The U.S. Needs a Coherent Space Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pressler, Larry

1983-01-01

Despite the possibility that efforts to prevent an arms race in space between the United States and the Soviet Union might fail, a serious attempt should be made to develop an arms control agreement because of the great risks of war in space and the expense of developing new weapons. (IS)

Demographics, Economics, and the Soviet Armed Forces: Implications for U.S. National Security Policy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

viable alter- natives. It is with this consideration in mind that the author approaches the study of demographic trends and the Soviet Armed Forces. iS...and activity of Soviet population and population growth, it becomes necessary to study both the impact of II L. M. Volodarsky, "Our Soviet People...even lower; in no case does the percentage of Moslems who admit to speaking Russian as a second language exceed 20%. 43 The prelimi- nary results of

Emerging Choices for the Soviets in Third World Arms Transfer Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

subcontract production, (4) overseas investment, (5) technology transfer, and (6) countertrade . Countertrade has been an especially significant element...defense industry as well as for civilian sector use. Countertrade has become increasingly important in the overall trade of the Soviet Union and...the countertrade approach has served to mitigate some consumer dissatisfaction with Soviet arms supply contracts with Third World countries

The Political Control of the Soviet Armed Forces.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-05

training aids. 9In sum, the MPA is 6 responsible for providing coordination and standardization for the political socialization in the Soviet military...compelling nationalist loyalties and to instill approved Socialist values in soldiers of the non- lavic minorities. Along with this political ... socialization the political officer will 21 conduct language classes for those minorities with low levels of Russian fluency. In summary, the large number of

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-06

Withdrawing From Hungary [A. Kaverznev; KOMSOMOLSKAY A PRAVDA 26 Apr] 30 WEST EUROPE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Complaints Heard on Soviet Maneuver...toward the Soviet Union. On the SNF issue, the Federal Germany , for its own national interests, opposes modernization of the NATO aging Lance...substantial reduction of the Warsaw Pact conventional forces. However, Federal Germany seems not to go along with such a vague approach and wants

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 November 1984. Volume 4, Number 11.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-11-30

government. * Many innocent women and children are killed as a result of American sponsored military raids into Nicaragua. Fifty-six percent of Red...goals (in regard to the arms race): -- To gain a first-strike advantage. -- To double the number of nuclear weapons. -- To refuse to freeze arms...international issues/events. It addresses the issues important to the political elite.c-- .. Men and women in the Soviet armed forces receive political

Cognitive Consistency in Beliefs about Nuclear Weapons.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nelson, Linden

The paper details a study supporting the hypothesis that people's opinions about nuclear arms control are influenced by their logically relevant beliefs about nuclear weapons, nuclear war, and the Soviet Union. The hypothesis should not be construed to imply that these beliefs are the only influences or the most powerful influences on arms control…

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-19

disarmament shows that the decisive factor in Soviet-U.S. relations remains the sphere of security, the core of which is the organically linked ...actiye in the United States for whom the very prospect of preconditions for curbing the arms race is patently not to their linking . Certain quarters in...distorting the essence of the issue of the organic link between preventing the mili- tarization of space and the reduction of nuclear arms on earth

Area Handbook Series: Soviet Union: A Country Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

War, edited by Harriet F. Scott and William F. Scott, is a judicious combination of the editors’ commentaries and of excerpts from translated writ...equipped the Soviet armed forces to capably fulfill their assigned missions. The single most complete work on the Soviet armed forces is Harriet F. Scott and...Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969. _ _ Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology. New York: Hu- manities Press, 1978. Riasanovsky, Nicholas. A History of

Negotiation from weakness: Concept, model, and application to strategic negotiations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tangredi, S.J.

Analysis of the dynamics of asymmetrical negotiations requires the development of the novel concept of negotiation from weakness. A nation is assumed to be negotiating from weakness when the elements of national power place it at a relative disadvantage in achieving the desired objectives of a particular set of negotiations. Successful negotiation from weakness is the adoption and application of negotiating strategies and tactics (subjective elements) that nullify the possible effects of an asymmetry in objective power potential. Once developed, the model is applied to arms control negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union in 1962-1972, a period inmore » which the United States was assumed to be strategically superior. Outcomes of the arms control negotiations examined suggests that the Soviet Union attempted to utilize strategies and tactics appropriate to the negotiating from weakness situation. The success of the Soviet Union is reversing the perceived strategic balance by 1972, implies that the concept of successful negotiating from weakness is a viable approach to the examination of asymmetrical negotiations involving security issues.« less

What are the effects of arms control on Norway and northern waters. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Furnes, R.H.

1990-04-01

Norway occupies a strategic position between the two superpowers. Her close proximity to the Soviet Union and the military bases on the Kola Peninsula make her territory attractive to both NATO and the Soviet Union. Buildups of the Soviet North Fleet and the naval base on Kola and the United States naval strategy of forward deployment, have increased the activity and the importance of northern waters. This increased importance of northern waters could challenge the Norwegian security policy. Arms reduction could make Norwegian territory relatively more important for the Soviet Union to defend her interests on Kola and in northernmore » waters and for the United States to project a threat to the Soviet interests in the area. (1) A reduction of strategic nuclear missile forces will focus on survivability. Northern waters offers excellent protection to Soviet submarines. A relative shift to SLBM could be the result of reducing the strategic nuclear missile forces. (2) The INF does not comprise sea launched intermediate nuclear missiles. Hence the elimination of land-based intermediate nuclear forces could cause a shift to sea launched nuclear missiles. START negotiations and the INF treaty could relatively increase the number of sea based strategic and intermediate nuclear forces which would relatively increase the activity and the importance of northern waters. Thus, Norway and her security policy would be affected.« less

Soviet military doctrine and Western security policy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flynn, G.

The late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed an unprecedented polarization of Western political and analytical opinion about the Soviet military and how policy should adapt to the emergence of parity between the superpowers. This study analyzes the roots of this polarization, and brings together for the first time a thorough survey of Western perceptions of Soviet military thought and doctrine, as well as of Soviet perceptions of Western military thought and doctrine. The work demonstrates how both East and West regularly makes judgements on the other's military profile on the basis of political preconceptions about the other's intentions. Western analysismore » of the Soviet military has not gone much beyond this unfortunate condition because most of the critical questions cannot be answered definitively with existing data and methodology. The study offers an assessment of how analysis of Soviet doctrine can be better factored into Western arms control and force posture planning.« less

Extended Deterrence and Arms Control: A Collection of Conference Papers

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

possessing a nuclear 1OSee also Robbin F. Laird, France, the Soviet Union, and the Nuclear Issue, Boulder, Colorado , and London, 1984. "Uwe Nerlich, "Die...War and the Army, Voyenizdat, Moscow, 1955, p. 168, as cited in Thomas W. Wolfe , Soviet Strategy at the Crossroads, Harvard University Press...a whole is concerned, the reintroduction of strategic defenses in the nuclear equation between the superpowers is clearly not a positive prospect. It

The Role of Women in the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-15

she would stereotype Soviet women, she stated: " Overworked , unhappy with their lives-- standing in lines, taking care of the kids, alcoholism among men...Greece, The Netherlands, Turkey, Israel and Japan . There was no mention of the Soviet Union. Based upon a January 1991 query to the Women’s Research and...1986-1990 due to accidents, suicide and hazing. The group asked the military prosecutor to investigate the abuses within the armed forces, especially

Low road to arms control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Paine, C.

1985-12-01

In the absence of a strong presidential push for a meaningful agreement, the bureaucratic consensus-seeking process leading up to a US-Soviet summit can degenerate into a search for a least-common denominator that omits or otherwise protects each bureaucracy's sacred cows. Confusion among the agencies was the result of Reagan's signals that he would like to continue the arms build up at the same time he was publicly stating support for negotiations. This confusion leaves the administration's arms control policy-making in a state of contradiction, hyperbole, and bad faith. The author applies this appraisal to policies involving the Strategic Defense Initiative.

The future of U.S.-Russia nuclear arms control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pifer, Steven

2017-11-01

Nuclear arms control has long made contributions to U.S.-Soviet and U.S.-Russian security, but the current regime is at risk. The 1987 Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces Treaty may be headed for collapse. Both the United States and Russia are modernizing their strategic forces, and the fate of the 2010 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty is unclear. In the unlikely case that the sides are prepared to go beyond New START, there are ways to address further reductions and related issues. A collapse of the arms control regime, on the other hand, would mean the end of constraints on U.S. and Russian nuclear forces, a significant loss of transparency, and potential costs to U.S. security.

The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces. The Muslim Dimension

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

Muslim conscripts into effective soldiers. The types of problems that a Muslim conscript presents for the Soviet military can be narrowed to two categories ... categories : ability and reliability. ETHNICITY AND DEMOGRAPHICS The major Soviet Muslim ethnic groups are creations of the Soviet regime, dating back to...avoid such embarrassments in the future. viii SOVIET MILITARY REFORM The predominantly coercive type of compliance previously used by the Soviet military

The Arms Control and Crisis Management Potential of the Proposed International Satellite Monitoring Agency (ISMA)

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

unbiased scientific method , is widespread in the West. This is particularly true of the two arms control functions to which an ISMA would contribute...Elizabeth Young (Lord and Lady Kennett), Neitber Red Nor Dead:_ The Case for Dis• aumAmjeif, Social Democratic Party (SDP), Open Forum Paper No. 2...in the national interest. The Soviet Union is not the first, and is unlikely to be the last, country to adopt a . narrow, constructionist approach to

Soviet Political Perspectives on Power Projection.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-01

justified by the recognition on the part of many Soviet economists that the traditional Soviet development model does not work. Rapid nationalization...37 Models of Economic Development................................43 IV. ARMED STRUGGLE AND REVOLUTIONARY CHANGE...Soviets always describe revolutionary change in ~.~ the Third World as merely the product of local social and political forces, part of an inevitable

Arms Control Verification Is No Longer a Stumbling Block to True Disarmament

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-05-01

that they had had sirce 1945.17 The Atomoic Energy Cormission failed to reach an agreeriment due to the deadlock between the two plans. The Soviet...the Soviets exploding their first nuclear device on September 2", 149 ’ 13 The talks or general and complete disarmament had failed. The failure to...and by the general state of international arid do,mestic toolitics at the time. 7 Adequate verificat ion involves the acceptance of a. degree of

A Strategic Planning Framework for Predicting and Evaluating Soviet Interests in Arms Control. Volume 1

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-01

INF negotiations.1 6 In Simes’ view, the U.S. reaction to the KAL-007 incident removed all doubt about inherent U.S. hostility toward the Soviet state...challenges -- reassurance that restraint on the part of potential enemies will be matched by restraint on our own. It is the responsiblity of military...international conflict; nor have they removed the fundamental obstacles to substantial disarmament agreements. However, the effect of changes both in military

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-01

the current crisis." [passage omitted] In related developments, Presidential Chief-of-Staff Alberto Kohan disclosed yesterday that the Soviet gov...1989 The ABIMDE leaders, with four-star General Diogo Figueiredo, the youngest brother of former president Joao Figueiredo, in attendance, decided

The Defense Policy of the Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-01

aims, the probable methods of waging armed combat, the tasks to be performed by the Armed Forces, and the measures required for the all-around social ...organ that exercises ultimate decisional authority on all issues of consequence in the Soviet Union. This small body, whose exact size varies slightly...attit) T. Y P E O F E P O R T & M P f tI O C O V E R C O The Defense Policy of the Soviet Union interim 4. PERFORMING ORG. AEPOA1 44juaER 7. Aurimom

Soviet Military Power 1990

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-01-01

leadership coupled the US and the West, In arms control, difficult issues a massive and sustained arms buildup with assertive remain, including questions...announced journal : unilateral reductions, the le’cl o1t their forces will still outnumber those l’ any other country in the world, and Security in the...strategic conventional offensive could pr,- economic, The economic costs of building and sustain - emptively deny NATO any incentive to initiate nuclear ing

Soviet Military Intentions in the German Democratic Republic

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-01

Designated Elements of East European Armed Forces Groups of Soviet Forces in the GDR, Poland... Comparativ ~ Data on Soviet and East European Military Capabilities, 19~:-19𔃿 lnt·t>rnal :’liumber Total Security Tota l of Sov iet Regular Combat

Mailed Fist, Velvet Glove: Soviet Armed Forces as a Political Instrument

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-30

the Nineteenth anJ Twentieth Party Congress, 1952-1956. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959. Erickson, John. Soviet Military Power. Washington: United...York. Dunellen, 1971. B-19 Kintner, William R. and Harriet Fast Scott, ads. The Nuclear Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs. Norman: University of

The Problem of Space in Soviet Operational Art.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

problems of military science and military art , and the improvement of the material-technical base of the Soviet Army and Navy and their structures.2 If...140-RI94 150 THE PROBLEM OF SPACE IN SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART (U) ARMY i/I COMBINED ARMS CENTER FORT LEAVENMORTN KS SOVIET ARMY UNCLSSIIEDSTUDIES OFFICE...SUB-GROUP oPGR*7D/.J1 ? So/Ie7 CE’ge*4 SrWp,-v=I S THE PROBLEM OF SPACE IN SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART by Dr. Jacob W. Kipp Soviet Army Studies Office S U

An Examination of the Effect of External Influences on the Soviet Negotiation Position in Post 1962 Arms Control Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-06-09

Bolsheviks inherited not only the geography and • natural resources of Russia, but also the people and the his- tory and the culture. While Marxism ...international disarmament, but rather the arming of the proletariat for the purpose of disarming and defeating the bourgeoisie . <hough Maxim Litvinov, the...Drachkovitch, Milorad M, Marxism in the Modern World, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1965. Fainsod, Merle. How Russia-is Ruled, Cambridges

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-13

sides. Second, their implementation would make it possible to halt the further buildup of nuclear arsenals and to eventually eliminate them. Third ... space is not to be militarized, but should be kept exclusively for peaceful use for the good of all mankind. The Soviet Union has proposed to the U.S

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs, 70th Anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-27

frankness," emphasized Mikhail Sergeyevich Gor- bachev, "has begun to make headway in world affairs, destroying the stereotypes of anti-Sovietism...present he is successfully studying in a military academy. Officer V. Makeyev has great authority among the mis- sile troops. He has been standing

Gorbachev's unofficial arms-control advisers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

von Hippel, Frank

2014-05-01

After President Ronald Reagan's 1983 Star Wars speech, a puzzled group of Soviet scientists asked US colleagues opposed to ballistic-missile defense if they had changed their minds. This led to a collaborative brainstorming process that provided a basis for some of the key initiatives that helped end the Cold War.

Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces (INF) negotiations and treaty: An historical case study. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wussler, D.E.

1989-09-01

This thesis performs detailed analysis of the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) negotiations and treaty and compares them with those of the two Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT). The study's objectives were: describe SALT and INF negotiations and the contents of the treaties; analyze US and Soviet goals and strategies during the INF negotiations; determine which goals were or were not attained by both sides, and ascertain reasons for this; and delineate arms control progress and prospects since INF Treaty ratification. The study found that the two SALT treaties did impose ceilings in certain areas of strategic weapons but didmore » not curtail the arms race. Treaty verification methods were criticized as being lax. The US achieved the major goal of ridding Europe of the Soviet SS-20 missile. It had to deploy missiles of its own to make the USSR realize the seriousness of its resolve. The US had total support from NATO in achieving this goal. However, with INF gone, the European conventional forces imbalance looms larger, and the West is fighting to obtain asymmetric conventional cuts.« less

U.S. Arms Control Objectives and the Implications for Ballistic Missile Defense. Proceedings of a Symposium Held at the Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University, November 1-2, 1979.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-30

are no firm indications that the Soviet Union in- tends to expand this sytem to the full 100 launchers permitted under the ABM Treaty. Although the...Ballistic Missile Defense; Arms Control; ABM Treaty; SALT ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse eid@ If necessary and Identify by block number) IvOn November 1-2...the significance of constraints imposed by the ABM Treaty on the implementation of current and planned BMD R&D programs; (4) to explore the status of

Changing soviet doctrine on nuclear war. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

FitzGerald, M.C.

In January 1977, General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev delivered an address in the city of Tula whose impact on Soviet doctrine and capabilities continues to this day. By rejecting the possibility of a means of defense against nuclear weapons, or a damage-limiting capacity in nuclear war, Brezhnev closed the door on a debate that had lasted for over a decade in Soviet military thought. Since Tula, the Soviet politico-military leadership has presented a consensus on the reality of Mutual Assured Destruction in present-day conditions. The Soviet debate on the viability of nuclear war as an instrument of policy was likewisemore » resolved by a consensus: nuclear war is so unpromising and dangerous that it remains an instrument of policy only in theory, an instrument of policy that cannot be used. While the Soviet consensus on the diminishing military utility of nuclear weapons represents a ground-breaking shift in doctrine since the heyday of Marshal Sokolovskiy, there is scant evidence of any dispute on the new correlation of war and policy in a nuclear age. Marshal N. V. Ogarkov and other hard-minded military figures have themselves emerged as the architects of the Soviet shift away from a nuclear war-fighting and war-winning strategy, while General Secretary Gorbachev has fashioned a corresponding arms control agenda.« less

America, the Soviets and Nuclear Arms: Looking to the Future. Teacher's Resource Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berger, Karl; And Others

This curriculum project focuses on U.S.-Soviet relations and the choices that U.S. citizens face today in addressing the Soviet Union and the threat of nuclear war. This book is intended as a resource guide to accompany a 22-minute video presentation and student text that are part of the "Four Futures" curriculum. The resource book…

A Worker’s Way of War: The Red Army’s Doctrinal Debate, 1918 - 1924

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-10

Walter D. Frunze: The Soviet Clausewitz. 1885- 1925. The Hague: Martinus Nijoff, 1969. 4 Trotsky, Leon. How the Revolution Armed: The Military...sense; organization and preparation of the armed forces; [and] methods of waging war." Cited in Harriet Fast Scott and William F. Scott, Soviet...our achievement!" W. Bruce Lincoln, Red Victory: A History of the Russian Civil War (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1989), p. 461. 2 Harriet Fast Scott

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Florini, A.M.; Potter, W.C.

US and Soviet arms control negotiators were able to agree, with relative ease, on the general outline for deep reductions in strategic arms (START). But it has proved more difficult for them to decide what to do with all the missiles that will be decommissioned as a consequence of the treaty. Neither the US nor the Soviet Union is inclined to follow the INF Treaty precedent in which all the costly intermediate-range missiles were destroyed - a wasteful, if straightforward and readily verifiable, approach. Instead, START negotiators are considering plans to convert treaty-prohibited missiles into peaceful space-lauch vehicles. To date,more » however, the two sides have been unable to agree on what constitutes peaceful uses. An increasingly sharp dispute has arisen over whether the START missiles should be used only for civilian purposes, or whether some military uses would be permitted. There is little doubt about the technical and economic feasibility of conversion. Converted missiles have carried non-weapons payloads into space from the dawn of the space age. Despite the extensive experience both superpowers have in converting military missiles to space launchers, no missile conversion has yet been undertaken as a consequence of any arms reduction accord. 7 refs.« less

Nuclear proliferation: Will the Soviet Union's collapse spawn a new arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffin, R.D.

Almost 30 years ago, in the midst of the US-Soviet arms race, President John F. Kennedy warned of the danger of nuclear proliferation. Ironically, now that the Cold War is over, the prospect has become a reality. The collapse of the Soviet Union may have calmed fears of a nuclear Armageddon, but it has aroused new concerns about the spread of nuclear weapons. More than a dozen nations either have or are feverishly trying to develop nuclear arsenals, including Third World nations riven by religious and territorial disputes. If the world fails to contain the spread of nuclear-weapons technology, themore » balance of power that kept relative peace during the four decades of the Cold War may be displaced by a balance of terror.« less

Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates: The Failure of the Transnational Network

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-24

the battlefields of Afghanistan in the late 1980s, fresh from their perceived victory over the Soviet Union , little thought was given to the threat...for the jihad against the Soviet Union after their invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The influence of these two men upon a young bin Laden is...between Ethiopia and Somalia exploded into fighting, with the Soviet Union choosing to arm both protagonists. 68 Christopher S. Chivvis, Andrew

Soviet Military Power

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

Australia and New Zealand force of SS-18s and SS-19s, their plans to reload preserves peace and stability in a region that is ICBM silos, and the extensive...Defense Ministry announced that the USSR was beginning to deploy a new generation of nuclear-armed, air-launched and sea-launched cruise missiles. The...increasingly ambitious Soviet procurement and deployment of ma- jor categories of new armaments. The success that the Soviets have achieved in both

Soviet Naval Strategy?

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-08-18

also stressed the unified nature of Soviet military strategy and the Soviet combined arms approach. A fourth article, by Captain 1st Rank B. Makeyev ...cybernetic process. 7 Makeyev sketched out an acquisition process that takes as inputs the overall political guidance, the realities of economic...Captain 1st Rank B. Makeyev , "Some Views on the Theory of Naval Weaponry," Morskoy Sbornik, No. 4, 1982, pp. 27-31. 8. Rear Admiral V. Gulin and Captain

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-01-10

of production , the avail- ability and distribution of raw material and manpower and the traditional economic and trade relationships which exist...marked rise in the prices of bonds and shares on the New York stock market followed the news about Soviet disarmament. USSR Troop Reduction Proposal...all countries and nations will play an increasingly important role. In this connection, the responsible, integrative , and stimulating role of the

Open-Source Data Collection Techniques for Weapons Transfer Information

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-03-01

IR Infrared ISO International Organization for Standardization ITAR International Traffic in Arms Regulations NER Named Entity Recognition NLP ...Control Protocol UAE United Arab Emirates URI Uniform Resource Identifier URL Uniform Resource Locator USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics UTF...KOREA, DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF North Korea KOREA, REPUBLIC OF South Korea LIBYAN ARAB JAMAHIRIYA Libya RUSSIAN FEDERATION Russia Table 3

Fostering Cooperation in Nonproliferation Activities

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-12-01

the Soviet Threat Reduction Act of 1991 was expanded and transformed, by sponsoring Senators Sam Nunn (D-GA) and Richard Lugar ( R -IN), into the...Bureau of Arms Control, U.S. State Department, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Terrorism and Nonproliferation, International Relations Committee...carrot-and-stick approach to gaining PSI support, Congressman Sherman indicated, later in the hearing , that participation in the PSI might affect

Soviet objectives in the INF negotiations and European security. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baumgardner, H.J.

1987-12-01

On 12 December 1979, NATO officials announced the decision to deploy 108 Pershing II nuclear missiles and 464 Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, in response to the Soviet deployment of SS-20 nuclear missiles. The NATO decision was met by a determined Soviet effort to prevent the deployment of the new missiles. The Soviet effort consisted of negotiations, diplomatic propaganda, and covert measures. When it was clear that the deployment was not going to be stopped, the Soviets agreed to formal INF arms-reduction talks. It is this author's opinion that the Soviet negotiation tactics, during the INF talks, supported the long-range goalmore » of reducing the military effectiveness of NATO, and also supported the goal of reducing U.S. influence in Europe.« less

Command and Control: Does Current U.S. Army Tactical Command and Control Doctrine Meet the Requirement for Today’s High Intensity Battlefield?

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-02

units, organized to fully integrate the effects of combined arms, merging individual capabilities of mobility, protection, and fire power to provide a... capability to meet a wide range of operational requirements with minimal reorganization. Organizations which provide this inherent flexibility...5 LA - .- f increasingly proficient and capable massed Soviet armies attacking on broad frontages, and finally the surprising German t-actica; and

’Whiskey on the Rocks’ - The Submarine Incident off Karlskrona (’Whisky on the Rocks’ - Der U-Boot-Zwischefall vor Karlskrona),

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-19

kowledg tha hoediee e i sumrieoesgeufr umrednvgain sounded the arm to the "Oertogsbasstaben sic] in Karlskrona, whose chief of staff, Commander Karl...through: "Sweden--small--pfui--nothing, Soviet Union--great-- powerful ." Not quite diplomatic, but perhaps a measure of the master race mentality of...certain Soviet military people. Soviet Demonstration of Power When the alarm was sounded, all conceivable measures were taken by the Swedish commander𔃾n

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-12-28

NUCLEAR FORCES NATO Reviews Nuclear Weapons in Europe (Paris AFP, 28 Nov 85) 37 RELATED ISSUES ’.,. European Defense Ministers Congratulate Reagan...militarization of space and its statement of not being the first one to use nuclear weapons." [Excerpts] [Beijing XINHUA Domestic Service in Chinese 1522...threat of nuclear war, the prevention of military advantages for the Soviet Union and the United States over each other, the prevention

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-07-19

fuels for missiles and banning of existing fuels which contaminate the environment. (Ecologically pure fuels for the Soviet Energia space carrier...principle. Also additional one-time expenses of up to five billion rubles will be required for building and renovating everyday social and cultural...completely renovated by the year 2008, when the program will be completed. The M5 ballistic missile is being developed specially for the new generation of

Worldwide Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-20

originate with the source. Times within items are as given by source. The contents of this publication in no way represent the poli- cies, views or...jj U.S. Responsible for Deadlock 16 Weekly Moscow Discussion Show Views Talks ’ _ (Moscow Domestic Service, 17 May 85) Lavrentyev, Shishkin...Avoid Space Militarization (A. Kozyrev ; Moscow MEZHDUNARODNAYA ZHIZN*. No 4 A*r85> .......: :. 3i Soviet Chief of Staff Says SDI Violates ABM

REVOLUTION IN MILITARY SCIENCE, ITS IMPORTANCE AND CONSEQUENCES, MILITARY ART ON A NEW STAGE,

DTIC Science & Technology

The central problem of modern military art is defined as the development of new methods of conducting armed conflict. The changes involving the radical military technical re-equipping of Soviet Armed Forces, are described.

Armed conflict and population displacement as drivers of the evolution and dispersal of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

PubMed

Eldholm, Vegard; Pettersson, John H-O; Brynildsrud, Ola B; Kitchen, Andrew; Rasmussen, Erik Michael; Lillebaek, Troels; Rønning, Janne O; Crudu, Valeriu; Mengshoel, Anne Torunn; Debech, Nadia; Alfsnes, Kristian; Bohlin, Jon; Pepperell, Caitlin S; Balloux, Francois

2016-11-29

The "Beijing" Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lineage 2 (L2) is spreading globally and has been associated with accelerated disease progression and increased antibiotic resistance. Here we performed a phylodynamic reconstruction of one of the L2 sublineages, the central Asian clade (CAC), which has recently spread to western Europe. We find that recent historical events have contributed to the evolution and dispersal of the CAC. Our timing estimates indicate that the clade was likely introduced to Afghanistan during the 1979-1989 Soviet-Afghan war and spread further after population displacement in the wake of the American invasion in 2001. We also find that drug resistance mutations accumulated on a massive scale in Mtb isolates from former Soviet republics after the fall of the Soviet Union, a pattern that was not observed in CAC isolates from Afghanistan. Our results underscore the detrimental effects of political instability and population displacement on tuberculosis control and demonstrate the power of phylodynamic methods in exploring bacterial evolution in space and time.

Satellite Surveillance: Domestic Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-27

agents . Satellite imagery undergirded U.S. strategic planning for a quarter century and a series of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. In...individual agencies; another would be to have one agency serve as the executive agent for a program. See Remarks and Q&A by the Principal Deputy...Antonio, Texas, October 23, 2007. as the executive agent of what it termed a new Domestic Applications Office (DAO). This recommendation was based on the

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-02-10

agreements to address U.S. security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear ...era nuclear , chemical, and biological weapons. Through these cooperative efforts, the United States now allocates more than $1 billion each year to...spread of nuclear weapons. This regime, although suffering from some setbacks in recent years in Iran and North Korea, includes formal treaties

Strategy for Peace 1984. The Stanley Foundation US Foreign Policy Conference Report (25th, Annapolis, Maryland, October 11-13, 1984).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA.

Proceedings are summarized of a conference in which 62 foreign policy professionals met to recommend strategies for peace in the areas of U.S.-Soviet competition in the Third World, space weapons and arms control, objectives of U.S. economic and security assistance, and the United States and UNESCO. Four sections focusing on each of these areas…

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-04

Poland about $16,000 for each train. Four rail transit routes have been set out: —Szczecin, Szczecinek, Malbork, and Braniewo; —Kostrzyn, Pila ...border crossing and around the towns in the Szczecin, Koszalin, and Pila Voivodships, because of the lack of town bypasses. The Soviet Union will...Discussed With Argentina PY1512010290 Rio de Janeiro O GLOBO in Portuguese 14 Dec 90 p 8 [Text] Foreign Minister Francisco Rezek reported in Brasilia

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-15

up as a "gain" for the Soviet side: In spite of Washington’s initial position, there was ultimate success in imposing quantitative restrictions on...Announcer] Let us hope they will be no less successful . [Levin] You know, this question was touched on yesterday at the news conference of Mikhail...that a 40 percent reduction in nuclear weapons represents a tremendous success for both sides. [Litovkin] What guarantees are there that the treaty

The Soviet Armed Forces: A History of Their Organizational Development, A Soviet View

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-01-01

Invader!", "Let’s Finish Off the Fascist ; Beast in His Own Lair !", and "Let’s Hoist the Banner of Victory Above the Fascist Den!" Motivating the... nonuniform and contradictory, and it tended to strengthen the position of the bourgeoisie as a class. This was demonstrated primarily by the fact

Challenging the New World Order: The Arms Transfer Policies of the Russian Republic

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-10-01

SU-22 fighter, SU-24 and SU-25 ground attack planes, MiG-29, MiG-31 fighters, 11-76 transports, " secondhand " AN-24 and Yak-40 passenger aircraft, i.e...notably in the Third World, and is the author of a forthcoming study of the Soviet Commissariat of Nationalities and editor of books on Soviet

Charting the Course of the Voyenno-Morskoy Flot: Soviet Naval Strategy towards the Year 2000

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-05-13

December 1987, in Steven P. Adragna , "Doctrine and Strategy," Orbis, 33.2 (1989): 168. 37 requirements are a reduction in the si-e of the armed forces...Patriotic War 1941-45. Trans. U.S. Naval Institute. Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1973. Adragna , Stephen P. "A New Soviet Military? Doctrine and Strategy." Orbis 33.2

The Soviet Union and Iraq Since 1968.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

had outlived its usefulness and had itself become a threat to the regime’s authority. Kassem turned on it and attempted to restrict its political ... Kassem had studiously avoided: They began to eliminate the ICP physically as a political force. By one estimate 3,000 party members were killed.IlJ This...ide It mne@*aip and identir by block uwober) USSR Foreign Aid IRAQ Political Science Arms Control Foreign Policy Military Assistance International

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-29

BRIEFS IAEA TO INSPECT SOVIET PLANTS —Vienna, 7 Aug (AFP)—The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will inspect two nuclear power stations and an... power —equal to the output of about 32 nuclear power plants —must be provided, which then, to be sure, would be needed for only about 2 minutes. But...which requires electric power plants conceived especially for this purpose. If, in installing this capacity, one assumes $300 per kilowatt—a value

The Origins of the Cold War.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paterson, Thomas G.

1986-01-01

Briefly reviews conventional reasoning about the start of the Cold War. Describes contemporary revisionist views of the Cold War and the reasons they arose. Maintains that American leaders exaggerated the Soviet ideological and military threat, spurring an American arms build-up which ultimately led to the present-day arms race. (JDH)

An Operational Level Analysis of Soviet Armored Formations in the Deliberate Defense in the Battle of Kursk, 1943

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-10

handling of this superb tank had averted catastrophe. In response to the T-34, German industry developed the -, medium Panther and heavy Tiger tanks . Hitler...high velocity gun was more than a match for the T-34. To compete against the Soviet heavy KV-l tank, the Wehrmacht fielded the Tiger tank . Armed with

JPRS Report. Soviet Union Foreign Military Review, No. 2, February 1989.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-11

phenomena in ethnic relationships in the period of stagnation engen - dered problems retarding the development of Soviet society and degrading Armed Forces...and ventilation systems for purifying external air entering the manned compartment when crossing areas of radioactive or chemical contamination. The...Machinery Chemical Corporation (over 800 produced), and from 1971 through 1983 by Bowen-McLaughlin- York (1,018 vehicles). In addition to the U.S

The Once and Future Quest: European Arms Control - Issues and Prospects.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-01

one cannot say. Nevertheless, it remains certain that a mutually acceptable data base is essential as a point of departure if negotiations are to be...ideology. That was essentially what the Brezhnev Doctrine was all about. While recognition of the Soviet sphere of influence was the political impetus...verification means later. The West’s position is that it is essential to accomplish these concurrently. To the West, this is a fundamental confidence

Worldwide Report Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-02-04

implementing SDI. The results of the investigations are secret, of course. But, as the magazine ATLANTIC writes, it is clear from what has seeped into the...Apparently it means not in accordance with Soviet people’s wishes and bidding of people on the other side of the Atlantic , ideas accepted in the...Christian Social Union, was even prepared to make a pilgrimage "with a candle in his hands" to Altoetting (a place of worship of the Holy Virgin Mary

Subversion: Uruguayan Armed Forces Summary of Subversive Movement in Latin America. Part 3

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-12

Pedagogue," Montevideo, El Siglo Ilustrado. 73 Vivian Trias, "Imperialism and Oil in Uruguay," Montevideo. 74 21 September 1963 statement by the Soviet...Rama, " Religion in Uruguay," Montevideo, Nuestra Tiempo. 111 German W. Rama, "Social Groups and Secondary Education," Montevideo, Area. 112...Juan Silva Vila, "Concepts of Artigas," Montevideo, El Siglo Ilustrado. 114 Joint Soviet-Algerian Communique, Moscow, 17 May 1964. Joint

Forecasting in Military Affairs. A Soviet View,

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-01-01

particular, forecasting models must take adequate account of time. This applies especially to models of processes of armed conflict, as the most complex and...too varied for permanently fixed rules to be applied to them."’ Combat situations are always more complex and varied than thosereferred to in various...writing this book was to make up for the lack of Soviet literature on the subject of forecasting as it applies specifically to military activities

Worldwide Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-02-12

corres- pondent that "the Soviet Union has shown a workable way to rid mankind of the threat of a nuclear disaster . The initiatives set an example for...believe the world can be rid of the threat of nuclear disaster ; the 38 world can be rid of nuclear weapons by the year 2000. For this, all those upon...dangerous. The answer to the question asked by the TASS observer I would give as this: Yes, we believe that the world can be rid of the threat of nuclear

Converting the Minuteman missile into a small satellite launch system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alexander, Bill; Gonzalez, Rodolfo; Humble, Greg; Mackay, Gordon; Mchaty, Rod; Pham, VU

1993-01-01

Due to the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) treaty between the United States and Ex-Soviet Union, 450 Minuteman 2 (MM 2) missiles were recently taken out of service. Minotaur Designs Incorporated (MDI) intends to convert the MM 2 ballistic missile from a nuclear warhead carrier into a small satellite launcher. MDI will perform this conversion by acquiring the Minuteman stages, purchasing currently available control wafers, and designing a new shroud and interfaces for the satellite. MDI is also responsible for properly integrating all systems.

Intelligence briefing on smuggling of nuclear material and the role of international crime organizations, and on the proliferation of cruise and ballistic missiles. Hearing before the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, First Session, January 31, 1995

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

The hearing addresses nuclear smuggling and the role of international crime organizations in the proliferation of cruise and ballistic missiles. The demise of the Soviet Union has weakened the control in Russia over nuclear materials. Statements of government officials are included along with documents submitted for the record.

The militarization of space: U. S. policy, 1945-1984

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stares, P.B.

1985-01-01

This is an account of the U.S. military space program under successive administrations. Despite Sputnik and the advent of reconnaissance satellites, the development of antisatellite space weapons was resisted from the time of the Eisenhower Administration until the late 1970s. Indeed, Eisenhower wanted to keep U.S. activities in space ''peaceful'' so as to avoid a threat to reconnaissance satellites. When Soviet satellite interceptor tests became a matter of concern, the Carter Administration pursued a two-track policy of seeking to develop the technology and to ban its deployment through negotiations with the Soviet Union; thereafter, the Reagan Administration dropped arms controlmore » efforts and insisted upon testing. The author concludes that an arms race in space is now inevitable-and that a solid opportunity has been lost.« less

Armed Escort for Special Air Operations -- An Operational Concept

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

ALTITUDE FIELDED SA-6 USSR 4-24 km semi-active tracked, non 50-12000 m 1967 radar homing amphibious SA-7 USSR .5-5 km infrared man-portable 15-4500 a 1966...developed nations. This study is based upon a Soviet-style, Third World threat. As the Soviet Union continues to modernize and field new air defense...warfare avionics, and other radar, laser, and infrared detection defeating systems. While these don’t guarantee survivability should the lift

Bulgaria’s Quest for Security After the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

Chairman Filip Dimitrov , while welcoming close traditional relations with the Soviet people, held the Soviet Union at arms length in an interview on the...8217 intentions and to spur them to further reform.’ 4 The Bulgarians took maximum advantage of the visit. Foreign Minister Boyko Dimitrov told reporters the talks...Many of the older generation of the Bulgarian elite were nurtured in American schools. Founder of the Bulgarian Communist government Georgi Dimitrov had

The Effectiveness of Soviet Arms Aid: Diplomacy in the Third World.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-20

leaders of many Third World countries, motivated by their own political and economic aspirations, were warmly receptive to the post-Stalin changes in...present itself as an additional source of political , economic, and military support to find a number of willing recipients. In this milieu, foreign...partly premised on Moscow’s assessment of a recipient’s ability to pay, political favoritism also may be discerned in the variations evident in Soviet

A History of the Huntsville Division U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 15 October 1967 - 31 December 1976

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-09-06

discriminate between decoys and armed warheads until the slowing effect of denser air in the lower atmosphere had helped sort out heavy projectiles...would have to keep up by enlarging her forces, and the arms race would be accelerated at the expense of detente. The knowledgeable called this "the...perhaps because of Vietnam, the Soviets showed themselves reluctant to talk about arms limitations in general and BMD in particular, despite

Night Operations - The Soviet Approach

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-06-09

4 ,. ,,4 sized engineer equipments. Passive infrared field glasses are provided to Soviet troops and selected marksmen are armed with the Dravunov...up to 300 m Conversation of a few men up to 300 m Steps of a single man up to 40 m Axe blow , sound of a saw up to 500 m Blows of shovels and pickaxes...rocking frame simulators. Electric lightbulbs are popped to simulate the dazzle from the tank’s main gun muzzle flash. At Site Two, individual crew

An Appreciation for Moving the Heavy Corps -- The First Step in Learning the Art of Operational Maneuver,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-16

years of the Second Wo-rld War . ": * Soviet march speeds, hourly rates of Advance, vehicle intervaic,. and march control measures (start points...bo--th on aric cf--.:.ad tr a-v- thing in Worl War I 1, are tied to: c.-rgari zatloris tha t cc’rtai numrerous vehicle types that ar-e rio--t faster...arms army road marchino movement diotrina 19. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number) This monograph discusses the

Enhancing Human Resource Capability in the Tanzania Peoples Defense Force (TPDF)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-06-01

Tanzania’s elephants , thus making the Selous a big attraction to tourists (Pan- African News Agency, 1999). The problem of poaching is not only confined...the Cold War and the collapse of the Soviet Union changed the strategic environment. Refugees from conflict torn areas, poaching , small arms...changed the strategic environment. Refugees from conflict torn areas, poaching , small arms proliferation, political and religious fundamentalism, drug

Tactics: A Soviet View

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

the greatest revolutionizing influence on the nature of combined arms combat and the methods for conducting it, and on the development of tactics as...their combat employment. Meanwhile, the penetrating radiation of a neutron burst has a destructive effect not only on humans and animals , but on...agents may be most diverse. It has been noted in the foreign press that in the American armed forces the Air Force has the greatest capability for

Mediterranean Security Into the Coming Millennium

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-01-01

forgery was the widespread forgery of the Deutschmark, the reference currency in the area, in order to finance the costs of the wars of Yugoslavia’ s...Basque Land and Freedom) FAZ Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung FT Financial Times FSU Former Soviet Union GIA Groupe Islamique Anne (Algeria, Armed...and inter-state conflict as well as terrorism start the vicious circles of drugs and displaced persons trafficking in order to finance arms transfers

NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) deterrence and defense after the INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces) treaty. Final report, June 1988-June 1989

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garrett, S.A.

1989-06-21

The treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States eliminating a whole class of intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) in Europe raises a number of questions about NATO's future ability to deter Warsaw Pact aggression. Future choices on Alliance strategy and doctrine will be influenced by a variety of factors, including the image of new thinking in Soviet security policy enunciated by General Secretary Gorbachev, changing West European opinion toward the use of nuclear weapons for NATO deterrence, the complications inherent in further nuclear and conventional arms-control negotiations, assessments of the current conventional arms balance in Europe, and ongoing questionsmore » about NATO cohesion as well as the continued coupling of American security with that of her European allies. In the post-INF environment it may well be that U.S. Navy nuclear assets will assume an increasingly important role, particularly the Tomahawk Land Attack Missile/Nuclear (TLAM/N). The TLAM/N has many attractive attributes that can be supportive of NATO deterrence of the WTO, but there are also a number of unresolved questions to be addressed concerning this particular weapons system. Modernization of NATO's land-based short-range nuclear forces (SNF), such as the Lance missile, is also seen by many as critical to the maintenance of Alliance security in the aftermath of INF.« less

Deterrence and nuclear strategy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lodal, J.M.

1980-01-01

Mr. Lodal sees the social aspects of an effective deterrence policy as no less important than its technological aspects; further, programs and policies must be put in place that enhance social cohesion, that demonstrate the will to carry through on the strategy that we in the Western world subscribe to. It is the challenge of this political objective that most demands our attention. He feels that, if we are to remain secure, we must restore not only political cohesion to the Western alliance but a sensible political relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union as well. Such amore » relationship will of necessity provide for arms control. If we are able to maintain the arms control agreements reached to date, including the ABM treaty and SALT II, we will be a step ahead. It is to be hoped that the administration taking office in January of 1981 can restore order to our political relationships and avoid the necessity of a major defense program change such as the one suggested here. Unfortunately, the risk of this not happening is very real, according to Mr. Lodal. Therefore, the conceptualizing of concrete policies to improve our strategic nuclear posture becomes imperative. Adding limited defenses to our traditional doctrine is simply the best of a set of difficult choices. Such defenses would make our threatened use of battlefield nuclear weapons more credible, and they would restore a measure of extended deterrence; battlefield weapons could be used with the knowledge that only a massive Soviet attack would harm the US homeland. Thus, the defense would create a second firebreak in the ladder of escalation.« less

Physics and technology of the arms race

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Garwin, R. L.

1983-10-01

Traditional military concepts of superiority and effectiveness (as embodied in Lanchester's law) have little relevance to thermonuclear weapons, with their enormous effectiveness in destruction of society. Few are needed to saturate their deterrent effect, but their military effectiveness is limited. The evolution and future of strategic nuclear forces is discussed, and their declining marginal utility emphasized. Some calculatons relevant to the nuclear confrontation are presented (Lanchester's Law; skin effect of VLF and ELF signals to submarines; the rocket equation; simple radar-range equation) and recommendations presented for future strategic forces and arms control initiatives. Recommended programs include a silo-based 12-ton single-warhead missile (SICM), the development of buried-bomb defense of individual Minuteman silos, the completion of the deployment of air-launched cruise missiles on the B-52 fleet, and the development of small (1000-ton) submarines for basing ICBM-range missiles. Limiting the threat by arms control should include ratification of SALT II, followed by negotiation of a protrocool to allow a SICM and dedicated silo to be deployed for each two, SALT-II-allowed warheads given up; a ban on weapons in space and anti-satellite tests; and an eventual reduction to 1000 nuclear warheads in U.S. and Soviet inventories.

Intermediate-range nuclear forces (INF) treaty: History of an illusion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dallas, M.D.

1989-03-01

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty in historical perspective. The thesis of the paper is that the treaty is an illusion. It is an illusion that promotes the idea that security can be achieved exclusively through arms control, at the expense of balanced and diverse forces across the entire spectrum of deterrence. Although the treaty has been fully ratified, and U.S and Soviet officials have begun the process of destroying launchers, debate still rages in NATO capitals over the treat's impact on alliance security and cohesion. This paper begins with a discussionmore » of the evolution of NATO's deterrent strategy. It continues with a chronology of events leading to the signing of the treaty by President Reagan and General Secretary Gorbachev on December 8, 1987. The paper assesses the military and political impact of the treaty and ends with possible implications for NATO's future and recommendations for further arms control negotiations. The paper concludes that the treaty has not achieved what its supporters claim. In fact the treaty is an arms-control agreement that: (1) is not remotely related to its original purpose; (2) has reinforced NATO military inferiority; and (3) may have laid the groundwork for the unraveling of the Atlantic Alliance.« less

The Soviet-Cuban Connection in Central America and the Caribbean

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

bly for civilian use, was built primarily by armed clandestinely ferrying a cargo of military supplies to Cubans, despite the high unemployment on the...reorm an deocraic lecion. Th sucesive population now either own their land outright or par- governments of El Salvador have worked to follow ticipate as...launcher, airstrips and unloading their cargo of arms and am-munition. Air drops are also used. .’.. subsequently captured by communist forces after

Roots Running Deep Arms Sales and Russia’s Excursion into Syria

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-06

to expand its strategic influence and bolster its economy through outreach in the lucrative arms market . Coming Full Circle: The Return of Foreign...during the Cold War was primarily political rather than financial.2 Soviet foreign weapons sales were a principle means of assuring foreign allies... market economy and a vast number of defense companies became privatized. Under Yeltsin, as the Russian economy continued to decline, the newly

Scientific impacts on nuclear strategic policy: Dangers and opportunities

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Keeny S.M. Jr.

1988-12-15

Nuclear weapons have revolutionized warfare, making a mutual capability for assured destruction a fact of life and mutual assured deterrence the underlying nuclear strategy of the superpowers. The program to find a technical solution to the threat of nuclear weapons by creating an impervious defense is fatally flawed by failure to consider responses available to a sophisticated adversary at much lower cost. Responses could involve: exploiting vulnerabilities; increased firepower; technical innovation; and circumvention. Efforts to achieve strategic defense would in fact increase risk of nuclear war by stimulating the nuclear arms race since history demonstrates neither side will allow itsmore » deterrent force to be seriously degraded. Defenses would increase instability in times of a crisis. Science has also reduced the risk of nuclear war by making possible improved control and safety of nuclear forces and predictability of US/Soviet relations, verifiability of arms control agreements, and survivable strategic systems. Science can be a tool for good or evil; mankind must be its masters not its slaves.« less

Scientific impacts on nuclear strategic policy: Dangers and opportunities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keeny, Spurgeon M.

1988-12-01

Nuclear weapons have revolutionized warfare, making a mutual capability for assured destruction a fact of life and mutual assured deterrence the underlying nuclear strategy of the superpowers. The program to find a technical solution to the threat of nuclear weapons by creating an impervious defense is fatally flawed by failure to consider responses available to a sophisticated adversary at much lower cost. Responses could involve: exploiting vulnerabilities; increased firepower; technical innovation; and circumvention. Efforts to achieve strategic defense would in fact increase risk of nuclear war by stimulating the nuclear arms race since history demonstrates neither side will allow its deterrent force to be seriously degraded. Defenses would increase instability in times of a crisis. Science has also reduced the risk of nuclear war by making possible improved control and safety of nuclear forces and predictability of US/Soviet relations, verifiability of arms control agreements, and survivable strategic systems. Science can be a tool for good or evil; mankind must be its masters not its slaves.

A Canadian Electric-Arm Prosthesis for Children

PubMed Central

Nicholls, Peter B.; Stevenson, David A.; Sherman, E. David; Lippay, Andrew L.; Gingras, Gustave

1967-01-01

The thalidomide tragedy in Canada initiated new efforts to produce functional prosthetic appliances for very young amputees. In 1962, the Rehabilitation Institute of Montreal began to fit 36 babies with adapted conventional and gas-operated devices. Practical experience with the Soviet prosthesis proved the feasibility of myoelectric control, and indicated the possibility of using skin electrodes over an active muscle for control purposes in children. We obtained assistance from the Northern Electric Company, whose research laboratories produced the prototype arms described in this report. An all-electric prosthetic system was developed which carries out four different movements driven by a single motor. Function is effected by switches, but a myoelectric control system could be readily adapted without major changes. In the description of our needs for the proposed arm, we asked for modular construction and a minimum service life of one year between major repairs. Details of design and performance are outlined in this report. Initial clinical experience indicates that the prosthesis is completely accepted by the young patient, in spite of its excessive weight and inconvenient control. Four powered joints give the child greater functional freedom. In future we plan to fit an older child and will study more bilateral installations in the next 14 months. After further use, study and improvement, this device will become a useful prosthesis. ImagesFig. 1Fig. 2Fig. 3Fig. 4Fig. 5 PMID:6021562

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-09

and space arms in Geneva were just marking time and in essence had reached a dead end. The arms race was continuing. It had become obvious that the...will be reduced to one-fourth. Decentralization of the management of the country’s national economy is the essence of administrative restructuring...bringing home to everyone the essence of the questions put to the popular vote, with the result that many awoke to their responsibility for the fate of

Bibliography of Soviet Material on Internal Waves, Number 5, June- October 1975

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-11-10

GiK IAN Arm IAN Az Avtomatika i tclemekhanika Acta physica polonica Akadcmiya nauk Armyanskoy SSR. DokUdy Akademiya nauk Azerbaydzhanskoy...Prikladnaya matematika i mekhanika Physica status solidi Pribory i sistcmy upravleniya Pribory i tckhnika ekspcrimenta Radiotekhnika Radiotckhnika i

A Covert Disruptive Technology: Test and Development of the Corona Satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Peebles, Curtis

2008-01-01

The launching by the Soviet Union of the Sputnik satellite in 19457 was an impetuous to the United States. The Intercontinental ballistic Missile (ICBM) that launched the Earth's first satellite, could have been armed with a nuclear warhead, that could destroy an American city. The primary intelligence requirement that the US had was to determine the actual size of the Soviet missile program. To this end, a covert, high-risk photoreconnaissance satellite was developed. The code name of this program was "Corona." This article describes the trials and eventual successes of the Corona program.

Common sense and nuclear peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Zacharias, J.R.; Gordon, M.; Davis, S.R.

The authors note that arms control, arms limitation, and arms reduction, though moving in the right direction, are not sufficient. Possible escalation of a small-scale war between nuclear superpowers or of an accident into a major conflagration is our greatest worry, they think, even though there is no justification for ever resorting to nuclear weaponry. We must find new ways to prevent and resolve conflict among nations other than military solutions. Further, the stakes are too high to leave the settling of international disputes in the hands of the world's military establishments, or even its anti-military establishments. To reduce andmore » then eliminate the risk of nuclear war will require a profound change in attitude, both here and in the Soviet Union. The authors feel we must both learn to bargain and barter about the things that really matter. We must realize that we cannot compete on both economic and military trufs simultaneously, because they require different attitudes and policies. Good treaties based on commonality of interest make good neighbors, and can lead to a less-belligerent world. 17 references.« less

The Foreign Policy of Angola under Agostinho Neto

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

Angolan conflict soon entangled the sideline actors South Africa and SVAPO. An evaluation of the prevailing political and ethnic dynamics in southern...forces, with Soviet arms and Cuban troops, quickly sought to squash the Ovimbundu-based liberation movement. A series of Cuban-led offensives routed

Contracting with NATO Industry: U.S. or Foreign Procurement Regulations?

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

U.S. procurement regulations Instead, these nations desire to apply their own procurement %nmi ati nn4 h , enat~ 4 ,4.,4 DO A 72", 1473 ’EITION OF INOV ...situation in Poland (1981), and the sustained arms build-up by the Warsaw Pact countries. To further this policy, the Department of Defense (DOD) and... Poland (1981), and the sustained arms build-up by the Warsaw Pact countries. The principal objective in Europe is to deter a Soviet invasion but should

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs, The Armed Forces Disaster Relief Effort in Armenia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-23

coordinate nationwide efforts to eliminate the effects of the strong earthquake which shook northern Armenia on December 7 and which inflicted consider...involved in efforts dealing with the earth- quake’s effects . The whole country at this hour of trial shares the grief that has befallen Armenia... effects of the earthquake in Arme- nia, the death of many people, it has been decided to proclaim 10 December 1988 a day of national mourning in the

PILOT-SCALE INCINERATION OF BALLISTIC MISSILE LIQUID PROPELLANT COMPONENTS

EPA Science Inventory

The U.S. Department of Defense (DOD) recently concluded agreements with the Ukraine and the Russian Federation under which the DOD is committed to providing both former Soviet Union (FSU) states with equipment and other aid for use in eliminating their strategic offensive arms in...

A Nuclear Freeze and a Noninterventionary Conventional Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Forsberg, Randall

1982-01-01

The history of the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union is related, and the role assigned to conventional and nuclear forces in both countries is explained. A plea is made for a nuclear freeze and for reducing conventional forces as well. (PP)

After the Countercoup: Advising the Imperial Armed Forces of Iran

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-05-20

in Europe, Reza Shah finally found an emerging Nazi Germany willing to counterbalance the British and Soviet influence. Adolf Hitler extended...Tehran Police Department drove jeeps marked with the GENMISH insignia during the Islamic Revolution.106 The NSC defined a strategic course with four

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frye, A.

After decades of diplomatic wrangling, breakthroughs have come on many fronts, both bilateral and multilateral. Not only have Soviets and now Russians joined Americans in agreements to make massive reductions in strategic arms, but the overwhelming majority of nations have signed on to indefinite extension of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT). Leaders in Ukraine, Kazakstan, and Belarus have greatly contributed to the nonproliferation regime by returning thousands of Soviet nuclear weapons to Russia for safekeeping and elimination, a process to be completed this fall with the departure of the last few warheads from Belarus. The Conventional Forces in Europe Treatymore » has ratified and reinforced the transformation of the military balance on the continent, although the altered political landscape after the collapse of the Soviet empire will require nettlesome changes in its provisions. The long-sought Chemical Weapons Convention should enter into force shortly, and, despite India`s recalcitrance, a comprehensive nuclear test ban enjoys nearly universal support.« less

The Future Russian Navy: Interests of the Military

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-05-01

plasma, pulse, membrane, biochemistry , and radiology.’𔃿 Soviet science had to discover and apply "as yet unknown properties of matter, natural laws...agree that large armored forces have become " dinosaurs " in modern warfare.1 Second, all parties agree that the Russian armed forces must be smaller

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-05-17

arms) between the USSR and the United States. To me, it appears as unthinkable as a skirmish between an ele- phant and a whale . However, our military...have described them as racketeers, drug addicts , and have represented them as people who will potentially commit suicide. In fact it has always

Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Weapons Proliferation, and the Arms Race.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollander, Jack, Ed.

A symposium was organized to reexamine the realities of vertical proliferation between the United States and the Soviet Union and to place into perspective the horizontal proliferation of nuclear weapons throughout the world, including the possible role of commercial nuclear power in facilitating proliferation. The four invited symposium…

The Last Day of Civilization.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jacobson, Willard J.

1982-01-01

A narrative account of what might occur the first day of a nuclear war is interspersed with facts about the nuclear arms race and about the destructive power of weapons already stockpiled in the United States and the Soviet Union. A plea is made for preserving civilization from such a catastrophe. (PP)

Soviet Material on Internal Wave Effects, No. 4, September 1975

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-09-01

UzbSSR DBAN EOM FAiO FGiV FiKhOM F-KhMM FMiM FTP FTT FZh GiA GiK IAN Arm IAN Az Avtomatika i telemekhanika Acta physica polonica ...promyshlennyye obraztsy, tovarnyye znaki Postepy fizyki Physics abstracts Prikladnaya mekhanika Prikladnaya matematika i mekhanika Physica status

JPRS Report. Soviet Union, KOMMUNIST, No. 12, August 1989.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-18

statements at the USSR Congress of People’s Dep- uties , particularly those of A. Brazauskas, A. Gorbunov and I. Toome, justifiably pointed out that the...Bakunin taught military skills to professors, musicians and pharmacists who had taken up arms. He advised them to put on the walls of the city

The People’s Liberation Army Navy, A Modern Navy With Chinese Characteristics

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

strategy that does not advocate replicating U.S. or Soviet " blue -water" naval capabilities. Instead, it calls for naval capabilities suited for...strength in 2009 consists of approximately 26 destroyers, 48 fugates , more than 80 missile-armed patrol craft, 58 amphibious ships, 40 mine warfare

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sherrett, R.R.

This study investigates the relationship between NATO's decision to approach the problem created by the intermediate-range nuclear force superiority of the Soviets and the eventual signing of the INF Treaty by the United States and the Soviet Union. The concept presented is that by adopting the dual track decision, (a track for negotiations and a simultaneous track for fielding U.S. INF missiles), the United States was eventually able to conduct arms negotiations from a position of strength. In this way a significant contribution to the INF Treaty negotiation process was made. The study examines the position of each principal priormore » to the dual track decision, examines the role each played in that decision, and looks at the actions taken following the implementation of the dual track decision. The study also presents the nuclear background of NATO, and also examines the INF negotiations in some detail. The conclusions provide the current status of the INF Treaty implementation and outlines some lessons which could be applied to future negotiations of this type. Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces, INF Treaty, GLCM, PIT, Pershing II missiles, Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, Dual Track Decision, Nuclear arms negotiations.« less

Relationship of strategic and theater nuclear forces

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nitze, P.

Policies governing the development of nuclear forces and the relationship of strategic and theater forces are examined from five different levels: (1) the hierarchy of 10 levels of potential violence, (2) the military implications at each interface between levels, (3) historical aspects of changes in the way nuclear weapons are viewed, (4) strategic rivalry, and (5) a global challenge. The challenge acknowledges that the Soviet perception differs from the American view as is indicated by the extent of the Soviet civil defense effort. These differences are detailed in terms of specific weaponry and their effect on negotiations to limit strategicmore » nuclear arms. There has been a tendency to avoid the facts of the Soviet nuclear capability and, once faced, to avoid deciding what action to take. The author contends that the appropriate step is to deny the Soviets intercontinental nuclear supremacy by maintaining equivalent levels of force. To do this the U.S. must add strategically based cruise missiles and should consider including gray-area systems to its negotiations. The author also advocates deterrence by the unilateral use of nuclear weapons for self-defense and the use of short-range weapons by both sides on the edge of a battlefield. (DCK)« less

Fathering the unthinkable: Masculinity, scientists and the nuclear arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eslea, B.

The author argues about the claim that nuclear weapons are necessary in order to defend Western civilization against the aggressive intentions of the Soviet Union. He believes that while the Soviet Union is extremely unpleasant to its own citizens, the United States is by far the more aggressive internationally. In studying the many cruel persecutions of people by people, the author also came to feed that economic causes are not sufficient to explain their intensity and brutality. His study of the relation between witch-hunting and the rise of science led him to think that such non-economic factors as gender identitymore » and sexual attitudes are also very relevant.« less

Superpower nuclear minimalism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graben, E.K.

1992-01-01

During the Cold War, the United States and the Soviet Union competed in building weapons -- now it seems like America and Russia are competing to get rid of them the fastest. The lengthy process of formal arms control has been replaced by exchanges of unilateral force reductions and proposals for reciprocal reductions not necessarily codified by treaty. Should superpower nuclear strategies change along with force postures President Bush has yet to make a formal pronouncement on post-Cold War American nuclear strategy, and it is uncertain if the Soviet/Russian doctrine of reasonable sufficiency formulated in the Gorbachev era actually heraldsmore » a change in strategy. Some of the provisions in the most recent round of unilateral proposals put forth by Presidents Bush and Yeltsin in January 1992 are compatible with a change in strategy. Whether such a change has actually occurred remains to be seen. With the end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union, the strategic environment has fundamentally changed, so it would seem logical to reexamine strategy as well. There are two main schools of nuclear strategic thought: a maximalist school, mutual assured destruction (MAD) which emphasizes counterforce superiority and nuclear war- fighting capability, and a MAD-plus school, which emphasizes survivability of an assured destruction capability along with the ability to deliver small, limited nuclear attacks in the event that conflict occurs. The MAD-plus strategy is based on an attempt to conventionalize nuclear weapons which is unrealistic.« less

The Anti-Satellite (ASAT) Weapon Problem And Congress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Treglio, James R.

1984-08-01

An amendment to the 1984 Defense Authorization Act prevents testing against objects in space of an American F-15 launched anti-satellite weapon until the President certifies that the testing is necessary to prevent harm to the national security, and that he is willing to negotiate an ASAT treaty with the Soviet Union. This extraordinary action by the Congress was taken because many members of Congress feared that the weapon was being developed without due consideration for its impact on arms control, that temporary technical superiority was being given greater importance than the long-term security of the nation. This increased Congressional scrutiny could have an impact on future weapons development programs. "Now a crucial moment is really coming: Either the interested parties will sit down at the negotiating table without delay to begin drawing up a treaty prohibiting the placement in space of weapons of any kind, or the arms race will spill over into space." YURI ANDROPOV, April 28, 1983, in response to petition from American Scientists.

The bishops and nuclear weapons: The catholic pastoral letter on war and peace

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dougherty, J.E.

1984-01-01

This is a contribution to the Catholic debate over nuclear weapons, by an international relations scholar who teaches at a Catholic college. Dougherty is critical of the 1983 pastoral letter, arguing that it focuses too much on the dangers of nuclear war and the inadequacies of deterrence while giving insufficient attention to Soviet expansionism and the need for stable deterrence through a judicious mixture of military modernization and arms control. He is concerned by an increase in ''Catholic nuclear pacifism,'' fearing that the pastoral letter could become a theological rationalization for neo-isolationism in the United States. The European bishops, hemore » notes, take a more moderate view.« less

Controlling the Image of the Teacher's Body under Authoritarianism: The Case of Soviet Latvia (1953-1984)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kestere, Iveta; Kalke, Baiba

2018-01-01

The ideal of the Soviet teacher can be revealed in Soviet mass media, but historians are challenged by the question "what was the actual reality"? Therefore, we addressed the reality of the Soviet school using two research questions: (1) What teacher image was cultivated by Soviet propaganda, and what did the average teacher actually…

Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-01

whether they represented misunderstandings or errors on the Soviet part, or unique Soviet perspectives and biases. Finally, articles on Soviet strategy...and what reactions do these assessments prompt? First, most articles on U.S. continental air defenses were found in the journal of the Air Defense...Soviet assessments of U.S. air defense control systems with articles in Military Thought. Some of these themes are: - The importance of centralized

Visitor - Soviet Union Ambassador - Anatoliy Dobrynin - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-17

S75-28534 (17 July 1975) --- Anatoliy Dobrynin (right), Soviet Union ambassador to the United States, visits with a group of USSR ASTP flight controllers in the Mission Control Center during a tour of NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC). Dobrynin was at JSC on the day the Soviet Soyuz and the American Apollo spacecraft docked in Earth orbit. The group also includes a couple of American ASTP flight controllers.

Toward a nuclear weapons free world?

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maaranen, S.A.

Doubts about the wisdom of relying on nuclear weapons are as old as nuclear weapons themselves. But despite this questioning, nuclear weapons came to be seen as the indispensable element of American (indeed Western) security during the Cold War. By the 1970s and 1980s, however, discontent was growing about the intense US-Soviet nuclear arms competition, as it failed to provide any enduring improvement in security; rather, it was seen as creating ever greater risks and dangers. Arms control negotiations and limitations, adopted as a means to regulate the technical competition, may also have relieved some of the political pressures andmore » dangers. But the balance of terror, and the fears of it, continued. The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) under President Reagan was a very different approach to escaping from the precarious protection of nuclear weapons, in that it sought a way to continue to defend the US and the West, but without the catastrophic risks of mutual deterrence. As such, SDI connoted unhappiness with the precarious nuclear balance and, for many, with nuclear weapons in general. The disappearance of the Warsaw Pact, the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the sudden end of the Cold War seemed to offer a unique opportunity to fashion a new, more peaceful world order that might allow for fading away of nuclear weapons. Scholars have foreseen two different paths to a nuclear free world. The first is a fundamental improvement in the relationships between states such that nuclear weapons are no longer needed. The second path is through technological development, e.g., missile defenses which could provide effective protection against nuclear attacks. The paper discusses nuclear weapon policy in the US, views of other nuclear states, the future of nuclear weapons, and issues in a less-nuclear world.« less

Soviet Marxism and population policy.

PubMed

Vonfrank, A

1984-01-01

American demographers have maintained that Marxism, notably Soviet Marxism, is consistently pronatalist. The Soviet view is said to be that population growth is not a problem and that birth control policies in either developed or developing societies are to be rejected; the "correct" (i.e., socialist) socioeconomic structure is the true solution to alleged population problems. Such representations of Soviet thought greatly oversimplify the Soviet position as well as fail to discern the changes in Soviet thought that have been occurring. Since the 1960s Soviet writers have increasingly acknowledged that population growth is, to a considerable degree, independent of the economic base of society and that conscious population policies may be needed to either increase or decrease the rate of population growth. Even socialist societies can have population problems. And where population growth is too rapid, as in the developing countries, policies to slow such growth are needed because of the threat to economic development. However, the Soviets continue to stress that birth control policies must go hand-in-hand with social and economic development policies if they are to be effective.

The relation between Euro-based nuclear weapons and conventional arms control

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Herman, P.T.

1989-11-01

The social and economic changes currently underway in the Soviet Union and other member nations of the Warsaw Treaty Organization (WTO) surpass anything that has happened in that geopolitical region since 1945. These changes will influence all aspects of the East-West relationship in ways that cannot be predicted today. There are hopes the result will be an East-West relationship devoid of confrontation. There are fears that instabilities might develop that could lead to armed conflict. The challenge to all nations is to achieve a mutually agreeable future order among nations that is inherently stable. This will require vision and statesmanshipmore » on the part of our leaders; it will require understanding and self-discipline on the part of our citizens. Despite occasional periods of tension between member nations of the NATO and WTO, the East-West relationship has been marked by its avoidance of military conflict. Two elements of this relationship have been major contributors to this enduring coexistence. The first has been the existence of two viable alliances: NATO and WTO. These organizations have largely co-opted the national security agendas of their respective member nations and have preempted the option of unilateral pursuit of national objectives through armed conflict in Europe.« less

Conventional armed forces in Europe: Technology scenario development

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Houser, G.M.

1990-07-01

In January 1986, the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev proposed elimination of all nuclear weapons by the year 2000. In April of that year, Mr. Gorbachev proposed substantial reductions of conventional weapons in Europe, from the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains, including reductions in operational-tactical nuclear weapons. In May 1986, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) responded with the Brussels Declaration on Conventional Arms Control,'' which indicated readiness to open East/West discussions on establishing a mandate for negotiating conventional arms control throughout Europe. The Group of 23,'' which met in Vienna beginning in February 1987, concluded the meeting in Januarymore » 1989 with a mandate for the Conventional Armed Forced in Europe (CFE) negotiations. On 6 March 1989, CFE talks began, and these talks have continued through six rounds (as of April 1990). Although US President George Bush, on 30 May 1989, called for agreement within six months to a year, and the Malta meeting of December 1989 called for completion of a CFE agreement by the end of 1990, much remains to be negotiated. This report provides three types of information. First, treaty provisions brought to the table by both sides are compared. Second, on the basis of these provisions, problem areas for each of the provision elements are postulated and possible scenarios for resolving these problem areas are developed. Third, the scenarios are used as requirements for tasks assigned program elements for possible US implementation of a CFE treaty. As progress is achieved during the negotiations, this report could be updated, as necessary, in each of the areas to provide a continuing systematic basis for program implementation and technology development. 8 refs.« less

Entrepreneurial proliferation: Russia`s nuclear industry suits the buyers market. Master`s thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Whalen, T.D.; Williams, A.R.

1995-06-01

The Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, bringing an end to four decades of the Cold War. A system of tight centralized controls has given way to chaotic freedom and un-managed, entrepreneurial capitalism. Of immediate concern to most world leaders has been the control and safety of over 30,000 Soviet nuclear weapons. After 1991, the Soviet, centralized system of management lost one key structural element: a reliable `human factor` for nuclear material control. The Soviet systems for physical security and material control are still in place in the nuclear inheritor states - Russia, Ukraine, Khazakhnstan, and Belarus - but theymore » do not restrain or regulate their nuclear industry. In the chaos created by the Soviet collapse, the nonproliferation regime may not adequately temper the supply of the nuclear materials of the new inheritor states. This could permit organizations or states seeking nuclear weapons easier access to fissile materials. New initiatives such as the United States Cooperative Threat Reduction program, which draws upon U.S. technology and expertise to help the NIS solve these complex problems, are short-tern tactics. At present there are no strategies which address the long-tern root problems caused by the Soviet collapse.This thesis demonstrates the extent of the nuclear control problems in Russia. Specifically, we examine physical security, material control and accounting regulation and enforcement, and criminal actions. It reveals that the current lack of internal controls make access to nuclear materials easier for aspiring nuclear weapons States.« less

Canada’s Prime Ministers and the Nuclear Weapons Venture, from Uncle Louis to Dief, 1948 to 1963

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-06-10

21 A Soviet bomb ... bombs that ended the Second World War. Twenty years later, just about every major weapon system in the arsenal of the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) had...Maloney, Learning To Love The Bomb (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2007), 323-357. 2 Ibid., 343-349. 3 Peter T. Haydon, The 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

Military Review: NATO, US Army Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-07-01

in drug interdiction and substance abuse . Manuscripts must be original and not previously offered elsewhere for publication. They should be between...the "challenges of peace," as we ad- sought to reestablish (or prevent the other fim. dress postwar missions for the nations Armed reestablishing) the...conflict prevention (although certainly tion with the NATO -Alliance, the United -not in terms of political and economic develop- ments), the Soviet

VIew of Mission Control on first day of ASTP docking in Earth orbit

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-15

S75-28483 (15 July 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center on the first day of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. The American ASTP flight controllers at NASA's Johnson Space Center were monitoring the progress of the Soviet ASTP launch when this photograph was taken. The television monitor shows cosmonaut Yuri V. Romanenko at his spacecraft communicator?s console in the ASTP mission control center in the Soviet Union. The American ASTP liftoff followed the Soviet ASTP launch by seven and one-half hours.

Memorandum of a Conference with President Eisenhower after Sputnik. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Traill, David

After World War II ended in 1945, the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR) emerged as the two dominant countries in the post-war world. An arms race began, and this constant pursuit for respect and supremacy was called the Cold War. On October 4, 1957, the USSR launched the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile, with the first…

The Increasing Capabilities of the Soviet Navy

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-01

production -run of 72 Skorys (not including some built for export) and 28 Kotlins ) and to large numbers of smaller ships such as frigates, corvettes...bombers. Incomplete Kotlin destroyers were converted for surface-to-surface missiles, the Kildin class being the first in the world with this capability...anti-surface missiles, and a helicopter carried, and the larger Kara cruiser was heavily armed for ASW. Kanin and Kotlin rlestroyers were convected

Wanat: Combat Action in Afghanistan, 2008

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources , gathering and maintaining the...fled to Pakistan, not to return until the later years of the Soviet war. With that area pacified, most significant heavy fighting was centered along...Northern Alliance. Neither side attempted to lay a heavy hand on the region out of fear of driving the local population into the arms of its enemies

Conflict and Consensus in the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-01

later example of the phenomenon was the appointment of Colonel General Mikhail A. Moiseyev to replace Marshal Akhromeyev as chief of the General Staff...political environment of the Strategic Rocket Forces, however, changed markedly after Mikhail Gorbachev came to power in March 1985. In January 1986...V"yunenko, B. N. Makeyev , V. D. Skugarev, Admiral S. Q. Gorshkov, ed., Voyvnno.morskoy Flat: rol’, Perspektiuy razuitiya, ispol’zovaniye, Voyenizdat

New Zealand Defense Policy Framework, A Strategic Reappraisal

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-03-19

viii THE NEW ZEALAND DEFENSE POLICY FRAMEWORK – A STRATEGIC APPRAISAL What we demand is that the world be made fit and safe to live in. Woodrow Wilson...pressure on some governments and often results in armed conflict. The former Yugoslavia and Soviet Union stand out as prominent examples of the... demand access to the products, services and lifestyles that are evident in other nations. This is problematic for governments who set values and

The Integration of Women into Combat Arms Units

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-03-05

brother- sister bonds rather than sexual ones. Experience has shown that actual integration diminishes prejudice and fosters group cohesiveness more...greater likelihood of being raped . In the 1992 Report to the President “The commission heard testimony from the DoD representatives and POWs who...called us Night Witches because we never let them get any sleep ’, she says.”50 In addition to Soviet women, Allied women demonstrated that they were

The Interrelation Between Personnel and Training in the Soviet Armed Forces.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

as they are planned, there is no problem; the political socialization so commonplace within the society drives into the individual the characteristics...training one receives from childhood through political socialization and collectivization tends to contradict the move towards encouraging initiative. On...military and plays a major role in the decision making process, as well as in the day to day life of the soldier. Having been raised under political

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 4, April 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-17

Franch troops participated in military actions in Lebanon and Chad (1983)» and in Chad and Togo (1986). Today France is again using her armed forces...and 3 sections—transport, refueling and food supply); repair and maintenance platoon (86 men, command section, 8 functional sections—administrative...6 percent are major enterprises. Light industry and the food industry are of key importance in Pakistan. They account for more than half the

Military Schools for Prospective Officers of the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-03-31

the formulation of entrance criteria, teaching methods, and in the preparation and certification of higher teaching and scientific -research cadre. In...17 singled out for their lack of general military knowledge and their "resulting difficulties at promotion time. The author of this article concludes...front page article in Krasnain vezda called for a raising of the standards of "orderliness" (organi.o- vannost’) throughout the cadet corps5 Repeated

Optics to rectify CORONA panoramic photographs for map making

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilbert, Robert S.

2006-08-01

In the 1960's, accurate maps of the United States were available to all, from the U.S. Government, but maps of the Soviet Union were not, and in fact were classified. Maps of the Soviet Union were needed by the U.S. Government, including for U.S. targeting of Soviet ICBM sites, and for negotiating the SALT ICBM disarmament treaty. Although mapping cameras were historically frame cameras with low distortion, the CORONA panoramic film coverage was used to identify any ICBM sites. If distortion-free photographs could be produced from this inherently distorted panoramic material, accurate maps could be produced that would be valuable. Use of the stereo photographs from CORONA, for developing accurate topographical maps, was the mission of Itek's Gamma Rectifier. Bob Shannon's department at Itek was responsible for designing the optics for the Gamma Rectifier. He assigned the design to the author. The optical requirements of this system are described along with the optical design solution, which allowed the inherent panoramic distortion of the original photographs to be "rectified" to a very high level of accuracy, in enlarged photographs. These rectifiers were used three shifts a day, for over a decade, and produced the most accurate maps of the earth's surface, that existed at that time. The results facilitated the success of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Treaty signed by the US and the Soviet Union in 1972, which were verified by "national means of verification" (i.e. space reconnaissance).

U.S. and Soviet Strategic Command and Control: Implications for a Protracted Nuclear War

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

1980’s and early 1990’s. Due to effects by aurora borealis interference, the system is ineffective toward the north, hence the requirement for the North...and southern latitudes.117 1 1 6Nicholas L. Johnson, Soviet Space ProQrams 1980- 1985 66 ( San Diego : Univelt, Inc., 1987), p. 56. 11 7Johnson, Soviet...J. Cimbala. 341-349. Washington, D.C.: AFCEA International Press, 1987. _ Soviet Space Programs 1980-1985. Vol. 66. San Diego , CA: Univelt Inc., 1987

SIOP for Perestroika. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Szafranski, R.

1990-04-01

The pursuit of greater stability through arms reductions is an important component of perestroika. Assuming strategic weapons reductions, the general nuclear war plan, the Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP), will change to employ fewer nuclear arms. If stability and threat reduction are authentic goals, the composition of nuclear offensive forces and the SIOP alert force will evolve accordingly. Greater reliance will likely be placed on bombers. The United States and the Soviet Union can use the opportunity provided by perestroika to agree that the only legitimate role of nuclear weapons is to deter nuclear weapons by threatening nuclear reprisal ormore » punishment. Both sides can then share a strategic catechism that would allow them to move toward small reprisal forces.« less

Is crisis stability still achievable?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pollack, Joshua

During the Cold War, the idea of crisis stability concerned whether the United States and the Soviet Union would be faced with powerful incentives to strike each other first with their nuclear weapons during periods of tension. This idea influenced the design of nuclear forces and guided aspects of nuclear arms control. The United States and Russia continue to operate large, alert nuclear forces, but at least three new factors have emerged that add significantly greater complexity to this picture. The first new factor consists of the development and deployment of new strategic military technologies that are entangled with nuclear weapons. These include strategic ballistic missile defenses, counter-space weapons, and strategic conventional weapons. The second new factor consists of new dyads of interacting strategic forces beyond US-Russia. These include US-China, US-North Korea, India-Pakistan, and India-China. The third new factor consists of the emergence of three-actor crisis stability dynamics, where the third actor is not necessarily nuclear-armed. This paper illustrates the concept with the US-North Korea-South Korea triangle. It briefly discusses the implications of these developments and reflects on the broad policy options that may be available.

Soviet Education Policy 1917-1935: From Ideology to Bureaucratic Control.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lauglo, Jon

1988-01-01

Examining early Soviet educational policy, Lauglo analyzes the initial expression of Marxist humanist values, popular participation, and the value of productive work for general education. Discusses the routinization into a Stalinist pattern of bureaucratically controlled utilitarianism and comments briefly on recent indications of change in…

Nine Days to Oder: An Alternate NATO Strategy for Central Region, Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

in the formulation of the air campaign plans. To all these colleagues in the profession of arms, the authors offer their thanks. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ...Risk Assessment ...................... 144 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED Page XI. THE COST OF THE ALTERNATE STRATEGY ... ........... ... 149 XII. PACT...Encyclopedia of Military History, p. 261. 2. Basil Liddell Hart, The Sword and the Pen, p. 319. 3. Ibid., p. 318. 3 CHAPTER II SOVIET STRATEGY AND PACT

USSR Report World Economy and International Relations No. 11, November 1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-02-07

calculation is obvious: destroy the evolved structure of the Soviet nuclear potential, but keep its own hands free in the nuclear arms buildup...exploited and oppressed throughout the world an example of successful struggle for the right of each people to free and independent development and the...here are essentially of a cosmetic nature and more often than not amount to a simple increase in the number of simple operations or functions performed

Moscow’s ’Near Abroad’ Security Policy in Post-Soviet Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

exemplified by the More than 100,000 Ukrainian service experience of former Major General personnel in other republics have been Valeriy Kuznetsov . A...Crimean corps offered billets in the Ukrainian armed commander, the Russian Kuznetsov , 6 MOSCOW’S "NEAR ABROAD" pledged loyalty to Ukraine and was to...launch sites. Although Kiev signed the Kuznetsov would fight against Russia, Lisbon START protocols calling for he replied in the negative. Kuznetsov

Bibliography of Soviet Developments in Superconductivity, January 1975 - June 1976

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-08-31

superconductors. Acta physica pclonica, A 47, no. 3, 1975, 339-346. 182. Trifan, A. T. Effects of pressure and paramagnetic impurity on...FTT FZh GiA GiK IAN Arm IAN Az Avtomatika i telemekha-iika Acta physic a polonica Akademiya nauk Armyanskoy SSR. Doklady Akademiya nauk...thickness of thin cylindrical superconducting In films near T . Acta physlca polonlca, A47, ID. 3, 1975, 323-327. c I I I I I t t I

The Polish Armed Forces: Warsaw Pact Reliability in Question.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

December 1983 Thesis Advisor: R. Looney Approved for public release distribution unlimite |i ( I’ jUN 0 )84 L 84 06 01 037 SECURITY CLASMICATION OF THIS...Edward Duffy Lieutenant Commander, United States Navy B.A., College of the Holy Cross, 1971 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for ...Poland has little choice in the matter. Poland is the most important piece of real estate vital to the security of the Soviet Union. The words of

Peacemaking: The Effectiveness of British Strategy in Northern Ireland, 1969-1972

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-06-05

Croats and Serbs are. engaged in armed conflict in Yugoslavia, The Soviet Union is troubled by the clash of many different ethnic groups wibhir its...ancient Ireland; NMarianic EHi jot’s Parners." in Revolution; Phw’ United Irishmen and France for the period of English conquest to union ; F.S...governmenit. Westminstcr began pressuring h~im for reform, and demanding iiiquiries into police conduct. O’Neill began work on a limiteo. crash

International Security Negotiations: Lessons Learned from Negotiating with the Russians on Nuclear Arms

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-02-01

specifics of the Acheson-Lilienthal proposal was J. Robert Oppenheimer , wartime scientific director of Los Alamos , a key adviser to the Interim Committee...series of the United States Air Force Institute for National Security Studies (INSS). It presents a major history and analysis of over 70 years of...Soviets had a veto), not to the General Assembly . The joint communiqué issued by the Big Three foreign ministers in Moscow on December 27, 1945

Achieving Nuclear Deterrence in the 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-03-18

and disease. If that all sounded too good to be true, it was too good to be true. While the Soviet Union did depart this vale of tears, Russia...necessary or there could be a large increase in the number of nuclear-armed states. The second nuclear age, per Levite , spanned the years 1968 to 1992...currently the international mood is pessimism with the world on the brink of widespread nuclear proliferation.37 Levite suggests that the emergence

Defining and Achieving Decisive Victory

DTIC Science & Technology

2002-04-01

brilliant essay written a generation ago by French scholar, Raymond Aron. “Strategic thought draws its inspiration each century , or rather at each moment...history. Although since 1991 1 victory has come back into fashion as a proper outcome to be expected of the use of American arms, for the duration of the...Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) lost the Cold War, the United States had not won it.13 So far out of strategic fashion had victory become, that the

United States and Soviet Military Aid to Somalia: A Comparative Analysis of Security Assistance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

Army Infantry School. TheK author has had two articles published, both in In(Aanry magazine. The first * was in the January- February 1982 issue and...Mohamed Siad Barre became the head of the government; thus beginning the fourth period of Somali history. Barre instituted " scientific socialism" as a...on Armed Services; Hearinns before the Subcommittee on Military Constrution Washington; U.S. Government Printing Office; 1982. "U.S. Reassesses Need

Soviet Cinema and State Control: Lenin's Nationalization Decree Reconsidered.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kepley, Vance, Jr.

1990-01-01

Proposes a revisionist account of the immediate conditions and consequences of the 1919 Soviet cinema nationalization decree. Argues that nationalization was the least successful of a set of stop-gap measures; that it dispersed and diluted control; and that it actually retarded the growth of the film industry. (KEH)

Evolving Strategic Realities. Implications for US Policymakers,

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 4 -6: 8-11. 8. See Schelling, Arms and Influence, passim. 9 . Robert Legvold, " The Nature of Soviet Power... News and World Report, 10 September 1979. p. 28. 4 . Sam Nunn, "National Security with the All-Volunteer Force," AEI Defense Review 5 (1977):167...1973. pp. 5 -6: Representative Donald M. Fraser, " The Veto Is Wrong," New Republic, 3 November 1973, pp. 9 -10. "Congress Sends Nixon a

The Reliability of the Warsaw Treaty Organization: Can the Soviet Union Depend on Its Northern Tier Allies?

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-03-01

main enemy, dn aggressive power only waiting to cross the border by force of arms." [Ref. 124] GDR participation in the invasion of Czechoslovakia was...what- soever. The Poles were saved by t . German attack on Russia in 1941, after which Stalin declared amnesty for Polish prisoners . However, once...from the Comintern, arrested those members living in exile in Russia, executed many, and sent the rest to prison camps, they still looked to Russia for

Soviet Nationalities in German Wartime Strategy, 1941-1945.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

their respective nations be allowed to form larger national forces under ’ 3George H. Stein, The Waffen SB: Hitler’s Elite Guard at War, 1939-1945...be carried out until the end of the war by the notorious SS Einsatzgruppen, the SS also had a military arm known as the Waffen SS that engaged in...front-line combat. The Waffen SS underwent a reorganization in 1943 that brought about a major expansion of the SS forces. One of the results of the

Setting the Context: Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses and Joint War Fighting in an Uncertain World

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-01

indicate, ironically, that the greatest suppression element the Wild Weasel possessed was psychological .9 As much as 95 percent of its effectiveness may...extravagant spending on the latest Soviet LAD systems-made them invulnerable to attack by the Americans, or a belief that the United States was bluffing . What...ARMS may have on the enemy that outweigh system Pk (i.e ., psychological warfare against enemy site operators via intimidation). Methods ofAnalysis In

President Richard Nixon - Remarks Announcing an Agreement on Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nixon, Richard

President Nixon addresses the nation to announce a significant development between the United States and the Soviet Union regarding the limitation of the deployment of anti-ballistic missile systems (ABMs). Both nations have promised to make this agreement a top priority in the coming year, working together to limit ABMs. The President notes that intensive negotiations will follow to codify the pledge between the two nations but reports that this commitment is a major breakthrough for both nations.

Aircraft Carriers in Soviet Naval Theory from 1960 to the Falklands War.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

dinosaur of capital ships, its extinction fated by the birth of the nuclear age. -15- NOTES 1 ftef erence to this debate was made by Colonel-General N...who addressed the question of CTOL aircraft carriers unanimously agreed, then and later in the decade, that they were fated for extinction , like...battleships-that they -2- were the dinosaurs of the nuclear age. First, they were too vulnerable to nuclear-tipped missiles; second, other naval force arm

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 12, December 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-19

an anti-cyclic way by increasing investments in the years of crisis . The same must be said about the credit and financial system of the 80s and... crisis in the Persian Gulf zone it is largely due to US military activities. The author exposes the true motives of the American activity in the Persian...noting that three components are most visible: the arms race, fraught with global catastrophy, the accelerated ecological crisis caused by the

New Terrorism? A Case Study of Al-Qaida and the Lebanese Hezbollah

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-12-01

Soviet Union. In Algeria, for example, there are connections between Al-Qaida and the Groupes Islamiques Armés (GIA). The last surviving member of the...Forces, which 122 H.H. Diab, “Bin-Ladin Finances the Terrorists Who Have Been Making Threats to Croatia,” Zagreb Vecernji List (in Serbo-Croatian...use of terror, the importance to the finance of terrorism is clear. These groups and movements carry out the vast majority of political, social

Soviet Military Objectives in the Artic Theater and How They Might be Attained

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

on NATO’s Northern Flank," Armed Forces Journal International, April 1984, 88 ff.; Roy Breivik , "Assuring the Security of Reinforcements to Norway...Publishing Co., 1985), 72-78 passim; Patrick Wall, "The Importance of NATO’s North- em Flank," Defence, vol. 10, no. 1 (January 1979), 9-11. 48. The...Ellingsen, Militaerbalansen 1983-1984; Breivik , "Assuring the Security of Rein- forcements to Norway," 66. 50. The reinforcements include a

The Strategic Context for Assessing Long Range Offense and Active Defense.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-10-27

such Europeans do not really think that there is much of a Soviet nuclear threat to Western Europe, but d. hink that there is an American threat--or at...American military innovation has slowed down. It has been clear for many years that continuing references to a quantitative strategic arms race...have for a long time called for renewed efforts to " slow down the rate of weapons innovation" and "hence to reduce the frequency of introduction of

Balance of Power Theory: Implications for the U.S., Iran, Saudi Arabia, and a New Arms Race

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

37 Andre de Nesnera, "Experts Urge Direct U.S.-Iranian Talks to Resolve Nuclear Issue," Voice of America , April 28, 2006, <http://www.voanews.com...negotiations with the International Atomic Energy Agency in order to initiate their plans for developing nuclear energy. For more, see Peter C. Glover ...wealth while enabling the United States to withstand the Soviet threat and succeed as the sole remaining superpower. While this formula served America

American ASTP crewmen briefed on operation of consoles in main control room

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-04-25

S75-25619 (25 April 1975) --- A group of American ASTP crewmen is briefed on the operation of the consoles in the main control room at the ASTP flight control center at the Cosmonaut Training Center (Star City) near Moscow. The astronauts were in the Soviet Union for ASTP joint crew training with the Soviet ASTP crewmen. PHOTO COURTESY: USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

VIew of Mission Control on first day of ASTP docking in Earth orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center on the first day of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) docking in Earth orbit mission. The American ASTP flight controllers at JSC were monitoring the progress of the Soviet ASTP launch when this photograph was taken. The television monitor shows Cosmonaut Yuri V. Romanenko at his spacecraft communicator's console in the ASTP mission control center in the Soviet Union.

Human Brucellosis Trends: Re-Emergence and Prospects for Control Using a One Health Approach in Azerbaijan (19832009)

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-09-25

in conjunction with data from a livestock surveillance and control programme (2002–2009). To anal- yse trends, we used a combination of segmented...in 1991, the use of livestock vaccination to control zoonotic diseases was severely diminished. Post-Soviet esti- mates suggest human brucellosis...on active livestock surveillance, which can be used to further evaluate control efforts. Methods During Soviet governance, brucellosis was a nationally

Banning nuclear tests: cold feet in the Carter administration

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kincade, W.H.

1978-11-01

Several factors are outlined as being responsible for preventing U.S. negotiators from reaching agreements on nuclear test limitations through the SALT II and the comprehensive test ban treaty (CTB) in spite of hopeful speculations early in the year. Major questions arose over whether the treaties could be ratified, a shift in emphasis from the verifiability of compliance to the reliability of U.S. stockpiles, doubts in the scientific community and virorous lobbying by opponents to constraining the military. Mr. Kincade feels that these factors have influenced Presidential decisiveness, causing the administration to lose public confidence when the purpose of actions towardmore » the Soviet Union and China was not explained. He further feels that by confusing the public and failing to capitalize on his leadership opportunities, the President has been unable to develop a public consensus in favor of nuclear arms control. 13 references.« less

From Communist Control to "Glastnost" and Back?: Media Freedom and Control in the Former Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferguson, Denise P.

1998-01-01

Frames the role of public relations in a self-governing society. Discusses three environmental factors that affect the practice of socially responsible public relations. Reviews the historical media philosophy of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Examines media practice occurring during the region's transformation and implications for…

Soviet health care and perestroika.

PubMed

Schultz, D S; Rafferty, M P

1990-02-01

Health and health care in the Soviet Union are drawing special attention during these first years of perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's reform of Soviet political and economic life. This report briefly describes the current state of Soviet health and medical care, Gorbachev's plans for reform, and the prospects for success. In recent years the Soviet Union has experienced a rising infant mortality rate and declining life expectancy. The health care system has been increasingly criticized for its uncaring providers, low quality of care, and unequal access. The proposed measures will increase by 50 percent the state's contribution to health care financing, encourage private medicine on a small scale, and begin experimentation with capitation financing. It seems unlikely that the government will be able to finance its share of planned health improvements, or that private medicine, constrained by the government's tight control, will contribute much in the near term. Recovery of the Soviet economy in general as well as the ability of health care institutions to gain access to Western materials will largely determine the success of reform of the Soviet health care system.

United States Air Force Agency Financial Report 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

of the Berlin Airlift. Following World War II, Germany was divided into four sectors . Although Berlin was located in the Soviet controlled...eastern sector of Germany, the city was also divided into four sections. The U.S., Great Britain, and France occupied the western portion of Berlin and...the Soviets occupied the eastern portion. In June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked the Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to those sectors of

August 5, 1963-President Kennedy's Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow, Russia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kennedy, John F.

On August 5, 1963, after more than eight years of negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the nuclear age. As tensions between East and West settled into a Cold War, scientists in the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union conducted tests and developed more powerful nuclear weapons. In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and themore » public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue. In May 1955, the United Nations Disarmament Commission brought together the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union to begin negotiations on ending nuclear weapons testing. Conflict soon arose over inspections to verify underground testing. The Soviet Union feared that on-site inspections could lead to spying that might expose the Soviets' vastly exaggerated claims of the number of deliverable nuclear weapons. As negotiators struggled over differences, the Soviet Union and the United States suspended nuclear tests—a moratorium that lasted from November 1958 to September 1961. John F. Kennedy had supported ban on nuclear weapons testing since 1956. He believed a ban would prevent other countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, and took a strong stand on the issue in the 1960 presidential campaign. Once elected, President Kennedy pledged not to resume testing in the air and promised to pursue all diplomatic efforts for a test ban treaty before resuming underground testing. He envisioned the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament. President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961, just five weeks after the humiliating defeat of the US-sponsored invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Khrushchev took a hard line at the summit. He announced his intention to cut off Western access to Berlin and threatened war if the United States or its allies tried to stop him. Many US diplomats felt that Kennedy had not stood up to the Soviet premier at the summit and left Khrushchev with the impression that he was a weak leader. President Kennedy's political and military advisers feared that the Soviet Union had continued secret underground testing and made gains in nuclear technology. They pressured Kennedy to resume testing. And, according to a Gallup poll in July 1961, the public approved of testing by a margin of two-to-one. In August 1961, the Soviet Union announced its intention to resume atmospheric testing, and over the next three months it conducted 31 nuclear tests. It exploded the largest nuclear bomb in history—58 megatons—4,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. In his commencement address at American University on June 10, 1963, Kennedy announced a new round of high-level arms negotiations with the Russians. He boldly called for an end to the Cold War. "If we cannot end our differences," he said, "at least we can help make the world a safe place for diversity." The Soviet government broadcast a translation of the entire speech, and allowed it to be reprinted in the controlled Soviet press. The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by US Secretary Dean Rusk, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, and British Foreign Secretary Lord Home—one day short of the 18th anniversary of the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Over the next two months, President Kennedy convinced a fearful public and a divided Senate to support the treaty. The Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, by an 80-19 margin. Kennedy signed the ratified treaty on October 7, 1963. The treaty: prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space allowed underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test pledged signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Signed by 71 nations, including those possessing nuclear weapons, the treaty prohibited all nuclear test explosions including those conducted underground. Though it was signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 51 to 48.« less

Bulgarian military neurosurgery: from Warsaw Pact to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

PubMed

Enchev, Yavor; Eftimov, Tihomir

2010-05-01

After 45 years as a closest ally of the Soviet Union in the Warsaw Pact, founded mainly against the US and the Western Europe countries, and 15 years of democratic changes, since 2004 Bulgaria has been a full member of NATO and an equal and trusted partner of its former enemies. The unprecedented transformation has affected all aspects of the Bulgarian society. As a function of the Bulgarian Armed Forces, Bulgarian military medicine and in particular Bulgarian military neurosurgery is indivisibly connected with their development. The history of Bulgarian military neurosurgery is the history of the transition from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics military system and military medicine to NATO standards in every aspect. The career of the military neurosurgeon in Bulgaria is in many ways similar to that of the civilian neurosurgeon, but there are also many peculiarities. The purpose of this study was to outline the background and the history of Bulgarian military neurosurgery as well as its future trends in the conditions of world globalization.

The deterrent forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kortunov, S.

The rapid changes that are occurring in Europe and in the world at large create qualitatively new military and political realities and will force nuclear powers to make major adjustments in their foreign policy and military-technological thinking. The new situation will certainly lead to changes in both the nuclear doctrines of those countries and their approaches to nuclear forces - both strategic and tactical - as will be needed to ensure national security. This applies fully to the Commonwealth of Independent States (the former USSR), whose nuclear doctrine, like that of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), is now beingmore » overhauled. It is well known that the former Soviet Union in its public declarations, including those made at the highest political level, has been strongly critical of the doctrine of deterrence. An unbiased historical analysis of the postwar period also demonstrates that military competition between the Soviet Union and the United States in the nuclear field followed the action-reaction logic, the constraining factors being primarily financial and technological rather than moral. Parity was initially interpreted as numerical equality in strategic nuclear arms and later as rough equality in operational nuclear capabilities. Another confirmation that the Soviet Union had based its policy precisely on the doctrine of deterrence is the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which limits the antiballistic missile systems of the two sides to purely symbolic numbers of ABMs and effectively exposes the former Soviet Union and the United States to a retaliatory strike. Nuclear deterrence is a modus vivendi of the world we live in, and it will stay that way until nations devise a fundamentally new system of maintaining international security. The problem is that the nuclear powers have more than enough nuclear weapons to make deterrence work effectively.« less

The Soviet program for peaceful uses of nuclear explosions. Revision 1

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nordyke, M.D.

1996-10-01

An extensive review is given of the US and Russian efforts on peaceful uses of nuclear explosions (PNE). The Soviet PNE program was many times larger than the US Plowshare program in terms of both the number of applications explored with field experiments and the extent to which they were introduced into industrial use. Several PNE applications, such as deep seismic sounding and oil stimulation, have been explored in depth and appear to have had a positive cost benefit at minimal public risk. Closure of runaway gas wells is another possible application where all other techniques fail. However, the fundamentalmore » problem with PNEs is the fact that, if they are to be economically significant, there must be widespread use of the technology, involving large numbers of sites, each of which presents a potential source of radioactivity to the environment and nearby communities. Russia now has more than 100 sites where significant high-level radioactivity has been buried. Experience over the last 20 years in US and in today`s Russia shows that it is virtually impossible to gain public acceptance of such applications of nuclear energy. In addition, PNEs also pose a difficult problem in the arms control area. Under a comprehensive test ban, any country conducting PNEs would, in appearance if not in fact, receive information useful for designing new nuclear weapons or maintaining an existing nuclear stockpile, information denied to the other parties to the treaty. 6 tabs, 10 figs.« less

Optimizing the post-START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) US strategic nuclear force mix. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leary, D.A.

1989-06-01

This thesis examines the impact a START agreement might have on the United States and Soviet strategic nuclear forces. It then proposes an optimum post-START force mix for the United States and the Soviet Union. The current, as well as projected, post-START targeting policies are discussed. It is concluded that the impact of a START agreement on the current U.S. strategic targeting policy will be minimal. Although the target data base will not shrink as much as the forces tasked to cover it, a prioritization of targets is all that should be necessary with a post-START force. A START agreementmore » will mean major reductions in U.S. and Soviet strategic nuclear forces. As proposed in this thesis, only the ICBM leg of the Triad will require any major re-structuring. This would include the addition of mobile ICBM systems. The SLBM and bomber legs will feel minimal changes (i.e., retiring POSEIDON SSBNs and retiring or converting some older B-52s). It is recommended that the B-52 program be cancelled, and funding be re-directed into mobile ICBM systems. By doing so the United States could utilize technology available today to strengthen its forces and not gamble on the low-observable technology which a stealth bomber might have.« less

Corporate interests, philanthropies, and the peace movement.

PubMed

Wright, T; Rodriguez, F; Waitzkin, H

1986-01-01

Corporate and philanthropic involvement in the peace movement is growing. In considering medical peace groups as examples, we have studied the ways that corporate and philanthropic funding have shaped the course of activism. Our methods have included: review of the Foundations Grant Index from 1974-1983; analysis of corporations' and foundations' criteria for grants in the categories of peace, arms control, and disarmament; interviews with leaders of activist organizations and with foundation officials; and our own experiences in the peace movement. Corporate interests in preventing nuclear war stem from a concern for global stability in which world markets may expand, and from a hope to frame issues posed by the peace movement in a way that will not challenge basic structures of power and finance. Several general features make peace groups respectable and attractive to philanthropies; an uncritical stance toward corporate participation in the arms race; a viewpoint that the main danger of nuclear war stems from a profound, bilateral conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union; and a single-issue focus that does not deal with the many related problems reflecting the injustices of capitalism. The two major medical groups working for peace, Physicians for Social Responsibility (PSR) and International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), have accomplished many goals; however, their adherence to subtle criteria of respectability and their dependence on philanthropic funding have limited the scope of their activism. The struggle for peace can not succeed without fundamental changes in the corporate system that initiates, maintains, and promotes the arms race.

The Army Study Program Fiscal Year 83 Report. Volume I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

C I 4.50 6 S 20 78 2237 PROJECTION OF SOVIET/WP E/W THREAT C 1 1.50 5 L 28 28 2841 RESTRUCTURING DIV FM NETS N 1 2.00 X M 20 88 2452 ROBOTICS IN THE...ATTN: LIBRARY) NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY (ATTN: LIBRARY) US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE (ATTN: LIBRARY) ARMED FORCES STAFF COLLEGE (ATTN... GDLS and Performance Management Army (PKA) is contained in subsequent chapters of this report. a OFFUCHAPTER 1 STUDIES AND ARMY GOALS hr.4PURPOSE. This

Airland Battle Combat Airdrop Doctrine and Requirement

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-11

ample. One the most demanding and interse combat scenerioc . the Army faces in the world today, it will also be the st demanding for airl ift forces...Secoind, we will =surn,. hat U.S. ?nd NATO armed forces are engaced it) combat in this .-gion against forces from the Union of Soviet Sociali t...theater ended on. Back in Europe, the f i r-st a i r bore rip opei at -n iti..ERLORC" , ca code named ’ RUGBY -. The Rujgb- f c. 42 a- ’ ’ i i IIIIS

Managing the Ethnic Factor in the Russian and Soviet Armed Forces. An Historical Overview,

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-01

existed a 29th National Infantry Command Courses (school) in Tashkent. although no data are provided on the number of graduates (Belonozhko et al ...taking part of the Bukhara police force with them. But the most spectacular defection of all was that of Enver Pasha. 40 3 5-Belonozhko et al ., 197’ pp...78-80.31l1bid. 37 Park, 1957, p. 41; and Wheeler, 1964, p. 108. - 8Belonozhko et al ., 1976, p. 81; and Wheeler, 1964, p. 108.39d’Encausme, Cwil War and

Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism.

PubMed

Zajicek, Benjamin

2017-01-01

This article examines how lobotomy came to be banned in the Soviet Union in 1950. The author finds that Soviet psychiatrists viewed lobotomy as a treatment of "last resort," and justified its use on the grounds that it helped make patients more manageable in hospitals and allowed some to return to work. Lobotomy was challenged by psychiatrists who saw mental illness as a "whole body" process and believed that injuries caused by lobotomy were therefore more significant than changes to behavior. Between 1947 and 1949, these theoretical and ethical debates within Soviet psychiatry became politicized. Psychiatrists competing for institutional control attacked their rivals' ideas using slogans drawn from Communist Party ideological campaigns. Party authorities intervened in psychiatry in 1949 and 1950, persecuting Jewish psychiatrists and demanding adherence to Ivan Pavlov's theories. Psychiatrists' existing conflict over lobotomy was adopted as part of the party's own campaign against harmful Western influence in Soviet society.

Scientific and technical training in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. L.

1983-01-01

Specific features and observations on the Soviet educational system and areas of apparent effectiveness are presented, noting that the literacy rate is over 98 percent in 1982. Educational goals are reoriented every five years to match with other projections of five-year plans. The Soviet constitution established strong educational goals, including schools, correspondence courses, lectures in native tongues, free tuition, and vocational training. The educational pattern from pre-school through graduate school lasts over 28 yr and contains two 2-yr periods of work, confined to specialties after graduate school. Mathematics is emphasized, as are physics, Marxism, and a foreign language. Approximately 300,000 engineers were graduated in the Soviet Union in 1982, compared with the 20-yr U.S. average of 50,000/yr. About 2/3 of Soviet engineers participate in defense work, a number which is four times the total number of U.S. engineers. It is asserted that the continual indoctrination, organization, and practical work experience will guarantee that the Soviet state will remain a dominant force in the world as long as centralized state control can be carried out.

Rhetorical analysis of Ronald Reagan's November 18, 1981, address on strategic arms reduction

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Preston, C.T. Jr.

1986-01-01

Ronald Reagan's addresses, news conferences, and statements on disarmament during his first term form the focus of this dissertation. The rhetoric of the Nuclear Freeze Campaign formed the background for the study of Reagan's response. A November 18, 1981, address before the National Press Club was selected as the representative anecdote for the disarmament rhetoric. Using Kenneth Burke's dramatistic method, the dissertation concludes that Reagan's effective choices in transformation, entitlement, and identification produced a disarmament drama that enabled many American listeners to cope with the arms race. The understandings created by this drama appealed to an audience that had beenmore » aroused by the freeze movement about the danger of nuclear war. Reagan's rhetorical choices included transforming the conflict of the people versus the arms race into a conflict between the people and the Soviet threat, entitling a nuclear buildup START to make it appear that reduction goes further than freezing weapons, and identifying with America's desire not to repeat past mistakes of history by promoting a need for a strong Alliance. Reagan reinforced the drama of an arms buildup as a road to peace. These choices, the constraints of freeze member's access to the media, and inconsistencies among freeze appeals, contributed significantly to the current lack of support for a nuclear freeze.« less

Soviet Frontal Aviation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

Oxplail thLtI th\\ v ,:crL’ v , turiou-, only because of tile " r’ .e.r e.i,:: t, tan. un , ol e - in, :, t.Lictics, as well as the u.-, e of -, V "I 01I o, L...Pilot". Soviet Military Review. No. 2, 1979. Mikryukov , L. "Upravleniye istrebitelyami v vozdushnom boyu" (Controlling Fighter Planes in Aerial Combat...4. TITLE (and Subtitle) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD CeVERED SOVIET FRONTAL AVIATION,./ - r E -RrSWUN r.oR. *ep**T NumaE.R 7. AUTHOR(a) S. CONTRACT OR

Application of INCSEA principles to the Taiwan Strait.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wen-Chung, Chai

2003-06-01

The waters surrounding Taiwan are important international waterways. In addition to merchant ships of every nation, the warships of the United States, Japan, Russia, and China may appear in these waters. No hostility is expected between Taiwan and the United States, Japan, or Russia; however, Taiwan and China have a tense relationship, and both sides face a potential for naval incidents. As Taiwan and China expand their naval capability, the International Maritime Organization Convention for the lnternational Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea may not be sufficient to prevent naval incidents, any of which might develop into conflict or war.more » Therefore, China and Taiwan need to develop maritime confidence building measures (CBMs) that could reduce the chance of naval incidents and strengthen mutual trust and confidence. Among the variety of maritime CBM concepts for military purposes, the most successful and effective measure has been the 1972 U.S.-Soviet Union Agreement on the Prevention of Incidents On and Over the High Seas (INCSEA). The success of the agreement demonstrates that CBMs represent a workable alternative to traditional arms controls. The purpose of this paper is to suggest a concrete approach to the constraint of naval activities between China and Taiwan to reduce accidents and misunderstandings. This paper outlines the categories and characteristics of incidents at sea. Next, the author identifies the successful factors of the U.S.-Soviet INCSEA and applies the INCSEA concept to the Taiwan Strait. Finally, the author develops a framework of options and a step-by-step approach for establishing an INCSEA between Taiwan and China.« less

"Quality Revolution" in Post-Soviet Education in Russia: From Control to Assurance?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Minina, Elena

2017-01-01

Employing the analytical framework of a discourse-driven social change, this paper unpacks the neoliberal concept of "educational quality" in the course of Russian education modernisation reform from 1991 to 2013. Since the early 1990s, the global neoliberal discourse has served as the backbone for post-Soviet educational ideology.…

The Challenge to Soviet Interests in Eastern Europe, Romania, Hungary, East Germany.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

they trust Kadar to control its political impact. The key question, then, is how Kadar’s program of economic and political liberalization will fare... How can Moscow reconcile its somewhat contradictory goals of stabil- ity and control in Eastern Europe in the next decade? What problems is it...likely to face in Eastern Europe and how will these affect Soviet interests in the area? What are the prospects for some restructuring of its relations

The Hunt for Red October II: A magnetohydrodynamic boat demonstration for introductory physics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Overduin, James; Polyak, Viktor; Rutah, Anjalee; Sebastian, Thomas; Selway, Jim; Zile, Daniel

2017-11-01

The 1990 film "The Hunt for Red October" (based on Tom Clancy's 1984 debut novel of the same name) featured actors like Sean Connery and Alec Baldwin, but the star of the movie for physicists was a revolutionary new magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) marine propulsion system. The so-called "caterpillar drive" worked with no moving parts, allowing a nuclear missile-armed Soviet submarine to approach the U.S. coast undetected. As the submarine captain (played by Connery) said, "Once the world trembled at the sound of our rockets … now they will tremble again—at the sound of our silence.

History of Nuclear Weapons Design and Production

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oelrich, Ivan

2007-04-01

The nuclear build-up of the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War is often portrayed as an arms race. Some part was indeed a bilateral competition, but much was the result of automatic application of technical advances as they became available, without careful consideration of strategic implications. Thus, the history of nuclear weapon design is partly designers responding to stated military needs and partly the world responding to constant innovations in nuclear capability. Today, plans for a new nuclear warhead are motivated primarily by the desire to maintain a nuclear design and production capability for the foreseeable future.

Origins of the Tactical Nuclear Weapons Modernization Program: 1969-1979

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yaffe, Michael David

On December 12, 1979, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization decided to deploy new long-range theater nuclear forces, Pershing II and Ground-Launched Cruise Missiles. This marked the first major change in NATO's nuclear stockpile since the adoption of the flexible response strategy in 1967. The decision was controversial inasmuch as the Allies disagreed on the fundamental role of nuclear weapons in this strategy and, thereby, the types and number of weapons required for an effective deterrent posture. Europeans generally preferred long-range weapons capable of striking the Soviet Union and small conventional forces while Americans preferred shorter-range nuclear weapons and a stalwart conventional defense. Thus, the December decision is often described as purely politically motivated, in which the Americans reluctantly acquiesced to a European initiative for long-range weapons, prominently expressed by West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt in 1977. Recently declassified US government documents reveal, however, that long-range missiles were part of a long-term comprehensive nuclear modernization program conceived in the Pentagon under Defense Secretary James Schlesinger during the period of 1973 through 1975, and presented to skeptical European elites who favored arms control negotiations over costly new deployments. This program was motivated as much by changes in the American national security culture as by an increase in the Soviet military threat to Europe. It was grounded on a clear military rationale: "that a feasible and affordable conventional defense is only possible if NATO has modern nuclear forces" that can effectively hold at risk Warsaw Pact ground and air forces throughout the depth of their employment from the inner-German border to the western military districts of the Soviet Union. When the new US administration in 1977 disagreed with the modernization plan and its rationale, opting instead for more conventional forces, the Allies in a reversal of roles lobbied the US President to deploy the long-range weapons being developed by the Defense Department. In the course of deliberations, political preferences suppressed military considerations of deterrence and only a small portion of the original modernization program was implemented.

Soviet Naval Infantry: A New Capability?

DTIC Science & Technology

1971-04-15

consisting of from 9 to 156 vessels. Peter’s use of galleys in an age when the galley was primarily used as a floating prison proved an effective and Uni...units played a major role in the contest between the Red forces and their many foes during the civil war. The crucial campaign for the control of the...defeated by the same tactics employed in the civil war, only the forces were different: Soviet armor played the cavalry role and controlled the

Family Formation in Post-Soviet Ukraine: Changing Effects of Education in a Period of Rapid Social Change

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perelli-Harris, Brienna

2008-01-01

Focusing on post-Soviet Ukraine, this paper examines how social transformations changed family formation, leading to the world's lowest fertility rate. The findings show that before Ukraine gained independence, highly educated women had higher first birth rates after controlling for school enrollment and marriage. After independence, highly…

Cancer control in India: a multinational approach involving the USA and the USSR.

PubMed Central

Sutnick, A I; Saunders, J F; Puchkov, Y I

1982-01-01

Based on a long-standing cooperation in medicine and public health between the United States and the Soviet Union, and on the potential contributions to be made by scientists from both of these countries, the World Health Organization invited an American-Soviet collaborative team to recommend a cancer control program for the Government of India. The consultants defined the importance of cancer of the cervix uteri and of the oral cavity, which comprise one-half of India's cancer cases, as the basis for a cancer control program. They recommended incorporation of cancer control functions into the organizational structure of the Ministry of Health as well as specific recommendations in education, prevention, and early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiologic studies. The mission underscores the value of multinational cooperation on health care problems that are faced in common by the United States, the Soviet Union, and other countries of the world. In addition it serves as a basis for international friendship and understanding in the context of mutually productive activities which may provide a benefit for all nations. PMID:7091462

Soviet chemical laser research: pulsed lasers. Report for 1963--1970

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ksander, Y.

1971-11-01

The document reviews Soviet work on pulsed chemical lasers published in the open litarature in 1963-1970. Whereas U. S. research combines the approaches of physics, quantum electrodynamics, and aerodynamics, Soviet laser research is heavily (and expertly) oriented to understanding the chemical reactions. They prefer pulsed to cw systems, concentrating on kinetics of vibrationally excited diatomic systems. The documents describe gas lasers with discharge, photolytic, and other initiation and includes research on HN/sub 3/ + CO/sub 2/ mixtures, and means of controlling reaction rates by resonant coupling and selective heating. The report also proposes a laser based on photorecombination of atoms.

Effects of the Cosmos 1129 Soviet paste diet on body composition in the growing rat

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pace, N.; Rahlmann, D. F.; Smith, A. H.; Pitts, G. C.

1981-01-01

Six Simonsen albino rats (45 days of age) were placed on a regimen of 40 g/day the semipurified Soviet paste diet used in the 18.5 day Cosmos 1129 spacecraft was to support the rats for various experiments on the physiological effects of weightlessness. The animals were maintained on the Soviet paste diet for 35 days, metabolic rate was measured and body composition was determined by direct analysis. The results were compared with a control group of rates of the same age, which had been kept on a standard commercial grain diet during the same period of time.

The Soviet Breakup and U.S. Foreign Policy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lynch, Allen

1991-01-01

This issue of a quarterly publication on world affairs explores the historical significance of the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the implication for U.S. foreign policy. With the breakup of the USSR in 1990-91, Russia for the first time this century does not have control over the non-Russian nations of its former empire in Central Asia,…

Radiological Weapons Control: A Soviet and US Perspective. Occasional Paper 29.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Issraelyan, Victor L.; Flowerree, Charles C.

Two international diplomats from the Soviet Union and the United States focus on the need for a treaty to ban the use of radiological weapons. Radiological weapons are those based on the natural decay of nuclear material such as waste from military or civilian nuclear reactors. Such devices include both weapons and equipment, other than a nuclear…

Psychology and the prevention of nuclear war: A book of readings

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

White, R.K.

This book contains eight sections, each consisting of several papers. Some of the paper titles are: On Numbing and Feeling; The Mirror Image in Soviet-American Relations; Empathizing with the Soviet Government; Decision Making in Crises; The Nature and Control of Escalation; Cognitive Perspectives on Foreign Policy; and Deterrence, the Spiral Model and Intentions of the Adversary.

The Department of Defense critical technologies plan for the Committees on Armed Services United States Congress

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Young, Leo

1990-03-01

The second Annual Defense Critical Technologies Plan responds to the requirement that the Secretary of Defense submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and House of Representatives an annual plan for developing the technologies considered by the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Energy to be the technologies most critical to ensuring the long term qualitative superiority of the United States weapon systems. Twenty critical technologies are selected. The selection process is described, criteria for selection are set forth, and industrial and international assessments are summarized. The major portion of this report is contained in 20 sections in Appendix A, one section for each critical technology. Each section addresses the questions posed by Congress on funding, plans and milestones, industrial base and manufacturing issues, and the competitiveness of U.S. industry; it also provides an assessment of the positions of the Soviet Union, NATO, Japan and other industrialized countries in niche technologies within each critical technology.

Life Aboard a Soviet Destroyer and a Soviet Submarine

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

psychological, political, and technological), ship design and weaponry, habitability (living quarters, diet), fleet support, damage control, and repair ...training and written exams. We then asked to transfer to Vladivostok tc participate in a long -term deployment that would combine training with a...of ship functions, including exercise and even party-political 22 work. We resumed the morning workout with Borodin as the tapes played. "The

Deterrence and National Security in the Face of an Amorphous Threat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Werne, R

2001-01-05

The National Security threats that we face today and, in turn, the National Security . requirements, are more diverse and complex than they were during the Cold-War from 1945-1990. During that period, and bolstered by the experiences of World Wars I and II, US National Security policy was focused on the stabilization of post WW II country boundaries and containment of the Soviet block and China. The result was the bipolar world in which the nuclear and conventional forces of the United States, the Soviet Union, and their respective allies ensured a measure of political stability through a military stalematemore » of world wide proportions. The practical result was that large scale changes in national borders were unlikely, but internal conflict within countries, and local conflicts between neighboring countries could still occur, albeit with participation from one or both of the Superpower camps. US National Security Policy was designed primarily for stabilization of the bipolar world on the military front and for competition with the Soviet Union and China on economic and political fronts. The collapse of the Soviet Union changed the global picture. The bipolar world and its military stalemate appear to be gone for the moment and the threat which was the foundation for US National Security policy has changed significantly. Some will argue that China has intentions of replacing the Soviet Union as a military superpower and thus recreate the bipolar world. Furthermore, Russia still has significant nuclear forces and has recently talked of lowering the nuclear threshold in an apparent attempt to make up for its weakened conventional forces. Clearly the threat of large scale nuclear war is much reduced, but not gone entirely. Having acknowledged the Chinese and Russian threats, what does the global picture look like today? The boundaries of most countries are secure but there are significant frictions, that have, or could lead, to armed conflict. Most of these are today's manifestations of long standing problems with no easy solution in sight. It can be argued that most local conflicts will be of no direct threat to US interests. However there are situations where local conflict can have significant international impact if left unchecked, For example localized conflict in the Middle East could affect oil supplies world wide, open conflict between China and Taiwan could draw in Japan and the United States, India and Pakistan have armed conflict over Kashmir threatening a nuclear exchange, and North Korea continues to be a concern with its long range missile and nuclear and CBW, development programs. There is also the problem of state sponsored or sanctioned terrorism against the US and its allies. As with Korea, a number of countries have been identified as having had, or still having active chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons programs along with strategic missile programs that would enable them to deliver warheads to the US mainland or similarly threaten US allies. Furthermore the problem of the clandestine delivery of a weapon of mass destruction designed to target US civilian population centers is very real. Such threats designed to deter US policy initiatives abroad, have been termed ''asymmetric'' warfare and appear to be an emerging capability in a number of countries.« less

Summary of compliant and multi-arm control at NASA. Langley Research Center

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harrison, Fenton W.

1992-01-01

The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the: single arm system, single arm axis system, single arm control systems, single arm hand controller axis system, single arm position axis system, single arm vision axis system, single arm force axis system, multi-arm system, multi-arm axis system, and the dual arm hand control axis system with control signals.

Political Socialization of Youth in the Soviet Union: Its Theory, Use, and Results

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

The political socialization of youth in the Soviet Union was recognized by the early Bolsheviks as critical to the future of the new socialist...continue the communist struggle. Later schools and political socialization became a matter of strict Communist Party control from the smallest...non-communist topics, such as a market economy and democracy, than they were by political socialization from the state.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-03

18000602 Moscow PRA VDA in Russian 2 Aug 88 p 3 [Article by I . Zarakhovich and T . Trukhacheva, journal- ists, and Ye. Sokolova, member, Central Council...QTJAUn INSP1CH3B t Soviet Union Political Affairs JPRS-UPA-88-044 CONTENTS 03 OCTOBER 1989 PARTY, STATE AFFAIRS History of Formation of Nagorno...Advocated //. Zarakhovich, T . Trukhacheva; PRAVDA, 2 Aug 88] 86 REGIONAL ISSUES Biologist on Costs of Pollution Control Measures [A. Valentey

Alternative Strategic Environments, 1994-2004.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

ability to sustain a heavy burden of defense spending politically. The study assumes that in the "surprise-free" forecast Europe will remain divided...nationalistic discontent and impa- tience with Soviet control. The possibility of an overt Soviet intervention is expected to remain high. Because of its own prob...development would be particularly important for the United States and its allies, as 3apan and several West European nations are projected to remain

Study of Deaths by Suicide in the Soviet Special Camp Number 7 (Sachsenhausen), 1945-1950.

PubMed

López-Muñoz, Francisco; Cuerda-Galindo, Esther; Krischel, Matthis

2017-03-01

After World War II, Sachsenhausen Nazi concentration camp (Oranienburg) was administered until the spring of 1950 by Soviet occupation forces (Special Camp Number 7) and used mainly for political prisoners. Our study analyzes suicides in this camp during the Soviet period. Data was collected from the archives of Sachsenhausen Memorial, Special Camp Collection. Original documents containing certificates or autopsy reports of prisoners who committing suicide were reviewed. In this period, authorities registered 17 suicides. The age of suicides was between 19 and 64 years. The most frequent cause of imprisonment was Blockleiter (Kapo in Nazi period, n = 4), Mitarbeiter Gestapo (member of the Gestapo, n = 3) and Wehrmacht (military, n = 3). Hanging was the most frequent method of suicide. The average time spent in the camp until suicide was 715 days. The number of recorded suicides under Soviet control is considerably lower (calculated rate 2.8/10,000 per year) than under Nazi control (calculated rate 11/10,000 per year). This could be due to comparably more favorable conditions for prisoners and the abolishment of the death penalty during this period. Possible motives for suicides include feelings of guilt for crimes committed, fear of punishment and a misguided understanding of honor on the eve of criminal trials.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dunlop, W H

It is my pleasure to be here to day to participate in this Conference. My thanks to the organizers for preparing such an interesting agenda on a very difficult topic. My effort in preparing my presentation was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by University of California, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract W-7405-Eng-48. And as many of you know Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is now, as of Oct 1st, under contract to the Lawrence Livermore National Security LLC. There has been a long history of how to view verification of arms control agreements. The basismore » for verification during the days of SALT was that verification would be based on each country's national technical means. For treaties dealing with strategic missiles this worked well as the individual items subject to verification were of such a size that they were visible by the National Technical Means available at the time. And it was felt that the counting of missiles and launchers could be verified by our National Technical Means. For nuclear testing treaties the use of seismic measurements developed into a capability that was reasonably robust for all but the smallest of nuclear tests. However, once we had the Threshold Test Ban Treaty, there was a significant problem in that the fidelity of the measurements were not sufficient to determine if a test was slightly above the 150 kt limit or slightly below the 150 kt limit. This led some in the US to believe that the Soviet Union was not living up to the TTBT agreement. An on-site verification protocol was negotiated in 1988 and 1989 that allowed the US to make hydrodynamic yield measurements on Soviet tests above 50 kt yield and regional seismic measurements on all tests above 35 kt of yield; and the Soviets to make the same type of measurements on US tests to ensure that they were not over 150 kt. These on-site measurements were considered reasonably intrusive. Again the measurement capability was not perfect and it was expected that occasionally there might be a verification measurement that was slightly above 150 kt. But the accuracy was much improved over the earlier seismic measurements. In fact some of this improvement was because as part of this verification protocol the US and Soviet Union provided the yields of several past tests to improve seismic calibrations. This actually helped provide a much needed calibration for the seismic measurements. It was also accepted that since nuclear tests were to a large part R&D related, it was also expected that occasionally there might be a test that was slightly above 150 kt, as you could not always predict the yield with high accuracy in advance of the test. While one could hypothesize that the Soviets could do a test at some other location than their test sites, if it were even a small fraction of 150 kt it would clearly be observed and would be a violation of the treaty. So the issue of clandestine tests of significance was easily covered for this particular treaty.« less

Explaining weapons proliferation: Going beyond the security dilemma

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rattray, G.J.

1994-07-01

Most analyses addressing the subject of why states choose to proliferate focus on external motivations, particularly the security dilemma, facing a country`s leaders. This paper concludes that, other factors, such as prestige, regime type and stability, and economic status, can have impact in determining proliferation outcomes. In the case of Newly Independent States of the former Soviet Union (NIS), the domestic problems generated by internal conflicts, arms remaining from the Cold War, excess defense industrial capacity, economic difficulties and the breakdown of central authority resulting in a loss of border control and corruption have all made the NIS an extremelymore » fertile ground for weapons proliferation. A more positive `rollback` situation has emerged in Latin America where both Argentina and Brazil have seemingly decided to forgo the acquisition of nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles. The US must understand the `strategic personality` of each potential proliferation. Not all state behavior can be explained in terms of the security dilemma. One must also keep in mind the complexity of possible motivations. Economic and technological assistance and cooperative efforts at institution-building hold great potential to combating proliferation.« less

Creole - Leninism: Grenada: A Case Study.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

18]. The Reagan administration maintained that a 9,000 foot runway was not needed for tourism and was but a ruse for a Soviet and Cuban joint use...next door in Trinidad, where the forces of Fascism are about to take control and the Trinidadians need assistance. Why should we oppose anybody passing...Quadafii gave the Bishop regime three Soviet patrol boats. North Korea provided personnel to construct an irrigation system. Venezuela donated housing

The Warsaw Pact Baltic Fleet.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-09-01

Some analysts have concluded that the Warsaw Pact already controls the Baltic Sea. As Marian K. Leighton wrote, .. .the USSR, assisted by its East German...Naval Institute Proceedings, January 1981. Baird , Gregory C., "Glavnoe Komandovanie: The Soviet Theater Command," Naval War College Review, v. 32, no... Marian K., The Soviet Threat to NATO’s Northern Flank, National Security Information Center, Inc., 1979. 128 Libbey, Miles A., "The Missing Link," U. S

Politics, Work and Daily Life in the USSR: A Survey of Former Soviet Citizens

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

the validity of the various methods. Disagreement over the relative merits of quantitative and qualitative research and over various survey...archive that needed utilization as soon as possible. A design phase proposal was funded by the National Council for Soviet and East European Research in...the NORC staff and by appropriate members of the research team. Substantive and measurement equivalences were treated as controlling where conflicts

European Security in an Evolving World

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-06-18

the key neighboring countries of Russia and Turkey . Chapter three, the final major section of this paper, will seek to identify the aggregated...and wanted in  the  US ‐ is  widely regarded as one of  the  world’s leading arms  smugglers .  A former Soviet officer, he launched into a  new career after...25 Inside  Story , Al Jazeera, “ The  Tool for Revolution?,” (originally aired February 10,  2011),  http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/insidestory

"The only feasible means." The Pentagon's ambivalent relationship with the Nuremberg Code.

PubMed

Moreno, J D

1996-01-01

Convinced that armed conflict with the Soviet Union was all but inevitable, that such conflict would involve unconventional atomic, biological, and chemical warfare, and that research with human subjects was essential to respond to the threat, in the early 1950s the U.S. Department of Defense promulgated a policy governing human experimentation based on the Nuremberg Code. Yet the policymaking process focused on the abstract issue of whether human experiments should go forward at all, ignoring the reality of humans subjects research already under way and leaving unanswered ethical questions about how to conduct such research. Documents newly released to the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments tell the story of the Pentagon policy.

Initial Air Traffic Control Training at Tartu Aviation College

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1997-01-01

A well developed air traffic control training system is vitally important for guaranteeing flight safety and the efficient provision of air traffic control services. During the Soviet era, air traffic control services in Estonia were provided by Aero...

Encouraging Democratic Transitions: The Problematic Impact of United States’ Involvement

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-20

more abstractly, democracy is consolidated when uncertainty is institutionalized: nobody can control the outcomes of the political process ex post ...for Change in Cuba", Miami Herald, May 27, 1990. See also, Al Kamen, "US Encourages Soviets to Aid Salvadoran Talks". Washington Post , October 18, 1990...Report, September 13, 1990, p. 10, and "Cuba Cuts Fuel Consumption as Soviet Oil Deliveries Fall", Washington Post , August 30, 1990. 20 not even call

Counterinsurgency and Operational Art: Is the Joint Campaign Planning Model Adequate?

DTIC Science & Technology

2003-01-01

ART: IS THE JOINT CAMAPIGN PLANNING MODEL ADEQUATE? by MAJ Thomas Erik Miller, USA, 90 pages. The United States has conducted or supported more than a...increase. Some of the effects of the fall of the Soviet Union were a loosening of internal and external political and social controls in formerly Soviet...order” in the social , economic and political arena through rapid growth in population and urbanization in the underdeveloped world, globalization and

The Bear Went Over the Mountain: Soviet Combat Tactics in Afghanistan,

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-08-01

spin out of control and out of Moscow’s orbit. The Soviet Politburo moved to stabilize the situation. On 27 December 1979, Moscow struck with a Coup de ...like a good idea , however, this was the dread stroevoy smotr [ceremonial inspection] which was an unwelcome part of peace-time, garrison sol- diering...and displays would be aligned with pieces of string. The process could take three days. Although inspections are good ideas , these massive formal

The Voroshilov Lectures. Materials from the Soviet General Staff Academy, Volume 2: Issues of Soviet Military Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-01

system should provide for and support control of the major strategic groupings of forces, which simul - taneously conduct operations in several TSMAs... simulated . Enploymet o’/ Military Transport A viatlim 87 Throughout all phases of the preparation and conduct of assault landing operations, radio maskirovka...airfields are refueled and, simul - taneously. combat equipment. ammunition, and other cargo requiring one hour’s loading time are loaded in the aircraft

Crisis in environmental management of the Soviet Union

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khabibullov, Marat

1991-11-01

The prevailing system of environmental management strongly depends on the economic and political structures of a country and is influenced by the current condition of them. Environmental degradation in the Soviet Union has been caused mainly by the political and economic misconceptions listed in this article. With the transformation of its state order to the model of Western democracies, the Soviet Union is experiencing a deep economic crisis of restructuring, reflected in a parallel crisis in its system of environmental management, which is manifest in the form of rapid transformation. This is characterized by the contradiction of the state’s old administrative institutions, which still exist, with the efforts to use market mechanisms of environmental control. Such methods include various fees and payments for the use of natural resources or for pollution and creation of specialized regional funds and banks to finance environmental programs. All these occur in the context of the strengthening of regional sovereignty, the introduction of self-accounting for economic units, the adoption of comprehensive legal enactments, and the setting up of an efficient administrative system of their enforcement. Public activism, as one of the principal actors in this structure, also has undergone quick maturation. Nevertheless the future development of the new Soviet system of environmental control remains uncertain because of the present unpredictability of the overall situation in the short run.

The People of the Soviet Union. Sixth Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reikofski, Joyce

This sixth grade teaching unit covers Soviet propaganda, communism, relations with the United States, Soviet geography, Soviet arts, and Soviet life. Unit goals address the above content areas, map skills, and an attitudinal goal of helping students to develop a sense of respect for the life of Soviet citizens. Behavioral objectives are keyed to…

Human Brucellosis Trends: Re-emergence and Prospects for Control Using a One Health Approach in Azerbaijan (1983-2009).

PubMed

Kracalik, I T; Abdullayev, R; Asadov, K; Ismayilova, R; Baghirova, M; Ustun, N; Shikhiyev, M; Talibzade, A; Blackburn, J K

2016-06-01

Brucellosis is one of the most common and widely spread zoonotic diseases in the world. Control of the disease in humans is dependent upon limiting the infection in animals through surveillance and vaccination. Given the dramatic economic and political changes that have taken place in the former Soviet Union, which have limited control, evaluating the status of human brucellosis in former Soviet states is crucial. We assessed annual spatial and temporal trends in the epidemiology of human brucellosis in Azerbaijan, 1983-2009, in conjunction with data from a livestock surveillance and control programme (2002-2009). To analyse trends, we used a combination of segmented regression and spatial analysis. From 1983 to 2009, a total of 11 233 cases of human brucellosis were reported. Up to the mid-1990s, the incidence of human brucellosis showed a pattern of re-emergence, increasing by 25% annually, on average. Following Soviet governance, the incidence rates peaked, increasing by 1.8% annually, on average, and subsequently decreasing by 5% annually, on average, during the period 2002-2009. Despite recent national declines in human incidence, we identified geographic changes in the case distribution characterized by a geographic expansion and an increasing incidence among districts clustered in the south-east, compared to a decrease of elsewhere in the country. Males were consistently, disproportionately afflicted (71%) and incidence was highest in the 15 to 19 age group (18.1 cases/100 000). During the period 2002-2009, >10 million small ruminants were vaccinated with Rev1. Our findings highlight the improving prospects for human brucellosis control following livestock vaccination; however, the disease appears to be re-emerging in south-eastern Azerbaijan. Sustained one health measures are needed to address changing patterns of brucellosis in Azerbaijan and elsewhere in the former Soviet Union. © 2015 The Authors. Zoonoses and Public Health Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Ocean surveillance satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laurent, D.

Soviet and U.S. programs involving satellites for surveillance of ships and submarines are discussed, considering differences in approaches. The Soviet program began with the Cosmos 198 in 1967 and the latest, the Cosmos 1400 series, 15 m long and weighing 5 tons, carry radar for monitoring ships and a nuclear reactor for a power supply. Other Soviet spacecraft carrying passive microwave sensors and ion drives powered by solar panels have recently been detonated in orbit for unknown reasons. It has also been observed that the Soviet satellites are controlled in pairs, with sequential orbital changes for one following the other, and both satellites then overflying the same points. In contrast, U.S. surveillance satellites have been placed in higher orbits, thus placing greater demands on the capabilities of the on-board radar and camera systems. Project White Cloud and the Clipper Bow program are described, noting the continued operation of the White Cloud spacecraft, which are equipped to intercept radio signals from surface ships. Currently, the integrated tactical surveillance system program has completed its study and a decision is expected soon.

Reading for the Masses: Popular Soviet Fiction, 1976-80. Research Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Friedberg, Maurice

Noting that Soviet prose, drama, and poetry reveal the nuances of the moods and policies fostered by the Soviet government while reflecting the Soviet reading public's interests and aspirations, this report describes a study of the values and attitudes by which the Soviets live as reflected in the literature published in Soviet literary magazines…

Verbal Regulation of Motor Behavior-Soviet Research and Non-Soviet Replications

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, R. H.

1972-01-01

Soviet investigation of the development of verbal inhibition of preseverative manual behavior are reviewed. Non-soviet investigations of verbal-manual interaction are considered in relation to the Soviet view of the development of voluntary behavior; and it is argued, on the basis of this evidence, that the Soviet position need not stand or fall…

Soviet and American flight directors for ASTP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

These two men are flight directors for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission scheduled for July 1975. Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Yeliseyev (left) is the Soviet ASTP senior flight director; and M. P. Frank is the American ASTP senior flight director. They are seated beside a Docking Module training mock-up in bldg 35 at JSC. Cosmonaut Yeliseyev was head of a delegation of USSR flight controllers who were at JSC for two weeks of ASTP training.

German Counter-C3 Activity and Its Effects on Soviet Command, Control, and Communications During Operation Barbarossa

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-03-01

to examine in this regard is their most recent military experience of signifi- cance, the Second World War . A glance at this experience reveals... Second World War , and subsequently their historians, did not think or write in "C3 terms", although there is evidence 16 they certainly considered each...techni- ques of warfare employed by the Germans in World War II while also studying the Soviet experiences and performance in that same war . Second , an

The Soviet Road to Olympus. Theory and Practice of Soviet Physical Culture and Sport. Occasional Papers/19.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shneidman, N. Norman

Serving as an introduction to Soviet physical education which endeavors to give a concise outline of the organizational structure and the theoretical foundatons of Soviet sport, this book attempts to discuss Soviet physical education in relation to Soviet education and culture generally and to examine critically the practical applications of the…

BLDG. 30 - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) SIMS - FLIGHT DIRECTION - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23638 (20 March 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center during joint ASTP simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975. M.P. Frank (seated, right) is the senior American flight director for the mission. Sigurd A. Sjoberg (in center, checked jacket), JSC Deputy Director, watches some of the console activity. George W.S. Abbey, Technical Assistant to the JSC Director, is standing next to Sjoberg. The television monitor in the background shows Soviet Soyuz crew activity from the Soviet Union.

Advancing further the history of Soviet psychology: moving forward from dominant representations in Western and Soviet psychology.

PubMed

González Rey, Fernando L

2014-02-01

This article discusses the works of some Soviet scholars of psychology, their theoretical positions, and the times within which their works were developed. Dominant representations of Soviet psychology and some of the main Soviet authors are revisited in the light of a blending of facts actively associated with their emergence in both Soviet and Western psychology. From the beginning, Soviet psychology was founded upon Marxism. However, the ways by which that psychology pretended to become Marxist in its philosophical basis were diverse and often contradictory. Other philosophical and theoretical positions also influenced Soviet psychologists. Different moments of that contradictory process are discussed in this article, and through this, I bring to light their interrelations and the consequences for the development of Soviet psychology. This article reinterprets several myths found within Soviet psychology, in which different theoretical representations have become institutionalized for long periods in both Soviet and Western psychology. Particular attention is given to identifying the conditions that presented Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev as part of the same paradigm, and which paved the way for a perception of Leontiev and his group as paralleling Vygotsky's importance among American psychologists. Many of the sources that are used in this article were published in Soviet psychology only after the 1970s. Unlike the different and interesting works that began to appear on diverse trends in Soviet psychology, this article details in depth the articulation of topics and questions that still now are presented as different chapters in the analysis of Soviet psychology.

Atlas of the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, Harry F.

This atlas consists of 20 maps, tables, charts, and graphs with complementary text illustrating Soviet government machinery, trade and political relations, and military stance. Some topics depicted by charts and graphs include: (1) Soviet foreign affairs machinery; (2) Soviet intelligence and security services; (4) Soviet position in the United…

Economic Bases for Lessening U.S.-Soviet Tensions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

1982-01-01

Discusses how the increasing Soviet dependence on American grain can be used to reduce international tensions. Soviet agricultural policies could affect worker morale and the entire Soviet political system. President Reagan is well-positioned to engage the Soviets in serious discussions of reductions in both nuclear and conventional weapons. (AM)

A review of Soviet plasma engine development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, John W.

1990-01-01

The Soviet Union has maintained a substantial and successful electric propulsion research and development effort since the 1950s; however, American researchers are generally unfamiliar with the Soviet accomplishments. Sources of information about Soviet electric propulsion research are noted. The development of plasma engines, a subset of the electric propulsion effort, is reviewed using numerous Soviet sources. The operational principles and status of several engines of the closed electron drift and high-current types are discussed. With recognition of the limited knowledge of the current Soviet program, the Soviet and American programs are compared, revealing some differences in program formulation and emphasis.

Kinematically redundant arm formulations for coordinated multiple arm implementations

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bailey, Robert W.; Quiocho, Leslie J.; Cleghorn, Timothy F.

1990-01-01

Although control laws for kinematically redundant robotic arms were presented as early as 1969, redundant arms have only recently become recognized as viable solutions to limitations inherent to kinematically sufficient arms. The advantages of run-time control optimization and arm reconfiguration are becoming increasingly attractive as the complexity and criticality of robotic systems continues to progress. A generalized control law for a spatial arm with 7 or more degrees of freedom (DOF) based on Whitney's resolved rate formulation is given. Results from a simulation implementation utilizing this control law are presented. Furthermore, results from a two arm simulation are presented to demonstrate the coordinated control of multiple arms using this formulation.

Computer interface for mechanical arm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Derocher, W. L.; Zermuehlen, R. O.

1978-01-01

Man/machine interface commands computer-controlled mechanical arm. Remotely-controlled arm has six degrees of freedom and is controlled through "supervisory-control" mode, in which all motions of arm follow set of preprogramed sequences. For simplicity, few prescribed commands are required to accomplish entire operation. Applications include operating computer-controlled arm to handle radioactive of explosive materials or commanding arm to perform functions in hostile environments. Modified version using displays may be applied in medicine.

Soviet research on crystal channeling of charged particle beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kassel, S.

1985-03-01

This report presents an overview of Soviet research in charged particle beam channeling in crystals from 1972 to the present, and the resulting electromagnetic emission, including Soviet proposals for channeling emission lasers in the X-ray region of the spectrum. It analyzes Soviet attitudes toward crystal channeling of charged particles as a subject of research, describes performers of the research, and indicates the level of effort involved. It presents a brief history of crystal channeling research, the differences between channeling and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation, the definition of the main research issues, and estimates of the potential capabilities of channeling radiation, all based on the Soviet viewpoint. It then describes Soviet proposals for laser systems utilizing the channeling radiation mechanism, and analyzes Soviet experimental work involving the observation and measurement of channeling radiation. The author concludes that the outstanding feature of Soviet research in this area is the optimistic belief of Soviet specialists in the technological potential of this research, but finds that the role of the laser proposals in Soviet planning is ambiguous.

The political economy of oil in post-Soviet Kazakhstan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Omarova, Saule Tarikhovna

This dissertation examines the way in which the Kazakhstani state redefined its role in managing oil and gas resources between 1992 and 1998. The governments of hydrocarbon-rich post-Soviet republics such as Russia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan faced the common challenge of restructuring their petroleum industries to boost the export of oil and gas. This study argues that by 1998 three patterns have emerged, ranging from a more radical state retrenchment in Russia, to reinforced state monopoly in Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan, to a "mixed" pattern of state participation in Kazakhstan, consisting of both large-scale privatization of oil assets and the formation of a fully state-owned national oil company, Kazakhoil. This dissertation analyzes the process of restructuring Kazakhstan's oil sector through comparison with the Russian petroleum industry. In Russia, several private, vertically integrated oil companies (VICs) were formed on the basis of existing oil-producing units and soon emerged as essential players in the Russian oil sector. By contrast, Kazakhstan's marginalized status within the Soviet system of oil production resulted in the absence of organizationally strong sectoral interests capable of claiming control over the industry after the independence. Privatization of Kazakhstan's oil enterprises, conducted by the government in spite of the resistance from local oil managers, transferred controlling stakes to foreign investors and further weakened domestic oil interests. Unencumbered state autonomy allowed the increasingly authoritarian Kazakhstani government to adopt relatively modern and investor-friendly petroleum legislation by decree. In Russia, the government's efforts to reform oil-related legislation were blocked by the leftist-dominated Duma, the democratically elected lower chamber of the Russian parliament. On the basis of these findings, this dissertation concludes that the dynamics of state withdrawal from the oil sector in post-Soviet context are determined primarily by structural organization of domestic oil industry inherited from the Soviet era, resulting balance of power between the state and private sectoral actors, and general mode of state-society relations in each country.

Soviet scientists speak out

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Holloway, D.

1993-05-01

In this article, Russian bomb designers answer the KGB's claim that espionage, not science, produced the Soviet bomb. Yuli Khariton and Yuri Smirnov wholly reject the argument that Soviet scientists can claim little credit for the first Soviet bomb. In a lecture delivered at the Kurchatov Institute, established in 1943 when Igor Kurchatov became the director of the Soviet nuclear weapons project, Khariton and Smironov point to the work done by Soviet nuclear physicists before 1941 and refute assertions that have been made in Western literature regarding the hydrogen bomb.

Soviet short-range nuclear forces: flexible response or flexible aggression. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, T.R.

1987-03-23

This essay takes a critical look at Soviet short-range nuclear forces in an effort to identify Soviet capabilities to fight a limited nuclear war with NATO. From an analysis of Soviet military art, weapon-system capabilities and tactics, the author concludes that the Soviets have developed a viable limited-nuclear-attack option. Unless NATO reacts to this option, the limited nuclear attack may become favored Soviet option and result in the rapid defeat of NATO.

Soviet News and Propaganda Highlights from Red Star (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 April 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

intended to provide daily guidance to the Soviet military political cadre concerning domestic and international issues/events. Men and women in the Soviet... soldier . PART I. SOVIET PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS. in April 1981, approximately 30 percent of the total space in Red Star re- ported events...of Husak’s speech was reprinted in Red Star. A great number of articles stressed friendship between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In Bulgaria

Changing Patterns of Human Anthrax in Azerbaijan during the Post-Soviet and Preemptive Livestock Vaccination Eras

PubMed Central

Kracalik, Ian; Abdullayev, Rakif; Asadov, Kliment; Ismayilova, Rita; Baghirova, Mehriban; Ustun, Narmin; Shikhiyev, Mazahir; Talibzade, Aydin; Blackburn, Jason K.

2014-01-01

We assessed spatial and temporal changes in the occurrence of human anthrax in Azerbaijan during 1984 through 2010. Data on livestock outbreaks, vaccination efforts, and human anthrax incidence during Soviet governance, post-Soviet governance, preemptive livestock vaccination were analyzed. To evaluate changes in the spatio-temporal distribution of anthrax, we used a combination of spatial analysis, cluster detection, and weighted least squares segmented regression. Results indicated an annual percent change in incidence of +11.95% from 1984 to 1995 followed by declining rate of −35.24% after the initiation of livestock vaccination in 1996. Our findings also revealed geographic variation in the spatial distribution of reporting; cases were primarily concentrated in the west early in the study period and shifted eastward as time progressed. Over twenty years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the distribution of human anthrax in Azerbaijan has undergone marked changes. Despite decreases in the incidence of human anthrax, continued control measures in livestock are needed to mitigate its occurrence. The shifting patterns of human anthrax highlight the need for an integrated “One Health” approach that takes into account the changing geographic distribution of the disease. PMID:25032701

French-Soviet Cooperation in Space Research,

DTIC Science & Technology

SPACE FLIGHT, *SPACE PROBES, USSR, FRANCE , SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, INSTRUMENTATION, SPACE TO SURFACE, METEOROLOGY, UPPER ATMOSPHERE, SPACE COMMUNICATIONS, LUNAR PROBES, ARTIFICIAL SATELLITES, MANAGEMENT PLANNING AND CONTROL.

Soviet Concepts of Ballistic Missile Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-01

manned space operations, ABM Treaty, SDI 19 Abstract (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number The purpose of this thesis is to...THE EARLY YEARS OF SOVIET BMD ................................................ 6 B. SOVIET BMD AND THE ABM TREATY OF 1972...10 C. SOVIET BMD SINCE THE ABM TREATY .......................................... 14 III. BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN SOVIET MILITARY THOUGHT

Research Survey of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, E. Glyn

The state of the art of bilingual education in the Soviet Union is surveyed. The social context of Soviet bilingualism is discussed with reference to sources of heterogeneity, modernization as a motivating factor, political dimensions, and Soviet bases of research. The sociolinguistic paradigm of Soviet society is viewed as a function of the need…

The Unlikely Success of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front During World War II

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-03

after procrastinating for six weeks, decided to enter into negotiations with the Soviets on their diluted version of the treaty. The Soviets read these...alliance with the West in July of 1939. Again the British procrastinated in meeting with the Soviets. The meeting revealed to the Soviets that the West

78 FR 43959 - Announcement of the 2013 Innovation in Arms Control Challenge Under the America Competes...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-22

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8387] Announcement of the 2013 Innovation in Arms Control... Information Technology Tools and Concepts Can Support Future Arms Control Inspections? The 2013 Innovation in Arms Control Challenge will engage the public to develop tools and processes for 21st century arms...

System For Research On Multiple-Arm Robots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Backes, Paul G.; Hayati, Samad; Tso, Kam S.; Hayward, Vincent

1991-01-01

Kali system of computer programs and equipment provides environment for research on distributed programming and distributed control of coordinated-multiple-arm robots. Suitable for telerobotics research involving sensing and execution of low level tasks. Software and configuration of hardware designed flexible so system modified easily to test various concepts in control and programming of robots, including multiple-arm control, redundant-arm control, shared control, traded control, force control, force/position hybrid control, design and integration of sensors, teleoperation, task-space description and control, methods of adaptive control, control of flexible arms, and human factors.

Dual-Arm Generalized Compliant Motion With Shared Control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Backes, Paul G.

1994-01-01

Dual-Arm Generalized Compliant Motion (DAGCM) primitive computer program implementing improved unified control scheme for two manipulator arms cooperating in task in which both grasp same object. Provides capabilities for autonomous, teleoperation, and shared control of two robot arms. Unifies cooperative dual-arm control with multi-sensor-based task control and makes complete task-control capability available to higher-level task-planning computer system via large set of input parameters used to describe desired force and position trajectories followed by manipulator arms. Some concepts discussed in "A Generalized-Compliant-Motion Primitive" (NPO-18134).

Controller arm for a remotely related slave arm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Salisbury, J. K., Jr. (Inventor)

1979-01-01

A segmented controller arm configured and dimensioned to form a miniature kinematic replica of a remotely related slave arm is disclosed. The arm includes: (1) a plurality of joints for affording segments of the arm simultaneous angular displacement about a plurality of pairs of intersecting axes, (2) a plurality of position sensing devices for providing electrical signals indicative of angular displacement imparted to corresponding segments of the controller shaft about the axes, and (3) a control signal circuit for generating control signals to be transmitted to the slave arm. The arm is characterized by a plurality of yokes, each being supported for angular displacement about a pair of orthogonally related axes and counterbalanced against gravitation by a cantilevered mass.

Soviet Tactical Doctrine for Urban Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-12-01

for Chemical and Radiation Specialists . . . 0 a . a. . . . . &. . . . .&. 120 5. Soviet Guidelines for the Logistician . . . . . . 122 6. Soviet...conducted with or without the employment of nuclear or chemical weapons although the Soviets emphasize the integrity, flexibility and duality of tactical...concepts and that future wars will entail nuclear, chemical and con- ventional operations. " From the materials reviewed in this study, Soviet treatment

Universal Higher Education and Positional Advantage: Soviet Legacies and Neoliberal Transformations in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smolentseva, Anna

2017-01-01

The great expansion of participation in higher education in Russia in the post-Soviet period was the layered and contradictory result of both conditions established in the Soviet period, and the structuring of reforms after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992. The Soviet government was strongly committed to the expansion of education across…

Keeping the Door Open: A Soviet-American Exchange.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herring, J. Daniel; Humes, Debra

1988-01-01

Provides a first-hand account of a Soviet-American theater arts exchange, the world premiere of Soviet playwright Gennadi Mamlin's "On the Edge," performed in the Soviet Union by the Louisville Children's Theatre. (MM)

Dual-arm manipulators with adaptive control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seraji, Homayoun (Inventor)

1991-01-01

The described and improved multi-arm invention of this application presents three strategies for adaptive control of cooperative multi-arm robots which coordinate control over a common load. In the position-position control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that the end-effector positions of both arms track desired trajectories in Cartesian space despite unknown time-varying interaction forces exerted through a load. In the position-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controller of one arm controls end-effector motions in the free directions and applied forces in the constraint directions; while the adaptive controller of the other arm ensures that the end-effector tracks desired position trajectories. In the hybrid-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that both end-effectors track reference position trajectories while simultaneously applying desired forces on the load. In all three control strategies, the cross-coupling effects between the arms are treated as disturbances which are compensated for by the adaptive controllers while following desired commands in a common frame of reference. The adaptive controllers do not require the complex mathematical model of the arm dynamics or any knowledge of the arm dynamic parameters or the load parameters such as mass and stiffness. Circuits in the adaptive feedback and feedforward controllers are varied by novel adaptation laws.

Soviet Integration into the World Economy. Report of the Strategy for Peace, U.S. Foreign Policy Conference (29th, Warrenton, Virginia, October 13-15, 1988).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA.

Since coming to power, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev has undertaken an ambitious program to reform the Soviet economy. Perestroika touches every aspect of Soviet economic life, including relations with the international economy. Soviet specialists and international economists must find common ground so that they can successfully…

Coordination of multiple robot arms

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barker, L. K.; Soloway, D.

1987-01-01

Kinematic resolved-rate control from one robot arm is extended to the coordinated control of multiple robot arms in the movement of an object. The structure supports the general movement of one axis system (moving reference frame) with respect to another axis system (control reference frame) by one or more robot arms. The grippers of the robot arms do not have to be parallel or at any pre-disposed positions on the object. For multiarm control, the operator chooses the same moving and control reference frames for each of the robot arms. Consequently, each arm then moves as though it were carrying out the commanded motions by itself.

The costs of the soviet empire.

PubMed

Wolf, C

1985-11-29

A comprehensive framework is developed and applied to estimate the economic costs incurred by the Soviet Union in acquiring, maintaining, and expanding its empire. The terms "empire" and "costs" are explicitly defined. Between 1971 and 1980, the average ratio between empire costs and Soviet gross national product was about 3.5 percent; as a ratio to Soviet military spending, empire costs averaged about 28 percent. The burden imposed on Soviet economic growth by empire costs is also considered, as well as rates of change in these costs, and the important political, military, and strategic benefits associated by the Soviet leadership with maintenance and expansion of the empire. Prospective empire costs and changes in Soviet economic constraints resulting from the declining performance of the domestic economy are also considered.

Robust coordinated control of a dual-arm space robot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shi, Lingling; Kayastha, Sharmila; Katupitiya, Jay

2017-09-01

Dual-arm space robots are more capable of implementing complex space tasks compared with single arm space robots. However, the dynamic coupling between the arms and the base will have a serious impact on the spacecraft attitude and the hand motion of each arm. Instead of considering one arm as the mission arm and the other as the balance arm, in this work two arms of the space robot perform as mission arms aimed at accomplishing secure capture of a floating target. The paper investigates coordinated control of the base's attitude and the arms' motion in the task space in the presence of system uncertainties. Two types of controllers, i.e. a Sliding Mode Controller (SMC) and a nonlinear Model Predictive Controller (MPC) are verified and compared with a conventional Computed-Torque Controller (CTC) through numerical simulations in terms of control accuracy and system robustness. Both controllers eliminate the need to linearly parameterize the dynamic equations. The MPC has been shown to achieve performance with higher accuracy than CTC and SMC in the absence of system uncertainties under the condition that they consume comparable energy. When the system uncertainties are included, SMC and CTC present advantageous robustness than MPC. Specifically, in a case where system inertia increases, SMC delivers higher accuracy than CTC and costs the least amount of energy.

Weapons proliferation and organized crime: The Russian military and security force dimension

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Turbiville, G.H.

One dimension of international security of the post-Cold War era that has not received enough attention is how organized crime facilitates weapons proliferation worldwide. The former Soviet Union (FSU) has emerged as the world`s greatest counterproliferation challenge. It contains the best developed links among organized crime, military and security organizations, and weapons proliferation. Furthermore, Russian military and security forces are the principle source of arms becoming available to organized crime groups, participants in regional conflict, and corrupt state officials engaged in the black, gray, and legal arms markets in their various dimensions. The flourishing illegal trade in conventional weapons ismore » the clearest and most tangible manifestation of the close links between Russian power ministries and criminal organizations. The magnitude of the WMD proliferation problem from the FSU is less clear and less tangible. There have been many open reports of small-scale fissile material smuggling out of the FSU. The situation with regard to the proliferation of chemical weapon usually receives less attention but may be more serious. With an acknowledged stockpile of 40,000 metric tons of chemical agents, the potential for proliferation is enormous.« less

Perspectives on Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-07-01

perspective. He traces the important and integral place of arms control diplomacy to United States traditions, and projects continuing relevance for... The second is commonality surrounding the ongoing arms control process on nuclear weapons and missiles between America and Russia that needs...summits were built around arms control discussions, large delegations met frequently in places like Geneva, and even trivial changes in the arms

The Many Worlds of Leo Szilard: Physicist, Peacemaker, Provocateur

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lanouette, William

2014-03-01

Best known for being the first to conceive and patent the nuclear chain reaction in the 1930s, Leo Szilard should also be remembered for other insights in both physics and biology, and for historical initiatives to control the A-bomb he helped create. In physics, Szilard applied entropy to data in a seminal 1929 paper that laid the basis for ``information theory.'' Szilard co-designed an electromagnetic refrigerator pump with Einstein in the 1920s, in 1939 he co-designed the first nuclear reactor with Enrico Fermi, and he later thought up and named the nuclear ``breeder'' reactor. Biologist Francois Jacob called Szilard an ``intellectual bumblebee'' for the many novel ideas he shared, including one that earned Jacob and others the Nobel Prize. James D. Watson said that for intellectual stimulation he liked being around Szilard because ``Leo got excited about something before it was true.'' A political activist, Szilard proposed and drafted the 1939 letter Einstein sent to President Franklin Roosevelt that warned of German A-bomb work and led to the Manhattan Project - where Szilard was ``Chief Physicist.'' Yet Szilard then worked tirelessly to curb nuclear weapons, organizing a scientists' petition to President Truman and lobbying Congress for civilian control of the atom. Szilard loved dreaming up new institutions. He helped to create the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, and founded the Council for a Livable World - the first political action committee for arms control. In biology, Szilard proposed the European Molecular Biology Organization modeled on CERN, and helped create the Salk Institute for Biological Studies, where he was one of the first fellows. Shy, witty, and eccentric, Szilard wrote a political satire in 1960 that predicted when the US-Soviet nuclear arms race would end in the late 1980s. Another satire, ``My Trial as a War Criminal'' about scientists' responsibilities for weapons of mass destruction, is credited with prompting Andrei Sakharov to the heroic political activism that earned him the Nobel Peace Prize. This year marks the 50th anniversary of Szilard's death, and the 75th anniversary of the Einstein letter. This talk will discuss other notable events in Szilard's life as well.

Where Soviet and Neoliberal Discourses Meet: The Transformation of The Purposes of Higher Education in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smolentseva, Anna

2017-01-01

This paper studies transformations in the role of higher education in Russia as represented in official Soviet and post-Soviet policy documents between the 1950s and 2013. The focus is on the categories defining the purposes and tasks of higher education in the larger context of society and economy. There is a basic dichotomy in relation to the…

Summary of Research: Academic Departments 1990-1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-01

Soviet cinema . The Aesopian devices are no longer The author lists the sources and describes the needed; Soviet cinema is undergoing major changes. tapes...name of a contact person. growing interest in Soviet cinema in the United 271 LANGUAGE STUDIES States encourages a new market for Soviet and Conference...discussed issues related to early years of Russian video. The present publication provides Soviet cinema while the Cinema panel at the Fourth

Adaptive control of dual-arm robots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seraji, H.

1987-01-01

Three strategies for adaptive control of cooperative dual-arm robots are described. In the position-position control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that the end-effector positions of both arms track desired trajectories in Cartesian space despite unknown time-varying interaction forces exerted through the load. In the position-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controller of one arm controls end-effector motions in the free directions and applied forces in the constraint directions, while the adaptive controller of the other arm ensures that the end-effector tracks desired position trajectories. In the hybrid-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that both end-effectors track reference position trajectories while simultaneously applying desired forces on the load. In all three control strategies, the cross-coupling effects between the arms are treated as disturbances which are rejected by the adaptive controllers while following desired commands in a common frame of reference. The adaptive controllers do not require the complex mathematical model of the arm dynamics or any knowledge of the arm dynamic parameters or the load parameters such as mass and stiffness. The controllers have simple structures and are computationally fast for on-line implementation with high sampling rates.

High stakes in INF verification

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krepon, M.

1987-06-01

The stakes involved in negotiating INF verification arrangements are high. While these proposals deal only with intermediate-range ground-launched cruise and mobile missiles, if properly devised they could help pave the way for comprehensive limits on other cruise missiles and strategic mobile missiles. In contrast, poorly drafted monitoring provisions could compromise national industrial security and generate numerous compliance controversies. Any verification regime will require new openness on both sides, but that means significant risks as well as opportunities. US and Soviet negotiators could spend weeks, months, and even years working out in painstaking detail verification provisions for medium-range missiles. Alternatively, ifmore » the two sides wished to conclude an INF agreement quickly, they could defer most of the difficult verification issues to the strategic arms negotiations.« less

The rocky Soviet road to Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klaes, Larry

1990-08-01

The history of the Soviet space program is reviewed with particular attention given to the Soviet Mars exploration program. Missions of the Mars and Zond series and their exploration of Mars are described in detail, and the progress of the Soviet Mars exploration program is compared and contrasted with that of U.S. programs. Soviet space exploration in the 1980s is reviewed, noting that changes in political climate enabled more open discussion of the Phobos mission, which facilitated both international cooperation in assembling the craft and extensive U.S.-Soviet cooperation in the communications aspect of the probe through use of NASA's Deep Space Network of radio telescopes. The Phobos 1 and Phobos 2 missions are discussed and reasons for difficulties are analyzed; the future of the Soviet Mars program is reviewed.

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 32: A new era in international technical communication: American-Russian collaboration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flammia, Madelyn; Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Keene, Michael L.; Burger, Robert H.; Kennedy, John M.

1993-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI). This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, their views regarding the appropriate content for an undergraduate technical communication course, and their use of computer technology. Finally, the implications of these findings for future collaboration between Russian and U.S. engineers and scientists are examined.

NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. XXXII - A new era in international technical communication: American-Russian collaboration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flammia, Madelyn; Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Keene, Michael L.; Burger, Robert H.; Kennedy, John M.

1993-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information. This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, their views regarding the appropriate content for an undergraduate technical communication course, and their use of computer technology. Finally, the implications of these findings for future collaboration between Russian and U.S. engineers and scientists are examined.

August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria (Leavenworth Papers, Number 7)

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

campaigns. The Manchurian campaign represented the highest state of military art in Soviet World War II operations. Contemporary officers and any...iskusstva v sovetsko-iaponskoi voina 1945-goda" [Some questions of military art in the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945], lfoenno-istoricheskii zhumal [Military...34 [Some questions of military art in the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945], VIZh, September 1969:17. 5. Vnotchenko, Pobeda, 237. 6. Shtemenko, Soviet

A Focused Comparison of Soviet and American National Interests in Southwest Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-01

betweeQn Paj controlled India and Afghanistan is still blamed as a false political border, which unl.nowingiy cut Pashtu tribal areas apart and...Le’gun ’La de:5%r’t after the sta:rt of t;a- p jh~o.3 Vvoper’t sags. ’Heo’t surolýL and cholera Claimed 1.1: ma,:ni.1 lives5 in Uiat iostIL port of...expansionist aims. At one point it wva5 rumored that the Soviets were applying pressure to Afghanistan to admit just as many Russians as Americans to their

Overall view of test set-up in bldg 13 at JSC during docking set-up tests

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-08-04

S74-27049 (4 Aug. 1974) --- Overall view of test set-up in Building 23 at the Johnson Space Center during testing of the docking mechanisms for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The cinematic check was being made when this picture was taken. The test control room is on the right. The Soviet-developed docking system is atop the USA-NASA developed docking system. Both American and Soviet engineers can be seen taking part in the docking testing. The ASTP docking mission in Earth orbit is scheduled for July 1975.

[Representations of Care of Migrants from the former Soviet Union with Alcohol or Drug Problems in Germany].

PubMed

Röhnsch, Gundula; Flick, Uwe

2015-10-01

Which representations of care can be found in migrants with alcohol or drug problems from the former Soviet Union? How do they correspond with views in the care system? Episodic interviews with 46 migrants, expert interviews with 33 service providers; analysis with thematic coding. For migrants and experts holistic care is important, which include spiritual-religious components but are also control-oriented. The cultural specificity of migrants' care representations should be acknowledged by the health care system much more. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Morphogenetic responses of cultured totipotent cells of carrot /Daucus carota var. carota/ at zero gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krikorian, A. D.; Steward, F. C.

1978-01-01

An experiment designed to test whether embryos capable of developing from isolated somatic carrot cells could do so under conditions of weightlessness in space was performed aboard the unmanned Soviet biosatellite Kosmos 782 under the auspices of the joint United States-Soviet Biological Satellite Mission. Space flight and weightlessness seem to have had no adverse effects on the induction of embryoids or on the development of their organs. A portion of the crop of carrot plantlets originated in space and grown to maturity were not morphologically different from controls.

Soviet campaign against INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces): strategy, tactics, means. Interim report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alexiev, A.R.

1985-02-01

Beginning in 1979, the Soviet Union mounted a major effort to prevent the deployment of NATO's INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces), which was scheduled to begin in 1983. The campaign failed to achieve its main objective, but it remains an instructive example of the Soviet effort to manipulate domestic trends in Western countries. This Note attempts to provide some insight into Soviet tactics and operational style. It places the INF issue within the framework of Soviet security concepts, reviews Soviet efforts to influence decision-making elites in West Germany against INF and to exacerbate U.S.-European friction within NATO, and analyzes the methodsmore » used by the Soviets in their campaign to co-opt the West German peace movement. The author finds that the campaign waged by the Soviets demonstrated a remarkable organizational and political capability that enabled them and their allies to exploit large numbers of noncommunists in West Germany, and contribute to the growing polarization of West German politics.« less

Method and apparatus for adaptive force and position control of manipulators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seraji, Homayoun (Inventor)

1995-01-01

The described and improved multi-arm invention of this application presents three strategies for adaptive control of cooperative multi-arm robots which coordinate control over a common load. In the position-position control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that the end-effector positions of both arms track desired trajectories in Cartesian space despite unknown time-varying interaction forces exerted through a load. In the position-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controller of one arm controls end-effector motions in the free directions and applied forces in the constraint directions; while the adaptive controller of the other arm ensures that the end-effector tracks desired position trajectories. In the hybrid-hybrid control strategy, the adaptive controllers ensure that both end-effectors track reference position trajectories while simultaneously applying desired forces on the load. In all three control strategies, the cross-coupling effects between the arms are treated as disturbances which are compensated for by the adaptive controllers while following desired commands in a common frame of reference. The adaptive controllers do not require the complex mathematical model of the arm dynamics or any knowledge of the arm dynamic parameters or the load parameters such as mass and stiffness. Circuits in the adaptive feedback and feedforward controllers are varied by novel adaptation laws.

Revisiting the U.S.-Soviet space race: Comparing two systems in their competition to land a man on the moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erickson, Andrew S.

2018-07-01

The Cold War space competition between the U.S. and the USSR, centered on their race to the moon, offers both an important historical case and larger implications for space and technology development and policy. In the late 1950s, under Premier Nikita Khrushchev's direction and Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's determined implementation, Moscow's capabilities appeared to eclipse Washington's. This called the international system's very nature into question and prompted President John F. Kennedy to declare a race to the moon. Despite impressive goals and talented engineers, in the centralized but under-institutionalized, resource-limited Soviet Union feuding chief designers playing bureaucratic politics promoted a cacophony of overambitious, overlapping, often uncompleted projects. The USSR suffered from inadequate standardization and quality control at outlying factories and failed to sustain its lead. In marked contrast, American private corporations, under NASA's well-coordinated guidance and adjudication, helped the United States overtake from behind to meet Kennedy's deadline in 1969. In critical respects, Washington's lunar landing stemmed from an effective systems management program, while Moscow's moonshot succumbed to the Soviet system, which proved unequal to the task. In less than a decade, Soviet space efforts shifted from one-upping, to keeping up, to covering up. This article reconsiders this historic competition and suggests larger conclusions.

The Soviet Central Asian Challenge: A Neo-Gramscian Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

transmutated into the Soviet Union. This point is fundamental to understanding why the Russians are the ruling nationality group in the Soviet Union. The Great...initial years, force and coercion were instrumental for ensuring the continued existence of the transmuted Russian Empire. The new Soviet Union also...information on .Muslim national communism s1 l (Reft. 31, i33. 26F1or an excellent article on Russian nationalism’s transmutation to Soviet communism and the

Soviet-West European Relations: Recent Trends and Near-Term Prospects.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

chilly reception from the Soviet leadership. Indeed, his Soviet hosts reminded him that the volcanic destruction of Pompeii paled in comparison with a...single nuclear warhead, and are reported to have threatened that "we will turn Italy into a Pompeii " if Italy contin- ued with INF deployments on...threatens to turn Italy "into a Pompeii " May 7, 1984 Soviet Union announces decision to boycott Olympics May 14, 1984 Soviet Union announces movement of

Soviet Operational Art: Will There be a Significant Shift in the Focus of Soviet Operational Art

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-06

conduct of war. 4 The most important of the six main elements of military science is military art . Military art includes military strategy...AD-A215 778 SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART :, WILL THERE BE A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN THE FOCUS OF SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART ? Lwori I i %.Afl S FELECTE DEC 19 1989A...NO NO NO, ACCESSION NO 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) 5,’ .... Soviet Operational Art : Wi

Nuclear materials stewardship: Our enduring mission

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Isaacs, T.H.

1998-12-31

The US Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessors have handled a remarkably wide variety of nuclear materials over the past 50 yr. Two fundamental changes have occurred that shape the current landscape regarding nuclear materials. If one recognizes the implications and opportunities, one sees that the stewardship of nuclear materials will be a fundamental and important job of the DOE for the foreseeable future. The first change--the breakup of the Soviet Union and the resulting end to the nuclear arms race--altered US objectives. Previously, the focus was on materials production, weapon design, nuclear testing, and stockpile enhancements. Now themore » attention is on dismantlement of weapons, excess special nuclear material inventories, accompanying increased concern over the protection afforded to such materials; new arms control measures; and importantly, maintenance of the safety and reliability of the remaining arsenal without testing. The second change was the raised consciousness and sense of responsibility for dealing with the environmental legacies of past nuclear arms programs. Recognition of the need to clean up radioactive contamination, manage the wastes, conduct current operations responsibly, and restore the environment have led to the establishment of what is now the largest program in the DOE. Two additional features add to the challenge and drive the need for recognition of nuclear materials stewardship as a fundamental, enduring, and compelling mission of the DOE. The first is the extraordinary time frames. No matter what the future of nuclear weapons and no matter what the future of nuclear power, the DOE will be responsible for most of the country`s nuclear materials and wastes for generations. Even if the Yucca Mountain program is successful and on schedule, it will last more than 100 yr. Second, the use, management, and disposition of nuclear materials and wastes affect a variety of nationally important and diverse objectives, from national security to the future of nuclear power in this country and abroad, to the care of the environment. Sometimes these objectives are in concert, but often they are seen as competing or being in conflict. By recognizing the corporate responsibility for these materials and the accompanying programs, national decision making will be improved.« less

Adult Education in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wells, Rita L.; Goetz, Douglas N.

The Soviet government has consistently relied upon the country's educational system, including adult education, to advance its ideological, social, and economic goals. In the Soviet Union, education has been used to promote Soviet identity, minimize the impact of religion, advance the status of women, and help increase worker productivity. Adult…

Egypt between the Superpowers: Continuity or Change in Egyptian Foreign Policy under Mubarak.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

supposedly held with Vasiliy Kuznetsov , first deputy chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet. Subsequently, Anatoliy Gromyko, son of the Soviet foreign...in its diplo- matic relations with the Soviet Union. Oleg Grinevskiy, chief of the Near Eastern department at the Soviet Foreign ministry, arrived in

The Soviets: What is the Conflict about? 1985 National Issues Forum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melville, Keith; Landau, David

Appropriate for secondary school social studies or community programs, this publication considers United States-Soviet conflict. The first of four sections, "US-Soviet Relations at the Crossroads," looks at different American perceptions of the Soviet Union. "Regional Conflicts, Global Ambitions" focuses on Nicaragua as a case…

Soviet New Thinking: Perspectives and Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-29

and leading military theorist, as quoted in Steven P. Adragna , "A New Soviet Military? Doctrine and Strategy", Orbis, Spring, 1989, p. 166. 22... Adragna , pp. 166-68. 22. Soviet Battlefield Development Plan. Vol I: Soviet General Doctrine for War, p.1-8. 24. Goure, pp. 36-37. 25. William E. Odom

The Soviet System of Education. A PIER World Education Series Special Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Popovych, Erika; Levin-Stankevich, Brian

This volume endeavors to provide comprehensive factual information on the Soviet system of education. Chapter 1 offers basic information on the Soviet Republics. Chapter 2 describes the foundations of Soviet Education. Chapter 3 describes preschool through upper secondary education including academic calendars and curriculum. Chapter 4,…

A State of the Art Review of Soviet Research in Cognitive Psychology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wertsch, James V.

This paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Soviet psychology, analyzes major themes based on these foundations, and identifies relevance of Soviet psychological research for American investigators. Basic social and political factors that influence Soviet research include centralization of all scientific and academic endeavors and…

A Live Vaccine from Brucella abortus Strain 82 for Control of Cattle Brucellosis in the Russian Federation

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

During the first half of the 20th century, widespread regulatory efforts to control cattle brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics were essentially nonexistent, and control was limited to selective test and slaughter of serologic agglutination reactors. By the 1950...

Cooperative Mmonitoring Center Occasional Paper/5: Propspects of Conventional Arms Control in South Asia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gupta, Amit; Kamal, Nazir

1998-11-01

The intensely adversarial relationship between India and Pakistan is marked by military rivalry, mutual distrust, and suspicion. The most dividing disagreement has been over the Kashmir region. An inability to discuss the Kashmir issue has prevented discussion on other important issues. Since there is little prospect of detente, at least in the near-term, the question is whether this rivalry can be contained by other means, such as arms control approaches. Conventional arms control has been applied flexibly and successfully in some regions to reduce threat-perceptions and achieve reassuring military stability. Some lessons from other international models might be applied tomore » the India/Pakistan context. This paper discusses the status of conventional arms control in South Asia, the dominant Indian and Pakistani perceptions about arms control, the benefits that could be derived from arms control, as well as the problems and prospects of arms control. It also discusses existing conventional arms control agreements at the regional and global levels as well as the potential role of cooperative monitoring technology.« less

Labor and Capital in the Soviet Union by Republics

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-01

under the title ’Input-Output Analysis and the Soviet Economy. An Annotated Bibliotraphy.’ 934 entries. 180 pp. I 2. Jaees UT. Cillula The Structure ...Input-Output in the Soviet Union.’* April 1974, 94 pp. S. eneD. Guill, "Interteporal Comparison of the Structure of the Soviet Economy.- February...49 pp. I *10. Daniel L. Bond, "Input-Output Structure of a Soviet Republic, the Latvian SSR, August 1975." (with an appendix by Gene Guill and Per

A Comprehensive Examination of the Soviet Naval Infantry

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-11

1961-621 3n,1 even oarlier are three German sources which inricatu 1960.8 Par more interesting is the evidence which ap- peared within the Soviet Union ...years in a row. Finally, in 1956, the Soviet Union began taking delivery of various types of landing ships and craft. The Soviet Union continued to build...in Moscow, commemorating 12. the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.1 Finally, at the time that the Soviet Union was expanding its Naval

Russian-American pharmaceutical relations, 1900-1945.

PubMed

Conroy, Mary Schaeffer

2004-01-01

Many books and articles have focused on Soviet health-care. But there are no studies of the Soviet pharmaceutical industry, which was a lynch-pin of Soviet medicine, for without therapies physicians and health-care personnel can only diagnose, not treat. The present paper, part of such a study, opens a window onto one small aspect of the Soviet pharmaceutical industry - points of congruence, divergence, and reconvergence in the pharmaceutical sector with an on-again, off-again political and economic rival. This paper briefly reviews the Russian and the Soviet pharmaceutical systems, so that American audiences can make a comparison of them with our own. It then examines American-Russian/Soviet interaction in trade, joint ventures, research and development, product mix, and connections during World War II to illustrate similarities and differences. During the last decade, although the Soviet and American pharmaceutical systems each had a different trajectory of development, ironically their pharmaceutical industries again are finding points in common.

Legacies of 1917 in Contemporary Russian Public Health: Addiction, HIV, and Abortion

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

I examine the legacies of Soviet public health policy and the socialist health care system and trace how the Soviet past figures in contemporary Russian policymaking and debates about drug use, HIV, and abortion. Drug policies and mainstream views of HIV reflect continuities with key aspects of Soviet-era policies, although political leaders do not acknowledge these continuities in justifying their policies. In abortion policy, by contrast, which is highly debated in the public realm, advocates represent themselves as differing from Soviet-era policies to justify their positions. Yet abortion activists’ views of the past differ tremendously, reminding us that the Soviet past is symbolically productive for arguments about Russia’s present and future. I describe key aspects of the Soviet approach to health and compare how current drug policy (and the related management of HIV/AIDS) and abortion policies are discursively shaped in relation to the Soviet historical and cultural legacy. PMID:28933931

Legacies of 1917 in Contemporary Russian Public Health: Addiction, HIV, and Abortion.

PubMed

Rivkin-Fish, Michele

2017-11-01

I examine the legacies of Soviet public health policy and the socialist health care system and trace how the Soviet past figures in contemporary Russian policymaking and debates about drug use, HIV, and abortion. Drug policies and mainstream views of HIV reflect continuities with key aspects of Soviet-era policies, although political leaders do not acknowledge these continuities in justifying their policies. In abortion policy, by contrast, which is highly debated in the public realm, advocates represent themselves as differing from Soviet-era policies to justify their positions. Yet abortion activists' views of the past differ tremendously, reminding us that the Soviet past is symbolically productive for arguments about Russia's present and future. I describe key aspects of the Soviet approach to health and compare how current drug policy (and the related management of HIV/AIDS) and abortion policies are discursively shaped in relation to the Soviet historical and cultural legacy.

Long-Term Depressive Symptoms and Acculturative Stress Issues Among Immigrants From the Former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Baker, Cathy J

2016-09-01

Previous studies regarding depressive symptoms and acculturative stress among immigrants have been limited to the initial period after immigration. The relationships between depressive symptoms, acculturation, and acculturative stress among immigrants from the former Soviet Union were examined in this descriptive study. Eighty immigrants from the former Soviet Union who had immigrated within the past 20 years were recruited in various community locations. Participants (N = 80), including recent and longer residing immigrants, reported elevated depressive symptoms and acculturative stress. Acculturative stress predicted depressive symptoms, controlling for dominant culture (American) immersion. However, length of time in the United States was not associated with depressive symptoms, ethnic culture immersion, or acculturative stress. Our results suggest that elevated depressive symptoms are related to acculturative stress but are not confined to the initial adjustment period. Steps to decrease acculturative stress might help decrease depressive symptoms in immigrants regardless of the number of years lived in the United States. © The Author(s) 2016.

U.S.-Soviet Relations: Testing Gorbachev's "New Thinking." Current Policy No. 985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armacost, Michael H.

Forty years ago, George F. Kennan advanced the doctrine of containment against Soviet encroachment throughout the world. The Soviet Union has evolved from a Eurasian land power into a global superpower. In an effort to create an international environment congenial to domestic reforms, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has sought greater tranquility…

Soviet Higher Education: An Alternative Construct to the Western University Paradigm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuraev, Alex

2016-01-01

Historically, the university was an alien establishment for Russia, reflecting the political ambition of its leadership, not the organic impetus of Russian society. In Soviet academia, the notion of university education was replaced by the concept of vocational-technical training. As a creation of the Soviet government, Soviet higher education…

Soviet Cybernetics: Recent News Items, Number Thirteen.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holland, Wade B.

An issue of "Soviet Cybernetics: Recent News Items" consists of English translations of the leading recent Soviet contributions to the study of cybernetics. Articles deal with cybernetics in the 21st Century; the Soviet State Committee on Science and Technology; economic reforms in Rudnev's ministry; an interview with Rudnev; Dnepr-2; Dnepr-2…

Soviet Railroad Troops: An Updated Review.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

4 Existing Soviet Transport System ........................... 4 *Scarcity of the Rail System ...basis for a totally new evaluation of the Soviet logistics system as a whole, significant misunderstanding will arise if rail capabilities are degraded...sizeable superiority in divisions, tanks, and artillery, the austere Soviet logistic system is suitable only for supporting a short war. In fact, the

Soviet Psycho-educational Research on Learning Disabilities: Implications for American Research and Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, Robert H.

The implications of Soviet psychoeducational research on learning disabilities (LD) and its relevance to American research and practice are discussed. The first section provides an overview of the general perspective of Soviet special education, with particular reference to LD and its relationship to Soviet psychology and philosophy. The second…

Trouble in the Backyard: Soviet Media Reporting on the Afghanistan Conflict.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Downing, John D. H.

1988-01-01

Presents a qualitative analysis of Soviet media coverage of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1986, showing that several familiar themes, from unpopular guerrillas to national security, are used to justify the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. Compares Soviet press coverage of Afghanistan with U.S. coverage of El Salvador, revealing several parallels. (ARH)

Method and apparatus for hybrid position/force control of multi-arm cooperating robots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayati, Samad A. (Inventor)

1989-01-01

Two or more robotic arms having end effectors rigidly attached to an object to be moved are disclosed. A hybrid position/force control system is provided for driving each of the robotic arms. The object to be moved is represented as having a total mass that consists of the actual mass of the object to be moved plus the mass of the moveable arms that are rigidly attached to the moveable object. The arms are driven in a positive way by the hybrid control system to assure that each arm shares in the position/force applied to the object. The burden of actuation is shared by each arm in a non-conflicting way as the arm independently control the position of, and force upon, a designated point on the object.

FASAC Technical Assessment Report: Soviet Space Science Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lanzerotti, L. J.; Henry, Richard C.; Klein, Harold P.; Masursky, Harold; Paulikas, George A.; Scaf, Frederick L.; Soffen, Gerald A.; Terzian, Yervant

1986-01-01

This report is the work of a panel of eight US scientists who surveyed and assessed Soviet research in the spare sciences. All of the panelists were very familiar with Soviet research through their knowledge of the published scientific literature and personal contacts with Soviet and other foreign colleagues. In addition, all of the panelists reviewed considerable additional open literature--scientific, and popular, including news releases. The specific disciplines of Soviet space science research examined in detail for the report were: solar-terrestrial research, lunar and planetary research, space astronomy and astrophysics, and, life sciences. The Soviet Union has in the past carried out an ambitious program in lunar exploration and, more recently, in studies of the inner planets, Mars and especially Venus. The Soviets have provided scientific data about the latter planet which has been crucial for studies of the planet's evolution. Future programs envision an encounter with Halley's Comet, in March 1986, and missions to Mars and asteroids. The Soviet programs in the life sciences and solar-terrestrial research have been long-lasting and systematically pursued. Much of the ground-based and space-based research in these two disciplines appears to be motivated by the requirement to establish long-term human habitation in near-Earth space. The Soviet contributions to new discoveries and understanding in observational space astronomy and astrophysics have been few. This is in significant contrast to the very excellent theoretical work contributed by Soviet scientists in this discipline.

Revisiting Soviet oil subsidies to East Europe: System maintenance in the Soviet hegemony, 1970--1984

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, Mark Andrew

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the Soviet Union sold oil shipments to the member-states of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) at a fraction of the world market price (wmp). Contrary to arguments made by previous scholars that it paid a subsidy, namely the difference between the wmp and the CMEA price, either as a reward for material contributions to Soviet foreign policy objectives or as a consequence of membership in a customs union, the Soviet Union provided subsidized oil shipments as a form of economic assistance in maintaining its hegemony. Using non-parametric statistical analysis of previous scholars' data and comparative case studies based on interviews of Soviet decision-makers and on archival research, this study shows that the Soviet Union acted as a hegemon, which created a protectionist trade regime, used oil policy as means of hegemonic maintenance. The CMEA, the embodiment of values espoused in the Soviet trade regime identified as "embedded supranationalism", stood as the institutional antithesis of a customs unions, which embodied the values of the Western liberal trade regime. Soviet leaders did not use oil subsidies or trade relations in general as means of calibrating CMEA member-states' domestic or foreign policy behavior. Soviet leaders used subsidized oil as a means of supporting East European national economic development with the ultimate goal of creating politically legitimate governments thereby ensuring political stability in its cordon sanitaire with the West.

Motion control of 7-DOF arms - The configuration control approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Seraji, Homayoun; Long, Mark K.; Lee, Thomas S.

1993-01-01

Graphics simulation and real-time implementation of configuration control schemes for a redundant 7-DOF Robotics Research arm are described. The arm kinematics and motion control schemes are described briefly. This is followed by a description of a graphics simulation environment for 7-DOF arm control on the Silicon Graphics IRIS Workstation. Computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate elbow control, collision avoidance, and optimal joint movement as redundancy resolution goals. The laboratory setup for experimental validation of motion control of the 7-DOF Robotics Research arm is then described. The configuration control approach is implemented on a Motorola-68020/VME-bus-based real-time controller, with elbow positioning for redundancy resolution. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of configuration control for real-time control.

Charting the Development of Knowledge on Soviet and Post-Soviet Education through the Pages of Comparative and International Education Journals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chankseliani, Maia

2017-01-01

This paper examines 126 research articles from three comparative education journals to chart the development of knowledge within comparative education on the Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries. Thematic, theoretical, discursive, and methodological aspects of scholarship are linked with changing geopolitical realities in a systematic analysis…

Teaching about the Soviet Union. ERIC Digest No. 42.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Citti, Lori A.

Given the global significance of Soviet-U.S. relations, elementary and secondary school students should learn about the Soviet Union, but most students graduate from high school with little knowledge and many misconceptions about this country. It is important to teach about the Soviet Union because of: (1) its emphasis in the U.S. media; (2) its…

Speaking "Common Sense" about the Soviet Threat: Reagan's Rhetorical Stance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ivie, Robert L.

Although for the 15 years preceding his election as President of the United States Ronald Reagan muted his anti-Soviet rhetoric in order to achieve political power, since his election he has returned to anti-Sovietism in an effort to redirect American foreign policy against the Soviets. At the same time, however, he employs a rhetorical strategy…

On Ideology, Language, and Identity: Language Politics in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Lithuania

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balockaite, Rasa

2014-01-01

The paper illuminates links between state politics and language politics in Lithuania during different historical periods: (a) the thaw period, (b) the stagnation period, (c) the liberalization periods of Soviet socialism, and (d) the two post-Soviet decades characterized by both nationalism and liberalization. Based on analysis of the texts by…

Foreign Area Studies in the USSR. Training and Employment of Specialists.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gottemoeller, Rose E.; Langer, Paul F.

A study was undertaken to arrive at a broad overview of the Soviet training utilization of foreign area specialists. To gather data for the study, researchers examined European, United States, and Soviet publications and interviewed Soviet emigres and U.S. specialists on the Soviet Union. According to these data sources, specialized training for…

Ideologies of Civic Participation in Central Asia: Liberal Arts in the Post-Soviet Democratic Ethos

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Norma Jo; Thompson, Chad D.

2010-01-01

Higher educational practices in post-Soviet Central Asia remain predicated on an authoritarian conception of expertise rooted in an objective and universal science. While the substance of such education has changed since the Soviet era, the form of education remains rooted in Soviet-era discursive ideological practices, practices that encourage…

Arm Activity During Daily Life in Individuals With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

PubMed

Janaudis-Ferreira, Tania; Mathur, Sunita; Romano, Julia Marie; Goldstein, Roger Samuel; Brooks, Dina

2016-01-01

To determine whether individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have decreased arm activity during daily life compared with healthy controls and explore the relationships between arm activity during daily life and arm functional measures in individuals with COPD. This was a prospective cross-sectional study that included 30 people with COPD and 14 healthy controls. Subjects attended a single assessment session in which measurements of arm exercise capacity, arm functional performance, self-perception of performance during activities of daily living (ADL), shoulder and elbow flexion force and biceps and triceps thickness were performed. On completion of this session, participants were issued a wrist actigraph and asked to wear the device on the dominant arm for 24 hours for 7 consecutive days. Compared with healthy controls, patients with COPD presented decreased total activity level in daily life (P = .001). When corrected for walking, the level of arm activity did not differ between individuals with COPD and healthy controls (P = .62). No correlations were found between arm activity and arm exercise capacity, arm functional performance, upper limb muscle strength, and self-perception of performance during ADL (r =-0.20 to 0.14; all P ≥ .10). Arm activity intensity in individuals with COPD did not differ from that of healthy controls when measured by a wrist actigraph. Moreover, arm activity was not associated with other clinical outcomes of arm function. Disability during ADL is multifactorial, and only limited inferences of function can be made from accelerometer data.

Security and Arms Control: The Search for a More Stable Peace. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howard, Norman, Ed.; Sussman, Colleen, Ed.

Efforts of the United States since the end of World War II to advance the arms control process are discussed. There are five major sections. The first section recounts past arms control efforts--those that have worked and those that have not--and discusses the principles underlying U.S. arms control initiatives. The second section describes the…

Control of octopus arm extension by a peripheral motor program.

PubMed

Sumbre, G; Gutfreund, Y; Fiorito, G; Flash, T; Hochner, B

2001-09-07

For goal-directed arm movements, the nervous system generates a sequence of motor commands that bring the arm toward the target. Control of the octopus arm is especially complex because the arm can be moved in any direction, with a virtually infinite number of degrees of freedom. Here we show that arm extensions can be evoked mechanically or electrically in arms whose connection with the brain has been severed. These extensions show kinematic features that are almost identical to normal behavior, suggesting that the basic motor program for voluntary movement is embedded within the neural circuitry of the arm itself. Such peripheral motor programs represent considerable simplification in the motor control of this highly redundant appendage.

Soviet Cybernetics Review. Volume 2, Number 5,

DTIC Science & Technology

prize; Aeroflot’s sirena system turned on; Computer system controls 2500 construction sites; Automation of aircraft languages; Diagnosis by teletype; ALGEM-1 and ALGEM-2 languages; Nuclear institute’s computer facilities.

Strategic stalemate: Nuclear weapons and arms control in American politics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Krepon, M.

1984-01-01

This book presents a concise analysis of the American debate over arms control measures from the atmospheric test ban treaty of 1963 to the present. The author demonstrates the continuity of positions held by the participants throughout. There are two ''camps:'' those who stress security through military means and those who believe above all in arms control or disarmament. The camps in turn, contain ''operationalists,'' who pursue arms control but with differing emphases, and ''ideologues,'' who reject arms control in favor of superiority, at one end of the spectrum, or in favor of disarmament, at the other end.

Narrating Surroundings and Suppression: The Role of School in Soviet Childhood Memories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nugin, Raili; Jõesalu, Kirsti

2016-01-01

The article explores how people born in Estonia in the 1970s contextualize their memories about their Soviet childhood in the context of school. Focusing on small group of people who grew up in the Soviet Estonia, we argue that in biographical narratives, school is treated as the representative of the Soviet regime. Nostalgic reminiscences from…

Understanding Soviet Foreign Policy. The Tradition of Change in Soviet Foreign Policy. Two Schools of Soviet Diplomacy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

the works of Victor Hugo, :he Russian classics, and the works of other writers. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, New York, Oxford... panache and the scope of the gesture further rein- force the Soviet leader’s ascension and his auctoritas. It vastly adds to the feeling of confidence which

U.S. and Soviet Agriculture: The Shifting Balance of Power. Worldwatch Paper 51.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

Analysts of U.S.-Soviet balance of power usually focus on relative military strength. But other factors determine a country's overall power and influence. Among the most basic is a country's capacity to feed its people. By this measure the Soviet Union appears to be in deep trouble. Massive spending has increased Soviet military strength in recent…

Soviet Perceptions of War and Peace,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

Scott and Harriet Fast Scott Publications for a Purpose ...................................... 98 Continuity and Change in Soviet Perceptions...and Harriet Scott examine Soviet military strategies and forces; I address and provide a historical overview of the concept of peaceful coexistence...15. Marshal V.D. Sokolovskiy, ed., Soviet Military Strategy, 3d ed. edited by Harriet F. Scott (New York: Crane, Russak and Co., 1975), pp. 334-361

Masculinities in the Motherland: Gender and Authority in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, 1945-1968

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fraser, Erica L.

2009-01-01

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

Fragmenting pastoral mobility: Changing grazing patterns in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan

Treesearch

Carol Kerven; Ilya Ilych Alimaev; Roy Behnke; Grant Davidson; Nurlan Malmakov; Aidos Smailov; Iain Wright

2006-01-01

Kazak nomads were seasonally mobile in the pre-Soviet period, in response to climate variability and landscape heterogeneity. The scale of these movements was interrupted during the Soviet period, but some degree of mobility remained. Mobility virtually ceased in the post-Soviet 1990s, but is reemerging as flock numbers rebound from the mid 1990s population crash.

Skill Formation and Utilisation in the Post-Soviet Transition: Higher Education Planning in Post-Soviet Georgia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gvaramadze, Irakli

2010-01-01

Changes in the former Soviet system had a dramatic influence on higher education in Georgia. The main objective of the current article is to analyse implications of the post-Soviet transition for the skill formation and skill utilisation system in Georgia. In particular, the study analyses recent trends in Georgian higher education including…

Identification of Ppd-B1 alleles in common wheat cultivars by CAPS marker.

PubMed

Okoń, S; Kowalczyk, K; Miazga, D

2012-05-01

Photoperiod response is a major determinant of the duration of growth stages in common wheat. In common wheat, many genes play a role in determining flowering time, but the Ppd genes located on the homoeologous group 2 play a major role. Of these Ppd-B1 is located on the short arm of 2B. In 107 common wheat cultivars grown in Poland and neighboring countries, the identification of Ppd-B1 alleles using in-del analysis by using a CAPS markers was investigated. 87 cultivars were shown to carry dominant Ppd-B1 alleles. This shows that Ppd-B1 alleles is have been widely used in common wheat breeding programme in these countries. Recessive ppd-B1 alleles were found only in 20 cultivars (12 Polish, 5 former Soviet Union, 2 German, 1 Swedish).

Little Boy to Star Wars the evolution of American deterrence. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Havey, M.E.

1986-05-01

The historical and sociological development of the American deterrent posture in the nuclear age is traced since the its dawn at Alamagordo, New Mexico, 16 July 1945, and the use of the Little Boy over Hiroshima three weeks later. A description of Western man's involvement in and reaction to pre-1945 catastrophic circumstances is followed by a comparative examination of the post-1945 changes in national policy in regard to the use and dangers of total war. Using Bernard Brodie as a theoretical deterrent baseline, the author analyzes the ethical and military shifts in U.S. declaratory (versus actual) nuclear policy, through Paulmore » Nitze's statements of future policy in light of strategic defense. The author concludes that extremely effective--not necessarily perfect--defenses can be based dramatically on the beneficial effects of arms control. But at the same time, such a condition must inevitably result in a de facto reversion of U.S. nuclear policy to that of a small, non-counterforce force de frappe deterrent - similar in effect to that of the present French posture. The implications of this upon U.S.-Soviet force balance, the historical trends of the American Way of War, and the present deterrent mindset of the officer corps is left as a grave concern.« less

INF verification: a guide for the perplexed

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mendelsohn, J.

1987-09-01

The administration has dug itself some deep holes on the verification issue. It will have to conclude an arms control treaty without having resolved earlier (but highly questionable) compliance issues on which it has placed great emphasis. It will probably have to abandon its more sweeping (and unnecessary) on-site inspection (OSI) proposals because of adverse security and political implications for the United States and its allies. And, finally, it will probably have to present to the Congress an INF treaty that will provide for a considerably less-stringent (but nonetheless adequate) verification regime that it had originally demanded. It is difficultmore » to dispel the impression that, when the likelihood of concluding an INF treaty seemed remote, the administration indulged its penchant for intrusive and non-negotiable verification measures. As the possibility of, and eagerness for, a treaty increased, and as the Soviet Union shifted its policy from one of the resistance to OSI to one of indicating that on-site verification involved reciprocal obligations, the administration was forced to scale back its OSI rhetoric. This re-evaluation of OSI by the administration does not make the INF treaty any less verifiable; from the outset the Reagan administration was asking for a far more extensive verification package than was necessary, practicable, acceptable, or negotiable.« less

Timing variability of reach trajectories in left versus right hemisphere stroke.

PubMed

Freitas, Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira; Gera, Geetanjali; Scholz, John Peter

2011-10-24

This study investigated trajectory timing variability in right and left stroke survivors and healthy controls when reaching to a centrally located target under a fixed target condition or when the target could suddenly change position after reach onset. Trajectory timing variability was investigated with a novel method based on dynamic programming that identifies the steps required to time warp one trial's acceleration time series to match that of a reference trial. Greater trajectory timing variability of both hand and joint motions was found for the paretic arm of stroke survivors compared to their non-paretic arm or either arm of controls. Overall, the non-paretic left arm of the LCVA group and the left arm of controls had higher timing variability than the non-paretic right arm of the RCVA group and right arm of controls. The shoulder and elbow joint warping costs were consistent predictors of the hand's warping cost for both left and right arms only in the LCVA group, whereas the relationship between joint and hand warping costs was relatively weak in control subjects and less consistent across arms in the RCVA group. These results suggest that the left hemisphere may be more involved in trajectory timing, although the results may be confounded by skill differences between the arms in these right hand dominant participants. On the other hand, arm differences did not appear to be related to differences in targeting error. The paretic left arm of the RCVA exhibited greater trajectory timing variability than the paretic right arm of the LCVA group. This difference was highly correlated with the level of impairment of the arms. Generally, the effect of target uncertainty resulted in slightly greater trajectory timing variability for all participants. The results are discussed in light of previous studies of hemispheric differences in the control of reaching, in particular, left hemisphere specialization for temporal control of reaching movements. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

TIMING VARIABILITY OF REACH TRAJECTORIES IN LEFT VERSUS RIGHT HEMISPHERE STROKE

PubMed Central

Freitas, Sandra Maria Sbeghen Ferreira; Gera, Geetanjali; Scholz, John Peter

2011-01-01

This study investigated trajectory timing variability in right and left stroke survivors and healthy controls when reaching to a centrally located target under a fixed target condition or when the target could suddenly change position after reach onset. Trajectory timing variability was investigated with a novel method based on dynamic programming that identifies the steps required to time warp one trial’s acceleration time series to match that of a reference trial. Greater trajectory timing variability of both hand and joint motions was found for the paretic arm of stroke survivors compared to their non-paretic arm or either arm of controls. Overall, the non-paretic left arm of the LCVA group and the left arm of controls had higher timing variability than the non-paretic right arm of the RCVA group and right arm of controls. The shoulder and elbow joint warping costs were consistent predictors of the hand’s warping cost for both left and right arms only in the LCVA group, whereas the relationship between joint and hand warping costs was relatively weak in control subjects and less consistent across arms in the RCVA group. These results suggest that the left hemisphere may be more involved in trajectory timing, although the results may be confounded by skill differences between the arms in these right hand dominant participants. On the other hand, arm differences did not appear to be related to differences in targeting error. The paretic left arm of the RCVA exhibited greater trajectory timing variability than the paretic right arm of the LCVA group. This difference was highly correlated with the level of impairment of the arms. Generally, the effect of target uncertainty resulted in slightly greater trajectory timing variability for all participants. The results are discussed in light of previous studies of hemispheric differences in the control of reaching, in particular, left hemisphere specialization for temporal control of reaching movements. PMID:21920508

Hybrid position/force control of multi-arm cooperating robots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayati, Samad

1986-01-01

This paper extends the theory of hybrid position/force control to the case of multi-arm cooperating robots. Cooperation between n robot arms is achieved by controlling each arm such that the burden of actuation is shared between the arms in a nonconflicting way as they control the position of and force on a designated point on an object. The object, which may or may not be in contact with a rigid environment, is assumed to be held rigidly by n robot end-effectors. Natural and artificial position and force constraints are defined for a point on the object and two selection matrices are obtained to control the arms. The position control loops are designed based on each manipulator's Cartesian space dynamic equations. In the position control subspace, a feature is provided which allows the robot arms to exert additional forces/torques to achieve compression, tension, or torsion in the object without affecting the execution of the motion trajectories. In the force control subspace, a method is introduced to minimize the total force/torque magnitude square while realizing the net desired force/torque on the environment.

Anthropometric considerations for a 4-axis side-arm flight controller

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Debellis, W. B.

1986-01-01

A data base on multiaxis side-arm flight controls was generated. The rapid advances in fly-by-light technology, automatic stability systems, and onboard computers have combined to create flexible flight control systems which could reduce the workload imposed on the operator by complex new equipment. This side-arm flight controller combines four controls into one unit and should simplify the pilot's task. However, the use of a multiaxis side-arm flight controller without complete cockpit integration may tend to increase the pilot's workload.

Soviet Military Power

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

The Soviet build-up is made possible by a national policy that has con - sistently made military materiel production its highest economic priority...classes of consumable supplies and war reserve equipment available in the USSR, as well as transport, repair and con - struction units. It includes a...the Soviet military establishment r and to the continuing growth and moderniza-tion of Soviet military power. The CPSU con .-..•_"" trols military

Breakup of the Soviet State and Disintegration of the Renowned Sport System. The Future of Athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zibberman, Victor; Andersen, Donald R.

1994-01-01

Two articles examine athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The first discusses the disintegration of the Soviet sport system following the Soviet Union's breakup. The second examines the future of CIS athletics which, it is claimed, may never again reach the stature achieved by the Soviet Union. (SM)

The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Bear Versus the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, 1979-1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-01

satellite imagery identified Soviet TMS-65 decontamination vehicles and AGV-3 detox chambers in the vicinity of combat areas. In addition, the...Vladislav Tamarov, Afghanistan: Soviet Vietnam, trans. Naomi Marcus, Marianne Clarke Trangen, and Vladislav Tamarov (San Francisco: Mercury House...Tamarov. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1992. Turbiville, Graham. Ambush! The Road War in Afghanistan. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Soviet Army Studies Office

Cortical Spiking Network Interfaced with Virtual Musculoskeletal Arm and Robotic Arm.

PubMed

Dura-Bernal, Salvador; Zhou, Xianlian; Neymotin, Samuel A; Przekwas, Andrzej; Francis, Joseph T; Lytton, William W

2015-01-01

Embedding computational models in the physical world is a critical step towards constraining their behavior and building practical applications. Here we aim to drive a realistic musculoskeletal arm model using a biomimetic cortical spiking model, and make a robot arm reproduce the same trajectories in real time. Our cortical model consisted of a 3-layered cortex, composed of several hundred spiking model-neurons, which display physiologically realistic dynamics. We interconnected the cortical model to a two-joint musculoskeletal model of a human arm, with realistic anatomical and biomechanical properties. The virtual arm received muscle excitations from the neuronal model, and fed back proprioceptive information, forming a closed-loop system. The cortical model was trained using spike timing-dependent reinforcement learning to drive the virtual arm in a 2D reaching task. Limb position was used to simultaneously control a robot arm using an improved network interface. Virtual arm muscle activations responded to motoneuron firing rates, with virtual arm muscles lengths encoded via population coding in the proprioceptive population. After training, the virtual arm performed reaching movements which were smoother and more realistic than those obtained using a simplistic arm model. This system provided access to both spiking network properties and to arm biophysical properties, including muscle forces. The use of a musculoskeletal virtual arm and the improved control system allowed the robot arm to perform movements which were smoother than those reported in our previous paper using a simplistic arm. This work provides a novel approach consisting of bidirectionally connecting a cortical model to a realistic virtual arm, and using the system output to drive a robotic arm in real time. Our techniques are applicable to the future development of brain neuroprosthetic control systems, and may enable enhanced brain-machine interfaces with the possibility for finer control of limb prosthetics.

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation for Real-Time Myoelectric Control of Multifunction Artificial Arms

PubMed Central

Kuiken, Todd A.; Li, Guanglin; Lock, Blair A.; Lipschutz, Robert D.; Miller, Laura A.; Stubblefield, Kathy A.; Englehart, Kevin

2011-01-01

Context Improving the function of prosthetic arms remains a challenge, as access to the neural control information for the arm is lost during amputation. We have developed a surgical technique called targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) which transfers residual arm nerves to alternative muscle sites. After reinnervation, these target muscles produce an electromyogram (EMG) on the surface of the skin that can be measured and used to control prosthetic arms. Objective Assess the performance of TMR upper-limb amputee patients using a pattern-recognition algorithm to decode EMG signals and control prosthetic arm motions. Design Surface EMG signals were recorded on participants and decoded using a pattern-recognition algorithm. The decoding program controlled the movement of a virtual prosthetic arm. Participants were instructed to perform various arm movements, and their abilities to control the virtual prosthetic arm were measured. In addition, TMR patients used the same control system to operate advanced arm prosthesis prototypes. Setting This study was conducted between January 2007 and January 2008 at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago. Participants This study included five patients with shoulder disarticulation or transhumeral amputations who received TMR surgery between February 2002 and October 2006. It also included five non-amputee (control) participants. Main Outcome Measure Performance metrics measured during virtual arm movements included motion-selection time, motion-completion time, and motion-completion (or `success') rate. Three of the TMR patients were also able to test advanced arm prostheses. Results TMR patients were able to repeatedly perform 10 different elbow, wrist and hand motions with the virtual prosthetic arm. For TMR patients, the average (standard deviation (SD)) motion-selection and motion-completion times for elbow and wrist movements were 0.22 s (0.06) and 1.29 s (0.15), respectively. These times were 0.06 s and 0.21 s longer than the average times of control participants. For TMR patients, the average (SD) motion-selection and motion-completion times for hand-grasp patterns were 0.38 s (0.12) and 1.54 s (0.27), respectively. TMR patients successfully completed an average (SD) of 96.3% (3.8) of elbow and wrist movements and 86.9% (13.9) of hand movements within 5 s, compared to 100% (0) and 96.7% (4.7) completed by controls. Three of the patients were able to demonstrate the use of this control system in advanced prostheses including motorized shoulders, elbows, wrists and hands. Conclusion These results suggest that reinnervated muscles can produce sufficient EMG information to control advanced artificial arms. PMID:19211469

Control of functional differential equations with function space boundary conditions.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Banks, H. T.

1972-01-01

The results of various authors dealing with problems involving functional differential equations with terminal conditions in function space are reviewed. The review includes not only very recent results, but also some little known results of Soviet mathematicians prior to 1970. Particular attention is given to results concerning controllability, existence of optimal controls, and necessary and sufficient conditions for optimality.

Deception in Soviet Military Doctrine and Operations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-01

class entitled Soviet Military Strategy, taught by Dr. Robert Bathurst at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. 10. George Orwell , quoted...recent asslignment as the Command Tactical Deception Officer, from March 1981 to May 1984 , at Headquarters Tactical Air Command Langley Air Force Base... Revolution , has made an indelible imprint on the Soviet psyche. Even today, forty years after the war, the Soviet people and the rest of the world are

Codes of Conduct in the Soviet School System. Part 1: The Teacher as the Mouthpiece of the State

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maslinsky, K. A.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this article is to analyze Soviet school codes as part of a continuous tradition in Russian education and as a way of arriving at a portrait of Soviet schoolchildren. The article is divided into two parts. The first part provides a brief historical overview of the codes of conduct in prerevolutionary and Soviet school policy and…

President Assad’s Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

PERIOD BETWEEN THE WARS - 100 B. THE SIX DAY WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH - - 106 C. THE EFFECTS OF THE LEBANESE CONFLICT 109 XI. SYRIA AND LEBANON...Terrorism -------------- 232 XVII. THE SOVIET-SYRIAN RELATIONS --------- 236 A. SOVIET POLICY OBJECTIVES -------- 238 B. HOW DID THE SOVIETS PENETRATE INTO...SYRIA? 239 C. THE SOVIET MILITARY AID TO SYRIA - - - - 241 D. PRICES AND TERMS ------------ 242 E. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MILITARY AID IN RELATION TO

The Costs of the Soviet Empire.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

Soviet Union is a multi -national state consisting of 15 distinct national repub- lics and over 60 nationalities, 23 of which have populations greater...think of the annual costs of attaining and maintaining an empire as following an oscillating pattern like a somewhat uneven sine -curve. First, costs...and time-on-station of Soviet naval and other forces. In this sense, the empire acts to multi - ply the effectiveness of Soviet forces. Alternatively

Soviet business chaos seen lasting 5 years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-12-16

This paper reports that companies seeking work in the collapsing Soviet Union can expect political uncertainty for another 5 years. PW discussed changes in the Soviet Union and offered advice on dealing with officials of the central government and Soviet republics at a recent meeting in Houston with executives of oil field service companies. That meeting preceded reports of the Russian federation, Ukraine, and Byelorussia agreeing to form a Slavic commonwealth.

The Role of Social Science Research Institutes in the Formulation and Execution of Soviet Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-03-01

L FOREWORD In the long-term global competition between capitalism and socialism, the Soviet union designs and implements complex strategies which...successful communist resolution of the struggle by exploiting Soviet opportunities and Western vulnerabilities. Such complex strategies, involving as they...fact, a subject of controversy among Soviet theoreticians, the CPSU’s leading theoretical journal, Kommunist, has explained its appli - cation thus

Soviet Power in Latin America: Success or Failure?

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-13

During the Symposium, academic and government experts discussed a number of issues concerning this area which will have a continuing impact on US...full impact of Soviet and Cuban ties has not yet been felt, but the 1977 return from Cuba of a Jamaican youth construction brigade, determined to...some of the less perceptible underlying aspects of the relationship . The paper is divided into three sections: Soviet objectives; instruments of Soviet

Flexible trial design in practice - stopping arms for lack-of-benefit and adding research arms mid-trial in STAMPEDE: a multi-arm multi-stage randomized controlled trial

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Prostate cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy (STAMPEDE) is a randomized controlled trial that follows a novel multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) design. We describe methodological and practical issues arising with (1) stopping recruitment to research arms following a pre-planned intermediate analysis and (2) adding a new research arm during the trial. Methods STAMPEDE recruits men who have locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer who are starting standard long-term hormone therapy. Originally there were five research and one control arms, each undergoing a pilot stage (focus: safety, feasibility), three intermediate ‘activity’ stages (focus: failure-free survival), and a final ‘efficacy’ stage (focus: overall survival). Lack-of-sufficient-activity guidelines support the pairwise interim comparisons of each research arm against the control arm; these pre-defined activity cut-off becomes increasingly stringent over the stages. Accrual of further patients continues to the control arm and to those research arms showing activity and an acceptable safety profile. The design facilitates adding new research arms should sufficiently interesting agents emerge. These new arms are compared only to contemporaneously recruited control arm patients using the same intermediate guidelines in a time-delayed manner. The addition of new research arms is subject to adequate recruitment rates to support the overall trial aims. Results (1) Stopping Existing Therapy: After the second intermediate activity analysis, recruitment was discontinued to two research arms for lack-of-sufficient activity. Detailed preparations meant that changes were implemented swiftly at 100 international centers and recruitment continued seamlessly into Activity Stage III with 3 remaining research arms and the control arm. Further regulatory and ethical approvals were not required because this was already included in the initial trial design. (2) Adding New Therapy: An application to add a new research arm was approved by the funder, (who also organized peer review), industrial partner and regulatory and ethical bodies. This was all done in advance of any decision to stop current therapies. Conclusions The STAMPEDE experience shows that recruitment to a MAMS trial and mid-flow changes its design are achievable with good planning. This benefits patients and the scientific community as research treatments are evaluated in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. Trial registration ISRCTN78818544, NCT00268476 First patient into trial: 17 October 2005 First patient into abiraterone comparison: 15 November 2011 PMID:22978443

Flexible trial design in practice - stopping arms for lack-of-benefit and adding research arms mid-trial in STAMPEDE: a multi-arm multi-stage randomized controlled trial.

PubMed

Sydes, Matthew R; Parmar, Mahesh K B; Mason, Malcolm D; Clarke, Noel W; Amos, Claire; Anderson, John; de Bono, Johann; Dearnaley, David P; Dwyer, John; Green, Charlene; Jovic, Gordana; Ritchie, Alastair W S; Russell, J Martin; Sanders, Karen; Thalmann, George; James, Nicholas D

2012-09-15

Systemic Therapy for Advanced or Metastatic Prostate cancer: Evaluation of Drug Efficacy (STAMPEDE) is a randomized controlled trial that follows a novel multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) design. We describe methodological and practical issues arising with (1) stopping recruitment to research arms following a pre-planned intermediate analysis and (2) adding a new research arm during the trial. STAMPEDE recruits men who have locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer who are starting standard long-term hormone therapy. Originally there were five research and one control arms, each undergoing a pilot stage (focus: safety, feasibility), three intermediate 'activity' stages (focus: failure-free survival), and a final 'efficacy' stage (focus: overall survival). Lack-of-sufficient-activity guidelines support the pairwise interim comparisons of each research arm against the control arm; these pre-defined activity cut-off becomes increasingly stringent over the stages. Accrual of further patients continues to the control arm and to those research arms showing activity and an acceptable safety profile. The design facilitates adding new research arms should sufficiently interesting agents emerge. These new arms are compared only to contemporaneously recruited control arm patients using the same intermediate guidelines in a time-delayed manner. The addition of new research arms is subject to adequate recruitment rates to support the overall trial aims. (1) Stopping Existing Therapy: After the second intermediate activity analysis, recruitment was discontinued to two research arms for lack-of-sufficient activity. Detailed preparations meant that changes were implemented swiftly at 100 international centers and recruitment continued seamlessly into Activity Stage III with 3 remaining research arms and the control arm. Further regulatory and ethical approvals were not required because this was already included in the initial trial design.(2) Adding New Therapy: An application to add a new research arm was approved by the funder, (who also organized peer review), industrial partner and regulatory and ethical bodies. This was all done in advance of any decision to stop current therapies. The STAMPEDE experience shows that recruitment to a MAMS trial and mid-flow changes its design are achievable with good planning. This benefits patients and the scientific community as research treatments are evaluated in a more efficient and cost-effective manner. ISRCTN78818544, NCT00268476. First patient into trial: 17 October 2005. First patient into abiraterone comparison: 15 November 2011.

Soviet space nuclear reactor incidents - Perception versus reality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bennett, Gary L.

1992-01-01

Since the Soviet Union reportedly began flying nuclear power sources in 1965 it has had four publicly known accidents involving space reactors, two publicly known accidents involving radioisotope power sources and one close call with a space reactor (Cosmos 1900). The reactor accidents, particularly Cosmos 954 and Cosmos 1402, indicated that the Soviets had adopted burnup as their reentry philosophy which is consistent with the U.S. philosophy from the 1960s and 1970s. While quantitative risk analyses have shown that the Soviet accidents have not posed a serious risk to the world's population, concerns still remain about Soviet space nuclear safety practices.

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 37: The impact of political control on technical communications: A comparative study of Russian and US aerospace engineers and scientists

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Flammia, Madelyn; Kennedy, John M.

1994-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI). This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, and their use of computer technology, and their use of and the importance to them of libraries and technical information centers. The data are discussed in terms of tentative conclusions drawn from the literature. Finally, we conclude with four questions concerning government policy, collaboration, and the flow of STI between Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists.

Kinematic equations for resolved-rate control of an industrial robot arm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barker, L. K.

1983-01-01

An operator can use kinematic, resolved-rate equations to dynamically control a robot arm by watching its response to commanded inputs. Known resolved-rate equations for the control of a particular six-degree-of-freedom industrial robot arm and proceeds to simplify the equations for faster computations are derived. Methods for controlling the robot arm in regions which normally cause mathematical singularities in the resolved-rate equations are discussed.

Pushkin to Shukshin: Complementary Strands in the Texture of Soviet Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zevin, Patricia Ernenwein

1980-01-01

Discusses English reading texts used in the Soviet Union, which are English translations of Russian literature. Notes that such literature divides attention between the traditional and the progressive elements of Soviet culture. (DF)

The German Reunification Issue: A Soviet Perspective.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

relationship with the Soviet Union is central to its viability, its economic stability, and the maintenance of its position in the Warsaw Pact. The...tion, and consumer spending is twice as high in the GDR than in the USSR. This voracious consumption is visible to Soviet troops. The Soviet Union...response to the prolonged Polish crisis, East and West Germany appear to be mutually shielding their special relationship from the cold East-West winds

Soviet Weapon-System Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

Center, China Lake, CA 93555-6001 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. S91 10 4163 FOREWORD The book was researched and written by...collection of classified norms is a set that we have never seen, but whose existence we know of from various articles in Soviet military journals and books ...industrial-incentive system has resulted in a spare-parts famine throughout the Soviet economy. 3 Several books , both Western and Soviet, have been -written

The Soviet Far East Buildup and Soviet Risk-Taking against China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

This report reflects information available through August 1982. - vii - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Soviet military buildup in Siberia, Central Asia, and...In the process , the number of divisions of all strength levels deployed appear to have increased from roughly 20 at the outset to about 40 early in...the study reviews the circumstances under which the Soviets began the post-Khrushchev buildup that is still in process . It examines the initial

The Tenth Period of Soviet Third World Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-10-01

All its activity is taking place in an atmosphere of responsible criticism and self-criticism and of observance of the principle of looking the truth...tremendous stability to the Soviet-Indian relationship. Moscow’s ties with New Dehli have lasted now well over thirty years. Moscow can be confident...itself a superpower with global interests and commitments. The costs of the Soviet empire may be onerous at the margin when Soviet economic managers

An Analysis of the Seismic Source Characteristics of Explosions in Low-Coupling Dry Porous Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-29

Semipalatinsk Test Site (Shagan, Degelen and Konystan Testing Areas) and in Salt at the Former Soviet Azgir Test Site ...to be applicable to all underground nuclear explosions conducted in various hard rock media at the former Soviet Semipalatinsk test site , as well as...in Hard Rock at the Former Soviet Semipalatinsk Test Site (Shagan, Degelen and Konystan Testing Areas) and in Salt at the Former Soviet Azgir Test

Review of the transmissions of the Soviet helicopters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chaiko, Lev I.

1990-01-01

A review of the following aspects of Soviet helicopter transmissions is presented: transmitted power, weight, reduction ratio, RPM, design configuration, comparison of different type of manufacturing methods, and a description of the materials and technologies applied to critical transmission components. Included are mechanical diagrams of the gearboxes of the Soviet helicopters and test stands for testing gearbox and main shaft. The quality of Soviet helicopter transmissions and their Western counterparts are assessed and compared.

Physiological Responses to Arm Activity in Individuals With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Compared With Healthy Controls: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.

PubMed

Lima, Vanessa Pereira; Iamonti, Vinicius C; Velloso, Marcelo; Janaudis-Ferreira, Tania

The mechanisms underlying physiological limitations during arm activity in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are unknown. The objective of this systematic review was to describe cardiorespiratory responses, symptoms, chest wall kinematics, muscle activity, and lung volumes during arm activity in individuals with COPD relative to the responses of healthy controls. Original research articles that compared cardiorespiratory responses, symptoms, muscle activity, chest wall kinematics, and lung function during arm activity between individuals with COPD and healthy controls were identified after searches of 5 electronic databases and reference lists of pertinent articles. Two reviewers performed the electronic and manual searches with 1 screening title and abstracts. Two investigators screened the full texts to determine eligibility for inclusion. One reviewer performed the data extraction and tabulation using a standardized form with a second reviewer double-checking the data extracted. Of the 54 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 6 met the inclusion criteria. Reduced cardiorespiratory responses during peak arm exercise in individuals with COPD compared with healthy controls were evident. Compared with healthy controls, individuals with COPD had increased dyspnea and hyperinflation during peak arm exercise. Increased effort of the trapezius muscle during arm activities was also found in persons with COPD compared with healthy controls. There is limited evidence describing physiological responses during arm activity in individuals with COPD. Findings of this systematic review suggest that individuals with COPD have decreased cardiorespiratory responses during peak arm exercise compared with controls but increased dyspnea, hyperinflation, and arm muscle effort.

Health world views of post-Soviet citizens.

PubMed

Abbott, Pamela A; Turmov, Sergei; Wallace, Claire

2006-01-01

The collapse of the Soviet Union has had an adverse impact on the lives of the peoples of Russia and Ukraine. This paper reports on qualitative case studies including interviews, focus groups and children's essays from Russia and Ukraine, on the topics of everyday understanding of health and the factors influencing it. The majority report poor health and difficult material circumstances. Their understandings of health and illness are multifactorial and include emotional as well as descriptive elements. Whilst the most frequently cited definition of health is of people with/without health problems, it is evident that health is seen positively, as more than the absence of debilitating illness. There is a strong emphasis on individual responsibility for health and evidence that people are thought to have a moral responsibility to strive to be healthy. However, there is also a strong awareness that the major factors which cause ill health are beyond their control. The findings provide additional support for the health lifestyles theory that has been developed to provide a sociological understanding of the mortality crisis in the former Soviet Union.

Development of advanced control schemes for telerobot manipulators

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Charles C.; Zhou, Zhen-Lei

1991-01-01

To study space applications of telerobotics, Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA) has recently built a testbed composed mainly of a pair of redundant slave arms having seven degrees of freedom and a master hand controller system. The mathematical developments required for the computerized simulation study and motion control of the slave arms are presented. The slave arm forward kinematic transformation is presented which is derived using the D-H notation and is then reduced to its most simplified form suitable for real-time control applications. The vector cross product method is then applied to obtain the slave arm Jacobian matrix. Using the developed forward kinematic transformation and quaternions representation of the slave arm end-effector orientation, computer simulation is conducted to evaluate the efficiency of the Jacobian in converting joint velocities into Cartesian velocities and to investigate the accuracy of the Jacobian pseudo-inverse for various sampling times. In addition, the equivalence between Cartesian velocities and quaternion is also verified using computer simulation. The motion control of the slave arm is examined. Three control schemes, the joint-space adaptive control scheme, the Cartesian adaptive control scheme, and the hybrid position/force control scheme are proposed for controlling the motion of the slave arm end-effector. Development of the Cartesian adaptive control scheme is presented and some preliminary results of the remaining control schemes are presented and discussed.

View of USSR flight controllers in Mission Control during touchdown

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-21

S75-28659 (21 July 1975) --- An overall view of the group of Soviet Union flight controllers who served at the Mission Control Center during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. They are applauding the successful touchdown of the Soyuz spacecraft in Central Asia. The television monitor had just shown the land landing of the Soyuz descent vehicle.

Arms Control and Disarmament, Volume 8, Number 2, Spring 1972. A Quarterly Bibliography with Abstracts and Annotations

DTIC Science & Technology

Contents: Preface; The international political environment; The strategic environment; Institutions and means for the maintenance of peace; Arms control--general discussion; Arms control--specific problems and measures; Author index ; Subject index.

Self-recognition mechanism between skin and suckers prevents octopus arms from interfering with each other.

PubMed

Nesher, Nir; Levy, Guy; Grasso, Frank W; Hochner, Binyamin

2014-06-02

Controlling movements of flexible arms is a challenging task for the octopus because of the virtually infinite number of degrees of freedom (DOFs) [1, 2]. Octopuses simplify this control by using stereotypical motion patterns that reduce the DOFs, in the control space, to a workable few [2]. These movements are triggered by the brain and are generated by motor programs embedded in the peripheral neuromuscular system of the arm [3-5]. The hundreds of suckers along each arm have a tendency to stick to almost any object they contact [6-9]. The existence of this reflex could pose significant problems with unplanned interactions between the arms if not appropriately managed. This problem is likely to be accentuated because it is accepted that octopuses are "not aware of their arms" [10-14]. Here we report of a self-recognition mechanism that has a novel role in motor control, restraining the arms from interfering with each other. We show that the suckers of amputated arms never attach to octopus skin because a chemical in the skin inhibits the attachment reflex of the suckers. The peripheral mechanism appears to be overridden by central control because, in contrast to amputated arms, behaving octopuses sometime grab amputated arms. Surprisingly, octopuses seem to identify their own amputated arms, as they treat arms of other octopuses like food more often than their own. This self-recognition mechanism is a novel peripheral component in the embodied organization of the adaptive interactions between the octopus's brain, body, and environment [15, 16]. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Outcome of artemether-lumefantrine treatment for uncomplicated malaria in HIV-infected adult patients on anti-retroviral therapy.

PubMed

Maganda, Betty A; Minzi, Omary M S; Kamuhabwa, Appolinary A R; Ngasala, Billy; Sasi, Philip G

2014-05-30

Malaria and HIV infections are both highly prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa, with HIV-infected patients being at higher risks of acquiring malaria. The majority of antiretroviral (ART) and anti-malarial drugs are metabolized by the CYP450 system, creating a chance of drug-drug interaction upon co-administration. Limited data are available on the effectiveness of the artemether-lumefantrine combination (AL) when co-administered with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The aim of this study was to compare anti-malarial treatment responses between HIV-1 infected patients on either nevirapine- or efavirenz-based treatment and those not yet on ART (control-arm) with uncomplicated falciparum malaria, treated with AL. This was a prospective, non-randomized, open-label study conducted in Bagamoyo district, with three arms of HIV-infected adults: efavirenz-based treatment arm (EFV-arm) n = 66, nevirapine-based treatment arm (NVP-arm) n = 128, and control-arm n = 75, with uncomplicated malaria. All patients were treated with AL and followed up for 28 days. The primary outcome measure was an adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) after treatment with AL by day 28. Day 28 ACPR was 97.6%, 82.5% and 94.5% for the NVP-arm, EFV-arm and control-arm, respectively. No early treatment or late parasitological failure was reported. The cumulative risk of recurrent parasitaemia was >19-fold higher in the EFV-arm than in the control-arm (Hazard ratio [HR], 19.11 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 10.5-34.5]; P < 0.01). The cumulative risk of recurrent parasitaemia in the NVP-arm was not significantly higher than in the control-arm ([HR], 2.44 [95% {CI}, 0.79-7.6]; P = 0.53). The median (IQR) day 7 plasma concentrations of lumefantrine for the three arms were: 1,125 ng/m (638.8-1913), 300.4 ng/ml (220.8-343.1) and 970 ng/ml (562.1-1729) for the NVP-arm, the EFV-arm and the control-arm, respectively (P < 0.001). In all three arms, the reported adverse events were mostly mild. After 28 days of follow-up, AL was statistically safe and effective in the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the NVP-arm. The results of this study also provide an indication of the possible impact of EFV on the performance of AL and the likelihood of it affecting uncomplicated falciparum malaria treatment outcome.

Perestroika and Its Impact on the Soviet Labor Market.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brand, Horst

1991-01-01

Discusses two books, "Restructuring the Soviet Economy: In Search of the Market" and "In Search of Flexibility: The New Soviet Labour Market," that assess the success of perestroika and the transition to a market-based economy. (JOW)

78 FR 36307 - Proposed Information Collection (Shoulder and Arm Conditions Disability Benefits Questionnaire...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-17

... (Shoulder and Arm Conditions Disability Benefits Questionnaire) Activity: Comment Request AGENCY: Veterans... ``OMB Control No. 2900--NEW (Shoulder and Arm Conditions Disability Benefits Questionnaire)'' in any...: Shoulder and Arm Conditions Disability Benefits Questionnaire, VA Form 21-0960M-12. OMB Control Number...

The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perminov, V. G.

1999-01-01

Perminov was the leading designer for Mars and Venus spacecraft at the Soviet Lavochkin design bureau in the early days of Martian exploration. In addition to competing with the U.S. to get to the Moon, the Soviets also struggled to beat the U.S. to Mars during the Cold War. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviets attempted to send a number of robotic probes to Mars, but for a variety of reasons, most of these missions ended in failure. Despite these overall failures, the Soviets garnered a great deal of scientific and technical knowledge through these efforts. This monograph tells some fascinating, but little-known, stories.

An adaptive controller for enhancing operator performance during teleoperation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carignan, Craig R.; Tarrant, Janice M.; Mosier, Gary E.

1989-01-01

An adaptive controller is developed for adjusting robot arm parameters while manipulating payloads of unknown mass and inertia. The controller is tested experimentally in a master/slave configuration where the adaptive slave arm is commanded via human operator inputs from a master. Kinematically similar six-joint master and slave arms are used with the last three joints locked for simplification. After a brief initial adaptation period for the unloaded arm, the slave arm retrieves different size payloads and maneuvers them about the workspace. Comparisons are then drawn with similar tasks where the adaptation is turned off. Several simplifications of the controller dynamics are also addressed and experimentally verified.

National Security Policy Issues in U.S.-Soviet Technology Transfer

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-06-14

bottlenecks in Soviet agri- culture and services, as well as in Soviet Industry. This trade often presumes a substantial Soviet Investment In...IN SOME DISTANT COUNTRY. ii. CULTURAL AND POLITICAL AFFINITIES OR AVERSIONS WHICH WILL DISTORT TRADE WITHOUT REDUCING IT. _.. — — -"— 1 HI-2016...Lprovln, tachalc. co.- municatlons betwoar conbat vahlcla». 2. The U.S. Sov.rnn.nt .hould ..»bllsh a priority lilt of " HUary m,.,lons. ranging

Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post-Soviet World

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Post -Soviet World A Monograph by MAJ Andrew S. Glenn US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General...2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military1s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet World Sa...MAJ Andrew S. Glenn Monograph Title: Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans- Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet

Soviet Military Power: An Assessment of the Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

accept a greater Soviet role in developing a promising new one. Moscow offered the area that would convey to the Soviets the status Jordan the MiG...Soviets moved to larger, more capable models. late stages or development when the new FOXHOUND) Output of’ their primary long-range military transport...aerial riel’ueiing support of BISON and BEAR aircrart, In 1987, the first unit 01’ new MIDAS Cruise Missile Developments tankers entered operational

The Role of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy: The World Correlation of Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-13

the exclusive guide for Soviet foreign policy, just as it would be to claim that Marxism -Leninism plays no part in establishing that policy. By...reflects the wholly different belief system regarding the nature of man and society that is modern Soviet Marxism -Leninism. It brings into focus...which colors any Soviet discussion of world affairs. By briefly examining some of the precepts of Marxism , the essence of that world view will

China and the Great Power Balance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-18

analyst assigned to US Army Japan/IX Corps. iv I./ iv4 • ~ , ’ ’K". SUMMARY Recent indications of a thaw in Sino-Soviet relations, coupled with...of Chinese leaders indicates that their basic assessment of the Soviet Union as a hegemonist power 25 has been altered in the least. Given the...allowed itself to be absorbed as a de facto Soviet satellite, or if another nation (presumably the United States) somehow supplanted the Soviet Union

3-D Soviet Style: A Presentation on Lessons Learned from the Soviet Experience in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

communication and to the efforts the Soviets made in building Afghan security forces. It includes information on the theory and practice of Soviet...state-building; lines of communication are a critical vulnerability to insurgent attacks; successive battlefield victories do not guarantee strategic...rouge en ce qui concerne la sécurisation de ses voies de communication . Un accent particulier est également mis sur les efforts soviétiques visant à

Soviet Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Internal and External Determinants.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Soviet-Egyptian relations and four involving Soviet-Syrian relations. Each event signifies a juncture at which Soviet policymakers had to make fundmental ...actor on the international scene. In order to promote a more active global strategy many of the more rigid doctrinal principles of the Stalin era were...establishment of a national-democratic state could be viewed as a positive first step towards socialism, even if it was initially based on capitalist principles

United States Security Interests in China: Beyond the ’China Card’.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

competition . Soviet policies toward Europe, the United States and related areas are, then, in the first istance, functions of Soviet strategy toward China. 8...the Chinese desire, or have the capacity, to play an active role in Soviet-American military competition . Nor is it likely that.the Soviet Union...President Reagan has made it clear, however, that his attendance at the conference on cooperation and development to be held in October 1981 at Cancun

Astronauts Stafford and Slayton visit Soviet Soyuz spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, left, NASA ASTP crew commander, and Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot, visit the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft during the joint phase of the ASTP mission. They hold Soviet containers of borsh (beet soup) over which vodka labels have been pasted. This was the crew's way of toasting each other. The photo was taken in the Orbital Module portion of the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The hatch to the Soyuz Descent Vehicle is in center background.

Prevention and Treatment of Vesication and Poisoning Caused by Arsenicals.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

AREA 8 WORK UNIT NUMBERS University of Arizona, Dept. of Cellular and Developmental Biology , Tucson, AZ 85721 62734A.3M162734A875.AP.369 I...treatment of intoxication by arsenic, especially against lewisite gas. These agents have been used in human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet... human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet investigators and West German investigators have recommended that it replace BAL for t-eatment of

'If I Ever Have to Go to Prison, I Hope it's a Russian Prison': British Labour, Social Democracy and Soviet Communism, 1919-25.

PubMed

Hodgson, Max

2017-09-01

Through the inter-war period, the USSR became an example of 'socialism in action' that the British labour movement could both look towards and define itself against. British visitors both criticized and acclaimed aspects of the new Soviet state between 1919 and 1925, but a consistently exceptional finding was the Soviet prison. Analysing the visits and reports of British guests to Soviet prisons, the aims of this article are threefold. Using new material from the Russian archives, it demonstrates the development of an intense admiration for, and often a desire to replicate, the Soviet penal system on the part of Labour members, future Communists, and even Liberals who visited Soviet Russia. It also critically examines why, despite such admiration, the effect of Soviet penal ideas failed to significantly influence Labour Party policy in this area. Finally, placing these views within a broader framework of the British labour movement's internal tussles over the competing notions of social democracy and communism, it is argued that a failure to affect policy should not proscribe reappraisals of these notions or the Soviet-Labour Party relationship, both of which were more complex than is currently permitted in the established historiography. © The Author [2017]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Soviet ionospheric modification research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, L.M.; Carlson, H.C.; Djuth, F.T.

1988-07-01

Soviet published literature in ionospheric modification research by high-power radio waves is assessed, including an evaluation of its impact on and applications to future remote-sensing and telecommunications systems. This assessment is organized to place equal emphasis on basic research activities, designed to investigate both the natural geophysical environment and fundamental plasma physics; advanced research programs, such as those studying artificial ionization processes and oblique high-power radio propagation and practical system applications and operational limitations addressed by this research. The assessment indicates that the Soviet Union sustains high-quality theoretical and experimental research programs in ionospheric modification, with a breadth and levelmore » of effort greatly exceeding comparable Western programs. Soviet theoretical research tends to be analytical and intuitive, as compared to the Western emphasis on numerical simulation techniques. The Soviet experimental approach is less exploratory, designed principally to confirm theoretical predictions. Although limited by inferior diagnostic capabilities, Soviet experimental facilities are more numerous, operate on a more regular basis, and transmit radio wave powers exceeding those os Western facilities. Because of its broad scope of activity, the Soviet Union is better poised to quickly exploit new technologies and system applications as they are developed. This panel has identified several key areas of Soviet research activity and emerging technology that may offer long-term opportunities for remote-sensing and telecommunications advantages. However, we have found no results that suggest imminent breakthrough discoveries in these fields.« less

A Summary History of Reusable Spaceplane Development in the Soviet Union

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Siddiqi, A. A.

2002-01-01

Beginning the early years of space advocacy in the 1920s, the Soviets proposed a large number of winged space vehicle concepts as part of broader work on space transportation systems. These designs left an important legacy that has remained unexamined. In the 1920s, theorists and publicists such as Konstantin Tsiolkovskiy and Fridrikh Tsander were the earliest proponents of spaceplane designs. These were followed in the 1930s by the first concrete projects for rocket-propelled aircraft designed by the young Sergey Korolev. During World War II, the Soviets experimented with a number of rocket-planes, not for spaceflight, but for battle purposes. Subsequently, in the postwar years, the Soviet government for the first time funded a research project into a hypersonic winged vehicle for delivery of nuclear weapons. In later years, in the 1960s, with the growth of the Soviet space program, Soviet designers fielded a multitude of spaceplane programs that all culminated in the development of the famous Buran space shuttle. In this article, I will summarize all known hypersonic and spaceplane proposals during the Soviet era. Despite considerable funding, none of the spaceplane designs ever reached operational status. My goal is to highlight the technological lineage of Soviet and Russian reusable spaceplane concepts in the hope of illuminating design approaches that have continued to influence approaches to developing space transportation systems.

Increased rate of depression and psychosomatic symptoms in Jewish migrants from the post-Soviet-Union to Germany in the 3rd generation after the Shoa.

PubMed

Ullmann, E; Barthel, A; Licinio, J; Petrowski, K; Bornstein, S R; Strauß, B

2013-03-12

The mental health status of persons with Jewish background living in Germany is discussed with special regard to social exclusion like anti-Semitism and overprotective parental rearing behavior, as a transmissional factor of the KZ-Syndrome. These stressors are considered in the context of a higher risk for depression/fear and psychosomatic disorders and also abnormal cortisol levels. The present sample (N=89) is derived from the Jewish population currently living in the German region of Saxony aged between 17-36 years that emigrated from the post-Soviet-Union areas. The mean age was 22.9 years. Two questionnaires to detect psychosomatic symptoms (Giessen complaint list (GBB)-24, hospital anxiety and depression scale) and one questionnaire addressing parental rearing behavior (FEE) were employed. Comparisons were drawn with normative data from the literature about the German residential population. In addition, questions were asked concerning the experience of anti-Semitism in Germany and in the post-Soviet-Union areas. A higher prevalence of depression/fear (10.3% versus 18.2%) and psychosomatic symptoms (M=14.03 versus 17.8; t=2.42; P<0.05) was observed in Jewish migrants to Germany as compared with non-Jewish German residents. Furthermore, anti-Semitic experiences in Germany correlated positively with depression (r=0.293; P<0.01) and fear (r=0.254; P<0.05). The anti-Semitic experiences in the post-Soviet-Union areas also correlated positively with limb pain (r=0.41, P<0.01), fatigue symptoms (r=0.296, P<0.01) and psychocardial symptoms (r=0.219, P<0.05). It was also confirmed that the male respondents recalled a controlling and overprotecting maternal rearing behavior more frequently than the German standard random sample (M=15.39 versus 18.6; t=2.68; P<0.01). The latter also correlated significantly positive with epigastric pain (r=0.349; P<0.01). The present results show that depression, fear and psychosomatic problems are common in Jewish residents with a background of migration from the post-Soviet-Union areas to Germany. Apart from the transgenerational passing of psychological traumata and the Holocaust experiences, other stressors like anti-Semitism, control and overprotection as parental rearing measures appear to be important factors specifically contributing to the pathogenesis of the attributed symptoms.

Increased rate of depression and psychosomatic symptoms in Jewish migrants from the post-Soviet-Union to Germany in the 3rd generation after the Shoa

PubMed Central

Ullmann, E; Barthel, A; Licinio, J; Petrowski, K; Bornstein, S R; Strauß, B

2013-01-01

The mental health status of persons with Jewish background living in Germany is discussed with special regard to social exclusion like anti-Semitism and overprotective parental rearing behavior, as a transmissional factor of the KZ-Syndrome. These stressors are considered in the context of a higher risk for depression/fear and psychosomatic disorders and also abnormal cortisol levels. The present sample (N=89) is derived from the Jewish population currently living in the German region of Saxony aged between 17–36 years that emigrated from the post-Soviet-Union areas. The mean age was 22.9 years. Two questionnaires to detect psychosomatic symptoms (Giessen complaint list (GBB)-24, hospital anxiety and depression scale) and one questionnaire addressing parental rearing behavior (FEE) were employed. Comparisons were drawn with normative data from the literature about the German residential population. In addition, questions were asked concerning the experience of anti-Semitism in Germany and in the post-Soviet-Union areas. A higher prevalence of depression/fear (10.3% versus 18.2%) and psychosomatic symptoms (M=14.03 versus 17.8; t=2.42; P<0.05) was observed in Jewish migrants to Germany as compared with non-Jewish German residents. Furthermore, anti-Semitic experiences in Germany correlated positively with depression (r=0.293; P<0.01) and fear (r=0.254; P<0.05). The anti-Semitic experiences in the post-Soviet-Union areas also correlated positively with limb pain (r=0.41, P<0.01), fatigue symptoms (r=0.296, P<0.01) and psychocardial symptoms (r=0.219, P<0.05). It was also confirmed that the male respondents recalled a controlling and overprotecting maternal rearing behavior more frequently than the German standard random sample (M=15.39 versus 18.6; t=2.68; P<0.01). The latter also correlated significantly positive with epigastric pain (r=0.349; P<0.01). The present results show that depression, fear and psychosomatic problems are common in Jewish residents with a background of migration from the post-Soviet-Union areas to Germany. Apart from the transgenerational passing of psychological traumata and the Holocaust experiences, other stressors like anti-Semitism, control and overprotection as parental rearing measures appear to be important factors specifically contributing to the pathogenesis of the attributed symptoms. PMID:23481628

The Revitalization of the Soviet Film Industry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bogomolov, Yuri

1991-01-01

Discusses how the grip of the Soviet Union's past--from Stalinist mythology to ideological cliche--is being exposed and undermined whereas a sense of individual efficacy, necessary for the present, has yet to emerge from the portrayals in Soviet films. (PRA)

Joint Soviet-American experiment on hypokinesia: Experimental results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burovskiy, N. N.

1979-01-01

Comprehensive results are reported from the Soviet portion of a joint Soviet-American experiment involving hypokinesia. The main emphases are on chemical analyses of blood and urine, functional tests, and examination of the cardiovascular system by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and plethysmography.

Industrial Safety Training for Soviet Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Semenov, A.

1978-01-01

Various forms of worker training in industrial safety in the Soviet Union are described by a Soviet labor inspector, with special "industrial safety rooms" the principal means of inplant instruction. Safety education in vocational schools and "people's universities" is also touched on. (MF)

Content and structure of knowledge base used for virtual control of android arm motion in specified environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pritykin, F. N.; Nebritov, V. I.

2018-01-01

The paper presents the configuration of knowledge base necessary for intelligent control of android arm mechanism motion with different positions of certain forbidden regions taken into account. The present structure of the knowledge base characterizes the past experience of arm motion synthesis in the vector of velocities with due regard for the known obstacles. This structure also specifies its intrinsic properties. Knowledge base generation is based on the study of the arm mechanism instantaneous states implementations. Computational experiments connected with the virtual control of android arm motion with known forbidden regions using the developed knowledge base are introduced. Using the developed knowledge base to control virtually the arm motion reduces the time of test assignments calculation. The results of the research can be used in developing control systems of autonomous android robots in the known in advance environment.

Strengthening malaria service delivery through supportive supervision and community mobilization in an endemic Indian setting: an evaluation of nested delivery models.

PubMed

Das, Ashis; Friedman, Jed; Kandpal, Eeshani; Ramana, Gandham N V; Gupta, Rudra Kumar Das; Pradhan, Madan M; Govindaraj, Ramesh

2014-12-08

Malaria continues to be a prominent global public health challenge. This study tested the effectiveness of two service delivery models for reducing the malaria burden, e.g. supportive supervision of community health workers (CHW) and community mobilization in promoting appropriate health-seeking behaviour for febrile illnesses in Odisha, India. The study population comprised 120 villages from two purposively chosen malaria-endemic districts, with 40 villages randomly assigned to each of the two treatment arms, one with both supportive supervision and community mobilization and one with community mobilization alone, as well as an observational control arm. Outcome measures included changes in the utilization of bed nets and timely care-seeking for fever from a trained provider compared to the control group. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Significant improvements were observed in the reported utilization of bed nets in both intervention arms (84.5% in arm A and 82.4% in arm B versus 78.6% in the control arm; p < 0.001). While overall rates of treatment-seeking were equal across study arms, treatment-seeking from a CHW was higher in both intervention arms (28%; p = 0.005 and 27.6%; p = 0.007) than in the control arm (19.2%). Fever cases were significantly more likely to visit a CHW and receive a timely diagnosis of fever in the combined interventions arm than in the control arm (82.1% vs. 67.1%; p = 0.025). Care-seeking from trained providers also increased with a substitution away from untrained providers. Further, fever cases from the combined interventions arm (60.6%; p = 0.004) and the community mobilization arm (59.3%; p = 0.012) were more likely to have received treatment from a skilled provider within 24 hours than fever cases from the control arm (50.1%). In particular, women from the combined interventions arm were more likely to have received timely treatment from a skilled provider (61.6% vs. 47.2%; p = 0.028). A community-based intervention combining the supportive supervision of community health workers with intensive community mobilization and can be effective in improving care-seeking and preventive behaviour and may be used to strengthen the national malaria control programme.

76 FR 43662 - 36(b)(1) Arms Sales Notification

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-21

... and control systems with modern technology. The new guidance and control system uses a mixture of... Issuance of Letter of Offer Pursuant to Section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, as amended (i... million TOTAL $86 million * as defined in Section 47(6) of the Arms Export Control Act. (iii) Description...

Reporting of interventions and "standard of care" control arms in pediatric clinical trials: a quantitative analysis.

PubMed

Yu, Ashley M; Balasubramanaiam, Bannuya; Offringa, Martin; Kelly, Lauren E

2018-06-13

In pediatric medicine, the usual treatment received by children ("standard of care") varies across centers. Evaluations of new treatments often compare to the existing "standard of care" to determine if a treatment is more effective, has a better safety profile, or costs less. The objective of our study was to evaluate intervention and "standard of care" control arms reported in published pediatric clinical trials. Pediatric clinical trials, published in 2014, reporting the use of a "standard of care" control arm were included. Duplicate assessment of reporting completeness was done using the 12-item TIDieR (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) checklist for both the "standard of care" control arms and intervention arms within the same published study. Following screening, 214 pediatric trials in diverse therapeutic areas were included. Several different terms were used to describe "standard of care." There was a significant difference between the mean reported TIDieR checklist items of "standard of care" control arms (5.81 (SD 2.13) and intervention arms (8.45 (SD 1.39, p < 0.0001). Reporting of intervention and "standard of care" control arms in pediatric clinical trials should be improved as current "standard of care" reporting deficiencies limit reproducibility of research and may ultimately contribute to research waste.

Cortical Spiking Network Interfaced with Virtual Musculoskeletal Arm and Robotic Arm

PubMed Central

Dura-Bernal, Salvador; Zhou, Xianlian; Neymotin, Samuel A.; Przekwas, Andrzej; Francis, Joseph T.; Lytton, William W.

2015-01-01

Embedding computational models in the physical world is a critical step towards constraining their behavior and building practical applications. Here we aim to drive a realistic musculoskeletal arm model using a biomimetic cortical spiking model, and make a robot arm reproduce the same trajectories in real time. Our cortical model consisted of a 3-layered cortex, composed of several hundred spiking model-neurons, which display physiologically realistic dynamics. We interconnected the cortical model to a two-joint musculoskeletal model of a human arm, with realistic anatomical and biomechanical properties. The virtual arm received muscle excitations from the neuronal model, and fed back proprioceptive information, forming a closed-loop system. The cortical model was trained using spike timing-dependent reinforcement learning to drive the virtual arm in a 2D reaching task. Limb position was used to simultaneously control a robot arm using an improved network interface. Virtual arm muscle activations responded to motoneuron firing rates, with virtual arm muscles lengths encoded via population coding in the proprioceptive population. After training, the virtual arm performed reaching movements which were smoother and more realistic than those obtained using a simplistic arm model. This system provided access to both spiking network properties and to arm biophysical properties, including muscle forces. The use of a musculoskeletal virtual arm and the improved control system allowed the robot arm to perform movements which were smoother than those reported in our previous paper using a simplistic arm. This work provides a novel approach consisting of bidirectionally connecting a cortical model to a realistic virtual arm, and using the system output to drive a robotic arm in real time. Our techniques are applicable to the future development of brain neuroprosthetic control systems, and may enable enhanced brain-machine interfaces with the possibility for finer control of limb prosthetics. PMID:26635598

Tailored Behavioral Intervention Among Blacks With Metabolic Syndrome and Sleep Apnea: Results of the MetSO Trial.

PubMed

Jean-Louis, Girardin; Newsome, Valerie; Williams, Natasha J; Zizi, Ferdinand; Ravenell, Joseph; Ogedegbe, Gbenga

2017-01-01

To assess effectiveness of a culturally and linguistically tailored telephone-delivered intervention to increase adherence to physician-recommended evaluation and treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) among blacks. In a two-arm randomized controlled trial, we evaluated effectiveness of the tailored intervention among blacks with metabolic syndrome, relative to those in an attention control arm (n = 380; mean age = 58 ± 13; female = 71%). The intervention was designed to enhance adherence using culturally and linguistically tailored OSA health messages delivered by a trained health educator based on patients' readiness to change and unique barriers preventing desired behavior changes. Analysis showed 69.4% of the patients in the intervention arm attended initial consultation with a sleep specialist, compared to 36.7% in the control arm; 74.7% of those in the intervention arm and 66.7% in the control arm completed diagnostic evaluation; and 86.4% in the intervention arm and 88.9% in the control arm adhered to PAP treatment based on subjective report. Logistic regression analyses adjusting for sociodemographic factors indicated patients in the intervention arm were 3.17 times more likely to attend initial consultation, compared to those in the control arm. Adjusted models revealed no significant differences between the two arms regarding adherence to OSA evaluation or treatment. The intervention was successful in promoting importance of sleep consultation and evaluation of OSA among blacks, while there was no significant group difference in laboratory-based evaluation and treatment adherence rates. It seems that the fundamental barrier to OSA care in that population may be the importance of seeking OSA care. © Sleep Research Society 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Sleep Research Society. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.

Changes in Land Use Intensity Within the Don and Dnieper River Basins Following the Collapse of the Soviet Union as Revealed by Spatio-temporal Trend Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalskyy, V.; Henebry, G.

2007-12-01

We analyzed changes in trends of land surface phenology (LSP) within two major river basins in Western Eurasia. The basins of Don and Dnieper Rivers extend over 862,000 ha and include 17% of the impounded water surface area in the former Soviet Union. Major changes in agricultural practices occurring after 1991 led to some time drastic reductions in the cultivated area receiving fertilizers and the amount of water consumed for irrigation in addition to other macro-indicators of agricultural sector land use intensity. Image time series analysis can localize the extent, direction, and intensity of changes during the 1990s. Using vegetation index data from the AVHRR PAL and GIMMS datasets from 1982-1988 (Soviet period) and 1995-2000 (post-Soviet period) coupled with contemporary land cover maps from MODIS, we identified the spatial extent of temporal trends and assess their significance using seasonal Mann-Kendall tests adjusted for first-order autocorrelation. Roughly 90% of croplands and forested land in Dnieper Basin exhibited no significant trends during the Soviet period. The Don Basin had more significant positive trends during the Soviet period than the Dnieper Basin. There was a substantial disagreement between datasets on the extent of significant positive trends in Don croplands (35% for GIMMS vs. 8% for PAL) and in Don forests during Soviet period (38% for GIMMS vs. 27% for PAL). Although very little area in either basins showed significant negative trends during the Soviet period, substantial areas fell under significant negative trends during the post-Soviet period. We also found major disagreement on extent of significant negative trends in Don forests during post-Soviet period (6% for GIMMS vs. 24% for PAL). Even though, there are some significant disagreements between the datasets, there is no evidence of a consistent bias in the change analysis. Changes in irrigation water use may account for some of the changes in trend direction.

Dopaminergic modulation of arm swing during gait among Parkinson’s disease patients

PubMed Central

Sterling, Nicholas W.; Cusumano, Joseph P.; Shaham, Noam; Piazza, Stephen J.; Liu, Guodong; Kong, Lan; Du, Guangwei; Lewis, Mechelle M.; Huang, Xuemei

2015-01-01

Background Reduced arm swing amplitude, symmetry, and coordination during gait have been reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the relationship between dopaminergic depletion and these upper limb gait changes remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of dopaminergic drugs on arm swing velocity, symmetry, and coordination in PD. Methods Forearm angular velocity was recorded in 16 PD and 17 control subjects (Controls) during free walking trials. Angular velocity amplitude of each arm, arm swing asymmetry, and maximum cross-correlation were compared between control and PD groups, and between OFF- and ON-medication states among PD subjects. Results Compared to Controls, PD subjects in the OFF-medication state exhibited lower angular velocity amplitude of the slower- (p=0.0018), but not faster- (p=0.2801) swinging arm. In addition, PD subjects demonstrated increased arm swing asymmetry (p=0.0046) and lower maximum cross-correlation (p=0.0026). Following dopaminergic treatment, angular velocity amplitude increased in the slower- (p=0.0182), but not faster- (p=0.2312) swinging arm among PD subjects. Furthermore, arm swing asymmetry decreased (p=0.0386), whereas maximum cross-correlation showed no change (p=0.7436). Pre-drug angular velocity amplitude of the slower-swinging arm was correlated inversely with the change in arm swing asymmetry (R=−0.73824, p=0.0011). Conclusions This study provides quantitative evidence that reduced arm swing and symmetry in PD can be modulated by dopaminergic replacement. The lack of modulations of bilateral arm coordination suggests that additional neurotransmitters may also be involved in arm swing changes in PD. Further studies are warranted to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of arm swing dynamics throughout PD progression. PMID:25502948

Dopaminergic modulation of arm swing during gait among Parkinson's disease patients.

PubMed

Sterling, Nicholas W; Cusumano, Joseph P; Shaham, Noam; Piazza, Stephen J; Liu, Guodong; Kong, Lan; Du, Guangwei; Lewis, Mechelle M; Huang, Xuemei

2015-01-01

Reduced arm swing amplitude, symmetry, and coordination during gait have been reported in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the relationship between dopaminergic depletion and these upper limb gait changes remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the effects of dopaminergic drugs on arm swing velocity, symmetry, and coordination in PD. Forearm angular velocity was recorded in 16 PD and 17 control subjects (Controls) during free walking trials. Angular velocity amplitude of each arm, arm swing asymmetry, and maximum cross-correlation were compared between control and PD groups, and between OFF- and ON-medication states among PD subjects. Compared to Controls, PD subjects in the OFF-medication state exhibited lower angular velocity amplitude of the slower- (p = 0.0018), but not faster- (p = 0.2801) swinging arm. In addition, PD subjects demonstrated increased arm swing asymmetry (p = 0.0046) and lower maximum cross-correlation (p = 0.0026). Following dopaminergic treatment, angular velocity amplitude increased in the slower- (p = 0.0182), but not faster- (p = 0.2312) swinging arm among PD subjects. Furthermore, arm swing asymmetry decreased (p = 0.0386), whereas maximum cross-correlation showed no change (p = 0.7436). Pre-drug angular velocity amplitude of the slower-swinging arm was correlated inversely with the change in arm swing asymmetry (R = -0.73824, p = 0.0011). This study provides quantitative evidence that reduced arm swing and symmetry in PD can be modulated by dopaminergic replacement. The lack of modulations of bilateral arm coordination suggests that additional neurotransmitters may also be involved in arm swing changes in PD. Further studies are warranted to investigate the longitudinal trajectory of arm swing dynamics throughout PD progression.

The changing proliferation threat

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sopko, J.F.

Technological advances and new adversaries with new motives have reduced the relevancy and effectiveness of the American nonproliferation strategy that was developed during the Cold War. The Cold War`s end and the breakup of the Soviet Union have created new proliferation dangers even as they have reduced others. The familiar balance of nuclear terror that linked the superpowers and their client states for nearly 50 years in a choreographed series of confrontations has given way to a much less predictable situation, where weapons of unthinkable power appear within the grasp of those more willing to use them. Rogue nations andmore » {open_quotes}clientless{close_quotes} states, terrorist groups, religious cults, ethnic minorities, disaffected political groups, and even individuals appear to have jointed a new arms race toward mass destruction. The author describes recent events that suggest the new trends and a serious challenge to US national security.« less

Appeal to the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, and to the President of the United States of America, Ronald Reagan.

PubMed

1985-07-13

The text is provided of a message directed to Moscow and Washington by the delegates to the Fifth Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW), held in Budapest in July 1985. The 135,000 IPPNW members in 40 countries appeal to the leaders of the world's two most powerful countries to reverse the arms race. The program proposed by the IPPNW calls for a verifiable freeze on production, testing, and deployment of nuclear weapons, to be followed by their reduction and eventual elimination, and for the adoption of a defense policy which excludes use of nuclear weapons. The organization also recommends a moratorium on all nuclear explosions, and calls for joint efforts, involving physicians and scientists from East and West, on behalf of health throughout the world.

Lysenkoism and the population control movement.

PubMed

Simon, J L

1997-09-01

The case of Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union helps us understand how people's wrong beliefs can be influenced by what the information they receive from outside, especially when there is a large volume of media coverage and there is no contrary information to be heard. The population control movement in contemporary United States has many parallels to the Lysenko episode.

Lost in Translation: Ever Changing and Competing Purposes for National Examinations in the Czech Republic

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greger, D.; Kifer, E.

2012-01-01

In reaction to central control of schooling by the Soviet Union, the Czech Republic countered with what some say was the most decentralized system in Europe. While the political move to democracy was extraordinarily successful, there were numerous governments between 1989 and the present. The combination of the decentralized control of schooling…

Soviet Night Operations in World War II (Leavenworth Papers, Number 6)

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

German forces in the Crimea. The battle for the bridgehead began on 1 October, pitting six and a half German divisions against three Soviet armies...FaLd of Berlin, pp, 147-51; Chaney, Zkukov, p. 312; Sukhinin, “Combat Action,” p, 52. 49 62. Vasily Yezhakov, “The Berlin Operation,” Soviet Military...August 1980. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War, 1941-1945. New York: E. P. Dutton and co., 1964. Yezhakov, Vasily . ‘“The Berlin Operation.” Soviet

Soviet Military Thought. The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - A Soviet View,

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-01

missions, the long-range bombers struck the enemy’s tanks and mechanized columns on the move at crossings over the West- ern Dvina, Neman , Berezina, Drut... Neman , Narev, and Berezina. Soviet pilots firmly maintained air supremacy, preventing enemy aviation from striking the troops and targets in-the...October 1944 the regiment received the honorary title Neman for its successful combat actions while sup- porting and covering troops crossing the

Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session on S. 873.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources.

Hearings on a bill to establish a Soviet and Eastern-European research training fund are presented. The Senate bill, the Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, identifies priorities in Soviet and East European studies and seeks to develop American resources and strength in these areas. It provides fellowships for training and…

The Impact of Soviet Ethnicity and Demographic Changes on Soviet Foreign Policy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-01

ethnicity, here, in particular ecnomic ones. . :-r be viewed fi rst in the Eurooean areas ano ther- ii Ih non-Ettropean areas of the Soviet Union. The...Since the Soviet Union is essentially a collectie leadership, with fluid coalitions or blocs, creatino consensus for policy formation is the key to power... essentially the history of Russia thro,,oh official Communist filters. Lessons from the nast are applied to the present, whether or not avpropriate in context

Individuals with chronic hemiparetic stroke can correctly match forearm positions within a single arm

PubMed Central

Gurari, Netta; Drogos, Justin M.; Dewald, Julius P.A.

2017-01-01

Objective Previous studies determined, using between arms position matching assessments, that at least one-half of individuals with stroke have an impaired position sense. We investigated whether individuals with chronic stroke who have impairments mirroring arm positions also have impairments identifying the location of each arm in space. Methods Participants with chronic hemiparetic stroke and age-matched participants without neurological impairments (controls) performed a between forearms position matching task based on a clinical assessment and a single forearm position matching task, using passive and active movements, based on a robotic assessment. Results 12 out of our 14 participants with stroke who had clinically determined between forearms position matching impairments had greater errors than the controls in both their paretic and non-paretic arm when matching positions during passive movements; yet stroke participants performed comparable to the controls during active movements. Conclusions Many individuals with chronic stroke may have impairments matching positions in both their paretic and non-paretic arm if their arm is moved for them, yet not within either arm if these individuals control their own movements. Significance The neural mechanisms governing arm location perception in the stroke population may differ depending on whether arm movements are made passively versus actively. PMID:27866116

Soviet test yields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vergino, Eileen S.

Soviet seismologists have published descriptions of 96 nuclear explosions conducted from 1961 through 1972 at the Semipalatinsk test site, in Kazakhstan, central Asia [Bocharov et al., 1989]. With the exception of releasing news about some of their peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) the Soviets have never before published such a body of information.To estimate the seismic yield of a nuclear explosion it is necessary to obtain a calibrated magnitude-yield relationship based on events with known yields and with a consistent set of seismic magnitudes. U.S. estimation of Soviet test yields has been done through application of relationships to the Soviet sites based on the U.S. experience at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), making some correction for differences due to attenuation and near-source coupling of seismic waves.

Accelerometry Measuring the Outcome of Robot-Supported Upper Limb Training in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PubMed Central

Lemmens, Ryanne J. M.; Timmermans, Annick A. A.; Janssen-Potten, Yvonne J. M.; Pulles, Sanne A. N. T. D.; Geers, Richard P. J.; Bakx, Wilbert G. M.; Smeets, Rob J. E. M.; Seelen, Henk A. M.

2014-01-01

Purpose This study aims to assess the extent to which accelerometers can be used to determine the effect of robot-supported task-oriented arm-hand training, relative to task-oriented arm-hand training alone, on the actual amount of arm-hand use of chronic stroke patients in their home situation. Methods This single-blind randomized controlled trial included 16 chronic stroke patients, randomly allocated using blocked randomization (n = 2) to receive task-oriented robot-supported arm-hand training or task-oriented (unsupported) arm-hand training. Training lasted 8 weeks, 4 times/week, 2×30 min/day using the (T-)TOAT ((Technology-supported)-Task-Oriented-Arm-Training) method. The actual amount of arm-hand use, was assessed at baseline, after 8 weeks training and 6 months after training cessation. Duration of use and intensity of use of the affected arm-hand during unimanual and bimanual activities were calculated. Results Duration and intensity of use of the affected arm-hand did not change significantly during and after training, with or without robot-support (i.e. duration of use of unimanual use of the affected arm-hand: median difference of −0.17% in the robot-group and −0.08% in the control group between baseline and after training cessation; intensity of the affected arm-hand: median difference of 3.95% in the robot-group and 3.32% in the control group between baseline and after training cessation). No significant between-group differences were found. Conclusions Accelerometer data did not show significant changes in actual amount of arm-hand use after task-oriented training, with or without robot-support. Next to the amount of use, discrimination between activities performed and information about quality of use of the affected arm-hand are essential to determine actual arm-hand performance. Trial Registration Controlled-trials.com ISRCTN82787126 PMID:24823925

The Silent Battle.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

exhibition opened. Lenin stated that freedom of speech and press would be possible only after capitalism was defeated, a classless society was developed, and...countries because property owners (capitalists) controlled the newspapers. but, he said freedom of speech did exist in the Soviet Union because the

22 CFR 126.10 - Disclosure of information.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

....10 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS GENERAL POLICIES... Trade Controls. (b) Determinations required by law. Section 38(e) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S... of certain persons, in accordance with Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act. The requirements...

Application of a postulate based control theory for an artificial arm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jacobsen, S. C.; Jerard, R. B.

1975-01-01

The biocontroller, remnant of the natural arm, and feedback elements must be considered in designing a controller for an above elbow artificial arm for amputees. This fundamental postulate is used to derive equations for developing the controller, which is shown in block diagrams.

Resource Letter PSNAC-1: Physics and society: Nuclear arms control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Glaser, Alexander; Mian, Zia

2008-01-01

This Resource Letter provides a guide to the literature on nuclear arms control for the nonspecialist. Journal articles and books are cited for the following topics: nuclear weapons, fissile materials, nonproliferation, missiles and missile defenses, verification, disarmament, and the role of scientists in arms control.

Robot arm system for automatic satellite capture and berthing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nishida, Shinichiro; Toriu, Hidetoshi; Hayashi, Masato; Kubo, Tomoaki; Miyata, Makoto

1994-01-01

Load control is one of the most important technologies for capturing and berthing free flying satellites by a space robot arm because free flying satellites have different motion rates. The performance of active compliance control techniques depend on the location of the force sensor and the arm's structural compliance. A compliance control technique for the robot arm's structural elasticity and a consideration for an end-effector appropriate for it are presented in this paper.

76 FR 26791 - [Public Notice 7108

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union; Notice of Committee Renewal Renewal of Advisory... Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. This advisory committee makes... Program on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII). These...

Distribution, Magnitude and Characterization of the Toxicity of Ukrainian Estuarine Sediments

EPA Science Inventory

During the Soviet era, Ukraine, then called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, was one of the largest and most important industrial and agricultural regions of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in the contamination of Ukraine’s environmen...

Educational Stratification in Russia during the Soviet Period.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerber, Theodore P.; Hout, Michael

1995-01-01

Maintains that, in spite of state efforts to reduce educational inequities, stratification actually increased during the Soviet period. Removing gender preferences for men corrected some inequity. However, parents' education, occupation, and geographical origin contributed to the stratification. Contains a concise history of Soviet educational…

Esthetic Education in Soviet Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soviet Education, 1980

1980-01-01

This issue of Soviet Education examines esthetic education in Soviet schools, including ways of raising the level of esthetic education, the factor of labor, research on the relationship between the atheistic and esthetic education, ways of amplifying interrelationship between theory and practice in teacher education and psychological principles…

Recent Soviet Vocationalisation Policies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Dell, Felicity

The Soviet Union is attempting to deal with the sometimes conflicting problems of efficient vocationalization and provision of equal opportunity. From the first class of general school, Soviet children have several "labor" lessons a week. Main components of these lessons are practical skills, socialization for work, and vocational…

The Adversary System in Low-Level Soviet Economic Decisionmaking.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

34- ° .. 78 - capital or a few countertrade agreements, will solve their problems for them. This is markedly different from the overall Soviet pattern...currency countertrade practice, the considerations of this Note would permit further refinement of predictions of Soviet economic decisionmaking that

Divorce in the USSR.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moskoff, William

1983-01-01

Examined the extraordinary increase in the Soviet divorce rate and the impact of Soviet law. While alcoholism, adultery, and incompatability are ostensible major causes, Soviet housing problems and the changed role of women have contributed to divorce rates. Also discusses psychological and socioeconomic consequences of divorce. (Author/JAC)

Research on the man in the loop control system of the robot arm based on gesture control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xiao, Lifeng; Peng, Jinbao

2017-03-01

The Man in the loop control system of the robot arm based on gesture control research complex real-world environment, which requires the operator to continuously control and adjust the remote manipulator, as the background, completes the specific mission human in the loop entire system as the research object. This paper puts forward a kind of robot arm control system of Man in the loop based on gesture control, by robot arm control system based on gesture control and Virtual reality scene feedback to enhance immersion and integration of operator, to make operator really become a part of the whole control loop. This paper expounds how to construct a man in the loop control system of the robot arm based on gesture control. The system is a complex system of human computer cooperative control, but also people in the loop control problem areas. The new system solves the problems that the traditional method has no immersion feeling and the operation lever is unnatural, the adjustment time is long, and the data glove mode wears uncomfortable and the price is expensive.

A brain-machine interface enables bimanual arm movements in monkeys.

PubMed

Ifft, Peter J; Shokur, Solaiman; Li, Zheng; Lebedev, Mikhail A; Nicolelis, Miguel A L

2013-11-06

Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) are artificial systems that aim to restore sensation and movement to paralyzed patients. So far, BMIs have enabled only one arm to be moved at a time. Control of bimanual arm movements remains a major challenge. We have developed and tested a bimanual BMI that enables rhesus monkeys to control two avatar arms simultaneously. The bimanual BMI was based on the extracellular activity of 374 to 497 neurons recorded from several frontal and parietal cortical areas of both cerebral hemispheres. Cortical activity was transformed into movements of the two arms with a decoding algorithm called a fifth-order unscented Kalman filter (UKF). The UKF was trained either during a manual task performed with two joysticks or by having the monkeys passively observe the movements of avatar arms. Most cortical neurons changed their modulation patterns when both arms were engaged simultaneously. Representing the two arms jointly in a single UKF decoder resulted in improved decoding performance compared with using separate decoders for each arm. As the animals' performance in bimanual BMI control improved over time, we observed widespread plasticity in frontal and parietal cortical areas. Neuronal representation of the avatar and reach targets was enhanced with learning, whereas pairwise correlations between neurons initially increased and then decreased. These results suggest that cortical networks may assimilate the two avatar arms through BMI control. These findings should help in the design of more sophisticated BMIs capable of enabling bimanual motor control in human patients.

Interlimb Differences in Coordination of Unsupported Reaching Movements

PubMed Central

Schaffer, Jacob E.; Sainburg, Robert L.

2017-01-01

Previous research suggests that interlimb differences in coordination associated with handedness might result from specialized control mechanisms that are subserved by different cerebral hemispheres. Based largely on the results of horizontal plane reaching studies, we have proposed that the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for predictive control of limb dynamics, while the non-dominant hemisphere is specialized for controlling limb impedance. The current study explores interlimb differences in control of 3-D unsupported reaching movements. While the task was presented in the horizontal plane, participant’s arms were unsupported and free to move within a range of the vertical axis, which was redundant to the task plane. Results indicated significant dominant arm advantages for both initial direction accuracy and final position accuracy. The dominant arm showed greater excursion along a redundant axis that was perpendicular to the task, and parallel to gravitational forces. In contrast, the non-dominant arm better impeded motion out of the task-plane. Nevertheless, left arm task errors varied substantially more with shoulder rotation excursion than did dominant arm task errors. These findings suggest that the dominant arm controller was able to take advantage of the redundant degrees of freedom of the task, while non-dominant task errors appeared enslaved to motion along the redundant axis. These findings are consistent with a dominant controller that is specialized for intersegmental coordination, and a non-dominant controller that is specialized for impedance control. However, the findings are inconsistent with previously documented conclusions from planar tasks, in which non-dominant control leads to greater final position accuracy. PMID:28344068

Children Learning About Second-Hand Smoking: A Feasibility Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Huque, Rumana; Dogar, Omara; Cameron, Ian; Thomson, Heather; Amos, Amanda; Siddiqi, Kamran

2015-12-01

Exposure to second-hand smoke is a threat to children's health. We developed a school-based smoke-free intervention (SFI) to support families in implementing smoke-free homes in Bangladesh, and gathered preliminary evidence of its effectiveness. A feasibility cluster randomized controlled trial of SFI was conducted in 24 schools in Mirpur, an urban area within Dhaka. Using simple stratified randomization, schools were allocated to: Arm A (SFI only), Arm B (SFI plus reminders), and Arm C (the control group). A total of 781 year-5 children (10-12 years old) in the consenting schools, participated in the study. Outcomes including "smoke-free homes" and "social visibility" that is, not smoking in front of children at home were assessed through questionnaire-based children's surveys, administered by researchers, at baseline and at weeks 1, 12, 27, and 52 in all arms. "Smoke-free homes" were significantly higher in Arm A (odds ratio [OR] = 4.8; 95% CI = 2.6-9.0) and in Arm B (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.0-7.5) than in Arm C, when controlled for the baseline levels, at year 1. Similarly, "social visibility" was significantly reduced in Arm A (OR = 5.8; 95% CI = 2.8-11.7) and in Arm B (OR = 7.2; 95% CI = 3.3-15.9) than Arm C, when controlled for the baseline levels, at year 1. We observed an increasing trend (Cochrane Armitage test statistic [Z] = 3.8; p < .0001) in homes becoming smoke-free with increasing intensity of the intervention (control < Arm A < Arm B), and a decreasing trend (Z = -5.13; p < .0001) in social visibility at homes. SFI has the potential to encourage children to negotiate a smoke-free environment in their homes. © The Author 2015. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.

View of Soviet ionospheric modification research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, L.M.; Showen, R.L.

1990-10-01

We have reviewed and provided a technical assessment of Soviet research of the past five to ten years in ionospheric modification by high-power radio waves. This review includes a comprehensive survey of Soviet published literature, conference proceedings, and direct discussions with the involved Soviet researchers. The current state of the art for Soviet research in this field is evaluated, identifying areas of potential breakthrough discoveries, and discussing implications of this work for emerging technologies and future applications. This assessment is divided into the categories of basic research, advanced research, and applications. Basic research is further subdivided into studies of themore » modified natural geophysical environment, nonlinear plasma physics, and polar geophysical studies. Advanced research topics include the generation of artificial ionization mirrors and high-power oblique propagation effects. A separate comparative assessment of Soviet theoretical work also is included in this analysis. Our evaluation of practical and potential applications of this research discusses the utility of ionospheric modification in creating disturbed radio wave propagation environments, and its role in current and future remote-sensing and telecommunications systems. This technical assessment does not include consideration of ionospheric modification by means other than high-power radio waves. The Soviet effort in ionospheric modification sustains theoretical and experimental research at activity levels considerably greater than that found in comparable programs in the West. Notable strengths of the Soviet program are its breadth of coverage, large numbers of scientific participation, theoretical creativity and insight, and its powerful radio wave transmitting facilities.« less

Arms Control and National Security: An Introduction. Advance Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Arms Control Association, Washington, DC.

Suitable for use with high school students, this booklet on arms control and national security provides background information, describes basic concepts, reviews recent history, and offers suggestions for further reading. The first section, on American attitudes toward national security and arms control, defines five types of limits on weapons…

International Influences on Post-Soviet Armenian Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Terzian, Shelley

2016-01-01

This article analyses the most recent international influences on Armenian education, illustrating how international standards are driving post-Soviet reform in the Armenian Secondary Schools. Since 1991, when Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union, organisations such as the World Bank and the Open Society Institute Assistance…

The Origins of Soviet Sociolinguistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandist, Craig

2003-01-01

Discusses the origins of Soviet sociolinguistics and suggests that the historical significance of the reception and reinterpretation of these ideas is considerable, leading to a reconsideration of the origins of sociolinguistics and the relationship between Marxism and the language sciences in the early years of the Soviet Union. (Author/VWL)

Strategic Utility of the Russian Spetsnaz

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

11  B.  POST -WORLD WAR II SOVIET ERA ................................................14  1.  Khrushchev...17  3.  Gorbachev .....................................................................................18  C.  POST ...region in Ukraine. The selection of these campaigns aims to identify patterns of Soviet and post - Soviet era employment of Spetsnaz. Although the

Designing Ships to the Natural Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

and Soviet Destroyer Seakeeping (Soviet Kotlin -Class Destroyer on Right, U.S. 710 Class on Left) .... 19 2 - Outline of Seakeeping Performance...SPRAY ON THE BRIDGE. THE SOVIET KOTLIN -CLASS DESTROYER OPERATING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE CARRIER TASK GROUP APPEARED TO BE TAKING NO WAIER OVER THE

Transformation in Russian and Soviet Military History,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-10-01

Allen & Unwin, 1981. (UA 770 .3667) Leighton, Marian K. The Soviet threat to NATO’s northern flank. New York: National Strategy Information Center...J66: 13/66305) 48 REPORT LITERATURE Baird , Gregory C. Soviet intermediary strategic C2 entities: the historical experience. Washington, D.C.: Defense

Measuring Glasnost in and out of the U.S.S.R.

PubMed

Cutler, B

1988-02-01

Initiatives in the USSR, characterized by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev as "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring), come after almost a decade of change in the People's Republic of China, yet the Soviet experiment, which emphasizes market activities, is hardly a monolithic effort. In 1982, the 286 million Soviet citizens who live on 2 continents will be affected by "perestroika" in markedly different ways. The complex demographics of the USSR will figure significantly in determining those unequal effects. It is likely, if Gorbachev's campaign continues as intended, that patient exporters who explore the new Soviet arena to test their marketing skills will experience success. In fact, the USSR has been conducting business with the US for years. To date, nearly a dozen corporations have signed joint ventures with the Soviet Union, and at least 50 more have expressed an interest. Those companies with long-standing Soviet relationships are most interested; they are familiar with the bureaucratic obstacles and have a network of Soviet contacts. Gorbachev has made it clear that the Soviet economy needs basic foreign technology to move into the 21st century on an equal footing with other industrialized nations. Along with attracting foreign capital, the USSR must get its domestic house in order. The growth in the gross national product, which hovered at an annual 2.5% in the early 1980s, must double, according to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (1986-90). The 1988 population of 286 million has relatively few men, particularly in older age groups, and a growing ethnic mix. Of late, planners have made a concerted effort to narrow the gap among ethnic groups by expanding maternity benefits and health care. The most immediate consequences of the changing ethnic structure emerge in the labor force. Entry-level workers are scarce in European Russia, where about 60% of all Soviet industrial activity takes place and will become more scarce in coming years. Gorbachev has tried to cut the consumption of alcohol, for in the past decade the Soviets devoted almost as many rubles to drink as to food. Alcohol abuse caused life expectancy to drop from 65 to 62 years for Soviet men and from 74 to 73 years for Soviet women between 1970-79. Some of the reasons for an unprecedented rise in infant mortality include influenza epidemics, poor prenatal care, a large number of abortions per woman, a decline in breastfeeding, and a delay in seeking medical attention for infants. Soviet workers have saved billions of rubles over many years simply because there is little available to buy.

Moscow meltdown: Can Russia survive

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stern, J.E.

Western intelligence analysts and policy makers should pay closer attention to the centrifugal forces in Russia for two primary reasons: nuclear weapons are located in some of the most volatile regions, and central control of the armed forces is eroding. If Russia were to fragment, thousands of weapons and tons of fissile materials would be dispersed to new states with little safeguards infrastructure and little experience in controlling borders, a situation potentially far more dangerous than the breakup of the Soviet Union. Nuclear research, production, maintenance, and dismantlement facilities, plus uranium enrichment and plutonium separation facilities, could be inherited bymore » new, unstable states. Further devolution of political authority could loosen control over sensitive exports and increase the risk of terrorist acquisition of fissile materials. This article discusses the confusion over the legitimacy of the physical and political boundaries of the Russian Federation; then, the economic incentives for regionalism in Russia; next, the main ethnic groups in Russia and the roots of ethnic nationalism in the Russian Federation. It then discusses political disarray in the center and in the regions, and the lack of unity among order-enforcing entities; focuses in somewhat more detail on the Volga-Ural region, where there is a concentration of nuclear weapons and facilities, and which is especially volatile politically. These factors taken together call into question Russia's viability as a state. In post-communist Russia, chaos has replaced order; license has replaced terror. Order-enforcing entities are eviscerated or in conflict. Neither economic shock therapy nor Group of Seven funds can help with these problems; Russia will not be a state until new unifying institutions are created, whether they are democratic or authoritarian.« less

Robotic-Movement Payload Lifter and Manipulator

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Doggett, William R. (Inventor); King, Bruce D. (Inventor); Collins, Timothy J. (Inventor); Dorsey, John T. (Inventor)

2011-01-01

A payload lifter/manipulator module includes a rotatable joint supporting spreader arms angularly spaced with respect to one another. A rigid arm is fixedly coupled to the joint and extends out therefrom to a tip. A tension arm has a first end and a second end with the first end being fixedly coupled to the tip of the rigid arm. The tension arm incorporates pivots along the length thereof. Each pivot can be engaged by or disengaged from the outboard end of a spreader arm based on a position of the spreader arm. A hoist, positioned remotely with respect to the module and coupled to the second end of the tension arm, controls the position of the spreader arms to thereby control the position of the rigid arm's tip. Payload lifter/manipulator assemblies can be constructed with one or more of the modules.

Control strategies for a telerobot

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ohara, John; Stasi, Bill

1989-01-01

One of the major issues impacting the utility of telerobotic systems for space is the development of effective control strategies. For near-term applications, telerobot control is likely to utilize teleoperation methodologies with integrated supervisory control capabilities to assist the operator. Two different approaches to telerobotic control are evaluated: bilateral force reflecting master controllers and proportional rate six degrees-of-freedom hand controllers. The controllers' performance of single manipulator arm tasks is compared. Simultaneous operation of both manipulator arms and complex multiaxis slave arm movements is investigated. Task times are significantly longer and fewer errors are committed with the hand controllers. The hand controllers are also rated significantly higher in cognitive and manual control workload on the two-arm task. The master controllers are rated significantly higher in physical workload. The implications of these findings for space teleoperations and higher levels of control are discussed.

Arm coordination in octopus crawling involves unique motor control strategies.

PubMed

Levy, Guy; Flash, Tamar; Hochner, Binyamin

2015-05-04

To cope with the exceptional computational complexity that is involved in the control of its hyper-redundant arms [1], the octopus has adopted unique motor control strategies in which the central brain activates rather autonomous motor programs in the elaborated peripheral nervous system of the arms [2, 3]. How octopuses coordinate their eight long and flexible arms in locomotion is still unknown. Here, we present the first detailed kinematic analysis of octopus arm coordination in crawling. The results are surprising in several respects: (1) despite its bilaterally symmetrical body, the octopus can crawl in any direction relative to its body orientation; (2) body and crawling orientation are monotonically and independently controlled; and (3) contrasting known animal locomotion, octopus crawling lacks any apparent rhythmical patterns in limb coordination, suggesting a unique non-rhythmical output of the octopus central controller. We show that this uncommon maneuverability is derived from the radial symmetry of the arms around the body and the simple pushing-by-elongation mechanism by which the arms create the crawling thrust. These two together enable a mechanism whereby the central controller chooses in a moment-to-moment fashion which arms to recruit for pushing the body in an instantaneous direction. Our findings suggest that the soft molluscan body has affected in an embodied way [4, 5] the emergence of the adaptive motor behavior of the octopus. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 7, July 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-29

controlled by a group of voluntarily amalgamated people itself and is their creation and a democratic form of their free activity. The creativity of the...the most diverse financial groups , but which are united by a common development strategy and system of control (financial, primarily). We share the...transnational conglomerates controlled not by one but simultaneously by several financial group - soncerns and, in particular, transnational conglomerates

Position And Force Control For Multiple-Arm Robots

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hayati, Samad A.

1988-01-01

Number of arms increased without introducing undue complexity. Strategy and computer architecture developed for simultaneous control of positions of number of robot arms manipulating same object and of forces and torques that arms exert on object. Scheme enables coordinated manipulation of object, causing it to move along assigned trajectory and be subjected to assigned internal forces and torques.

Neural control of rhythmic arm cycling after stroke

PubMed Central

Loadman, Pamela M.; Hundza, Sandra R.

2012-01-01

Disordered reflex activity and alterations in the neural control of walking have been observed after stroke. In addition to impairments in leg movement that affect locomotor ability after stroke, significant impairments are also seen in the arms. Altered neural control in the upper limb can often lead to altered tone and spasticity resulting in impaired coordination and flexion contractures. We sought to address the extent to which the neural control of movement is disordered after stroke by examining the modulation pattern of cutaneous reflexes in arm muscles during arm cycling. Twenty-five stroke participants who were at least 6 mo postinfarction and clinically stable, performed rhythmic arm cycling while cutaneous reflexes were evoked with trains (5 × 1.0-ms pulses at 300 Hz) of constant-current electrical stimulation to the superficial radial (SR) nerve at the wrist. Both the more (MA) and less affected (LA) arms were stimulated in separate trials. Bilateral electromyography (EMG) activity was recorded from muscles acting at the shoulder, elbow, and wrist. Analysis was conducted on averaged reflexes in 12 equidistant phases of the movement cycle. Phase-modulated cutaneous reflexes were present, but altered, in both MA and LA arms after stroke. Notably, the pattern was “blunted” in the MA arm in stroke compared with control participants. Differences between stroke and control were progressively more evident moving from shoulder to wrist. The results suggest that a reduced pattern of cutaneous reflex modulation persists during rhythmic arm movement after stroke. The overall implication of this result is that the putative spinal contributions to rhythmic human arm movement remain accessible after stroke, which has translational implications for rehabilitation. PMID:22572949

Needs Assessment for Health Care Management Education in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rekhter, Natalia; Togunov, Igor A.

2006-01-01

Introduction: For more than 70 years, health care management in the Soviet Union reflected a centralized directive style familiar to the Soviet political system. Market-oriented reform in post-Soviet Russia is pushing practicing physicians and physician-executives to acquire new information and skills regarding health care management. To assist…

Learning about the Soviets: Selected Teaching Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educators for Social Responsibility, Cambridge, MA.

Over 120 resources for teaching secondary and postsecondary level students about the Soviet Union, most of which have been produced since 1980, are listed in this guide. A resource list focusing on "Ten Things Soviets Say You Should Read to Understand Them" precedes annotated citations of articles; books; curricula; organizations…

The Food Connection: Transforming the U.S.-Soviet Relationship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

1982-01-01

The increased dependence of the USSR on United States food exports may signal a major shift in the balance of power between the two nations. The impact of this shift on U.S.-Soviet relations, the Soviet agricultural system, and the world economic system is examined. (AM)

Scientific and Technological Information Systems in the Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirson, Benjamin L.

1973-01-01

Not much is known at present about the organization and structure of the Soviet Union's information systems. It is the purpose of the communication to objectively review and summarize the present state-of-the-art of scientific and technological information systems within the Soviet Union. (9 references) (Author)

Higher Education in the U.S.S.R.: Curriculums, Schools, and Statistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosen, Seymour M.

This study is designed to provide more comprehensive information on Soviet higher learning emphasizing its increasingly close alignment with Soviet national planning and economy. Following introductory material, Soviet curriculums in higher education and schools and statistics are reviewed. Highlights include: (1) A major development in Soviet…

An Interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steiner-Khamsi, Gita

2007-01-01

This article presents an interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely, a comparative education scholar that specialized in the Soviet Union. She was editor of the journal "Soviet Education" from 1970 to 1989. During the interview, Szekely talked about how she became personally involved in Russian/Soviet studies of education. She related that…

The Soviet Union: Population Trends and Dilemmas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feshbach, Murray

1982-01-01

Recent trends and differentials among the Soviet Union's 15 republics and major nationalities are reviewed, focusing on fertility, mortality and urbanization, the prospect for labor supplies and military manpower, emigration, and projected population growth to 2000. Estimated at 270 million as of mid-1982, the Soviet population is currently…

Observations on a Recent Trip to the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-26

published by Marshal Vasiley Danilovich Soko- lovskiy in his book Military Strategy.6 Everyone that we talked to agreed that the strategic missions of the...6) Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasiley Danilovich Sokolovskiy, ed., Soviet Military Strategy, 3rd ed., with an analysis and commentary by Harriet

Socialization of the Child in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sandanavicius, Mary

1979-01-01

The socialization process of the child in the Soviet Union is examined in terms of socialistic/communistic political philosophy and the general attitudes of the Soviets toward social sciences, child rearing, and educational practice. The family, school, and youth organizations are also discussed as socializing agents. (Author/KC)

The Limits of Intervention: Soviet Naval Power Projection Capabilities and the Decision to Intervene.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-01

the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, there is no history of major Soviet naval battles since the advent of steam. To a certain extent the lessons of the ...two fronts by the cther groups. Cuban ships and aircraft had begun reinforcing their ticops and 17C Soviet advisors were in country by 13 Iovember. In... the advent of the SA-N-6 for the Soviets) the number Qf targets per SAM was equal t9 the nun oter radars.to gulq the missi es

Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with Supplementary Data through 1983). Unmanned Space Activities. Part 3. Prepared at the Request of Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.

This report, the third and final part of a three-part study of Soviet space programs, provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space science programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Chapter 1 is an overview of the unmanned space programs (1957-83). Chapter 2 reports on significant…

Soviet scientists in chinese institutes: A historical study of cooperation between the two academies of sciences in 1950s.

PubMed

Zhang, Jiuchen; Yu, Feklova T

2018-03-01

In the 1950s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) engaged in close cooperation with the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The CAS sent scientists to the Soviet Academy to work as interns, study for advanced degrees, or engage in academic cooperation, and a large number of Soviet scientists were invited by the various institutes of the CAS to come to China to give lectures, direct research, help make scientific plans, and collaborate. The comprehensive cooperation between the two academies was launched at a time when the CAS institutes were in their embryonic stage, which suggests that the better-established Soviet scientists had the opportunity to play a dominate role. But the reality is not so straightforward. The case studies in this paper suggest that besides the influence of compatible political movements in China and the Soviet Union and bilateral ties between these two nations' scientific institutes, disharmony in actual working relationships prevented Soviet scientists from playing the role they might have envisioned within the CAS institutes. The rapid development of the cooperative relationship in a short span of time, combined with lack of experience on both sides, made for a disharmonious collaboration. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ten Years in the Life of Russian Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greening, Joyce Martin

1995-01-01

Examines the effects of the political events of the last decade on Russian libraries. Topics include libraries in the old Soviet Union, decentralization of control and financing, relaxation of censorship, changes in the Russian publishing industry, channels of distribution, and future needs. (LRW)

The Nuclear Arsenals of the US and USSR.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levi, Barbara G.

1983-01-01

Compares United States and Soviet nuclear arsenals, surveying strategic and tactical weapons the two countries have (includes chart detailing strategic nuclear arsenals). Also summarizes trends in nuclear weapons, including use of electronics in surveillance and in command, communication, and control structures. (JN)

Real-time robustness evaluation of regression based myoelectric control against arm position change and donning/doffing.

PubMed

Hwang, Han-Jeong; Hahne, Janne Mathias; Müller, Klaus-Robert

2017-01-01

There are some practical factors, such as arm position change and donning/doffing, which prevent robust myoelectric control. The objective of this study is to precisely characterize the impacts of the two representative factors on myoelectric controllability in practical control situations, thereby providing useful references that can be potentially used to find better solutions for clinically reliable myoelectric control. To this end, a real-time target acquisition task was performed by fourteen subjects including one individual with congenital upper-limb deficiency, where the impacts of arm position change, donning/doffing and a combination of both factors on control performance was systematically evaluated. The changes in online performance were examined with seven different performance metrics to comprehensively evaluate various aspects of myoelectric controllability. As a result, arm position change significantly affects offline prediction accuracy, but not online control performance due to real-time feedback, thereby showing no significant correlation between offline and online performance. Donning/doffing was still problematic in online control conditions. It was further observed that no benefit was attained when using a control model trained with multiple position data in terms of arm position change, and the degree of electrode shift caused by donning/doffing was not severely associated with the degree of performance loss under practical conditions (around 1 cm electrode shift). Since this study is the first to concurrently investigate the impacts of arm position change and donning/doffing in practical myoelectric control situations, all findings of this study provide new insights into robust myoelectric control with respect to arm position change and donning/doffing.

Real-time robustness evaluation of regression based myoelectric control against arm position change and donning/doffing

PubMed Central

Hahne, Janne Mathias; Müller, Klaus-Robert

2017-01-01

There are some practical factors, such as arm position change and donning/doffing, which prevent robust myoelectric control. The objective of this study is to precisely characterize the impacts of the two representative factors on myoelectric controllability in practical control situations, thereby providing useful references that can be potentially used to find better solutions for clinically reliable myoelectric control. To this end, a real-time target acquisition task was performed by fourteen subjects including one individual with congenital upper-limb deficiency, where the impacts of arm position change, donning/doffing and a combination of both factors on control performance was systematically evaluated. The changes in online performance were examined with seven different performance metrics to comprehensively evaluate various aspects of myoelectric controllability. As a result, arm position change significantly affects offline prediction accuracy, but not online control performance due to real-time feedback, thereby showing no significant correlation between offline and online performance. Donning/doffing was still problematic in online control conditions. It was further observed that no benefit was attained when using a control model trained with multiple position data in terms of arm position change, and the degree of electrode shift caused by donning/doffing was not severely associated with the degree of performance loss under practical conditions (around 1 cm electrode shift). Since this study is the first to concurrently investigate the impacts of arm position change and donning/doffing in practical myoelectric control situations, all findings of this study provide new insights into robust myoelectric control with respect to arm position change and donning/doffing. PMID:29095846

Wheelchair-mounted robotic arm to hold and move a communication device - final design.

PubMed

Barrett, Graham; Kurley, Kyle; Brauchie, Casey; Morton, Scott; Barrett, Steven

2015-01-01

At the 51st Rocky Mountain Bioengineering Symposium we presented a preliminary design for a robotic arm to assist an individual living within an assistive technology smart home. The individual controls much of their environment with a Dynavox Maestro communication device. However, the device obstructs the individual’s line of site when navigating about the smart home. A robotic arm was developed to move the communication device in and out of the user’s field of view as desired. The robotic arm is controlled by a conveniently mounted jelly switch. The jelly switch sends control signals to a four state (up, off, down, off) single-axis robotic arm interfaced to a DC motor by high power electronic relays. This paper describes the system, control circuitry, and multiple safety features. The arm will be delivered for use later in 2015.

Understanding the conventional arms trade

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stohl, Rachel

2017-11-01

The global conventional arms trade is worth tens of billions of dollars every year and is engaged in by every country in the world. Yet, it is often difficult to control the legal trade in conventional arms and there is a thriving illicit market, willing to arm unscrupulous regimes and nefarious non-state actors. This chapter examines the international conventional arms trade, the range of tools that have been used to control it, and challenges to these international regimes.

Lateralized Motor Control Processes Determine Asymmetry of Interlimb Transfer

PubMed Central

Sainburg, Robert L.; Schaefer, Sydney Y.; Yadav, Vivek

2016-01-01

This experiment tested the hypothesis that interlimb transfer of motor performance depends on recruitment of motor control processes that are specialized to the hemisphere contralateral to the arm that is initially trained. Right-handed participants performed a single-joint task, in which reaches were targeted to 4 different distances. While the speed and accuracy was similar for both hands, the underlying control mechanisms used to vary movement speed with distance were systematically different between the arms: The amplitude of the initial acceleration profiles scaled greater with movement speed for the right-dominant arm, while the duration of the initial acceleration profile scaled greater with movement speed for the left-non-dominant arm. These two processes were previously shown to be differentially disrupted by left and right hemisphere damage, respectively. We now hypothesize that task practice with the right arm might reinforce left-hemisphere mechanisms that vary acceleration amplitude with distance, while practice with the left arm might reinforce right-hemisphere mechanisms that vary acceleration duration with distance. We thus predict that following right arm practice, the left arm should show increased contributions of acceleration amplitude to peak velocities, and following left arm practice, the right arm should show increased contributions of acceleration duration to peak velocities. Our findings support these predictions, indicating that asymmetry in interlimb transfer of motor performance, at least in the task used here, depends on recruitment of lateralized motor control processes. PMID:27491479

Dynamic model of the octopus arm. II. Control of reaching movements.

PubMed

Yekutieli, Yoram; Sagiv-Zohar, Roni; Hochner, Binyamin; Flash, Tamar

2005-08-01

The dynamic model of the octopus arm described in the first paper of this 2-part series was used here to investigate the neural strategies used for controlling the reaching movements of the octopus arm. These are stereotypical extension movements used to reach toward an object. In the dynamic model, sending a simple propagating neural activation signal to contract all muscles along the arm produced an arm extension with kinematic properties similar to those of natural movements. Control of only 2 parameters fully specified the extension movement: the amplitude of the activation signal (leading to the generation of muscle force) and the activation traveling time (the time the activation wave takes to travel along the arm). We found that the same kinematics could be achieved by applying activation signals with different activation amplitudes all exceeding some minimal level. This suggests that the octopus arm could use minimal amplitudes of activation to generate the minimal muscle forces required for the production of the desired kinematics. Larger-amplitude signals would generate larger forces that increase the arm's stability against perturbations without changing the kinematic characteristics. The robustness of this phenomenon was demonstrated by examining activation signals with either a constant or a bell-shaped velocity profile. Our modeling suggests that the octopus arm biomechanics may allow independent control of kinematics and resistance to perturbation during arm extension movements.

Comparison of tongue interface with keyboard for control of an assistive robotic arm.

PubMed

Struijk, Lotte N S Andreasen; Lontis, Romulus

2017-07-01

This paper demonstrates how an assistive 6 DoF robotic arm with a gripper can be controlled manually using a tongue interface. The proposed method suggests that it possible for a user to manipulate the surroundings with his or her tongue using the inductive tongue control system as deployed in this study. The sensors of an inductive tongue-computer interface were mapped to the Cartesian control of an assistive robotic arm. The resulting control system was tested manually in order to compare manual control of the robot using a standard keyboard and using the tongue interface. Two healthy subjects controlled the robotic arm to precisely move a bottle of water from one location to another. The results shows that the tongue interface was able to fully control the robotic arm in a similar manner as the standard keyboard resulting in the same number of successful manipulations and an average increase in task duration of up to 30% as compared with the standard keyboard.

Compensatory Versus Noncompensatory Shoulder Movements Used for Reaching in Stroke.

PubMed

Levin, Mindy F; Liebermann, Dario G; Parmet, Yisrael; Berman, Sigal

2016-08-01

Background The extent to which the upper-limb flexor synergy constrains or compensates for arm motor impairment during reaching is controversial. This synergy can be quantified with a minimal marker set describing movements of the arm-plane. Objectives To determine whether and how (a) upper-limb flexor synergy in patients with chronic stroke contributes to reaching movements to different arm workspace locations and (b) reaching deficits can be characterized by arm-plane motion. Methods Sixteen post-stroke and 8 healthy control subjects made unrestrained reaching movements to targets located in ipsilateral, central, and contralateral arm workspaces. Arm-plane, arm, and trunk motion, and their temporal and spatial linkages were analyzed. Results Individuals with moderate/severe stroke used greater arm-plane movement and compensatory trunk movement compared to those with mild stroke and control subjects. Arm-plane and trunk movements were more temporally coupled in stroke compared with controls. Reaching accuracy was related to different segment and joint combinations for each target and group: arm-plane movement in controls and mild stroke subjects, and trunk and elbow movements in moderate/severe stroke subjects. Arm-plane movement increased with time since stroke and when combined with trunk rotation, discriminated between different subject groups for reaching the central and contralateral targets. Trunk movement and arm-plane angle during target reaches predicted the subject group. Conclusions The upper-limb flexor synergy was used adaptively for reaching accuracy by patients with mild, but not moderate/severe stroke. The flexor synergy, as parameterized by the amount of arm-plane motion, can be used by clinicians to identify levels of motor recovery in patients with stroke. © The Author(s) 2015.

From management to mediation: local forestry management and the forestry crisis in post-socialist Russia.

PubMed

Eikeland, Sveinung; Eythorsson, Einar; Ivanova, Lyudmila

2004-03-01

The local branches of the Russian Forestry Service, the leskhozy, were known for their efficiency and management skills in the Soviet era and were one of the very few community-based "Soviet-type" institutions to survive the transition. This article examines the role of the leskhozy in the new market economy. Our analysis is based on data from interviews with informants attached to the forestry sector in the Murmansk area. In some cases their knowledge of the leskhozy stretches back to the emergence of the system in 1947. Our principal finding is that the struggle to survive as a federal body in the current legal and economic climate is forcing the leskhozy to relegate sustainable forestry management, presumably their primary raison d'être, to the lower portions of their list of priorities. Several consequences result. There is a heightened incidence of illegal logging, and corruption informs the allocation of forest areas to private interests. Stumpage prices have plummeted as timber from subsidized commercial cutting (ostensibly sanitary cutting or thinning) has flooded the markets. The root cause of these tribulations lies with the market-based harvesting permit system. Its introduction in the 1990s did little to eliminate the self-seeking practices of the old Soviet forestry management hierarchies. In the free market, local forestry managers can turn their dual responsibilities to their own advantage inasmuch as they control the allocation of harvesting permits while at the same time controlling logging practices.

BLDG. 30 - ASTP

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23883 (20 March 1975) --- A group of flight controllers from the Soviet Union take part in ASTP joint simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in one of the support rooms in the Mission Control Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975.

BLDG. 30 - ASTP

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23881 (20 March 1975) --- A group of flight controllers from the Soviet Union take part in ASTP joint simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in one of the support rooms in the Mission Control Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975.

Adaptive Control Strategies for Flexible Robotic Arm

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bialasiewicz, Jan T.

1996-01-01

The control problem of a flexible robotic arm has been investigated. The control strategies that have been developed have a wide application in approaching the general control problem of flexible space structures. The following control strategies have been developed and evaluated: neural self-tuning control algorithm, neural-network-based fuzzy logic control algorithm, and adaptive pole assignment algorithm. All of the above algorithms have been tested through computer simulation. In addition, the hardware implementation of a computer control system that controls the tip position of a flexible arm clamped on a rigid hub mounted directly on the vertical shaft of a dc motor, has been developed. An adaptive pole assignment algorithm has been applied to suppress vibrations of the described physical model of flexible robotic arm and has been successfully tested using this testbed.

A randomized controlled study of socioeconomic support to enhance tuberculosis prevention and treatment, Peru

PubMed Central

Tovar, Marco A; Huff, Doug; Boccia, Delia; Montoya, Rosario; Ramos, Eric; Datta, Sumona; Saunders, Matthew J; Lewis, James J; Gilman, Robert H; Evans, Carlton A

2017-01-01

Abstract Objective To evaluate the impact of socioeconomic support on tuberculosis preventive therapy initiation in household contacts of tuberculosis patients and on treatment success in patients. Methods A non-blinded, household-randomized, controlled study was performed between February 2014 and June 2015 in 32 shanty towns in Peru. It included patients being treated for tuberculosis and their household contacts. Households were randomly assigned to either the standard of care provided by Peru’s national tuberculosis programme (control arm) or the same standard of care plus socioeconomic support (intervention arm). Socioeconomic support comprised conditional cash transfers up to 230 United States dollars per household, community meetings and household visits. Rates of tuberculosis preventive therapy initiation and treatment success (i.e. cure or treatment completion) were compared in intervention and control arms. Findings Overall, 282 of 312 (90%) households agreed to participate: 135 in the intervention arm and 147 in the control arm. There were 410 contacts younger than 20 years: 43% in the intervention arm initiated tuberculosis preventive therapy versus 25% in the control arm (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 2.2; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.1–4.1). An intention-to-treat analysis showed that treatment was successful in 64% (87/135) of patients in the intervention arm versus 53% (78/147) in the control arm (unadjusted OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0–2.6). These improvements were equitable, being independent of household poverty. Conclusion A tuberculosis-specific, socioeconomic support intervention increased uptake of tuberculosis preventive therapy and tuberculosis treatment success and is being evaluated in the Community Randomized Evaluation of a Socioeconomic Intervention to Prevent TB (CRESIPT) project. PMID:28479622

A randomized controlled study of socioeconomic support to enhance tuberculosis prevention and treatment, Peru.

PubMed

Wingfield, Tom; Tovar, Marco A; Huff, Doug; Boccia, Delia; Montoya, Rosario; Ramos, Eric; Datta, Sumona; Saunders, Matthew J; Lewis, James J; Gilman, Robert H; Evans, Carlton A

2017-04-01

To evaluate the impact of socioeconomic support on tuberculosis preventive therapy initiation in household contacts of tuberculosis patients and on treatment success in patients. A non-blinded, household-randomized, controlled study was performed between February 2014 and June 2015 in 32 shanty towns in Peru. It included patients being treated for tuberculosis and their household contacts. Households were randomly assigned to either the standard of care provided by Peru's national tuberculosis programme (control arm) or the same standard of care plus socioeconomic support (intervention arm). Socioeconomic support comprised conditional cash transfers up to 230 United States dollars per household, community meetings and household visits. Rates of tuberculosis preventive therapy initiation and treatment success (i.e. cure or treatment completion) were compared in intervention and control arms. Overall, 282 of 312 (90%) households agreed to participate: 135 in the intervention arm and 147 in the control arm. There were 410 contacts younger than 20 years: 43% in the intervention arm initiated tuberculosis preventive therapy versus 25% in the control arm (adjusted odds ratio, aOR: 2.2; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.1-4.1). An intention-to-treat analysis showed that treatment was successful in 64% (87/135) of patients in the intervention arm versus 53% (78/147) in the control arm (unadjusted OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.0-2.6). These improvements were equitable, being independent of household poverty. A tuberculosis-specific, socioeconomic support intervention increased uptake of tuberculosis preventive therapy and tuberculosis treatment success and is being evaluated in the Community Randomized Evaluation of a Socioeconomic Intervention to Prevent TB (CRESIPT) project.

22 CFR 120.1 - General authorities and eligibility.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Section 120.1 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE INTERNATIONAL TRAFFIC IN ARMS REGULATIONS PURPOSE AND DEFINITIONS § 120.1 General authorities and eligibility. (a) Section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S... Controls by this subchapter may be exercised at any time by the Under Secretary of State for Arms Control...

Recovery in the Severely Impaired Arm Post-stroke after Mirror Therapy - a Randomized Controlled Study.

PubMed

Chan, Wing Chiu; Au-Yeung, Stephanie Suk Yin

2018-03-09

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mirror therapy (MT) on recovery in the severely impaired arm after stroke. Using single-blind randomized controlled design, patients with severely impaired arm within 1-month post-stroke were assigned to received MT (n=20) or control therapy (CT) (n=21), 30min. twice daily for 4 weeks in addition to conventional rehabilitation. During MT and CT, subjects practiced similar structured exercises in both arms, except that mirror reflection of the unaffected arm was the visual feedback for MT, but mirror was absent for CT so that subjects could watch both arms in exercise. Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA) and Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT) were the outcome measurements. After the intervention, both MT and CT groups had significant arm recovery similarly in FMA (p=0.867), WMFT-Time (p=0.947) and WMFT-Functional Ability Scale (p=0.676). MT or CT which involved exercises concurrently for the paretic and unaffected arms during subacute stroke promoted similar motor recovery in the severely impaired arm.

Telerobotic control of a dextrous manipulator using master and six-DOF hand-controllers for space assembly and servicing tasks

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

O'Hara, John M.

1987-01-01

Two studies were conducted evaluating methods of controlling a telerobot; bilateral force reflecting master controllers and proportional rate six degrees of freedom (DOF) hand controllers. The first study compared the controllers on performance of single manipulator arm tasks, a peg-in-the-hole task, and simulated satellite orbital replacement unit changeout. The second study, a Space Station truss assembly task, required simultaneous operation of both manipulator arms (all 12 DOFs) and complex multiaxis slave arm movements. Task times were significantly longer and fewer errors were committed with the hand controllers. The hand controllers were also rated significantly higher in cognitive and manual control workload on the two-arm task. The master controllers were rated significantly higher in physical workload. There were no significant differences in ratings of manipulator control quality.

Design of a multi-arm randomized clinical trial with no control arm.

PubMed

Magaret, Amalia; Angus, Derek C; Adhikari, Neill K J; Banura, Patrick; Kissoon, Niranjan; Lawler, James V; Jacob, Shevin T

2016-01-01

Clinical trial designs that include multiple treatments are currently limited to those that perform pairwise comparisons of each investigational treatment to a single control. However, there are settings, such as the recent Ebola outbreak, in which no treatment has been demonstrated to be effective; and therefore, no standard of care exists which would serve as an appropriate control. For illustrative purposes, we focused on the care of patients presenting in austere settings with critically ill 'sepsis-like' syndromes. Our approach involves a novel algorithm for comparing mortality among arms without requiring a single fixed control. The algorithm allows poorly-performing arms to be dropped during interim analyses. Consequently, the study may be completed earlier than planned. We used simulation to determine operating characteristics for the trial and to estimate the required sample size. We present a potential study design targeting a minimal effect size of a 23% relative reduction in mortality between any pair of arms. Using estimated power and spurious significance rates from the simulated scenarios, we show that such a trial would require 2550 participants. Over a range of scenarios, our study has 80 to 99% power to select the optimal treatment. Using a fixed control design, if the control arm is least efficacious, 640 subjects would be enrolled into the least efficacious arm, while our algorithm would enroll between 170 and 430. This simulation method can be easily extended to other settings or other binary outcomes. Early dropping of arms is efficient and ethical when conducting clinical trials with multiple arms. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A new neural net approach to robot 3D perception and visuo-motor coordination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Sukhan

1992-01-01

A novel neural network approach to robot hand-eye coordination is presented. The approach provides a true sense of visual error servoing, redundant arm configuration control for collision avoidance, and invariant visuo-motor learning under gazing control. A 3-D perception network is introduced to represent the robot internal 3-D metric space in which visual error servoing and arm configuration control are performed. The arm kinematic network performs the bidirectional association between 3-D space arm configurations and joint angles, and enforces the legitimate arm configurations. The arm kinematic net is structured by a radial-based competitive and cooperative network with hierarchical self-organizing learning. The main goal of the present work is to demonstrate that the neural net representation of the robot 3-D perception net serves as an important intermediate functional block connecting robot eyes and arms.

Experimental validation of flexible robot arm modeling and control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ulsoy, A. Galip

1989-01-01

Flexibility is important for high speed, high precision operation of lightweight manipulators. Accurate dynamic modeling of flexible robot arms is needed. Previous work has mostly been based on linear elasticity with prescribed rigid body motions (i.e., no effect of flexible motion on rigid body motion). Little or no experimental validation of dynamic models for flexible arms is available. Experimental results are also limited for flexible arm control. Researchers include the effects of prismatic as well as revolute joints. They investigate the effect of full coupling between the rigid and flexible motions, and of axial shortening, and consider the control of flexible arms using only additional sensors.

Spatial Map of Synthesized Criteria for the Redundancy Resolution of Human Arm Movements.

PubMed

Li, Zhi; Milutinovic, Dejan; Rosen, Jacob

2015-11-01

The kinematic redundancy of the human arm enables the elbow position to rotate about the axis going through the shoulder and wrist, which results in infinite possible arm postures when the arm reaches to a target in a 3-D workspace. To infer the control strategy the human motor system uses to resolve redundancy in reaching movements, this paper compares five redundancy resolution criteria and evaluates their arm posture prediction performance using data on healthy human motion. Two synthesized criteria are developed to provide better real-time arm posture prediction than the five individual criteria. Of these two, the criterion synthesized using an exponential method predicts the arm posture more accurately than that using a least squares approach, and therefore is preferable for inferring the contributions of the individual criteria to motor control during reaching movements. As a methodology contribution, this paper proposes a framework to compare and evaluate redundancy resolution criteria for arm motion control. A cluster analysis which associates criterion contributions with regions of the workspace provides a guideline for designing a real-time motion control system applicable to upper-limb exoskeletons for stroke rehabilitation.

Threat Control through Arms Control. Report to Congress 1994

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-07-13

reduction, chemical weapons’ elimination, or any of the other growing arms control and nonproliferation challenges America faces, ACDA is an essential...nuclear missile reduction, chemical weapons elimination, or any of. the other growing arms control and nonproliferation challenges America faces... challenging . Nonprolif eration agreements are our first line of defense against the creation of a far more unstable and hazardous world than we have ever

International Contacts of the USSR in the Field of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Il'chenko, V. L.; Sokol, V. V.

1992-01-01

Traces the history and development of the Soviet Union's international educational contacts. Describes the period in which the Soviet Union strove to be the educational leader for the Eastern communist bloc and the developing nations of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Concludes that the Soviet educational system be opened to the world educational…

Understanding the Soviet Threat: The Necessity of Analyzing Soviet Military Thought and Actions from a Soviet Perspective.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

discipline comparable to physics or chemistry in its application. This concept is quite unusual for an American, as military affairs are not often studied in...Sanderson cites definitions from The Pocket Oxford Dictionary, The 67 Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , and Blackie ’s Compact Etymological

Youth Protests against Education Privatization Reforms in Post-Soviet States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Silova, Iveta; Brezheniuk, Viktoriia; Kudasova, Marina; Mun, Olga; Artemev, Nikolai

2014-01-01

This article examines youth protests against education privatization in the post-Soviet countries of Latvia, Russia, and Ukraine. Drawing on a sample of online sources and scholarly articles, this study uses critical discourse analysis and visual methodologies to examine why and how post-Soviet university students have organized to protest against…

Vospitanie and Regime Change: Teacher-Education Textbooks in Soviet and Post-Soviet Ukraine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bogachenko, Tatiana; Perry, Laura

2015-01-01

This article examines the pedagogical dimension of vospitanie, or character formation, in communist and post-communist education. It explores how vospitanie is conceptualized in two teacher-education textbooks--one from each period--in Ukraine, a post-Soviet country. Comparative analysis shows how conceptualizations of vospitanie have evolved over…

Socialism and Education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charon-Cardona, Euridice

2013-01-01

During the Cold War over half a million Asians, Africans and Latin Americans studied and graduated in the Soviet Union's universities and technical schools as part of this country's educational aid policies. Cuba was an intermediary player in the Cold War geopolitical contest between the United States and the Soviet Union, fuelled by the…

Soviet Counterinsurgency Operations in Afghanistan (1979-1988)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-29

Soviet commitment in Afghanistan. was to be an "economy of force" mission, with the focus of Red Army combat power to remain in the European theatre ...critically for its operational and tactical resupply capability. ’’The Soviets in Afghanis4Ul,li1ce the Americansin Vietnam, discovered thai helicopters were

Soviet strategic nuclear doctrine under Gorbachev. Study project

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Winkel, R.J.

This paper examines Soviet offensive strategic nuclear doctrine under General Secretary and President Mikail S. Gorbachev. The development of Soviet nuclear doctrine starting with the Stalin era is reviewed. A close look at those pieces of Gorbachev's new thinking that pertain to nuclear weapons doctrine are presented. Implications for U.S. strategy are offered.

The Soviet Union and Its People. Third Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Sherri

This third grade teaching unit on the USSR covers an introduction to the Soviet Union and its people, its government, daily lifestyles, folk culture, and geography. Skill goals deal with telling the difference between facts and opinions, comparing cultures, and integrating and applying information from various topics about the Soviet Union to…

Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union Versus Estonia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rannut, Mart

1991-01-01

Discussion of the role of non-Russian languages in the Soviet Union (USSR) focuses on the history of ethnic group languages and language policy in Estonia since the collapse of totalitarianism. A historical overview of Soviet Union language policy is offered, with attention given to the ideological goals influencing policy, and their realization…

The Soviet Censorship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dewhirst, Martin, Ed.; Farrell, Robert, Ed.

This book contains the proceedings of a symposium which are intended to be a general survey on the nature of Soviet censorship, its effect on literature in the USSR, and the role of such censorship in the intellectual life of a large part of the world. Contents include: "What Is the Soviet Censorship?" which is an attempt to define the…

Is Less More? Soviet Science in the Gorbachev Era.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balzer, Harley D.

1985-01-01

Examines the gap between American and Soviet science, tracing the gap to overcentralization, an aversion to risk, and emphasis on theory at the expense of application. Indicates that Soviet leaders are aware of some of the problems but that barriers to reform remain strong and prospects for real change are limited. (JN)

Soviet Arts Curriculum Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

San Diego County Office of Education, CA.

This extensive curriculum guide was written in conjunction with the San Diego Arts Festival of Soviet Arts in 1989. It aimed to provide teachers with insights and ideas about arts in the Soviet Union before, during, and after the Arts Festival. A curriculum model is presented at the beginning of the guide to illustrate how the lessons were…

News Media Use and Adolescents' Attitudes about Nuclear Issues: An American-Soviet Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, John P.; And Others

1989-01-01

Examines linkages between media use and attitudes from a survey of Soviet and American teenagers. Finds that all youths show a great concern about the possible effects of nuclear war, with heavy media users in both countries more optimistic, but the relation was stronger among Soviet students. (MS)

A Survey of Progress in Coding Theory in the Soviet Union. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kautz, William H.; Levitt, Karl N.

The results of a comprehensive technical survey of all published Soviet literature in coding theory and its applications--over 400 papers and books appearing before March 1967--are described in this report. Noteworthy Soviet contributions are discussed, including codes for the noiseless channel, codes that correct asymetric errors, decoding for…