less
Time Domain Tool Validation Using ARES I-X Flight Data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hough, Steven; Compton, James; Hannan, Mike; Brandon, Jay

2011-01-01

The ARES I-X vehicle was launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC) on October 28, 2009 at approximately 11:30 EDT. ARES I-X was the first test flight for NASA s ARES I launch vehicle, and it was the first non-Shuttle launch vehicle designed and flown by NASA since Saturn. The ARES I-X had a 4-segment solid rocket booster (SRB) first stage and a dummy upper stage (US) to emulate the properties of the ARES I US. During ARES I-X pre-flight modeling and analysis, six (6) independent time domain simulation tools were developed and cross validated. Each tool represents an independent implementation of a common set of models and parameters in a different simulation framework and architecture. Post flight data and reconstructed models provide the means to validate a subset of the simulations against actual flight data and to assess the accuracy of pre-flight dispersion analysis. Post flight data consists of telemetered Operational Flight Instrumentation (OFI) data primarily focused on flight computer outputs and sensor measurements as well as Best Estimated Trajectory (BET) data that estimates vehicle state information from all available measurement sources. While pre-flight models were found to provide a reasonable prediction of the vehicle flight, reconstructed models were generated to better represent and simulate the ARES I-X flight. Post flight reconstructed models include: SRB propulsion model, thrust vector bias models, mass properties, base aerodynamics, and Meteorological Estimated Trajectory (wind and atmospheric data). The result of the effort is a set of independently developed, high fidelity, time-domain simulation tools that have been cross validated and validated against flight data. This paper presents the process and results of high fidelity aerospace modeling, simulation, analysis and tool validation in the time domain.
Millimeter wave attenuation prediction using a piecewise uniform rain rate model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Persinger, R. R.; Stutzman, W. L.; Bostian, C. W.; Castle, R. E., Jr.

1980-01-01

A piecewise uniform rain rate distribution model is introduced as a quasi-physical model of real rain along earth-space millimeter wave propagation paths. It permits calculation of the total attenuation from specific attenuation in a simple fashion. The model predications are verified by comparison with direct attenuation measurements for several frequencies, elevation angles, and locations. Also, coupled with the Rice-Holmberg rain rate model, attenuation statistics are predicated from rainfall accumulation data.
40 CFR 98.460 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... foundry sand). (vii) Clay, gypsum, or pottery cull. (viii) Bricks, mortar, or cement. (ix) Furnace slag. (x) Materials used as refractory (e.g., alumina, silicon, fire clay, fire brick). (xi) Plastics (e.g...
40 CFR 98.460 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... foundry sand). (vii) Clay, gypsum, or pottery cull. (viii) Bricks, mortar, or cement. (ix) Furnace slag. (x) Materials used as refractory (e.g., alumina, silicon, fire clay, fire brick). (xi) Plastics (e.g...
40 CFR 98.460 - Definition of the source category.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... foundry sand). (vii) Clay, gypsum, or pottery cull. (viii) Bricks, mortar, or cement. (ix) Furnace slag. (x) Materials used as refractory (e.g., alumina, silicon, fire clay, fire brick). (xi) Plastics (e.g...
Acoustics Research of Propulsion Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gao, Ximing; Houston, Janice

2014-01-01

The liftoff phase induces high acoustic loading over a broad frequency range for a launch vehicle. These external acoustic environments are used in the prediction of the internal vibration responses of the vehicle and components. Present liftoff vehicle acoustic environment prediction methods utilize stationary data from previously conducted hold-down tests to generate 1/3 octave band Sound Pressure Level (SPL) spectra. In an effort to update the accuracy and quality of liftoff acoustic loading predictions, non-stationary flight data from the Ares I-X were processed in PC-Signal in two flight phases: simulated hold-down and liftoff. In conjunction, the Prediction of Acoustic Vehicle Environments (PAVE) program was developed in MATLAB to allow for efficient predictions of sound pressure levels (SPLs) as a function of station number along the vehicle using semi-empirical methods. This consisted of generating the Dimensionless Spectrum Function (DSF) and Dimensionless Source Location (DSL) curves from the Ares I-X flight data. These are then used in the MATLAB program to generate the 1/3 octave band SPL spectra. Concluding results show major differences in SPLs between the hold-down test data and the processed Ares I-X flight data making the Ares I-X flight data more practical for future vehicle acoustic environment predictions.
Young Stellar Populations in MYStIX Star-forming Regions: Candidate Protostars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romine, Gregory; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V.; Kuhn, Michael A.; Povich, Matthew S.

2016-12-01

The Massive Young Star-Forming Complex in Infrared and X-ray (MYStIX) project provides a new census on stellar members of massive star-forming regions within 4 kpc. Here the MYStIX Infrared Excess catalog and Chandra-based X-ray photometric catalogs are mined to obtain high-quality samples of Class I protostars using criteria designed to reduce extragalactic and Galactic field star contamination. A total of 1109 MYStIX Candidate Protostars (MCPs) are found in 14 star-forming regions. Most are selected from protoplanetary disk infrared excess emission, but 20% are found from their ultrahard X-ray spectra from heavily absorbed magnetospheric flare emission. Two-thirds of the MCP sample is newly reported here. The resulting samples are strongly spatially associated with molecular cores and filaments on Herschel far-infrared maps. This spatial agreement and other evidence indicate that the MCP sample has high reliability with relatively few “false positives” from contaminating populations. But the limited sensitivity and sparse overlap among the infrared and X-ray subsamples indicate that the sample is very incomplete with many “false negatives.” Maps, tables, and source descriptions are provided to guide further study of star formation in these regions. In particular, the nature of ultrahard X-ray protostellar candidates without known infrared counterparts needs to be elucidated.
In vivo evaluation of battery-operated light-emitting diode-based photodynamic therapy efficacy using tumor volume and biomarker expression as endpoints

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mallidi, Srivalleesha; Mai, Zhiming; Rizvi, Imran; Hempstead, Joshua; Arnason, Stephen; Celli, Jonathan; Hasan, Tayyaba

2015-04-01

In view of the increase in cancer-related mortality rates in low- to middle-income countries (LMIC), there is an urgent need to develop economical therapies that can be utilized at minimal infrastructure institutions. Photodynamic therapy (PDT), a photochemistry-based treatment modality, offers such a possibility provided that low-cost light sources and photosensitizers are available. In this proof-of-principle study, we focus on adapting the PDT light source to a low-resource setting and compare an inexpensive, portable, battery-powered light-emitting diode (LED) light source with a standard, high-cost laser source. The comparison studies were performed in vivo in a xenograft murine model of human squamous cell carcinoma subjected to 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX PDT. We observed virtually identical control of the tumor burden by both the LED source and the standard laser source. Further insights into the biological response were evaluated by biomarker analysis of necrosis, microvessel density, and hypoxia [carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression] among groups of control, LED-PDT, and laser-PDT treated mice. There is no significant difference in the percent necrotic volume and CAIX expression in tumors that were treated with the two different light sources. These encouraging preliminary results merit further investigations in orthotopic animal models of cancers prevalent in LMICs.
Defense and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa: Codebook.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-01

countries by presenting the different data sources and explaining how they were compiled. The statistics in the 0 database cover 41 African countries for...February 1984, pp. 157-164 -vi Finally, in addition to the economic and military data , some statistics have been compiled that monitor social and...32 IX. SOCIAL/POLITICAL STATISTICS ....................................34 SOURCES AND NOTES ON COLLECTION OF DATA
Discovery of New Coronal Lines at 2.843 and 2.853 μm

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Samra, Jenna E.; Judge, Philip G.; DeLuca, Edward E.; Hannigan, James W.

2018-04-01

Two new emission features were observed during the 2017 August 21 total solar eclipse by a novel spectrometer, the Airborne Infrared Spectrometer (AIR-Spec), flown at 14.3 km altitude aboard the NCAR Gulfstream-V aircraft. We derive wavelengths in air of 2.8427 ± 0.00009 μm and 2.8529 ± 0.00008 μm. One of these lines belongs to the 3{{{p}}}53{{d}}{}3{{{F}}}3^\\circ \\to 3{{{p}}}53{{d}}{}3{{{F}}}4^\\circ transition in Ar-like Fe IX. This appears to be the first detection of this transition from any source. Minimization of residual wavelength differences using both measured wavelengths, together with National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) extreme ultraviolet wavelengths, does not clearly favor assignment to Fe IX. However, the shorter wavelength line appears more consistent with other observed features formed at similar temperatures to Fe IX. The transition occurs between two levels within the excited 3{{{p}}}53{{d}} configuration, 429,000 cm‑1 above the ground level. The line is therefore absent in photo-ionized coronal-line astrophysical sources such as the Circinus Galaxy. Data from a Fourier transform interferometer (FTIR) deployed from Wyoming show that both lines are significantly attenuated by telluric H2O, even at dry sites. We have been unable to identify the longer wavelength transition.

Response Surface Analysis of Stochastic Network Performance

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-01

Bl5/32768/, B16 /65536/,P/2147483647/ XHI-IX/B 16 XALO=(IX-XHI* Bl6 )*A LEFTLO=XALO/ Bl6 FHI=XHI*A+LEFTLO IC=FHI/B1 5 IX-(((XALO-LEFTLO* Bl6 )-P)4(FHI-K*Bl5...ELSE GO TO 50 END IF GO TO 50 100 END D-5 * RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR FUNCTION RANDOM( IX) INTEGER AP, IX,B15, B16 ,XHI ,XALOI,LEFTLO,FHI ,K DATA A/16807... Bl6 )+K IF(IX.LT.O) IX=IX+P RANDOM-FLOAT( IX) *4.656612875E-1O RETURN END * NETWORK ENTRY and * PATHSET AND CUTSET GENERATION SUBROUTINE SUBROUTINE
TEMPO Software Modifications for SEVER Evaluation

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-09-01

existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding...115 COMPACT DISC. TEMPO VERSION 3 AND ASSOCIATED DATA …..ENCLOSED ix LIST...Setup..........................................................46 Figure 16. TEMPO Version 3 Startup Dialog Box
Improved murine glioma detection following modified diet and photobleaching of skin PpIX fluorescence

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gibbs, Summer L.; O'Hara, Julia A.; Hoopes, P. Jack; Pogue, Brian W.

2007-02-01

The Aminolevulinic Acid (ALA) - Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) system is unique in the world of photosensitizers in that the prodrug ALA is enzymatically transformed via the tissue of interest into fluorescently detectable levels of PpIX. This system can be used to monitor cellular metabolism of tumor tissue for applications such as therapy monitoring. Detecting PpIX fluorescence noninvasively has proven difficult due to the high levels of PpIX produced in the skin compared to other tissue both with and without ALA administration. In the current study, methods to decrease skin PpIX autofluorescence and skin PpIX fluorescence following ALA administration have been examined. Use of a purified diet is found to decrease both skin PpIX autofluorescence and skin PpIX fluorescence following ALA administration, while addition of a broad spectrum antibiotic to the water shows little effect. Following ALA administration, improved brain tumor detection is seen when skin PpIX fluorescence is photobleached via blue light prior to transmission spectroscopic measurements of tumor bearing and control animals. Both of these methods to decrease skin PpIX autofluorescence and skin PpIX fluorescence following ALA administration are shown to have a large effect on the ability to detect tumor tissue PpIX fluorescence noninvasively in vivo.
Essential oils to control ichthyophthiriasis in pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg): special emphasis on treatment with Melaleuca alternifolia.

PubMed

Valladão, G M R; Gallani, S U; Ikefuti, C V; da Cruz, C; Levy-Pereira, N; Rodrigues, M V N; Pilarski, F

2016-10-01

In vitro effect of the Melaleuca alternifolia, Lavandula angustifolia and Mentha piperita essential oils (EOs) against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and in vivo effect of M. alternifolia for treating ichthyophthiriasis in one of the most important South American fish, Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg), were evaluated. The in vitro test consisted of three EOs, each at concentrations of 57 μL L(-1) , 114 μL L (-1) , 227 μL L(-1) and 455 μL L (-1) , which were assessed once an hour for 4 h in microtitre plates (96 wells). The in vitro results demonstrated that all tested EOs showed a cytotoxic effect against I. multifiliis compared to control groups (P < 0.05). The in vivo treatment for white spot disease was performed in a bath for 2 h day(-1) for 5 days using the M. alternifolia EO (50 μL L (-1) ). In this study, 53.33% of the fish severely infected by I. multifiliis survived after the treatment with M. alternifolia (50 μL L (-1) ) and the parasitological analysis has shown an efficacy of nearly 100% in the skin and gills, while all the fish in the control group died. Furthermore, the potential positive effect of M. alternifolia EO against two emergent opportunistic bacteria in South America Edwardsiella tarda and Citrobacter freundii was discussed. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Fluorescent Endoscopy of Tumors in Upper Part of Gastrointestinal Tract

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisova, E.; Vladimirov, B.; Angelov, I.; Avramov, L.

2007-04-01

In the recent study delta-aminolevulinic acid/Protoporphyrin IX (5-ALA/PpIX) is used as fluorescent marker for dysplasia and tumor detection in esophagus and stomach. The 5-ALA is administered per os six hours before measurements at dose 20mg/kg weight. High-power light-emitting diode at 405 nm is used as an excitation source. Special opto-mechanical device is built for LED to use the light guide of standard video-endoscopic system (Olimpus Corp.). Through endoscopic instrumental channel a fiber is applied to return information about fluorescence to microspectrometer (USB4000, OceanOptics Inc.). Very good correlation between fluorescence signals and histology examination of the lesions investigated is achieved.
Effect of Photon Radiations in Semi-Rigid Artificial Tissue Sensitized by Protoporphyrin IX Encapsulated with Silica Nanoparticles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Makhadmeh, Ghaseb N.; Aziz, Azlan Abdul; Razak, Khairunisak Abdul; Al-Akhras, M.-Ali H.

2018-02-01

This study involves the synthesis of Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) encapsulated with Silica Nanoparticles (SiNPs) as an application for Photodynamic therapy. Semi-rigid artificial tissues with optical features similar to human tissue were used as sample materials to ascertain the efficacy of PpIX encapsulated with SiNPs. The disparity in optical characteristics (transmittance, reflectance, scattering, and absorption) of tissues treated with encapsulated PpIX and naked PpIX under light exposure (Intensity at 408 nm ~1.19 mW/cm2) was explored. The optimal exposure times required for naked PpIX and SiNPs encapsulated PpIX to engulf Red Blood Cells (RBCs) in the artificial tissue were subsequently measured. Comparative analysis showed that the encapsulated PpIX has a 91.5 % higher efficacy than naked PpIX. The results prove the applicability of PpIX encapsulated with SiNP on artificial tissue and possible use on human tissue.
Purification and characterization of an abnormal factor IX (Christmas factor) molecule. Factor IX Chapel Hill.

PubMed Central

Chung, K S; Madar, D A; Goldsmith, J C; Kingdon, H S; Roberts, H R

1978-01-01

Human Factor IX (Christmas factor) was isolated from the plasma of a patient with mild hemophilia B. The patient's plasma contained 5% Factor IX clotting activity but 100% Factor IX antigenic activity as determined by immunological assays, which included inhibitor neutralization and a radioimmunoassay for Factor IX. This abnormal Factor IX is called Factor IX Chapel Hill (Factor IXCH). Both normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH have tyrosine as the NH2-terminal amino acid. The two proteins have a similar molecular weight, a similar amino acid analysis, the same number of gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues (10 gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues), and a similar carbohydrate content. Both exist as a single-chain glycoprotein in plasma. The major difference between normal Factor IX and Factor IXCH is that the latter exhibits delayed activation to Factor IXa in the presence of Factor XIa and Ca2+. Thus, Factor IXCH differs from other previously described abnormal Factor IX molecules. Images PMID:711853
Genetics Home Reference: glycogen storage disease type IX

MedlinePlus

... Health Conditions Glycogen storage disease type IX Glycogen storage disease type IX Printable PDF Open All Close ... to view the expand/collapse boxes. Description Glycogen storage disease type IX (also known as GSD IX) ...
YOUNG STELLAR POPULATIONS IN MYStIX STAR-FORMING REGIONS: CANDIDATE PROTOSTARS

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Romine, Gregory; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V.

The Massive Young Star-Forming Complex in Infrared and X-ray (MYStIX) project provides a new census on stellar members of massive star-forming regions within 4 kpc. Here the MYStIX Infrared Excess catalog and Chandra -based X-ray photometric catalogs are mined to obtain high-quality samples of Class I protostars using criteria designed to reduce extragalactic and Galactic field star contamination. A total of 1109 MYStIX Candidate Protostars (MCPs) are found in 14 star-forming regions. Most are selected from protoplanetary disk infrared excess emission, but 20% are found from their ultrahard X-ray spectra from heavily absorbed magnetospheric flare emission. Two-thirds of the MCP sample ismore » newly reported here. The resulting samples are strongly spatially associated with molecular cores and filaments on Herschel far-infrared maps. This spatial agreement and other evidence indicate that the MCP sample has high reliability with relatively few “false positives” from contaminating populations. But the limited sensitivity and sparse overlap among the infrared and X-ray subsamples indicate that the sample is very incomplete with many “false negatives.” Maps, tables, and source descriptions are provided to guide further study of star formation in these regions. In particular, the nature of ultrahard X-ray protostellar candidates without known infrared counterparts needs to be elucidated.« less
Fluorescence detection of esophageal neoplasia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisova, E.; Vladimirov, B.; Avramov, L.

2008-06-01

White-light endoscopy is well-established and wide used modality. However, despite the many technological advances that have been occurred, conventional endoscopy is suboptimal and usually detects advanced stage lesions. The limitations of standard endoscopy initiate development of spectroscopic techniques, additional to standard endoscopic equipment. One of the most sensitive approaches is fluorescence spectroscopy of gastrointestinal mucosa for neoplasia detection. In the recent study delta-aminolevulinic acid/Protoporphyrin IX (5-ALA/PpIX) is used as fluorescent marker for dysplasia and tumor detection in esophagus. The 5-ALA is administered per os six hours before measurements at dose 20 mg/kg weight. Excitation source has max of emission at 405 nm and light is delivered by the standard light guide of the endoscopic equipment. Through endoscopic instrumental channel a fiber is applied to return information about fluorescence to microspectrometer. Spectral features observed during endoscopic investigations could be distinct as the next regions: 450-630 nm region, where tissue autofluorescence is observed; 630-710 nm region, where fluorescence of PpIX is clearly pronounced; 530-580 nm region, where minima in the autofluorescence signal are observed, related to reabsorption of blood. The lack of fluorescence peaks in the red spectral area for normal mucosa is an indication for selective accumulation of 5-ALA/PpIX only in abnormal sites Very good correlation between fluorescence signals and histology examination of the lesions investigated is achieved.
Encapsulation efficacy of natural and synthetic photosensitizers by silica nanoparticles for photodynamic applications.

PubMed

Makhadmeh, Ghaseb Naser; Abdul Aziz, Azlan; Abdul Razak, Khairunisak; Abu Noqta, Osama

2015-12-01

This study analysed the physical effects of Cichorium Pumilum (CP), as a natural photosensitizer (PS), and Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), as a synthetic PS, encapsulated with silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) in photodynamic therapy. The optimum concentrations of CP and PpIX, needed to destroy Red Blood Cells (RBC), were determined and the efficacy of encapsulated CP and PpIX were compared with naked CP and PpIX was verified. The results confirmed the applicability of CP and PpIX encapsulated in SiNPs on RBCs, and established a relationship between the encapsulated CP and PpIX concentration and the time required to rupture 50% of the RBCs (t50). The CP and PpIX encapsulated in SiNPs exhibited higher efficacy compared with that of naked CP and PpIX, respectively, and CP had less efficacy compared with PpIX.
Application of a Re-Pd bimetallic catalyst for treatment of perchlorate in waste ion-exchange regenerant brine.

PubMed

Liu, Jinyong; Choe, Jong Kwon; Sasnow, Zachary; Werth, Charles J; Strathmann, Timothy J

2013-01-01

Concentrated sodium chloride (NaCl) brines are often used to regenerate ion-exchange (IX) resins applied to treat drinking water sources contaminated with perchlorate (ClO(4)(-)), generating large volumes of contaminated waste brine. Chemical and biological processes for ClO(4)(-) reduction are often inhibited severely by high salt levels, making it difficult to recycle waste brines. Recent work demonstrated that novel rhenium-palladium bimetallic catalysts on activated carbon support (Re-Pd/C) can efficiently reduce ClO(4)(-) to chloride (Cl(-)) under acidic conditions, and here the applicability of the process for treating waste IX brines was examined. Experiments conducted in synthetic NaCl-only brine (6-12 wt%) showed higher Re-Pd/C catalyst activity than in comparable freshwater solutions, but the rate constant for ClO(4)(-) reduction measured in a real IX waste brine was found to be 65 times lower than in the synthetic NaCl brine. Through a series of experiments, co-contamination of the IX waste brine by excess NO(3)(-) (which the catalyst reduces principally to NH(4)(+)) was found to be the primary cause for deactivation of the Re-Pd/C catalyst, most likely by altering the immobilized Re component. Pre-treatment of NO(3)(-) using a different bimetallic catalyst (In-Pd/Al(2)O(3)) improved selectivity for N(2) over NH(4)(+) and enabled facile ClO(4)(-) reduction by the Re-Pd/C catalyst. Thus, sequential catalytic treatment may be a promising strategy for enabling reuse of waste IX brine containing NO(3)(-) and ClO(4)(-). Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
VizieR Online Data Catalog: ROSAT detected quasars. II. (Yuan+ 1998)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, W.; Brinkmann, W.; Siebert, J.; Voges, W.

1997-11-01

We have compiled a sample of all radio-quiet quasars or quasars without radio detection from the Veron-Cetty - Veron catalogue (1993, VV93, Cat. ) detected by ROSAT in the ALL-SKY SURVEY (RASS, Voges 1992, in Proc. of the ISY Conference `Space Science', ESA ISY-3, ESA Publications, p.9, See Cat. ), as targets of pointed observations, or as serendipitous sources from pointed observations publicly available from the ROSAT point source catalogue (ROSAT-SRC, Voges et al. 1995, Cat. ). For all sources we used the results of the Standard Analysis Software System (SASS, Voges et al. 1992, in Proc. of the ISY Conference `Space Science', ESA ISY-3, ESA Publications, p.223), employing the most recent processing for the Survey data (RASS-II, Voges et al. 1996, Cat. ). The total number of quasars is 846. 69 of the radio-quiet objects with radio detections have already been presented in a previous paper (Brinkmann, Yuan, & Siebert 1997, Cat. ) using the RASS-I results. 17 objects were found to be radio-loud from recent radio surveys and were marked in the table. When available, the power law photon indices and the corresponding absorption column densities (NH) were estimated from the two hardness ratios given by the SASS, both with free fitted NH and for Galactic absorption. The unabsorbed X-ray flux densities in the ROSAT band (0.1-2.4keV) were calculated from the count rates using the energy to counts conversion factor for power law spectra and Galactic absorption. As the photon index we used the value obtained for the individual source if the estimated 1-σ error is smaller than 0.5, otherwise we used the redshift-dependent mean value (see the paper for details). (1 data file).
40 CFR 442.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
40 CFR 442.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
40 CFR 442.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
40 CFR 442.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
40 CFR 442.15 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
40 CFR 442.25 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... contribute to a discharge that would be incompatible with treatment at the POTW; (iv) All spent cleaning solutions, including interior caustic washes, interior presolve washes, interior detergent washes, interior..., prerinse/pre-steam wastes, spent cleaning solutions); (ix) Information on the volumes, content, and...
Formation of Mg-Containing Chlorophyll Precursors from Protoporphyrin IX, δ-Aminolevulinic Acid, and Glutamate in Isolated, Photosynthetically Competent, Developing Chloroplasts 1

PubMed Central

Fufsler, Thomas P.; Castelfranco, Paul A.; Wong, Yum-Shing

1984-01-01

Intact developing chloroplasts isolated from greening cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var Beit Alpha) cotyledons were found to contain all the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyllide. Glutamate was converted to Mg-protoporphyrin IX (monomethyl ester) and protoclorophyllide. δ-Aminolevulinic acid and protoporphyrin IX were converted to Mg-protoporphyrin IX, Mg-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester, protochlorophyllide and chlorophyllide a. The conversion of δ-aminolevulinic acid or protoporphyrin IX to Mg-protoporphyrin IX (monomethyl ester) was inhibited by AMP and p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonate. Light stimulated the formation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX from all three substrates. In the case of δ-aminolevulinic acid and protoporphyrin IX, light could be replaced by exogenous ATP. In the case of glutamate, both ATP and reducing power were necessary to replace light. With all three substrates, glutamate, δ-aminolevulinic acid, and protoporphyrin IX, the stimulation of Mg-protoporphyrin IX accumulation in the light was abolished by DCMU, and this DCMU block was overcome by added ATP and reducing power. PMID:16663535

Carbonic Anhydrase IX Interacts with Bicarbonate Transporters in Lamellipodia and Increases Cell Migration via Its Catalytic Domain*

PubMed Central

Svastova, Eliska; Witarski, Wojciech; Csaderova, Lucia; Kosik, Ivan; Skvarkova, Lucia; Hulikova, Alzbeta; Zatovicova, Miriam; Barathova, Monika; Kopacek, Juraj; Pastorek, Jaromir; Pastorekova, Silvia

2012-01-01

Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced cell surface enzyme expressed in solid tumors, and functionally involved in acidification of extracellular pH and destabilization of intercellular contacts. Since both extracellular acidosis and reduced cell adhesion facilitate invasion and metastasis, we investigated the role of CA IX in cell migration, which promotes the metastatic cascade. As demonstrated here, ectopically expressed CA IX increases scattering, wound healing and transwell migration of MDCK cells, while an inactive CA IX variant lacking the catalytic domain (ΔCA) fails to do so. Correspondingly, hypoxic HeLa cells exhibit diminished migration upon inactivation of the endogenous CA IX either by forced expression of the dominant-negative ΔCA variant or by treatment with CA inhibitor, implying that the catalytic activity is indispensable for the CA IX function. Interestingly, CA IX improves cell migration both in the absence and presence of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an established inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. On the other hand, HGF up-regulates CA IX transcription and triggers CA IX protein accumulation at the leading edge of lamellipodia. In these membrane regions CA IX co-localizes with sodium bicarbonate co-transporter (NBCe1) and anion exchanger 2 (AE2) that are both components of the migration apparatus and form bicarbonate transport metabolon with CA IX. Moreover, CA IX physically interacts with AE2 and NBCe1 in situ, as shown here for the first time. Thus, our findings suggest that CA IX actively contributes to cell migration via its ability to facilitate ion transport and pH control at protruding fronts of moving cells. PMID:22170054
δ-aminolevulinic acid–induced protoporphyrin IX concentration correlates with histopathologic markers of malignancy in human gliomas: the need for quantitative fluorescence-guided resection to identify regions of increasing malignancy

PubMed Central

Valdés, Pablo A.; Kim, Anthony; Brantsch, Marco; Niu, Carolyn; Moses, Ziev B.; Tosteson, Tor D.; Wilson, Brian C.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.; Harris, Brent T.

2011-01-01

Extent of resection is a major goal and prognostic factor in the treatment of gliomas. In this study we evaluate whether quantitative ex vivo tissue measurements of δ-aminolevulinic acid–induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) identify regions of increasing malignancy in low- and high-grade gliomas beyond the capabilities of current fluorescence imaging in patients undergoing fluorescence-guided resection (FGR). Surgical specimens were collected from 133 biopsies in 23 patients and processed for ex vivo neuropathological analysis: PpIX fluorimetry to measure PpIX concentrations (CPpIX) and Ki-67 immunohistochemistry to assess tissue proliferation. Samples displaying visible levels of fluorescence showed significantly higher levels of CPpIX and tissue proliferation. CPpIX was strongly correlated with histopathological score (nonparametric) and tissue proliferation (parametric), such that increasing levels of CPpIX were identified with regions of increasing malignancy. Furthermore, a large percentage of tumor-positive biopsy sites (∼40%) that were not visibly fluorescent under the operating microscope had levels of CPpIX greater than 0.1 µg/mL, which indicates that significant PpIX accumulation exists below the detection threshold of current fluorescence imaging. Although PpIX fluorescence is recognized as a visual biomarker for neurosurgical resection guidance, these data show that it is quantitatively related at the microscopic level to increasing malignancy in both low- and high-grade gliomas. This work suggests a need for improved PpIX fluorescence detection technologies to achieve better sensitivity and quantification of PpIX in tissue during surgery. PMID:21798847
VizieR Online Data Catalog: Spatial structure of young stellar clusters. I. (Kuhn+, 2014)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kuhn, M. A.; Feigelson, E. D.; Getman, K. V.; Baddeley, A. J.; Broos, P. S.; Sills, A.; Bate, M. R.; Povich, M. S.; Luhman, K. L.; Busk, H. A.; Naylor, T.; King, R. R.

2015-07-01

The regions included in this study, listed in Table 1, are nearby sites of high-mass star formation that are included in the MYStIX sample (Feigelson et al. 2013ApJS..209...26F). These regions are covered in the near-IR by the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (King et al. 2013, J/ApJS/209/28) or Two-Micron All Sky Survey (Skrutskie et al. 2006, VII/233), in the mid-IR by Spitzer IRAC observations (Kuhn et al. 2013, J/ApJS/209/29), and in the X-ray by the ACIS-I array on the Chandra X-Ray Observatory in the 0.5-8.0keV band (Kuhn et al. 2013, J/ApJS/209/27; Townsley et al. 2014, J/ApJS/213/1). Other sources to produce multiwavelength catalogs are described in section 2. The multiwavelength point-source catalogs are combined with a list of spectroscopic OB stars from the literature, and sources are classified probabilistically to obtain a list of MYStIX Probable Complex Members (MPCMs) (Broos et al. 2013, J/ApJS/209/32). (3 data files).
Gadolinium and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-induced Protoporphyrin IX Levels in Human Gliomas: An Ex Vivo Quantitative Study to Correlate Protoporphyrin IX Levels and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown

PubMed Central

Valdés, Pablo A.; Moses, Ziev B.; Kim, Anthony; Belden, Clifford J.; Wilson, Brian C.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.; Harris, Brent T.

2012-01-01

In recent years, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence guidance has been used as a surgical adjunct to improve the extent of resection of gliomas. Exogenous administration of ALA prior to surgery leads to the accumulation of red fluorescent PpIX in tumor tissue that the surgeon can visualize and thereby discriminate between normal and tumor tissue. Selective accumulation of PpIX has been linked to numerous factors, of which blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown has been suggested to be a key factor. To test the hypothesis that PpIX concentration (CPpIX) positively correlates with gadolinium (Gd) concentrations (CGd), we performed ex vivo measurements of PpIX and of Gd using Inductively-Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) the latter as a quantitative biomarker of BBB breakdown; this was corroborated with immunohistochemistry of microvascular density in surgical biopsies of patients undergoing fluorescence guided surgery for glioma .We found positive correlations between CPpIX and CGd (r = 0.58, p < 0.0001), and between CPpIX and microvascular density (r = 0.55, p < 0.0001), suggesting a significant, yet limited association between BBB breakdown and ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence. To our knowledge, this is the first time that Gd measurements by ICP-MS have been used in human gliomas. PMID:22878664
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

1998-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 1998-10-01 1998-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ GENERAL ADMINISTRATION... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Procedures [Interim] Interim procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

1997-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 1997-10-01 1997-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ GENERAL ADMINISTRATION... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Procedures [Interim] Interim procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX...
The Structure of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Is Adapted for Low-pH Catalysis.

PubMed

Mahon, Brian P; Bhatt, Avni; Socorro, Lilien; Driscoll, Jenna M; Okoh, Cynthia; Lomelino, Carrie L; Mboge, Mam Y; Kurian, Justin J; Tu, Chingkuang; Agbandje-McKenna, Mavis; Frost, Susan C; McKenna, Robert

2016-08-23

Human carbonic anhydrase IX (hCA IX) expression in many cancers is associated with hypoxic tumors and poor patient outcome. Inhibitors of hCA IX have been used as anticancer agents with some entering Phase I clinical trials. hCA IX is transmembrane protein whose catalytic domain faces the extracellular tumor milieu, which is typically associated with an acidic microenvironment. Here, we show that the catalytic domain of hCA IX (hCA IX-c) exhibits the necessary biochemical and biophysical properties that allow for low pH stability and activity. Furthermore, the unfolding process of hCA IX-c appears to be reversible, and its catalytic efficiency is thought to be correlated directly with its stability between pH 3.0 and 8.0 but not above pH 8.0. To rationalize this, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of hCA IX-c to 1.6 Å resolution. Insights from this study suggest an understanding of hCA IX-c stability and activity in low-pH tumor microenvironments and may be applicable to determining pH-related effects on enzymes.
Extinction Maps and Dust-to-gas Ratios in Nearby Galaxies with LEGUS

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kahre, L.; Walterbos, R. A.; Kim, H.; Thilker, D.; Calzetti, D.; Lee, J. C.; Sabbi, E.; Ubeda, L.; Aloisi, A.; Cignoni, M.; Cook, D. O.; Dale, D. A.; Elmegreen, B. G.; Elmegreen, D. M.; Fumagalli, M.; Gallagher, J. S., III; Gouliermis, D. A.; Grasha, K.; Grebel, E. K.; Hunter, D. A.; Sacchi, E.; Smith, L. J.; Tosi, M.; Adamo, A.; Andrews, J. E.; Ashworth, G.; Bright, S. N.; Brown, T. M.; Chandar, R.; Christian, C.; de Mink, S. E.; Dobbs, C.; Evans, A. S.; Herrero, A.; Johnson, K. E.; Kennicutt, R. C.; Krumholz, M. R.; Messa, M.; Nair, P.; Nota, A.; Pellerin, A.; Ryon, J. E.; Schaerer, D.; Shabani, F.; Van Dyk, S. D.; Whitmore, B. C.; Wofford, A.

2018-03-01

We present a study of the dust-to-gas ratios in five nearby galaxies: NGC 628 (M74), NGC 6503, NGC 7793, UGC 5139 (Holmberg I), and UGC 4305 (Holmberg II). Using Hubble Space Telescope broadband WFC3/UVIS UV and optical images from the Treasury program Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS) combined with archival HST/Advanced Camera for Surveys data, we correct thousands of individual stars for extinction across these five galaxies using an isochrone-matching (reddening-free Q) method. We generate extinction maps for each galaxy from the individual stellar extinctions using both adaptive and fixed resolution techniques and correlate these maps with neutral H I and CO gas maps from the literature, including the H I Nearby Galaxy Survey and the HERA CO-Line Extragalactic Survey. We calculate dust-to-gas ratios and investigate variations in the dust-to-gas ratio with galaxy metallicity. We find a power-law relationship between dust-to-gas ratio and metallicity, consistent with other studies of dust-to-gas ratio compared to metallicity. We find a change in the relation when H2 is not included. This implies that underestimation of {N}{{{H}}2} in low-metallicity dwarfs from a too-low CO-to-H2 conversion factor X CO could have produced too low a slope in the derived relationship between dust-to-gas ratio and metallicity. We also compare our extinctions to those derived from fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) using the Bayesian Extinction and Stellar Tool for NGC 7793 and find systematically lower extinctions from SED fitting as compared to isochrone matching.
Combined quantitative and qualitative two-channel optical biopsy technique for discrimination of tumor borders

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bocher, Thomas; Beuthan, Juergen; Scheller, M.; Hopf, Juergen U. G.; Linnarz, Marietta; Naber, Rolf-Dieter; Minet, Olaf; Becker, Wolfgang; Mueller, Gerhard J.

1995-12-01

Conventional laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIFS) of endogenous chromophores like NADH (Nicotineamide Adenine Dinucleotide, reduced form) and PP IX (Protoporphyrin IX) provides information about the relative amounts of these metabolites in the observed cells. But for diagnostic applications the concentrations of these chromophores have to be determined quantitatively to establish tissue-independent differentiation criterions. It is well- known that the individually and locally varying optical tissue parameters are major obstacles for the determination of the true chromophore concentrations by simple fluorescence spectroscopy. To overcome these problems a fiber-based, 2-channel technique including a rescaled NADH-channel (delivering quantitative values) and a relative PP IX-channel was developed. Using the accumulated information of both channels can provide good tissue state separation. Ex-vivo studies with resected and frozen samples (with LN2) of squamous cells in the histologically confirmed states: normal, tumor border, inflammation and hyperplasia were performed. Each state was represented in this series with at least 7 samples. At the identical tissue spot both, the rescaled NADH-fluorescence and the relative PP IX- fluorescence, were determined. In the first case a nitrogen laser (337 nm, 500 ps, 200 microjoule, 10 Hz) in the latter case a diode laser (633 nm, 15 mW, cw) were used as excitation sources. In this ex-vivo study a good separation between the different tissue states was achieved. With a device constructed for clinical usage one quantitative, in-vivo NADH- measurement was done recently showing similar separation capabilities.
Fluorescence spectroscopy of gastrointestinal tumors using δ-ALA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisova, E. G.; Vladimirov, B. G.; Angelov, I. G.; Avramov, L. A.

2007-03-01

In the recent study delta-aminolevulinic acid/Protoporphyrin IX (δ-ALA/PpIX) is used as fluorescent marker for dysplasia and tumor detection in esophagus and stomach. The δ-ALA is administered per os six hours before measurements at dose 20mg/kg weight. High-power light-emitting diode at 405 nm is used as an excitation source. Special opto-mechanical device is built to use the light guide of standard video-endoscopic system (Olimpus Corp.). Through endoscopic instrumental channel a fiber is applied to return information about fluorescence to microspectrometer (USB4000, OceanOptics Inc.). The fluorescence detected from tumor sites has very complex spectral origins. It consists of autofluorescence, fluorescence from exogenous fluorophores and re-absorption from the chromophores accumulated in the tissue investigated. Mucosa autofluorescence lies at 450-600 nm region. The fluorescence of PpIX is clearly pronounced at the 630-710 nm region. Deep minima in the tumor fluorescence signals are observed in the region 540-575 nm, related to hemoglobin re-absorption. Such high hemoglobin content is an indication of the tumors neovascularisation and it is clearly pronounced in all dysplastic and tumor sites investigated. The lack of fluorescence peaks in the red spectral area for normal mucosa is an indication for selective accumulation of δ-ALA/PpIX only in abnormal sites and gives high contrast when lesion borders are determined from clinicians during video observation in the process of diagnostic procedure. Very good correlation between fluorescence signals and histology examination results of the lesions investigated is achieved.
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2000-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2000-10-01 2000-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF... procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2002-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2002-10-01 2002-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare GENERAL ADMINISTRATION... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Procedures [Interim] Interim procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

1999-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 1999-10-01 1999-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF... procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
ABCG2 transporter inhibitor restores the sensitivity of triple negative breast cancer cells to aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy.

PubMed

Palasuberniam, Pratheeba; Yang, Xue; Kraus, Daniel; Jones, Patrick; Myers, Kenneth A; Chen, Bin

2015-08-18

Photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence, intracellular localization and cell response to photodynamic therapy (PDT) were analyzed in MCF10A normal breast epithelial cells and a panel of human breast cancer cells including estrogen receptor (ER) positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells after treatment with PpIX precursor aminolevulinic acid (ALA). Although PpIX fluorescence was heterogeneous in different cells, TNBC cells showed significantly lower PpIX level than MCF10A and ER- or HER2-positive cells. PpIX fluorescence in TNBC cells also had much less mitochondrial localization than other cells. There was an inverse correlation between PpIX fluorescence and cell viability after PDT. Breast cancer cells with the highest PpIX fluorescence were the most sensitive to ALA-PDT and TNBC cells with the lowest PpIX level were resistant to PDT. Treatment of TNBC cells with ABCG2 transporter inhibitor Ko143 significantly increased ALA-PpIX fluorescence, enhanced PpIX mitochondrial accumulation and sensitized cancer cells to ALA-PDT. Ko143 treatment had little effect on PpIX production and ALA-PDT in normal and ER- or HER2-positive cells. These results demonstrate that enhanced ABCG2 activity renders TNBC cell resistance to ALA-PDT and inhibiting ABCG2 transporter is a promising approach for targeting TNBC with ALA-based modality.
Comparative proteomic analysis of normal and collagen IX null mouse cartilage reveals altered extracellular matrix composition and novel components of the collagen IX interactome.

PubMed

Brachvogel, Bent; Zaucke, Frank; Dave, Keyur; Norris, Emma L; Stermann, Jacek; Dayakli, Münire; Koch, Manuel; Gorman, Jeffrey J; Bateman, John F; Wilson, Richard

2013-05-10

Collagen IX is an integral cartilage extracellular matrix component important in skeletal development and joint function. Proteomic analysis and validation studies revealed novel alterations in collagen IX null cartilage. Matrilin-4, collagen XII, thrombospondin-4, fibronectin, βig-h3, and epiphycan are components of the in vivo collagen IX interactome. We applied a proteomics approach to advance our understanding of collagen IX ablation in cartilage. The cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for endochondral bone development and joint function. In addition to the major aggrecan/collagen II framework, the interacting complex of collagen IX, matrilin-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is essential for cartilage matrix stability, as mutations in Col9a1, Col9a2, Col9a3, Comp, and Matn3 genes cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, in which patients develop early onset osteoarthritis. In mice, collagen IX ablation results in severely disturbed growth plate organization, hypocellular regions, and abnormal chondrocyte shape. This abnormal differentiation is likely to involve altered cell-matrix interactions but the mechanism is not known. To investigate the molecular basis of the collagen IX null phenotype we analyzed global differences in protein abundance between wild-type and knock-out femoral head cartilage by capillary HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 297 proteins in 3-day cartilage and 397 proteins in 21-day cartilage. Components that were differentially abundant between wild-type and collagen IX-deficient cartilage included 15 extracellular matrix proteins. Collagen IX ablation was associated with dramatically reduced COMP and matrilin-3, consistent with known interactions. Matrilin-1, matrilin-4, epiphycan, and thrombospondin-4 levels were reduced in collagen IX null cartilage, providing the first in vivo evidence for these proteins belonging to the collagen IX interactome. Thrombospondin-4 expression was reduced at the mRNA level, whereas matrilin-4 was verified as a novel collagen IX-binding protein. Furthermore, changes in TGFβ-induced protein βig-h3 and fibronectin abundance were found in the collagen IX knock-out but not associated with COMP ablation, indicating specific involvement in the abnormal collagen IX null cartilage. In addition, the more widespread expression of collagen XII in the collagen IX-deficient cartilage suggests an attempted compensatory response to the absence of collagen IX. Our differential proteomic analysis of cartilage is a novel approach to identify candidate matrix protein interactions in vivo, underpinning further analysis of mutant cartilage lacking other matrix components or harboring disease-causing mutations.
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2003-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2003-10-01 2003-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND.... Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in...

34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2009-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2009-07-01 2009-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2015-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2015-07-01 2015-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2003-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2003-07-01 2003-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2006-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2006-10-01 2006-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2016-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2016-07-01 2016-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2007-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2007-07-01 2007-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2004-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2004-07-01 2004-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2016-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2016-10-01 2016-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare Department of Health and... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2012-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2017-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2017-10-01 2017-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare Department of Health and... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2008-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2008-07-01 2008-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2013-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2009-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2009-10-01 2009-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2004-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2004-10-01 2004-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND.... Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2014-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare Department of Health and... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2012-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2005-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2005-10-01 2005-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2007-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2007-10-01 2007-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2006-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2006-07-01 2006-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2002-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2002-07-01 2002-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Regulations of the Offices of the Department...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...

34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2014-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2005-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2005-07-01 2005-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2001-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2001-10-01 2001-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND.... Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2008-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2008-10-01 2008-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare DEPARTMENT OF HEALTHAND... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2013-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title Ix... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

1996-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 1996-10-01 1996-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1\\ NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF SEX... Procedures [Interim] Interim procedures. Pt. 86, Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation \\1...
45 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2015-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2015-10-01 2015-10-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Public Welfare Department of Health and... Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers are in brackets [ ]. A...
34 CFR Subject Index to Title IX... - Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2017-07-01

... 34 Education 1 2017-07-01 2017-07-01 false Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 Education Regulations of the Offices of the...] Procedures. Subject Index Subject Index to Title IX Preamble and Regulation 1 1 Preamble paragraph numbers...
The effect of a nano-filled resin coating on the 3-year clinical performance of a conventional high-viscosity glass-ionomer cement.

PubMed

Diem, Vu Thi Kieu; Tyas, Martin J; Ngo, Hien C; Phuong, Lam Hoai; Khanh, Ngo Dong

2014-04-01

The main aim of the study was to compare the clinical performance of the conventional high-powder/liquid ratio glass-ionomer cement (GIC) Fuji IX GP Extra (F IX), Fuji IX GP Extra with a low-viscosity nano-filled resin coating, G-Coat Plus (F IX+GCP), and a resin composite, Solare (S), as a comparison material. Moderate-depth occlusal cavities in the first permanent molars of 91 11-12-year-old children (1-4 restorations per child) were restored with either F IX (87 restorations), F IX+GCP (84 restorations) or S (83 restorations). Direct clinical assessment, photographic assessment and assessment of stone casts of the restorations were carried out at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years and 3 years. The colour match with the tooth of the GIC restorations improved over the 3 years of the study. Marginal staining and marginal adaptation were minimal for all restorations; three restorations exhibited secondary caries at 3 years. From the assessment of the casts, at 2 years, there was significantly less wear of the F IX GP Extra+GCP restorations than the F IX GP Extra restorations (P < 0.005). At 3 years, approximately 37 % of F IX GP Extra restorations showed wear slightly more than the adjacent enamel, compared to 28 % of F IX GP Extra+GCP restorations and 21 % of Solare restorations. Although this was not statistically significant, there was a trend that GCP can protect F IX GP Extra against wear. Although both Fuji IX GP Extra and Fuji IX GP Extra with G-Coat Plus showed acceptable clinical performance in occlusal cavities in children, the application of G-Coat Plus gave some protection against wear. The application of G-Coat Plus to Fuji IX GP Extra glass-ionomer cement may be beneficial in reducing wear in occlusal cavities.
Dual-channel red/blue fluorescence dosimetry with broadband reflectance spectroscopic correction measures protoporphyrin IX production during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanick, Stephen Chad; Davis, Scott C.; Zhao, Yan; Hasan, Tayyaba; Maytin, Edward V.; Pogue, Brian W.; Chapman, M. Shane

2014-07-01

Dosimetry for aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis was examined with an optimized fluorescence dosimeter to measure PpIX during treatment. While insufficient PpIX generation may be an indicator of incomplete response, there exists no standardized method to quantitate PpIX production at depths in the skin during clinical treatments. In this study, a spectrometer-based point probe dosimeter system was used to sample PpIX fluorescence from superficial (blue wavelength excitation) and deeper (red wavelength excitation) tissue layers. Broadband white light spectroscopy (WLS) was used to monitor aspects of vascular physiology and inform a correction of fluorescence for the background optical properties. Measurements in tissue phantoms showed accurate recovery of blood volume fraction and reduced scattering coefficient from WLS, and a linear response of PpIX fluorescence versus concentration down to 1.95 and 250 nM for blue and red excitations, respectively. A pilot clinical study of 19 patients receiving 1-h ALA incubation before treatment showed high intrinsic variance in PpIX fluorescence with a standard deviation/mean ratio of >0.9. PpIX fluorescence was significantly higher in patients reporting higher pain levels on a visual analog scale. These pilot data suggest that patient-specific PpIX quantitation may predict outcome response.
Dual-channel red/blue fluorescence dosimetry with broadband reflectance spectroscopic correction measures protoporphyrin IX production during photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis

PubMed Central

Kanick, Stephen Chad; Davis, Scott C.; Zhao, Yan; Hasan, Tayyaba; Maytin, Edward V.; Pogue, Brian W.; Chapman, M. Shane

2014-01-01

Abstract. Dosimetry for aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis was examined with an optimized fluorescence dosimeter to measure PpIX during treatment. While insufficient PpIX generation may be an indicator of incomplete response, there exists no standardized method to quantitate PpIX production at depths in the skin during clinical treatments. In this study, a spectrometer-based point probe dosimeter system was used to sample PpIX fluorescence from superficial (blue wavelength excitation) and deeper (red wavelength excitation) tissue layers. Broadband white light spectroscopy (WLS) was used to monitor aspects of vascular physiology and inform a correction of fluorescence for the background optical properties. Measurements in tissue phantoms showed accurate recovery of blood volume fraction and reduced scattering coefficient from WLS, and a linear response of PpIX fluorescence versus concentration down to 1.95 and 250 nM for blue and red excitations, respectively. A pilot clinical study of 19 patients receiving 1-h ALA incubation before treatment showed high intrinsic variance in PpIX fluorescence with a standard deviation/mean ratio of >0.9. PpIX fluorescence was significantly higher in patients reporting higher pain levels on a visual analog scale. These pilot data suggest that patient-specific PpIX quantitation may predict outcome response. PMID:24996661
Functional consequences of an arginine180 to glutamine mutation in factor IX Hilo.

PubMed

Monroe, D M; McCord, D M; Huang, M N; High, K A; Lundblad, R L; Kasper, C K; Roberts, H R

1989-05-01

Factor IX Hilo is a variant factor IX molecule that has no detectable coagulant activity. The defect in factor IX Hilo arises from a point mutation in the gene such that in the protein Arg180 is converted to a Gln. Activation of factor IX Hilo by factor Xla was monitored using the fluorescent active site probe p-aminobenzamidine. Normal factor IX showed complete activation in one hour as determined by measuring the increase in fluorescence when p-aminobenzamidine bound to activated factor IX. Factor IX Hilo showed no increase in fluorescence even after 24 hours, indicating that the active site was not exposed. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that factor IX Hilo was cleaved to a light chain plus a larger peptide with a molecular weight equivalent to a heavy chain covalently linked to an activation peptide. Amino terminal amino acid sequencing of factor IX Hilo cleaved by factor Xla showed cleavage only at Arg145-Ala146, indicating that the Gln180-Val181 bond was not cleaved and that the active site was thus not exposed. The presence of factor IX Hilo in patient plasma was responsible for the patient having a very long ox brain prothrombin time characteristic of severe hemophilia Bm. Patient plasma had an ox brain prothrombin time of 100 seconds using a Thrombotest kit, significantly prolonged over the normal control value of 45 seconds. When factor IX Hilo was depleted from patient plasma using an immunoaffinity column, the ox brain prothrombin time decreased to 41 seconds. When factor IX Hilo was added back to depleted patient plasma, to normal plasma depleted of factor IX by the same affinity column, or to plasma from a CRM- hemophilia B patient, the ox brain prothrombin time was significantly prolonged. We conclude that the Arg180 to Gln mutation in factor IX Hilo results in a molecule that cannot be activated by factor Xla. Further, our data suggest that the mutation results in a molecule that interacts with components of the extrinsic pathway to give a prolonged ox brain prothrombin time.
An update on anticancer drug development and delivery targeting carbonic anhydrase IX

PubMed Central

Parkkila, Seppo

2017-01-01

The expression of carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX is up-regulated in many types of solid tumors in humans under hypoxic and acidic microenvironment. Inhibition of CA IX enzymatic activity with selective inhibitors, antibodies or labeled probes has been shown to reverse the acidic environment of solid tumors and reduce the tumor growth establishing the significant role of CA IX in tumorigenesis. Thus, the development of potent antitumor drugs targeting CA IX with minimal toxic effects is important for the target-specific tumor therapy. Recently, several promising antitumor agents against CA IX have been developed to treat certain types of cancers in combination with radiation and chemotherapy. Here we review the inhibition of CA IX by small molecule compounds and monoclonal antibodies. The methods of enzymatic assays, biophysical methods, animal models including zebrafish and Xenopus oocytes, and techniques of diagnostic imaging to detect hypoxic tumors using CA IX-targeted conjugates are discussed with the aim to overview the recent progress related to novel therapeutic agents that target CA IX in hypoxic tumors. PMID:29181278
The spectroscopy analyses of PpIX by ultrasound irradiation and its sonotoxicity in vitro.

PubMed

Wang, Pan; Wang, Xiaobing; Zhang, Kun; Gao, Kaili; Song, Ming; Liu, Quanhong

2013-07-01

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has been used as a sensitizer in photodynamic therapy (PDT) as well as in sonodynamic therapy (SDT). The photo-bleaching of PpIX has been well investigated in many experimental systems and some photo-products have also been identified in PDT. But until now, little information has been reported about the sono-damage of PpIX in SDT. So, the present study was to investigate changes of PpIX properties before and after different ultrasound treatment, and the potential interactions between PpIX, ultrasound and the irradiated cells. In cell-free system, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of PpIX in different solutions were measured by ultraviolet spectrometer and fluorescence spectrophotometer, respectively. The terephthalic acid dosimetry was applied to evaluate the efficiency of ultrasound cavitation by monitoring hydroxyl radical (OH) production on the thermolysis of H2O in the ultrasound field. In in vitro study, confocal microscopy was applied to detect the sub-cellular localization of PpIX in S180 cells before and after ultrasound exposure. Flow cytometry was used to detect the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation during PpIX-SDT. MTT assay was performed to evaluate the cell viability of S180 cells after SDT treatment with or without ROS scavengers. The results show that PpIX displayed different spectral patterns in different solutions. PpIX was decomposed by ultrasound exposure as measured by the decreased absorption and fluorescence peak values in RPMI-1640 medium. In addition, the decomposition of PpIX was found to be simultaneously accompanied by OH production with increasing output power from ultrasound generator. PpIX at 1μg/ml significantly enhanced the ultrasound induced cavitation as measured by OH generation, and which was greatly eliminated by NaN3, histidine, mannitol, EDTA and catalase, but not by SOD. The in vitro study indicates more PpIX entered into S180 cells after ultrasound exposure. And, the extra-cellular PpIX play an important role in the enhanced cell killing of PpIX-SDT. SDT induced obvious ROS generation in S180 cells, which could be mostly inhibited by the general ROS scavenge NAC (N-acetylcysteine). Other scavengers such as NaN3, histidine, mannitol all partially prevented the SDT induced cell viability loss of S180 cells, suggesting OH, (1)O2 might be involved during the process. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Role of Title IX Coordinators on College and University Campuses

PubMed Central

Wiersma-Mosley, Jacquelyn D.; DiLoreto, James

2018-01-01

The purpose of this study was to better understand the role of Title IX coordinators and their policies across four-year universities and two-year community colleges in the United States (U.S.). There is little information regarding Title IX coordinators’ training, background, and policies on how they handle Title IX investigations regarding sexual violence. The data come from an online survey that included 692 Title IX coordinators across four-year (private and public) and two-year campuses and represented 42 different states in the US. The current study found that most Title IX coordinators were in part-time positions with less than three years of experience. Most of the coordinators and their investigators were trained in Title IX policies. Most coordinators provide Title IX training for their students and faculty, and most have completed a campus climate survey; however, 15% had not completed a survey. The findings suggest that the majority of campuses are continuing to increase their Title IX visibility; however, there are several recommendations for campuses to improve their policies. The current study was able to shed light on how Title IX coordinators do their jobs and the role they play in helping with the challenging issues surrounding sexual violence at institutions across the nation. PMID:29621177
A sucrose-binding site provides a lead towards an isoform-specific inhibitor of the cancer-associated enzyme carbonic anhydrase IX

DOE PAGES

Pinard, Melissa A.; Aggarwal, Mayank; Mahon, Brian P.; ...

2015-09-23

Human carbonic anhydrase (CA; EC 4.2.1.1) isoform IX (CA IX) is an extracellular zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO 2to HCO 3 $-$, thereby playing a role in pH regulation. The majority of normal functioning cells exhibit low-level expression of CA IX. However, in cancer cells CA IX is upregulated as a consequence of a metabolic transition known as the Warburg effect. The upregulation of CA IX for cancer progression has drawn interest in it being a potential therapeutic target. CA IX is a transmembrane protein, and its purification, yield and crystallization have proven challenging to structure-basedmore » drug design, whereas the closely related cytosolic soluble isoform CA II can be expressed and crystallized with ease. Therefore, we have utilized structural alignments and site-directed mutagenesis to engineer a CA II that mimics the active site of CA IX. In this paper, the X-ray crystal structure of this CA IX mimic in complex with sucrose is presented and has been refined to a resolution of 1.5 Å, anR cryst of 18.0% and anR free of 21.2%. Finally, the binding of sucrose at the entrance to the active site of the CA IX mimic, and not CA II, in a non-inhibitory mechanism provides a novel carbohydrate moiety binding site that could be further exploited to design isoform-specific inhibitors of CA IX.« less
Reconsidering the Status of Title IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hammer, Ben

2003-01-01

Discusses the controversy over Title IX and women's participation in college athletics. Critics say the mandate shortchanges men's teams, while proponents say that women's sports programs remain underfunded in spite of Title IX. Describes some proposed modifications to Title IX and their potential effects. (SLD)
Scanning Fiber Endoscope Improves Detection of 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence at the Boundary of Infiltrative Glioma.

PubMed

Belykh, Evgenii; Miller, Eric J; Hu, Danying; Martirosyan, Nikolay L; Woolf, Eric C; Scheck, Adrienne C; Byvaltsev, Vadim A; Nakaji, Peter; Nelson, Leonard Y; Seibel, Eric J; Preul, Mark C

2018-05-01

Fluorescence-guided surgery with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) as a photodiagnostic marker is gaining acceptance for resection of malignant gliomas. Current wide-field imaging technologies do not have sufficient sensitivity to detect low PpIX concentrations. We evaluated a scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) for detection of PpIX fluorescence in gliomas and compared it to an operating microscope (OPMI) equipped with a fluorescence module and to a benchtop confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced PpIX fluorescence was assessed in GL261-Luc2 cells in vitro and in vivo after implantation in mouse brains, at an invading glioma growth stage, simulating residual tumor. Intraoperative fluorescence of high and low PpIX concentrations in normal brain and tumor regions with SFE, OPMI, CLSM, and histopathology were compared. SFE imaging of PpIX correlated to CLSM at the cellular level. PpIX accumulated in normal brain cells but significantly less than in glioma cells. SFE was more sensitive to accumulated PpIX in fluorescent brain areas than OPMI (P < 0.01) and dramatically increased imaging time (>6×) before tumor-to-background contrast was diminished because of photobleaching. SFE provides new endoscopic capabilities to view PpIX-fluorescing tumor regions at cellular resolution. SFE may allow accurate imaging of 5-aminolevulinic acid labeling of gliomas and other tumor types when current detection techniques have failed to provide reliable visualization. SFE was significantly more sensitive than OPMI to low PpIX concentrations, which is relevant to identifying the leading edge or metastasizing cells of malignant glioma or to treating low-grade gliomas. This new application has the potential to benefit surgical outcomes. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Normal and Collagen IX Null Mouse Cartilage Reveals Altered Extracellular Matrix Composition and Novel Components of the Collagen IX Interactome*

PubMed Central

Brachvogel, Bent; Zaucke, Frank; Dave, Keyur; Norris, Emma L.; Stermann, Jacek; Dayakli, Münire; Koch, Manuel; Gorman, Jeffrey J.; Bateman, John F.; Wilson, Richard

2013-01-01

The cartilage extracellular matrix is essential for endochondral bone development and joint function. In addition to the major aggrecan/collagen II framework, the interacting complex of collagen IX, matrilin-3, and cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is essential for cartilage matrix stability, as mutations in Col9a1, Col9a2, Col9a3, Comp, and Matn3 genes cause multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, in which patients develop early onset osteoarthritis. In mice, collagen IX ablation results in severely disturbed growth plate organization, hypocellular regions, and abnormal chondrocyte shape. This abnormal differentiation is likely to involve altered cell-matrix interactions but the mechanism is not known. To investigate the molecular basis of the collagen IX null phenotype we analyzed global differences in protein abundance between wild-type and knock-out femoral head cartilage by capillary HPLC tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 297 proteins in 3-day cartilage and 397 proteins in 21-day cartilage. Components that were differentially abundant between wild-type and collagen IX-deficient cartilage included 15 extracellular matrix proteins. Collagen IX ablation was associated with dramatically reduced COMP and matrilin-3, consistent with known interactions. Matrilin-1, matrilin-4, epiphycan, and thrombospondin-4 levels were reduced in collagen IX null cartilage, providing the first in vivo evidence for these proteins belonging to the collagen IX interactome. Thrombospondin-4 expression was reduced at the mRNA level, whereas matrilin-4 was verified as a novel collagen IX-binding protein. Furthermore, changes in TGFβ-induced protein βig-h3 and fibronectin abundance were found in the collagen IX knock-out but not associated with COMP ablation, indicating specific involvement in the abnormal collagen IX null cartilage. In addition, the more widespread expression of collagen XII in the collagen IX-deficient cartilage suggests an attempted compensatory response to the absence of collagen IX. Our differential proteomic analysis of cartilage is a novel approach to identify candidate matrix protein interactions in vivo, underpinning further analysis of mutant cartilage lacking other matrix components or harboring disease-causing mutations. PMID:23530037
Acoustics Research of Propulsion Systems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gao, Ximing; Houston, Janice D.

2014-01-01

The liftoff phase induces some of the highest acoustic loading over a broad frequency for a launch vehicle. These external acoustic environments are used in the prediction of the internal vibration responses of the vehicle and components. Thus, predicting these liftoff acoustic environments is critical to the design requirements of any launch vehicle but there are challenges. Present liftoff vehicle acoustic environment prediction methods utilize stationary data from previously conducted hold-down tests; i.e. static firings conducted in the 1960's, to generate 1/3 octave band Sound Pressure Level (SPL) spectra. These data sets are used to predict the liftoff acoustic environments for launch vehicles. To facilitate the accuracy and quality of acoustic loading, predictions at liftoff for future launch vehicles such as the Space Launch System (SLS), non-stationary flight data from the Ares I-X were processed in PC-Signal in two forms which included a simulated hold-down phase and the entire launch phase. In conjunction, the Prediction of Acoustic Vehicle Environments (PAVE) program was developed in MATLAB to allow for efficient predictions of sound pressure levels (SPLs) as a function of station number along the vehicle using semiempirical methods. This consisted, initially, of generating the Dimensionless Spectrum Function (DSF) and Dimensionless Source Location (DSL) curves from the Ares I-X flight data. These are then used in the MATLAB program to generate the 1/3 octave band SPL spectra. Concluding results show major differences in SPLs between the hold-down test data and the processed Ares IX flight data making the Ares I-X flight data more practical for future vehicle acoustic environment predictions.

Evaluation of a Gadolinium-Based Nanoparticle (AGuIX) for Contrast-Enhanced MRI of the Liver in a Rat Model of Hepatic Colorectal Cancer Metastases at 9.4 Tesla.

PubMed

Fries, P; Morr, D; Müller, A; Lux, F; Tillement, O; Massmann, A; Seidel, R; Schäfer, T; Menger, M D; Schneider, G; Bücker, A

2015-12-01

The aim of this study was to compare a Gd-based nanoparticle (AGuIX) with a standard extracellular Gd-based contrast agent (Gd-DOTA) for MRI at 9.4 T in rats with hepatic colorectal cancer metastases. 12 rats with hepatic metastases were subjected to MRI using a 9.4 T animal scanner. T1w self-gated FLASH sequences (TR/TE = 45/2.5 ms, alpha = 45°, TA = 1: 23 min, FOV = 5.12 × 5.12 cm(2), matrix = 256 × 256) were acquired before and at 10 time points after contrast injection. Each animal received 0.1 mmol/kg BW Gd-DOTA i.v. 2 days later AGuIX was applied at 0.01 mmol/kg BW (representing equal Gd doses). The SNR of normal liver (SNRliver), hyper- and hypoenhancing parts of tumors (SNRtumor, hyperenh/SNRtumor, hypoenhanc), erector spinae muscle (SNRmuscle), CNR and lesion enhancement (LE) were calculated based on ROI measurements. Mean SNRliver (Gd-DOTA: 14.6 +/- 0.7; AGuIX: 28.2+/- 2.6, p < 0.001), SNRtumor, hyperenhanc (Gd-DOTA: 18.6 +/- 1.2; AGuIX: 29.6 +/- 2.8, p < 0.001), SNRtumor, hypoenhanc (Gd-DOTA: 12.0 +/- 0.7; AGuIX: 15.4 +/- 0.7, p < 0.001), SNRmuscle (Gd-DOTA: 12.3 +/- 0.3; AGuIX: 14.0 +/- 0.7, p < 0.001), mean CNR (Gd-DOTA: -2.5 +/- 0.2; AGuIX: -7.5 +/- 1.0, p < 0.001) and LE (Gd-DOTA: 3.8 +/- 0.7; AGuIX: 14.9 +/- 2.8, p = 0.001) were significantly higher using AGuIX. Regardless of the larger molecular size, AGuIX demonstrates an early peak enhancement followed by a continuous washout. AGuIX provides better enhancement at 9.4 T compared to Gd-DOTA for equal doses of applied Gd. This is based on the molecule structure and the subsequent increased interaction with protons leading to a higher relaxivity. AGuIX potentially ameliorates the conspicuity of focal liver lesions and may improve the sensitivity in diagnostic imaging of malignant hepatic tumors. AGuIX provides superior enhancement as compared to the extracellular compound Gd-DOTA at 9.4 T. AGuIX may improve the detection and diagnostic sensitivity of malignant focal liver lesions. The small size of AGuIX allows for fast renal clearance and prevents undesirable accumulation in the body. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.
DeltaPhage—a novel helper phage for high-valence pIX phagemid display

PubMed Central

Nilssen, Nicolay R.; Frigstad, Terje; Pollmann, Sylvie; Roos, Norbert; Bogen, Bjarne; Sandlie, Inger; Løset, Geir Å.

2012-01-01

Phage display has been instrumental in discovery of novel binding peptides and folded domains for the past two decades. We recently reported a novel pIX phagemid display system that is characterized by a strong preference for phagemid packaging combined with low display levels, two key features that support highly efficient affinity selection. However, high diversity in selected repertoires are intimately coupled to high display levels during initial selection rounds. To incorporate this additional feature into the pIX display system, we have developed a novel helper phage termed DeltaPhage that allows for high-valence display on pIX. This was obtained by inserting two amber mutations close to the pIX start codon, but after the pVII translational stop, conditionally inactivating the helper phage encoded pIX. Until now, the general notion has been that display on pIX is dependent on wild-type complementation, making high-valence display unachievable. However, we found that DeltaPhage does facilitate high-valence pIX display when used with a non-suppressor host. Here, we report a side-by-side comparison with pIII display, and we find that this novel helper phage complements existing pIX phagemid display systems to allow both low and high-valence display, making pIX display a complete and efficient alternative to existing pIII phagemid display systems. PMID:22539265
DeltaPhage--a novel helper phage for high-valence pIX phagemid display.

PubMed

Nilssen, Nicolay R; Frigstad, Terje; Pollmann, Sylvie; Roos, Norbert; Bogen, Bjarne; Sandlie, Inger; Løset, Geir Å

2012-09-01

Phage display has been instrumental in discovery of novel binding peptides and folded domains for the past two decades. We recently reported a novel pIX phagemid display system that is characterized by a strong preference for phagemid packaging combined with low display levels, two key features that support highly efficient affinity selection. However, high diversity in selected repertoires are intimately coupled to high display levels during initial selection rounds. To incorporate this additional feature into the pIX display system, we have developed a novel helper phage termed DeltaPhage that allows for high-valence display on pIX. This was obtained by inserting two amber mutations close to the pIX start codon, but after the pVII translational stop, conditionally inactivating the helper phage encoded pIX. Until now, the general notion has been that display on pIX is dependent on wild-type complementation, making high-valence display unachievable. However, we found that DeltaPhage does facilitate high-valence pIX display when used with a non-suppressor host. Here, we report a side-by-side comparison with pIII display, and we find that this novel helper phage complements existing pIX phagemid display systems to allow both low and high-valence display, making pIX display a complete and efficient alternative to existing pIII phagemid display systems.
Dexamethasone alone and in combination with desipramine, phenytoin, valproic acid or levetiracetam interferes with 5-ALA-mediated PpIX production and cellular retention in glioblastoma cells.

PubMed

Lawrence, Johnathan E; Steele, Christopher J; Rovin, Richard A; Belton, Robert J; Winn, Robert J

2016-03-01

Extent of resection of glioblastoma (GBM) correlates with overall survival. Fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) can improve the extent of resection. Unfortunately not all patients given 5-ALA accumulate sufficient quantities of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) for successful FGR. In this study, we investigated the effects of dexamethasone, desipramine, phenytoin, valproic acid, and levetiracetam on the production and accumulation of PpIX in U87MG cells. All of these drugs, except levetiracetam, reduce the total amount of PpIX produced by GBM cells (p < 0.05). When dexamethasone is mixed with another drug (desipramine, phenytoin, valproic acid or levetiracetam) the amount of PpIX produced is further decreased (p < 0.01). However, when cells are analyzed for PpIX cellular retention, dexamethasone accumulated significantly more PpIX than the vehicle control (p < 0.05). Cellular retention of PpIX was not different from controls in cells treated with dexamethasone plus desipramine, valproic acid or levetiracetam, but was significantly less for dexamethasone plus phenytoin (p < 0.01). These data suggest that medications given before and during surgery may interfere with PpIX accumulation in malignant cells. At this time, levetiracetam appears to be the best medication in its class (anticonvulsants) for patients undergoing 5-ALA-mediated FGR.
Evaluation of PpIX formation in Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia I (CIN) using widefield fluorescence images

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Carbinatto, Fernanda M.; Inada, Natalia M.; Fortunato, Thereza C.; Lombardi, Welington; da Silva, Eduardo V.; Vollet Filho, José D.; Kurachi, Cristina; Pratavieira, Sebastião.; Bagnato, Vanderlei S.

2016-03-01

Optical techniques has been described as auxiliary technology for screening of neoplasia because shows the potential for tissues differentiation in real-time and it is a noninvasive detection and safe. However, only endogenous fluorophores presents the lesion may be insufficient and needed of the administration of the fluorophores synthesized, such as, precursor molecule of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induced by 5- aminolevulinic acid and your derivatives. Topical application of methylaminolevulinate (MAL), induces formation of the endogenous photosensitizer, PpIX in tissues where carcinogenesis has begun. The PpIX tend to accumulate in premalignant and malignant tissues and the illumination with light with appropriate wavelength beginning to excitation of PpIX fluorescence, which helps to localize PpIX-rich areas and identify potentially malignant tissues. The aim of the study is to evaluate the production of PpIX in the cervix with CIN I through of the fluorescence images captured after 1 hour of cream application. It was possible to visualize PpIX fluorescence in cervix and it was possible to observe the selectivity in fluorescence in squamous-columnar junction, which a pre-cancerous condition (CIN) and usually is localized. Through the image processing it was possible to quantify the increase of red fluorescence. For the CIN I the increase of red fluorescence was approximately of 4 times indicating a good PpIX formation.
6 CFR 17.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... Federal law. (c) For purposes of these Title IX regulations, program or activity or program means: (1) All...
Implementing LPC (Linear Predictive Coding) Algorithms in the Study of Speech Processing.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

DRAND(IX) DOUBLE PRECISION INTEGER IXAP.B15.B165XHI 5XALO.LEFTLO,FHIK DATA A/1&607D0/. B15/3276BD0/. Bl6 /65536D0/. P/2147483647D0/ XHI - IX/ B16 XHI...XHI -DMOD(XHI, IDO) XALO = (IX- XHI * B16 ) * A LEFTLO -XALO/1116 LEFTLO = LEFTLO - DMOD(LEFTLO. iDO)I FHI -XHI * A + LEFTLO K = FHI/B15 K = K - DMOD(K1...iDO) IX = (((XALO-LEFTL0*916)-P) +- (FHI-K*Bl5)* B16 )+K IF(IX.LT.O.DOe IX= X *FILENAME: GLOTI.FR DATE: 12: 2:83 TIME: 13:45:38 PAGE C C THIS SUBROUTINE
Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for enhanced photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy in murine models of skin and breast cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rollakanti, Kishore Reddy

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is a photosensitizing agent derived from aminolevulinic acid. PpIX accumulates specifically within target cancer cells, where it fluoresces and produces cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. Our aims were to employ PpIX fluorescence to detect squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin (Photodynamic diagnosis, PDD), and to improve treatment efficacy (Photodynamic therapy, PDT) for basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous breast cancer. Hyperspectral imaging and a spectrometer based dosimeter system were used to detect very early SCC in UVB-irradiated murine skin, using PpIX fluorescence. Regarding PDT, we showed that low non-toxic doses of vitamin D, given before ALA application, increase tumor specific PpIX accumulation and sensitize BCC and breast cancer cells to ALA-PDT. These optical imaging methods and the combination therapy regimen (vitamin D and ALA-PDT) are promising tools for effective management of skin and breast cancer.
Political and Programmatic Impact of Affirmative Action Policy: The Case of Title IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bird, Patrick J.

Title IX legislation has had a widespread impact on institutions of higher education. Similar laws and regulations preceding Title IX include Executive Order 11246, the Comprehensive Health Manpower and Nurse Training Act, and the Equal Employment Opportunity Act. The pervasive influence of Title IX is indicated in its provisions concerning…
Title IX Resource Guide

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office for Civil Rights, US Department of Education, 2015

2015-01-01

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 (Title IX) prohibits discrimination based on sex in education programs and activities in federally funded schools at all levels. If any part of a school district or college receives any Federal funds for any purpose, all of the operations of the district or college are covered by Title IX. The essence…
13 CFR 102.23 - Publication in the Federal Register-Notices of systems of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... ADMINISTRATION RECORD DISCLOSURE AND PRIVACY Protection of Privacy and Access to Individual Records Under the Privacy Act of 1974 § 102.23 Publication in the Federal Register—Notices of systems of records. (a... 20416 or faxed to 202-205-7059; and (ix) The categories of sources of records in the system. (2) Minor...
13 CFR 102.23 - Publication in the Federal Register-Notices of systems of records.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... ADMINISTRATION RECORD DISCLOSURE AND PRIVACY Protection of Privacy and Access to Individual Records Under the Privacy Act of 1974 § 102.23 Publication in the Federal Register—Notices of systems of records. (a... 20416 or faxed to 202-205-7059; and (ix) The categories of sources of records in the system. (2) Minor...
Arsenic Removal from Drinking Water by Ion Exchange - U.S. EPA Demonstration Project at Fruitland, ID - Final Performance Evaluation Report

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed during and the results obtained from the first six months of the performance evaluation of a Kinetico ion exchange (IX) system to remove arsenic (As) and nitrate from source water at the City of Fruitland in Idaho. The 250-gal/min (...
Environmental Law Deskbook.

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-11-01

jurisdiction of the Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Flue - Gas Desulfurization (FGD). Post-combustion sulfur dioxide control ...National Pollution Discharge Elimination System Permits .......... 11 VIII Individual Control Strategies for Toxic Pollutants (ICS) ........... 14 IX Storm...individual control strategies be integrated into the sources’ NPDES permits. EPA has established water quality standards for a number of toxic
Expression of cancer-related carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal skin and skin neoplasms.

PubMed

Syrjänen, Leo; Luukkaala, Tiina; Leppilampi, Mari; Kallioinen, Matti; Pastorekova, Silvia; Pastorek, Jaromir; Waheed, Abdul; Sly, William S; Parkkila, Seppo; Karttunen, Tuomo

2014-09-01

Purpose of the study was to evaluate the presence of hypoxia-inducible, tumour-associated carbonic anhydrases IX and XII in normal skin and a series of cutaneous tumours. Human tumour samples were taken during surgical operations performed on 245 patients and were immunohistochemically stained. A histological score value was calculated for statistical analyses which were performed using SPSS for Windows, versions 17.0 and 20.0. In normal skin, the highest expression of CA IX was detected in hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and basal parts of epidermis. CA XII was detected in all epithelial components of skin. Both CA IX and CA XII expression levels were significantly different in epidermal, appendigeal, and melanocytic tumour categories. Both CA IX and XII showed the most intense immunostaining in epidermal tumours, whereas virtually all melanocytic tumours were devoid of CA IX and XII immunostaining. In premalignant lesions, CA IX expression significantly increased when the tumours progressed to more severe dysplasia forms. Both CA IX and XII are highly expressed in different epithelial components of skin. They are also highly expressed in epidermal tumours, in which CA IX expression levels also correlate with the dysplasia grade. Interestingly, both isozymes are absent in melanocytic tumours. © 2014 APMIS. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Comparative assessment of the environmental sustainability of existing and emerging perchlorate treatment technologies for drinking water.

PubMed

Choe, Jong Kwon; Mehnert, Michelle H; Guest, Jeremy S; Strathmann, Timothy J; Werth, Charles J

2013-05-07

Environmental impacts of conventional and emerging perchlorate drinking water treatment technologies were assessed using life cycle assessment (LCA). Comparison of two ion exchange (IX) technologies (i.e., nonselective IX with periodic regeneration using brines and perchlorate-selective IX without regeneration) at an existing plant shows that brine is the dominant contributor for nonselective IX, which shows higher impact than perchlorate-selective IX. Resource consumption during the operational phase comprises >80% of the total impacts. Having identified consumables as the driving force behind environmental impacts, the relative environmental sustainability of IX, biological treatment, and catalytic reduction technologies are compared more generally using consumable inputs. The analysis indicates that the environmental impacts of heterotrophic biological treatment are 2-5 times more sensitive to influent conditions (i.e., nitrate/oxygen concentration) and are 3-14 times higher compared to IX. However, autotrophic biological treatment is most environmentally beneficial among all. Catalytic treatment using carbon-supported Re-Pd has a higher (ca. 4600 times) impact than others, but is within 0.9-30 times the impact of IX with a newly developed ligand-complexed Re-Pd catalyst formulation. This suggests catalytic reduction can be competitive with increased activity. Our assessment shows that while IX is an environmentally competitive, emerging technologies also show great promise from an environmental sustainability perspective.
Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX by Ureidosulfonamide Inhibitor U104 Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Growth, But Does Not Modulate Daunorubicin or Cisplatin Cytotoxicity.

PubMed

Riemann, Anne; Güttler, Antje; Haupt, Verena; Wichmann, Henri; Reime, Sarah; Bache, Matthias; Vordermark, Dirk; Thews, Oliver

2018-03-05

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. It is highly upregulated in hypoxic regions and mediates pH regulation critical for tumor cell survival as well as extracellular acidification of the tumor microenvironment, which promotes tumor aggressiveness via various mechanisms, such as augmenting metastatic potential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the complex interdependency between CA IX and the tumor microenvironment in prostate tumor cells with regard to potential therapeutic implications. CA IX was upregulated by hypoxia as well as acidosis in prostate cancer cells. This induction did not modulate intracellular pH but led to extracellular acidification. Pharmacological inhibition of CA IX activity by U104 (SLC-0111) resulted in a reduction in tumor cell growth and an increase in apoptotic cell death. Intracellular pH was reduced under normoxic and even more so under hypoxic conditions when CA IX level was high. However, although intracellular pH regulation was disturbed, targeting CA IX in combination with daunorubicin or cisplatin did not intensify apoptotic tumor cell death. Hence, targeting CA IX in prostate cancer cells can lead to intracellular pH dysregulation and, consequently, can reduce cellular growth and elevate apoptotic cell death. Attenuation of extracellular acidification by blocking CA IX might additionally impede tumor progression and metastasis. However, no beneficial effect was seen when targeting CA IX in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
Cyclooxygenase-2/carbonic anhydrase-IX up-regulation promotes invasive potential and hypoxia survival in colorectal cancer cells

PubMed Central

Sansone, Pasquale; Piazzi, Giulia; Paterini, Paola; Strillacci, Antonio; Ceccarelli, Claudio; Minni, Francesco; Biasco, Guido; Chieco, Pasquale; Bonafè, Massimiliano

2009-01-01

Inflammation promotes colorectal carcinogenesis. Tumour growth often generates a hypoxic environment in the inner tumour mass. We here report that, in colon cancer cells, the expression of the pro-inflammatory enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) associates with that of the hypoxia response gene carbonic anhydrase-IX (CA-IX). The COX-2 knockdown, achieved by the stable infection of a COX-2 specific short harpin RNA interference (shCOX-2), down-regulates CA-IX gene expression. In colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, PGE2, the main COX-2 gene products, promotes CA-IX gene expression by ERK1/2 activation. In normoxic environment, shCOX-2 infected/CA-IX siRNA transfected CRC cells show a reduced level of active metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) that associates with a decreased extracellular matrix invasion capacity. In presence of hypoxia, COX-2 gene expression and PGE2 production increase. The knockdown of COX-2/CA-IX blunts the survival capability of CRC cells in hypoxia. At a high cell density, a culture condition that creates a mild pericellular hypoxic environment, the expression of COX-2/CA-IX genes is increased and triggers the invasive potential of colon cancer cells. In human colon cancer tissues, COX-2/CA-IX protein expression levels, assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, correlate each other and increase with tumour stage. In conclusion, these data indicate that COX-2/CA-IX interplay promotes the aggressive behaviour of CRC cells. PMID:19017360
In vitro characterization of high purity factor IX concentrates for the treatment of hemophilia B.

PubMed

Limentani, S A; Gowell, K P; Deitcher, S R

1995-04-01

This study employed sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis and immunoblotting to assess the purity of seven high purity factor IX concentrates: Aimafix (Aima), AlphaNine-SD (Alpha Therapeutic), Factor IX VHP (Biotransfusion), Immunine (Immuno), Mononine (Armour Pharmaceutical), Nanotiv (Kabi Pharmacia), and 9MC (Blood Products Laboratory). The mean specific activity of these products ranged from 68 U factor IX/mg (Aimafix) to 246 U factor IX/mg (Mononine). SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the highest purity product, Mononine, had a single contaminating band under non-reducing conditions. Two additional bands were detected when this product was analyzed under reducing conditions. All other products had multiple contaminating bands that were more apparent under reducing than non-reducing conditions. The immunoblot for factor IX showed a dominant factor IX band for all products. In addition, visible light chain of factor IX was detected for AlphaNine-SD, Factor IX VHP, Immunine, Mononine, Nanotiv, and 9MC, suggesting that the factor IX in these products had undergone partial activation to factor IXa. Another contaminating band was visible at 49,500 for all of the products except 9MC. In addition to this band, high molecular weight contaminants were apparent for some products, most notably AlphaNine-SD. The identity of these bands is unknown. Immunoblotting failed to demonstrate factor VII as a contaminant of any of the high purity products, although factor VIIa could be detected in some lots of Immunine, Nanotiv, and 9MC by a clot-based assay. Factor X contaminated Aimafix, AlphaNine-SD, Factor IX VHP, Immunine, Nanotiv, and 9MC, but activation products of factor X were not detected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in meningioma: qualitative and quantitative measurements in vivo.

PubMed

Valdes, Pablo A; Bekelis, Kimon; Harris, Brent T; Wilson, Brian C; Leblond, Frederic; Kim, Anthony; Simmons, Nathan E; Erkmen, Kadir; Paulsen, Keith D; Roberts, David W

2014-03-01

The use of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence has shown promise as a surgical adjunct for maximizing the extent of surgical resection in gliomas. To date, the clinical utility of 5-ALA in meningiomas is not fully understood, with most descriptive studies using qualitative approaches to 5-ALA-PpIX. To assess the diagnostic performance of 5-ALA-PpIX fluorescence during surgical resection of meningioma. ALA was administered to 15 patients with meningioma undergoing PpIX fluorescence-guided surgery at our institution. At various points during the procedure, the surgeon performed qualitative, visual assessments of fluorescence by using the surgical microscope, followed by a quantitative fluorescence measurement by using an intraoperative probe. Specimens were collected at each point for subsequent neuropathological analysis. Clustered data analysis of variance was used to ascertain a difference between groups, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess diagnostic capabilities. Red-pink fluorescence was observed in 80% (12/15) of patients, with visible fluorescence generally demonstrating a strong, homogenous character. Quantitative fluorescence measured diagnostically significant PpIX concentrations (cPpIx) in both visibly and nonvisibly fluorescent tissues, with significantly higher cPpIx in both visibly fluorescent (P < .001) and tumor tissue (P = .002). Receiver operating characteristic analyses also showed diagnostic accuracies up to 90% for differentiating tumor from normal dura. ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence guidance is a potential and promising adjunct in accurately detecting neoplastic tissue during meningioma resective surgery. These results suggest a broader reach for PpIX as a biomarker for meningiomas than was previously noted in the literature.

5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Fluorescence in Meningioma: Qualitative and Quantitative Measurements In Vivo

PubMed Central

Valdes, Pablo A.; Bekelis, Kimon; Harris, Brent T.; Wilson, Brian C.; Leblond, Frederic; Kim, Anthony; Simmons, Nathan E.; Erkmen, Kadir; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.

2014-01-01

BACKGROUND The use of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence has shown promise as a surgical adjunct for maximizing the extent of surgical resection in gliomas. To date, the clinical utility of 5-ALA in meningiomas is not fully understood, with most descriptive studies using qualitative approaches to 5-ALA-PpIX. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic performance of 5-ALA-PpIX fluorescence during surgical resection of meningioma. METHODS ALA was administered to 15 patients with meningioma undergoing PpIX fluorescence-guided surgery at our institution. At various points during the procedure, the surgeon performed qualitative, visual assessments of fluorescence by using the surgical microscope, followed by a quantitative fluorescence measurement by using an intra-operative probe. Specimens were collected at each point for subsequent neuropathological analysis. Clustered data analysis of variance was used to ascertain a difference between groups, and receiver operating characteristic analyses were performed to assess diagnostic capabilities. RESULTS Red-pink fluorescence was observed in 80% (12/15) of patients, with visible fluorescence generally demonstrating a strong, homogenous character. Quantitative fluorescence measured diagnostically significant PpIX concentrations (CPpIx) in both visibly and nonvisibly fluorescent tissues, with significantly higher CPpIx in both visibly fluorescent (P < .001) and tumor tissue (P = .002). Receiver operating characteristic analyses also showed diagnostic accuracies up to 90% for differentiating tumor from normal dura. CONCLUSION ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence guidance is a potential and promising adjunct in accurately detecting neoplastic tissue during meningioma resective surgery. These results suggest a broader reach for PpIX as a biomarker for meningiomas than was previously noted in the literature. PMID:23887194
Factor IX assay

MedlinePlus

... factor assay; Serum factor IX; Hemophilic factor B; Plasma thromboplastin component; PTC ... BJ. Factor IX (Christmas factor, hemophilic factor B, plasma thromboplastin component, PTC) - blood. In: Chernecky CC, Berger ...
Title IX: With New Opportunities, Girls' Interest Rises

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toporek, Bryan

2012-01-01

On June 23, 1972, President Richard M. Nixon signed into law Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibits gender discrimination in any federally financed education program or activity. Title IX is far-reaching, but the law is most often associated with school and college athletics. Title IX allows schools to prove their athletic…
Title IX: A Practical Guide to Achieving Sex Equity in Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Coalition for Women and Girls in Education.

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the principal federal law which prohibits sex discriminaton in education. This monograph sets forth the extent of Title IX's coverage by subject area, describes the obligations of covered institutions, and explains how victims of discrimination can enforce their Title IX right. While dealing with…
Title IX: Human Rights in School Sport.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Peter J.

This paper focuses on Title IX, a part of the Federal Education Amendments of 1972, and its effect upon human rights in school sport. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section reviews the purpose of Title IX and the historical developments which led to its establishment. It states that Title IX was enacted to eliminate sexual…
Ultra-high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering at high-repetition-rate self-seeded X-ray free-electron lasers

PubMed Central

Chubar, Oleg; Geloni, Gianluca; Kocharyan, Vitali; Madsen, Anders; Saldin, Evgeni; Serkez, Svitozar; Shvyd’ko, Yuri; Sutter, John

2016-01-01

Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) is an important tool for studies of equilibrium dynamics in condensed matter. A new spectrometer recently proposed for ultra-high-resolution IXS (UHRIX) has achieved 0.6 meV and 0.25 nm−1 spectral and momentum-transfer resolutions, respectively. However, further improvements down to 0.1 meV and 0.02 nm−1 are required to close the gap in energy–momentum space between high- and low-frequency probes. It is shown that this goal can be achieved by further optimizing the X-ray optics and by increasing the spectral flux of the incident X-ray pulses. UHRIX performs best at energies from 5 to 10 keV, where a combination of self-seeding and undulator tapering at the SASE-2 beamline of the European XFEL promises up to a 100-fold increase in average spectral flux compared with nominal SASE pulses at saturation, or three orders of magnitude more than what is possible with storage-ring-based radiation sources. Wave-optics calculations show that about 7 × 1012 photons s−1 in a 90 µeV bandwidth can be achieved on the sample. This will provide unique new possibilities for dynamics studies by IXS. PMID:26917127
No Evidence for Protoplanetary Disk Destruction By OB Stars in the MYStIX Sample

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Richert, Alexander J. W.; Feigelson, Eric D.; Getman, Konstantin V.; Kuhn, Michael A.

2015-09-01

Hubble Space Telescope images of proplyds in the Orion Nebula, as well as submillimeter/radio measurements, show that the dominant O7 star {θ }1Ori C photoevaporates nearby disks around pre-main-sequence stars. Theory predicts that massive stars photoevaporate disks within distances of the order of 0.1 pc. These findings suggest that young, OB-dominated massive H ii regions are inhospitable to the survival of protoplanetary disks and, subsequently, to the formation and evolution of planets. In the current work, we test this hypothesis using large samples of pre-main-sequence stars in 20 massive star-forming regions selected with X-ray and infrared photometry in the MYStIX survey. Complete disk destruction would lead to a deficit of cluster members with an excess in JHKS and Spitzer/IRAC bands in the vicinity of O stars. In four MYStIX regions containing O stars and a sufficient surface density of disk-bearing sources to reliably test for spatial avoidance, we find no evidence for the depletion of inner disks around pre-main-sequence stars in the vicinity of O-type stars, even very luminous O2-O5 stars. These results suggest that massive star-forming regions are not very hostile to the survival of protoplanetary disks and, presumably, to the formation of planets.
Red versus blue light illumination in hexyl 5-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy: the influence of light color and irradiance on the treatment outcome in vitro.

PubMed

Helander, Linda; Krokan, Hans E; Johnsson, Anders; Gederaas, Odrun A; Plaetzer, Kristjan

2014-08-01

Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate (HAL) is a lipophilic derivative of 5-aminolevulinate, a key intermediate in biosynthesis of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The photodynamic efficacy and cell death mode after red versus blue light illumination of HAL-induced PpIX have been examined and compared using five different cancer cell lines. LED arrays emitting at 410 and 624 nm served as homogenous and adjustable light sources. Our results show that the response after HAL-PDT is cell line specific, both regarding the shape of the dose-survival curve, the overall dose required for efficient cell killing, and the relative amount of apoptosis. The ratio between 410 and 624 nm in absorption coefficient correlates well with the difference in cell killing at the same wavelengths. In general, the PDT efficacy was several folds higher for blue light as compared with red light, as expected. However, HAL-PDT₆₂₄ induced more apoptosis than HAL-PDT₄₁₀ and illumination with low irradiance resulted in more apoptosis than high irradiance at the same lethal dose. This indicates differences in death modes after low and high irradiance after similar total light doses. From a treatment perspective, these differences may be important.
Red versus blue light illumination in hexyl 5-aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy: the influence of light color and irradiance on the treatment outcome in vitro

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Helander, Linda; Krokan, Hans E.; Johnsson, Anders; Gederaas, Odrun A.; Plaetzer, Kristjan

2014-08-01

Hexyl 5-aminolevulinate (HAL) is a lipophilic derivative of 5-aminolevulinate, a key intermediate in biosynthesis of the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). The photodynamic efficacy and cell death mode after red versus blue light illumination of HAL-induced PpIX have been examined and compared using five different cancer cell lines. LED arrays emitting at 410 and 624 nm served as homogenous and adjustable light sources. Our results show that the response after HAL-PDT is cell line specific, both regarding the shape of the dose-survival curve, the overall dose required for efficient cell killing, and the relative amount of apoptosis. The ratio between 410 and 624 nm in absorption coefficient correlates well with the difference in cell killing at the same wavelengths. In general, the PDT efficacy was several folds higher for blue light as compared with red light, as expected. However, HAL-PDT624 induced more apoptosis than HAL-PDT410 and illumination with low irradiance resulted in more apoptosis than high irradiance at the same lethal dose. This indicates differences in death modes after low and high irradiance after similar total light doses. From a treatment perspective, these differences may be important.
Ultra-high-resolution inelastic X-ray scattering at high-repetition-rate self-seeded X-ray free-electron lasers

DOE PAGES

Chubar, Oleg; Geloni, Gianluca; Kocharyan, Vitali; ...

2016-03-01

Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) is an important tool for studies of equilibrium dynamics in condensed matter. A new spectrometer recently proposed for ultra-high-resolution IXS (UHRIX) has achieved 0.6 meV and 0.25 nm ₋1spectral and momentum-transfer resolutions, respectively. However, further improvements down to 0.1 meV and 0.02 nm ₋1are required to close the gap in energy–momentum space between high- and low-frequency probes. It is shown that this goal can be achieved by further optimizing the X-ray optics and by increasing the spectral flux of the incident X-ray pulses. UHRIX performs best at energies from 5 to 10 keV, where a combinationmore » of self-seeding and undulator tapering at the SASE-2 beamline of the European XFEL promises up to a 100-fold increase in average spectral flux compared with nominal SASE pulses at saturation, or three orders of magnitude more than what is possible with storage-ring-based radiation sources. Wave-optics calculations show that about 7 × 10 12 photons s ₋1in a 90 µeV bandwidth can be achieved on the sample. Ultimately, this will provide unique new possibilities for dynamics studies by IXS.« less
The H IX galaxy survey - II. H I kinematics of H I eXtreme galaxies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lutz, K. A.; Kilborn, V. A.; Koribalski, B. S.; Catinella, B.; Józsa, G. I. G.; Wong, O. I.; Stevens, A. R. H.; Obreschkow, D.; Dénes, H.

2018-05-01

By analysing a sample of galaxies selected from the H I Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) to contain more than 2.5 times their expected H I content based on their optical properties, we investigate what drives these H I eXtreme (H IX) galaxies to be so H I-rich. We model the H I kinematics with the Tilted Ring Fitting Code TiRiFiC and compare the observed H IX galaxies to a control sample of galaxies from HIPASS as well as simulated galaxies built with the semi-analytic model DARK SAGE. We find that (1) H I discs in H IX galaxies are more likely to be warped and more likely to host H I arms and tails than in the control galaxies, (2) the average H I and average stellar column density of H IX galaxies is comparable to the control sample, (3) H IX galaxies have higher H I and baryonic specific angular momenta than control galaxies, (4) most H IX galaxies live in higher spin haloes than most control galaxies. These results suggest that H IX galaxies are H I-rich because they can support more H I against gravitational instability due to their high specific angular momentum. The majority of the H IX galaxies inherits their high specific angular momentum from their halo. The H I content of H IX galaxies might be further increased by gas-rich minor mergers. This paper is based on data obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array through the large program C 2705.
Gypenoside IX Suppresses p38 MAPK/Akt/NFκB Signaling Pathway Activation and Inflammatory Responses in Astrocytes Stimulated by Proinflammatory Mediators.

PubMed

Wang, Xiaoshuang; Yang, Liu; Yang, Li; Xing, Faping; Yang, Hua; Qin, Liyue; Lan, Yunyi; Wu, Hui; Zhang, Beibei; Shi, Hailian; Lu, Cheng; Huang, Fei; Wu, Xiaojun; Wang, Zhengtao

2017-12-01

Gypenoside IX (GP IX) is a pure compound isolated from Panax notoginseng. Gypenosides have been implicated to benefit the recovery of enormous neurological disorders. By suppressing the activation of astrocytes, gypenosides can improve the cognitive impairment. However, so far, little is known about whether GP IX could restrain the inflammatory responses in astrocytes or reactive astrogliosis. In present study, the anti-inflammatory effects of GP IX were investigated in reactive astrocytes induced by proinflammatory mediators both in vitro and in vivo. GP IX significantly reduced the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) at either protein or mRNA level in glial cell line C6 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/TNF-α combination. It also alleviated the astrogliosis and decreased the production of inflammatory mediators in brain cortex of LPS-treated mice. Further study disclosed that GP IX inhibited nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) and reduced its transcriptional activity. Meanwhile, GP IX significantly attenuated the phosphorylation of NFκB, inhibitor of kappa B (IκB), Akt, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) under inflammatory conditions both in vitro and in vivo. These findings indicated that GP IX might suppress reactive astrogliosis by suppressing Akt/p38 MAPK/NFκB signaling pathways. And GP IX might be a promising drug candidate or prodrug for the therapy of neuroinflammatory disorders characterized with reactive astrogliosis.
Absence of collagen IX accelerates hypertrophic differentiation in the embryonic mouse spine through a disturbance of the Ihh-PTHrP feedback loop.

PubMed

Kamper, Matthias; Paulsson, Mats; Zaucke, Frank

2017-02-01

Collagen IX (Col IX) is a component of the cartilage extracellular matrix and contributes to its structural integrity. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding the Col IX ɑ2- and ɑ3-chains are associated with early onset of disc degeneration. Col IX-deficient mice already display changes in the spine at the newborn stage and premature disc degeneration starting at 6 months of age. To determine the role of Col IX in early spine development and to identify molecular mechanisms underlying disc degeneration, the embryonic development of the spine was analyzed in Col IX -/- mice. Histological staining was used to show tissue morphology at different time points. Localization of extracellular matrix proteins as well as components of signaling pathways were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Developing vertebral bodies of Col IX -/- mice were smaller and already appeared more compact at E12.5. At E15.5, vertebral bodies of Col IX -/- mice revealed an increased number of hypertrophic chondrocytes as well as enhanced staining for the terminal differentiation markers alkaline phosphatase and collagen X. This correlates with an imbalance in the Ihh-PTHrP signaling pathway at this time point, reflected by an increase of Ihh and a concomitant decrease of PTHrP expression. An accelerated hypertrophic differentiation caused by a disturbed Ihh-PTHrP signaling pathway may lead to a higher bone mineral density in the vertebral bodies of newborn Col IX -/- mice and, as a result, to the early onset of disc degeneration.
Successful transduction of liver in hemophilia by AAV-Factor IX and limitations imposed by the host immune response.

PubMed

Manno, Catherine S; Pierce, Glenn F; Arruda, Valder R; Glader, Bertil; Ragni, Margaret; Rasko, John J; Rasko, John; Ozelo, Margareth C; Hoots, Keith; Blatt, Philip; Konkle, Barbara; Dake, Michael; Kaye, Robin; Razavi, Mahmood; Zajko, Albert; Zehnder, James; Rustagi, Pradip K; Nakai, Hiroyuki; Chew, Amy; Leonard, Debra; Wright, J Fraser; Lessard, Ruth R; Sommer, Jürg M; Tigges, Michael; Sabatino, Denise; Luk, Alvin; Jiang, Haiyan; Mingozzi, Federico; Couto, Linda; Ertl, Hildegund C; High, Katherine A; Kay, Mark A

2006-03-01

We have previously shown that a single portal vein infusion of a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) expressing canine Factor IX (F.IX) resulted in long-term expression of therapeutic levels of F.IX in dogs with severe hemophilia B. We carried out a phase 1/2 dose-escalation clinical study to extend this approach to humans with severe hemophilia B. rAAV-2 vector expressing human F.IX was infused through the hepatic artery into seven subjects. The data show that: (i) vector infusion at doses up to 2 x 10(12) vg/kg was not associated with acute or long-lasting toxicity; (ii) therapeutic levels of F.IX were achieved at the highest dose tested; (iii) duration of expression at therapeutic levels was limited to a period of approximately 8 weeks; (iv) a gradual decline in F.IX was accompanied by a transient asymptomatic elevation of liver transaminases that resolved without treatment. Further studies suggested that destruction of transduced hepatocytes by cell-mediated immunity targeting antigens of the AAV capsid caused both the decline in F.IX and the transient transaminitis. We conclude that rAAV-2 vectors can transduce human hepatocytes in vivo to result in therapeutically relevant levels of F.IX, but that future studies in humans may require immunomodulation to achieve long-term expression.
Ongoing advances in quantitative PpIX fluorescence guided intracranial tumor resection (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Olson, Jonathan D.; Kanick, Stephen C.; Bravo, Jaime J.; Roberts, David W.; Paulsen, Keith D.

2016-03-01

Aminolevulinc-acid induced protoporphyrin IX (ALA-PpIX) is being investigated as a biomarker to guide neurosurgical resection of brain tumors. ALA-PpIX fluorescence can be observed visually in the surgical field; however, raw fluorescence emissions can be distorted by factors other than the fluorophore concentration. Specifically, fluorescence emissions are mixed with autofluorescence and attenuated by background absorption and scattering properties of the tissue. Recent work at Dartmouth has developed advanced fluorescence detection approaches that return quantitative assessments of PpIX concentration, which are independent of background optical properties. The quantitative fluorescence imaging (qFI) approach has increased sensitivity to residual disease within the resection cavity at the end of surgery that was not visible to the naked eye through the operating microscope. This presentation outlines clinical observations made during an ongoing investigation of ALA-PpIX based guidance of tumor resection. PpIX fluorescence measurements made in a wide-field hyperspectral imaging approach are co-registered with point-assessment using a fiber optic probe. Data show variations in the measured PpIX accumulation among different clinical tumor grades (i.e. high grade glioma, low grade glioma), types (i.e. primary tumors. metastases) and normal structures of interest (e.g. normal cortex, hippocampus). These results highlight the contrast enhancement and underscore the potential clinical benefit offered from quantitative measurements of PpIX concentration during resection of intracranial tumors.
Big Men on Campus: Administrative Response to Title IX and the Development of Women's Sports in the Big Ten Conference, 1972-1982

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ramsey, Jeffrey T.

2014-01-01

Signed into law in 1972, Title IX of the Education Amendments was designed to eliminate gender discrimination throughout the American educational system. Title IX applied to all educational programs at any level of schooling including admissions, financial aid, academic programs, and social organizations. However, Title IX has primarily been…
Core-shell AgSiO2-protoporphyrin IX nanoparticle: Effect of the Ag core on reactive oxygen species generation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lismont, M.; Pá; ez-Martinez, C.; Dreesen, L.

2015-03-01

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancer is based on the use of a light sensitive molecule to produce, under specific irradiation, toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS). A way to improve the therapy efficiency is to increase the amount of produced ROS near cancer cells. This aim can be achieved by using a metal enhanced process arising when an optically active molecule is located near a metallic nanoparticle (NP). Here, the coupling effect between silver (Ag) NPs and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) molecules, a clinically approved photosensitizer, is studied compared first, to PpIX fluorescence yield and second, to ROS production efficiency. By applying a modified Stöber process, PpIX was encapsulated into a silica (SiO2) shell, surrounding a 60 nm sized Ag core. We showed that, compared to SiO2-PpIX NPs, Ag coated SiO2-PpIX NPs dramatically decreased PpIX fluorescence together with singlet oxygen production efficiency. However, after incubation time in the dark, the amount of superoxide anions generated by the Ag doped sample was higher than the control sample one.
Collagen type IX from human cartilage: a structural profile of intermolecular cross-linking sites.

PubMed Central

Diab, M; Wu, J J; Eyre, D R

1996-01-01

Type IX collagen, a quantitatively minor collagenous component of cartilage, is known to be associated with and covalently cross-linked to type II collagen fibrils in chick and bovine cartilage. Type IX collagen molecules have also been shown to form covalent cross-links with each other in bovine cartilage. In the present study we demonstrate by structural analysis and location of cross-linking sites that, in human cartilage, type IX collagen is covalently cross-linked to type II collagen and to other molecules of type IX collagen. We also present evidence that, if the proteoglycan form of type IX collagen is present in human cartilage, it can only be a minor component of the matrix, similar to findings with bovine cartilage. PMID:8660302
Photodynamic therapy of acne vulgaris.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ershova, Ekaterina Y.; Karimova, Lubov N.; Kharnas, Sergey S.; Kuzmin, Sergey G.; Loschenov, Victor B.

2003-06-01

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was tested for the treatment of acne vulgaris. Patients with acne were treated with ALA plus red light. Ten percent water solution of ALA was applied with 1,5-2 h occlusion and then 18-45 J/cm2 630 nm light was given. Bacterial endogenous porphyrins fluorescence also was used for acne therapy. Treatment control and diagnostics was realized by fluorescence spectra and fluorescence image. Light sources and diagnostic systems were used: semiconductor laser (λ=630 nm, Pmax=1W), (LPhT-630-01-BIOSPEC); LED system for PDT and diagnostics with fluorescent imager (λ=635 nm, P=2W, p=50 mW/cm2), (UFPh-630-01-BIOSPEC); high sensitivity CCD video camera with narrow-band wavelength filter (central wavelength 630 nm); laser electronic spectrum analyzer for fluorescent diagnostics and photodynamic therapy monitoring (LESA-01-BIOSPEC). Protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) and endogenous porphyrins concentrations were measured by fluorescence at wavelength, correspondingly, 700 nm and 650 nm. It was shown that topical ALA is converted into PP IX in hair follicles, sebaceous glands and acne scars. The amount of resulting PP IX is sufficient for effective PDT. There was good clinical response and considerable clearance of acne lesion. ALA-PDT also had good cosmetic effect in treatment acne scars. PDT with ALA and red light assist in opening corked pores, destroying Propionibacterium acnes and decreasing sebum secretion. PDT treatment associated with several adverse effects: oedema and/or erytema for 3-5 days after PDT, epidermal exfoliation from 5th to 10th day and slight pigmentation during 1 month after PDT. ALA-PDT is effective for acne and can be used despite several side effects.
KSC-2009-5954

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-28

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a post-launch news conference is held in the Press Site auditorium following the successful launch of the Ares I-X test rocket at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. Smiling, from left, are Doug Cooke, associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; Jeff Hanley, Constellation Program manager; Bob Ess, mission manager for the Ares I-X flight test; and Edward Mango, launch director for the Ares I-X flight test. For more information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-2009-5955

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-28

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Constellation Program Manager Jeff Hanley addresses a post-launch news conference in the Press Site auditorium following the successful launch of the Ares I-X test rocket at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. From left, are, Doug Cooke, associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; Hanley; Bob Ess, mission manager for the Ares I-X flight test; and Edward Mango, launch director for the Ares I-X flight test. For more information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-26

NASA Ares I-X Assistant Launch Director Pete Nickolenko, left, and NASA Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango monitor the launch countdown from Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center during the planned launch of the Ares I-X rocket from pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-26

Mission managers, from left, NASA Constellation Program manager Jeff Hanley, Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango, Ares I-X mission manager Bob Ess, Ground Operations Manager Philip "Pepper" Phillips, review the latest data in Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center during the launch countdown of the Ares I-X rocket in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-26

Mission managers, from left, NASA Ares I-X Assistant Launch Director Pete Nickolenko, Ground Operations Manager Philip "Pepper" Phillips, Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango, and Constellation Program manager Jeff Hanley review the latest weather radar from Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center during the launch countdown of the Ares I-X rocket in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
ARES I-X Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-27

NASA Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango, left, laughs as NASA Ares I-X Assistant Launch Director Pete Nickolenko looks out the window of Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center prior to the launch of the Ares I-X rocket from pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
Evaluation of factor IX deficiency by interdigitated electrode (IDE)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gopinath, Subash C. B.; Hashim, Uda; Uda, M. N. A.

2017-03-01

Factor IX deficiency is the main cause of hemophilia A and B. This a severe excessive bleeding disorder that can even kill the patient if not treated with the right prescription of Factor IX hormone to stop the bleeding. The bleeding can be caused by an injury or even a sudden bleeding in some very rare cases. To find the Factor IX effectiveness and to understand the deficiency more carefully for the future of medicine, experiments are conducted to test the Factor IX using the Interdigitated Electrode (IDE) and gold Nanoparticle with the help of Nanoelectrical technology.
A Study of Current World Telecommunications and a Projection of the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-09-01

SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM PROJECT TASK WORK UNIT ELEMENT NO. NO. NO. ACCESSION NO. 11. TITLE (Include Security Classification) A STUDY OF CURRENT...51 b. Integrated Services Digital Network 53 c. Network Switching ...... ........... 54 d. SS7 ...54 Table IX PERCENTAGE OF CO WITH SS7 CAPABILITY FOR THE GROUP OF SEVEN ............. .................. 55 Table X TRENDS, FORECAST IN
ARSENIC REMOVAL FROM DRINKING WATER BY ION EXCHANGE. U.S. EPA DEMONSTRATION PROJECT AT FRUITLAND, ID SIX-MONTH EVALUATION REPORT

EPA Science Inventory

This report documents the activities performed during and the results obtained from the first six months of the performance evaluation of a Kinetico ion exchange (IX) system to remove arsenic (As) and nitrate from source water at the City of Fruitland in Idaho. The 250-gal/min (g...
Water Quality Instructional Resources Information System (IRIS): A Compilation of Abstracts to Water Quality and Water Resources Materials. Supplement IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH. Information Reference Center for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education.

Compiled are abstracts and indexes to selected print and non-print materials related to wastewater treatment and water quality education and instruction, as well as materials related to pesticides, hazardous wastes, and public participation. Sources of abstracted/indexed materials include all levels of government, private concerns, and educational…
X-ray line coincidence photopumping in a solar flare

DOE PAGES

Keenan, F. P.; Poppenhaeger, K.; Mathioudakis, M.; ...

2017-11-23

Line coincidence photopumping is a process where the electrons of an atomic or molecular species are radiatively excited through the absorption of line emission from another species at a coincident wavelength. There are many instances of line coincidence photopumping in astrophysical sources at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, with the most famous example being Bowen fluorescence (pumping of O III 303.80 Å by He II), but none to our knowledge in X-rays. However, here we report on a scheme where a He-like line of Ne IX at 11.000 Å is photopumped by He-like Na X at 11.003 Å, which predicts significantmore » intensity enhancement in the Ne IX 82.76 Å transition under physical conditions found in solar flare plasmas. A comparison of our theoretical models with published X-ray observations of a solar flare obtained during a rocket flight provides evidence for line enhancement, with the measured degree of enhancement being consistent with that expected from theory, a truly surprising result. Observations of this enhancement during flares on stars other than the Sun would provide a powerful new diagnostic tool for determining the sizes of flare loops in these distant, spatially unresolved, astronomical sources.« less
X-ray line coincidence photopumping in a solar flare

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keenan, F. P.; Poppenhaeger, K.; Mathioudakis, M.

Line coincidence photopumping is a process where the electrons of an atomic or molecular species are radiatively excited through the absorption of line emission from another species at a coincident wavelength. There are many instances of line coincidence photopumping in astrophysical sources at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, with the most famous example being Bowen fluorescence (pumping of O III 303.80 Å by He II), but none to our knowledge in X-rays. However, here we report on a scheme where a He-like line of Ne IX at 11.000 Å is photopumped by He-like Na X at 11.003 Å, which predicts significantmore » intensity enhancement in the Ne IX 82.76 Å transition under physical conditions found in solar flare plasmas. A comparison of our theoretical models with published X-ray observations of a solar flare obtained during a rocket flight provides evidence for line enhancement, with the measured degree of enhancement being consistent with that expected from theory, a truly surprising result. Observations of this enhancement during flares on stars other than the Sun would provide a powerful new diagnostic tool for determining the sizes of flare loops in these distant, spatially unresolved, astronomical sources.« less
X-ray line coincidence photopumping in a solar flare

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keenan, F. P.; Poppenhaeger, K.; Mathioudakis, M.; Rose, S. J.; Flowerdew, J.; Hynes, D.; Christian, D. J.; Nilsen, J.; Johnson, W. R.

2018-03-01

Line coincidence photopumping is a process where the electrons of an atomic or molecular species are radiatively excited through the absorption of line emission from another species at a coincident wavelength. There are many instances of line coincidence photopumping in astrophysical sources at optical and ultraviolet wavelengths, with the most famous example being Bowen fluorescence (pumping of O III 303.80 Å by He II), but none to our knowledge in X-rays. However, here we report on a scheme where a He-like line of Ne IX at 11.000 Å is photopumped by He-like Na X at 11.003 Å, which predicts significant intensity enhancement in the Ne IX 82.76 Å transition under physical conditions found in solar flare plasmas. A comparison of our theoretical models with published X-ray observations of a solar flare obtained during a rocket flight provides evidence for line enhancement, with the measured degree of enhancement being consistent with that expected from theory, a truly surprising result. Observations of this enhancement during flares on stars other than the Sun would provide a powerful new diagnostic tool for determining the sizes of flare loops in these distant, spatially unresolved, astronomical sources.
Improved muscle-derived expression of human coagulation factor IX from a skeletal actin/CMV hybrid enhancer/promoter.

PubMed

Hagstrom, J N; Couto, L B; Scallan, C; Burton, M; McCleland, M L; Fields, P A; Arruda, V R; Herzog, R W; High, K A

2000-04-15

Hemophilia B is caused by the absence of functional coagulation factor IX (F.IX) and represents an important model for treatment of genetic diseases by gene therapy. Recent studies have shown that intramuscular injection of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector into mice and hemophilia B dogs results in vector dose-dependent, long-term expression of biologically active F.IX at therapeutic levels. In this study, we demonstrate that levels of expression of approximately 300 ng/mL (6% of normal human F.IX levels) can be reached by intramuscular injection of mice using a 2- to 4-fold lower vector dose (1 x 10(11) vector genomes/mouse, injected into 4 intramuscular sites) than previously described. This was accomplished through the use of an improved expression cassette that uses the cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early enhancer/promoter in combination with a 1.2-kilobase portion of human skeletal actin promoter. These results correlated with enhanced levels of F.IX transcript and secreted F.IX protein in transduced murine C2C12 myotubes. Systemic F.IX expression from constructs containing the CMV enhancer/promoter alone was 120 to 200 ng/mL in mice injected with 1 x 10(11) vector genomes. Muscle-specific promoters performed poorly for F.IX transgene expression in vitro and in vivo. However, the incorporation of a sequence from the alpha-skeletal actin promoter containing at least 1 muscle-specific enhancer and 1 enhancer-like element further improved muscle-derived expression of F.IX from a CMV enhancer/promoter-driven expression cassette over previously published results. These findings will allow the design of a clinical protocol for therapeutic levels of F.IX expression with lower vector doses, thus enhancing efficacy and safety of the protocol. (Blood. 2000;95:2536-2542)
5-Aminolevulinic Acid Induced Fluorescence Is a Powerful Intraoperative Marker for Precise Histopathological Grading of Gliomas with Non-Significant Contrast-Enhancement

PubMed Central

Widhalm, Georg; Kiesel, Barbara; Woehrer, Adelheid; Traub-Weidinger, Tatjana; Preusser, Matthias; Marosi, Christine; Prayer, Daniela; Hainfellner, Johannes A.; Knosp, Engelbert; Wolfsberger, Stefan

2013-01-01

Background Intraoperative identification of anaplastic foci in diffusely infiltrating gliomas (DIG) with non-significant contrast-enhancement on MRI is indispensible to avoid histopathological undergrading and subsequent treatment failure. Recently, we found that 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence can visualize areas with increased proliferative and metabolic activity in such gliomas intraoperatively. As treatment of DIG is predominantely based on histopathological World Health Organisation (WHO) parameters, we analyzed whether PpIX fluorescence can detect anaplastic foci according to these criteria. Methods We prospectively included DIG patients with non-significant contrast-enhancement that received 5-ALA prior to resection. Intraoperatively, multiple samples from PpIX positive and negative intratumoral areas were collected using a modified neurosurgical microscope. In all samples, histopathological WHO criteria and proliferation rate were assessed and correlated to the PpIX fluorescence status. Results A total of 215 tumor specimens were collected in 59 patients. Of 26 WHO grade III gliomas, 23 cases (85%) showed focal PpIX fluorescence, whereas 29 (91%) of 33 WHO grade II gliomas were PpIX negative. In intratumoral areas with focal PpIX fluorescence, mitotic rate, cell density, nuclear pleomorphism, and proliferation rate were significantly higher than in non-fluorescing areas. The positive predictive value of focal PpIX fluorescence for WHO grade III histology was 85%. Conclusions Our study indicates that 5-ALA induced PpIX fluorescence is a powerful marker for intraoperative identification of anaplastic foci according to the histopathological WHO criteria in DIG with non-significant contrast-enhancement. Therefore, application of 5-ALA optimizes tissue sampling for precise histopathological diagnosis independent of brain-shift. PMID:24204718
Evaluation of ALA-induced PpIX as a photosensitizer for PDT in cats

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lucroy, Michael D.; Edwards, Benjamin F.; Peavy, George M.; Krasieva, Tatiana B.; Griffey, Stephen M.; Madewell, Bruce R.

1998-07-01

Given exogenously, ALA defeats intrinsic regulatory feedback mechanisms allowing intracellular accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a highly efficient photosensitizer. In vivo, PpIX synthesis in neoplastic mammary tissues averages 20-fold higher than in normal mammary tissues. PpIX is retained intracellularly, unlike perivascular localization of other photosensitizers, and it is then cleared quickly from the body. In vitro, ALA induced PpIX production in our laboratory in 6 cell lines tested, including an established feline kidney cell line and dermal fibroblasts from primary skin biopsy explant, resulting in photosensitization. Fluorescent microscopy confirmed PpIX production in skin adnexae following ALA administration in a normal cat. To evaluate toxicity, three cats were treated with a single i.v. dose of ALA (either 100, 200, of 400 mg/kg) and followed for 7 days. Cats receiving 100 or 200 mg/kg ALA i.v. had elevated liver enzymes and bilirubin within 24 hours. Histopathology revealed hydropic changes in the liver and renal fibrosis. The cat receiving 400 mg/kg ALA intravenously had cutaneous flush, bradycardia and apnea associated with ALA administration; within 24 hours the cat was lethargic, anorectic and icteric. ALT, AST and bilirubin concentrations had increased significantly. At necropsy the liver had a prominent lobular pattern; histopathology revealed severe periportal hepatitis and splenic necrosis. Systemically administered ALA induces PpIX production, but toxicity may preclude its clinical application in the cat. PpIX levels seem to be more time dependent than those dependent at these three ALA doses and they are well beyond the saturation point for adequate PpIX conversion. The literature is scant regarding toxicity associated with parenteral administration of ALA.
Expanding the versatility of phage display II: improved affinity selection of folded domains on protein VII and IX of the filamentous phage.

PubMed

Løset, Geir Åge; Roos, Norbert; Bogen, Bjarne; Sandlie, Inger

2011-02-24

Phage display is a leading technology for selection of binders with affinity for specific target molecules. Polypeptides are normally displayed as fusions to the major coat protein VIII (pVIII) or the minor coat protein III (pIII). Whereas pVIII display suffers from drawbacks such as heterogeneity in display levels and polypeptide fusion size limitations, toxicity and infection interference effects have been described for pIII display. Thus, display on other coat proteins such as pVII or pIX might be more attractive. Neither pVII nor pIX display have gained widespread use or been characterized in detail like pIII and pVIII display. Here we present a side-by-side comparison of display on pIII with display on pVII and pIX. Polypeptides of interest (POIs) are fused to pVII or pIX. The N-terminal periplasmic signal sequence, which is required for phage integration of pIII and pVIII and that has been added to pVII and pIX in earlier studies, is omitted altogether. Although the POI display level on pIII is higher than on pVII and pIX, affinity selection with pVII and pIX display libraries is shown to be particularly efficient. Display through pVII and/or pIX represent platforms with characteristics that differ from those of the pIII platform. We have explored this to increase the performance and expand the use of phage display. In the paper, we describe effective affinity selection of folded domains displayed on pVII or pIX. This makes both platforms more attractive alternatives to conventional pIII and pVIII display than they were before.
Photodynamic therapy using hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E): a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of hormone antagonistic prostate cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Inai, Mizuho; Yamauchi, Masaya; Honda, Norihiro; Hazama, Hisanao; Tachikawa, Shoji; Nakamura, Hiroyuki; Nishida, Tomoki; Yasuda, Hidehiro; Kaneda, Yasufumi; Awazu, Kunio

2015-03-01

Traditional treatment options for prostate cancer are insufficient to cure advanced drug-resistant prostate cancer. Thus, as an alternative form of cancer therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has become the main subject of intense investigation as a possible treatment modality. In this study, ultraviolet-inactivated viral vector, called hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E) was utilized to establish an effective delivery system for photosensitizer. Lipidated protoporphyrin IX (PpIX lipid) was inserted in HVJ-E by centrifugation to create a new drug delivering system that allows selective accumulation of photosensitizers in cancer cells. To study in vitro drug release mechanism of porphyrus envelope, the ultra-high voltage electron microscope tomography was applied. Next, to evaluate the photodynamic efficiency of porphyrus envelope for hormone antagonistic prostate cancer cells (PC-3), uptake of porphyrus envelope derived PpIX lipid and PpIX induced from exogenously administered precursor of 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (5-ALA) were compared by measuring fluorescence intensity of PpIX. Finally, to evaluate the efficacy of porphyrus envelope-PDT, laser light at a wavelength of 405 nm was irradiated to PC-3 cells. As a result, incorporation of porphyrus envelope-derived PpIX lipid occurred via membrane fusion, giving the highest fluorescence intensity when compared to 5-ALA-induced PpIX. Also, results from PDT experiment revealed the 28.6 × 103-fold and 206-fold increase in therapeutic efficacy when compared to those of PDT using 5-ALA induced PpIX and PpIX lipid, respectively. Our findings suggest how porphyrus envelope can induce efficient accumulation of PpIX lipid, which can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of PDT against hormone antagonistic prostate cancer.
Aminolevulinic acid-mediated protoporphyrin IX and photodynamic therapy for breast cancers (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Bin

2017-02-01

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) involves the combination of a photosensitizer and light of a specific wavelength. Upon light activation in the presence of oxygen, photosensitizer molecules generate reactive oxygen species that cause cytotoxicity by inducing oxidative stress. Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a pro-drug used for the diagnosis and PDT treatment of various solid tumors based on endogenous production of heme precursor protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Although nearly all types of human cells express heme biosynthesis enzymes and produce PpIX, tumor cells are found to have more PpIX production and accumulation than normal cells, allowing for the detection and treatment of solid tumors. The objective of my research is to explore therapeutic approaches to enhance ALA-based tumor detection and therapy. We have found that high ABCG2 transporter activity in triple negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) contributed to reduced PpIX levels in cells, causing them to be more resistant towards ALA-PDT. The administration of an ABCG2 inhibitor, Ko143, was able to reverse cell resistance to ALA-PDT by enhancing PpIX mitochondrial accumulation and sensitizing cancer cells to ALA-PDT. Ko143 treatment had little effect on PpIX production and ALA-PDT in normal and ER- or HER2-positive cells. Furthermore, since some tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) are known to block ABCG2 transporter activity, we screened a panel of tyrosine kinase inhibitors to examine its effect on enhancing PpIX fluorescence and ALA-PDT efficacy. Several TKIs including lapatinib and gefitinib showed effectiveness in increasing ALA-PpIX fluorescence in TNBC leading to increased cell death after PDT administration. These results indicate that inhibiting ABCG2 transporter using TKIs is a promising approach for targeting TNBC with ALA-based modality.
Influence of vector dose on factor IX-specific T and B cell responses in muscle-directed gene therapy.

PubMed

Herzog, Roland W; Fields, Paul A; Arruda, Valder R; Brubaker, Jeff O; Armstrong, Elina; McClintock, Darryl; Bellinger, Dwight A; Couto, Linda B; Nichols, Timothy C; High, Katherine A

2002-07-20

Intramuscular injection of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector has resulted in vector dose-dependent, stable expression of canine factor IX (cF.IX) in hemophilia B dogs with an F.IX missense mutation (Herzog et al., Nat. Med. 1999;5:56-63). The use of a species-specific transgene allowed us to study risks and characteristics of antibody formation against the therapeutic transgene product. We analyzed seven dogs that had been injected at a single time point at multiple intramuscular sites with varying vector doses (dose per kilogram, dose per animal, dose per site). Comparison of individual animals suggests an increased likelihood of inhibitory anti-cF.IX (inhibitor) development with increased vector doses, with dose per site showing the strongest correlation with the risk of inhibitor formation. In six of seven animals, such immune responses were either absent or transient, and therefore did not prevent sustained systemic expression of cF.IX. Transient inhibitory/neutralizing anti-cF.IX responses occurred at vector doses of 2 x 10(12)/site, whereas a 6-fold higher dose resulted in a longer lasting, higher titer inhibitor. Anti-cF.IX was efficiently blocked in an eighth animal that was injected with a high vector dose per site, but in addition received transient immune suppression. Inhibitor formation was characterized by synthesis of two IgG subclasses and in vitro proliferation of lymphocytes to cF.IX antigen, indicating a helper T cell-dependent mechanism. Anti-cF.IX formation is likely influenced by the extent of local antigen presentation and may be avoided by limited vector doses or by transient immune modulation.
5-Aminolevulinic acid induced fluorescence is a powerful intraoperative marker for precise histopathological grading of gliomas with non-significant contrast-enhancement.

PubMed

Widhalm, Georg; Kiesel, Barbara; Woehrer, Adelheid; Traub-Weidinger, Tatjana; Preusser, Matthias; Marosi, Christine; Prayer, Daniela; Hainfellner, Johannes A; Knosp, Engelbert; Wolfsberger, Stefan

2013-01-01

Intraoperative identification of anaplastic foci in diffusely infiltrating gliomas (DIG) with non-significant contrast-enhancement on MRI is indispensible to avoid histopathological undergrading and subsequent treatment failure. Recently, we found that 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence can visualize areas with increased proliferative and metabolic activity in such gliomas intraoperatively. As treatment of DIG is predominantely based on histopathological World Health Organisation (WHO) parameters, we analyzed whether PpIX fluorescence can detect anaplastic foci according to these criteria. We prospectively included DIG patients with non-significant contrast-enhancement that received 5-ALA prior to resection. Intraoperatively, multiple samples from PpIX positive and negative intratumoral areas were collected using a modified neurosurgical microscope. In all samples, histopathological WHO criteria and proliferation rate were assessed and correlated to the PpIX fluorescence status. A total of 215 tumor specimens were collected in 59 patients. Of 26 WHO grade III gliomas, 23 cases (85%) showed focal PpIX fluorescence, whereas 29 (91%) of 33 WHO grade II gliomas were PpIX negative. In intratumoral areas with focal PpIX fluorescence, mitotic rate, cell density, nuclear pleomorphism, and proliferation rate were significantly higher than in non-fluorescing areas. The positive predictive value of focal PpIX fluorescence for WHO grade III histology was 85%. Our study indicates that 5-ALA induced PpIX fluorescence is a powerful marker for intraoperative identification of anaplastic foci according to the histopathological WHO criteria in DIG with non-significant contrast-enhancement. Therefore, application of 5-ALA optimizes tissue sampling for precise histopathological diagnosis independent of brain-shift.

Modulation of the endogenous production of protoporphyrin IX in a yeast-based model organism

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Joniová, Jaroslava; Gerelli, Emmanuel; Wagnières, Georges

2017-02-01

The main aim of this study was to assess conditions at which simple yeast-based model organism produces maximal levels of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) after an exogenous administration of its precursor, 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA), and the ferrous-ion chelator 2,2'-bipyridyl. We observed that the fluorescing porphyrin, produced after these administrations, was likely to be PpIX since fluorescence spectroscopy of the porphyrins produced endogenously in yeast cells resembles that of PpIX in DMSO and in vivo in the chick's chorioallantoic membrane model. Also, fluorescence lifetimes of these porphyrins are very similar to that of PpIX in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that PpIX is the main fluorescent compound produced by yeast in our conditions. We found that the conditions at which yeast produces the maximal PpIX were a synchronous administration of 5 μM ALA and 1 mM 2,2'-bipyridyl for yeast incubated in aqueous glucose and 1 mM 2,2'-bipyridyl in the presence of YPD medium. Such a simple model is of high interest to study basic mechanisms involved in the mitochondrial respiration since PpIX, which is produced in this organelle, can be used as an oxygen sensor, or to perform photodynamic therapy and photodiagnosis. Since the absorption and scattering coefficients of this model are much smaller than those of soft tissues over the visible part of the spectrum, a version of this model loaded with appropriated amounts of light absorbing and scattering particles could be designed as a phantom to mimic tumors containing PpIX, a useful tool to optimize certain cancer photodetection set-ups.
Enhancement and optimization of PpIX-based photodynamic therapy of skin cancer: translational studies from bench to clinic

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maytin, Edward V.; Anand, Sanjay; Baran, Christine; Honari, Golara; Lohser, Sara; Kyei, Angela; Bailin, Philip; Pogue, Brian W.

2009-02-01

Nonmelanoma skin carcinomas are the most common of all human cancers. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has been used to treat these tumors, but has shown variable results. We are pursuing a multifaceted approach toward optimizing tumor responsiveness. First, a new paradigm is being developed in which tumors are pretreated with differentiation-inducing agents, e.g. methotrexate or Vitamin D, to enhance synthesis of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and improve tumor cell killing upon exposure to 635 nm light. This principle was first elucidated in cell culture studies, and has now been shown to hold true for murine skin tumors, and for a human subcutaneous tumor model (A431 cells injected in nude mice). Clinical trials to test methotrexate and Vitamin D as augmenting agents for ALA-PDT of nonmelanoma skin cancer are being designed. Second, better methods to measure PpIX in patients' skin tumors in real time are being developed. In a clinical study to measure PpIX in patients with dysplastic skin lesions, in vivo fluorescence dosimetry was used to measure the accumulation of PpIX over time, and revealed that intralesional PpIX may reach clinically-useful levels earlier than previously thought for the treatment of actinic keratoses. In a second clinical study to examine depth of PpIX production in nonmelanoma skin cancer, the depth of PpIX within BCC tumors was found at relatively deep levels (>1 mm) in some tumor nests, but not in others. Production of PpIX in deep squamous cell carcinoma was very low. In summary, molecular approaches such as differentiation therapy to enhance ALA-PDT for individual patients may ultimately be needed to help to improve skin cancer responses to this modality.
VizieR Online Data Catalog: MYStIX candidate protostars (Romine+, 2016)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Romine, G.; Feigelson, E. D.; Getman, K. V.; Kuhn, M. A.; Povich, M. S.

2017-04-01

The present study seeks protostars from the Massive Young Star-forming complex in Infrared and X-ray (MYStIX) survey catalogs. We combine objects with protostellar infrared SEDs and 4.5um excesses with X-ray sources exhibiting ultrahard spectra denoting very heavy obscuration. These criteria filter away nearly all of the older Class II-III stars and contaminant populations, but give very incomplete samples. The result is a list of 1109 protostellar candidates in 14 star-forming regions. See sections 1 and 2 for further explanations. The reliability of the catalog is strengthened because a large majority (86%) are found to be associated with dense cores seen in Herschel 500um maps that trace cold dust emission. However, the candidate list requires more detailed study for confirmation and cannot be viewed as an unbiased view of star formation in the clouds. (3 data files).
Molecular and electronic structure of thin films of protoporphyrin(IX)Fe(III)Cl

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Snyder, Shelly R.; White, Henry S.

1991-11-01

Electrochemical, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and tunneling spectroscopy studies of the molecular and electronic properties of thin films of protoporphyrin(IX)Fe(III)Cl (abbreviated as PP(IX)Fe(III)Cl) on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrodes are reported. PP(IX)Fe(III)Cl films are prepared by two different methods: (1) adsorption, yielding an electrochemically-active film, and (2) irreversible electrooxidative polymerization, yielding an electrochemically-inactive film. STM images, in conjunction with electro-chemical results, indicate that adsorption of PP(IX)Fe(III)Cl from aqueous solutions onto freshly cleaved HOPG results in a film comprised of molecular aggregates. In contrast, films prepared by irreversible electrooxidative polymerization of PP(IX)Fe(III)Cl have a denser, highly structured morphology, including what appear to be small pinholes (approx. 50A diameter) in an otherwise continuous film.
Intrinsic thermodynamics of inhibitor binding to human carbonic anhydrase IX.

PubMed

Linkuvienė, Vaida; Matulienė, Jurgita; Juozapaitienė, Vaida; Michailovienė, Vilma; Jachno, Jelena; Matulis, Daumantas

2016-04-01

Human carbonic anhydrase 9th isoform (CA IX) is an important marker of numerous cancers and is increasingly interesting as a potential anticancer drug target. Various synthetic aromatic sulfonamide-bearing compounds are being designed as potent inhibitors of CA IX. However, sulfonamide compound binding to CA IX is linked to several reactions, the deprotonation of the sulfonamide amino group and the protonation of the CA active site Zn(II)-bound hydroxide. These linked reactions significantly affect the affinities and other thermodynamic parameters such as enthalpies and entropies of binding. The observed and intrinsic affinities of compound binding to CA IX were determined by the fluorescent thermal shift assay. The enthalpies and entropies of binding were determined by the isothermal titration calorimetry. The pKa of CA IX was determined to be 6.8 and the enthalpy of CA IX-Zn(II)-bound hydroxide protonation was -24 kJ/mol. These values enabled the analysis of intrinsic thermodynamics of a library of compounds binding to CA IX. The most strongly binding compounds exhibited the intrinsic affinity of 0.01 nM and the observed affinity of 2 nM. The intrinsic thermodynamic parameters of compound binding to CA IX helped to draw the compound structure to thermodynamics relationship. It is important to distinguish the intrinsic from observed parameters of any disease target protein interaction with its inhibitors as drug candidates when drawing detailed compound structure to thermodynamics correlations. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KSC-2009-5956

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-28

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a post-launch news conference is held in the Press Site auditorium following the successful launch of the Ares I-X test rocket at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. Sharing a lighter moment are, from left, Doug Cooke, associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; Jeff Hanley, Constellation Program manager; Bob Ess, mission manager for the Ares I-X flight test; and Edward Mango, launch director for the Ares I-X flight test. For more information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5848

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights illuminate the pad and the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5849

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights illuminate the pad and the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5850

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights illuminate the pad and the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5859

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As night settles over Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5860

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As night settles over Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5852

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5858

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As night settles over Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5847

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights illuminate the pad and the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5846

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights illuminate the pad and the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5853

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5854

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5855

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5856

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As night settles over Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5851

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As nightfall comes to Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-2009-5857

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - As night settles over Launch Complex 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, xenon lights reveal the Ares I-X rocket awaiting the approaching liftoff of its flight test. This is the first time since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired that a vehicle other than the space shuttle has occupied the pad. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Concentrating Solar Power Projects - Solar Electric Generating Station IX |

Science.gov Websites

Station IX (SEGS IX) Country: United States Location: Harper Dry Lake, California (Mojave Desert) Owner(s : Parabolic trough Status: Operational Country: United States City: Harper Dry Lake State: California County
Application of 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one to enhance tissue selectivity for photodynamic therapy of the bladder

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Shi-Chung; MacRobert, Alexander J.; Porter, John B.; Bown, Stephen G.

1995-03-01

Five-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) has proven to be a useful photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy (PDT). In living cells, the conversion of PpIX to photoinactive haem is catalyzed by ferrochelatase in the presence of tissue iron and inhibition of this final committed step results in increased accumulation of PpIX. The in vivo effect of a new iron chelator, 1,2-diethyl-3-hydroxypyridin-4-one (CP94), on the buildup of PpIX in different bladder layers was evaluated. In CP94 treated rats, 5 - 7 hours after intravesical instillation of ALA solution, the fluorescence intensity of PpIX in the urothelium was doubled whilst in the muscle layer it remained low at a similar level to those seen without the iron chelator. With CP94, further reduction of skin photosensitization is possible as a similar photodynamic effect on the bladder could be achieved at lower ALA concentration. The addition of CP94 seems an effective and convenient way to potentiate ALA induced PpIX tissue selectivity.
Lansoprazole and carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors sinergize against human melanoma cells.

PubMed

Federici, Cristina; Lugini, Luana; Marino, Maria Lucia; Carta, Fabrizio; Iessi, Elisabetta; Azzarito, Tommaso; Supuran, Claudiu T; Fais, Stefano

2016-01-01

Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) reduce tumor acidity and therefore resistance of tumors to drugs. Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CA IX) inhibitors have proven to be effective against tumors, while tumor acidity might impair their full effectiveness. To analyze the effect of PPI/CA IX inhibitors combined treatment against human melanoma cells. The combination of Lansoprazole (LAN) and CA IX inhibitors (FC9-399A and S4) has been investigated in terms of cell proliferation inhibition and cell death in human melanoma cells. The combination of these inhibitors was more effective than the single treatments in both inhibiting cell proliferation and in inducing cell death in human melanoma cells. These results represent the first successful attempt in combining two different proton exchanger inhibitors. This is the first evidence on the effectiveness of a new approach against tumors based on the combination of PPI and CA IX inhibitors, thus providing an alternative strategy against tumors.
Urothelial conversion of 5-aminolevulinic acid to protoporphyrin IX following oral or intravesical administration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Moore, Ronald B.; Miller, Gerald G.; Brown, Kevin; Bhatnagar, Rakesh; Tulip, John; McPhee, Malcolm S.

1995-03-01

Preferential conversion of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) to protoporphyrin-IX (Pp-IX) occurs in malignant tissue, with accumulation to diagnostic and therapeutic levels. Recent studies have suggested selective conversion in epithelial tissue following oral or intravenous administration. Topical application avoids systemic photosensitization. However, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) layer lining the urinary bladder is believed to be a protective barrier generally limiting mucosal absorption. Our objective was to evaluate uptake and conversion of 5-ALA following intravesical or oral administration. Using a rat model, Pp-IX content within epithelial and muscularis layers was quantitated by fluorescence confocal microscopy. Following intravesical administration, Pp-IX accumulated predominantly in the urothelium; whereas following oral administration, Pp-IX accumulated in both the urothelium and muscularis. Intravesical 5-ALA administration is feasible and may afford selective photosensitization of the urothelium for treatment of carcinoma in situ.
KSC-2009-5542

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Poised inside Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X rocket's upper stage is adorned with the American flag, NASA logo, and the logos of the Constellation Program, Ares, and Ares I-X. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle: Stack 5 Modal Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buehrle, Ralph D.; Templeton, Justin D.; Reaves, Mercedes C.; Horta, Lucas G.; Gaspar, James L.; Bartolotta, Paul A.; Parks, Russel A.; Lazor, Danel R.

2010-01-01

Ares I-X was the first flight test vehicle used in the development of NASA's Ares I crew launch vehicle. The Ares I-X used a 4-segment reusable solid rocket booster from the Space Shuttle heritage with mass simulators for the 5th segment, upper stage, crew module and launch abort system. Three modal tests were defined to verify the dynamic finite element model of the Ares I-X flight test vehicle. Test configurations included two partial stacks and the full Ares I-X flight test vehicle on the Mobile Launcher Platform. This report focuses on the first modal test that was performed on the top section of the vehicle referred to as Stack 5, which consisted of the spacecraft adapter, service module, crew module and launch abort system simulators. This report describes the test requirements, constraints, pre-test analysis, test operations and data analysis for the Ares I-X Stack 5 modal test.
Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle:Stack 1 Modal Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Buehrle, Ralph D.; Templeton, Justin D.; Reaves, Mercedes C.; Horta, Lucas G.; Gaspar, James L.; Bartolotta, Paul A.; Parks, Russel A.; Lazor, Daniel R.

2010-01-01

Ares I-X was the first flight test vehicle used in the development of NASA s Ares I crew launch vehicle. The Ares I-X used a 4-segment reusable solid rocket booster from the Space Shuttle heritage with mass simulators for the 5th segment, upper stage, crew module and launch abort system. Three modal tests were defined to verify the dynamic finite element model of the Ares I-X flight test vehicle. Test configurations included two partial stacks and the full Ares I-X flight test vehicle on the Mobile Launcher Platform. This report focuses on the second modal test that was performed on the middle section of the vehicle referred to as Stack 1, which consisted of the subassembly from the 5th segment simulator through the interstage. This report describes the test requirements, constraints, pre-test analysis, test operations and data analysis for the Ares I-X Stack 1 modal test.
The scorpion toxin Bot IX is a potent member of the α-like family and has a unique N-terminal sequence extension.

PubMed

Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France; Salvatierra, Juan; Bosmans, Frank; Bougis, Pierre E

2016-09-01

We report the detailed chemical, immunological and pharmacological characterization of the α-toxin Bot IX from the Moroccan scorpion Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom. Bot IX, which consists of 70 amino acids, is a highly atypical toxin. It carries a unique N-terminal sequence extension and is highly lethal in mice. Voltage clamp recordings on oocytes expressing rat Nav1.2 or insect BgNav1 reveal that, similar to other α-like toxins, Bot IX inhibits fast inactivation of both variants. Moreover, Bot IX belongs to the same structural/immunological group as the α-like toxin Bot I. Remarkably, radioiodinated Bot IX competes efficiently with the classical α-toxin AaH II from Androctonus australis, and displays one of the highest affinities for Nav channels. © 2016 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.
Comparison of 10 efficient protocols for photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis: How relevant are effective light dose and local damage in predicting the complete response rate at 3 months?

PubMed

Vignion-Dewalle, Anne-Sophie; Baert, Gregory; Thecua, Elise; Lecomte, Fabienne; Vicentini, Claire; Abi-Rached, Henry; Mortier, Laurent; Mordon, Serge

2018-04-18

Topical photodynamic therapy is an established treatment modality for various dermatological conditions, including actinic keratosis. In Europe, the approved protocols for photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis involve irradiation with either an Aktilite CL 128 lamp or daylight, whereas irradiation with the Blu-U illuminator is approved in the United States. Many other protocols using irradiation by a variety of light sources are also clinically efficient. This paper aims to compare 10 different protocols with clinically proven efficacy for photodynamic therapy of actinic keratosis and the available spectral irradiance of the light source. Effective irradiance, effective light dose, and local damage are compared. We also investigate whether there is an association between the complete response rate at 3 months and the effective light dose or local damage. The effective irradiance, also referred to as protoporphyrin IX-weighted irradiance, is obtained by integrating the spectral irradiance weighted by the normalized absorption spectrum of protoporphyrin IX over the wavelength. Integrating the effective irradiance over the irradiation time yields the effective light dose, which is also known as the protoporphyrin IX-weighted light dose. Local damage, defined as the total cumulative singlet oxygen molecules produced during treatment, is estimated using mathematical modeling of the photodynamic therapy process. This modeling is based on an iterative procedure taking into account the spatial and temporal variations in the protoporphyrin IX absorption spectrum during treatment. The protocol for daylight photodynamic therapy on a clear sunny day, the protocol for daylight photodynamic therapy on an overcast day, the photodynamic therapy protocol for a white LED lamp for operating rooms and the photodynamic therapy protocol for the Blu-U illuminator perform better than the six other protocols-all involving red light illumination-in terms of both effective light dose and local damage. However, no association between the complete response rate at 3 months and the effective light dose or local damage was found. Protocols that achieve high complete response rates at 3 months and low pain scores should be preferred regardless of the effective light dose and local damage. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative fluorescence using 5-aminolevulinic acid–induced protoporphyrin IX biomarker as a surgical adjunct in low-grade glioma surgery

PubMed Central

Valdés, Pablo A.; Jacobs, Valerie; Harris, Brent T.; Wilson, Brian C.; Leblond, Frederic; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.

2015-01-01

OBJECT Previous studies in high-grade gliomas (HGGs) have indicated that protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulates in higher concentrations in tumor tissue, and, when used to guide surgery, it has enabled improved resection leading to increased progression-free survival. Despite the benefits of complete resection and the advances in fluorescence-guided surgery, few studies have investigated the use of PpIX in low-grade gliomas (LGGs). Here, the authors describe their initial experience with 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)–induced PpIX fluorescence in a series of patients with LGG. METHODS Twelve patients with presumed LGGs underwent resection of their tumors after receiving 20 μg/kg of ALA approximately 3 hours prior to surgery under an institutional review board–approved protocol. Intraoperative assessments of the resulting PpIX emissions using both qualitative, visible fluorescence and quantitative measurements of PpIX concentration were obtained from tissue locations that were subsequently biopsied and evaluated histopathologically. Mixed models for random effects and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for diagnostic performance were performed on the fluorescence data relative to the gold-standard histopathology. RESULTS Five of the 12 LGGs (1 ganglioglioma, 1 oligoastrocytoma, 1 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 1 oligodendroglioma, and 1 ependymoma) demonstrated at least 1 instance of visible fluorescence during surgery. Visible fluorescence evaluated on a specimen-by-specimen basis yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 38.0% (cutoff threshold: visible fluorescence score ≥ 1, area under the curve = 0.514). Quantitative fluorescence yielded a diagnostic accuracy of 67% (for a cutoff threshold of the concentration of PpIX [CPpIX] > 0.0056 μg/ml, area under the curve = 0.66). The authors found that 45% (9/20) of nonvisibly fluorescent tumor specimens, which would have otherwise gone undetected, accumulated diagnostically significant levels of CPpIX that were detected quantitatively. CONCLUSIONS The authors’ initial experience with ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence in LGGs concurs with other literature reports that the resulting visual fluorescence has poor diagnostic accuracy. However, the authors also found that diagnostically significant levels of CPpIX do accumulate in LGGs, and the resulting fluorescence emissions are very often below the detection threshold of current visual fluorescence imaging methods. Indeed, at least in the authors’ initial experience reported here, if quantitative detection methods are deployed, the diagnostic performance of ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence in LGGs approaches the accuracy associated with visual fluorescence in HGGs. PMID:26140489
Development and characterisation of a brain tumour mimicking protoporphyrin IX fluorescence phantom (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Yijing; Tisca, Cristiana; Peveler, William; Noimark, Sacha; Desjardins, Adrien E.; Parkin, Ivan P.; Ourselin, Sebastien; Vercauteren, Tom

2017-02-01

5-ALA-PpIX fluorescence-guided brain tumour resection can increase the accuracy at which cancerous tissue is removed and thereby improve patient outcomes, as compared with standard white light imaging. Novel optical devices that aim to increase the specificity and sensitivity of PpIX detection are typically assessed by measurements in tissue-mimicking optical phantoms of which all optical properties are defined. Current existing optical phantoms specified for PpIX lack consistency in their optical properties, and stability with respect to photobleaching, thus yielding an unstable correspondence between PpIX concentration and the fluorescence intensity. In this study, we developed a set of aqueous-based phantoms with different compositions, using deionised water or PBS buffer as background medium, intralipid as scattering material, bovine haemoglobin as background absorber, and either PpIX dissolved in DMSO or a novel nanoparticle with similar absorption and emission spectrum to PpIX as the fluorophore. We investigated the phantom stability in terms of aggregation and photobleaching by comparing with different background medium and fluorophores, respectively. We characterised the fluorescence intensity of the fluorescent nanoparticle in different concentration of intralipid and haemoglobin and its time-dependent stability, as compared to the PpIX-induced fluorescence. We corroborated that the background medium was essential to prepare a stable aqueous phantom. The novel fluorescent nanoparticle used as surrogate fluorophore of PpIX presented an improved temporal stability and a reliable correspondence between concentration and emission intensity. We proposed an optimised phantom composition and recipe to produce reliable and repeatable phantom for validation of imaging device.
A nanovehicle developed for treating deep-seated bacteria using low-dose X-ray.

PubMed

Pan, Chien-Lin; Chen, Ming-Hong; Tung, Fu-I; Liu, Tse-Ying

2017-01-01

Many non-antibiotic strategies, such as photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy, have been proposed to inhibit and/or kill bacteria. However, these approaches still have drawbacks such as insufficient bacterial specificity and the limited penetration depth of ultraviolet and near-infrared light. To overcome these limitations, we developed a bacteria-specific anti-bacterial technique via using low-dose X-ray. Graphene oxide quantum dots (GQDs, a multifunctional vehicle) conjugated with vancomycin (Van, a bacteria-targeting ligand) were assembled with Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX, a photo/radiation sensitizer) to yield a novel Van-GQDs/PpIX complex that specifically attached to Escherichia coli and efficiently generated intracellular reactive oxygen species following X-ray activation. Delivery using GQDs increased the PpIX/Van ratio in the target bacterial cell, damaged bacterial cell wall, and enhanced X-ray-induced PpIX activation. Hence, this approach allowed for the use of a low-dose X-ray to efficiently activate the Van-GQDs/PpIX complex to exert its bactericidal effects on Escherichia coli without damaging normal cells. Furthermore, the E. coli did not develop resistance to the proposed approach for at least 7 rounds of repeated administration during one week. Thus, this proposed vehicle exhibiting bacteria-specific X-ray-triggered toxicity is a promising alternative to antibiotics for treating serious bacterial infections occurring in deep-seated tissues/organs (e.g., osteomyelitis and peritonitis). Administration of antibiotics is the most common treatment modality for bacterial infections. However, in some cases, patient attributes such as age, health, tolerance to antibiotics do not allow for the use of high-dose antibiotics. In addition, some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics because of improper and long-term use of these agents. Therefore, non-antibiotic strategies to treat deeply situated bacterial infections, such as osteomyelitis, are urgently needed for avoiding amputation. To date, several non-antibiotic approaches, such as Ag nanoparticles, graphene-based materials, photocatalysis, and photodynamic therapy have been proposed to inhibit and/or kill bacteria. However, the major challenges of photochemical strategies, specificity and limited penetration depth of light source, still remain for treating the deep-seated bacteria. To overcome these problems, we developed a novel nanovehicle that exerted toxic effects specifically on bacteria following activation by a deeply penetrative low-dose X-ray, without damaging normal cells. As such, it realizes a deeply photochemical route for treating the deep-seated bacteria. Copyright © 2016 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ASAS-SN Discovery of a Possible Galactic Nova ASASSN-18ix

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stanek, K. Z.; Kochanek, C. S.; Shields, J. V.; Thompson, T. A.; Chomiuk, L.; Strader, J.; Shappee, B. J.; Holoien, T. W.-S.; Prieto, J. L.; Dong, Subo; Stritzinger, M.

2018-04-01

During the ongoing All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN, Shappee et al. 2014), using data from multiple ASAS-SN telescopes, we detect a new bright transient source, possibly a classical nova, but it might also be a young, large amplitude outburst of a cataclysmic variable Object RA (J2000) DEC (J2000) Gal l (deg) Gal b (deg) Disc.
The Effect of Defense R&D Expenditures on Military Capability and Technological Spillover

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-01

ix List of Figures Page Figure 1. Decision Tree for Sectoring R&D Units...approach, often called sectoring , categorizes R&D activities by funding source, and the functional approach categorizes R&D activities by their objective...economic objectives (defense, and control and care of environment) (OECD, 2002). Figure 1 shows the decision tree for sectoring R&D units and
Managing the 21st Century Air Force Reserve

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-02-16

Lt Gen Stenner , Commander AFRC, stated, “We are revising our management structures and practices to make it easier for our Reservists to volunteer...Outbrief, 11 Dec 09. 27 Christine E. Wormuth, (Center for Strategic and International Studies, CSIS, July 2006), p. IX. Figure 1 Source: Lt Gen Stenner ...Service Components 37 Terry Orner, Lt Gen Stenner briefed G-MAJCOM PAD at CORONA in Nov 09 and
KSC-2009-5953

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-28

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - At NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, members of the news media attend a post-launch news conference in the Press Site auditorium following the successful launch of the Ares I-X test rocket at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. Onstage, from left, are moderator George Diller, NASA Public Affairs officer; Doug Cooke, associate administrator for NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate; Jeff Hanley, Constellation Program manager; Bob Ess, mission manager for the Ares I-X flight test; and Edward Mango, launch director for the Ares I-X flight test. For more information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5862

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-23

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the Press Site auditorium at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, Bob Ess, NASA's mission manager for the Ares I-X flight test, participates in a news conference following the conclusion of the flight test readiness review, or FTRR, for the Ares I-X test rocket. During the meeting, senior NASA and contractor managers assessed the risks associated with the test and determined the rocket, support systems and procedures are ready for launch. The Ares I-X launch date was announced after the FTRR and is officially set for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
Ultrasound Tomography by Galerkin or Moment Methods,

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-05-05

in terms of i(x) . Let (31,32) gj~x) - J gji ~ix and G() W i(x) where i(x) is given by (24). Thus, by (25) the coefficients gji an Gqji are givenby...4 yK (mh,nh) y, (mh,nh) gji qji and i(mn)(X) Thus on factoring, we obtain f(S) (f - fu)). 2 (3) i i 4. i 0 ~ ko y,,Qxj)f 0 (,x,)g.. + A qjG bsil. 2
IBM PC/IX operating system evaluation plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Dominick, Wayne D. (Editor); Granier, Martin; Hall, Philip P.; Triantafyllopoulos, Spiros

1984-01-01

An evaluation plan for the IBM PC/IX Operating System designed for IBM PC/XT computers is discussed. The evaluation plan covers the areas of performance measurement and evaluation, software facilities available, man-machine interface considerations, networking, and the suitability of PC/IX as a development environment within the University of Southwestern Louisiana NASA PC Research and Development project. In order to compare and evaluate the PC/IX system, comparisons with other available UNIX-based systems are also included.

Identification of Bisindolylmaleimide IX as a potential agent to treat drug-resistant BCR-ABL positive leukemia

PubMed Central

Liu, Huijuan; Zang, Yi; Azam, Mohammad; Habib, Samy L.; Li, Jia; Ruan, Xinsen; Jia, Hao; Wang, Xueying; Li, Baojie

2016-01-01

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) treatment with BCR-ABL inhibitors is often hampered by development of drug resistance. In a screen for novel chemotherapeutic drug candidates with genotoxic activity, we identified a bisindolylmaleimide derivative, IX, as a small molecule compound with therapeutic potential against CML including drug-resistant CML. We show that Bisindolylmaleimide IX inhibits DNA topoisomerase, generates DNA breaks, activates the Atm-p53 and Atm-Chk2 pathways, and induces cell cycle arrest and cell death. Interestingly, Bisindolylmaleimide IX is highly effective in targeting cells positive for BCR-ABL. BCR-ABL positive cells display enhanced DNA damage and increased cell cycle arrest in response to Bisindolylmaleimide IX due to decreased expression of topoisomerases. Cells positive for BCR-ABL or drug-resistant T315I BCR-ABL also display increased cytotoxicity since Bisindolylmaleimide IX inhibits B-Raf and the downstream oncogene addiction pathway. Mouse cancer model experiments showed that Bisindolylmaleimide IX, at doses that show little side effect, was effective in treating leukemia-like disorders induced by BCR-ABL or T315I BCR-ABL, and prolonged the lifespan of these model mice. Thus, Bisindolylmaleimide IX presents a novel drug candidate to treat drug-resistant CML via activating BCR-ABL-dependent genotoxic stress response and inhibiting the oncogene addiction pathway activated by BCR-ABL. PMID:27564101
ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence in epileptogenic tissue

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kleen, Jonathan K.; Valdes, Pablo A.; Harris, Brent T.; Holmes, Gregory L.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.

2011-03-01

Astrogliotic tissue displays markedly increased levels of ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence, making it useful for fluorescence-guided resection in glioma surgery. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and corresponding animal models, there are areas of astrogliosis that often co-localize with the epileptic focus, which can be resected to eliminate seizures in the majority of treated patients. If this epileptogenic tissue can exhibit PpIX fluorescence that is sufficiently localized, it could potentially help identify margins in epilepsy surgery. We tested the hypothesis that ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence could visually accentuate epileptogenic tissue, using an established animal model of chronic TLE. An acute dose of pilocarpine was used to induce chronic seizure activity in a rat. This rat and a normal control were given ALA, euthanized, and brains examined post-mortem for PpIX fluorescence and neuropathology. Preliminary evidence indicates increased PpIX fluorescence in areas associated with chronic epileptic changes and seizure generation in TLE, including the hippocampus and parahippocampal areas. In addition, strong PpIX fluorescence was clearly observed in layer II of the piriform cortex, a region known for epileptic reorganization and involvement in the generation of seizures in animal studies. We are further investigating whether ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence can consistently identify epileptogenic zones, which could warrant the extension of this technique to clinical studies for use as an adjuvant guidance technology in the resection of epileptic tissue.
Expanding the Versatility of Phage Display II: Improved Affinity Selection of Folded Domains on Protein VII and IX of the Filamentous Phage

PubMed Central

Løset, Geir Åge; Roos, Norbert; Bogen, Bjarne; Sandlie, Inger

2011-01-01

Background Phage display is a leading technology for selection of binders with affinity for specific target molecules. Polypeptides are normally displayed as fusions to the major coat protein VIII (pVIII) or the minor coat protein III (pIII). Whereas pVIII display suffers from drawbacks such as heterogeneity in display levels and polypeptide fusion size limitations, toxicity and infection interference effects have been described for pIII display. Thus, display on other coat proteins such as pVII or pIX might be more attractive. Neither pVII nor pIX display have gained widespread use or been characterized in detail like pIII and pVIII display. Methodology/Principal Findings Here we present a side-by-side comparison of display on pIII with display on pVII and pIX. Polypeptides of interest (POIs) are fused to pVII or pIX. The N-terminal periplasmic signal sequence, which is required for phage integration of pIII and pVIII and that has been added to pVII and pIX in earlier studies, is omitted altogether. Although the POI display level on pIII is higher than on pVII and pIX, affinity selection with pVII and pIX display libraries is shown to be particularly efficient. Conclusions/Significance Display through pVII and/or pIX represent platforms with characteristics that differ from those of the pIII platform. We have explored this to increase the performance and expand the use of phage display. In the paper, we describe effective affinity selection of folded domains displayed on pVII or pIX. This makes both platforms more attractive alternatives to conventional pIII and pVIII display than they were before. PMID:21390283
Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle Similitude to the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huebner, Lawrence D.; Smith, R. Marshall; Campbell, John R.; Taylor, Terry L.

2009-01-01

The Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle is the first in a series of flight test vehicles that will take the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle design from development to operational capability. Ares I-X is scheduled for a 2009 flight date, early enough in the Ares I design and development process so that data obtained from the flight can impact the design of Ares I before its Critical Design Review. Decisions on Ares I-X scope, flight test objectives, and FTV fidelity were made prior to the Ares I systems requirements being baselined. This was necessary in order to achieve a development flight test to impact the Ares I design. Differences between the Ares I-X and the Ares I configurations are artifacts of formulating this experimental project at an early stage and the natural maturation of the Ares I design process. This paper describes the similarities and differences between the Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle and the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle. Areas of comparison include the outer mold line geometry, aerosciences, trajectory, structural modes, flight control architecture, separation sequence, and relevant element differences. Most of the outer mold line differences present between Ares I and Ares I-X are minor and will not have a significant effect on overall vehicle performance. The most significant impacts are related to the geometric differences in Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle at the forward end of the stack. These physical differences will cause differences in the flow physics in these areas. Even with these differences, the Ares I-X flight test is poised to meet all five primary objectives and six secondary objectives. Knowledge of what the Ares I-X flight test will provide in similitude to Ares I - as well as what the test will not provide - is important in the continued execution of the Ares I-X mission leading to its flight and the continued design and development of Ares I.
5-ALA/PpIX fluorescence detection of gastrointestinal neoplasia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borisova, Ekaterina G.; Vladimirov, Borislav; Terziev, Ivan; Ivanova, Radina; Avramov, Latchezar

2009-07-01

In the recent study delta-ALA/PpIX is used as fluorescent marker for dysplasia and tumor detection in esophagus, stomach and colon. ALA is administered per os six to eight (depending on the lesion location) hours before measurements at dose 20mg/kg weight. High-power light-emitting diode at 405 nm is used as an excitation source. Special opto-mechanical device is built for the LED to use the light guide of standard video-endoscopic system. Through endoscopic instrumental channel a fiber is applied to return information about fluorescence to microspectrometer. The fluorescence detected from tumor sites has very complex spectral origins. It consists of autofluorescence, fluorescence from exogenous fluorophores and re-absorption from the chromophores accumulated in the tissue investigated. Spectral features observed during endoscopic investigations could be distinct as the next regions: 450-630 nm region, where tissue autofluorescence is observed; 630-710 nm region, where fluorescence of PpIX is clearly pronounced; 530-580 nm region, where minima in the autofluorescence signal are observed, related to re-absorption of oxy-hemoglobin in this spectral area. Endogenous and exogenous fluorescence spectra are used to develop simple but effective algorithm, based on dimensionless ratio of the signals at 560 and 635 nm, for differentiation of normal/abnormal gastrointestinal tissues. Very good correlation between fluorescence signals and histology examination of the lesions investigated is achieved.
The Regulation of Title IX: Sex Discrimination in Student Affairs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malloy, Michele

1976-01-01

The aspects of student affairs covered by Title IX and its final regulation are emphasized since that area represents new vistas of sexual equality. The Regulation of Title IX is examined for accomplishments and oversights, effects and exemptions. (Author/LBH)
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-26

NASA Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango monitors the launch countdown from Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center during the planned launch of the Ares I-X rocket from pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
ARES I-X Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-27

NASA Ares I-X Launch Director Ed Mango, 3rd from left, along with other mission managers watches the launch of the Ares I-X rocket from Firing Room One of the Launch Control Center (LCC) at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
The dwarf galaxy UGC 5272 and its small companion galaxy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hopp, U.; Schulte-Ladbeck, R. E.

1991-01-01

The present study of optical images and spectroscopy of the dwarf irregular galaxy UGC 5272 notes the presence, at 3.6 kpc, of a small neighboring galaxy which is also of irregular type and has a Holmberg diameter of 0.6 kpc. Attention is given to the possibility that the two galaxies, which are resolved into single stars, may form a physical pair. It is suggested that the blue-to-red supergiant ratio of UGC 5272 is high due to its low metallicity. While its extremely blue colors are suggestive of a recent starburst, the structural parameters of the galaxy are surprisingly normal. The gas contribution to total mass is high.
Source parameters of the 2013 Lushan, Sichuan, Ms7.0 earthquake and estimation of the near-fault strong ground motion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meng, L.; Zhou, L.; Liu, J.

2013-12-01

Abstract: The April 20, 2013 Ms 7.0 earthquake in Lushan city, Sichuan province of China occurred as the result of east-west oriented reverse-type motion on a north-south striking fault. The source location suggests the event occurred on the Southern part of Longmenshan fault at a depth of 13km. The Lushan earthquake caused a great of loss of property and 196 deaths. The maximum intensity is up to VIII to IX at Boxing and Lushan city, which are located in the meizoseismal area. In this study, we analyzed the dynamic source process and calculated source spectral parameters, estimated the strong ground motion in the near-fault field based on the Brune's circle model at first. A dynamical composite source model (DCSM) has been developed further to simulate the near-fault strong ground motion with associated fault rupture properties at Boxing and Lushan city, respectively. The results indicate that the frictional undershoot behavior in the dynamic source process of Lushan earthquake, which is actually different from the overshoot activity of the Wenchuan earthquake. Based on the simulated results of the near-fault strong ground motion, described the intensity distribution of the Lushan earthquake field. The simulated intensity indicated that, the maximum intensity value is IX, and region with and above VII almost 16,000km2, which is consistence with observation intensity published online by China Earthquake Administration (CEA) on April 25. Moreover, the numerical modeling developed in this study has great application in the strong ground motion prediction and intensity estimation for the earthquake rescue purpose. In fact, the estimation methods based on the empirical relationship and numerical modeling developed in this study has great application in the strong ground motion prediction for the earthquake source process understand purpose. Keywords: Lushan, Ms7.0 earthquake; near-fault strong ground motion; DCSM; simulated intensity
VizieR Online Data Catalog: SFiNCs: X-ray, IR and membership catalogs (Getman+, 2017)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Getman, K. V.; Broos, P. S.; Kuhn, M. A.; Feigelson, E. D.; Richert, A. J. W.; Ota, Y.; Bate, M. R.; Garmire, G. P.

2017-06-01

Sixty five X-ray observations for the 22 Star Formation in Nearby Clouds (SFiNCs) star-forming regions (SFRs) (see tables 1 and 2), made with the imaging array on the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS), were pulled from the Chandra archive (spanning 2000 Jan to 2015 Apr; see table 2). Our final Chandra-ACIS catalog for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs comprises 15364 X-ray sources (Tables 3 and 4 and section 3.2). To obtain MIR photometry for X-ray objects and to identify and measure MIR photometry for additional non-Chandra disky stars that were missed in previous studies of the SFiNCs regions (typically faint YSOs), we have reduced the archived Spitzer-IRAC data by homogeneously applying the MYStIX-based Spitzer-IRAC data reduction methods of Kuhn+ (2013, J/ApJS/209/29) to the 423 Astronomical Object Request (AORs) data sets for the 22 SFiNCs SFRs (Table 5). As in MYStIX, here the SFiNCs IRAC source catalog retains all point sources with the photometric signal-to-noise ratio >5 in both [3.6] and [4.5] channels. This catalog covers the 22 SFiNCs SFRs and their vicinities on the sky and comprises 1638654 IRAC sources with available photometric measurements for 100%, 100%, 29%, and 23% of these sources in the 3.6, 4.5, 5.8, and 8.0um bands, respectively (see table 6 and section 3.4). Source position cross correlations between the SFiNCs Chandra X-ray source catalog and an IR catalog, either the "cut-out" IRAC or 2MASS, were made using the steps described in section 3.5. Tables 7 and 8 provide the list of 8492 SFiNCs probable cluster members (SPCMs) and their main IR and X-ray properties (see section 4). (9 data files).
Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle Similitude to the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huebner, Lawrence D.; Smith, R. Marshall; Campbell, John R., Jr.; Taylor, Terry L.

2008-01-01

The Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle is the first in a series of flight test vehicles that will take the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle design from development to operational capability. The test flight is scheduled for April 2009, relatively early in the Ares I design process so that data obtained from the flight can impact the design of Ares I before its Critical Design Review. Because of the short time frame (relative to new launch vehicle development) before the Ares I-X flight, decisions about the flight test vehicle design had to be made in order to complete analysis and testing in time to manufacture the Ares I-X vehicle hardware elements. This paper describes the similarities and differences between the Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle and the Ares I Crew Launch Vehicle. Areas of comparison include the outer mold line geometry, aerosciences, trajectory, structural modes, flight control architecture, separation sequence, and relevant element differences. Most of the outer mold line differences present between Ares I and Ares I-X are minor and will not have a significant effect on overall vehicle performance. The most significant impacts are related to the geometric differences in Orion Crew Exploration Vehicle at the forward end of the stack. These physical differences will cause differences in the flow physics in these areas. Even with these differences, the Ares I-X flight test is poised to meet all five primary objectives and six secondary objectives. Knowledge of what the Ares I-X flight test will provide in similitude to Ares I as well as what the test will not provide is important in the continued execution of the Ares I-X mission leading to its flight and the continued design and development of Ares I.
Expression of ferrochelatase has a strong correlation in protoporphyrin IX accumulation with photodynamic detection of bladder cancer.

PubMed

Nakai, Yasushi; Tatsumi, Yoshihiro; Miyake, Makito; Anai, Satoshi; Kuwada, Masaomi; Onishi, Sayuri; Chihara, Yoshitomo; Tanaka, Nobumichi; Hirao, Yoshihiko; Fujimoto, Kiyohide

2016-03-01

The mechanism underlying the increased levels of protoporphyrin IX in bladder cancer remains unclear. Here, we focus on proteins associated with protoporphyrin IX accumulation in bladder cancer cells and investigate the protein that plays a key role in increased protoporphyrin IX accumulation in bladder cancer cells. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of peptide transporter 1, hydroxymethylbilane synthase, ferrochelatase, ATP-binding cassette 2, and heme oxygenase-1 in bladder cancer cell line cells. We evaluated the correlation between the expression of each protein and accumulated protoporphyrin IX in these cells using Pearson's correlation analysis. Immunohistochemistry was used to estimate the expression of the same five proteins in samples from 75 patients who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumors. The correlation between the expression of each protein in cells from resected bladder specimens and accumulated protoporphyrin IX in bladder cancer cells in voided urine was evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis. The expression of ferrochelatase showed a significant negative correlation with protoporphyrin IX accumulation in vitro (p=0.04). The expression of peptide transporter 1 (p<0.01, R=0.39), heme oxygenase-1 (p<0.01, R=0.33), and ferrochelatase (p<0.01, R=0.75) in resected bladder specimens by immunohistochemistry was correlated with protoporphyrin IX accumulation in bladder cancer cells in voided urine. On multivariate analysis, the expression of ferrochelatase (p=0.03) was significant factors to predict positive 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescent cytology. The expression of ferrochelatase has a strong correlation in protoporphyrin IX accumulation with photodynamic detection of bladder cancer. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Vitamin D as a potential enhancer of aminolevulinate-based photodynamic therapy for nonmelanoma skin cancer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maytin, Edward V.; Anand, Sanjay; Atanaskova, Natasha; Wilson, Clara

2010-02-01

Vitamin D3 (Vit D3) is a hormone essential for normal bone and cardiovascular health, and may participate in preventing nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC). Calcitriol (1,25 dihydroxyD3) is the active form of the hormone. We showed previously that calcitriol is a potent inducer of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in skin keratinocytes grown in organotypic cultures. Here, we investigated the ability of Vit D3 to enhance PpIX levels within skin tumors in vivo. Squamous tumors, generated by chemical carcinogenesis in mice, were pretreated for 3 days with topical calcitriol. Then 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) was applied topically, and PpIX levels were measured by noninvasive fluorimetry and in biopsied tissue. Calcitriol pretreatment resulted in a 3 to 4-fold elevation of PpIX in tumors, relative to no pretreatmen, providing significantly more photosensitizer available for tumor destruction. For deep tumors, topical calcitriol may not penetrate sufficiently. Therefore we explored whether systemic Vit D3, given short-term (3 days), might elevate PpIX within NMSC in a deep tumor model (subcutaneously-implanted A431 human squamous carcinoma cells). Defined amounts of calcitriol were injected into the mice for 3 d, followed by systemic 5-ALA, tissue biopsy, and confocal microscopic measurement of PpIX in frozen tissues. PpIX was clearly elevated after systemically delivered calcitriol. More work is needed, but if the amount of calcitriol required to elevate PpIX levels proves to be small, then the approach may ultimately prove attractive. Since most Americans are currently Vitamin D deficient, a small increase in calcitriol might be possible without risk of hypercalcemia.
KSC-2009-5342

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-06

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – A banner inside NASA Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building captures the excitement building at Kennedy in anticipation of the flight test of the Ares I-X rocket, towering above it in High Bay 3. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is the essential core of a space transportation system designed to carry crewed missions back to the moon, on to Mars and out into the solar system. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/constellation/ares/flighttests/aresIx/index.html. Photo credit: NASA/Glenn Benson
KSC-2009-3688

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the NASA News Center TV Studio at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on view is a 1/12 model of the vehicle stabilization system that will be installed on Launch Pad 39B to hold the Ares I-X rocket for its flight test. Looking at the model are (from left) Roger Lenard, consultant with Lee & Associates, LCC; Jon Cowart, NASA's Ares I-X deputy mission manager; and Eric Mellberg, Ares I-X Vehicle Stabilization Design lead with United Space Alliance Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Why, What and Where To? Title IX, Educational Amendment of 1972

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry-Miller, Mitzi

1977-01-01

Discusses the ramifications of Title IX and asserts that access to variety without the limitations of tradition for women, both as students and employees, is the guts of Title IX as it is the heart of the community college movement. (JG)
32 CFR 196.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
24 CFR 3.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
45 CFR 2555.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...

45 CFR 2555.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
24 CFR 3.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
32 CFR 196.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
36 CFR 1211.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
45 CFR 2555.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
10 CFR 5.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
10 CFR 5.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
24 CFR 3.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
45 CFR 2555.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
32 CFR 196.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
24 CFR 3.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
36 CFR 1211.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
36 CFR 1211.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation... organization. (ii) For example, all of the operations of a college, university, or other postsecondary...
Significant performance enhancement of inverted organic light-emitting diodes by using ZnIx as a hole-blocking layer

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Chuan-Hui; Zhang, Bi-Long; Sun, Chao; Li, Ruo-Xuan; Wang, Yuan; Tian, Wen-Ming; Zhao, Chun-Yi; Jin, Sheng-Ye; Liu, Wei-Feng; Luo, Ying-Min; Du, Guo-Tong; Cong, Shu-Lin

2017-06-01

A highly efficient inverted organic light emitting diode using 1.0 nm-thick ZnIx as a hole-blocking layer is developed. We fabricate devices with the configuration ITO/ZnIx (1.0 nm)/Alq3 (50 nm)/NPB (50 nm)/MoO3 (6.0 nm)/Al (100 nm). The deposition of a ZnIx layer increases the maximum luminance by two orders of magnitude from 13.4 to 3566.1 cd/m2. In addition, the maximum current efficiency and power efficiency are increased by three orders of magnitude, and the turn-on voltage to reach 1 cd/m2 decreases from 13 to 8 V. The results suggest that the electron injection efficiency is not improved by introducing a ZnIx layer. Instead, the improved device performance originates from the strong hole-blocking ability of ZnIx. This work indicates that layered materials may lead to novel applications in optoelectronic devices.
Institutional Transformation 2.5 Building Module Help Manual.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Villa, Daniel

The Institutional Transformation (IX) building module is a software tool developed at Sandia National Laboratories to evaluate energy conservation measures (ECMs) on hundreds of DOE-2 building energy models simultaneously. In IX, ECMs can be designed through parameterizing DOE-2 building models and doing further processing via visual basic for applications subroutines. IX provides the functionality to handle multiple building models for different years, which enables incrementally changing a site of hundreds of buildings over time. It also enables evaluation of the effects of changing climate, comparisons between data and modeling results, and energy use of centralized utility buildings (CUBs). IX consistsmore » of a Microsoft Excel(r) user interface, Microsoft Access(r) database, and Microsoft Excel(r) CUB build utility whose functionalities are described in detail in this report. In addition to descriptions of the user interfaces, descriptions of every ECM already designed in IX is included. SAND2016-8983 IX 2.5 Help Manual« less
Expression of hypoxia-inducible carbonic anhydrases in brain tumors

PubMed Central

Proescholdt, Martin A.; Mayer, Christina; Kubitza, Marion; Schubert, Thomas; Liao, Shu-Yuan; Stanbridge, Eric J.; Ivanov, Sergey; Oldfield, Edward H.; Brawanski, Alexander; Merrill, Marsha J.

2005-01-01

Malignant brain tumors exhibit distinct metabolic characteristics. Despite high levels of lactate, the intracellular pH of brain tumors is more alkaline than normal brain. Additionally, with increasing malignancy, brain tumors display intratumoral hypoxia. Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX and XII are transmembrane isoenzymes that are induced by tissue hypoxia. They participate in regulation of pH homeostasis by catalyzing the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. The aim of our study was to investigate whether brain tumors of different histology and grade of malignancy express elevated levels of CA IX and XII as compared to normal brain. We analyzed 120 tissue specimens from brain tumors (primary and metastatic) and normal brain for CA IX and XII expression by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, and in situ hybridization. Whereas normal brain tissue showed minimal levels of CA IX and XII expression, expression in tumors was found to be upregulated with increased level of malignancy. Hemangioblastomas, from patients with von Hippel–Lindau disease, also displayed high levels of CA IX and XII expression. Comparison of CA IX and XII staining with HIF-1α staining revealed a similar microanatomical distribution, indicating hypoxia as a major, but not the only, induction factor. The extent of CA IX and XII staining correlated with cell proliferation, as indicated by Ki67 labeling. The results demonstrate that CA IX and XII are upregulated in intrinsic and metastatic brain tumors as compared to normal brain tissue. This may contribute to the management of tumor-specific acid load and provide a therapeutic target. PMID:16212811
ARES I-X USS Fracture Analysis Loads Spectra Development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larsen, Curtis; Mackey, Alden

2008-01-01

This report describes the development of a set of bounding load spectra for the ARES I-X launch vehicle. These load spectra are used in the determination of the critical initial flaw size (CIFS) of the welds in the ARES I-X upper stage simulator (USS).
75 FR 18245 - Public Federal Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Hearing Region IX Regulatory Fairness Board

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-09

... the meeting is for Business Organizations, Trade Associations, Chambers of Commerce and related... SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION Public Federal Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Hearing Region IX... hereby given that the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) Region IX Regulatory Fairness Board and...
40 CFR 5.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
40 CFR 5.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...

14 CFR 1253.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
43 CFR 41.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
31 CFR 28.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
40 CFR 5.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
43 CFR 41.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
31 CFR 28.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
43 CFR 41.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
31 CFR 28.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
14 CFR § 1253.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

....235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
Determination and Analysis of Problems in Air Force Foreign Military Sales of Munitions

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

34 Unpublished research report, unnumbered. Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell AFB AL, 1969. Kleinhenz, Major Hugh J ., USAF. "Security Assistance...our typist, Mrs. Cecilia Weaver, for preparing this thesis. 111 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES...ANALYSIS OUTPUTS 195 J . STRENGTH-OF-AGREEMENT DISCUSSION 2 07 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 216 A. REFERENCES CITED 217 B. RELATED SOURCES 218
Title IX: The Half Full, Half Empty Glass.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

National Advisory Council on Women's Educational Programs, Washington, DC.

This publication discusses changes in the educational system resulting from Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments which prohibits sex discrimination in federally assisted education programs and activities. The purpose of the publication is to help people understand and support Title IX. There are nine sections. The first section examines the…
Title IX. Physical Educators for Equity. Module 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Uhlir, Ann

This module presents information on the provisions of Public Law 92 318 (Title IX) that affect the teaching of secondary school physical education. Title IX ensures equal educational opportunities for both sexes in any federally assisted educational program. It is designed to enable teachers to identify educational practices inconsistent with the…
41 CFR 101-4.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
41 CFR 101-4.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
18 CFR 1317.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Coverage § 1317.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
38 CFR 23.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Coverage § 23.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
15 CFR 8a.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
13 CFR 113.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Coverage § 113.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
28 CFR 54.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
43 CFR 41.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...

45 CFR 618.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Coverage § 618.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
45 CFR 618.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Coverage § 618.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
22 CFR 229.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
45 CFR 618.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Coverage § 618.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
44 CFR 19.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
44 CFR 19.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
10 CFR 1042.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

..., which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the... (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii...
36 CFR § 1211.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American Legion... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
10 CFR 1042.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the... (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii...
44 CFR 19.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
44 CFR 19.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
18 CFR 1317.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Coverage § 1317.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
10 CFR 1042.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

..., which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the... (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii...
22 CFR 146.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

...) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
29 CFR 36.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
49 CFR 25.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
29 CFR 36.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
13 CFR 113.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Coverage § 113.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
29 CFR 36.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
28 CFR 54.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...

29 CFR 36.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or activity of the American... of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school system; (iii)(A) An entire corporation...
45 CFR 618.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Coverage § 618.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not... education; or (B) A local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational...
49 CFR 25.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any program or... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
28 CFR 54.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or preclude: (1) Any... educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or other school...
38 CFR 23.235 - Statutory amendments.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Coverage § 23.235 Statutory amendments. (a) This section, which applies to all provisions of these Title IX regulations, addresses statutory amendments to Title IX. (b) These Title IX regulations shall not apply to or... local educational agency (as defined in section 8801 of title 20), system of vocational education, or...
31 CFR 28.625 - Decisions and notices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... BASIS OF SEX IN EDUCATION PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE Procedures § 28... Title IX regulations with which it is found that the applicant or recipient has failed to comply. (e... Title IX regulations, or to have otherwise failed to comply with these Title IX regulations unless and...
Rape on College Campuses: Reform through Title IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steinberg, Terry Nicole

1991-01-01

This article first, analyzes the growing problem of campus rape; second, evaluates some college rape reduction programs; third, uses case law to demonstrate that rape should be considered sex discrimination under Title IX; and, fourth, suggests an amendment to Title IX, defining rape as sex discrimination. Appropriate implementation measures by…
KSC-2009-1996

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-03-09

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Media were invited to a showing of the Ares I-X simulator rocket segments at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Here, Bob Ess and Jon Cowart discuss the flight test objectives of the Ares I-X targeted for launch in July 2009. Ess is manager of the Ares I-X project. Cowart is Ares I-X deputy mission manager. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I, part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I is the essential core of a safe, reliable, cost-effective space transportation system that eventually will carry crewed missions back to the moon, on to Mars and out into the solar system. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
Complete genome analysis of a novel umbravirus-polerovirus combination isolated from Ixeridium dentatum.

PubMed

Yoo, Ran Hee; Lee, Seung-Won; Lim, Seungmo; Zhao, Fumei; Igori, Davaajargal; Baek, Dasom; Hong, Jin-Sung; Lee, Su-Heon; Moon, Jae Sun

2017-12-01

Two novel viruses, isolated in Bonghwa, Republic of Korea, from an Ixeridium dentatum plant with yellowing mottle symptoms, have been provisionally named Ixeridium yellow mottle-associated virus 1 (IxYMaV-1) and Ixeridium yellow mottle-associated virus 2 (IxYMaV-2). IxYMaV-1 has a genome of 6,017 nucleotides sharing a 56.4% sequence identity with that of cucurbit aphid-borne yellows virus (genus Polerovirus). The IxYMaV-2 genome of 4,196 nucleotides has a sequence identity of less than 48.3% with e other species classified within the genus Umbravirus. Genome properties and phylogenetic analysis suggested that IxYMaV-1 and -2 are representative isolates of new species classifiable within the genus Polerovirus and Umbravirus, respectively.
Optical-sectioning microscopy of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in human gliomas: standardization and quantitative comparison with histology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Linpeng; Chen, Ye; Yin, Chengbo; Borwege, Sabine; Sanai, Nader; Liu, Jonathan T. C.

2017-04-01

Systemic delivery of 5-aminolevulinic acid leads to enhanced fluorescence image contrast in many tumors due to the increased accumulation of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), a fluorescent porphyrin that is associated with tumor burden and proliferation. The value of PpIX-guided resection of malignant gliomas has been demonstrated in prospective randomized clinical studies in which a twofold greater extent of resection and improved progression-free survival have been observed. In low-grade gliomas and at the diffuse infiltrative margins of all gliomas, PpIX fluorescence is often too weak to be detected with current low-resolution surgical microscopes that are used in operating rooms. However, it has been demonstrated that high-resolution optical-sectioning microscopes are capable of detecting the sparse and punctate accumulations of PpIX that are undetectable via conventional low-power surgical fluorescence microscopes. To standardize the performance of high-resolution optical-sectioning devices for future clinical use, we have developed an imaging phantom and methods to ensure that the imaging of PpIX-expressing brain tissues can be performed reproducibly. Ex vivo imaging studies with a dual-axis confocal microscope demonstrate that these methods enable the acquisition of images from unsectioned human brain tissues that quantitatively and consistently correlate with images of histologically processed tissue sections.
Early events in photodynamic therapy: chemical and physical changes in a POPC:cholesterol bilayer due to hematoporphyrin IX-mediated photosensitization.

PubMed

Santos, António; Rodrigues, António M; Sobral, Abílio J F N; Monsanto, Paula V; Vaz, Winchil L C; Moreno, Maria João

2009-01-01

We studied the interaction of hematoporphyrin IX (HpIX) with bilayers of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) containing cholesterol at a molar fraction between 0 and 0.5. The membrane-associated fraction of HpIX decreases significantly over a period of hours, for porphyrin concentrations in the aqueous phase above 50 nM. This was attributed to self-aggregation of HpIX and was well described by a dimerization process. A model was developed to correct for aggregation and obtain the true partition coefficient which is dependent on the molar fraction of cholesterol with a maximum at 20 mol%. The chemical and physical effects on the lipid bilayer upon irradiation of HpIX were studied for lipid bilayers with POPC:Chol 1:1. Exposure of these bilayers to visible light in the presence of HpIX leads to several cholesterol oxidation products that were identified using GC-MS. A dramatic increase in the membrane leakiness was also observed, even for short irradiation times and small light intensities, as evaluated from the rate of pH equilibration and dithionite permeability. The relevance of these results for the mechanism of photodynamic therapy is discussed.
Perchlorate and nitrate treatment by ion exchange integrated with biological brine treatment.

PubMed

Lehman, S Geno; Badruzzaman, Mohammad; Adham, Samer; Roberts, Deborah J; Clifford, Dennis A

2008-02-01

Groundwater contaminated with perchlorate and nitrate was treated in a pilot plant using a commercially available ion exchange (IX) resin. Regenerant brine concentrate from the IX process, containing high perchlorate and nitrate, was treated biologically and the treated brine was reused in IX resin regeneration. The nitrate concentration of the feed water determined the exhaustion lifetime (i.e., regeneration frequency) of the resin; and the regeneration condition was determined by the perchlorate elution profile from the exhausted resin. The biological brine treatment system, using a salt-tolerant perchlorate- and nitrate-reducing culture, was housed in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The biological process consistently reduced perchlorate and nitrate concentrations in the spent brine to below the treatment goals of 500 microg ClO4(-)/L and 0.5mg NO3(-)-N/L determined by equilibrium multicomponent IX modeling. During 20 cycles of regeneration, the system consistently treated the drinking water to below the MCL of nitrate (10 mgNO3(-)-N/L) and the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) notification level of perchlorate (i.e., 6 microg/L). A conceptual cost analysis of the IX process estimated that perchlorate and nitrate treatment using the IX process with biological brine treatment to be approximately 20% less expensive than using the conventional IX with brine disposal.
The utilization of a non-invasive fluorescence imaging system to follow clinical dermatological MAL-PDT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tyrrell, Jessica; Campbell, Sandra; Curnow, Alison

2009-06-01

This study employed a commercially available, non-invasive, fluorescence imaging system (Dyaderm, Biocam, Germany), to measure protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) concentration at several different stages during clinical dermatological methyl aminolevulinate photodynamic therapy (MAL-PDT). We validated the system prior to use to ensure that the PpIX changes witnessed were accurate and not due to environmental or user induced artifacts. The system was then employed to acquire color (morphological) and fluorescent (physiological) images simultaneously during dermatological PDT. Clinical data was collected from a range of licensed dermatological conditions (actinic keratosis, Bowen's disease and superficial basal cell carcinoma) during initial and subsequent PDT treatment cycles. The initial clinical data indicated that each type of licensed lesion considered responded in a similar manner following the application of Metvix (Galderma, U.K.) and the subsequent light irradiation (Aktilite, Galderma, U.K.). Images acquired three hours after Metvix application showed a significant increase in PpIX concentration within the lesion (P < 0.05), whilst PpIX levels in the surrounding normal tissue remained unaltered. After irradiation, the PpIX concentration was significantly decreased and returned to a level similar to the initial concentration originally observed. Lesions that received subsequent treatment cycles accumulated significantly less PpIX (P < 0.05) prior to irradiation.
Analysis of transcriptional isoforms of collagen types IX, II, and I in the developing avian cornea by competitive polymerase chain reaction.

PubMed

Fitch, J M; Gordon, M K; Gibney, E P; Linsenmayer, T F

1995-01-01

The genes for the alpha 1(IX), alpha 1(II), and alpha 2(I) collagen chains can give rise to different isoforms of mRNA, generated by alternative promotor usage [for alpha 1(IX) and alpha 2(I)] or alternative splicing [for alpha 1(II)]. In this study, we employed competitive reverse transcriptase PCR to quantitate the amounts of transcriptional isoforms for these genes in the embryonic avian cornea from its inception (about 3 1/2 days of development) to 11 days. In order to compare values at different time points, the results were normalized to those obtained for the "housekeeping" enzyme, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH). These values were compared to those obtained from other tissues (anterior optic cup and cartilage) that synthesize different combinations of the collagen isoforms. We found that, in the cornea, transcripts from the upstream promotor of alpha 1(IX) collagen (termed "long IX") were predominant at stage 18-20 (about 3 1/2 days), but then fell rapidly, and remained at a low level. By 5 days (just before stromal swelling) the major mRNA isoform of alpha 1(IX) was from the downstream promoter (termed "short IX"). The relative amount of transcript for the short form of type IX collagen rose to a peak at about 6 days of development, and then declined. Throughout this period, the predominant transcriptional isoform of the collagen type II gene was IIA (i.e., containing the alternatively spliced exon 2). This indicates that the molecules of type II collagen that are assembled into heterotypic fibrils with type I collagen possess, at least transiently, an amino-terminal globular domain similar to that found in collagen types I, III, and V. For type I, the "bone/tendon" mRNA isoform of the alpha 2(I) collagen gene was predominant; transcripts from the downstream promotor were at basal levels. In other tissues expressing collagen types IX and II, long IX was expressed predominantly with the IIA form in the anterior optic cup at stage 22/23; in 14 1/2 day cartilage, long IX was expressed predominantly along with the IIB form of alpha 1(II). The downstream transcript of the alpha 2(I) gene (Icart) was found at high levels only in cartilage.
Knock-out of the magnesium protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase gene in Arabidopsis. Effects on chloroplast development and on chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling

PubMed Central

Pontier, Dominique; Albrieux, Catherine; Joyard, Jacques; Lagrange, Thierry; Block, Maryse

2007-01-01

Protoporphyrin IX is the last common intermediate between the haem and chlorophyll biosynthesis pathways. The addition of Mg directs this molecule toward chlorophyll biosynthesis. The first step downstream from the branchpoint is catalyzed by the Mg chelatase and is a highly regulated process. The corresponding product, Mg protoporphyrin IX, has been proposed to play an important role as a signaling molecule implicated in plastid-to-nucleus communication. In order to get more information on the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and on Mg protoporphyrin IX derivative functions, we have identified an Mg protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase (CHLM) knock-out mutant in Arabidopsis in which the mutation induces a blockage downstream from Mg protoporphyrin IX and an accumulation of this chlorophyll biosynthesis intermediate. Our results demonstrate that the CHLM gene is essential for the formation of chlorophyll and subsequently for the formation of photosystems I and II and cyt b6f complexes. Analysis of gene expression in the chlm mutant provides an independent indication that Mg protoporphyrin IX is a negative effector of nuclear photosynthetic gene expression, as previously reported. Moreover, it suggests the possible implication of Mg protoporphyrin IX methylester, the product of CHLM, in chloroplast-to-nucleus signaling. Finally, post-transcriptional up-regulation of the level of the CHLH subunit of the Mg chelatase has been detected in the chlm mutant and most likely corresponds to specific accumulation of this protein inside plastids. This result suggests that the CHLH subunit might play an important regulatory role when the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway is disrupted at this particular step. PMID:17135235
Title IX and Pregnancy Discrimination in Higher Education: The New Frontier.

PubMed

Mason, Mary Ann; Younger, Jaclyn

2014-01-01

Pregnancy discrimination is a little known area covered by Title IX. According to the Title IX regulations, areas of prohibited discrimination include: admissions; hiring; coursework accommodations and completion; pregnancy leave policies and status protection upon return from leave; and health insurance coverage. These regulations will soon get more attention as the Obama Administration insists on Title IX dissemination and compliance in an effort to stop the leaky pipeline for women in the STEM fields. Research shows that pregnancy and childbirth are the major reasons why women drop out of research science in much greater numbers than men; this dropout is most likely to occur among graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who are in their peak childbearing years. A similar pattern of dropout can be seen in all fields, including related professional schools. Research also reveals that there are currently few established policies in higher education which adequately address pregnancy and childbirth in formal policies for students. This article will address new efforts by the United States Department of Education and the federal agencies to begin to seek compliance relating to Title IX and pregnancy discrimination in educational institutions. It will discuss the recent successful efforts of the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights in investigating and settling pregnancy discrimination claims as well as the lessons learned in private action lawsuits under Title IX. Title IX private action suits have transformed athletics for women, and more recently Title IX has been applied in sexual harassment cases. Pregnancy discrimination is now the new frontier.
Different Duck Species Infected Intramuscularly with Duck-Origin Genotype IX APMV-1 Show Discrepant Mortality and Indicate Another Fatal Genotype APMV-1 to Ducks.

PubMed

Fu, Guanghua; Cheng, Longfei; Fu, Qiuling; Qi, Baomin; Chen, Cuiteng; Shi, Shaohua; Chen, Hongmei; Wan, Chunhe; Liu, Rongchang; Huang, Yu

2017-03-01

Isolations of genotype IX (gIX) avian paramyxovirus type 1 (APMV-1) from various bird species have been more common recently, with isolates showing variable pathogenicity in different species of poultry. Here we sequenced the genome of a Muscovy duck origin gIX virus strain XBT14 and characterized the virulence and pathogenicity of this isolate in chickens and ducks. The genome sequence of strain XBT14 is 15,192 nt in length, containing multiple basic amino acids at the fusion protein cleavage site. The XBT14 strain shared 91.6%-91.9% nucleotide identities with early-genotype viruses (such as genotype III and IV) and shared 85.3%-85.9% nucleotide homologies with later genotype viruses (such as genotype VII). Pathogenicity tests showed that strain XBT14 could cause death in different duck breeds with a mortality rate of 44.4% in Muscovy duck, 25.9% in Sheldrake, and 11.1% in Cherry Valley duck, respectively. Similar mortality discrepancies were also observed in different ducks when infected with chicken-origin gIX virus strain F48E8. These results indicate that XBT14-like velogenic gIX APMV-1 (such as XBT14, F48E8, and GD09-2) could cause fatal infection in duck, and genotype IX is another genotype velogenic to duck as well as genotype VII. Accompanied by genetic differences in the vaccine strains or dominant strains prevailing in poultry, the virulent XBT14-like gIX viruses might become potentially endemic strains in poultry in the future.
Phototoxicity, dark-toxicity, and uptake-kinetics of natural hydrophilic and hydrophobic porphyrins in endothelial cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Akguen, Nermin; Sailer, Reinhard; Kunzi-Rapp, Karin; Schneckenburger, Herbert; Beck, Gerd C.; Rueck, Angelika C.

1996-01-01

The phototoxicity, darktoxicity and uptake kinetics of three natural porphyrins (Uropoprhyrin III; UP III, Coproporphyrin III; CP III and Protoporphyrin IX; PP IX) were investigated in vitro using the BKEz-7 aorta endothelial cells of the calf. The cells were incubated with the porphyrins in different concentrations (0.5 (mu) M PP IX; 50 (mu) M UP III and CP III). After 24 h incubation they were irradiated in the case of PP IX with an Ar+-dye- laser at 635 nm and in the case of UP III and CP III with a Kr+-laser at 407 nm: While PP IX was phototoxic at low concentrations (0.5 (mu) M) and low energies (10 J/cm2), irradiation of UP III and CP III hardly induced phototoxicity even at higher concentrations. The same could be observed for the darktoxicity. PP IX was darktoxic at relatively low concentrations (1 (mu) M). In addition PP IX was taken up much faster and in greater amounts into the endothelial cells than UP III and CP III. These results could be due to the different structures of the sensitizers and/or to different uptake mechanisms. PP IX is a hydrophobic sensitizer while UP III and CP III are both hydrophilic molecules. A different uptake mechanism and accumulation in endothelial cells is quite probable. This hypothesis was confirmed with video-microscopy. In addition to the experiments in vitro, the cellular uptake and distribution of the sensitizers were observed in an appropriate in vivo model of the Chorioallantoismembrane (CAM).
KSC-2009-3690

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-12

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X aft skirt is mated to the aft segment. The complete Ares I-X will be assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building. The launch of Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-3692

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-12

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X aft skirt is mated to the aft segment. The complete Ares I-X will be assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building. The launch of Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller

KSC-2009-3691

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-12

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In the Rotation, Processing, and Surge Facility at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X aft skirt is mated to the aft segment. The complete Ares I-X will be assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building. The launch of Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
Sex Discrimination Against Students: Implications of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dunkle, Margaret C.; Sandler, Bernice

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 mandates that sex discrimination be eliminated in federally assisted education programs. Title IX has significant implications for a variety of issues including recruiting, admissions, financial aid, student rules and regulations, housing rules, health care and insurance benefits, student employment,…
Physical Education, Part I. Options in Education, Program No. 99.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

George Washington Univ., Washington, DC. Inst. for Educational Leadership.

This transcript of a National Public Radio broadcast discusses the impact of Title IX on elementary and secondary physical education. Topics covered include competition, difficulties involved in the sex integration of sports, statements on Title IX by five chief state school officers, the experience of Massachusetts in implementing Title IX, and…
A Place on the Team: The Triumph and Tragedy of Title IX

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Suggs, Welch

2006-01-01

"A Place on the Team" is the inside story of how Title IX revolutionized American sports. The federal law guaranteeing women's rights in education, Title IX opened gymnasiums and playing fields to millions of young women previously locked out. Journalist Welch Suggs chronicles both the law's successes and failures-the exciting…
Title IX Compliance at Two-Year Colleges: An Analysis of Perceived Barriers and Strategies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Causby, Cory Scott

2010-01-01

Although Title IX legislation has been in effect since 1972 and has created unprecedented positive change on intercollegiate athletics, educational institutions have still had difficulty meeting the basic requirements set forth by Title IX and ensuring gender equity in their athletic programs. Additionally, specific research has been largely…
X-ray Echo Spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shvyd'ko, Yuri

2016-02-01

X-ray echo spectroscopy, a counterpart of neutron spin echo, is being introduced here to overcome limitations in spectral resolution and weak signals of the traditional inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) probes. An image of a pointlike x-ray source is defocused by a dispersing system comprised of asymmetrically cut specially arranged Bragg diffracting crystals. The defocused image is refocused into a point (echo) in a time-reversal dispersing system. If the defocused beam is inelastically scattered from a sample, the echo signal acquires a spatial distribution, which is a map of the inelastic scattering spectrum. The spectral resolution of the echo spectroscopy does not rely on the monochromaticity of the x rays, ensuring strong signals along with a very high spectral resolution. Particular schemes of x-ray echo spectrometers for 0.1-0.02 meV ultrahigh-resolution IXS applications (resolving power >108 ) with broadband ≃5 - 13 meV dispersing systems are introduced featuring more than 103 signal enhancement. The technique is general, applicable in different photon frequency domains.
Heme Mediates Cytotoxicity from Artemisinin and Serves as a General Anti-Proliferation Target

PubMed Central

Zhang, Shiming; Gerhard, Glenn S.

2009-01-01

Heme (Fe2+ protoporphyrin IX) is an essential molecule that has been implicated the potent antimalarial action of artemisinin and its derivatives, although the source and nature of the heme remain controversial. Artemisinins also exhibit selective cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that intracellular heme is the physiologically relevant mediator of the cytotoxic effects of artemisinins. Increasing intracellular heme synthesis through the addition of aminolevulinic acid, protoporphyrin IX, or transferrin-bound iron increased the cytotoxicity of dihydroartemisinin, while decreasing heme synthesis through the addition of succinyl acetone decreased its cytotoxic activity. A simple and robust high throughput assay was developed to screen chemical compounds that were capable of interacting with heme. A natural products library was screened which identified the compound coralyne, in addition to artemisinin, as a heme interacting compound with heme synthesis dependent cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that cellular heme may serve a general target for the development of both anti-parasitic and anti-cancer therapeutics. PMID:19862332
KSC-2009-5541

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - Inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket stands on its mobile launcher platform. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Development of a functionalized UV-emitting nanocomposite for the treatment of cancer using indirect photodynamic therapy.

PubMed

Sengar, Prakhar; Juárez, Patricia; Verdugo-Meza, Andrea; Arellano, Danna L; Jain, Akhil; Chauhan, Kanchan; Hirata, Gustavo A; Fournier, Pierrick G J

2018-02-27

Photodynamic therapy is a promising cancer therapy modality but its application for deep-seated tumor is mainly hindered by the shallow penetration of visible light. X-ray-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) has gained a major attention owing to the limitless penetration of X-rays. However, substantial outcomes have still not been achieved due to the low luminescence efficiency of scintillating nanoparticles and weak energy transfer to the photosensitizer. The present work describes the development of Y 2.99 Pr 0.01 Al 5 O 12 -based (YP) mesoporous silica coated nanoparticles, multifunctionalized with protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and folic acid (YPMS@PpIX@FA) for potential application in targeted deep PDT. A YP nanophosphor core was synthesized using the sol-gel method to be used as X-ray energy transducer and was then covered with a mesoporous silica layer. The luminescence analysis indicated a good spectral overlap between the PpIX and nanoscintillator at the Soret as well as Q-band region. The comparison of the emission spectra with or without PpIX showed signs of energy transfer, a prerequisite for deep PDT. In vitro studies showed the preferential uptake of the nanocomposite in cancer cells expressing the folate receptorFolr1, validating the targeting efficiency. Direct activation of conjugated PpIX with UVA in vitro induced ROS production causing breast and prostate cancer cell death indicating that the PpIX retained its activity after conjugation to the nanocomposite. The in vivo toxicity analysis showed the good biocompatibility and non-immunogenic response of YPMS@PpIX@FA. Our results indicate that YPMS@PpIX@FA nanocomposites are promising candidates for X-ray-mediated PDT of deep-seated tumors. The design of these nanoparticles allows the functionalization with exchangeable targeting ligands thus offering versatility, in order to target various cancer cells, expressing different molecular targets on their surface.
Comparison of protoporphyrin IX content and related gene expression in the tissues of chickens laying brown-shelled eggs.

PubMed

Li, Guangqi; Chen, Sirui; Duan, Zhongyi; Qu, Lujiang; Xu, Guiyun; Yang, Ning

2013-12-01

Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), an immediate precursor of heme, is the main pigment resulting in the brown coloration of eggshell. The brownness and uniformity of the eggshell are important marketing considerations. In this study, 9 chickens laying darker brown shelled eggs and 9 chickens laying lighter brown shelled eggs were selected from 464 individually caged layers in a Rhode Island Red pureline. The PpIX contents were measured with a Microplate Reader at the wavelength of 412 nm and were compared in different tissues of the 2 groups. Although no significant difference in serum, bile, and excreta was found between the 2 groups, PpIX content in the shell gland and eggshell of the darker group was higher than in those of the lighter group, suggesting that PpIX was synthesized in the shell gland. We further determined the expression levels of 8 genes encoding enzymes involved in the heme synthesis and transport in the liver and shell gland at 6 h postoviposition by quantitative PCR. The results showed that expression of aminolevulinic acid synthase-1 (ALAS1) was higher in the liver of hens laying darker brown shelled eggs, whereas in the shell gland the expression levels of ALAS1, coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPOX), ATP-binding cassette family members ABCB7 and ABCG2, and receptor for feline leukemia virus, subgroup C (FLVCR) were significantly higher in the hens laying darker brown shelled eggs. Our results demonstrated that hens laying darker brown shelled eggs could deposit more PpIX onto the eggshell and the brownness of the eggshell was dependent on the total quantity of PpIX in the eggshell. More heme was synthesized in the liver and shell gland of hens laying darker brown shelled eggs than those of hens laying lighter brown shelled eggs. High expression level of ABCG2 might facilitate the accumulation of PpIX in the shell gland.
Comparing high-resolution microscopy techniques for potential intraoperative use in guiding low-grade glioma resections.

PubMed

Meza, Daphne; Wang, Danni; Wang, Yu; Borwege, Sabine; Sanai, Nader; Liu, Jonathan T C

2015-04-01

Fluorescence image-guided surgery (FIGS), with contrast provided by 5-ALA-induced PpIX, has been shown to enable a higher extent of resection of high-grade gliomas. However, conventional FIGS with low-power microscopy lacks the sensitivity to aid in low-grade glioma (LGG) resection because PpIX signal is weak and sparse in such tissues. Intraoperative high-resolution microscopy of PpIX fluorescence has been proposed as a method to guide LGG resection, where sub-cellular resolution allows for the visualization of sparse and punctate mitochondrial PpIX production in tumor cells. Here, we assess the performance of three potentially portable high-resolution microscopy techniques that may be used for the intraoperative imaging of human LGG tissue samples with PpIX contrast: high-resolution fiber-optic microscopy (HRFM), high-resolution wide-field microscopy (WFM), and dual-axis confocal (DAC) microscopy. Thick unsectioned human LGG tissue samples (n = 7) with 5-ALA-induced PpIX contrast were imaged using three imaging techniques (HRFM, WFM, DAC). The average signal-to-background ratio (SBR) was then calculated for each imaging modality (5 images per tissue, per modality). HRFM provides the ease of use and portability of a flexible fiber bundle, and is simple and inexpensive to build. However, in most cases (6/7), HRFM is not capable of detecting PpIX signal from LGGs due to high autofluorescence, generated by the fiber bundle under laser illumination at 405 nm, which overwhelms the PpIX signal and impedes its visualization. WFM is a camera-based method possessing high lateral resolution but poor axial resolution, resulting in sub-optimal image contrast. Consistent successful detection of PpIX signal throughout our human LGG tissue samples (n = 7), with an acceptable image contrast (SBR >2), was only achieved using DAC microscopy, which offers superior image resolution and contrast that is comparable to histology, but requires a laser-scanning mechanism to achieve optical sectioning. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ares I-X Flight Test--The Future Begins Here

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Stephan R.; Tuma, Margaret L.; Heitzman, Keith

2007-01-01

In less than two years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the Ares I-X mission. This will be the first flight of the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, will eventually send humans to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. As the countdown to this first Ares mission continues, personnel from across the Ares I-X Mission Management Office (MMO) are finalizing designs and fabricating vehicle hardware for a 2009 launch. This paper will discuss the hardware and programmatic progress of the Ares I-X mission.
KSC-2009-3120

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" lowers the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS, onto the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-3122

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" lowers the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS, onto the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-3121

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" lowers the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS, onto the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-3124

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a technician checks the mating from the inside of the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS, with the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-3123

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" lowers the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS, onto the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Red-light excitation of protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for subsurface tumor detection.

PubMed

Roberts, David W; Olson, Jonathan D; Evans, Linton T; Kolste, Kolbein K; Kanick, Stephen C; Fan, Xiaoyao; Bravo, Jaime J; Wilson, Brian C; Leblond, Frederic; Marois, Mikael; Paulsen, Keith D

2018-06-01

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to detect 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced tumor fluorescence from glioma below the surface of the surgical field by using red-light illumination. METHODS To overcome the shallow tissue penetration of blue light, which maximally excites the ALA-induced fluorophore protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) but is also strongly absorbed by hemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, a system was developed to illuminate the surgical field with red light (620-640 nm) matching a secondary, smaller absorption peak of PpIX and detecting the fluorescence emission through a 650-nm longpass filter. This wide-field spectroscopic imaging system was used in conjunction with conventional blue-light fluorescence for comparison in 29 patients undergoing craniotomy for resection of high-grade glioma, low-grade glioma, meningioma, or metastasis. RESULTS Although, as expected, red-light excitation is less sensitive to PpIX in exposed tumor, it did reveal tumor at a depth up to 5 mm below the resection bed in 22 of 24 patients who also exhibited PpIX fluorescence under blue-light excitation during the course of surgery. CONCLUSIONS Red-light excitation of tumor-associated PpIX fluorescence below the surface of the surgical field can be achieved intraoperatively and enables detection of subsurface tumor that is not visualized under conventional blue-light excitation. Clinical trial registration no.: NCT02191488 (clinicaltrials.gov).
A Perspective on Development Flight Instrumentation and Flight Test Analysis Plans for Ares I-X

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Huebner, Lawrence D.; Richards, James S.; Brunty, Joseph A.; Smith, R. Marshall; Trombetta, Dominic R.

2009-01-01

NASA. s Constellation Program will take a significant step toward completion of the Ares I crew launch vehicle with the flight test of Ares I-X and completion of the Ares I-X post-flight evaluation. The Ares I-X flight test vehicle is an ascent development flight test that will acquire flight data early enough to impact the design and development of the Ares I. As the primary customer for flight data from the Ares I-X mission, Ares I has been the major driver in the definition of the Development Flight Instrumentation (DFI). This paper focuses on the DFI development process and the plans for post-flight evaluation of the resulting data to impact the Ares I design. Efforts for determining the DFI for Ares I-X began in the fall of 2005, and significant effort to refine and implement the Ares I-X DFI has been expended since that time. This paper will present a perspective in the development and implementation of the DFI. Emphasis will be placed on the process by which the list was established and changes were made to that list due to imposed constraints. The paper will also discuss the plans for the analysis of the DFI data following the flight and a summary of flight evaluation tasks to be performed in support of tools and models validation for design and development.
In vivo wide-field multispectral dosimeter for use in ALA-PpIX based photodynamic therapy of skin

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

LaRochelle, Ethan P. M.; Davis, Scott C.; de Souza, Ana Luiza Ribeiro; Pogue, Brian W.

2017-02-01

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for Actinic Kertoses (AK) using aminoluvelinic acid (ALA) is an FDA-approved treatment, which is generally effective, yet response rates vary. The origin of the variability is not well characterized, but may be related to inter-patient variability in the production of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). While fiber-based point probe systems provide a method for measuring PpIX production, these measurements have demonstrated large spatial and inter-operator variability. Thus, in an effort to improve patient-specific dosimetry and treatment it is important to develop a robust system that accounts for spatial variability and reduces the chance of operator errors. To address this need, a wide-field multispectral imaging system was developed that is capable of quantifying maps of PpIX in both liquid phantoms and in vivo experiments, focusing on high sensitivity light signals. The system uses both red and blue excitation to elicit a fluorescent response at varying skin depths. A ten-position filter wheel with bandpass filters ranging from 635nm to 710nm are used to capture images along the emission band. A linear least-square spectral fitting algorithm provides the ability to decouple background autofluorescence from PpIX fluorescence, which has improved the system sensitivity by an order of magnitude, detecting nanomolar PpIX concentrations in liquid phantoms in the presence of 2% whole blood and 2% intralipid.

Enhancement of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence detection of side population-defined glioma stem cells by iron chelation

PubMed Central

Wang, Wenqian; Tabu, Kouichi; Hagiya, Yuichiro; Sugiyama, Yuta; Kokubu, Yasuhiro; Murota, Yoshitaka; Ogura, Shun-ichiro; Taga, Tetsuya

2017-01-01

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are dominantly responsible for tumor progression and chemo/radio-resistance, resulting in tumor recurrence. 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is metabolized to fluorescent protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) specifically in tumor cells, and therefore clinically used as a reagent for photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) and therapy (PDT) of cancers including gliomas. However, it remains to be clarified whether this method could be effective for CSC detection. Here, using flow cytometry-based analysis, we show that side population (SP)-defined C6 glioma CSCs (GSCs) displayed much less 5-ALA-derived PpIX fluorescence than non-GSCs. Among the C6 GSCs, cells with ultralow PpIX fluorescence exhibited dramatically higher tumorigenicity when transplanted into the immune-deficient mouse brain. We further demonstrated that the low PpIX accumulation in the C6 GSCs was enhanced by deferoxamine (DFO)-mediated iron chelation, not by reserpine-mediated inhibition of PpIX-effluxing ABCG2. Finally, we found that the expression level of the gene for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a heme degradation enzyme, was high in C6 GSCs, which was further up-regulated when treated with 5-ALA. Our results provide important new insights into 5-ALA-based PDD of gliomas, particularly photodetection of SP-defined GSCs by iron chelation based on their ALA-PpIX-Heme metabolism. PMID:28169355
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-25

NASA's Ares I-X rocket is seen on launch pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Monday, Oct. 26, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X, scheduled for Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009, will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I.
ARES I-X Launch

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-27

NASA Ares I-X mission managers watch as NASA's Ares I-X rocket launches from pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009. The flight test will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
"What Do I Think about Title IX?" Voices from a University Community

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paule-Koba, Amanda L.; Harris, Othello; Freysinger, Valeria J.

2013-01-01

Despite the apparent benefits of Title IX, the implementation of the law remains controversial, and there are divergent beliefs regarding its impact on collegiate sport. The purpose of this study was to examine how members of a university community, whose intercollegiate sport programs have changed, perceive and make sense of Title IX and the…
Not Second-Class: Title IX, Equity, and Girls' High School Sports

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stader, David L.; Surface, Jeanne L.

2014-01-01

Title IX is designed to protect students from discrimination based on sex in any educational institution that receives financial assistance. This article focuses on Title IX as it applies to high school athletic programs by considering the trial of a high school district in California. A federal court found considerable inequalities between boys…
Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gavora, Jessica

This book suggests that Title IX of the Education Amendments is not creating more female athletes but instead eliminating some of the most prestigious men's sports programs in the name of gender equity. It shows how Title IX has affected every aspect of education, from kindergarten through graduate school, making profound changes in areas as…
A License for Bias: Sex Discrimination, Schools, and Title IX.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Morse, Susan Ed.

This report discusses non-sports-related Title IX complaints filed with the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) from 1993-1997. Its purpose is to dispel the popular belief that Title IX is a sports-equity law and to determine the effectiveness of the legislation. The document examines the kinds of complaints filed, the status…
Expression Levels of ALA Dehydratase as a Marker of ALA-PDT Efficacy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avital, Schauder; Tamar, Feuerstein; Zvi, Malik

2010-05-01

Accelerated synthesis of protoporphyrinIX (PpIX) following ALA pre-treatment followed by light irradiation is the principle of ALA-PDT. Several limiting enzymes were suggested to control PpIX accumulation and PDT efficacy, among them porphobilinogen deaminase (PBGD) and ferrochelatase. Here we reveal the centrality of ALA dehydratase (ALAD) activity in predicting ALA-PDT efficacy. Silencing of ALAD expression and activity was carried out in leukemic cells using shRNA plasmid transfection or Pb2+ intoxication. ALAD activity, porphyrin synthesis and mitochondrial activity were determined versus PDT efficacy. In K562 ALAD-silenced cells, ALAD activity and expression were reduced and as a result, PpIX synthesis was almost abolished. Following ALA treatment and irradiation, ALAD-silenced cells depicted normal mitochondrial activity, in contrast to control and non-silencing transfected cells where accumulated PpIX and irradiation caused ROS formation and mitochondrial damage. Morphological analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of ALA-PDT treated cells showed no morphological changes in ALAD-silenced cells, while controls exhibited cell deformations and lysis. Annexin V-FITC/PI staining as well as LDH-L leakage testing showed that membrane integrity was undamaged following ALA-PDT in ALAD silenced cells. Pb2+ treatment in MEL cells impaired ALAD activity and reduced PpIX synthesis but to a lesser extent. In conclusion, we show that a dramatic reduction in PpIX accumulation following down regulation of ALAD expression prevents an efficient PDT. Thus, ALAD has a major role in regulating PpIX synthesis and ALA-PDT therapeutic outcome. Monitoring ALAD expression or activity in various tumors may be useful as prognostic tool to predict PDT efficacy.
Differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes that coexpress coagulation factors VIII and IX.

PubMed

Cao, Jun; Shang, Chang-zhen; Lü, Li-hong; Qiu, De-chuan; Ren, Meng; Chen, Ya-jin; Min, Jun

2010-11-01

To establish an efficient culture system to support embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation into hepatocytes that coexpress F-VIII and F-IX. Mouse E14 ES cells were cultured in differentiation medium containing sodium butyrate (SB), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and/or bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) to induce the differentiation of endoderm cells and hepatic progenitor cells. Hepatocyte growth factor, oncostatin M, and dexamethasone were then used to induce the maturation of ES cell-derived hepatocytes. The mRNA expression levels of endoderm-specific genes and hepatocyte-specific genes, including the levels of F-VIII and F-IX, were detected by RT-PCR and real-time PCR during various stages of differentiation. Protein expression was examined by immunofluorescence and Western blot. At the final stage of differentiation, flow cytometry was performed to determine the percentage of cells coexpressing F-VIII and F-IX, and ELISA was used to detect the levels of F-VIII and F-IX protein secreted into the culture medium. The expression of endoderm-specific and hepatocyte-specific markers was upregulated to highest level in response to the combination of SB, bFGF, and BMP4. Treatment with the three inducers during hepatic progenitor differentiation significantly enhanced the mRNA and protein levels of F-VIII and F-IX in ES cell-derived hepatocytes. More importantly, F-VIII and F-IX were coexpressed with high efficiency at the final stage of differentiation, and they were also secreted into the culture medium. We have established a novel in vitro differentiation protocol for ES-derived hepatocytes that coexpress F-VIII and F-IX that may provide a foundation for stem cell replacement therapy for hemophilia.
Photocatalytic reduction of nitrate using titanium dioxide for regeneration of ion exchange brine

PubMed Central

Yang, Ting; Doudrick, Kyle; Westerhoff, Paul

2016-01-01

Nitrate is often removed from groundwater by ion exchange (IX) before its use as drinking water. Accumulation of nitrate in IX brine reduces the efficiency of IX regeneration and the useful life of the regeneration brine. For the first time, we present a strategy to photocatalytically reduce nitrate in IX brine, thereby extending the use of the brine. Titanium dioxide (Evonik P90), acting as photocatalyst, reduced nitrate effectively in both synthetic brines and sulfate-removed IX brine when formic acid (FA) was used as the hole scavenger (i.e., electron donor) and the initial FA to nitrate molar ratio (IFNR) was 5.6. Increasing the NaCl level in the synthetic brine slowed the nitrate reduction rate without affecting byproduct selectivity of ammonium and gaseous N species (e.g., N2, N2O). In a non-modified IX brine, nitrate removal was greatly inhibited owing to the presence of sulfate, which competed with nitrate for active surface sites on P90 and induced aggregation of P90 nanoparticles. After removing sulfate through barium sulfate precipitation, nitrate was effectively reduced; approximately 3.6 × 1024 photons were required to reduce each mole of nitrate to 83% N Gases and 17% NH4+. To make optimum use of FA and control the residual FA level in treated brine, the IFNR was varied. High IFNRs (e.g., 4, 5.6) were found to be more efficient for nitrate reduction but left higher residual FA in brine. IX column tests were performed to investigate the impact of residual FA for brine reuse. The residual FA in the brine did not significantly affect the nitrate removal capacity of IX resins, and formate contamination of treated water could be eliminated by rinsing with one bed volume of fresh brine. PMID:23276425
Quantitative fluorescence in intracranial tumor: implications for ALA-induced PpIX as an intraoperative biomarker

PubMed Central

Valdés, Pablo A.; Leblond, Frederic; Kim, Anthony; Harris, Brent T.; Wilson, Brian C.; Fan, Xiaoyao; Tosteson, Tor D.; Hartov, Alex; Ji, Songbai; Erkmen, Kadir; Simmons, Nathan E.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.

2011-01-01

Object Accurate discrimination between tumor and normal tissue is crucial for optimal tumor resection. Qualitative fluorescence of protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), synthesized endogenously following δ-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) administration, has been used for this purpose in high-grade glioma (HGG). The authors show that diagnostically significant but visually imperceptible concentrations of PpIX can be quantitatively measured in vivo and used to discriminate normal from neoplastic brain tissue across a range of tumor histologies. Methods The authors studied 14 patients with diagnoses of low-grade glioma (LGG), HGG, meningioma, and metastasis under an institutional review board–approved protocol for fluorescence-guided resection. The primary aim of the study was to compare the diagnostic capabilities of a highly sensitive, spectrally resolved quantitative fluorescence approach to conventional fluorescence imaging for detection of neoplastic tissue in vivo. Results A significant difference in the quantitative measurements of PpIX concentration occurred in all tumor groups compared with normal brain tissue. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of PpIX concentration as a diagnostic variable for detection of neoplastic tissue yielded a classification efficiency of 87% (AUC = 0.95, specificity = 92%, sensitivity = 84%) compared with 66% (AUC = 0.73, specificity = 100%, sensitivity = 47%) for conventional fluorescence imaging (p < 0.0001). More than 81% (57 of 70) of the quantitative fluorescence measurements that were below the threshold of the surgeon's visual perception were classified correctly in an analysis of all tumors. Conclusions These findings are clinically profound because they demonstrate that ALA-induced PpIX is a targeting biomarker for a variety of intracranial tumors beyond HGGs. This study is the first to measure quantitative ALA-induced PpIX concentrations in vivo, and the results have broad implications for guidance during resection of intracranial tumors. PMID:21438658
Highly sensitive fluorescence detection of metastatic lymph nodes of gastric cancer with photo-oxidation of protoporphyrin IX.

PubMed

Koizumi, N; Harada, Y; Beika, M; Minamikawa, T; Yamaoka, Y; Dai, P; Murayama, Y; Yanagisawa, A; Otsuji, E; Tanaka, H; Takamatsu, T

2016-08-01

The establishment of a precise and rapid method to detect metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) is essential to perform less invasive surgery with reduced gastrectomy along with reduced lymph node dissection. We herein describe a novel imaging strategy to detect 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence in excised LNs specifically with reduced effects of tissue autofluorescence based on photo-oxidation of PpIX. We applied the method in a clinical setting, and evaluated its feasibility. To reduce the unfavorable effect of autofluorescence, we focused on photo-oxidation of PpIX: Following light irradiation, PpIX changes into another substance, photo-protoporphyrin, via an oxidative process, which has a different spectral peak, at 675 nm, whereas PpIX has its spectral peak at 635 nm. Based on the unique spectral alteration, fluorescence spectral imaging before and after light irradiation and subsequent originally-developed image processing was performed. Following in vitro study, we applied this method to a total of 662 excised LNs obtained from 30 gastric cancer patients administered 5-ALA preoperatively. Specific visualization of PpIX was achieved in in vitro study. The method allowed highly sensitive detection of metastatic LNs, with sensitivity of 91.9% and specificity of 90.8% in the in vivo clinical trial. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated high diagnostic accuracy, with the area under the curve of 0.926. We established a highly sensitive and specific 5-ALA-induced fluorescence imaging method applicable in clinical settings. The novel method has a potential to become a useful tool for intraoperative rapid diagnosis of LN metastasis. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Alelle number and heterozigosity for microsatellite loci in different stingless bee species (Hymenoptera: Apidae, Meliponini).

PubMed

Francisco, Flávio de O; Brito, Rute M; Arias, Maria C

2006-01-01

In the present study we compare genetic characteristics (allele diversity and observed heterozygosity) of microsatellite loci, from three stingless bee species (Plebeia remota Holmberg, Partamona mulata Moure In Camargo and Partamona helleri Friese), amplified by using heterospecific primers originally designed for Melipona bicolor Lepeletier and Scaptotrigona postica Latreille. We analyzed 360 individuals of P. remota from 72 nests, 58 individuals of R. mulata from 58 nests, and 47 individuals of P. helleri from 47 nests. The three species studied showed low level of polymorphism for the loci amplified with primers derived from M. bicolor. However, for the loci amplified with primers derived from S. postica, only P. remota presented low level of polymorphism.
KSC-2009-5548

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - The Ares I-X rocket heads toward Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, riding atop a crawler-transporter. The 4.2-mile trip to the pad from the massive Vehicle Assembly Building began at 1:39 a.m. EDT. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5543

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - With the work platforms retracted, the Ares I-X stands tall inside the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The platforms were retracted in preparation for the rocket's rollout to Launch Pad 39B. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5546

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - The towering 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket rides aboard a crawler-transporter as it exits the massive Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The rocket is bolted to its mobile launcher platform for the move to the launch pad. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5529

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Spotlighted against the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket begins its slow trek to Launch Pad 39B. The move, known as "rollout," began at 1:39 a.m. EDT. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann
Almost As Fairly: The First Year of Title IX Implementation in Six Southern States. A Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Friends Service Committee, Columbia, SC. Southeastern Public Education Program.

Volunteers from community organizations in six southern states monitored 21 school districts to find their districts' initial answer to Title IX, federal legislation barring sex discrimination. The actual monitoring of the 21 districts was completed in the late spring of 1976, with data covering the first year of Title IX implementation. The…
Why, What and Where To? Title IX, Educational Amendment of 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry-Miller, Mitzi

Three years after Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 became law, the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare provided regulations for the implementation of Title IX. This report reviews the implications of these regulations as well as several of the court cases in which discrimination on the basis of sex has been declared…
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-25

NASA's Ares I-X rocket is seen on launch pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Monday, Oct. 26, 2009. The flight test of Ares I-X, scheduled for Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009, will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)

An Annotated Summary of the Regulation for Title IX Education Amendments of 1972.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

NETWORK, Inc., Andover, MA.

This document is one of a two-part set of publications. Both deal with equal education and provide a concise overview of Title IX and gender equity issues in education and steps to take to ensure nondiscrimination and equal education opportunity for all. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 is the major federal law prohibiting sex…
The Meanings of the Preposition "By" in the IX-XIX Centuries with Their Azerbaijani Equivalents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anvar Ghizi, Aliyeva Shalalah

2010-01-01

The article deals with the meanings of the English preposition "by" in the IX-XIX centuries and their Azerbaijani equivalents. During that period the preposition "by" had more than 10 variants of writing. From the IX to the XIX centuries the preposition "by" was used in 6 main meanings: the meanings were connected…
The Impact of Implementing Title IX in a Predominantly Black Public University.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Simmons, Gertrude L.

Information on the impact of implementing Title IX of the 1972 Education Amendments at Florida A and M University, a predominantly Black public university, is presented. Title IX assures everyone regardless of sex an equal opportunity to learn a skill, choose a course of study, advance in status, participate in a sport, receive a scholarship, or…
The History, Uses, and Abuses of Title IX. 2016 Bulletin

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Association of University Professors, 2016

2016-01-01

This report, an evaluation of the history and current uses of Title IX, is the result of a joint effort by a subcommittee that included members of the AAUP's Committee A on Academic Freedom and Tenure and the Committee on Women in the Academic Profession. The report identifies tensions between current interpretations of Title IX and the academic…
Hardware and Programmatic Progress on the Ares I-X Flight Test

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Stephan R.

2008-01-01

In less than two years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will execute the Ares I-X mission. This will be the first flight of the Ares I crew launch vehicle; which, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle (Figure 1), will eventually send humans to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. As the countdown to this first Ares mission continues, personnel from across the Ares I-X Mission Management Office (MMO) are finalizing designs and, in some cases, already fabricating vehicle hardware in preparation for an April 2009 launch. This paper will discuss the hardware and programmatic progress of the Ares I-X mission.
KSC-2009-1529

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, the Ares I-X mock-up crew module displays the newly applied window decals. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. When fully developed, the 16-foot diameter crew module will furnish living space and reentry protection for the astronauts. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-2796

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the yellow framework at left, nicknamed the "birdcage," is lifted high above the floor for a fit check with the Crew Module, or CM, and Launch Abort System, or LAS, assembly nearby for the Ares I-X rocket. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-1528

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker applies a window decal on the Ares I-X mock-up crew module. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. When fully developed, the 16-foot diameter crew module will furnish living space and reentry protection for the astronauts. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-1896

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-26

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a large overhead crane lowers the Ares I-X service module onto the service adapter. Workers check the precision of the connection. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-1893

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-26

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a large overhead crane lifts the Ares I-X service module, which will be mated to the service adapter in the bay. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-3119

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" lifts the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS. The CM-LAS stack will be mated with the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2830

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-27

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– The fifth segment simulator segments of the Ares I-X rocket have been moved to the transfer aisle of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The stacking operations with other segments in the VAB in June. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Launch of the Ares I-X flight test is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-1897

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-26

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the installation of the Ares I-X service module onto the service adapter, at right, is complete. At left is the simulator crew module. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-1892

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-26

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, workers attach a large overhead crane to the Ares I-X service module, on the floor. The module will be lifted and mated to the service adapter. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-1527

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center, a worker applies a window decal on the Ares I-X mock-up crew module. Ares I-X is the test flight for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of full-scale Ares I-X, targeted for July 2009, will be the first in a series of unpiloted rocket launches from Kennedy. When fully developed, the 16-foot diameter crew module will furnish living space and reentry protection for the astronauts. Photo credit: NASA/Tim Jacobs
KSC-2009-2829

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-27

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– The fifth segment simulator segments of the Ares I-X rocket have been moved to the transfer aisle of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The stacking operations with other segments in the VAB in June. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Launch of the Ares I-X flight test is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-2795

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the yellow framework at left, nicknamed the "birdcage," is lifted for a fit check with the Crew Module, or CM, and Launch Abort System, or LAS, assembly in the foreground for the Ares I-X rocket. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
Implicit dosimetry of microorganism photodynamic inactivation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tamošiūnas, Mindaugas; Kuliešienė, Neringa; Daugelavičius, Rimantas

2017-12-01

Photosensitization based antibacterial treatment is efficient against a broad range of pathogens but it utilizes suboptimal dosimetry with an explicit (and very broad range) determination of sensitizer concentration, light dose and fluence rates. In this study we verified the implicit dosimetry approach for pathogen photodynamic treatment, employing protoporphyrin IX (ppIX) photobleaching to assess the killing efficacy against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans cells. The results show that there was an increased kill of S. aureus and C. albicans at higher degree of ppIX fluorescence decay. Therefore ppIX photobleaching can be incorporated into the PDI dose metric offering to predict the pathogen killing efficacy during photodynamic treatment.
Quantitative spatial frequency fluorescence imaging in the sub-diffusive domain for image-guided glioma resection

PubMed Central

Sibai, Mira; Veilleux, Israel; Elliott, Jonathan T.; Leblond, Frederic; Wilson, Brian C.

2015-01-01

Intraoperative 5- aminolevulinic acid induced-Protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence guidance enables maximum safe resection of glioblastomas by providing surgeons with real-time tumor optical contrast. However, visual assessment of PpIX fluorescence is subjective and limited by the distorting effects of light attenuation and tissue autofluorescence. We have previously shown that non-invasive point measurements of absolute PpIX concentration identifies residual tumor that is otherwise non-detectable. Here, we extend this approach to wide-field quantitative fluorescence imaging by implementing spatial frequency domain imaging to recover tissue optical properties across the field-of-view in phantoms and ex vivo tissue. PMID:26713206
Electrophysiology of Cranial Nerve Testing: Cranial Nerves IX and X.

PubMed

Martinez, Alberto R M; Martins, Melina P; Moreira, Ana Lucila; Martins, Carlos R; Kimaid, Paulo A T; França, Marcondes C

2018-01-01

The cranial nerves IX and X emerge from medulla oblongata and have motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions. Some of these are amenable to neurophysiological assessment. It is often hard to separate the individual contribution of each nerve; in fact, some of the techniques are indeed a composite functional measure of both nerves. The main methods are the evaluation of the swallowing function (combined IX and X), laryngeal electromyogram (predominant motor vagal function), and heart rate variability (predominant parasympathetic vagal function). This review describes, therefore, the techniques that best evaluate the major symptoms presented in IX and X cranial nerve disturbance: dysphagia, dysphonia, and autonomic parasympathetic dysfunction.

Cell metabolic changes of porphyrins and superoxide anions by anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene.

PubMed

Uribe-Hernández, Raúl; Pérez-Zapata, Aura J; Vega-Barrita, María L; Ramón-Gallegos, Eva; Amezcua-Allieri, Myriam A

2008-09-01

The aim of this work was to evaluate the induction of protoporphyrins IX (PpIX) activity and superoxide anions (SO) in human leukocytes exposed to anthracene (ANT) and benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P). The leukocyte LC(50)s for both hydrocarbons and the PpIX accumulation and SO overproduction were measured. The LC(50)s were 0.35 and 3.23μM for ANT and B(a)P, respectively. A linear relationship (r=0.97, p<0.01) between PpIX and ANT concentration was obtained. The induced accumulation of PpIX was proportional (r=0.63, p<0.01) to B(a)P concentration. SO overproduction showed a linear relationship (r=0.83, p<0.05) with ANT concentrations. The linear regression analysis of the effect of B(a)P on the superoxide anion overproduction showed a good coefficient (r=0.97, p<0.01), showed that ANT and B(a)P exposure induces PpIX accumulation, probably by disruption of the haem biosynthesis. ANT and B(a)P induce SO overproduction, perhaps through a process of redox cycling. Copyright © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Retargeting of adenovirus vectors through genetic fusion of a single-chain or single-domain antibody to capsid protein IX.

PubMed

Poulin, Kathy L; Lanthier, Robert M; Smith, Adam C; Christou, Carin; Risco Quiroz, Milagros; Powell, Karen L; O'Meara, Ryan W; Kothary, Rashmi; Lorimer, Ian A; Parks, Robin J

2010-10-01

Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are the most commonly used system for gene therapy applications, due in part to their ability to infect a wide array of cell types and tissues. However, many therapies would benefit from the ability to target the Ad vector only to specific cells, such as tumor cells for cancer gene therapy. In this study, we investigated the utility of capsid protein IX (pIX) as a platform for the presentation of single-chain variable-fragment antibodies (scFv) and single-domain antibodies (sdAb) for virus retargeting. We show that scFv can be displayed on the capsid through genetic fusion to native pIX but that these molecules fail to retarget the virus, due to improper folding of the scFv. Redirecting expression of the fusion protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) results in correct folding of the scFv and allows it to recognize its epitope; however, ER-targeted pIX-scFv was incorporated into the Ad capsid at a very low level which was not sufficient to retarget virus infection. In contrast, a pIX-sdAb construct was efficiently incorporated into the Ad capsid and enhanced virus infection of cells expressing the targeted receptor. Taken together, our data indicate that pIX is an effective platform for presentation of large targeting polypeptides on the surface of the virus capsid, but the nature of the ligand can significantly affect its association with virions.
Specific Binding of Protoporphyrin IX to a Membrane-Bound 63 Kilodalton Polypeptide in Cucumber Cotyledons Treated with Diphenyl Ether-Type Herbicides.

PubMed

Sato, R; Oshio, H; Koike, H; Inoue, Y; Yoshida, S; Takahashi, N

1991-06-01

Porphyrin accumulation in excised cucumber cotyledons (Cucumis sativus L.) treated with a N-phenylimide S-23142 (N-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-propargyloxyphenyl]-3,4,5,6- tetrahydrophthalimide) and a diphenylether acifluorfen-ethyl (ethyl-5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitro benzoic acid) was studied. Most of the accumulated porphyrins were found in the membrane fractions of 6,000g and 30,000g pellets, forming a complex with a membrane polypeptide. The complex was solubilized with 1% n-dodecyl beta-d-maltoside and its molecular mass was estimated to be 63,000 and 66,000 daltons by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel permeation high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. The polypeptide also existed in untreated cotyledons but had little protoporphyrin IX. The complex was also formed in vitro by mixing the 30,000g pellets from untreated cotyledons and authentic protoporphyrin IX. However, protoporphyrin IX formed the complex specifically with the 63,000 dalton polypeptide and not with the other proteins both in vivo and in vitro. At least four fluorescent porphyrins, including protoporphyrin IX, were found in the acetone extract of the cotyledons by HPLC using a reversed phase column. Protoporphyrin IX was one of the two porphyrins that formed the complex. These results suggest that S-23142 and acifluorfenethyl enhance the accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, which forms the complex with the membrane protein.
ALA-induced PpIX spectroscopy for brain tumor image-guided surgery

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valdes, Pablo A.; Leblond, Frederic; Kim, Anthony; Harris, Brent T.; Wilson, Brian C.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Roberts, David W.

2011-03-01

Maximizing the extent of brain tumor resection correlates with improved survival and quality of life outcomes in patients. Optimal surgical resection requires accurate discrimination between normal and abnormal, cancerous tissue. We present our recent experience using quantitative optical spectroscopy in 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence-guided resection. Exogenous administration of ALA leads to preferential accumulation in tumor tissue of the fluorescent compound, PpIX, which can be used for in vivo surgical guidance. Using the state of the art approach with a fluorescence surgical microscope, we have been able to visualize a subset of brain tumors, but the sensitivity and accuracy of fluorescence detection for tumor tissue with this system are low. To take full advantage of the biological selectivity of PpIX accumulation in brain tumors, we used a quantitative optical spectroscopy system for in vivo measurements of PpIX tissue concentrations. We have shown that, using our quantitative approach for determination of biomarker concentrations, ALA-induced PpIX fluorescence-guidance can achieve accuracies of greater than 90% for most tumor histologies. Here we show multivariate analysis of fluorescence and diffuse reflectance signals in brain tumors with comparable diagnostic performance to our previously reported quantitative approach. These results are promising, since they show that technological improvements in current fluorescence-guided surgical technologies and more biologically relevant approaches are required to take full advantage of fluorescent biomarkers, achieve better tumor identification, increase extent of resection, and subsequently, lead to improve survival and quality of life in patients.
Perceptions of Women's Teams Coaches Regarding Gender Equity and Title IX Compliance in Community Colleges

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kenney, Cynthia A.

2013-01-01

Title IX was enacted over 40 years ago, and although there have been marked increases in the number of girls and women participating in athletics at every level, gender equity in athletics continues to be a concern. This is especially evident at the community college level. Title IX requires equity in the areas of opportunities for participation,…
"To Study the Relationship of Academic Stress and Socio-Economic Status among IX Standard Students of Raipur City"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khan, Suhail Ahmed; Ayyub, Khan Farhat

2013-01-01

This paper focuses on the relationship between academic stress and socio-economic status among IX standard students. The research was carried out in Raipur City (Chhattisgarh) on a sample of 600 IX standard students of English and Hindi medium schools. Academic Stress was measured by Stress Inventory for School Students prepared by Seema Rani…
Perceptions of Title IX Administrators in Arkansas Institutions of Higher Education on Implementing Office for Civil Rights Guidance: A Qualitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jones, Arch

2017-01-01

With the significant pressure placed on higher education administrators, and more specifically Title IX Coordinators, to manage compliance of the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) guidance on Title IX, this study has focused on the perceptions of the of individuals tasked with this obligation. To determine from the individuals on the front line of…
Understanding Drug Resistance to Targeted Therapeutics in Malignant B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders (B-LPDs)

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-10-01

18. Munari F et al. Tumor-associated macrophages as major source of APRIL in gastric MALT lymphoma . Blood 2011,117(24)6612-6616. 19. Mackay F et al... Lymphoma (CLL/SLL)  microenvironment  B-cell receptor (BCR)  C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR-4/CD184)  lenalidomide  plerixafor...AND LICENSES: Nothing to report VIII. REPORTABLE OUTCOMES: Nothing to report IX. OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS: A. Funding Applications 1. Lymphoma
KSC-2009-2794

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the yellow framework at center will undergo a fit check. Nicknamed the "birdcage," it is the lifting fixture that will have the ability to lift the Crew Module, or CM, and Launch Abort System, or LAS, assembly for the Ares I-X rocket. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-3118

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-05-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the framework known as the "birdcage" is placed over the Ares I-X simulator crew module-launch abort system, or CM-LAS. The birdcage will be used to lift the CM-LAS to mate the stack with the simulator service module-service adapter stack. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2797

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the yellow framework at top, nicknamed the "birdcage," is lifted high above the floor for a fit check with the Crew Module, or CM, and Launch Abort System, or LAS, assembly at lower left for the Ares I-X rocket. Ares I-X is the flight test for the Ares I. The I-X flight will provide NASA an early opportunity to test and prove hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with Ares I. The launch of the 327-foot-tall, full-scale Ares I-X is targeted for July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
KSC-2009-6024

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-30

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The solid rocket booster recovery ship Freedom Star, towing the spent first stage of NASA's Ares I-X rocket, passes through Port Canaveral in Florida. Following the launch of the Ares I-X flight test, the booster splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was recovered. Liftoff of the 6-minute flight test was at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. This was the first launch from Kennedy's pads of a vehicle other than the space shuttle since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired. The parts used to make the Ares I-X booster flew on 30 different shuttle missions ranging from STS-29 in 1989 to STS-106 in 2000. The data returned from more than 700 sensors throughout the rocket will be used to refine the design of future launch vehicles and bring NASA one step closer to reaching its exploration goals. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-6027

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-30

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The solid rocket booster recovery ship Freedom Star delivers the spent first stage of NASA's Ares I-X rocket to Hangar AF at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Following the launch of the Ares I-X flight test, the booster splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was recovered. Liftoff of the 6-minute flight test was at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. This was the first launch from Kennedy's pads of a vehicle other than the space shuttle since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired. The parts used to make the Ares I-X booster flew on 30 different shuttle missions ranging from STS-29 in 1989 to STS-106 in 2000. The data returned from more than 700 sensors throughout the rocket will be used to refine the design of future launch vehicles and bring NASA one step closer to reaching its exploration goals. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5536

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket clears the door of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, on its way to Launch Pad 39B. The move to the launch pad, known as "rollout," began at 1:39 a.m. EDT. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Jack Pfaller
Factor IX expression in skeletal muscle of a severe hemophilia B patient 10 years after AAV-mediated gene transfer.

PubMed

Buchlis, George; Podsakoff, Gregory M; Radu, Antonetta; Hawk, Sarah M; Flake, Alan W; Mingozzi, Federico; High, Katherine A

2012-03-29

In previous work we transferred a human factor IX-encoding adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) into skeletal muscle of men with severe hemophilia B. Biopsy of injected muscle up to 1 year after vector injection showed evidence of gene transfer by Southern blot and of protein expression by IHC and immunofluorescent staining. Although the procedure appeared safe, circulating F.IX levels remained subtherapeutic (< 1%). Recently, we obtained muscle tissue from a subject injected 10 years earlier who died of causes unrelated to gene transfer. Using Western blot, IHC, and immunofluorescent staining, we show persistent factor IX expression in injected muscle tissue. F.IX transcripts were detected in injected skeletal muscle using RT-PCR, and isolated whole genomic DNA tested positive for the presence of the transferred AAV vector sequence. This is the longest reported transgene expression to date from a parenterally administered AAV vector, with broad implications for the future of muscle-directed gene transfer.
Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence as potential indicator of psoriasis severity and progression.

PubMed

Wang, Bo; Xu, Yu-Ting; Zhang, Li; Zheng, Jie; Sroka, Ronald; Wang, Hong-Wei; Wang, Xiu-Li

2017-09-01

In psoriatic lesions, fluorescence diagnosis with blue light can detect protoporphyrin IX accumulation, especially after topical 5-aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) application. However, variable fluorescence distributions, interpersonal variations and long incubation time limit its wide application in clinic. This study is aimed to identify a consistent and convenient method to facilitate diagnosis and evaluation of psoriatic lesions. 104 psoriatic lesions from 30 patients were evaluated. Single lesion PSI scoring and fluorescence by macrospectrofluorometry were recorded on each lesion before and after treatment with narrow-band UVB. Punctate red fluorescence, emitted mainly by protoporphyrin IX, is observed in some psoriatic lesions. According to psoriasis severity index, fluorescence-positive lesions are more severe than lesions without fluorescence. We found a significant positive correlation between psoriasis severity and fluorescence intensity from protoporphyrin IX. Protoporphyrin IX-induced red fluorescence can be used as a novel and convenient approach for psoriasis diagnosis and progression evaluation. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Understanding Noncompliance: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Title IX Sexual Misconduct Violations Using the Office for Civil Rights Investigative Findings

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schaffer, Lenore

2017-01-01

On April 4, 2011, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights (OCR) released a Dear Colleague Letter (DCL) reminding higher education institutions (HEIs) of their obligations under Title IX to respond to complaints of sexual misconduct. The 2011 DCL was meant to be a guidance document to assist HEIs in complying with Title IX, but…
KSC-2009-2742

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-17

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians are seen inside the Ares I-X segment installing the roll control system. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
5-ALA based photodynamic management of glioblastoma

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rühm, Adrian; Stepp, Herbert; Beyer, Wolfgang; Hennig, Georg; Pongratz, Thomas; Sroka, Ronald; Schnell, Oliver; Tonn, Jörg-Christian; Kreth, Friedrich-Wilhelm

2014-03-01

Objective: Improvement of the clinical outcome of glioblastoma (GBM) patients by employment of fluorescence and photosensitization on the basis of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX). Methods: In this report the focus is laid on the use of tumor selective PpIX fluorescence for stereotactic biopsy sampling and intra-operative treatment monitoring. In addition, our current concept for treatment planning is presented. For stereotactic interstitial photodynamic therapy (iPDT), radial diffusers were implanted into the contrast enhancing tumor volume. Spectroscopic measurements of laser light transmission and fluorescence between adjacent fibers were performed prior, during and post PDT. Results: PpIX concentrations in primary glioblastoma tissue show high intra- and inter-patient variability, but are usually sufficient for an effective PDT. During individual treatment attempts with 5-ALA based GBM-iPDT, transmission and fluorescence measurements between radial diffusers gave the following results: 1. In some cases, transmission after PDT is considerably reduced compared to the value before PDT, which may be attributable to a depletion of oxygenated hemoglobin and/or diffuse bleeding. 2. PpIX fluorescence is efficiently photobleached during PDT in all cases. Conclusion: iPDT with assessment of PpIX fluorescence and photobleaching is a promising treatment option. Individualization of treatment parameters appears to bear a potential to further improve clinical outcomes.
Monte Carlo modeling of in vivo protoporphyrin IX fluorescence and singlet oxygen production during photodynamic therapy for patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinomas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Valentine, Ronan M.; Brown, C. Tom A.; Moseley, Harry; Ibbotson, Sally; Wood, Kenny

2011-04-01

We present protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence measurements acquired from patients presenting with superficial basal cell carcinoma during photodynamic therapy (PDT) treatment, facilitating in vivo photobleaching to be monitored. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, taking into account photobleaching, are performed on a three-dimensional cube grid, which represents the treatment geometry. Consequently, it is possible to determine the spatial and temporal changes to the origin of collected fluorescence and generated singlet oxygen. From our clinical results, an in vivo photobleaching dose constant, β of 5-aminolaevulinic acid-induced PpIX fluorescence is found to be 14 +/- 1 J/cm2. Results from our MC simulations suggest that an increase from our typical administered treatment light dose of 75-150 J/cm2 could increase the effective PDT treatment initially achieved at a depth of 2.7-3.3 mm in the tumor, respectively. Moreover, this increase reduces the surface PpIX fluorescence from 0.00012 to 0.000003 of the maximum value recorded before treatment. The recommendation of administrating a larger light dose, which advocates an increase in the treatment time after surface PpIX fluorescence has diminished, remains valid for different sets of optical properties and therefore should have a beneficial outcome on the total treatment effect.

Optical spectroscopy for stereotactic biopsy of brain tumors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markwardt, Niklas; von Berg, Anna; Fiedler, Sebastian; Goetz, Marcus; Haj-Hosseini, Neda; Polzer, Christoph; Stepp, Herbert; Zelenkov, Petr; Rühm, Adrian

2015-07-01

Stereotactic biopsy procedure is performed to obtain a tissue sample for diagnosis purposes. Currently, a fiber-based mechano-optical device for stereotactic biopsies of brain tumors is developed. Two different fluorophores are employed to improve the safety and reliability of this procedure: The fluorescence of intravenously applied indocyanine green (ICG) facilitates the recognition of blood vessels and thus helps minimize the risk of cerebral hemorrhages. 5- aminolevulinic-acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence is used to localize vital tumor tissue. ICG fluorescence detection using a 2-fiber probe turned out to be an applicable method to recognize blood vessels about 1.5 mm ahead of the fiber tip during a brain tumor biopsy. Moreover, the suitability of two different PpIX excitation wavelengths regarding practical aspects was investigated: While PpIX excitation in the violet region (at 405 nm) allows for higher sensitivity, red excitation (at 633 nm) is noticeably superior with regard to blood layers obscuring the fluorescence signal. Contact measurements on brain simulating agar phantoms demonstrated that a typical blood coverage of the tumor reduces the PpIX signal to about 75% and nearly 0% for 633 nm and 405 nm excitation, respectively. As a result, 633 nm seems to be the wavelength of choice for PpIX-assisted detection of high-grade gliomas in stereotactic biopsy.
Preclinical evaluation of spatial frequency domain-enabled wide-field quantitative imaging for enhanced glioma resection

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sibai, Mira; Fisher, Carl; Veilleux, Israel; Elliott, Jonathan T.; Leblond, Frederic; Roberts, David W.; Wilson, Brian C.

2017-07-01

5-Aminolevelunic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence-guided resection (FGR) enables maximum safe resection of glioma by providing real-time tumor contrast. However, the subjective visual assessment and the variable intrinsic optical attenuation of tissue limit this technique to reliably delineating only high-grade tumors that display strong fluorescence. We have previously shown, using a fiber-optic probe, that quantitative assessment using noninvasive point spectroscopic measurements of the absolute PpIX concentration in tissue further improves the accuracy of FGR, extending it to surgically curable low-grade glioma. More recently, we have shown that implementing spatial frequency domain imaging with a fluorescent-light transport model enables recovery of two-dimensional images of [PpIX], alleviating the need for time-consuming point sampling of the brain surface. We present first results of this technique modified for in vivo imaging on an RG2 rat brain tumor model. Despite the moderate errors in retrieving the absorption and reduced scattering coefficients in the subdiffusive regime of 14% and 19%, respectively, the recovered [PpIX] maps agree within 10% of the point [PpIX] values measured by the fiber-optic probe, validating its potential as an extension or an alternative to point sampling during glioma resection.
Prognostic Relevance of the Expression of CA IX, GLUT-1, and VEGF in Ovarian Epithelial Cancers

PubMed Central

Kim, Kyungbin; Park, Won Young; Kim, Jee Yeon; Sol, Mee Young; Shin, Dong Hun; Park, Do Youn; Lee, Chang Hun; Lee, Jeong Hee

2012-01-01

Background Tumor hypoxia is associated with malignant progression and treatment resistance. Hypoxia-related factors, such as carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) permit tumor cell adaptation to hypoxia. We attempted to elucidate the correlation of these markers with variable clinicopathological factors and overall prognosis. Methods Immunohistochemistry for CA IX, GLUT-1, and VEGF was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 125 cases of ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC). Results CA IX expression was significantly associated with an endometrioid and mucinous histology, nuclear grade, tumor necrosis, and mitosis. GLUT-1 expression was associated with tumor necrosis and mitosis. VEGF expression was correlated only with disease recurrence. Expression of each marker was not significant in terms of overall survival in OECs; however, there was a significant correlation between poor overall survival rate and high coexpression of these markers. Conclusions The present study suggests that it is questionable whether CA IX, GLUT-1, or VEGF can be used alone as independent prognostic factors in OECs. Using at least two markers helps to predict patient outcomes in total OECs. Moreover, the inhibition of two target gene combinations might prove to be a novel anticancer therapy. PMID:23323103
Epitope Capsid-Incorporation: New Effective Approach for Vaccine Development for Chagas Disease

PubMed Central

Matthews, Qiana L.; Farrow, Anitra L.; Rachakonda, Girish; Gu, Linlin; Nde, Pius; Krendelchtchikov, Alexandre; Pratap, Siddharth; Sakhare, Shruti S.; Sabbaj, Steffanie; Lima, Maria F.; Villalta, Fernando

2016-01-01

Background Previously we reported that a hexon-modified adenovirus (Ad) vector containing the invasive neutralizing epitope of Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) trypomastigote gp83 (Ad5-gp83) provided immunoprotection against T. cruzi infection. The purpose of this work was to design an improved vaccine for T. cruzi using a novel epitope capsid incorporation strategy. Thus, we evaluated the immunoprotection raised by co-immunization with Ad5-gp83 and an Ad vector containing an epitope (ASP-M) of the T. cruzi amastigote surface protein 2. Methods Protein IX (pIX)-modified Ad vector (Ad5-pIX-ASP-M) was generated, characterized, and validated. C3H/He mice were immunized with Ad5-pIX-ASP-M and Ad5-gp83 and the cell-mediated responses were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and intracellular staining. Immunized mice were challenged with T. cruzi to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. Results Our findings indicate that Ad5-pIX-ASP-M was viable. Specific CD8+ T-cell mediated responses prior to the challenge show an increase in IFNγ and TNFα production. A single immunization with Ad5-pIX-ASP-M provided protection from T. cruzi infection, but co-immunizations with Ad5-pIX-ASP-M and Ad5-gp83 provided a higher immunoprotection and increased survival rate of mice. Conclusions Overall, these results suggest that the combination of gp83 and ASP-M specific epitopes onto the capsid-incorporated adenoviruses would provide superior protection against Chagas disease as compared with Ad5-gp83 alone. PMID:27709126
Oxygen saturation and perfusion changes during dermatological methylaminolaevulinate photodynamic therapy.

PubMed

Tyrrell, J; Thorn, C; Shore, A; Campbell, S; Curnow, A

2011-12-01

Methylaminolaevulinate (MAL)-photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a successful topical treatment for a number of (pre)cancerous dermatological conditions. In combination, light of the appropriate wavelength, the photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) and tissue oxygen result in the production of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species inducing cell death. This study investigates real-time changes in localized tissue blood oxygen saturation and perfusion in conjunction with PpIX fluorescence monitoring for the first time during dermatological MAL-PDT. Oxygen saturation, perfusion and PpIX fluorescence were monitored noninvasively utilizing optical reflectance spectroscopy, laser Doppler perfusion imaging and a fluorescence imaging system, respectively. Patients attending for standard dermatological MAL-PDT were recruited to this ethically approved study and monitored prior to, during and after light irradiation. Significant reductions in mean blood oxygen saturation (P < 0·005) and PpIX fluorescence (P < 0·001) were observed within the first minute of irradiation (4·75 J cm(-2) ) while, in contrast, perfusion was observed to increase significantly (P < 0·01) during treatment. The changes in oxygen saturation and PpIX fluorescence were positively correlated during the initial phase of treatment (r(2) = 0·766). Rapid reductions in the localized blood oxygen saturation have been observed for the first time to occur clinically within the initial minutes of light irradiation and positively correlate with the concurrent PpIX photobleaching. Furthermore, perfusion increases, suggesting that the microvasculature compensates for the PDT-induced oxygen depletion. © 2011 The Authors. BJD © 2011 British Association of Dermatologists 2011.
An intraoperative spectroscopic imaging system for quantification of Protoporphyrin IX during glioma surgery (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Angulo-Rodríguez, Leticia M.; Laurence, Audrey; Jermyn, Michael; Sheehy, Guillaume; Sibai, Mira; Petrecca, Kevin; Roberts, David W.; Paulsen, Keith D.; Wilson, Brian C.; Leblond, Frédéric

2016-03-01

Cancer tissue often remains after brain tumor resection due to the inability to detect the full extent of cancer during surgery, particularly near tumor boundaries. Commercial systems are available for intra-operative real-time aminolevulenic acid (ALA)-induced protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) fluorescence imaging. These are standard white-light neurosurgical microscopes adapted with optical components for fluorescence excitation and detection. However, these instruments lack sensitivity and specificity, which limits the ability to detect low levels of PpIX and distinguish it from tissue auto-fluorescence. Current systems also cannot provide repeatable and un-biased quantitative fluorophore concentration values because of the unknown and highly variable light attenuation by tissue. We present a highly sensitive spectroscopic fluorescence imaging system that is seamlessly integrated onto a neurosurgical microscope. Hardware and software were developed to achieve through-microscope spatially-modulated illumination for 3D profilometry and to use this information to extract tissue optical properties to correct for the effects of tissue light attenuation. This gives pixel-by-pixel quantified fluorescence values and improves detection of low PpIX concentrations. This is achieved using a high-sensitivity Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD) with a Liquid Crystal Tunable Filter (LCTF) whereby spectral bands are acquired sequentially; and a snapshot camera system with simultaneous acquisition of all bands is used for profilometry and optical property recovery. Sensitivity and specificity to PpIX is demonstrated using brain tissue phantoms and intraoperative human data acquired in an on-going clinical study using PpIX fluorescence to guide glioma resection.
Infectious bronchitis virus and brown shell colour: Australian strains of infectious bronchitis virus affect brown eggshell colour in commercial laying hens differently.

PubMed

Samiullah, Sami; Roberts, Juliet; Chousalkar, Kapil

2016-10-01

The aim of the current study was to assess any effect of wild and vaccine Australian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains on shell colour in brown-shelled eggs. In Experiment 1, eggs were collected from day 1 to day 13 post-inoculation (p.i.) from unvaccinated laying hens challenged with IBV wild strains T and N1/88 and from a negative control group of hens. In Experiment 2, eggs were collected from 2 to 22 days p.i. from unvaccinated and vaccinated laying hens challenged with either a wild or a vaccine strain of IBV. In Experiment 1, there was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of day p.i. and of viral strain on shell reflectivity, L* and protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) in eggshells, with and without cuticle. The mean PP IX/g of shell with and without cuticle was significantly higher on day 1 p.i. compared to day 7, after which PP IX increased with day p.i. In Experiment 2, shell reflectivity and L* increased and PP IX decreased with increased day p.i. until day 12. Shell reflectivity and L* decreased slightly after day 12 and increased again towards day 22. Shell reflectivity, L* and PP IX were not significantly different for eggshells from unvaccinated and vaccinated laying hens in the intact eggshell, but were significantly different in shells from which cuticle had been removed. In conclusion, the IBV strains reduced the intensity of brown shell colour to different extents with a lower amount of PP IX in eggshells.
Ares I-X Flight Test - On the Fast Track to the Future

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Stephan R.; Robinson, Kimberly F.

2008-01-01

In less than two years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the Ares I-X mission. This will be the first flight of the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, will send humans to the Moon and beyond. Personnel from the Ares I-X Mission Management Office (MMO) are finalizing designs and fabricating vehicle hardware for an April 2009 launch. Ares I-X will be a suborbital development flight test that will gather critical data about the flight dynamics of the integrated launch vehicle stack; understand how to control its roll during flight; better characterize the severe stage separation environments that the upper stage engine will experience during future flights; and demonstrate the first stage recovery system. NASA also will modify the launch infrastructure and ground and mission operations. The Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle (FTV) will incorporate flight and mockup hardware similar in mass and weight to the operational vehicle. It will be powered by a four-segment Solid Rocket Booster (SRB), which is currently in Shuttle inventory, and will include a fifth spacer segment and new forward structures to make the booster approximately the same size and weight as the five-segment SRB. The Ares I-X flight profile will closely approximate the flight conditions that the Ares I will experience through Mach 4.5, up to approximately130,OOO feet and through maximum dynamic pressure ("Max Q") of approximately 800 pounds per square foot. Data from the Ares I-X flight will support the Ares I Critical Design Review (CDR), scheduled for 2010. Work continues on Ares I-X design and hardware fabrication. All of the individual elements are undergoing CDRs, followed by an integrated vehicle CDR in March 2008. The various hardware elements are on schedule to begin deliveries to Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in early September 2008.
Photocatalytic reduction of nitrate using titanium dioxide for regeneration of ion exchange brine.

PubMed

Yang, Ting; Doudrick, Kyle; Westerhoff, Paul

2013-03-01

Nitrate is often removed from groundwater by ion exchange (IX) before its use as drinking water. Accumulation of nitrate in IX brine reduces the efficiency of IX regeneration and the useful life of the regeneration brine. For the first time, we present a strategy to photocatalytically reduce nitrate in IX brine, thereby extending the use of the brine. Titanium dioxide (Evonik P90), acting as photocatalyst, reduced nitrate effectively in both synthetic brines and sulfate-removed IX brine when formic acid (FA) was used as the hole scavenger (i.e., electron donor) and the initial FA to nitrate molar ratio (IFNR) was 5.6. Increasing the NaCl level in the synthetic brine slowed the nitrate reduction rate without affecting by-product selectivity of ammonium and gaseous N species (e.g., N(2), N(2)O). In a non-modified IX brine, nitrate removal was greatly inhibited owing to the presence of sulfate, which competed with nitrate for active surface sites on P90 and induced aggregation of P90 nanoparticles. After removing sulfate through barium sulfate precipitation, nitrate was effectively reduced; approximately 3.6 × 10(24) photons were required to reduce each mole of nitrate to 83% N Gases and 17% NH(4)(+). To make optimum use of FA and control the residual FA level in treated brine, the IFNR was varied. High IFNRs (e.g., 4, 5.6) were found to be more efficient for nitrate reduction but left higher residual FA in brine. IX column tests were performed to investigate the impact of residual FA for brine reuse. The residual FA in the brine did not significantly affect the nitrate removal capacity of IX resins, and formate contamination of treated water could be eliminated by rinsing with one bed volume of fresh brine. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A phytoplasma closely related to the pigeon pea witches'-broom phytoplasma (16Sr IX) is associated with citrus huanglongbing symptoms in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

PubMed

Teixeira, D C; Wulff, N A; Martins, E C; Kitajima, E W; Bassanezi, R; Ayres, A J; Eveillard, S; Saillard, C; Bové, J M

2008-09-01

In February 2007, sweet orange trees with characteristic symptoms of huanglongbing (HLB) were encountered in a region of São Paulo state (SPs) hitherto free of HLB. These trees tested negative for the three liberibacter species associated with HLB. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product from symptomatic fruit columella DNA amplifications with universal primers fD1/rP1 was cloned and sequenced. The corresponding agent was found to have highest 16S rDNA sequence identity (99%) with the pigeon pea witches'-broom phytoplasma of group 16Sr IX. Sequences of PCR products obtained with phytoplasma 16S rDNA primer pairs fU5/rU3, fU5/P7 confirm these results. With two primers D7f2/D7r2 designed based on the 16S rDNA sequence of the cloned DNA fragment, positive amplifications were obtained from more than one hundred samples including symptomatic fruits and blotchy mottle leaves. Samples positive for phytoplasmas were negative for liberibacters, except for four samples, which were positive for both the phytoplasma and 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. The phytoplasma was detected by electron microscopy in the sieve tubes of midribs from symptomatic leaves. These results show that a phytoplasma of group IX is associated with citrus HLB symptoms in northern, central, and southern SPs. This phytoplasma has very probably been transmitted to citrus from an external source of inoculum, but the putative insect vector is not yet known.
KSC-2009-2466

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X upper stage simulator service module/service adapter segment has been installed on a stand. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. The Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-3586

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-08

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The Ares I-X aft skirt moves past the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on its way to the Rotation, Processing and Surge Facility. In the RPSF, it will be stacked with the aft motor to form the aft assembly. The complete Ares I-X will be assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building. The launch of Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann
KSC-2009-2896

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a crane lifts a second roll control system module for installation in an Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
KSC-2009-2899

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians complete installation of a second roll control system module in an Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
KSC-2009-3587

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-06-08

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The Ares I-X aft skirt moves past the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on its way to the Rotation, Processing and Surge Facility. In the RPSF, it will be stacked with the aft motor to form the aft assembly. The complete Ares I-X will be assembled in the Vehicle Assembly Building. The launch of Ares I-X is targeted for August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Jim Grossmann
KSC-2009-2898

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians maneuver a second roll control system module into place for installation in the Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
KSC-2009-2893

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a second roll control system module is ready to be installed in an Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
ARES I-X Launch Prep

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-26

NASA's Ares I-X rocket is seen on launch pad 39b at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Fla., Tuesday, Oct. 27, 2009 shortly after NASA scrubbed the launch attempt due to weather. The flight test of Ares I-X, now scheduled for Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2009, will provide NASA with an early opportunity to test and prove flight characteristics, hardware, facilities and ground operations associated with the Ares I. Photo Credit: (NASA/Bill Ingalls)
KSC-2009-2741

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-17

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, at left center, technicians install the roll control system in the Ares I-X segment in the center. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2739

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-17

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, at right, technicians get ready to install the roll control system in the Ares I-X segment at left. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Inelastic X-ray scattering of RTAl3 (R = La, Ce, T = Cu, Au)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsutsui, Satoshi; Kaneko, Koji; Pospisil, Jiri; Haga, Yoshinori

2018-05-01

Inelastic X-ray scattering (IXS) experiments of RTAl3 (R = La Ce, T = Cu, Au) were carried out at 300 and 5.5 K. The spectra between LaCuAl3 and CeCuAl3 (LaAuAl3 and CeAuAl3) are nearly identical at both temperatures except for temperature factors such as temperature dependence of Bose factor in IXS spectra and effect on thermal expansion. This means that no evident temperature dependence of IXS spectra was observed in CeTAl3 (T = Cu, Au). Since the major contribution of scattering cross section in IXS measurements is Thomson scattering, the present results failed to confirm the presence of vibron in these compounds.
Recommendations for Assessment of the Reliability, Sensitivity, and Validity of Data Provided by Wearable Sensors Designed for Monitoring Physical Activity.

PubMed

Düking, Peter; Fuss, Franz Konstantin; Holmberg, Hans-Christer; Sperlich, Billy

2018-04-30

Although it is becoming increasingly popular to monitor parameters related to training, recovery, and health with wearable sensor technology (wearables), scientific evaluation of the reliability, sensitivity, and validity of such data is limited and, where available, has involved a wide variety of approaches. To improve the trustworthiness of data collected by wearables and facilitate comparisons, we have outlined recommendations for standardized evaluation. We discuss the wearable devices themselves, as well as experimental and statistical considerations. Adherence to these recommendations should be beneficial not only for the individual, but also for regulatory organizations and insurance companies. ©Peter Düking, Franz Konstantin Fuss, Hans-Christer Holmberg, Billy Sperlich. Originally published in JMIR Mhealth and Uhealth (http://mhealth.jmir.org), 30.04.2018.
X-ray echo spectroscopy (Conference Presentation)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shvyd'ko, Yuri V.

2016-09-01

X-ray echo spectroscopy, a counterpart of neutron spin-echo, was recently introduced [1] to overcome limitations in spectral resolution and weak signals of the traditional inelastic x-ray scattering (IXS) probes. An image of a point-like x-ray source is defocused by a dispersing system comprised of asymmetrically cut specially arranged Bragg diffracting crystals. The defocused image is refocused into a point (echo) in a time-reversal dispersing system. If the defocused beam is inelastically scattered from a sample, the echo signal acquires a spatial distribution, which is a map of the inelastic scattering spectrum. The spectral resolution of the echo spectroscopy does not rely on the monochromaticity of the x-rays, ensuring strong signals along with a very high spectral resolution. Particular schemes of x-ray echo spectrometers for 0.1-meV and 0.02-meV ultra-high-resolution IXS applications (resolving power > 10^8) with broadband 5-13 meV dispersing systems will be presented featuring more than 1000-fold signal enhancement. The technique is general, applicable in different photon frequency domains. [1.] Yu. Shvyd'ko, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, accepted (2016), arXiv:1511.01526.
Region IX NSR/PSD Rule Making Backlog

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.
EPA Region IX Policy on PSD Permit Extensions

EPA Pesticide Factsheets

This document may be of assistance in applying the New Source Review (NSR) air permitting regulations including the Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) requirements. This document is part of the NSR Policy and Guidance Database. Some documents in the database are a scanned or retyped version of a paper photocopy of the original. Although we have taken considerable effort to quality assure the documents, some may contain typographical errors. Contact the office that issued the document if you need a copy of the original.
Drag Coefficient Comparisons Between Observed and Model Simulated Directional Wave Spectra Under Hurricane Conditions

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-04-19

of the ix flight segments ( white dots P1 to P6 shown in Fig. 3 ) to com- are the directional wave spectrum between the model and the RA measurement. At...September 14; and using constructed model spectra set C for (b) September 9, (d) September 12, and (f) September 14. The thick white line is the...model for hurri- cane conditions. The calibration factors (proportionality constants of the source functions) are determined from a comparison of modeled
Effect of production system and flock age on eggshell and egg internal quality measurements.

PubMed

Samiullah, Sami; Omar, Amal Saleh; Roberts, Juliet; Chousalkar, Kapil

2017-01-01

Egg quality was measured in eggs from different flocks that were reared together and then allocated to different production systems. Eggs were processed for measurements of eggshell and egg internal quality variables, scoring of ultrastructural mammillary layer features, completeness of cuticle cover, and protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) quantification. There was a significant main effect (P < 0.05) of production system on shell reflectivity, egg weight, and egg internal quality and significant effects of flock age on most measurements. The mammillary layer ultrastructural variables showed no clear relationship with production system and flock age. However, there was a significant interaction between production system and flock age for mammillary cap, early and late fusions. Cuticle cover ([Formula: see text]), was significantly higher in barn eggs (19.20), followed by free range (17.57), and cage eggs (15.99). Completeness of cuticle cover was significantly higher in eggs from the 44 week old flock than for 64 week and 73 week old flocks. For eggshells with cuticle intact, there was a significant main effect of both production system and flock age, and significant interaction between the two, for shell reflectivity, L*a*b* values and amount of PP IX. For PP IX, when this difference was calculated for the cuticle alone, there were no statistically significant differences. In 1 g of shell with and without cuticle, there was more PP IX in cage eggs (9.49 × 10 -8 , 7.90 × 10 -8 mM) followed by free range (8.24 × 10 -8 , 6.90 × 10 -8 mM), and barn eggs (8.64 × 10 -8 , 7.28 × 10 -8 mM). Similar trends were recorded for the amount of PP IX in 1 g of cuticle, but the difference was not statistically significant. The amount of PP IX decreased significantly with increasing flock age. Comparing the cage and barn production systems at 68 week of flock age, there was no difference for the amount of PP IX in shell with or without cuticle, or in the cuticle alone. Eggs from the cage production system were darker in color and contained more PP IX mainly within the calcareous part of the shell. For the barn production system, the completeness of cuticle cover was higher and egg weight generally lower. © 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.
Ares I-X Flight Test--The Future Begins Here

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Stephan R.; Robinson, Kimberly F.

2008-01-01

In less than one year, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the Ares I-X mission. This will be the first flight of the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, will send humans to the Moon and beyond. Personnel from the Ares I-X Mission Management Office (MMO) are finalizing designs and fabricating vehicle hardware for a 2009 launch. Ares I-X will be a suborbital development flight test that will gather critical data about the flight dynamics of the integrated launch vehicle stack; understand how to control its roll during flight; better characterize the severe stage separation environments that the upper stage engine will experience during future flights; and demonstrate the first stage recovery system. NASA also will modify the launch infrastructure and ground and mission operations. The Ares I-X Flight Test Vehicle (FTV) will incorporate flight and mockup hardware similar in mass and weight to the operational vehicle. It will be powered by a four-segment Solid Rocket Booster (SRB), which is currently in Shuttle inventory, and will include a fifth spacer segment and new forward structures to make the booster approximately the same size and weight as the five-segment SRB. The Ares I-X flight profile will closely approximate the flight conditions that the Ares I will experience through Mach 4.5, up to approximately 130,000 feet (39,600 meters (m)) and through maximum dynamic pressure ('Max Q') of approximately 800 pounds per square foot (38.3 kilopascals (kPa)). Data from the Ares I-X flight will support the Ares I Critical Design Review (CDR), scheduled for 2010. Work continues on Ares I-X design and hardware fabrication. All of the individual elements are undergoing CDRs, followed by a two-part integrated vehicle CDR in March and July 2008. The various hardware elements are on schedule to begin deliveries to Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in early September 2008. Ares I-X is the first step in the long journey to the Moon and farther destinations. This suborbital test will be NASA's first flight of a new human-rated launch vehicle in more than a generation. This promises to be an exciting time for NASA and the nation, as we reach for new goals in space exploration. A visual presentation is included.
Improving contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX for high-grade gliomas.

PubMed

Yamamoto, Junkoh; Kakeda, Shingo; Yoneda, Tetsuya; Ogura, Shun-Ichiro; Shimajiri, Shohei; Tanaka, Tohru; Korogi, Yukunori; Nishizawa, Shigeru

2017-03-01

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a gadolinium-based contrast agent is the gold standard for high-grade gliomas (HGGs). The compound 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) undergoes a high rate of cellular uptake, particularly in cancer cells. In addition, fluorescence-guided resection with 5-ALA is widely used for imaging HGGs. 5-ALA is water soluble, while protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) is water insoluble. It was speculated whether converting from 5-ALA to PpIX may relatively increase intracellular water content, and consequently, might enhance the T2 signal intensity in HGG. The aim of the present study was to assess whether 5-ALA-induced PpIX enhances the T2 signal intensity in patients with HGGs. A total of 4 patients who were candidates for HGG surgical treatment were prospectively analyzed with preoperative MRI. Patients received oral doses of 5-ALA (20 mg/kg) 3 h prior to anesthesia. At 2.5 h post-5-ALA administration, T2-weighted images (T2WIs) were obtained from all patients. Subsequently, tumors were evaluated via fluorescence using a modified operating microscope. Fluorescent tumor tissues were obtained to analyze the accumulation of 5-ALA-induced PpIX within the tumors, which was confirmed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The MRI T2 signal intensity within the tumors was evaluated prior to and following 5-ALA administration. Three glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) and 1 anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO) were included in the analysis. Intraoperatively, all GBMs exhibited strong fluorescence of 5-ALA-induced PpIX, whilst no fluorescence was observed in the AO sample. HPLC analysis indicated a higher accumulation of 5-ALA-induced PpIX in the GBM samples compared with the AO sample. In total, 48 regions of interest were identified within the tumors from T2-WIs. In the GBM group, the relative T2 signal intensity value within the tumors following 5-ALA administration was significantly increased compared with the T2 signal intensity value prior to 5-ALA administration (1.537±0.021 and 1.577±0.023, respectively; P=0.0055). No significant differences were observed in the AO group. These results suggest that the 5-ALA-induced PpIX enhanced the T2 signal intensity in HGG. Therefore, 5-ALA may be a potentially useful MRI contrast reagent for HGG.
Initial Assessment of the Ares I-X Launch Vehicle Upper Stage to Vibroacoustic Flight Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Larko, Jeffrey M.; Hughes, William O.

2008-01-01

The Ares I launch vehicle will be NASA s first new launch vehicle since 1981. Currently in design, it will replace the Space Shuttle in taking astronauts to the International Space Station, and will eventually play a major role in humankind s return to the Moon and eventually to Mars. Prior to any manned flight of this vehicle, unmanned test readiness flights will be flown. The first of these readiness flights, named Ares I-X, is scheduled to be launched in April 2009. The NASA Glenn Research Center is responsible for the design, manufacture, test and analysis of the Ares I-X upper stage simulator (USS) element. As part of the design effort, the structural dynamic response of the Ares I-X launch vehicle to its vibroacoustic flight environments must be analyzed. The launch vehicle will be exposed to extremely high acoustic pressures during its lift-off and aerodynamic stages of flight. This in turn will cause high levels of random vibration on the vehicle's outer surface that will be transmitted to its interior. Critical flight equipment, such as its avionics and flight guidance components are susceptible to damage from this excitation. This study addresses the modelling, analysis and predictions from examining the structural dynamic response of the Ares I-X upper stage to its vibroacoustic excitations. A statistical energy analysis (SEA) model was used to predict the high frequency response of the vehicle at locations of interest. Key to this study was the definition of the excitation fields corresponding to lift off acoustics and the unsteady aerodynamic pressure fluctuations during flight. The predicted results will be used by the Ares I-X Project to verify the flight qualification status of the Ares I-X upper stage components.
Analysis of the in vitro and in vivo effects of photodynamic therapy on prostate cancer by using new photosensitizers, protoporphyrin IX-polyamine derivatives.

PubMed

Fidanzi-Dugas, Chloë; Liagre, Bertrand; Chemin, Guillaume; Perraud, Aurélie; Carrion, Claire; Couquet, Claude-Yves; Granet, Robert; Sol, Vincent; Léger, David Yannick

2017-07-01

Photodynamic therapy, using porphyrins as photosensitizers (PS), has been approved in treatment of several solid tumors. However, commonly used PS induce death but also resistance pathways in cancer cells and an alteration of surrounding normal tissues. Because polyamines (PA) are actively accumulated in cancer cells by the Polyamine Transport System (PTS), they may enable PS to specifically target cancer cells. Here, we investigated whether new protoporphyrin IX-polyamine derivatives were effective PS against prostate cancer and whether PA increased PDT specificity after 630nm irradiation. CHO and CHO-MG cells (differing in their PTS activity) were used to assess efficacy of polyamine vectorization. MTT assays were performed on human prostate non-malignant (RWPE-1) and malignant (PC-3, DU 145 and LNCaP) cell lines to test PS phototoxicity. ROS generation, DNA fragmentation and cell signalling were assessed by ELISA/EIA, western-blots and gel shift assays. Finally, PS effects were studied on tumor growth in nude mice. Our PS were more effective on cancer cells compared to non-malignant cells and more effective than PpIX alone. PpIX-PA generated ROS production involved in induction of apoptotic intrinsic pathways. Different pathways involved in apoptosis resistance were studied: PS inhibited Bcl-2, Akt, and NF-κB but activated p38/COX-2/PGE 2 pathways which were not implicated in apoptosis resistance in our model. In vivo experiments showed PpIX-PA efficacy was greater than results obtained with PpIX. All together, our results showed that PpIX-PA exerted its maximum effects without activating resistance pathways and appears to be a good candidate for prostate cancer PDT treatment. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Harnessing cellular differentiation to improve ALA-based photodynamic therapy in an artificial skin model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maytin, Edward; Anand, Sanjay; Sato, Nobuyuki; Mack, Judith; Ortel, Bernhard

2005-04-01

During ALA-based photodynamic therapy (PDT), a pro-drug (aminolevulinic acid; ALA) is taken up by tumor cells and metabolically converted to a photosensitizing intermediate (protoporphyrin IX; PpIX). ALA-based PDT, while an emerging treatment modality, remains suboptimal for most cancers (e.g. squamous cell carcinoma of the skin). Many treatment failures may be largely due to insufficient conversion of ALA to PpIX within cells. We discovered a novel way to increase the conversion of ALA to PpIX, by administering agents that can drive terminal differentiation (i.e., accelerate cellular maturation). Terminally-differentiated epithelial cells show higher levels of intracellular PpIX, apparently via increased levels of a rate-limiting enzyme, coproporphyrinogen oxidase (CPO). To study these mechanisms in a three-dimensional tissue, we developed an organotypic model that mimics true epidermal physiology in a majority of respects. A line of rat epidermal keratinocytes (REKs), when grown in raft cultures, displays all the features of a fully-differentiated epidermis. Addition of ALA to the culture medium results in ALA uptake and PpIX synthesis, with subsequent death of keratinocytes upon exposure to blue light. Using this model, we can manipulate cellular differentiation via three different approaches. (1) Vitamin D, a hormone that enhances keratinocyte differentiation; (2) Hoxb13, a nuclear transcription factor that affects the genetically-controlled differentiation program of stratifying cells (3) Hyaluronan, an abundant extracellular matrix molecule that regulates epidermal differentiation. Because the raft cultures contain only a single cell type (no blood, fibroblasts, etc.) the effects of terminal differentiation upon CPO, PpIX, and keratinocyte cell death can be specifically defined.
A Comparative Evaluation of the Influence of Command Set Methods on Microleakage of Glass Ionomer Cement: An In Vitro Study.

PubMed

Punnathara, Sairaj; Krishnakumar, Ramalingam; Govindarajan, Mohan; Kanaran, Momeka; Philip, Sunil Thomas; Nair, Aswin Saseendran; Peter, Joby

2017-06-01

A major challenge when using glass ionomer cement in clinical situation particularly in paediatric dentistry is to overcome the problem of microleakage. Fast or command setting of Type IX glass ionomer cement using external energy source enhances the setting reaction and results in improved initial physical and mechanical properties. To compare and evaluate the influence of ultrasonic activation, halogen light irradiation and combined effect of both on microleakage of enamel adjacent to Type IX glass ionomer restorations. For forty premolar teeth, standard Class V cavities prepared were restored with GC Gold Label Type IX glass ionomer cement in vitro. The specimens were randomly divided into four groups: 1) Control group; 2) halogen group; 3) ultrasonic group; 4) ultrasonic with halogen group. The teeth were kept in distilled water for 24 hours. Teeth were exposed to 1500 thermocycles at temperature of 12°C ±2 and 60°C ±2 with alternate immersion in hot and cold water for one minute. First teeth were immersed in dye solution for four hours and then in developing solution for four hours. The samples were sectioned buccolingually through centre of the restorations and degree of dye penetration was assessed under stereomicroscope and scored. One-Way ANOVA model was constructed followed by post-hoc Tukey's test for multiple pair wise comparison of mean values. Statistically significant differences were found in microleakage among the four groups (p<0.001) with respect to dye penetration. Halogen group showed least microleakage followed by control but differences between them were statistically not significant (p>0.05). Similarly the differences between Ultrasonic plus halogen group and ultrasonic group were not significant (p>0.05). The differences between ultrasonic and halogen group were statistically significant (p<0.05). Halogen light decreases the microleakage of enamel adjacent to GC Type IX glass ionomer restorations, when used to accelerate the setting reaction of glass ionomers and can be used as command set method in paediatric dentistry.
KSC-2009-2464

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a large crane lifts the Ares I-X upper stage simulator service module/service adapter segment to move it to a stand. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. The Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2894

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians maneuver the crane that will lift a second roll control system module for installation in an Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
KSC-2009-5249

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-25

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The Ares I-X rocket stands tall inside NASA Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building Bay 3. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is the essential core of a space transportation system that eventually will carry crewed missions back to the moon, on to Mars and out into the solar system . The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2897

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-29

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –– In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, technicians are ready to maneuver a second roll control system module into place for installation in the Ares I-X segment. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in August 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Dimitri Gerondidakis
KSC-2009-2740

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-17

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In high bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, at left center, technicians get ready to install the roll control system in the Ares I-X segment in the center. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
Forecasting Maintenance Shortcomings of a Planned Equipment Density Listing in Support of Expeditionary Missions

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-06-01

importantly, it examines the methodology used to build the class IX block embarked on ship prior to deployment. The class IX block is defined as a repository...compared to historical data to evaluate model and simulation outputs. This thesis provides recommendations on improving the methodology implemented in...improving the level of organic support available to deployed units. More importantly, it examines the methodology used to build the class IX block
Qualitative cosmology - Diagrammatic solutions for Bianchi type IX universes with expansion, rotation, and shear. II.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ryan, M. P., Jr.

1971-01-01

The investigation of expanding, rotating, shearing Bianchi type IX universes is extended to the most general case possible. Use is made of the techniques of Arnowitt et al. (1962). It is shown that the conclusion reached by Arnowitt et al. regarding the small effect of rotation on the singularity of type IX universes is true in general. The superspace approach to the motion of the universe is discussed in an appendix.

Ares I-X Flight Test - The Future Begins Here

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Stephan R.

2008-01-01

In less than two years, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) will launch the Ares I-X mission. This will be the first flight of the Ares I crew launch vehicle, which, together with the Ares V cargo launch vehicle, will eventually send humans to the Moon, Mars, and beyond. As the countdown to this first Ares mission continues, personnel from across the Ares I-X Mission Management Office (MMO) are finalizing designs and fabricating vehicle hardware for an April 2009 launch. This paper will discuss the hardware and programmatic progress of the Ares I-X mission. Like the Apollo program, the Ares launch vehicles will rely upon extensive ground, flight, and orbital testing before sending the Orion crew exploration vehicle into space with humans on board. The first flight of Ares I, designated Ares I-X, will be a suborbital development flight test. Ares I-X gives NASA its first opportunity to gather critical data about the flight dynamics of the integrated launch vehicle stack; understand how to control its roll during flight; better characterize the severe stage separation environments that the upper stage engine will experience during future operational flights; and demonstrate the first stage recovery system. NASA also will begin modifying the launch infrastructure and fine-tuning ground and mission operations, as the agency makes the transition from the Space Shuttle to the Ares/Orion system.
Preparation of poly-L-lysine functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and their influence on viability of cancer cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khmara, I.; Koneracka, M.; Kubovcikova, M.; Zavisova, V.; Antal, I.; Csach, K.; Kopcansky, P.; Vidlickova, I.; Csaderova, L.; Pastorekova, S.; Zatovicova, M.

2017-04-01

This study was aimed at development of biocompatible amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles as carriers of specific antibodies able to detect and/or target cancer cells. Poly-L-lysine (PLL)-modified magnetic nanoparticle samples with different PLL/Fe3O4 content were prepared and tested to define the optimal PLL/Fe3O4 weight ratio. The samples were characterized for particle size and morphology (SEM, TEM and DLS), and surface properties (zeta potential measurements). The optimal PLL/Fe3O4 weight ratio of 1.0 based on both zeta potential and DLS measurements was in agreement with the UV/VIS measurements. Magnetic nanoparticles with the optimal PLL content were conjugated with antibody specific for the cancer biomarker carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), which is induced by hypoxia, a physiologic stress present in solid tumors and linked with aggressive tumor behavior. CA IX is localized on the cell surface with the antibody-binding epitope facing the extracellular space and is therefore suitable for antibody-based targeting of tumor cells. Here we showed that PLL/Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles exhibit cytotoxic activities in a cell type-dependent manner and bind to cells expressing CA IX when conjugated with the CA IX-specific antibody. These data support further investigations of the CA IX antibody-conjugated, magnetic field-guided/activated nanoparticles as tools in anticancer strategies.
Topical hexylaminolevulinate and aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy: complete arteriole vasoconstriction occurs frequently and depends on protoporphyrin IX concentration in vessel wall.

PubMed

Middelburg, T A; de Bruijn, H S; Tettero, L; van der Ploeg van den Heuvel, A; Neumann, H A M; de Haas, E R M; Robinson, D J

2013-09-05

Vascular responses to photodynamic therapy (PDT) may influence the availability of oxygen during PDT and the extent of tumor destruction after PDT. However, for topical PDT vascular effects are largely unknown. Arteriole and venule diameters were measured before and after hexylaminolevulinate (HAL) and aminolevulinic acid (ALA) PDT and related to the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) concentration in the vessel wall. A mouse skin fold chamber model and an intravital confocal microscope allowed direct imaging of the subcutaneous vessels underlying the treated area. In both HAL and ALA groups over 60% of arterioles constricted completely, while venules generally did not respond, except for two larger veins that constricted partially. Arteriole vasoconstriction strongly correlated with PpIX fluorescence intensity in the arteriole wall. Total PpIX fluorescence intensity was significantly higher for HAL than ALA for the whole area that was imaged but not for the arteriole walls. In conclusion, complete arteriole vasoconstriction occurs frequently in both HAL and ALA based topical PDT, especially when relatively high PpIX concentrations in arteriole walls are reached. Vasoconstriction will likely influence PDT effect and should be considered in studies on topical HAL and ALA-PDT. Also, our results may redefine the vasculature as a potential secondary target for topical PDT. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Comparative evaluation of compressive strength, diametral tensile strength and shear bond strength of GIC type IX, chlorhexidine-incorporated GIC and triclosan-incorporated GIC: An in vitro study.

PubMed

Jaidka, Shipra; Somani, Rani; Singh, Deepti J; Shafat, Shazia

2016-04-01

To comparatively evaluate the compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement type IX, chlorhexidine-incorporated glass ionomer cement, and triclosan-incorporated glass ionomer cement. In this study, glass ionomer cement type IX was used as a control. Chlorhexidine diacetate, and triclosan were added to glass ionomer cement type IX powder, respectively, in order to obtain 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5% concentrations of the respective experimental groups. Compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and shear bond strength were evaluated after 24 h using Instron Universal Testing Machine. The results obtained were statistically analyzed using the independent t-test, Dunnett test, and Tukey test. There was no statistical difference in the compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement type IX (control), 0.5% triclosan-glass ionomer cement, and 0.5% chlorhexidine-glass ionomer cement. The present study suggests that the compressive strength, diametral tensile strength, and shear bond strength of 0.5% triclosan-glass ionomer cement and 0.5% chlorhexidine-glass ionomer cement were similar to those of the glass ionomer cement type IX, discernibly signifying that these can be considered as viable options for use in pediatric dentistry with the additional value of antimicrobial property along with physical properties within the higher acceptable range.
White light-informed optical properties improve ultrasound-guided fluorescence tomography of photoactive protoporphyrin IX

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Flynn, Brendan P.; DSouza, Alisha V.; Kanick, Stephen C.; Davis, Scott C.; Pogue, Brian W.

2013-04-01

Subsurface fluorescence imaging is desirable for medical applications, including protoporphyrin-IX (PpIX)-based skin tumor diagnosis, surgical guidance, and dosimetry in photodynamic therapy. While tissue optical properties and heterogeneities make true subsurface fluorescence mapping an ill-posed problem, ultrasound-guided fluorescence-tomography (USFT) provides regional fluorescence mapping. Here USFT is implemented with spectroscopic decoupling of fluorescence signals (auto-fluorescence, PpIX, photoproducts), and white light spectroscopy-determined bulk optical properties. Segmented US images provide a priori spatial information for fluorescence reconstruction using region-based, diffuse FT. The method was tested in simulations, tissue homogeneous and inclusion phantoms, and an injected-inclusion animal model. Reconstructed fluorescence yield was linear with PpIX concentration, including the lowest concentration used, 0.025 μg/ml. White light spectroscopy informed optical properties, which improved fluorescence reconstruction accuracy compared to the use of fixed, literature-based optical properties, reduced reconstruction error and reconstructed fluorescence standard deviation by factors of 8.9 and 2.0, respectively. Recovered contrast-to-background error was 25% and 74% for inclusion phantoms without and with a 2-mm skin-like layer, respectively. Preliminary mouse-model imaging demonstrated system feasibility for subsurface fluorescence measurement in vivo. These data suggest that this implementation of USFT is capable of regional PpIX mapping in human skin tumors during photodynamic therapy, to be used in dosimetric evaluations.
Impact of the underlying mutation and the route of vector administration on immune responses to factor IX in gene therapy for hemophilia B.

PubMed

Cao, Ou; Hoffman, Brad E; Moghimi, Babak; Nayak, Sushrusha; Cooper, Mario; Zhou, Shangzhen; Ertl, Hildegund C J; High, Katherine A; Herzog, Roland W

2009-10-01

Immune responses to factor IX (F.IX), a major concern in gene therapy for hemophilia, were analyzed for adeno-associated viral (AAV-2) gene transfer to skeletal muscle and liver as a function of the F9 underlying mutation. Vectors identical to those recently used in clinical trials were administered to four lines of hemophilia B mice on a defined genetic background [C3H/HeJ with deletion of endogenous F9 and transgenic for a range of nonfunctional human F.IX (hF.IX) variants]. The strength of the immune response to AAV-encoded F.IX inversely correlated with the degree of conservation of endogenous coding information and levels of endogenous antigen. Null mutation animals developed T- and B-cell responses in both protocols. However, inhibitor titers were considerably higher upon muscle gene transfer (or protein therapy). Transduced muscles of Null mice had strong infiltrates with CD8+ cells, which were much more limited in the liver and not seen for the other mutations. Sustained expression was achieved with liver transduction in mice with crm(-) nonsense and missense mutations, although they still formed antibodies upon muscle gene transfer. Therefore, endogenous expression prevented T-cell responses more effectively than antibody formation, and immune responses varied substantially depending on the protocol and the underlying mutation.
Investigations on photolon-and porphyrin-doped sol-gel fiberoptic coatings for laser-assisted applications in medicine

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bindig, U.; Ulatowska-Jarza, A.; Kopaczynska, M.; Müller, G.; Podbielska, H.

2008-01-01

In view of laser-assisted medical applications, the construction of silica-based sol-gel fiberoptic sensors based on photolon (Ph) and protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) is discussed. Electron microscopy and AFM were used to characterize the silica sol-gel coatings. AFM measurements indicate a change in the surface porosity. The PP IX-based sensors were constructed as a one-layer optode as well as a multilayered structure. An additional hybrid sensor made up of alternate layers of PP IX-and Ph-doped sol-gel was also constructed and examined. Sol-gel matrices were prepared from silicate precursor tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) mixed with ethanol in acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. The carrier matrices of photosensitive dyes were produced with factor R = 20, where R denotes the ratio of solvent moles (ethanol) to the number of TEOS moles. A multilayered coating was built up using the reverse-dipping technique. The overall coating thickness was determined by electron microscopy. Doped sol-gels with different PP IX concentrations were used to produce fiberoptic coatings. The film optodes with a different number of layers were examined by fluorescence spectroscopy. It was found that photolon and protoporphyrin IX entrapped in sol-gel preserve their chemical reactivity and have contact with the external environment. The hybrid sensor demonstrated clear fluorescence and a reversible behavior in gaseous environments.
KSC-2009-6026

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-30

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The solid rocket booster recovery ship Freedom Star, towing the spent first stage of NASA's Ares I-X rocket through the Banana River, delivers the booster to Hangar AF at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida. Following the launch of the Ares I-X flight test, the booster splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean and was recovered. Liftoff of the 6-minute flight test was at 11:30 a.m. EDT Oct. 28. This was the first launch from Kennedy's pads of a vehicle other than the space shuttle since the Apollo Program's Saturn rockets were retired. The parts used to make the Ares I-X booster flew on 30 different shuttle missions ranging from STS-29 in 1989 to STS-106 in 2000. The data returned from more than 700 sensors throughout the rocket will be used to refine the design of future launch vehicles and bring NASA one step closer to reaching its exploration goals. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5595

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – Workers prepare to close the arms of the vehicle stabilization system around the towering 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket, newly arrived on Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The test rocket left the Vehicle Assembly Building at 1:39 a.m. EDT on its 4.2-mile trek to the pad and was "hard down" on the pad’s pedestals at 9:17 a.m. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5596

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-10-20

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The arms of the vehicle stabilization system are closed around the towering 327-foot-tall Ares I-X rocket, newly arrived on Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The test rocket left the Vehicle Assembly Building at 1:39 a.m. EDT on its 4.2-mile trek to the pad and was "hard down" on the pad’s pedestals at 9:17 a.m. The transfer of the pad from the Space Shuttle Program to the Constellation Program took place May 31. Modifications made to the pad include the removal of shuttle unique subsystems, such as the orbiter access arm and a section of the gaseous oxygen vent arm, along with the installation of three 600-foot lightning towers, access platforms, environmental control systems and a vehicle stabilization system. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 27. For information on the Ares I-X vehicle and flight test, visit http://www.nasa.gov/aresIX. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
[The right to medical rehabilitation according to the 2007 act to strengthen health insurance competition, GKV-WSG].

PubMed

Liebold, D

2008-02-01

Since April 1, 2007 medical rehabilitation is a standard insurance benefit of the statutory health insurance scheme (covered by the SGB V, book 5 of the German social code), with the right of the beneficiary to comply especially with the intentions, the principles and the preconditions of the benefits as stipulated in the SGB IX (book 9 of the German social code covering rehabilitation and participation of persons with disabilities). In claiming benefits the applicable rules primarily are those of the SGB IX, as long as the SGB V does not contain different rules. In light of the demands of the SGB IX, the prevailing case law of the Federal Social Court concerning technical aids and assistive devices cannot persist any longer. The so-called "basic-compensation" is contradictory to the specifications of the SGB IX. Medical rehabilitation does not only consist of complex benefits, but every single benefit pursuant to section sign 26 Abs. 2, Abs. 3 SGB IX is a medical rehabilitation benefit if its priority intention is to achieve the beneficiary's participation in society.
Venous drainage of the dorsal sector of the liver: differences between segments I and IX. A study on corrosion casts of the human liver.

PubMed

Gadzijev, E M; Ravnik, D; Stanisavljevic, D; Trotovsek, B

1997-01-01

The aim of this study was to determine the venous drainage of the dorsal sector of the liver in order to define the differences between segments I and IX and their implications for sectorially and segmentally oriented hepatic surgery. The study was based on corrosion casts of 61 macroscopically healthy livers. The drainage pathways of veins at least 10 mm long and 1 mm wide were evaluated and statistically analysed. On average, 9 veins drained the two segments and three veins from both segments entered the inferior vena cava. In 95% of cases the veins from segment I drained predominantly into the inferior vena cava, whereas in segment IX this pathway was dominant in only 30% of cases. In 64% of cases a vein originating in segment IX entered the right hepatic v. The difference in the venous drainage of the two segments suggests that segment IX partly belongs to the neighbouring segments and may thus be only a paracaval region of the right liver.
Structure of the Type IX Group B Streptococcus Capsular Polysaccharide and Its Evolutionary Relationship with Types V and VII

PubMed Central

Berti, Francesco; Campisi, Edmondo; Toniolo, Chiara; Morelli, Laura; Crotti, Stefano; Rosini, Roberto; Romano, Maria Rosaria; Pinto, Vittoria; Brogioni, Barbara; Torricelli, Giulia; Janulczyk, Robert; Grandi, Guido; Margarit, Immaculada

2014-01-01

The Group B Streptococcus capsular polysaccharide type IX was isolated and purified, and the structure of its repeating unit was determined. Type IX capsule →4)[NeupNAc-α-(2→3)-Galp-β-(1→4)-GlcpNAc-β-(1→6)]-β-GlcpNAc-(1→4)-β-Galp-(1→4)-β-Glcp-(1→ appears most similar to types VII and V, although it contains two GlcpNAc residues. Genetic analysis identified differences in cpsM, cpsO, and cpsI gene sequences as responsible for the differentiation between the three capsular polysaccharide types, leading us to hypothesize that type V emerged from a recombination event in a type IX background. PMID:24990951
Factor IX[sub Madrid 2]: A deletion/insertion in Facotr IX gene which abolishes the sequence of the donor junction at the exon IV-intron d splice site

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Solera, J.; Magallon, M.; Martin-Villar, J.

1992-02-01

DNA from a patient with severe hemophilia B was evaluated by RFLP analysis, producing results which suggested the existence of a partial deletion within the factor IX gene. The deletion was further localized and characterized by PCR amplification and sequencing. The altered allele has a 4,442-bp deletion which removes both the donor splice site located at the 5[prime] end of intron d and the two last coding nucleotides located at the 3[prime] end of exon IV in the normal factor IX gene; this fragment has been inserted in inverted orientation. Two homologous sequences have been discovered at the ends ofmore » the deleted DNA fragment.« less
Photodynamic diagnosis following intravesical instillation of aminolevulinic acid (ALA): first clinical experiences in urology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Baumgartner, Reinhold; Kriegmair, M.; Stepp, Herbert G.; Lumper, W.; Heil, Peter; Riesenberg, Rainer; Stocker, Susanne; Hofstetter, Alfons G.

1993-06-01

Delta Aminolevulinic acid (ALA), a precursor of Protoporphyrin IX (PP IX) in hem biosynthesis has been topically applied in urinary bladders in order to study its potential as fluorescent tumor marker. Preclinical experiments have been performed on chemically induced tumors in rats, revealing a ratio of PP IX-fluorescence intensity up to 20:1 in tumors as compared to healthy urothelium. Synthesis of PP IX has been stimulated in 56 patients by intravesical instillation of a pH-neutral ALA-solution. After an incubation time of two to four hours strong red fluorescence was endoscopically observed even in tiny superficial tumors. Brightness and contrast allows visualization of early stage urothelial diseases with naked eyes and without the necessity suppressing background fluorescence or violet excitation light.
Intracellular localization analysis of npAu-PpIX in HeLa cells using specific dyes and confocal microscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roblero-Bartolón, Victoria Gabriela; Maldonado-Alvarado, Elizabeth; Galván-Mendoza, José Iván; Ramón-Gallegos, Eva

2012-10-01

Cervical carcinoma (CC) represents the second leading cause of cancer death in Mexican women. No conventional treatments are being developed such as photodynamic therapy (PDT), involving the simultaneous presence of a photosensitizer (Ps), light of a specific wavelength and tissue oxygen. On the other hand, it has seen that the use of gold nanoparticles coupled to protoporphyrin IX increases the effectiveness of PDT. The aim of this study was to determine the site of accumulation of the conjugate npAu-PpIX in cells of cervical cancer by the use of specific dyes and confocal microscopy. The results indicate that the gold nanoparticles coupled to protoporphyrin IX are accumulated in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of HeLa cells.
KSC-2009-2463

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. –In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a large crane is attached to the Ares I-X upper stage simulator service module/service adapter segment to lift and move it to a stand. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. The Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-2465

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, a large crane moves the Ares I-X upper stage simulator service module/service adapter segment toward a stand. Other segments are placed and stacked on the floor around it. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. The Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett
KSC-2009-5081

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-09-11

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In NASA Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building High Bay 3, NASA's Ares I-X rocket is ready to undergo its first power-up. Part of the Constellation Program, the Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is the essential core of a space transportation system that eventually will carry crewed missions back to the moon, on to Mars and out into the solar system. The Ares I-X flight test is targeted for Oct. 31. Photo credit: NASA/Cory Huston
KSC-2009-2467

NASA Image and Video Library

2009-04-01

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – In High Bay 4 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Ares I-X upper stage simulator service module/service adapter (left, center) has been installed on a stand. Other segments are placed and stacked on the floor around it. Ares I-X is the test vehicle for the Ares I, which is part of the Constellation Program to return men to the moon and beyond. The Ares I-X is targeted for launch in July 2009. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

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