Soviet Hadron Collider

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotchetkov, Dmitri

2017-01-01

Rapid growth of the high energy physics program in the USSR during 1960s-1970s culminated with a decision to build the Accelerating and Storage Complex (UNK) to carry out fixed target and colliding beam experiments. The UNK was to have three rings. One ring was to be built with conventional magnets to accelerate protons up to the energy of 600 GeV. The other two rings were to be made from superconducting magnets, each ring was supposed to accelerate protons up to the energy of 3 TeV. The accelerating rings were to be placed in an underground tunnel with a circumference of 21 km. As a 3 x 3 TeV collider, the UNK would make proton-proton collisions with a luminosity of 4 x 1034 cm-1s-1. Institute for High Energy Physics in Protvino was a project leading institution and a site of the UNK. Accelerator and detector research and development studies were commenced in the second half of 1970s. State Committee for Utilization of Atomic Energy of the USSR approved the project in 1980, and the construction of the UNK started in 1983. Political turmoil in the Soviet Union during late 1980s and early 1990s resulted in disintegration of the USSR and subsequent collapse of the Russian economy. As a result of drastic reduction of funding for the UNK, in 1993 the project was restructured to be a 600 GeV fixed target accelerator only. While the ring tunnel and proton injection line were completed by 1995, and 70% of all magnets and associated accelerator equipment were fabricated, lack of Russian federal funding for high energy physics halted the project at the end of 1990s.

Soviet and East European energy crisis: its dimensions and implications for East--West trade

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hewett, E.A.

The world energy crisis has placed tremendous pressure on Soviet planners to divert oil destined for Eastern Europe to hard currency markets (or in some cases to charge Eastern Europe hard currency for the oil); and this pressure would have come irrespective of developments in Soviet energy-production costs. The Soviet-East European energy crisis is also political in nature because the increase balance-of-payments problems for Eastern Europe, which will cause austerity measures in the East European countries, measures which the population seems likely to resist. Thus, the Soviet-East European energy crisis is both related and unrelated to the energy crisis wemore » face in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to project to 1980 the aggregate energy balance in Eastern Europe and the USSR, and to explore the implications of that projection for East--West trade. The year 1980 the aggregate energy balance in Eastern Europe and the USSR, and to explore the implications of that projection for East--West trade. The year 1980 is not very far away; it would be prefereble if the projection could go farther. But the technique used here is simple extrapolation with some educated guesses concerning growth rates. Such techniques tend to work quite well for the near future; over the longer term the only hope is to actually model the processes involved and their interconnections. 18 references and footnotes.« less

The Limits of Intervention: Soviet Naval Power Projection Capabilities and the Decision to Intervene.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-01

the Russo-Japanese War of 1905, there is no history of major Soviet naval battles since the advent of steam. To a certain extent the lessons of the ...two fronts by the cther groups. Cuban ships and aircraft had begun reinforcing their ticops and 17C Soviet advisors were in country by 13 Iovember. In... the advent of the SA-N-6 for the Soviets) the number Qf targets per SAM was equal t9 the nun oter radars.to gulq the missi es

TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED LEARNING IN THE SOVIET BLOC--A SURVEY OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE, 1962-1963.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, DC.

THIS REVIEW REPORTS THE STATE OF THE ART OF PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION IN THE SOVIET UNION. A NUMBER OF TEACHING MACHINES ARE DESCRIBED, AS ARE PROJECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN SOVIET PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION. IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE 4TH ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL DEVICES AND PROGRAMING IN EDUCATION (JAN. 1964) WILL PROVIDE FURTHER…

Surprise and Preemption in Soviet Nuclear Strategy

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-04-01

PROGRAM ELEMFNT, PROJECT, TASK AREA ft WORK UNIT NUMBERS NWC Strategic Studies Project 12. REPORT DATE April, 1983 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 66...015 THE NATIONAL WAR COIXKCIE NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY STRATEGIC STUDY SURPRISE AND PREEMPTION IN SOVIET NUCLEAR STRATEGY by Dr. Glenn E...TC TAB D Distribution/ Availability Codes {Avail and/or Dist Special B ,& it illL NATIONAL WAR COLLEGD STRATEGIC STUDIES REPORT ABSTRACT

Where the Soviet cosmonautics is going to?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Avduevskii, V. S.; Leskov, L. V.

1990-04-01

The authors discusse some of the achievements of the Soviet Cosmonautics during the previous epoch. They underly that the Brezhnev epoch in Soviet Cosmonautics was a ideological one, in spite of some achievements. The main critics is addressed to absence of economical reasons for some of projects. They suggest, that the most important way to change the situation is to point on economical reasons of the Soviet (Russian ) cosmic programs. The authors cite the constructive critics by M.S. Gorbachev, to previous cosmic programs developed in the USSR, as well as his ideas to improve the situation. The use of cosmonautics in view of development of telephony, energetic programs, the populated by humans cosmos (including space stations) are under the review by authors. As a supplement the brochure include the description of the "Granat" Project, as well as a historical overview of the Space Shuttle.

Translations from the Soviet Journal of Atomic Energy

DTIC Science & Technology

1962-02-15

constructing a new communist society. Atomic energy, i4n its role of a new and powerful source of highly con •entrated energy, can effect a con- siderable...problem have provided sufficient evidence of the perni- cious effects of radioactive contamination on humanbeings and require the development of special...be necessary to effect a considerable decrease in the cost of electrical power pro- duced at atomic electric power, stations. One of the most

President Ford and both the Soviet and American ASTP crews

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

President Gerald R. Ford removes the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft model from a model set depicting the 1975 Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), an Earth orbital docking and rendezvous mission with crewmen from the U.S. and USSR. From left to right, Vladamir A. Shatalov, Chief, Cosmonaut training; Valeriy N. Kubasov, ASTP Soviet engineer; Aleksey A. Leonov, ASTP Soviet crew commander; Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American crew; Donald K. Slayton, American docking module pilot; Vance D. Brand, command module pilot for the American crew. Dr. George M Low, Deputy Administrator for NASA is partially obscured behind President Ford.

Logistics require savvy negotiation, patience

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Talboy, R.G.

In the Soviet Union, logistics are affected by the extraordinary political, social and physical environment, so that operations are virtually all art, rather than science. Furthermore, this art, as it applies to a particular project, probably does not lend itself to broad generalizations about what would work somewhere else. Each project will have its own idiosyncrasies, depending on its type and location in the vast Soviet republics, and upon the personalities involved. This article discusses only the logistics that worked out and are still evolving for the project with which the author was associated.

Sources of Information on Atomic Energy, International Series of Monographs in Library and Information Science, Volume 2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anthony, L. J.

This book provides a comprehensive survey of the principal national and international organizations which are sources of information on atomic and nuclear energy and of the published literature in this field. Organizations in all the major nuclear countries such as the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union, France, and Japan are described, and…

PROTOCOL - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) - TOUR - WASHINGTON, DC

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-09-07

S74-29892 (7 Sept. 1974) --- President Gerald R. Ford removes the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft model from a model set depicting the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, an Earth orbital docking and rendezvous mission involving crewmen from the U.S. and USSR, who visited Mr. Ford at the White House. The cosmonauts and astronauts are, left to right, Vladimir A. Shatalov, Chief, Cosmonaut Training; Valeriy N. Kubasov, ASTP Soviet engineer; Aleksey A. Leonov, ASTP Soviet crew commander; Thomas P. Stafford, ASTP American crew commander; Donald K. Slayton, American crew?s docking module pilot; and Vance D. Brand, command module pilot for the U.S. team. Dr. George M. Low, Deputy Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, is partially obscured behind Mr. Ford.

An international project to confirm Soviet-era results on immunological and teratological effects of RF field exposure in Wistar rats and comments on Grigoriev et al. [2010].

PubMed

Repacholi, Michael; Buschmann, Jochen; Pioli, Claudio; Sypniewska, Roza

2011-05-01

Results of key Soviet-era studies dealing with effects on the immune system and teratological consequences in rats exposed to radiofrequency (RF) fields serve, in part, as a basis for setting exposure limits in the USSR and the current RF standards in Russia. The World Health Organization's (WHO) International EMF Project considered these Soviet results important enough that they should be confirmed using more modern methods. Since the Soviet papers did not contain comprehensive details on how the results were obtained, Professor Yuri Grigoriev worked with Dr. Bernard Veyret to agree on the final study protocol and to conduct separate studies in Moscow and Bordeaux under the same protocol. The International Oversight Committee (IOC) provided oversight on the conduct of the studies and was the firewall committee that dealt with the sponsors and researchers. This paper gives the IOC comments and conclusions on the differing results between the two studies. Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: IN SITU MITIGATION OF MERCURY CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER IN KAZAKHSTAN

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract for EPA Science Forum.

The EPA Office of International Affairs is managing a U.S. State Department -funded project to redirect former Soviet Union biological weapons scientists. Scientists in countries of the former Soviet Union receive funding through the Interna...

Foreign Policy Benefits from Subsidization of Trade with Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-01

AFUDC, the projected cost per kilowatt is $2440. A reactor containment for a 1000 MW pressur - ized water reactor costs about $100 million;96 let us ...diffprencpe in interests between the Soviet Union and its East European allies in the Warsaw Pact. It examines the use of economic policy by the West as a...instead to Soviet armies, fronts, or theaters of military operations (TVDs). The Groups of Soviet Forces are stationed in Eastern Europe in part in an

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-23

FY1996 and FY2002 in the former Soviet Union.67 The State Department also manages and funds the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in...Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow. Several other former Soviet states joined the center during the 1990s, and other nations, including Norway and South Korea...centers. The Moscow Center funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow supported more than 22,000

The Soviet BOR-4 Spaceplanes and their Legacy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendrickx, B.

Between 1982 and 1984 the Soviet Union launched four small recoverable lifting bodies designed to test heatshield materials for the Soviet space shuttle Buran. Called BOR-4, these vehicles were originally designed to be flown in support of the Spiral military spaceplane programme, but after the cancellation of that project were reoriented towards Buran. They were widely misinterpreted in the West as subscale versions of a military spaceplane and would later serve as the basis for several American spaceplane designs.

Interview with Mr. Albert A. Shishkin and Mr. Boris V. Nikipelov of the Soviet Union`s Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1991-08-01

NUEXCO first interviewed Mr. Nikipelov in the fall of 1989 on the subject of V/O Techsnabexport (TENEX) and its growing commercial presence in the international nuclear fuel market. In that interview, Mr. Nikipelov, First Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Atomic Energy and Industry (MAEI), concluded with a discussion of the non-nuclear production capability within the Ministry. He also emphasized the mutual benefits that might be derived from increased international trade in these areas. In this follow-up interview, Mr. Albert A. Shishkin, General Director of TENEX, joins Mr. Nikipelov in giving us more detail on the state-sponsored program of convertingmore » the production capacity of the Soviet nuclear fuel cycle and its supporting infrastructure from defense and power generation to commercial purposes.« less

Building Ukrainian Montessori from the Ground up

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cusack, Ginny

2008-01-01

Ukraine had been under Soviet domination for 75 years. Its institutions, including its educational system, were guided by rules established in Moscow. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the country had opportunities to reinvent itself. In this article, the author discusses the Ukrainian Montessori Project, a successful partnership between…

Mosaic of Digital Raster Soviet Topographic Maps of Afghanistan

USGS Publications Warehouse

Chirico, Peter G.; Warner, Michael B.

2005-01-01

EXPLANATION The data contained in this publication include scanned, geographically referenced digital raster graphics (DRGs) of Soviet 1:200,000 - scale topographic map quadrangles. The original Afghanistan topographic map series at 1:200,000 scale, for the entire country, was published by the Soviet military between 1985 and 1991(MTDGS, 85-91). Hard copies of these original paper maps were scanned using a large format scanner, reprojected into Geographic Coordinate System (GCS) coordinates, and then clipped to remove the map collars to create a seamless, topographic map base for the entire country. An index of all available topographic map sheets is displayed here: Index_Geo_DD.pdf. This publication also includes the originial topographic map quadrangles projected in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) projection. The country of Afghanistan spans three UTM Zones: Zone 41, Zone 42, and Zone 43. Maps are stored as GeoTIFFs in their respective UTM zone projection. Indexes of all available topographic map sheets in their respective UTM zone are displayed here: Index_UTM_Z41.pdf, Index_UTM_Z42.pdf, Index_UTM_Z43.pdf. An Adobe Acrobat PDF file of the U.S. Department of the Army's Technical Manual 30-548, is available (U.S. Army, 1958). This document has been translated into English for assistance in reading Soviet topographic map symbols.

Photographs and Pamphlet about Nuclear Fallout. The Constitution Community: Postwar United States (1945 to Early 1970s).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lawlor, John M., Jr.

In August 1945, the United States unleashed an atomic weapon against the Japanese at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and brought an end to World War II. These bombs killed in two ways -- by the blast's magnitude and resulting firestorm, and by nuclear fallout. After the Soviet Union exploded its first atom bomb in 1949, the Cold War waged between the two…

Soviet/Russian-American space cooperation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Karash, Yuri Y.

This dissertation seeks to answer two questions: (1) what are the necessary conditions for the emergence of meaningful space cooperation between Russia and the United States, and (2) might this cooperation continue developing on its own merit, contributing to the further rapprochement between the two countries, even if the conditions that originated the cooperation were to change? The study examines the entire space era up to this point, 1957 to 1997, from the first satellite launch through the joint U.S.-Russian work on the ISS project. It focuses on the analysis of three distinct periods of possible and real cooperation between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia. The first possibility for a limited Soviet-American cooperation in space emerged in the late 1950s, together with the space age, and continued until the mid-1960s. The major potential joint project of this period was a human expedition to the Moon. The global competition/confrontation between the two countries prevented actual cooperation. The second period was from the late 1960s until 1985 with consideration of experimental docking missions, including the docking of a reusable U.S. shuttle to a Soviet Salyut-type station. The global U.S.-Soviet competition still continued, but the confrontation was replaced by detente for a brief period of time lasting from the end of 1960s until mid-1970s. Detente gave the first example of U.S.-Soviet cooperation in space---the Apollo-Soyuz joint space flight (ASTP) which took place in 1975. However, the lack of interest of political leaderships in continuation of broad-scale cooperation between the two countries, and the end of detente, removed ASTP-like projects out of question at least until 1985. The third period started together with Mikhail Gorbachev's Perestroika in 1985 and continues until now. It involves almost a hundred of joint space projects both at the governmental and at the private sectors levels. The mainstream of the joint activities became U.S.-Russian work on the International Space Station (ISS). The interest of the Kremlin and White House in making space an "area of common interests" for the two countries, the interest of U.S. and Russian space communities in meaningful cooperation with each other, and the interdependence of the two countries within the ISS project, give hope that the U.S.-Russian cooperation will finally develop a long-term character.

Truth was an early casualty

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sich, A.R.

1996-05-01

At a May 1986 press conference in Moscow-held just 11 days after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station-the cult of high technology was unabashedly preached to an auditorium full of shocked news correspondents and invited guests. When questioned as to the number of fatalities the accident had caused and the impact of the accident on Soviet society and the Soviet nuclear industry, A.M. Petrosyants (then chairman of the Soviet State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy) responded: {open_quotes}Science requires victims.{close_quotes} The Soviet system numbered its victims in the millions. In a sense, the Chernobyl accident was justmore » one of the many misfortunes misrepresented by the Soviet government over the decades in its continuing effort to shape public perceptions of domestic disasters, natural and manmade. And yet, the international character of the Chernobyl accident, the fact that radioactive fallout knows no national boundaries, made it a watershed event. The accident exposed glaring weaknesses in the Soviet system: its backward technology, its sloppy safety standards, its inability to admit failure. And it brought to the surface many of the injustices, inefficiencies, and secrets that the Soviet government had tried to keep hidden. With the world`s spotlight focused on Chernobyl, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev was left with little choice other than to prove to the West his dedication to reform by more fully implementing his recently announced policy of glasnost or `openness.` In turn, glasnost was a major factor that led to the demise of the Soviet Union, which embodied a system that was fundamentally at odds with freedom of expression and accessibile information. Unfortunately, old habits die hard. Ten years after the accident, many nuclear bureaucrats in the former Soviet Union, partiularly in Russia, are still too secretive and too much given to obfuscation.« less

Attitude Change of American Tourists in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grothe, Peter

Pre- and post-travel questionnaires mailed to American tourists visiting the Soviet Union record attitude change and serve as the basis for this eight-chapter research project report. Most of the report considers the relation of various factors to attitude change, including education, level of information, language ability, sex, age, occupation,…

Contemporary achievements in astronautics: Salyut-7, the Vega Project and Spacelab

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kubasov, V. N.; Balebanov, V. M.; Goldovskiy, D. Y.

1986-01-01

The latest achievements in Soviet aeronautics are described; the new stage in the space program to study Venus using Soviet automated space probes, and the next space mission by cosmonauts to the Salyut-7 station. Information is also presented on the flight of the Spacelab orbiting laboratory created by Western European specialists.

Scientific and technical training in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. L.

1983-01-01

Specific features and observations on the Soviet educational system and areas of apparent effectiveness are presented, noting that the literacy rate is over 98 percent in 1982. Educational goals are reoriented every five years to match with other projections of five-year plans. The Soviet constitution established strong educational goals, including schools, correspondence courses, lectures in native tongues, free tuition, and vocational training. The educational pattern from pre-school through graduate school lasts over 28 yr and contains two 2-yr periods of work, confined to specialties after graduate school. Mathematics is emphasized, as are physics, Marxism, and a foreign language. Approximately 300,000 engineers were graduated in the Soviet Union in 1982, compared with the 20-yr U.S. average of 50,000/yr. About 2/3 of Soviet engineers participate in defense work, a number which is four times the total number of U.S. engineers. It is asserted that the continual indoctrination, organization, and practical work experience will guarantee that the Soviet state will remain a dominant force in the world as long as centralized state control can be carried out.

VESTA Project: Phase 0 report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perret, A.

1986-01-01

This report presents the results of technical studies conducted at CNES/PMF/APS between October 1984 and September 1985 on the VESTA project. These preliminary studies were conducted to establish mission feasibility in terms ofthe trajectory and the scientific objectives, and to determine the type of interfaces which will be required with the Soviets and to measure the magnitude of French participation. A joint French-Soviet report recommends that the project enter phase A, and was approved by CNES and INTERCOSMOS in September, 1985. The mission analysis is made for a mid-1991 launch, and a development schedule for an end-1992 launch is suggested. The decision to postpone the mission was made during the course of the study.

APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) - FOOD

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-04-01

S74-20797 (23 April 1974) --- Candidate food items being considered for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission are sampled by three ASTP crewmen in Building 4 at the Johnson Space Center. They are, left to right, cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet ASTP crew; astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot of the American ASTP crew; and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP crew. Kubasov is marking a food rating chart on which the crewmen mark their choices, likes and dislikes of the food being sampled. Brand is drinking orange juice from an accordion-like dispenser. Leonov is eating butter cookies. The two Soviet crewmen will have an opportunity to eat with the three American crewmen while the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft are docked in Earth orbit. Leonov and Kubasov will dine on food being chosen individually by them now.

VIew of Mission Control on first day of ASTP docking in Earth orbit

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-15

S75-28483 (15 July 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center on the first day of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. The American ASTP flight controllers at NASA's Johnson Space Center were monitoring the progress of the Soviet ASTP launch when this photograph was taken. The television monitor shows cosmonaut Yuri V. Romanenko at his spacecraft communicator?s console in the ASTP mission control center in the Soviet Union. The American ASTP liftoff followed the Soviet ASTP launch by seven and one-half hours.

Global threat reduction initiative Russian nuclear material removal progress

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Cummins, Kelly; Bolshinsky, Igor

2008-07-15

In December 1999 representatives from the United States, the Russian Federation, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) started discussing a program to return to Russia Soviet- or Russian-supplied highly enriched uranium (HEU) fuel stored at the Russian-designed research reactors outside Russia. Trilateral discussions among the United States, Russian Federation, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) have identified more than 20 research reactors in 17 countries that have Soviet- or Russian-supplied HEU fuel. The Global Threat Reduction Initiative's Russian Research Reactor Fuel Return Program is an important aspect of the U.S. Government's commitment to cooperate with the other nationsmore » to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons and weapons-usable proliferation-attractive nuclear materials. To date, 496 kilograms of Russian-origin HEU have been shipped to Russia from Serbia, Latvia, Libya, Uzbekistan, Romania, Bulgaria, Poland, Germany, and the Czech Republic. The pilot spent fuel shipment from Uzbekistan to Russia was completed in April 2006. (author)« less

The Search for a Cold War Grand Strategy: NSC 68 & 162

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-05-22

Robert Dallek, Harry S. Truman (New York: Times Books, 2008); Ernest R. May, American Cold War Strategy (New York: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press...Gave the Soviets the Atomic Bomb (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), 119. 32Robert C. Williams , Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard...possibilities, including preemptive buying.”52 Dr. Ernest O. Lawrence was the final consultant engaged by the State-Defense Policy Review Group. The

Supporting Reform in Science Education in Central and Eastern Europe--Reflections and Perspectives from the Project TEMPUS-SALiS

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kapanadze, Marika; Eilks, Ingo

2014-01-01

After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, many Central and Eastern European countries underwent significant change in their political and educational systems, among them Georgia and Moldova. Reforms in education sought to overcome the highly centralized educational system of the former Soviet Union as well as to conquer the teacher-centred…

The Soviet Educational Project: The Eradication of Adult Illiteracy in the 1920s-1930s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Glushchenko, I. V.

2015-01-01

The article analyzes the constituent steps and measures of the Soviet campaign to eradicate illiteracy among adults in the 1920s-30s. A comparison of educational and ideological aspects of this campaign demonstrates how closely they were interrelated and how they facilitated the creation of new patterns of cultural behavior. The author shows that…

Russian and American Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) - Prime Crew Portrait

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-27

S75-22410 (March 1975) --- These five men compose the two prime crews of the joint United States-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975. They are astronaut Thomas P. Stafford (standing on left), commander of the American crew; cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov (standing on right), commander of the Soviet crew; astronaut Donald K. Slayton (seated on left), docking module pilot of the American crew; astronaut Vance D. Brand (seated center), command module pilot of the American crew; and cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov (seated on right), engineer on the Soviet crew.

Rockets and People. Volume 1

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chertok, Boris E; Siddiqi, Asif A. (Editor)

2005-01-01

Much has been written in the West on the history of the Soviet space program but few Westerners have read direct first-hand accounts of the men and women who were behind the many Russian accomplishments in exploring space.The memoirs of Academician Boris Chertok, translated from the original Russian, fills that gap.Chertok began his career as an electrician in 1930 at an aviation factory near Moscow.Twenty-seven years later, he became deputy to the founding figure of the Soviet space program, the mysterious Chief Designer Sergey Korolev. Chertok s sixty-year-long career and the many successes and failures of the Soviet space program constitute the core of his memoirs, Rockets and People. These writings are spread over four volumes. This is volume I. Academician Chertok not only describes and remembers, but also elicits and extracts profound insights from an epic story about a society s quest to explore the cosmos. In Volume 1, Chertok describes his early years as an engineer and ends with the mission to Germany after the end of World War II when the Soviets captured Nazi missile technology and expertise. Volume 2 takes up the story with the development of the world s first intercontinental ballistic missile ICBM) and ends with the launch of Sputnik and the early Moon probes. In Volume 3, Chertok recollects the great successes of the Soviet space program in the 1960s including the launch of the world s first space voyager Yuriy Gagarin as well as many events connected with the Cold War. Finally, in Volume 4, Chertok meditates at length on the massive Soviet lunar project designed to beat the Americans to the Moon in the 1960s, ending with his remembrances of the Energiya-Buran project.

Literacies of (Post)Socialist Childhood: Alternative Readings of Socialist Upbringings and Neoliberal Futures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mead, Michael A.; Silova, Iveta

2013-01-01

In the former Soviet Union, the upbringing of children in the spirit of Marxist-Leninist values was central to the project of societal transformation. More than 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is important to understand how the education of young children in this region has changed in response to a world rapidly globalising and…

Artist's concept of Apollo/Soyuz spacecraft docking approach

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-08-01

S73-02395 (August 1973) --- An artist?s concept illustrating an Apollo-type spacecraft (on left) about to dock with a Soviet Soyuz-type spacecraft. A recent agreement between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics provides for the docking in space of the Soyuz and Apollo-type spacecraft in Earth orbit in 1975. The joint venture is called the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Comparision of Dacca University, Bangladesh, Procurement Policy of the Soviet Union and United States Publications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Narang, Sat P.

A visit was made to Dacca University to survey the acquisition of Soviet Union and United States monographs and journals. The project was undertaken to ascertain the influence of the USSR on the intellectuals of Bangladesh in comparison to that of the United States. It was discovered that, since 1972, the USSR has supplied very few publications to…

The Social Mission of Out-of-School Education in the USSR: A Historical Reconstruction of a Soviet Megaproject

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kupriyanov, B. V.

2017-01-01

This article, which is based on an analysis of historiography and historical sources, attempts to historically reconstruct the initial plan for out-of-school education in the Soviet Union that was to be carried out by the leaders of the People's Commissariat for Education. We argue that there were two independent projects: one for out-of-school…

Scientific Migration in Central Europe in the Context of the Cold War

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hoffmann, Dieter

2011-03-01

As a way of intellectual reparations the Allies tried in 1945 to capture German scientists to undertake research in their own R& D and military research projects. The Soviet Occupied Zone of Germany was particularly strongly affected by this seizure of its scientific elite. Among the displaced were a group of leading German physicists, who were assigned to specific laboratories in the Caucasus, where they were kept like precious birds in a golden cage advancing the Soviet atomic bomb project. These included the Nobel Laureate Gustav Hertz, Manfred von Ardenne, Peter Adolf Thiessen and Max Steenbeck, to name but a few. In contrast to many others in similar circumstances, the fate of these scientists was directly influenced by the nuclear race and the Cold War as a result of which they were unable to return to Germany before 1955. Many German returnee scientists settled in East Germany, but some enjoyed successful careers in the West. Remarkably, one of the most instrumental inventions of the nuclear age -- the ultracentrifuge used for uranium enrichment -- emerged from this ``gilded cage.'' However, the 1950s were also marked by other migrations as well as by processes of science and technology transfer. In particular, there was an exodus of many scientists from East to West, which was driven by a lack of political freedom and prospertity and exacerbated by political turmoil in Central Europe during this period (1953/1956/1961/1968). My talk will provide a brief account of these migratory processes with a focus on Germany. Migrations concerning other Central European countries such as Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland will be also briefly described in a comparative perspective and illustrated with examples about the life and work of several physicists.

Soviet and American ASTP crew sample candidate food items

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Candidate food items being considered for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission are sampled by three ASTP crewmen in bldg 4 at JSC. They are, left to right, Cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet ASTP crew; Astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot of the American ASTP crew; and Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP crew. Kubasov is marking a food rating chart on which the crewmen mark their choices, likes and dislikes of the food being sampled. Brand is drinking orange juice from an accordian-like dispenser. Leonov is eating butter cookies.

APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) - FOOD

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-04-01

S74-20798 (23 April 1974) --- Candidate food items being considered for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission are sampled by two ASTP crewmen in Building 4 at the Johnson Space Center. They are, left to right, astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot of the American ASTP crew; and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP crew. Leonov is drinking orange juice from an accordion-like dispenser. The two Soviet crewmen will have an opportunity to eat with the three American crewmen while the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft are docked in Earth orbit. Leonov will dine on food being chosen by him now.

KSC - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) COMMAND SERVICE MODULE (CSM) - KSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-09-08

S74-32049 (8 Sept. 1974) --- The Apollo Command Module for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission goes through receiving, inspection and checkout procedures in the Manned Spacecraft Operations Building at the Kennedy Space Center. The spacecraft had just arrived by air from the Rockwell International plant at Downey, California. The Apollo spacecraft (Command Module, Service Module and Docking Module), with astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, Vance D. Brand and Donald K. Slayton aboard, will dock in Earth orbit with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft during the joint U.S.-USSR ASTP flight scheduled for July 1975. The Soviet and American crews will visit one another?s spacecraft.

KSC-108-75PC-0388

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-15

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The Apollo Soyuz Test Project Saturn IB launch vehicle thundered away from KSC’s Launch Complex 39B at 3:50 p.m. today. Aboard the Apollo Command Module were ASTP Astronauts Thomas Stafford, Vance Brand and Donald Slayton. The astronauts will rendezvous and dock with a Soyuz spacecraft, launched this morning from the Baikonur launch facility in the Soviet Union, carrying Soviet cosmonauts Aleksey Leonov and Valeriy Kubasov. The first international crewed spaceflight was a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, or ASTP, took its name from the spacecraft employed: the American Apollo and the Soviet Soyuz. The three-man Apollo crew lifted off from Kennedy Space Center aboard a Saturn IB rocket on July 15, 1975, to link up with the Soyuz that had launched a few hours earlier. A cylindrical docking module served as an airlock between the two spacecraft for transfer of the crew members. Photo credit: NASA

Productivity, Slack, and Time Theft in the Soviet Economy: Evidence from the Soviet Interview Project

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-09-01

enterprise, changes in personal living standards, tightness of enterprise targets, and so on. The natural question is how these perceptions affect...microeconomic working arrangements, and respondent-specific questions concerning their own personal experiences and impressions. These two types of responses...directly to speak about personal workplace experiences, so there is less dznger of second-hand generalizatIons. The slack questions address

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-09

security and control over nuclear weapons and fissile materials. These projects provided Russia with bullet-proof Kevlar blankets, secure canisters ...U.S. security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early...U.S.-Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov joins belly dancer on stage at Folklife Festival

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, in one of the lighter moments of activity involving Soviet Cosmonauts and American Astronauts, joins a belly dancer on stage as several visitors to weekend activity at the site of San Antonio's HemisFair look on. Leonov is commander of the Soviet Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crew. The Lebanese dancing was just one feature among many during the Texas Folklife Festival.

Alternative Strategic Environments, 1994-2004.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

ability to sustain a heavy burden of defense spending politically. The study assumes that in the "surprise-free" forecast Europe will remain divided...nationalistic discontent and impa- tience with Soviet control. The possibility of an overt Soviet intervention is expected to remain high. Because of its own prob...development would be particularly important for the United States and its allies, as 3apan and several West European nations are projected to remain

Apollo Soyuz Test Project Commemorative plaque in orbit

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-17

AST-05-263 (17-18 July 1975) --- The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Commemorative Plaque is assembled in the Soviet Soyuz Orbital Module during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. The plaque is written both in English and Russian.

Decision-Making under Stress: World War II and Beyond.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Johns, Robert

1986-01-01

Provides a teaching plan which helps students imaginatively take the roles of leaders in the United States during World War II so that they might more completely understand such difficult decisions as allying with the Soviet Union, relocating Japanese-Americans, and dropping the atomic bomb. Provides a statement of goals and objectives, required…

ASTP crewmen have a meal during training session at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The American ASTP prime crewmen have a meal with the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crewmen during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) joint crew training at JSC. The four are inside the Soyuz Orbital Module mock-up in bldg 35. They are, left to right, Astronaut Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot of the American crew; Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet crew; Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American crew; and Cosmonaut Valeriy M. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet crew. The training session simulated activities on the second day in Earth orbit. During the actual mission the other American crewman, Astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot, would be in the Command Module.

BLDG. 30 - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) SIMS - FLIGHT DIRECTION - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23638 (20 March 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center during joint ASTP simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975. M.P. Frank (seated, right) is the senior American flight director for the mission. Sigurd A. Sjoberg (in center, checked jacket), JSC Deputy Director, watches some of the console activity. George W.S. Abbey, Technical Assistant to the JSC Director, is standing next to Sjoberg. The television monitor in the background shows Soviet Soyuz crew activity from the Soviet Union.

Portraits - American Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Prime Crewmen

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-01-01

S74-15241 (January 1974) --- These three NASA astronauts are the United States flight crew for the 1975 Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission. The prime crew members for the joint United States - Soviet Union spaceflight are, left to right, Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot; Vance D. Brand, command module pilot; and Thomas P. Stafford, commander. The American and Soviet crews will visit one another?s spacecraft while the Soyuz and Apollo are docked in Earth orbit for a maximum of two days. The ASTP mission is designed to test equipment and techniques that will establish international crew rescue capability in space, as well as permit future cooperative scientific missions.

OFFICIAL EMBLEM - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP)

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-03-01

S74-17843 (March 1974) --- This is the official emblem of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project chosen by NASA and the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The joint U.S.-USSR space mission is scheduled to be flown in July 1975. Of circular design, the emblem has the words Apollo in English and Soyuz in Russian around a center disc which depicts the two spacecraft docked together in Earth orbit. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project will be carried out by a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft and a U.S. Apollo spacecraft which will rendezvous and dock in orbit. Soyuz and Apollo will remain docked for as long as two days in which period, the three Apollo astronauts will enter Soyuz and the two Soyuz cosmonauts will visit Apollo via a docking module. The Russian word "soyuz" means "union" in English.

Reforming the Police in Post-Soviet States: Georgia and Kyrgyzstan

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-11-01

expected to be dedicated to their profes- sion “because it is difficult, dangerous , routine, you deal with crazy people.”43 Most servicemen return for...transnational threats such as terrorism, drug trafficking, and organized crime. Still, most of OSCE projects were ad hoc, not following any coher- ent...newsletter, please subscribe on the SSI website at www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/newsletter. ISBN 1-58487-601-8 v FOREWORD In most Soviet successor

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-03

Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow and its companion Science and Technology Center (STCU) in Kiev, Ukraine. In the FY2005 budget request, it combined...International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow. Several other former Soviet states joined the center during the 1990s, and other nations, including...research funded by these centers. The Moscow Center funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-28

former Soviet Union.67 The State Department also manages and funds the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow and its companion...late 1992, the United States, Japan, the European Union, and Russia established the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow...funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow supported more than 22,000 scientists with more than $29

VIew of Mission Control on first day of ASTP docking in Earth orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center on the first day of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) docking in Earth orbit mission. The American ASTP flight controllers at JSC were monitoring the progress of the Soviet ASTP launch when this photograph was taken. The television monitor shows Cosmonaut Yuri V. Romanenko at his spacecraft communicator's console in the ASTP mission control center in the Soviet Union.

Eisenhower's "Atoms for Peace" Speech: A Case Study in the Strategic Use of Language.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Medhurst, Martin J.

1987-01-01

Examines speech delivered by President Eisenhower to General Assembly of the United Nations in December 1953. Demonstrates how a complex rhetorical situation resulted in the crafting and exploitation of a public policy address. Speech bolstered international image of the United States as peacemaker, warned the Soviets against a preemptive nuclear…

The Rosenberg Trial: Uncovering the Layers of History

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ragsdale, Bruce A.

2013-01-01

The trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg on charges of conspiring to spy for the Soviet Union remains one of the defining moments of the Cold War era. The dramatic allegations of stolen atomic secrets and networks of Communist spies riveted the public's attention. The determination of government prosecutors reflected a widely shared belief that the…

Atomic bomb: Ultimate faith of diplomacy. Research report, August 1992-April 1993

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Frank, S.

1993-04-01

This paper examines the development and use of the atomic bombs as the means of achieving a grand strategy formulated by United States President Franklin Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill as early as 1943. This grand strategy consisted of two main goals. First, if necessary, the atomic bombs would be used to end World War II as soon as they were ready. Second, the existence of the atomic bombs would be used as a diplomatic hammer to shape the political landscape of the postwar world - a direct warning to Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin not to attempt tomore » hegemonize Eastern Europe and the Far East. Was the grand strategy successfully accomplished. Could newly sworn President Harry Truman have employed diplomatic means to quickly and successfully end World War II without resorting to the use of the atomic bombs against Japan.« less

Elder knowledge and sustainable livelihoods in post-Soviet Russia: finding dialogue across the generations.

PubMed

Crate, Susan A

2006-01-01

Russia's indigenous peoples have been struggling with economic, environmental, and socio-cultural dislocation since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. In northern rural areas, the end of the Soviet Union most often meant the end of agro-industrial state farm operations that employed and fed surrounding rural populations. Most communities adapted to this loss by reinstating some form of pre-Soviet household-level food production based on hunting, fishing, and/or herding. However, mass media, globalization, and modernity challenge the intergenerational knowledge exchange that grounds subsistence practices. Parts of the circumpolar north have been relatively successful in valuing and integrating elder knowledge within their communities. This has not been the case in Russia. This article presents results of an elder knowledge project in northeast Siberia, Russia that shows how rural communities can both document and use elder knowledge to bolster local definitions of sustainability and, at the same time, initiate new modes of communication between village youth and elders.

What are the effects of arms control on Norway and northern waters. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Furnes, R.H.

1990-04-01

Norway occupies a strategic position between the two superpowers. Her close proximity to the Soviet Union and the military bases on the Kola Peninsula make her territory attractive to both NATO and the Soviet Union. Buildups of the Soviet North Fleet and the naval base on Kola and the United States naval strategy of forward deployment, have increased the activity and the importance of northern waters. This increased importance of northern waters could challenge the Norwegian security policy. Arms reduction could make Norwegian territory relatively more important for the Soviet Union to defend her interests on Kola and in northernmore » waters and for the United States to project a threat to the Soviet interests in the area. (1) A reduction of strategic nuclear missile forces will focus on survivability. Northern waters offers excellent protection to Soviet submarines. A relative shift to SLBM could be the result of reducing the strategic nuclear missile forces. (2) The INF does not comprise sea launched intermediate nuclear missiles. Hence the elimination of land-based intermediate nuclear forces could cause a shift to sea launched nuclear missiles. START negotiations and the INF treaty could relatively increase the number of sea based strategic and intermediate nuclear forces which would relatively increase the activity and the importance of northern waters. Thus, Norway and her security policy would be affected.« less

Arctic cities and climate change: climate-induced changes in stability of Russian urban infrastructure built on permafrost

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shiklomanov, Nikolay; Streletskiy, Dmitry; Swales, Timothy

2014-05-01

Planned socio-economic development during the Soviet period promoted migration into the Arctic and work force consolidation in urbanized settlements to support mineral resources extraction and transportation industries. These policies have resulted in very high level of urbanization in the Soviet Arctic. Despite the mass migration from the northern regions during the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the diminishing government support, the Russian Arctic population remains predominantly urban. In five Russian Administrative regions underlined by permafrost and bordering the Arctic Ocean 66 to 82% (depending on region) of the total population is living in Soviet-era urban communities. The political, economic and demographic changes in the Russian Arctic over the last 20 years are further complicated by climate change which is greatly amplified in the Arctic region. One of the most significant impacts of climate change on arctic urban landscapes is the warming and degradation of permafrost which negatively affects the structural integrity of infrastructure. The majority of structures in the Russian Arctic are built according to the passive principle, which promotes equilibrium between the permafrost thermal regime and infrastructure foundations. This presentation is focused on quantitative assessment of potential changes in stability of Russian urban infrastructure built on permafrost in response to ongoing and future climatic changes using permafrost - geotechnical model forced by GCM-projected climate. To address the uncertainties in GCM projections we have utilized results from 6 models participated in most recent IPCC model inter-comparison project. The analysis was conducted for entire extent of Russian permafrost-affected area and on several representative urban communities. Our results demonstrate that significant observed reduction in urban infrastructure stability throughout the Russian Arctic can be attributed to climatic changes and that projected future climatic changes will further negatively affect communities on permafrost. However, the uncertainties in magnitude and spatial and temporal patterns of projected climate change produced by individual GCMs translate to substantial variability of the future state of infrastructure built on permafrost.

American & Soviet engineers examine ASTP docking set-up following tests

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-07-10

S74-25394 (10 July 1974) --- A group of American and Soviet engineers of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project working group three examines an ASTP docking set-up following a docking mechanism fitness test conducted in Building 13 at the Johnson Space Center. Working Group No. 3 is concerned with ASTP docking problems and techniques. The joint U.S.-USSR ASTP docking mission in Earth orbit is scheduled for the summer of 1975. The Apollo docking mechanism is atop the Soyuz docking mechanism.

Soviet and American flight directors for ASTP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

These two men are flight directors for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission scheduled for July 1975. Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Yeliseyev (left) is the Soviet ASTP senior flight director; and M. P. Frank is the American ASTP senior flight director. They are seated beside a Docking Module training mock-up in bldg 35 at JSC. Cosmonaut Yeliseyev was head of a delegation of USSR flight controllers who were at JSC for two weeks of ASTP training.

Soviet Perspectives on Current Sino-Soviet Relations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-06-01

cmlbal power capable of power projection to the Thir , Worl , the growth of the strategic importance of South-East Asia, the Second Indochina War , the...34Chinese Ground Forces in ’Peoples War Under Modern Conditions’" ( Monograph February 1983), p. 6. 26. Jencks, "Peoples War ", Op. Cit., p. 5. 27...34 cessation of tradle. This continue( until 1_969, when act :-a conflict alone their utual ’or,3er broke out Im - nations uttered war threats

Test - Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP)

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-07-01

S74-24671 (10 July 1974) --- Three Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) engineers look over a Soyuz spacecraft docking system prior to an ASTP docking mechanism fitness test conducted in Building 13 at the Johnson Space Center (JSC). They are (left to right) Robert White, Vladimir Syromyatnikov and Yevgeniy Bobrov. White is the American chairman of ASTP Working Group Number 3, and Syromyatnikov is his Soviet counterpart. This working group is concerned with ASTP docking problems and procedures. White is with JSC's Spacecraft Design Division. Syromyatnikov is senior researcher of the Soviet State Research Institute of Machine Building. Bobrov is a junior researcher with the Institute of Machine Building. The joint United States - USSR ASTP docking mission in Earth orbit is scheduled for the summer of 1975.

August 5, 1963-President Kennedy's Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow, Russia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kennedy, John F.

On August 5, 1963, after more than eight years of negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the nuclear age. As tensions between East and West settled into a Cold War, scientists in the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union conducted tests and developed more powerful nuclear weapons. In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and themore » public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue. In May 1955, the United Nations Disarmament Commission brought together the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union to begin negotiations on ending nuclear weapons testing. Conflict soon arose over inspections to verify underground testing. The Soviet Union feared that on-site inspections could lead to spying that might expose the Soviets' vastly exaggerated claims of the number of deliverable nuclear weapons. As negotiators struggled over differences, the Soviet Union and the United States suspended nuclear tests—a moratorium that lasted from November 1958 to September 1961. John F. Kennedy had supported ban on nuclear weapons testing since 1956. He believed a ban would prevent other countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, and took a strong stand on the issue in the 1960 presidential campaign. Once elected, President Kennedy pledged not to resume testing in the air and promised to pursue all diplomatic efforts for a test ban treaty before resuming underground testing. He envisioned the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament. President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961, just five weeks after the humiliating defeat of the US-sponsored invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Khrushchev took a hard line at the summit. He announced his intention to cut off Western access to Berlin and threatened war if the United States or its allies tried to stop him. Many US diplomats felt that Kennedy had not stood up to the Soviet premier at the summit and left Khrushchev with the impression that he was a weak leader. President Kennedy's political and military advisers feared that the Soviet Union had continued secret underground testing and made gains in nuclear technology. They pressured Kennedy to resume testing. And, according to a Gallup poll in July 1961, the public approved of testing by a margin of two-to-one. In August 1961, the Soviet Union announced its intention to resume atmospheric testing, and over the next three months it conducted 31 nuclear tests. It exploded the largest nuclear bomb in history—58 megatons—4,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. In his commencement address at American University on June 10, 1963, Kennedy announced a new round of high-level arms negotiations with the Russians. He boldly called for an end to the Cold War. "If we cannot end our differences," he said, "at least we can help make the world a safe place for diversity." The Soviet government broadcast a translation of the entire speech, and allowed it to be reprinted in the controlled Soviet press. The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by US Secretary Dean Rusk, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, and British Foreign Secretary Lord Home—one day short of the 18th anniversary of the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Over the next two months, President Kennedy convinced a fearful public and a divided Senate to support the treaty. The Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, by an 80-19 margin. Kennedy signed the ratified treaty on October 7, 1963. The treaty: prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space allowed underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test pledged signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Signed by 71 nations, including those possessing nuclear weapons, the treaty prohibited all nuclear test explosions including those conducted underground. Though it was signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 51 to 48.« less

William W. Momyer: A Biography of an Airpower Mind

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

Europe to the Mediterranean and Soviet Union 1935-45 ( Helion and Company, West Midlands, England, 2010), 169. 22 Richard G. Davis, Carl A. Spaatz and... Helion and Company, West Midlands, England, 2010), 169. 31 60th Fighter Squadron History, 62-63; 58th Fighter Squadron History, 131; Craven and... Energy Commission (AEC) to recommend, “an intensification of efforts to make atomic weapons available for

Compilation of seismic-refraction crustal data in the Soviet Union

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rodriguez, Robert; Durbin, William P.; Healy, J.H.; Warren, David H.

1964-01-01

The U.S. Geological Survey is preparing a series of terrain atlases of the Sino-Soviet bloc of nations for use in a possible nuclear-test detection program. Part of this project is concerned with the compilation and evaluation of crustal-structure data. To date, a compilation has been made of data from Russian publications that discuss seismic refraction and gravity studies of crustal structure. Although this compilation deals mainly with explosion seismic-refraction measurements, some results from earthquake studies are also included. None of the data have been evaluated.

Finding, Fixing, and Finishing the Guideline: The Development of the United States Air Force Surface-to-Air Missile Suppression Force During Operation Rolling Thunder

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-11

greatly aided by the mentorship and feedback provided by a diverse team of friends, peers , and instructors that focused me through the research and...internment in a Soviet prison brought about the end of the U-2 over flight program of the Soviet Union. Later, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Maj Rudolph ...REPORT: Buffalo Hunter, 1970-1972. HQ PACAF, 1973. Heffron Jr., Charles H. PROJECT CHECO REPORT: Air to Air Encounters Over North Vietnam, 1 Jan

Ocean surveillance satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Laurent, D.

Soviet and U.S. programs involving satellites for surveillance of ships and submarines are discussed, considering differences in approaches. The Soviet program began with the Cosmos 198 in 1967 and the latest, the Cosmos 1400 series, 15 m long and weighing 5 tons, carry radar for monitoring ships and a nuclear reactor for a power supply. Other Soviet spacecraft carrying passive microwave sensors and ion drives powered by solar panels have recently been detonated in orbit for unknown reasons. It has also been observed that the Soviet satellites are controlled in pairs, with sequential orbital changes for one following the other, and both satellites then overflying the same points. In contrast, U.S. surveillance satellites have been placed in higher orbits, thus placing greater demands on the capabilities of the on-board radar and camera systems. Project White Cloud and the Clipper Bow program are described, noting the continued operation of the White Cloud spacecraft, which are equipped to intercept radio signals from surface ships. Currently, the integrated tactical surveillance system program has completed its study and a decision is expected soon.

Simulations- ASTP Command Module

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-11

S75-21599 (12 Feb. 1975) --- Six Apollo-Soyuz Test Project crewmen participate in joint crew training in Building 35 at the Johnson Space Center. They are (wearing flight suits), left to right, astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American ASTP prime crew; astronaut Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot on Stafford?s crew; cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew; astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot on Stafford?s crew; cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew; and cosmonaut Vladimir A. Dzhanibekov, commander of the Soviet ASTP third (backup) crew. Brand is seated next to the hatch of the Apollo Command Module trainer. This picture was taken during a ?walk-through? of the first day?s activities in Earth orbit. The other men are interpreters and training personnel.

SOCIAL - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP) - DISNEY WORLD - FL

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-10

S75-24052 (8-10 Feb. 1975) --- A space-suited Mickey Mouse character welcomes the prime crewmen of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission to Florida?s Disney World near Orlando. The crewmen made a side-trip to Disney World during a three-day inspection tour of NASA's Kennedy Space Center. The crewmen were at KSC to look over launch facilities and flight hardware. Receiving the jovial Disney World welcome are, left to right, cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet crew; astronaut Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot of the American crew; astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot of the American crew; cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet crew; astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American crew; and cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov, Chief of Cosmonaut Training for the USSR.

JPRS Report, East Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-11-17

the Land of the Soviets. In recent years this cooperation has been spreading to more and more domains of economy, science, technology , and culture...in a country that has technological problems in manufacturing toilet paper, not to mention the production of an average grade of automobile. There...and technology are a shambles, and yet the minister tells us to believe that it is possible to create a safely operating atomic power plant. Well

Risk and Safety in Post-Soviet Russia

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

radiation exposure databases from Chernobyl , radioactive contamination from long-term operation of large radiochemical atomic plants, and the impact of...64 9.4 Single Irradiation of the Population 65 9.5 Chronic Irradiation of the Population and Personnel 66 9.6. Conclusions 67 10.0 Chernobyl ...Related Radiation Risk for the Public 76 10.1 Introduction 76 10.2 Radioactive Contamination of Russian Territories as a Result of the Chernobyl

Recent developments: Industry briefs

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1990-09-01

Recent nuclear industry briefs are presented. These briefs include: Bechtel, Westinghouse and consumers form joint venture to operate Palisades; British Goverment to sell PowerGen in public offering; NPT conference opens in Geneva; Soviets buy US computers for nuclear safety; Cameco completes sale of interest in Rabbit Lake; Ebasco and CEGA each win defense reactor contract; East German utility takeover settled; Rio Algom shuts down Quirke and Panel early; and General Atomics buys Beverly mine.

Artificial satellite break-ups. I - Soviet ocean surveillance satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, N. L.

1983-02-01

An analysis of the breakup patterns of eight Soviet Kosmos series ocean surveillance satellites is presented. It is noted that half of the 4700 objects presently detected in earth orbit are shards from destroyed objects. The locations and heading of each Soviet satellite breakup were tracked by the Naval Space Survelliance System. All events in the eastern hemisphere occurred in the ascending phase, while western hemisphere breakups happened in the descending phase. Gabbard (1971) diagrams of altitude vs. period are plotted as a function of a fragment's orbital period. The diagrams have been incorporated into a NASA computer program to backtrack along the fragments' paths to determine the pattern of the breakup. Although objects have been projected to have separated from some of the satellites before breakup, a discussion of the evidence leads to the conclusion that even though the satellites may have exploded no purpose can yet be discerned for the actions.

Overall view of test set-up in bldg 13 at JSC during docking set-up tests

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-08-04

S74-27049 (4 Aug. 1974) --- Overall view of test set-up in Building 23 at the Johnson Space Center during testing of the docking mechanisms for the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The cinematic check was being made when this picture was taken. The test control room is on the right. The Soviet-developed docking system is atop the USA-NASA developed docking system. Both American and Soviet engineers can be seen taking part in the docking testing. The ASTP docking mission in Earth orbit is scheduled for July 1975.

A New Stage in the Development of Secondary Vocational-Technical Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sedakov, V.

1977-01-01

Recommends that projected growth in the technical-vocational sector of education in the Soviet Union be accompanied by qualitative improvements in areas of political socialization, cultural transmission, and technical development. (Author/DB)

Looking on the east: Transformation of the sleeping colossus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khazanet, V.L.

1995-06-01

The initial wave of euphoria that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union has given way to the mixed blessings of a transitional period. Changing from a managed economy to a market economy is a difficult process. To understand why the transitional period is so difficult, the influence of more than 70 years of communist education, mentality, and lifestyle has to be taken into account. The results of the past are deeply felt by each ex-Soviet citizen, and the still-powerful old influences can slow down market development. The business environment is changing incredibly fast; the possibility of US construction companiesmore » working in the Former Soviet States (FSS) was unthinkable only a few years ago. Foreign companies may find it hard to do business in the FSS due to their limited knowledge of how the construction industry works there. Differences in the business mentality and in the decision-making process must be understood. To avoid failure and to successfully implement construction projects in the FSS, investors must be familiar with the history of the Soviet construction industry, its current status, and its likely future. 2 figs.« less

Uranium isotope separation from 1941 to the present

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Maier-Komor, Peter

2010-02-01

Uranium isotope separation was the key development for the preparation of highly enriched isotopes in general and thus became the seed for target development and preparation for nuclear and applied physics. In 1941 (year of birth of the author) large-scale development for uranium isotope separation was started after the US authorities were warned that NAZI Germany had started its program for enrichment of uranium and might have confiscated all uranium and uranium mines in their sphere of influence. Within the framework of the Manhattan Projects the first electromagnetic mass separators (Calutrons) were installed and further developed for high throughput. The military aim of the Navy Department was to develop nuclear propulsion for submarines with practically unlimited range. Parallel to this the army worked on the development of the atomic bomb. Also in 1941 plutonium was discovered and the production of 239Pu was included into the atomic bomb program. 235U enrichment starting with natural uranium was performed in two steps with different techniques of mass separation in Oak Ridge. The first step was gas diffusion which was limited to low enrichment. The second step for high enrichment was performed with electromagnetic mass spectrometers (Calutrons). The theory for the much more effective enrichment with centrifugal separation was developed also during the Second World War, but technical problems e.g. development of high speed ball and needle bearings could not be solved before the end of the war. Spying accelerated the development of uranium separation in the Soviet Union, but also later in China, India, Pakistan, Iran and Iraq. In this paper, the physical and chemical procedures are outlined which lead to the success of the project. Some security aspects and Non-Proliferation measures are discussed.

From the history of physics (Scientific session of the General Meeting of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 17 December 2012)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

2013-05-01

A scientific session of the General Meeting of the Physical Sciences Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) was held in the conference hall of the Lebedev Physical Institute, RAS on 17 December 2012.The following reports were put on the session's agenda posted on the website http://www.gpad.ac.ru of the RAS Physical Sciences Division: (1) Dianov E M (Fiber Optics Research Center, RAS, Moscow) "On the threshold of a peta era"; (2) Zabrodskii A G (Ioffe Physical Technical Institute, RAS, St. Petersburg) "Scientists' contribution to the great victory in WWII using the example of the Leningrad (now A F Ioffe) Physical Technical Institute"; (3) Ilkaev R I (Russian Federal Nuclear Center --- All-Russian Research Institute of Experimental Physics, Sarov) "Major stages of the Soviet Atomic Project"; (4) Cherepashchuk A M (Sternberg State Astronomical Institute of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow) "History of the Astronomy history ". Papers written on the basis of the reports are published below. • On the Threshold of Peta-era, E M Dianov Physics-Uspekhi, 2013, Volume 56, Number 5, Pages 486-492 • Scientists' contribution to the Great Victory in WWII on the example of the Leningrad (now A F Ioffe) Physical Technical Institute, A G Zabrodskii Physics-Uspekhi, 2013, Volume 56, Number 5, Pages 493-502 • Major stages of the Atomic Project, R I Ilkaev Physics-Uspekhi, 2013, Volume 56, Number 5, Pages 502-509 • History of the Universe History, A M Cherepashchuk Physics-Uspekhi, 2013, Volume 56, Number 5, Pages 509-530

Nuclear Safeguards and the International Atomic Energy Agency

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-04-01

1993; Export Controls and Nonprolife ration Policy, OTA-ISS-596, May 1994; and Proliferation and the Former Soviet Union, OTA-ISC-605, September 1994...states would likely be much less reprocessing plant such as that being built by sanguine about the effectiveness of safeguards if a Japan at Rokkasho... formulate more intelligent and constructive pro- criminal record or are otherwise not eligible to en- posals for its improvement, which could ultimate- ter

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-07-10

MAKSALA, 11 Mar 89] oy ’Creeping Immigration ’ In Latvian Atomic Energy Enterprise [V. Brinkmanis; LITERATURA UN MAKSLA No 11, 18 Mar 89] /u... therapists ). During the tragic events of 9 April and in subsequent days, 3,515 victims asked for and received out-patient care (students at the First...great deal, and not just belles lettres. After secondary school I graduated from the Faculty of Mathematical Physics at the univer- sity, and I

A Need to Know: The Role of Air Force Reconnaissance in War Planning, 1945 - 1953

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

plan BROILER , the Joint Chiefs of Staff continued their reliance on strategic air war, but the doctrinal basis for the plans shifted from precision... BROILER . In some respects BROILER resembled the PINCHER plans: the United States assumed an accidental outbreak of war, o-verwhelming Soviet superiority...assessment, BROILER relied heavily on atomic bombs. In other words, instead of a strategic campaign featuring conventional bombardment augmented by a few

Sanctuary in the Korean War: A Manifestation of Political Restraint

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-05-17

Peninsular War in Spain (1808-14) because the French were unable to pursue the Spanish guerrilla’s into the rugged mountains of the Iberian Peninsula ...During World War I, the Ottoman military was unable to deny T.E. Lawrence and his Arab forces sanctuary in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula . In...Soviet atomic detonation, and Chinese Communist victory) created a climate of tension and fear in the United States. Americans increasingly worried

2017 INFORMS PRIZE. The Nomination of The United States Air Force

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-02-08

practice of market design. Shapley, a World War II veteran of the Army Air Corps who received the Bronze Star for his work in breaking a Soviet weather...theorem, the Gale-Shapley algorithm, the potential game concept, market games, authority distribution, multi-person utility, and non-atomic games...new field offices where they did not yet exist. The field OA offices were organized according to these same general principles . Some analysts were

Soviet Developments in Material Science No. 1, January - June 1975

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-11-30

Zotova, T. Makhanbetaliyev, B. Ya. Mel’tser, and D. N. Nasledov. Effect of fluctuations in local composition of solid solutions on...289-297. Gurin, N. T., D. G. Semak, and V. V. Fedak. Threshold switching and local states in chalcogenide glasses. FTP, no. 4, 1975...L. N. Seregina. Crystal-glass transition in Ge0 .-Te- p. and its effect on local environment of germanium atoms. FTT, no. 2, 1975, 633

Worldwide Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-08-29

BRIEFS IAEA TO INSPECT SOVIET PLANTS —Vienna, 7 Aug (AFP)—The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) will inspect two nuclear power stations and an... power —equal to the output of about 32 nuclear power plants —must be provided, which then, to be sure, would be needed for only about 2 minutes. But...which requires electric power plants conceived especially for this purpose. If, in installing this capacity, one assumes $300 per kilowatt—a value

KSC-108-75P-0057

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-10

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. – The Soviet and American crews for the July Apollo Soyuz Test Project [standing, center] addressed personnel assembled in a firing room at KSC on February 10. The crews for the joint manned space mission toured the Center during their three-day visit which also included inspection of ASTP equipment and facilities and a trip to Disney World. The first international crewed spaceflight was a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, or ASTP, took its name from the spacecraft employed: the American Apollo and the Soviet Soyuz. The three-man Apollo crew lifted off from Kennedy Space Center aboard a Saturn IB rocket on July 15, 1975, to link up with the Soyuz that had launched a few hours earlier. A cylindrical docking module served as an airlock between the two spacecraft for transfer of the crew members. Photo credit: NASA

Thirty years together: A chronology of U.S.-Soviet space cooperation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Portree, David S. F.

1993-01-01

The chronology covers 30 years of cooperation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union (and its successor, the Commonwealth of Independent States, of which the Russian Federation is the leading space power). It tracks successful cooperative projects and failed attempts at space cooperation. Included are the Dryden-Blagonravov talks; the UN Space Treaties; the Apollo Soyuz Test Project; COSPAS-SARSAT; the abortive Shuttle-Salyut discussions; widespread calls for joint manned and unmanned exploration of Mars; conjectural plans to use Energia and other Russian space hardware in ambitious future joint missions; and contemporary plans involving the U.S. Shuttle, Russian Mir, and Soyuz-TM. The chronology also includes events not directly related to space cooperation to provide context. A bibliography lists works and individuals consulted in compiling the chronology, plus works not used but relevant to the topic of space cooperation.

Creative Technology for Schoolchildren.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stolyarov, Yuri

1981-01-01

Describes creative technology programs for elementary and secondary school children in the Soviet Union. Elementary school projects include aircraft, ship, and rocket models, amateur radio, electrical engineering, and electronics. Senior high school students design and build small-capacity vehicles, agricultural equipment, and electronic…

Astronaut Brand and Cosmonaut Ivanchenko in Docking Module trainer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Astronaut Vance D. Brand (foreground) and Cosmonaut Aleksandr S. Ivanchenko are seated in the Docking Module trainer in bldg 35 during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) simulation training at JSC. Brand is the command module pilot of the American ASTP prime crew. Ivanchenko is the engineer on the Soviet ASTP fourth crew (back-up). During the exercise the American ASTP crew and the Soviet ASTP crew simulated docking the Apollo and Soyuz in Earth orbit and transferring to each other's spacecraft. This view is looking from inside the Command Module into the Docking Module. The hatchway leading into the Soyuz spacecraft orbital module mock-up is in the background.

Liberation and containment: re-visualising the eugenic and evolutionary ideal of the "Fizkul'turnitsa" in 1944.

PubMed

Simpson, Pat

2011-01-01

In July 1944 cross-country races and parades of physical culturists were prominently used to celebrate Soviet liberation from German occupation. While journalistic accounts stressed the manly health and vigour of the victorious Red Army, press photographs in Pravda and Red Sport, and Aleksandr Deneika's monumental painting 'Liberation', emphasised images of the young female physical culturist. This essay explores what a contextualised analysis of these images may have to tell historians about the connections between women, physical culture and liberation being projected. The argument suggests that, on one level, the images straightforwardly symbolised and celebrated the liberation of the Soviet 'Motherland'. On another, more complex level, the images represented a particularly nuanced notion of constricted liberation for Soviet women deriving from 1920s eugenic and evolutionary discourse, inscribed into the contemporary imperative for engagement with physical culture as a necessary stage of healthful body discipline on the path to hygienic and successful motherhood.

Biggest Radio-Telescope in Northern Europe, the RT-32 in Latvia

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monstein, Christian

2014-08-01

Hidden in the dense coastal forests of Slítere a mysterious ex-Soviet spy center is now used for science. Almost everyone including me who entered the site of the two large radio telescopes called Irbene, are amazed by the surrealistic atmosphere of the abandoned ghost town and two large radio dish antennas in the middle of nowhere. This article will tell more about this site; see also [1]. As the Cold War between the US and USSR entered the space age, the need for Space espionage led to the Soviets designing ways to track and decode signals from US satellites. The project began in 1967 when the remote areas of the Ventspils district were allocated for secret buildup of a site codenamed "Starlet". The location was chosen because of low population and dense forest areas of Slí;tere that also were part of the Soviet border zone - ensuring that no strangers could ever discover it.

Software Technology Transfer and Export Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

development projects of their own. By analogy, a Soviet team might be able to repeat the learning experience of the ADEPT-50 junior staff...recommendations concerning product form and further study . The posture of this group has been to consider software technology and its transfer as a process...and views of the Software Subgroup of Technical Working Group 7 (Computers) of the Critical Technologies Project . The work reported

Revisiting the U.S.-Soviet space race: Comparing two systems in their competition to land a man on the moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Erickson, Andrew S.

2018-07-01

The Cold War space competition between the U.S. and the USSR, centered on their race to the moon, offers both an important historical case and larger implications for space and technology development and policy. In the late 1950s, under Premier Nikita Khrushchev's direction and Chief Designer Sergei Korolev's determined implementation, Moscow's capabilities appeared to eclipse Washington's. This called the international system's very nature into question and prompted President John F. Kennedy to declare a race to the moon. Despite impressive goals and talented engineers, in the centralized but under-institutionalized, resource-limited Soviet Union feuding chief designers playing bureaucratic politics promoted a cacophony of overambitious, overlapping, often uncompleted projects. The USSR suffered from inadequate standardization and quality control at outlying factories and failed to sustain its lead. In marked contrast, American private corporations, under NASA's well-coordinated guidance and adjudication, helped the United States overtake from behind to meet Kennedy's deadline in 1969. In critical respects, Washington's lunar landing stemmed from an effective systems management program, while Moscow's moonshot succumbed to the Soviet system, which proved unequal to the task. In less than a decade, Soviet space efforts shifted from one-upping, to keeping up, to covering up. This article reconsiders this historic competition and suggests larger conclusions.

Bureaucratic politics of Soviet energy policy in the late Brezhnev period, 1976-1982: policy process and the energy balance. (Volumes I and II)

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jones, E.A.

1988-01-01

During 1976-82, policy disputes existed throughout the Soviet political system over what priority should be given to the West Siberia Petroleum and Gas Complex's development. In the Politburo and Secretariat, most members were motivated to take distinct stands on issues of energy policy strategy, with each member's stand based on his own combination of political, personal, and organizational reasons. Energy-related ministries and Gosplan departments pursued their own organizational missions and priorities, and obstructed official policies and projects in spite of their inclusion in the Five-Year Plan and widespread support for them at all levels of the Soviet political system. Themore » energy policy process was strongly influenced by the actions and interactions of the different energy-policy groups. Each energy-policy group was a cross-institutional cluster of actors. During 1976-82, the policy process for formulating and implementing Soviet energy policy was best explained by a combination of (1) the organizational process model, which operated at the ministry level and to a degree among the regional party secretaries who sat on the Politiburo, and (2) the bureaucratic politics model, which operated in Gosplan, the Secretariat, and the Politburo.« less

US UKRAINE ENVIRONMENTAL CAPACITY BUILDING PROJECT

EPA Science Inventory

Ukraine, when part of the former Soviet Union, was responsible for about 25% of its overall industrial production. This aging industrial infrastructure continues to emit enormous volumes of air and water pollution and wastes. Ukraine, according to UNDP, is ranked 11th in the wo...

International ties. [international cooperation in the space sciences

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1980-01-01

A historical overview of NASA's participation in international activities in space science is given. The Ariel, Alouette, Isis, and San Marco satellite programs are addressed along with sounding rocket and ground based projects. Relations and cooperation with the Soviet Union are also discussed.

Life Among the Stars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MOSAIC, 1977

1977-01-01

Explores possibility of extra-terrestrial life, reviewing current hypotheses regarding where in space life would most likely occur. Discusses astrometry and spectroscopy as methods for determining stellar motions. Describes United States and Soviet projects for receiving stellar communications. Relates origin of life on earth to observed high…

The Chernobyl accident, the male to female ratio at birth and birth rates.

PubMed

Grech, Victor

2014-01-01

The male:female ratio at birth (male births divided by total live births - M/T) has been shown to increase in response to ionizing radiation due to gender-biased fetal loss, with excess female loss. M/T rose sharply in 1987 in central-eastern European countries following the Chernobyl accident in 1986. This study analyses M/T and births for the former Soviet Republics and for the countries most contaminated by the event. Annual birth data was obtained from the World Health Organisation. The countries with the highest exposure levels (by ¹³⁷Cs) were identified from an official publication of the International Atomic Energy Agency. All of the former Soviet states were also analysed and the periods before and after 1986 were compared. Except for the Baltic States, all regions in the former USSR showed a significant rise in M/T from 1986. There were significant rises in M/T in the three most exposed (Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation). The birth deficit in the post-Soviet states for the ten years following Chernobyl was estimated at 2,072,666, of which 1,087,924 are accounted by Belarus and Ukraine alone. Chernobyl has resulted in the loss of millions of births, a process that has involved female even more than male fetuses. This is another and oft neglected consequence of widespread population radiation contamination.

"To Be...or Not To Be": The U.S. Response to the Cuban Missile Crisis. Eleventh Grade Activity. Schools of California Online Resources for Education (SCORE): Connecting California's Classrooms to the World.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krup, Carol

During the post-World War II era, the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union became strained. Both countries feared that one would target the other with atomic warheads placed on missiles. Fear of a nuclear holocaust occupied the thinking of many people as they went about their daily activities. As a member of the Executive…

Balance of Power Theory: Implications for the U.S., Iran, Saudi Arabia, and a New Arms Race

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

37 Andre de Nesnera, "Experts Urge Direct U.S.-Iranian Talks to Resolve Nuclear Issue," Voice of America , April 28, 2006, <http://www.voanews.com...negotiations with the International Atomic Energy Agency in order to initiate their plans for developing nuclear energy. For more, see Peter C. Glover ...wealth while enabling the United States to withstand the Soviet threat and succeed as the sole remaining superpower. While this formula served America

Mickey Mouse greets prime ASTP crewmen to Florida's Disney World

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

A space-suited Mickey Mouse character welcomes the prime crewmen of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) to Florida's Disney World near Orlando. The crewmen made a side-trip to Disney World during a three-day inspection tour of the Kennedy Space Center. Receiving the Disney World welcome are, left to right, Cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet crew; Astronaut Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot of the American crew; Astronaut Vance D. Brand, command module pilot of the American crew; Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet crew; Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American crew; and Cosmonaut Vladimir A. Shatalov, Chief of Cosmonaut Training for the U.S.S.R.

U.S., U.S.S.R. Marine Expedition

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wainger, Lisa A.

An historic expedition involving U.S. and U.S.S.R. scientists may open a new era of cooperation in marine research. A University of California, San Diego/Scripps Institution of Oceanography ship carrying a team that includes two Soviet scientists is on an expedition that will take the R/V Thomas Washington into the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the U.S.S.R. For the first time in a decade a U.S. research vessel has been given permission to operate in the Soviet Union's EEZ, according to Department of State representative Tom Cocke, who worked with Scripps on this project. The ship will also operate in the U.S. EEZ and international waters.

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov joins belly dancer on stage at Folklife Festival

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-09-14

S74-28666 (14 Sept. 1974) --- Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, in one of the lighter moments of activity involving Soviet cosmonauts and American astronauts, joins a belly dancer on stage as several visitors to weekend activity at the site of San Antonio?s HemisFair look on. Leonov is commander of the Soviet Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crew. A group of cosmonauts is in this country training with American astronauts for the joint U.S.-USSR ASTP rendezvous and docking mission scheduled for the summer of 1975. The Lebanese dancing was just one feature among many during the Texas Folklife Festival, in which members of 26 ethnic groups participated.

Test development for the thermionic system evaluation test (TSET) project

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Morris, D. Brent; Standley, Vaughn H.; Schuller, Michael J.

1992-01-01

The arrival of a Soviet TOPAZ-II space nuclear reactor affords the US space nuclear power (SNP) community the opportunity to study an assembled thermionic conversion power system. The TOPAZ-II will be studied via the Thermionic System Evaluation Test (TSET) Project. This paper is devoted to the discussion of TSET test development as related to the objectives contained in the TSET Project Plan (Standley et al. 1991). The objectives contained in the Project Plan are the foundation for scheduled TSET tests on TOPAZ-II and are derived from the needs of the Air Force Thermionic SNP program. Our ability to meet the objectives is bounded by unique constraints, such as procurement requirements, operational limitations, and necessary interaction between US and Soviet Scientists and engineers. The fulfillment of the test objectives involves a thorough methodology of test scheduling and data managment. The overall goals for the TSET program are gaining technical understanding of a thermionic SNP system and demonstrating the capabilities and limitations of such a system while assisting in the training of US scientist and engineers in preparation for US SNP system testing. Tests presently scheduled as part of TSET include setup, demonstration, and verification tests; normal and off-normal operating test, and system and component performance tests.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garner, W.V.

The problem investigated here is how Soviet perceptions of particular military threats, in this case from NATO's new INF missiles, affect their arms control negotiating policy. This study most closely examines Soviet writings in the 1979-83 period and relies on extensive interviewing, sponsored by IREX, at the Soviet Academy of Sciences Institutes. It attempts to distinguish between Soviet portrayals and real perceptions of the military and political threats from the 1983 INF deployments. It explores how such Soviet assessments interrelate with Soviet military doctrine and broader foreign policy strategies, and how perceptions might differ among Soviet analysts and officials. Itmore » is divided into six chapters: (1) Historical Perspectives; (2) Soviet Threat Portrayals; (3) Evaluating Soviet Threat Portrayals; (4) Soviet Military Doctrine and the INF Threat; (5) Soviet Political-Military Interests at the INF Negotiations; (6) The Soviet Net Assessment. The study finds that Soviet threat portrayals are loosely consistent with Soviet perceptions of the potential threat, especially from an extended-range Pershing missile against their National Command Authorities.« less

Project ACE Activity Sets. Book II: Grades 6 and 7.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Eden City Schools, NC.

The document contains eight activity sets suitable for grades 6 and 7. Topics focus on governmental, social, and educational systems in foreign countries. Each activity set contains background reading materials, resources, concepts, general objectives, and instructional objectives. Grade 6 sets are "Soviet Youth Organizations,""How…

Secondary Mathematics Education in the Soviet Union, an Individual Study Project.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-05-14

Pythagoras and other well-known congruence theorems on angles and triangles. Concepts of set theory are developed in relation to the topics studied. Grades 6...geometry (areas, volumes, etc.). Geometric topics include: use of the ruler, protractor, and compasses in geometric constructions; Theorem of

New observational project for revealing natural and anthropogenic threats at the near-Earth space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harutyunian, Haik A.; Nikoghosyan, Elena H.; Melikian, Norayr D.; Azatyan, Naira M.; Abrahamyan, Hayk V.; Paronyan, Gurgen M.; Andreasyan, Hasmik R.; Ohanian, Gabriel A.; Gevorgyan, Mkrtich H.; Mikayelyan, Gor A.

2017-12-01

In 2014, a new monitoring project started at the observational base Saravand of the Byurakan astrophysical observatory. This project initiated for revealing natural and artificial objects at the near-Earth space. This is a kind of continuation of earlier observational projects implemented at the observatory prior the collapse of Soviet Union. This time, near-Earth space monitoring is carried out at the request of the Russian agency ROSKOSMOS. For observations, the EOP-1 module is used, which includes small telescopes with a mirror diameter of 40cm, 25cm and 19cm.

Origin and evolution of US Naval strategic nuclear policy to 1960. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kreitlein, H.C.

1986-12-01

This thesis treats the impact of the atomic bomb on traditional naval strategy as that strategy had developed under the influence of Captain Alfred T. Mahan, how traditional naval strategy was modified by the development of naval aviation, the lessons of World War II, and the leadership of James Forrestal, and how the adoption of atomic weapons into naval strategic planning was integrally tied to naval aviation. The growth of the Soviet Union as a threat to world peace, and interservice rivalry over roles and missions are compared as factors that influenced the development of post-World War II naval strategicmore » thinking. The Navy's reaction to the adoption of massive retaliation as the foundation of the national strategic nuclear policy is discussed and analyzed.« less

APOLLO SOYUZ TEST PROJECT [ASTP] COSMONAUT PEERS THROUGH ACCESS HATCH TRUSS

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Soviet prime crewman for the Apollo Soyuz Test Project Aleksey Leonov looks through an access hatch at the truss which will hold the Docking Module in the Spacecraft Lunar Adapter for the ASTP mission. The Docking Module will provide access between the Apollo and the Soyuz while they are docked in orbit. Leonov and his crewmen for the joint US/USSR mission spent three days in the KSC area.

In the Green Desert: Non-formal Distance Education Project for Nomadic Women of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia. Education for All: Making It Work. Innovations Series, 12.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, Bernadette

With the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, Mongolia was severed from its exterior financial and technical support. The dramatic shift in socioeconomic conditions created a need for new forms of adult education. The nomadic women of the Gobi Desert were targeted as most at risk, and the Gobi Women's Project conducted a needs assessment in…

Classroom Teacher's Idea Notebook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blake, Norv; And Others

1988-01-01

Offers activities for high school and middle school classrooms. First activity deals with war crimes by projecting fictitious Soviet fighting in Afghanistan into the story of William Calley in Vietnam. Second activity uses the Underground Railroad during the U.S. Civil War in an interdisciplinary approach. Third activity is a self-discovery…

Re-Conceptualizing Professional Development of Teacher Educators in Post-Soviet Latvia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Silova, Iveta; Moyer, Amy; Webster, Colin; McAllister, Suzanne

2010-01-01

During the first decade of post-socialist transformation in Eastern Europe, the majority of education reform projects focused on in-service teacher education. Governments, international agencies and non-governmental organizations prioritized various in-service teacher education programs to help teachers deal with rapid changes in schools. This has…

U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Science and Technology: A Case Study of the TOPAZ Space-Based Nuclear Reactor International Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dabrowski, Richard S.

2014-08-01

The TOPAZ International Program (TIP) was the final name given to a series of projects to purchase and test the TOPAZ-II, a space-based nuclear reactor of a type that had been further developed in the Soviet Union than in the United States. In the changing political situation associated with the break-up of the Soviet Union it became possible for the United States to not just purchase the system, but also to employ Russian scientists, engineers and testing facilities to verify its reliability. The lessons learned from the TIP illuminate some of the institutional and cultural challenges to U.S. - Russian cooperation in technology research which remain true today.

Soviet Perceptions of U.S. Antisubmarine Warfare Capabilities. Volume III. Appendices.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-09-30

amount is planned for 1970. "American specialists who have worked out the so-called concept of ’ balanced antisubmarine forces’ assign a significant role...the MSS sys- tem /of more durable sonobuoys/.ൽ/ - In 1971 the Canadian Navy started work in the region of Lincoln Bay for establishing a barrier...Government indexes such as Government Reports Announcements & Index (GRA & I). 10. Project/Task/ Work Unit Number. Use the project, task and work unit

[open quotes]Sonya[close quotes] explains

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Moss, N.

This article describes observations of Ruth Werner from when she was an agent of the Soviet espionage service (code name [open quotes]Sonya[close quotes]) as related in her interview with the author. The main topics covered in the interview include her opinion and relationship with Klaus Fuchs, the German-born British physicist who passed the secrets of the first atomic bomb to the Russians, and her views on German reunification. Ruth focuses her discussion on her dedication to making the world a better place and the disillusionment she has felt as she reminisces about her past.

Nuclear pursuits

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1993-05-01

This table lists quantities of warheads (in stockpile, peak number per year, total number built, number of known test explosions), weapon development milestones (developers of the atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb, date of first operational ICBM, first nuclear-powered naval SSN in service, first MIRVed missile deployed), and testing milestones (first fission test, type of boosted fission weapon, multistage thermonuclear test, number of months from fission bomb to multistage thermonuclear bomb, etc.), and nuclear infrastructure (assembly plants, plutonium production reactors, uranium enrichment plants, etc.). Countries included in the tally are the United States, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China.

The People of the Soviet Union. Sixth Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reikofski, Joyce

This sixth grade teaching unit covers Soviet propaganda, communism, relations with the United States, Soviet geography, Soviet arts, and Soviet life. Unit goals address the above content areas, map skills, and an attitudinal goal of helping students to develop a sense of respect for the life of Soviet citizens. Behavioral objectives are keyed to…

Chronology of Pu isotopes and 236U in an Arctic ice core.

PubMed

Wendel, C C; Oughton, D H; Lind, O C; Skipperud, L; Fifield, L K; Isaksson, E; Tims, S G; Salbu, B

2013-09-01

In the present work, state of the art isotopic fingerprinting techniques are applied to an Arctic ice core in order to quantify deposition of U and Pu, and to identify possible tropospheric transport of debris from former Soviet Union test sites Semipalatinsk (Central Asia) and Novaya Zemlya (Arctic Ocean). An ice core chronology of (236)U, (239)Pu, and (240)Pu concentrations, and atom ratios, measured by accelerator mass spectrometry in a 28.6m deep ice core from the Austfonna glacier at Nordaustlandet, Svalbard is presented. The ice core chronology corresponds to the period 1949 to 1999. The main sources of Pu and (236)U contamination in the Arctic were the atmospheric nuclear detonations in the period 1945 to 1980, as global fallout, and tropospheric fallout from the former Soviet Union test sites Novaya Zemlya and Semipalatinsk. Activity concentrations of (239+240)Pu ranged from 0.008 to 0.254 mBq cm(-2) and (236)U from 0.0039 to 0.053 μBq cm(-2). Concentrations varied in concordance with (137)Cs concentrations in the same ice core. In contrast to previous published results, the concentrations of Pu and (236)U were found to be higher at depths corresponding to the pre-moratorium period (1949 to 1959) than to the post-moratorium period (1961 and 1962). The (240)Pu/(239)Pu ratio ranged from 0.15 to 0.19, and (236)U/(239)Pu ranged from 0.18 to 1.4. The Pu atom ratios ranged within the limits of global fallout in the most intensive period of nuclear atmospheric testing (1952 to 1962). To the best knowledge of the authors the present work is the first publication on biogeochemical cycles with respect to (236)U concentrations and (236)U/(239)Pu atom ratios in the Arctic and in ice cores. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Educational Development and Reform on the Soviet Periphery: Mongolian People's Republic and Lao People's Democratic Republic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Spaulding, Seth

1990-01-01

This document examines educational reforms that have occurred in Mongolia and Laos. Both nations have expanded educational opportunity drastically over the years. Both had extensive literacy campaigns following the establishment of socialism. Laos has undertaken development projects with the support of the USSR, Eastern European countries, and…

Reading for the Masses: Popular Soviet Fiction, 1976-80. Research Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Friedberg, Maurice

Noting that Soviet prose, drama, and poetry reveal the nuances of the moods and policies fostered by the Soviet government while reflecting the Soviet reading public's interests and aspirations, this report describes a study of the values and attitudes by which the Soviets live as reflected in the literature published in Soviet literary magazines…

Verbal Regulation of Motor Behavior-Soviet Research and Non-Soviet Replications

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, R. H.

1972-01-01

Soviet investigation of the development of verbal inhibition of preseverative manual behavior are reviewed. Non-soviet investigations of verbal-manual interaction are considered in relation to the Soviet view of the development of voluntary behavior; and it is argued, on the basis of this evidence, that the Soviet position need not stand or fall…

Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Derived from Flask Samples Collected at U.S.S.R.-Operated Sampling Sites (1991) (NDP-033)

DOE Data Explorer

Brounshtein, A. M. [Main Geophysical Observatory, Hydrometeorological Service of the U.S.S.R., St. Petersburg, U.S.S.R.; Faber, E. V. [Main Geophysical Observatory, Hydrometeorological Service of the U.S.S.R., St. Petersburg, U.S.S.R.; Shashkov, A. A. [Main Geophysical Observatory, Hydrometeorological Service of the U.S.S.R., St. Petersburg, U.S.S.R.

1991-01-01

This NDP represents the first CDIAC data package to result from our involvement with Soviet scientists as part of Working Group (WG) VIII of the U.S.-U.S.S.R. Joint Committee on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection. The U.S.-U.S.S.R. Agreement on Protection of the Environment, established in 1972, covers a wide variety of areas, including environmental pollution, the urban environment, nature preserves, arctic and subarctic ecological systems, earthquake prediction, and institutional measures for environmental protection. WG VIII is concerned with the influence of environmental changes on climate. CDIAC's activities have been conducted under the auspices of WG VIII's "Data Exchange Management" project. (The four other WG VIII projects deal with climate change, atmospheric composition, clouds and radiation fluxes, and stratospheric ozone.) In addition to the Main Geophysical Observatory, other Soviet institutions that have been cooperating with CDIAC in the exchange of CO2 and climate-related data include the All-Union Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information (Obninsk) and the State Hydrological Institute (St. Petersburg).

Beyond wilderness: towards an anthropology of infrastructure and the built environment in the Russian North

PubMed Central

Schweitzer, Peter; Povoroznyuk, Olga; Schiesser, Sigrid

2017-01-01

Abstract Public and academic discourses about the Polar regions typically focus on the so-called natural environment. While, these discourses and inquiries continue to be relevant, the current article asks the question how to conceptualize the on-going industrial and infrastructural build-up of the Arctic. Acknowledging that the “built environment” is not an invention of modernity, the article nevertheless focuses on large-scale infrastructural projects of the twentieth century, which marks a watershed of industrial and infrastructural development in the north. Given that the Soviet Union was at the vanguard of these developments, the focus will be on Soviet and Russian large-scale projects. We will be discussing two cases of transportation infrastructure, one of them based on an on-going research project being conducted by the authors along the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM) and the other focused on the so-called Northern Sea Route, the marine passage with a long history that has recently been regaining public and academic attention. The concluding section will argue for increased attention to the interactions between humans and the built environment, serving as a kind of programmatic call for more anthropological attention to infrastructure in the Russian north and other polar regions. PMID:29098112

Beyond eugenics: the forgotten scandal of hybridizing humans and apes.

PubMed

Etkind, Alexander

2008-06-01

This paper examines the available evidence on one of the most radical ideas in the history of eugenics and utopianism. In the mid-1920s, the zoology professor Ilia Ivanov submitted to the Soviet government a project for hybridizing humans and apes by means of artificial insemination. He received substantial financing and organized expeditions to Africa to catch apes for his experiments. His project caused an international sensation. The American Association for the Advancement of Atheism announced its fund-raising campaign to support Ivanov's project but gave it a scandalously racist interpretation. Ivanov's own motivation remained unclear, as did the motivation of those in the Bolshevik government who supported Ivanov until his arrest in 1930. This paper discusses three hypothetical reasons for Ivanov's adventure: first, hybridization between humans and apes, should it be successful, would support the atheist propaganda of the Bolsheviks; second, regardless of the success of hybridization, Ivanov would catch and bring to Russia apes, which were necessary for the rejuvenation programs that were fashionable among the Bolshevik elite; and third, hybridization, should it be successful, would pave the way to the New Socialist Man whose 'construction by scientific means' was the official purpose of the Bolsheviks. Ivanov's ideas were arguably important for the American proponent of reform eugenics, Herman Muller, and for the Soviet anthropologist Boris Porshnev.

Success in Opposite Direction: Strategic Culture and the French Experience in Indochina, the Suez, and Algeria, 1945-1962

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-05-21

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) MAJ Coley D. Tyler 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f...American political scientist Jack Snyder introduced strategic culture in 1977 while trying to explain the differences in Soviet and American nuclear...Strategic Cultures Curriculum Project (McLean, VA: SAIC, 2006), 3. 3 how belligerents could act in a crisis.9 The US Army cannot underestimate the

A social History of Soviet Science

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Idlis, G. M.; Tomilin, Konstantin

The archive includes a great number of archive materials, recollections, interviews, letters, diaries, bibliography, internet sources concerning history of bolshevik and stalinist purges against scientists in the USSR since 1917 till 1968. The archive is categorized by few divisions: scientists, university teachers, associate professors, professors, members of the Academy of Science of the USSR, Corresponding-Members of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. A great number of research articles and recollections by purged are included. The articles are written not only by historians of science but by scientists also. A great role by P.L. Kapitza in the saving of Soviet science from purges is underlined. The project was realized under the support by SOROS foundation (2000), Russian Foundation for fundamental Research (2002-2004) and Russian State National Foundation (2007).

The Soviet Road to Olympus. Theory and Practice of Soviet Physical Culture and Sport. Occasional Papers/19.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shneidman, N. Norman

Serving as an introduction to Soviet physical education which endeavors to give a concise outline of the organizational structure and the theoretical foundatons of Soviet sport, this book attempts to discuss Soviet physical education in relation to Soviet education and culture generally and to examine critically the practical applications of the…

FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: The nuclear shield in the 'thirty-year war' of physicists against ignorant criticism of modern physical theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vizgin, Vladimir P.

1999-12-01

This article deals with the almost 'thirty-year war' led by physicists against the authorities' incompetent philosophical and ideological interference with science. The 'war' is shown to have been related to the history of Soviet nuclear weapons. Theoretical milestones of 20th century physics, to wit, theory of relativity and quantum mechanics, suffered endless 'attacks on philosophical grounds'. The theories were proclaimed idealistic as well as unduly abstract and out of touch with practice; their authors and followers were labelled 'physical idealists', and later, in the 1940s and 1950s, even 'cosmopolitans without kith or kin'. Meanwhile, quantum and relativistic theories, as is widely known, had become the basis of nuclear physics and of the means of studying the atomic nucleus (charged particle accelerators, for instance). The two theories thus served, to a great extent, as a basis for both peaceful and military uses of nuclear energy, made possible by the discovery of uranium nuclear fission under the action of neutrons. In the first part, the article recounts how prominent physicists led the way to resisting philosophical and ideological pressure and standing up for relativity, quantum theories and nuclear physics, thus enabling the launch of the atomic project. The second part contains extensive material proving the point that physicists effectively used the 'nuclear shield' in the 1940s and 1950s against the 'philosophical-cosmopolitan' pressure, indeed saving physics from a tragic fate as that of biology at the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (VASKhNIL) session in 1948.

International Arctic Seas Assessment Project.

PubMed

Sjöblom, K L; Salo, A; Bewers, J M; Cooper, J; Dyer, R S; Lynn, N M; Mount, M E; Povinec, P P; Sazykina, T G; Schwarz, J; Scott, E M; Sivintsev, Y V; Tanner, J E; Warden, J M; Woodhead, D

1999-09-30

The International Atomic Energy Agency responded to the news that the former Soviet Union had dumped radioactive wastes in the shallow waters of the Arctic Seas, by launching the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project in 1993. The project had two objectives: to assess the risks to human health and to the environment associated with the radioactive wastes dumped in the Kara and Barents Seas; and to examine possible remedial actions related to the dumped wastes and to advise on whether they are necessary and justified. The current radiological situation in the Arctic waters was examined to assess whether there is any evidence for releases from the dumped waste. Potential future releases from the dumped wastes were predicted, concentrating on the high-level waste objects containing the major part of the radionuclide inventory of the wastes. Environmental transport of released radionuclides was modelled and the associated radiological impact on humans and the biota was assessed. The feasibility, costs and benefits of possible remedial measures applied to a selected high-level waste object were examined. Releases from identified dumped objects were found to be small and localised to the immediate vicinity of the dumping sites. Projected future annual doses to members of the public in typical local population groups were very small, less than 1 microSv--corresponding to a trivial risk. Projected future doses to a hypothetical group of military personnel patrolling the foreshore of the fjords in which wastes have been dumped were higher, up to 4 mSv/year, which still is of the same order as the average annual natural background dose. Moreover, since any of the proposed remedial actions were estimated to cost several million US$ to implement, remediation was not considered justified on the basis of potentially removing a collective dose of 10 man Sv. Doses calculated to marine fauna were insignificant, orders of magnitude below those at which detrimental effects on fauna populations might be expected to occur. Remediation was thus concluded not to be warranted on radiological grounds.

The Ethnic Factor in the Soviet Armed Forces. The Muslim Dimension

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

Muslim conscripts into effective soldiers. The types of problems that a Muslim conscript presents for the Soviet military can be narrowed to two categories ... categories : ability and reliability. ETHNICITY AND DEMOGRAPHICS The major Soviet Muslim ethnic groups are creations of the Soviet regime, dating back to...avoid such embarrassments in the future. viii SOVIET MILITARY REFORM The predominantly coercive type of compliance previously used by the Soviet military

Advancing further the history of Soviet psychology: moving forward from dominant representations in Western and Soviet psychology.

PubMed

González Rey, Fernando L

2014-02-01

This article discusses the works of some Soviet scholars of psychology, their theoretical positions, and the times within which their works were developed. Dominant representations of Soviet psychology and some of the main Soviet authors are revisited in the light of a blending of facts actively associated with their emergence in both Soviet and Western psychology. From the beginning, Soviet psychology was founded upon Marxism. However, the ways by which that psychology pretended to become Marxist in its philosophical basis were diverse and often contradictory. Other philosophical and theoretical positions also influenced Soviet psychologists. Different moments of that contradictory process are discussed in this article, and through this, I bring to light their interrelations and the consequences for the development of Soviet psychology. This article reinterprets several myths found within Soviet psychology, in which different theoretical representations have become institutionalized for long periods in both Soviet and Western psychology. Particular attention is given to identifying the conditions that presented Vygotsky, Luria, and Leontiev as part of the same paradigm, and which paved the way for a perception of Leontiev and his group as paralleling Vygotsky's importance among American psychologists. Many of the sources that are used in this article were published in Soviet psychology only after the 1970s. Unlike the different and interesting works that began to appear on diverse trends in Soviet psychology, this article details in depth the articulation of topics and questions that still now are presented as different chapters in the analysis of Soviet psychology.

Atlas of the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Young, Harry F.

This atlas consists of 20 maps, tables, charts, and graphs with complementary text illustrating Soviet government machinery, trade and political relations, and military stance. Some topics depicted by charts and graphs include: (1) Soviet foreign affairs machinery; (2) Soviet intelligence and security services; (4) Soviet position in the United…

Economic Bases for Lessening U.S.-Soviet Tensions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

1982-01-01

Discusses how the increasing Soviet dependence on American grain can be used to reduce international tensions. Soviet agricultural policies could affect worker morale and the entire Soviet political system. President Reagan is well-positioned to engage the Soviets in serious discussions of reductions in both nuclear and conventional weapons. (AM)

A review of Soviet plasma engine development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, John W.

1990-01-01

The Soviet Union has maintained a substantial and successful electric propulsion research and development effort since the 1950s; however, American researchers are generally unfamiliar with the Soviet accomplishments. Sources of information about Soviet electric propulsion research are noted. The development of plasma engines, a subset of the electric propulsion effort, is reviewed using numerous Soviet sources. The operational principles and status of several engines of the closed electron drift and high-current types are discussed. With recognition of the limited knowledge of the current Soviet program, the Soviet and American programs are compared, revealing some differences in program formulation and emphasis.

Bibliography of Soviet Laser Developments, Number 77, May - June 1985.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

B . CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(S) 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS I0. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK Defense Intelligence Agency AREA...TABLE OF CONTENTS I. BASIC RESEARCH A. Solid State Lasers 1. Crystal a. Miscellaneous ................... 1 b . Ruby .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . - c...LiF ............................. 1 2. Rare Earth a. Miscellaneous .......... .. . 1 b . Nd3+ . .. . . . .. . .0 . . . . c. Er3

Military objectives in Soviet foreign policy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGwire, M.

1987-01-01

The Soviet Union's military developments and the size of its armed forces strongly influence Western assumptions about Soviet foreign policy. The author shows how the need to plan for the contingency of world war has shaped Soviet policy, resulting in a force structure often perceived as far in excess of legitimate defense needs. In this book the motivations underlying Soviet policy are investigated as thoroughly as the military posture is examined. According to the author, a doctrinal decision in late 1966 about the likely nature of a world war resulted in a basic change in Soviet strategic objectives. Corresponding changesmore » occurred in operational concepts, the approach to arms control, and policy in the third world. The necessary restructuring of Soviet forces took place during the 1970s and 1980s. This book identifies the old and new hierarchies of strategic objectives, analyzes the implications of the shift, and deduces the Soviet operational plan for waging world war, should it prove inescapable. This plan explains the structure of Soviet strategic forces and their military posture in Euro-Atlantic, Asian-Pacific, and Indo-Arabian regions. Decisions taken in the 1967-68 and 1976-77 periods explain much of current Soviet policy. However, Soviet-American relations sharply deteriorated between 1978 and 1983. The author also considers the kind of decisions that the Soviets may have taken in recent years in response to these developments.« less

Soviet research on crystal channeling of charged particle beams

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kassel, S.

1985-03-01

This report presents an overview of Soviet research in charged particle beam channeling in crystals from 1972 to the present, and the resulting electromagnetic emission, including Soviet proposals for channeling emission lasers in the X-ray region of the spectrum. It analyzes Soviet attitudes toward crystal channeling of charged particles as a subject of research, describes performers of the research, and indicates the level of effort involved. It presents a brief history of crystal channeling research, the differences between channeling and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation, the definition of the main research issues, and estimates of the potential capabilities of channeling radiation, all based on the Soviet viewpoint. It then describes Soviet proposals for laser systems utilizing the channeling radiation mechanism, and analyzes Soviet experimental work involving the observation and measurement of channeling radiation. The author concludes that the outstanding feature of Soviet research in this area is the optimistic belief of Soviet specialists in the technological potential of this research, but finds that the role of the laser proposals in Soviet planning is ambiguous.

The Evolution of United States and NATO Tactical Nuclear Doctrine and Limited Nuclear War Options, 1949-1964

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

Ronald Reagan, the Soviets de- ployed more than 100 SS-20 nuclear missiles against Western Europe and added approximately 70...Strategic Deterrence in the 1980’s. Stanford: I - Hoover Institution Press, 1979. "’ 9*’ 244 ..99 " . , " ’ ’ ’ " < - ,’ , ’- .’-"C’"’’ Steel, Ronald ...100-102. A - Wagstaff , Jack J. "The Army’s Preparation for Atomic War- fare." Military Review (May 1955): 3-6. Walker, R.M. "The Night Attack

Soviet short-range nuclear forces: flexible response or flexible aggression. Student essay

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Smith, T.R.

1987-03-23

This essay takes a critical look at Soviet short-range nuclear forces in an effort to identify Soviet capabilities to fight a limited nuclear war with NATO. From an analysis of Soviet military art, weapon-system capabilities and tactics, the author concludes that the Soviets have developed a viable limited-nuclear-attack option. Unless NATO reacts to this option, the limited nuclear attack may become favored Soviet option and result in the rapid defeat of NATO.

Soviet News and Propaganda Highlights from Red Star (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 April 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

intended to provide daily guidance to the Soviet military political cadre concerning domestic and international issues/events. Men and women in the Soviet... soldier . PART I. SOVIET PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS. in April 1981, approximately 30 percent of the total space in Red Star re- ported events...of Husak’s speech was reprinted in Red Star. A great number of articles stressed friendship between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In Bulgaria

A review of the theory of interstellar communication

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Billingham, J.; Wolfe, J. H.; Oliver, B. M.

1975-01-01

The probability is analyzed that intelligent civilizations capable of interstellar communication exist in the galaxy. Drake's (1960) equation for the prevalence of communicative civilization is used in the calculations, and attempts are made to place limits on the search range that must be covered to contact other civilizations, the longevity of the communicative phase of such civilizations, and the possible number of two-way exchanges between civilizations in contact with each other. The minimum estimates indicate that some 100,000 civilizations probably coexist within several tens of astronomical units of each other and that some 1,000,000 probably coexist within 10 light years of each other. Attempts to detect coherent signals characteristic of intelligent life are briefly noted, including Projects Ozma and Cyclops as well as some Soviet attempts. Recently proposed American and Soviet programs for interstellar communication are outlined.

Soviet Concepts of Ballistic Missile Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-01

manned space operations, ABM Treaty, SDI 19 Abstract (continue on reverse if necessary and identify by block number The purpose of this thesis is to...THE EARLY YEARS OF SOVIET BMD ................................................ 6 B. SOVIET BMD AND THE ABM TREATY OF 1972...10 C. SOVIET BMD SINCE THE ABM TREATY .......................................... 14 III. BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE IN SOVIET MILITARY THOUGHT

Research Survey of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, E. Glyn

The state of the art of bilingual education in the Soviet Union is surveyed. The social context of Soviet bilingualism is discussed with reference to sources of heterogeneity, modernization as a motivating factor, political dimensions, and Soviet bases of research. The sociolinguistic paradigm of Soviet society is viewed as a function of the need…

The Unlikely Success of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front During World War II

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-03

after procrastinating for six weeks, decided to enter into negotiations with the Soviets on their diluted version of the treaty. The Soviets read these...alliance with the West in July of 1939. Again the British procrastinated in meeting with the Soviets. The meeting revealed to the Soviets that the West

Soviet Tactical Doctrine for Urban Warfare

DTIC Science & Technology

1975-12-01

for Chemical and Radiation Specialists . . . 0 a . a. . . . . &. . . . .&. 120 5. Soviet Guidelines for the Logistician . . . . . . 122 6. Soviet...conducted with or without the employment of nuclear or chemical weapons although the Soviets emphasize the integrity, flexibility and duality of tactical...concepts and that future wars will entail nuclear, chemical and con- ventional operations. " From the materials reviewed in this study, Soviet treatment

Universal Higher Education and Positional Advantage: Soviet Legacies and Neoliberal Transformations in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smolentseva, Anna

2017-01-01

The great expansion of participation in higher education in Russia in the post-Soviet period was the layered and contradictory result of both conditions established in the Soviet period, and the structuring of reforms after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992. The Soviet government was strongly committed to the expansion of education across…

Selection of radio sources for Venus balloon-Pathfinder Delta-DOR navigation at 1.7 GHz

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Liewer, K. M

1986-01-01

In order to increase the success rate of the Delta-DOR (Delta-Differential One-way Range) VLBI navigational support for the French-Soviet Venus Balloon and Halley Pathfinder projects, forty-four extragalactic radio sources were observed in advance of these projects to determine which were suitable for use as reference sources. Of these forty-four radio sources taken from the existing JPL radio source catalogue, thirty-six were determined to be of sufficient strength for use in Delta-DOR VLBI navigation.

Proceedings of the Nuclear Criticality Technology Safety Workshop

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rene G. Sanchez

1998-04-01

This document contains summaries of most of the papers presented at the 1995 Nuclear Criticality Technology Safety Project (NCTSP) meeting, which was held May 16 and 17 at San Diego, Ca. The meeting was broken up into seven sessions, which covered the following topics: (1) Criticality Safety of Project Sapphire; (2) Relevant Experiments For Criticality Safety; (3) Interactions with the Former Soviet Union; (4) Misapplications and Limitations of Monte Carlo Methods Directed Toward Criticality Safety Analyses; (5) Monte Carlo Vulnerabilities of Execution and Interpretation; (6) Monte Carlo Vulnerabilities of Representation; and (7) Benchmark Comparisons.

Saturn Apollo Program

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-01-01

This illustration depicts a configuration of the Soyuz spacecraft for the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). The ASTP was the first international docking of the U.S.'s Apollo spacecraft and the U.S.S.R.'s Soyuz spacecraft in space. For this project, the Soviets built another in their continuing series of Soyuz space capsules. The U.S. used the Saturn IB Apollo capsule. A joint engineering team from the two countries met to develop a docking system that permitted the two spacecraft to link in space and allowed the crews to travel from one spacecraft to the other.

Keeping the Door Open: A Soviet-American Exchange.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herring, J. Daniel; Humes, Debra

1988-01-01

Provides a first-hand account of a Soviet-American theater arts exchange, the world premiere of Soviet playwright Gennadi Mamlin's "On the Edge," performed in the Soviet Union by the Louisville Children's Theatre. (MM)

The Problem of Space in Soviet Operational Art.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

problems of military science and military art , and the improvement of the material-technical base of the Soviet Army and Navy and their structures.2 If...140-RI94 150 THE PROBLEM OF SPACE IN SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART (U) ARMY i/I COMBINED ARMS CENTER FORT LEAVENMORTN KS SOVIET ARMY UNCLSSIIEDSTUDIES OFFICE...SUB-GROUP oPGR*7D/.J1 ? So/Ie7 CE’ge*4 SrWp,-v=I S THE PROBLEM OF SPACE IN SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART by Dr. Jacob W. Kipp Soviet Army Studies Office S U

NASA's Nuclear Frontier: The Plum Brook Reactor Facility, 1941-2002

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bowles, Mark D.; Arrighi, Robert S.

2004-01-01

In 1953, President Eisenhower delivered a speech called "Atoms for Peace" to the United Nations General Assembly. He described the emergence of the atomic age and the weapons of mass destruction that were piling up in the storehouses of the American and Soviet nations. Although neither side was aiming for global destruction, Eisenhower wanted to "move out of the dark chambers of horrors into the light, to find a way by which the minds of men, the hopes of men, the souls of men everywhere, can move towards peace and happiness and well-being." One way Eisenhower hoped this could happen was by transforming the atom from a weapon of war into a useful tool for civilization. Many people believed that there were unprecedented opportunities for peaceful nuclear applications. These included hopeful visions of atomic-powered cities, cars, airplanes, and rockets. Nuclear power might also serve as an efficient way to generate electricity in space to support life and machines. Eisenhower wanted to provide scientists and engineers with "adequate amounts of fission- able material with which to test and develop their ideas." But, in attempting to devise ways to use atomic power for peaceful purposes, scientists realized how little they knew about the nature and effects of radiation. As a result, the United States began constructing nuclear test reactors to enable scientists to conduct research by producing neutrons.

Fluorescence detection of white-beam X-ray absorption anisotropy: towards element-sensitive projections of local atomic structure

PubMed Central

Korecki, P.; Tolkiehn, M.; Dąbrowski, K. M.; Novikov, D. V.

2011-01-01

Projections of the atomic structure around Nb atoms in a LiNbO3 single crystal were obtained from a white-beam X-ray absorption anisotropy (XAA) pattern detected using Nb K fluorescence. This kind of anisotropy results from the interference of X-rays inside a sample and, owing to the short coherence length of a white beam, is visible only at small angles around interatomic directions. Consequently, the main features of the recorded XAA corresponded to distorted real-space projections of dense-packed atomic planes and atomic rows. A quantitative analysis of XAA was carried out using a wavelet transform and allowed well resolved projections of Nb atoms to be obtained up to distances of 10 Å. The signal of nearest O atoms was detected indirectly by a comparison with model calculations. The measurement of white-beam XAA using characteristic radiation indicates the possibility of obtaining element-sensitive projections of the local atomic structure in more complex samples. PMID:21997909

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov enjoys tribal welcome from Shoshone Indians

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-09-01

S75-20108 (September 1974) --- Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov (right), commander of the first (prime) crew of Soviet cosmonauts on the planned Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP), enjoys a tribal welcome from Shoshone Indians during a hunting trip in the Lander, Wyoming area. Leonov was in the United States to take part in joint crew training at the Johnson Space Center.

Societal Culture and the Changing Role of School Principals in the Post-Soviet Era: The Case of Kazakhstan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yakavets, Natallia

2016-01-01

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of societal and cultural factors on the practices and perceptions of school principals in Kazakhstan. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws on empirical data collected in Kazakhstan over two years in the course of an international, collaborative, multi-stranded project. Findings:…

BLDG. 30 - ASTP

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23883 (20 March 1975) --- A group of flight controllers from the Soviet Union take part in ASTP joint simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in one of the support rooms in the Mission Control Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975.

BLDG. 30 - ASTP

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-03-20

S75-23881 (20 March 1975) --- A group of flight controllers from the Soviet Union take part in ASTP joint simulation activity at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in one of the support rooms in the Mission Control Center. The simulations are part of the preparations for the U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit scheduled for July 1975.

Sub-Saharan Africa Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-27

doctors, four nurses, and auxiliary personnel are being built nearby. Soviet medical specialists are assigned to the facility, but travel to Luanda...with various rehabilitation projects. In the medical field, the program recommends the immediate assignment of technical personnel, steps to promote...protection, food, shelter, clothing and medical attention. Statistical data from 1980 reveal that about 50 percent of the total population of Cabo

Good Practice in Promoting Gender Equality in Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe. Studies on Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grunberg, Laura

This volume publishes the results of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) European Centre for Higher Education (CEPES) project, Good Practice in Promoting Gender Inequality in Higher Education in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Countries. These case studies offer hope for a future in which…

Mobilizing Compatriots: Russia’s Strategy, Tactics and Influence in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-11-01

CIA project. And this is the way it is developing.”110 These laws have also affected social media: Pavel Durov, the CEO of VKontakte , a Russian...version of Facebook, was “elbowed” out of the company and fled to the Caribbean. VKontakte is now under the control of Alisher Usmanov, a strong ally of

Controlling the Image of the Teacher's Body under Authoritarianism: The Case of Soviet Latvia (1953-1984)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kestere, Iveta; Kalke, Baiba

2018-01-01

The ideal of the Soviet teacher can be revealed in Soviet mass media, but historians are challenged by the question "what was the actual reality"? Therefore, we addressed the reality of the Soviet school using two research questions: (1) What teacher image was cultivated by Soviet propaganda, and what did the average teacher actually…

Soviet Integration into the World Economy. Report of the Strategy for Peace, U.S. Foreign Policy Conference (29th, Warrenton, Virginia, October 13-15, 1988).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA.

Since coming to power, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev has undertaken an ambitious program to reform the Soviet economy. Perestroika touches every aspect of Soviet economic life, including relations with the international economy. Soviet specialists and international economists must find common ground so that they can successfully…

The costs of the soviet empire.

PubMed

Wolf, C

1985-11-29

A comprehensive framework is developed and applied to estimate the economic costs incurred by the Soviet Union in acquiring, maintaining, and expanding its empire. The terms "empire" and "costs" are explicitly defined. Between 1971 and 1980, the average ratio between empire costs and Soviet gross national product was about 3.5 percent; as a ratio to Soviet military spending, empire costs averaged about 28 percent. The burden imposed on Soviet economic growth by empire costs is also considered, as well as rates of change in these costs, and the important political, military, and strategic benefits associated by the Soviet leadership with maintenance and expansion of the empire. Prospective empire costs and changes in Soviet economic constraints resulting from the declining performance of the domestic economy are also considered.

Where Soviet and Neoliberal Discourses Meet: The Transformation of The Purposes of Higher Education in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smolentseva, Anna

2017-01-01

This paper studies transformations in the role of higher education in Russia as represented in official Soviet and post-Soviet policy documents between the 1950s and 2013. The focus is on the categories defining the purposes and tasks of higher education in the larger context of society and economy. There is a basic dichotomy in relation to the…

Summary of Research: Academic Departments 1990-1991

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-10-01

Soviet cinema . The Aesopian devices are no longer The author lists the sources and describes the needed; Soviet cinema is undergoing major changes. tapes...name of a contact person. growing interest in Soviet cinema in the United 271 LANGUAGE STUDIES States encourages a new market for Soviet and Conference...discussed issues related to early years of Russian video. The present publication provides Soviet cinema while the Cinema panel at the Fourth

Soviet Assessments of North American Air Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-01

whether they represented misunderstandings or errors on the Soviet part, or unique Soviet perspectives and biases. Finally, articles on Soviet strategy...and what reactions do these assessments prompt? First, most articles on U.S. continental air defenses were found in the journal of the Air Defense...Soviet assessments of U.S. air defense control systems with articles in Military Thought. Some of these themes are: - The importance of centralized

Bernstein's failure to join the space race: his commentary on Tsiolkovskii's "Mechanics in Biology" (1964).

PubMed

Meijer, O G; Feigenberg, I M

2000-07-01

October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I into orbit from Tyuratam in Turkistan. An event "with the suddenness and surprise of a Pearl Harbor and of the impact of a Hiroshima atomic explosion" (Stoiko, 1970, p. ix). Nor would this be the only time America lost to the Russians in the space race. November 3 of the same year, Sputnik II carried the dog Laika, the first living being who traveled, and died, in space. In the USA, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson lamented: "Control of space means control of the world" (quoted from Heppenheimer, 1997, p. 126), and attempts were made to speed up Wernher von Braun's launching program (Piszkiewicz, 1995; cf. Von Braun, 1968). Alas, on December 6, when the American rocket began to lift, "it seemed as if the gates of hell had opened up. Brilliant stiletto flames shot out from the side of the rocket near the engine. The vehicle agonizingly hesitated for a moment, quivered again, and in front of our unbelieving, shocked eyes, began to topple" (Halberstam, quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 127). Thus, at the UN, "Soviet delegates asked their American counterparts if the United States might wish to receive foreign aid under Moscow's program of technical assistance to backwards nations" (from Heppenheimer, p. 128). Von Braun finally succeeded with the Explorer I on January 31, 1958, but for the Americans the agonizing wasn't over. On August 21, 1957, the Soviet Union launched an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), this time carrying a dummy, but able to carry a nuclear bomb (Harford, 1997). So, the first ICBMs in the world were aimed at the USA. And then, on the morning of April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin shouted "Poyekhali" ("Let's go!") (quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 172), and was launched into space at 9:06 to fly "over America" 51 minutes later. Quite naturally, the Soviet authorities wanted to show that Russia had been ahead all the time, and historical heroes were in strong demand. The Russians didn't have to look far.

The rocky Soviet road to Mars

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klaes, Larry

1990-08-01

The history of the Soviet space program is reviewed with particular attention given to the Soviet Mars exploration program. Missions of the Mars and Zond series and their exploration of Mars are described in detail, and the progress of the Soviet Mars exploration program is compared and contrasted with that of U.S. programs. Soviet space exploration in the 1980s is reviewed, noting that changes in political climate enabled more open discussion of the Phobos mission, which facilitated both international cooperation in assembling the craft and extensive U.S.-Soviet cooperation in the communications aspect of the probe through use of NASA's Deep Space Network of radio telescopes. The Phobos 1 and Phobos 2 missions are discussed and reasons for difficulties are analyzed; the future of the Soviet Mars program is reviewed.

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 32: A new era in international technical communication: American-Russian collaboration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flammia, Madelyn; Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Keene, Michael L.; Burger, Robert H.; Kennedy, John M.

1993-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI). This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, their views regarding the appropriate content for an undergraduate technical communication course, and their use of computer technology. Finally, the implications of these findings for future collaboration between Russian and U.S. engineers and scientists are examined.

NASA/DoD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. XXXII - A new era in international technical communication: American-Russian collaboration

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Flammia, Madelyn; Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Keene, Michael L.; Burger, Robert H.; Kennedy, John M.

1993-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information. This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, their views regarding the appropriate content for an undergraduate technical communication course, and their use of computer technology. Finally, the implications of these findings for future collaboration between Russian and U.S. engineers and scientists are examined.

August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria (Leavenworth Papers, Number 7)

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-02-01

campaigns. The Manchurian campaign represented the highest state of military art in Soviet World War II operations. Contemporary officers and any...iskusstva v sovetsko-iaponskoi voina 1945-goda" [Some questions of military art in the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945], lfoenno-istoricheskii zhumal [Military...34 [Some questions of military art in the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945], VIZh, September 1969:17. 5. Vnotchenko, Pobeda, 237. 6. Shtemenko, Soviet

Soviet campaign against INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces): strategy, tactics, means. Interim report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alexiev, A.R.

1985-02-01

Beginning in 1979, the Soviet Union mounted a major effort to prevent the deployment of NATO's INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces), which was scheduled to begin in 1983. The campaign failed to achieve its main objective, but it remains an instructive example of the Soviet effort to manipulate domestic trends in Western countries. This Note attempts to provide some insight into Soviet tactics and operational style. It places the INF issue within the framework of Soviet security concepts, reviews Soviet efforts to influence decision-making elites in West Germany against INF and to exacerbate U.S.-European friction within NATO, and analyzes the methodsmore » used by the Soviets in their campaign to co-opt the West German peace movement. The author finds that the campaign waged by the Soviets demonstrated a remarkable organizational and political capability that enabled them and their allies to exploit large numbers of noncommunists in West Germany, and contribute to the growing polarization of West German politics.« less

The Soviet Central Asian Challenge: A Neo-Gramscian Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

transmutated into the Soviet Union. This point is fundamental to understanding why the Russians are the ruling nationality group in the Soviet Union. The Great...initial years, force and coercion were instrumental for ensuring the continued existence of the transmuted Russian Empire. The new Soviet Union also...information on .Muslim national communism s1 l (Reft. 31, i33. 26F1or an excellent article on Russian nationalism’s transmutation to Soviet communism and the

Soviet-West European Relations: Recent Trends and Near-Term Prospects.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

chilly reception from the Soviet leadership. Indeed, his Soviet hosts reminded him that the volcanic destruction of Pompeii paled in comparison with a...single nuclear warhead, and are reported to have threatened that "we will turn Italy into a Pompeii " if Italy contin- ued with INF deployments on...threatens to turn Italy "into a Pompeii " May 7, 1984 Soviet Union announces decision to boycott Olympics May 14, 1984 Soviet Union announces movement of

Soviet Operational Art: Will There be a Significant Shift in the Focus of Soviet Operational Art

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-06

conduct of war. 4 The most important of the six main elements of military science is military art . Military art includes military strategy...AD-A215 778 SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART :, WILL THERE BE A SIGNIFICANT SHIFT IN THE FOCUS OF SOVIET OPERATIONAL ART ? Lwori I i %.Afl S FELECTE DEC 19 1989A...NO NO NO, ACCESSION NO 11 TITLE (Include Security Classification) 5,’ .... Soviet Operational Art : Wi

Application of information-retrieval methods to the classification of physical data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mamotko, Z. N.; Khorolskaya, S. K.; Shatrovskiy, L. I.

1975-01-01

Scientific data received from satellites are characterized as a multi-dimensional time series, whose terms are vector functions of a vector of measurement conditions. Information retrieval methods are used to construct lower dimensional samples on the basis of the condition vector, in order to obtain these data and to construct partial relations. The methods are applied to the joint Soviet-French Arkad project.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-28

tion, and tourism . This ministry is responsible for funding of such projects from the national budget. The Ministry of Culture coordinates physical...education, sport, and tourism , ensuring the development of a coor- dinated system for physical and cultural activity for the citizens. Bloc 5...proper conditions were created for children’s musical and artistic training. Essentially, the kindergarten was to be turned over to the city

Soviet Policy Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

ADORESS (City, .,n Zip Co4k) 10. SOURCE OF FUNDING NUMBERS PROGRAM ELEMENT PROJECT NO.1 TASK NO. ACCESSION NO. WORK UNIT 11. TITLE (Includ. Securily ...gaining military advantage, had insisted on reciprocal (albeit asymmetrical if necessary) force reductions. But Gorbachev, perceiving the growing need...fortifications backed up by mobile counter-attack forces--appears identical in the forward region. The existence of rapidly mobilizable second-echelon forces in

La Rusa Lingvo en la Novaj Rilatoj de Europa Spac-Agentejo (The Russian Language in the New Relations of the European Space Agency).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jansen, Wim

1992-01-01

In view of the opportunities made possible by the Framework Agreement between the European Space Agency and the Soviet Union, this article examines the linguistic aspects of the agreement and its implementation. Many communication problems are related to Western concepts of project management and control that are difficult to translate into…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Problems of the Far East, No. 2, March-April 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-29

g P ^ ^ Jned forces abroad (nearly 500,000 °™"*™.™in he region, including APR. A ramified system of US ^,1’\\a^ P/.1, a c s e s /enment marked by...dsel in that mined, to a considerable extent, bV ™ ff/ X u w y gashed region that the USA used atomic weaP^ s for the^ ™insi the Korean...fication and activisation of all forces favouring peace and opSng the of!3! pro^T™^ GiVen th, S SÜUati0n fhe POlitiCal £*^™ which bars the use of force

Adult Education in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wells, Rita L.; Goetz, Douglas N.

The Soviet government has consistently relied upon the country's educational system, including adult education, to advance its ideological, social, and economic goals. In the Soviet Union, education has been used to promote Soviet identity, minimize the impact of religion, advance the status of women, and help increase worker productivity. Adult…

Egypt between the Superpowers: Continuity or Change in Egyptian Foreign Policy under Mubarak.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

supposedly held with Vasiliy Kuznetsov , first deputy chairman of the USSR Supreme Soviet. Subsequently, Anatoliy Gromyko, son of the Soviet foreign...in its diplo- matic relations with the Soviet Union. Oleg Grinevskiy, chief of the Near Eastern department at the Soviet Foreign ministry, arrived in

The Soviets: What is the Conflict about? 1985 National Issues Forum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melville, Keith; Landau, David

Appropriate for secondary school social studies or community programs, this publication considers United States-Soviet conflict. The first of four sections, "US-Soviet Relations at the Crossroads," looks at different American perceptions of the Soviet Union. "Regional Conflicts, Global Ambitions" focuses on Nicaragua as a case…

Soviet New Thinking: Perspectives and Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-03-29

and leading military theorist, as quoted in Steven P. Adragna , "A New Soviet Military? Doctrine and Strategy", Orbis, Spring, 1989, p. 166. 22... Adragna , pp. 166-68. 22. Soviet Battlefield Development Plan. Vol I: Soviet General Doctrine for War, p.1-8. 24. Goure, pp. 36-37. 25. William E. Odom

The Soviet System of Education. A PIER World Education Series Special Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Popovych, Erika; Levin-Stankevich, Brian

This volume endeavors to provide comprehensive factual information on the Soviet system of education. Chapter 1 offers basic information on the Soviet Republics. Chapter 2 describes the foundations of Soviet Education. Chapter 3 describes preschool through upper secondary education including academic calendars and curriculum. Chapter 4,…

A State of the Art Review of Soviet Research in Cognitive Psychology.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wertsch, James V.

This paper outlines the theoretical foundations of Soviet psychology, analyzes major themes based on these foundations, and identifies relevance of Soviet psychological research for American investigators. Basic social and political factors that influence Soviet research include centralization of all scientific and academic endeavors and…

Labor and Capital in the Soviet Union by Republics

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-01

under the title ’Input-Output Analysis and the Soviet Economy. An Annotated Bibliotraphy.’ 934 entries. 180 pp. I 2. Jaees UT. Cillula The Structure ...Input-Output in the Soviet Union.’* April 1974, 94 pp. S. eneD. Guill, "Interteporal Comparison of the Structure of the Soviet Economy.- February...49 pp. I *10. Daniel L. Bond, "Input-Output Structure of a Soviet Republic, the Latvian SSR, August 1975." (with an appendix by Gene Guill and Per

A Comprehensive Examination of the Soviet Naval Infantry

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-11

1961-621 3n,1 even oarlier are three German sources which inricatu 1960.8 Par more interesting is the evidence which ap- peared within the Soviet Union ...years in a row. Finally, in 1956, the Soviet Union began taking delivery of various types of landing ships and craft. The Soviet Union continued to build...in Moscow, commemorating 12. the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.1 Finally, at the time that the Soviet Union was expanding its Naval

Quantum-projection-noise-limited interferometry with coherent atoms in a Ramsey-type setup

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Doering, D.; McDonald, G.; Debs, J. E.

2010-04-15

Every measurement of the population in an uncorrelated ensemble of two-level systems is limited by what is known as the quantum projection noise limit. Here, we present quantum-projection-noise-limited performance of a Ramsey-type interferometer using freely propagating coherent atoms. The experimental setup is based on an electro-optic modulator in an inherently stable Sagnac interferometer, optically coupling the two interfering atomic states via a two-photon Raman transition. Going beyond the quantum projection noise limit requires the use of reduced quantum uncertainty (squeezed) states. The experiment described demonstrates atom interferometry at the fundamental noise level and allows the observation of possible squeezing effectsmore » in an atom laser, potentially leading to improved sensitivity in atom interferometers.« less

Russian-American pharmaceutical relations, 1900-1945.

PubMed

Conroy, Mary Schaeffer

2004-01-01

Many books and articles have focused on Soviet health-care. But there are no studies of the Soviet pharmaceutical industry, which was a lynch-pin of Soviet medicine, for without therapies physicians and health-care personnel can only diagnose, not treat. The present paper, part of such a study, opens a window onto one small aspect of the Soviet pharmaceutical industry - points of congruence, divergence, and reconvergence in the pharmaceutical sector with an on-again, off-again political and economic rival. This paper briefly reviews the Russian and the Soviet pharmaceutical systems, so that American audiences can make a comparison of them with our own. It then examines American-Russian/Soviet interaction in trade, joint ventures, research and development, product mix, and connections during World War II to illustrate similarities and differences. During the last decade, although the Soviet and American pharmaceutical systems each had a different trajectory of development, ironically their pharmaceutical industries again are finding points in common.

Legacies of 1917 in Contemporary Russian Public Health: Addiction, HIV, and Abortion

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

I examine the legacies of Soviet public health policy and the socialist health care system and trace how the Soviet past figures in contemporary Russian policymaking and debates about drug use, HIV, and abortion. Drug policies and mainstream views of HIV reflect continuities with key aspects of Soviet-era policies, although political leaders do not acknowledge these continuities in justifying their policies. In abortion policy, by contrast, which is highly debated in the public realm, advocates represent themselves as differing from Soviet-era policies to justify their positions. Yet abortion activists’ views of the past differ tremendously, reminding us that the Soviet past is symbolically productive for arguments about Russia’s present and future. I describe key aspects of the Soviet approach to health and compare how current drug policy (and the related management of HIV/AIDS) and abortion policies are discursively shaped in relation to the Soviet historical and cultural legacy. PMID:28933931

Legacies of 1917 in Contemporary Russian Public Health: Addiction, HIV, and Abortion.

PubMed

Rivkin-Fish, Michele

2017-11-01

I examine the legacies of Soviet public health policy and the socialist health care system and trace how the Soviet past figures in contemporary Russian policymaking and debates about drug use, HIV, and abortion. Drug policies and mainstream views of HIV reflect continuities with key aspects of Soviet-era policies, although political leaders do not acknowledge these continuities in justifying their policies. In abortion policy, by contrast, which is highly debated in the public realm, advocates represent themselves as differing from Soviet-era policies to justify their positions. Yet abortion activists' views of the past differ tremendously, reminding us that the Soviet past is symbolically productive for arguments about Russia's present and future. I describe key aspects of the Soviet approach to health and compare how current drug policy (and the related management of HIV/AIDS) and abortion policies are discursively shaped in relation to the Soviet historical and cultural legacy.

KSC-2012-1866

NASA Image and Video Library

2012-02-17

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: The first international crewed spaceflight was a joint U.S.-U.S.S.R. rendezvous and docking mission. The Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, or ASTP, took its name from the spacecraft employed: the American Apollo and the Soviet Soyuz. The three-man Apollo crew lifted off from Kennedy Space Center aboard a Saturn IB rocket on July 15, 1975, to link up with the Soyuz that had launched a few hours earlier. A cylindrical docking module served as an airlock between the two spacecraft for transfer of the crew members. Poster designed by Kennedy Space Center Graphics Department/Greg Lee. Credit: NASA

The Partnership: a History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ezell, E. C.; Ezell, L. N.

1978-01-01

Correspondance, interviews, official documents, and other published materials were used to trace the evolution of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project from the initial proposal for international cooperation in space use and exploration until the successful completion of the joint Soviet-American mission. Conceptual drawings of proposed docking modules and mechanisms are presented and dicussed. Black and white photographs taken during mission planning and in-flight activities are included with color photographs of the earth taken during the mission. Joint meetings are summarized and the scientific experiments and launch vehicles are discussed in the appendices.

ART CONCEPTS - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP)

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-04-01

S75-27288 (April 1975) --- An artist?s concept illustrating the mission profile of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The phases of the mission depicted include launch, rendezvous, docking, separation and splashdown. During the joint U.S.-USSR ASTP flight, scheduled for July 1975, the American and Soviet crews will visit one another?s spacecraft while the Soyuz and Apollo are docked for a maximum period of two days. The mission is designed to test equipment and techniques that will establish international crew rescue capability in space, as well as permit future cooperative scientific missions. This artwork is by Davis Meltzer.

GPS survey of the western Tien Shan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Molnar, Peter H.

1994-01-01

This report summarizes the background, field work, data collection and analysis, and future plans associated with a collaborative GPS experiment in the Tien Shan of the former Soviet Union. This project involves the amalgamation of two, separately funded projects, which were proposed separately by PIs Hamburger and Reilinger (NSF number EAR-9115159 and NASA number NAG5-1941) and Molnar and Hager (NSF number EAR9117889 and NASA number NAG5-1947). In addition, the work is being conducted under the auspices of the US-USSR Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection, with support from the United States Geological Survey.

Apollo Soyuz test project. USA-USSR, fact sheet

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

The Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) is discussed. The United States and the Soviet Union have agreed to develop compatible rendezvous and docking systems which will provide a basis for docking and rescue on future spacecraft of both nations. The ASTP mission will include testing the rendezvous system in orbit, verifying techniques for transfer of astronauts and cosmonauts, and conducting experiments while docked and undocked. Diagrams of the spacecraft and systems involved in the tests are presented. The prime contractors for the equipment are identified. Biographical data on the astronauts participating in the program are provided.

U.S.-Soviet Relations: Testing Gorbachev's "New Thinking." Current Policy No. 985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armacost, Michael H.

Forty years ago, George F. Kennan advanced the doctrine of containment against Soviet encroachment throughout the world. The Soviet Union has evolved from a Eurasian land power into a global superpower. In an effort to create an international environment congenial to domestic reforms, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has sought greater tranquility…

Soviet Higher Education: An Alternative Construct to the Western University Paradigm

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kuraev, Alex

2016-01-01

Historically, the university was an alien establishment for Russia, reflecting the political ambition of its leadership, not the organic impetus of Russian society. In Soviet academia, the notion of university education was replaced by the concept of vocational-technical training. As a creation of the Soviet government, Soviet higher education…

Soviet Cybernetics: Recent News Items, Number Thirteen.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holland, Wade B.

An issue of "Soviet Cybernetics: Recent News Items" consists of English translations of the leading recent Soviet contributions to the study of cybernetics. Articles deal with cybernetics in the 21st Century; the Soviet State Committee on Science and Technology; economic reforms in Rudnev's ministry; an interview with Rudnev; Dnepr-2; Dnepr-2…

Soviet Railroad Troops: An Updated Review.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

4 Existing Soviet Transport System ........................... 4 *Scarcity of the Rail System ...basis for a totally new evaluation of the Soviet logistics system as a whole, significant misunderstanding will arise if rail capabilities are degraded...sizeable superiority in divisions, tanks, and artillery, the austere Soviet logistic system is suitable only for supporting a short war. In fact, the

Soviet Psycho-educational Research on Learning Disabilities: Implications for American Research and Practice.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, Robert H.

The implications of Soviet psychoeducational research on learning disabilities (LD) and its relevance to American research and practice are discussed. The first section provides an overview of the general perspective of Soviet special education, with particular reference to LD and its relationship to Soviet psychology and philosophy. The second…

Trouble in the Backyard: Soviet Media Reporting on the Afghanistan Conflict.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Downing, John D. H.

1988-01-01

Presents a qualitative analysis of Soviet media coverage of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1986, showing that several familiar themes, from unpopular guerrillas to national security, are used to justify the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. Compares Soviet press coverage of Afghanistan with U.S. coverage of El Salvador, revealing several parallels. (ARH)

Soviet Marxism and population policy.

PubMed

Vonfrank, A

1984-01-01

American demographers have maintained that Marxism, notably Soviet Marxism, is consistently pronatalist. The Soviet view is said to be that population growth is not a problem and that birth control policies in either developed or developing societies are to be rejected; the "correct" (i.e., socialist) socioeconomic structure is the true solution to alleged population problems. Such representations of Soviet thought greatly oversimplify the Soviet position as well as fail to discern the changes in Soviet thought that have been occurring. Since the 1960s Soviet writers have increasingly acknowledged that population growth is, to a considerable degree, independent of the economic base of society and that conscious population policies may be needed to either increase or decrease the rate of population growth. Even socialist societies can have population problems. And where population growth is too rapid, as in the developing countries, policies to slow such growth are needed because of the threat to economic development. However, the Soviets continue to stress that birth control policies must go hand-in-hand with social and economic development policies if they are to be effective.

FASAC Technical Assessment Report: Soviet Space Science Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lanzerotti, L. J.; Henry, Richard C.; Klein, Harold P.; Masursky, Harold; Paulikas, George A.; Scaf, Frederick L.; Soffen, Gerald A.; Terzian, Yervant

1986-01-01

This report is the work of a panel of eight US scientists who surveyed and assessed Soviet research in the spare sciences. All of the panelists were very familiar with Soviet research through their knowledge of the published scientific literature and personal contacts with Soviet and other foreign colleagues. In addition, all of the panelists reviewed considerable additional open literature--scientific, and popular, including news releases. The specific disciplines of Soviet space science research examined in detail for the report were: solar-terrestrial research, lunar and planetary research, space astronomy and astrophysics, and, life sciences. The Soviet Union has in the past carried out an ambitious program in lunar exploration and, more recently, in studies of the inner planets, Mars and especially Venus. The Soviets have provided scientific data about the latter planet which has been crucial for studies of the planet's evolution. Future programs envision an encounter with Halley's Comet, in March 1986, and missions to Mars and asteroids. The Soviet programs in the life sciences and solar-terrestrial research have been long-lasting and systematically pursued. Much of the ground-based and space-based research in these two disciplines appears to be motivated by the requirement to establish long-term human habitation in near-Earth space. The Soviet contributions to new discoveries and understanding in observational space astronomy and astrophysics have been few. This is in significant contrast to the very excellent theoretical work contributed by Soviet scientists in this discipline.

Revisiting Soviet oil subsidies to East Europe: System maintenance in the Soviet hegemony, 1970--1984

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, Mark Andrew

Throughout the 1970s and 1980s the Soviet Union sold oil shipments to the member-states of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) at a fraction of the world market price (wmp). Contrary to arguments made by previous scholars that it paid a subsidy, namely the difference between the wmp and the CMEA price, either as a reward for material contributions to Soviet foreign policy objectives or as a consequence of membership in a customs union, the Soviet Union provided subsidized oil shipments as a form of economic assistance in maintaining its hegemony. Using non-parametric statistical analysis of previous scholars' data and comparative case studies based on interviews of Soviet decision-makers and on archival research, this study shows that the Soviet Union acted as a hegemon, which created a protectionist trade regime, used oil policy as means of hegemonic maintenance. The CMEA, the embodiment of values espoused in the Soviet trade regime identified as "embedded supranationalism", stood as the institutional antithesis of a customs unions, which embodied the values of the Western liberal trade regime. Soviet leaders did not use oil subsidies or trade relations in general as means of calibrating CMEA member-states' domestic or foreign policy behavior. Soviet leaders used subsidized oil as a means of supporting East European national economic development with the ultimate goal of creating politically legitimate governments thereby ensuring political stability in its cordon sanitaire with the West.

The Global Positioning System: a high-tech success story

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ashby, Neil

2002-03-01

The Global Positioning System (GPS) consists of 24 or more satellites in twelve-hour orbits, each carrying atomic clocks and transmitting synchronized time and position information. The satellite system is supported by time referencing and processing centers, and data collection stations around the world. The signals make possible accurate navigation anywhere in the vicinity of Earth. There is probably no other large engineering system that relies on a broader range of applications of fundamental modern physics, such as special and general relativity, and atomic physics. Atomic clocks only a few inches on a side have been developed to an almost incredible stage of reliability and stability. Modern circuit fabrication techniques produce GPS receivers on a chip at cost comparable to that of handheld cell phones. Widespread availability and low cost in the civilian sector has led to a host of interesting applications. The economic impact of GPS is in the billions of dollars annually and is increasing. A comparable system, currently with only a few satellites, is the Soviet GLONASS. Europeans are developing another competitor, GALILEO, and have plans to place Hydrogen masers in space. These systems are changing the way we determine where we are and are revolutionizing many fields of scientific research.

The red and green lines of atomic oxygen in the nightglow of Venus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Fox, J. L.

1990-01-01

O(1D) and O(1S), the excited states that give rise to the atomic oxygen red and green lines, are produced in the Venus nightglow in dissociative recombination of O2(+). The emissions should also be excited by precipitation of soft electrons, the suggested source of the 'auroral' emission features of atomic oxygen at 1304 and 1356 A, which have been reported from observations of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter Ultraviolet Spectrometer. No emisison at 6300 or 5577 A was detected, however, by the visible spectrophotometers on the Soviet spacecraft Veneras 9 and 10; upper limits have been placed on the intensities of these features. The constraints placed on models for the auroral production mechanism by the Venera upper limits by modeling the intensities of the red and green lines in the nightglow are evaluated, combining a model for the vibrational distribution of O2(+) on the nightside of Venus with rate coefficients recently computed by Guberman for production of O(1S) and O(1D) in dissociative recombination of O2(+) from different vibrational levels. The integrated overhead intensities are 1 - 2 R for the green line and about 46 R for the red line.

Charting the Development of Knowledge on Soviet and Post-Soviet Education through the Pages of Comparative and International Education Journals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chankseliani, Maia

2017-01-01

This paper examines 126 research articles from three comparative education journals to chart the development of knowledge within comparative education on the Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries. Thematic, theoretical, discursive, and methodological aspects of scholarship are linked with changing geopolitical realities in a systematic analysis…

Teaching about the Soviet Union. ERIC Digest No. 42.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Citti, Lori A.

Given the global significance of Soviet-U.S. relations, elementary and secondary school students should learn about the Soviet Union, but most students graduate from high school with little knowledge and many misconceptions about this country. It is important to teach about the Soviet Union because of: (1) its emphasis in the U.S. media; (2) its…

Speaking "Common Sense" about the Soviet Threat: Reagan's Rhetorical Stance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ivie, Robert L.

Although for the 15 years preceding his election as President of the United States Ronald Reagan muted his anti-Soviet rhetoric in order to achieve political power, since his election he has returned to anti-Sovietism in an effort to redirect American foreign policy against the Soviets. At the same time, however, he employs a rhetorical strategy…

On Ideology, Language, and Identity: Language Politics in the Soviet and Post-Soviet Lithuania

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balockaite, Rasa

2014-01-01

The paper illuminates links between state politics and language politics in Lithuania during different historical periods: (a) the thaw period, (b) the stagnation period, (c) the liberalization periods of Soviet socialism, and (d) the two post-Soviet decades characterized by both nationalism and liberalization. Based on analysis of the texts by…

Foreign Area Studies in the USSR. Training and Employment of Specialists.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gottemoeller, Rose E.; Langer, Paul F.

A study was undertaken to arrive at a broad overview of the Soviet training utilization of foreign area specialists. To gather data for the study, researchers examined European, United States, and Soviet publications and interviewed Soviet emigres and U.S. specialists on the Soviet Union. According to these data sources, specialized training for…

Ideologies of Civic Participation in Central Asia: Liberal Arts in the Post-Soviet Democratic Ethos

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Norma Jo; Thompson, Chad D.

2010-01-01

Higher educational practices in post-Soviet Central Asia remain predicated on an authoritarian conception of expertise rooted in an objective and universal science. While the substance of such education has changed since the Soviet era, the form of education remains rooted in Soviet-era discursive ideological practices, practices that encourage…

ASTP crewmen have a meal during training session at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Three ASTP crewmen have a meal in the Apollo Command Module trainer in bldg 35 during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) joint crew training at JSC. They are, left to right, Cosmonaut Aleksay A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew; Astronaut Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot of the American ASTP prime crew; and Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American ASTP prime crew.

Recent progress and future plans on the search for extraterrestrial intelligence.

PubMed

Papagiannis, M D

1985-11-14

The possibility of life in other parts of the Universe has long occupied the human mind, but actual searches only began in 1960 with Project OZMA conducted by Frank Drake. In the past 25 years, we have made impressive progress, and this new field has gained broad scientific recognition including the support of the US and the Soviet National Academies, and the endorsement of the International Astronomical Union.

Cosmonaut Aleksey Leonov briefed on Apollo Communications test system console

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-04-23

S74-20807 (23 April 1974) --- Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov (foreground) is briefed on the Apollo communications test system console in the Building 440 laboratory during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project training activity at the Johnson Space Center. Leonov is the commander of the Soviet ASTP crew. Leonov is being briefed by astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American ASTP crew.

Coded mask telescopes for X-ray astronomy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Skinner, G. K.; Ponman, T. J.

1987-04-01

The principle of the coded mask techniques are discussed together with the methods of image reconstruction. The coded mask telescopes built at the University of Birmingham, including the SL 1501 coded mask X-ray telescope flown on the Skylark rocket and the Coded Mask Imaging Spectrometer (COMIS) projected for the Soviet space station Mir, are described. A diagram of a coded mask telescope and some designs for coded masks are included.

Statistical Study of Soviet Nuclear Explosions: Data, Results, and Software Tools

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-11-05

KIRTLAND AFB, NM 87117-6008 Monitored by: ADVANCED RESEARCH PROJECTS AGENCY NUCLEAR MONITORING RESEARCH OFFICE 94-03131 3701 NORTH FAIRFAX DRIVE...AGENCY REPORT NUMBER ARPAINMRO (Attn. Dr. Alan Ryall, Jr.) 3701 North Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22203-1714 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES *Department of...dug by them, in Nuclear Explosions for Peaceful Purposes (I. D. Morokhov, Ed.), Atomizdat, Moscow, LLL Report UCRL -Trans-10517, 79-109. Nuttli, 0. W

Possible criticality of marine reactors dumped in the Kara Sea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Warden, J.M.; Mount, M.; Lynn, N.M.

1997-05-01

The largest inventory of radioactive materials dumped in the Kara Sea by the former Soviet Union comes from the spent nuclear fuel (SNF) of seven marine reactors. Using corrosion models derived for the International Arctic Seas Assessment Project (IASAP), the possibility of some of the SNF achieving criticality through structural and material changes has been investigated. Although remote, the possibility cannot at this stage be ruled out.

Astronaut Stafford and Cosmonaut Leonov examines food packages for ASTP

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Two Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) crewmen look over food cans and packages in the Soyuz Orbital Module trainer in bldg 35 during ASTP joint crew training at JSC. They are Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford (left), commander of the American ASTP prime crew; and Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew. The training session simulated activity on the second day in Earth orbit.

View of USSR flight controllers in Mission Control during touchdown

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-21

S75-28659 (21 July 1975) --- An overall view of the group of Soviet Union flight controllers who served at the Mission Control Center during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. They are applauding the successful touchdown of the Soyuz spacecraft in Central Asia. The television monitor had just shown the land landing of the Soyuz descent vehicle.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-17

Commodities rarely bought on "plastic credit" so far include food products and consumer durables—homes, cars, TV sets, which can be paid for in...capitalist giants’ diktat vis-ä-vis scat- tered and isolated farm producers in Africa and the consumers of food supplied there from the West. Ruinous...ensuring their food self-sufficiency, so- cialist countries cooperate with them in building major hydrotechnical projects and agro- industrial

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-10

ascus ’ need to obtain limited interests in this neighboring country. The Soviet ambassador to Damascus completed the message he received from...international and Arab climate. Hence, the only thing left is dialogue, a solution put forth at the international and Arab levels. So why has Dam- ascus ...negotiating lever- age which so far has resulted in saving about $35 million. The GCC states, he added, have accorded the joint rice purchase project

East Europe Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-02-11

sought-after canned fish, teas, wines, shampoos and other Soviet products. However, the trade will not be limited just to food products as our...agriculture will be very difficult to achieve with a better supply of equipment. — Surveys of land use in the Zamosc area have shown an increase in...recently concluded project, set out to survey the consequences that soft budgetary constraints lead to within a company. For their analysis they used a

E-beam-pumped semiconductor lasers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rice, Robert R.; Shanley, James F.; Ruggieri, Neil F.

1995-04-01

The collapse of the Soviet Union opened many areas of laser technology to the West. E-beam- pumped semiconductor lasers (EBSL) were pursued for 25 years in several Soviet Institutes. Thin single crystal screens of II-VI alloys (ZnxCd1-xSe, CdSxSe1-x) were incorporated in laser CRTs to produce scanned visible laser beams at average powers greater than 10 W. Resolutions of 2500 lines were demonstrated. MDA-W is conducting a program for ARPA/ESTO to assess EBSL technology for high brightness, high resolution RGB laser projection application. Transfer of II-VI crystal growth and screen processing technology is underway, and initial results will be reported. Various techniques (cathodoluminescence, one- and two-photon laser pumping, etc.) have been used to assess material quality and screen processing damage. High voltage (75 kV) video electronics were procured in the U.S. to operate test EBSL tubes. Laser performance was documented as a function of screen temperature, beam voltage and current. The beam divergence, spectrum, efficiency and other characteristics of the laser output are being measured. An evaluation of the effect of laser operating conditions upon the degradation rate is being carried out by a design-of-experiments method. An initial assessment of the projected image quality will be performed.

Optimizing the post-START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) US strategic nuclear force mix. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Leary, D.A.

1989-06-01

This thesis examines the impact a START agreement might have on the United States and Soviet strategic nuclear forces. It then proposes an optimum post-START force mix for the United States and the Soviet Union. The current, as well as projected, post-START targeting policies are discussed. It is concluded that the impact of a START agreement on the current U.S. strategic targeting policy will be minimal. Although the target data base will not shrink as much as the forces tasked to cover it, a prioritization of targets is all that should be necessary with a post-START force. A START agreementmore » will mean major reductions in U.S. and Soviet strategic nuclear forces. As proposed in this thesis, only the ICBM leg of the Triad will require any major re-structuring. This would include the addition of mobile ICBM systems. The SLBM and bomber legs will feel minimal changes (i.e., retiring POSEIDON SSBNs and retiring or converting some older B-52s). It is recommended that the B-52 program be cancelled, and funding be re-directed into mobile ICBM systems. By doing so the United States could utilize technology available today to strengthen its forces and not gamble on the low-observable technology which a stealth bomber might have.« less

U.S.-Soviet Collaborative Geological and Geophysical Survey of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 31 degrees N, the Petrov Fracture Zone

USGS Publications Warehouse

Klitgord, Kim D.; Dmitriev, Leonard V.; Casey, John F.; Silantiev, Sergei; Johnson, Kevin

1993-01-01

IntroductionIn February 1989, the first formal U.S.-Soviet joint marine geologic-geophysical study in 10 years was undertaken along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 31°N on the 12th Cruise of the RN Akademik Boris Petrov of the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry (USSR Academy of Sciences, Moscow). This survey was initiated as part of the U.S.S.R.-U.S. cooperative research project "Mid-Atlantic Ridge Crest Processes" within the framework of the Soviet-U.S. bilateral Ocean Studies Agreement (Ostenso, 1989). U.S. scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey, University of Houston, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution participated in this program with Soviet scientists from the Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry, Institute of Geology, and Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, all institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow (Appendix 1 ). The ship departed from Rotterdam, Nederlands on February 2, 1989 and docked in Bridgetown, Barbados on February 28, 1989. A log of the ship's schedule during this cruise is given in Appendix 2. This study involved a limited multibeam-bathymetric, gravity, magnetic, and seismic- reflection survey. and dredging program of a short-offset transform fault named the Petrov Fracture Zone near 31 °N, located just north of the Atlantis Fracture Zone on the Mid Atlantic Ridge. A site survey at King's Trough in the northeast Atlantic for a MIR submersible program in June 1989 was originally planned as part of this program, but bad weather and the resultant poor quality geophysical data forced this work to be terminated after only one day. Nearly 6000 km of geophysical profile data and 13 dredge stations were completed during this cruise. A description of the geophysical systems aboard the RN Petrov is given in Appendices 3 and 4. All geophysical data were recorded on magnetic tape in data formats described in Appendix 5. Dredge locales and description summaries only are presented in Appendix 6. Detailed descriptions of dredge samples will be presented elsewhere. Operational plan for the studies on this cruise was developed as a cooperative effort between U.S. and Soviet scientists, who established jointly the basic objectives of the study. The U.S. scientists were given the responsibility for developing the detailed survey and dredge sampling plans. Dredge operations and basic geophysical systems operations were the responsibility of the Soviet personnel.

The Soviet Union: population trends and dilemmas.

PubMed

Feshbach, M

1982-08-01

Focus in this discussion of population trends and dilemmas in the Soviet Union is on demographic problems, data limitations, early population growth, geography and resources, the 15 republics of the Soviet Union and nationalities, agriculture and the economy, population growth over the 1950-1980 period (national trend, regional differences); age and sex composition of the population, fertility trends, nationality differentials in fertility, the reasons for fertility differentials (child care, divorce, abortion and contraception, illegitimacy), labor shortages and military personnel, mortality (mortality trends, life expectancy), reasons for mortality increases, urbanization and emigration, and future population prospects and projections. For mid-1982 the population of the Soviet Union was estimated at 270 million. The country's current rate of natural increase (births minus deaths) is about 0.8% a year, higher than current rates of natural increase in the U.S. (0.7%) and in developed countries as a whole (0.6%). Net immigration plays no part in Soviet population growth, but emigration was noticeable in some years during the 1970s, while remaining insignificant relative to total population size. National population growth has dropped by more than half in the last 2 decades, from 1.8% a year in the 1950s to 0.8% in 1980-1981, due mostly to declining fertility. The national fertility decline masks sharp differences among the 15 republics and even more so among the some 125 nationalities. In 1980, the Russian Republic had an estimated fertility rate of 1.9 births/woman, and the rate was just 2.0 in the other 2 Slavic republics, the Ukraine and Belorussia. In the Central Asian republics the rates ranged up to 5.8. Although the Russians will no doubt continue to be the dominant nationality, low fertility and a relatively higher death rate will reduce their share of the total population by less than half by the end of the century. Soviet leaders have launched a pronatalist policy which they hope will lead to an increase in fertility, at least among the dominant Slavic groups of the multinational country. More than 9 billion rubles (U.S. $12.2 billion) is to be spent over the next 5 years to implement measures aimed at increasing state aid to families with children, to be carried out step by step in different regions of the country. It is this writer's opinion that overall fertility is not likely to increase markedly despite the recent efforts of the central authorities, and the Russian share of the total population will probably continue to drop while that of Central Asian Muslim peoples increases.

Exploiting Universality in Atoms with Large Scattering Lengths

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Braaten, Eric

2012-05-31

The focus of this research project was atoms with scattering lengths that are large compared to the range of their interactions and which therefore exhibit universal behavior at sufficiently low energies. Recent dramatic advances in cooling atoms and in manipulating their scattering lengths have made this phenomenon of practical importance for controlling ultracold atoms and molecules. This research project was aimed at developing a systematically improvable method for calculating few-body observables for atoms with large scattering lengths starting from the universal results as a first approximation. Significant progress towards this goal was made during the five years of the project.

Narrating Surroundings and Suppression: The Role of School in Soviet Childhood Memories

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nugin, Raili; Jõesalu, Kirsti

2016-01-01

The article explores how people born in Estonia in the 1970s contextualize their memories about their Soviet childhood in the context of school. Focusing on small group of people who grew up in the Soviet Estonia, we argue that in biographical narratives, school is treated as the representative of the Soviet regime. Nostalgic reminiscences from…

Understanding Soviet Foreign Policy. The Tradition of Change in Soviet Foreign Policy. Two Schools of Soviet Diplomacy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

the works of Victor Hugo, :he Russian classics, and the works of other writers. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, New York, Oxford... panache and the scope of the gesture further rein- force the Soviet leader’s ascension and his auctoritas. It vastly adds to the feeling of confidence which

U.S. and Soviet Agriculture: The Shifting Balance of Power. Worldwatch Paper 51.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

Analysts of U.S.-Soviet balance of power usually focus on relative military strength. But other factors determine a country's overall power and influence. Among the most basic is a country's capacity to feed its people. By this measure the Soviet Union appears to be in deep trouble. Massive spending has increased Soviet military strength in recent…

Soviet Perceptions of War and Peace,

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-01-01

Scott and Harriet Fast Scott Publications for a Purpose ...................................... 98 Continuity and Change in Soviet Perceptions...and Harriet Scott examine Soviet military strategies and forces; I address and provide a historical overview of the concept of peaceful coexistence...15. Marshal V.D. Sokolovskiy, ed., Soviet Military Strategy, 3d ed. edited by Harriet F. Scott (New York: Crane, Russak and Co., 1975), pp. 334-361

Masculinities in the Motherland: Gender and Authority in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, 1945-1968

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fraser, Erica L.

2009-01-01

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

Fragmenting pastoral mobility: Changing grazing patterns in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan

Treesearch

Carol Kerven; Ilya Ilych Alimaev; Roy Behnke; Grant Davidson; Nurlan Malmakov; Aidos Smailov; Iain Wright

2006-01-01

Kazak nomads were seasonally mobile in the pre-Soviet period, in response to climate variability and landscape heterogeneity. The scale of these movements was interrupted during the Soviet period, but some degree of mobility remained. Mobility virtually ceased in the post-Soviet 1990s, but is reemerging as flock numbers rebound from the mid 1990s population crash.

Skill Formation and Utilisation in the Post-Soviet Transition: Higher Education Planning in Post-Soviet Georgia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gvaramadze, Irakli

2010-01-01

Changes in the former Soviet system had a dramatic influence on higher education in Georgia. The main objective of the current article is to analyse implications of the post-Soviet transition for the skill formation and skill utilisation system in Georgia. In particular, the study analyses recent trends in Georgian higher education including…

Safety system augmentation at Russian nuclear power plants

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Scerbo, J.A.; Satpute, S.N.; Donkin, J.Y.

1996-12-31

This paper describes the design and procurement of a Class IE DC power supply system to upgrade plant safety at the Kola Nuclear Power Plant (NPP). Kola NPP is located above the Arctic circle at Polyarnie Zorie, Murmansk, Russia. Kola NPP consists of four units. Units 1 and 2 have VVER-440/230 type reactors: Units 3 and 4 have VVER-440/213 type reactors. The VVER-440 reactor design is similar to the pressurized water reactor design used in the US. This project provided redundant, Class 1E DC station batteries and DC switchboards for Kola NPP, Units 1 and 2. The new DC powermore » supply system was designed and procured in compliance with current nuclear design practices and requirements. Technical issues that needed to be addressed included reconciling the requirements in both US and Russian codes and satisfying the requirements of the Russian nuclear regulatory authority. Close interface with ATOMENERGOPROEKT (AEP), the Russian design organization, KOLA NPP plant personnel, and GOSATOMNADZOR (GAN), the Russian version of US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, was necessary to develop a design that would assure compliance with current Russian design requirements. Hence, this project was expected to serve as an example for plant upgrades at other similar VVER-440 nuclear plants. In addition to technical issues, the project needed to address language barriers and the logistics of shipping equipment to a remote section of the Former Soviet Union (FSU). This project was executed by Burns and Roe under the sponsorship of the US DOE as part of the International Safety Program (INSP). The INSP is a comprehensive effort, in cooperation with partners in other countries, to improve nuclear safety worldwide. A major element within the INSP is the improvement of the safety of Soviet-designed nuclear reactors.« less

Soviet objectives in the INF negotiations and European security. Master's thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Baumgardner, H.J.

1987-12-01

On 12 December 1979, NATO officials announced the decision to deploy 108 Pershing II nuclear missiles and 464 Ground Launched Cruise Missiles, in response to the Soviet deployment of SS-20 nuclear missiles. The NATO decision was met by a determined Soviet effort to prevent the deployment of the new missiles. The Soviet effort consisted of negotiations, diplomatic propaganda, and covert measures. When it was clear that the deployment was not going to be stopped, the Soviets agreed to formal INF arms-reduction talks. It is this author's opinion that the Soviet negotiation tactics, during the INF talks, supported the long-range goalmore » of reducing the military effectiveness of NATO, and also supported the goal of reducing U.S. influence in Europe.« less

76 FR 17460 - South Texas Project Nuclear Operating Company; Establishment of Atomic Safety and Licensing Board

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-29

...] South Texas Project Nuclear Operating Company; Establishment of Atomic Safety and Licensing Board..., 2.318, and 2.321, notice is hereby given that an Atomic Safety and Licensing Board (Board) is being...: Ronald M. Spritzer, Chair, Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission...

Soviet Military Power

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-04-01

The Soviet build-up is made possible by a national policy that has con - sistently made military materiel production its highest economic priority...classes of consumable supplies and war reserve equipment available in the USSR, as well as transport, repair and con - struction units. It includes a...the Soviet military establishment r and to the continuing growth and moderniza-tion of Soviet military power. The CPSU con .-..•_"" trols military

Breakup of the Soviet State and Disintegration of the Renowned Sport System. The Future of Athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zibberman, Victor; Andersen, Donald R.

1994-01-01

Two articles examine athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The first discusses the disintegration of the Soviet sport system following the Soviet Union's breakup. The second examines the future of CIS athletics which, it is claimed, may never again reach the stature achieved by the Soviet Union. (SM)

The Limits of Soviet Airpower: The Bear Versus the Mujahideen in Afghanistan, 1979-1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1997-06-01

satellite imagery identified Soviet TMS-65 decontamination vehicles and AGV-3 detox chambers in the vicinity of combat areas. In addition, the...Vladislav Tamarov, Afghanistan: Soviet Vietnam, trans. Naomi Marcus, Marianne Clarke Trangen, and Vladislav Tamarov (San Francisco: Mercury House...Tamarov. San Francisco: Mercury House, 1992. Turbiville, Graham. Ambush! The Road War in Afghanistan. Fort Leavenworth, KS: Soviet Army Studies Office

Atomic Structure. Independent Learning Project for Advanced Chemistry (ILPAC). Unit S2.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Inner London Education Authority (England).

This unit on atomic structure is one of 10 first year units produced by the Independent Learning Project for Advanced Chemistry (ILPAC). The unit consists of two levels. Level one focuses on the atomic nucleus. Level two focuses on the arrangement of extranuclear electrons, approaching atomic orbitals through both electron bombardment and spectra.…

Project Physics Text 5, Models of the Atom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Harvard Project Physics.

Basic atomic theories are presented in this fifth unit of the Project Physics text for use by senior high students. Chemical basis of atomic models in the early years of the 18th Century is discussed n connection with Dalton's theory, atomic properties, and periodic tables. The discovery of electrons is described by using cathode rays, Millikan's…

Forensic seismology

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thirlaway, H. I. S.

1979-01-01

Twenty years ago, politicians, concerned a the slow progress of negotiations to stop nuclear weapons testing, described the state of seismology as being in the equivalent of the Stone Age. this assessment spurred the beginning of research and development at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment near the village of Aldermaston, England. the object was to establish the limits of seismology for the detection and identification of underground explosions against a background of earthquakes. Thereby, verification that there was compliance with a treaty to ban further nuclear tests could be assessed before making political decisions. Negotiations now taking place in Geneva between the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom are aimed at such a treaty.  

"The only feasible means." The Pentagon's ambivalent relationship with the Nuremberg Code.

PubMed

Moreno, J D

1996-01-01

Convinced that armed conflict with the Soviet Union was all but inevitable, that such conflict would involve unconventional atomic, biological, and chemical warfare, and that research with human subjects was essential to respond to the threat, in the early 1950s the U.S. Department of Defense promulgated a policy governing human experimentation based on the Nuremberg Code. Yet the policymaking process focused on the abstract issue of whether human experiments should go forward at all, ignoring the reality of humans subjects research already under way and leaving unanswered ethical questions about how to conduct such research. Documents newly released to the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments tell the story of the Pentagon policy.

Deception in Soviet Military Doctrine and Operations.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-01

class entitled Soviet Military Strategy, taught by Dr. Robert Bathurst at the Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. 10. George Orwell , quoted...recent asslignment as the Command Tactical Deception Officer, from March 1981 to May 1984 , at Headquarters Tactical Air Command Langley Air Force Base... Revolution , has made an indelible imprint on the Soviet psyche. Even today, forty years after the war, the Soviet people and the rest of the world are

Codes of Conduct in the Soviet School System. Part 1: The Teacher as the Mouthpiece of the State

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maslinsky, K. A.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this article is to analyze Soviet school codes as part of a continuous tradition in Russian education and as a way of arriving at a portrait of Soviet schoolchildren. The article is divided into two parts. The first part provides a brief historical overview of the codes of conduct in prerevolutionary and Soviet school policy and…

President Assad’s Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

PERIOD BETWEEN THE WARS - 100 B. THE SIX DAY WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH - - 106 C. THE EFFECTS OF THE LEBANESE CONFLICT 109 XI. SYRIA AND LEBANON...Terrorism -------------- 232 XVII. THE SOVIET-SYRIAN RELATIONS --------- 236 A. SOVIET POLICY OBJECTIVES -------- 238 B. HOW DID THE SOVIETS PENETRATE INTO...SYRIA? 239 C. THE SOVIET MILITARY AID TO SYRIA - - - - 241 D. PRICES AND TERMS ------------ 242 E. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MILITARY AID IN RELATION TO

The Costs of the Soviet Empire.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

Soviet Union is a multi -national state consisting of 15 distinct national repub- lics and over 60 nationalities, 23 of which have populations greater...think of the annual costs of attaining and maintaining an empire as following an oscillating pattern like a somewhat uneven sine -curve. First, costs...and time-on-station of Soviet naval and other forces. In this sense, the empire acts to multi - ply the effectiveness of Soviet forces. Alternatively

Soviet business chaos seen lasting 5 years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-12-16

This paper reports that companies seeking work in the collapsing Soviet Union can expect political uncertainty for another 5 years. PW discussed changes in the Soviet Union and offered advice on dealing with officials of the central government and Soviet republics at a recent meeting in Houston with executives of oil field service companies. That meeting preceded reports of the Russian federation, Ukraine, and Byelorussia agreeing to form a Slavic commonwealth.

The Role of Social Science Research Institutes in the Formulation and Execution of Soviet Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-03-01

L FOREWORD In the long-term global competition between capitalism and socialism, the Soviet union designs and implements complex strategies which...successful communist resolution of the struggle by exploiting Soviet opportunities and Western vulnerabilities. Such complex strategies, involving as they...fact, a subject of controversy among Soviet theoreticians, the CPSU’s leading theoretical journal, Kommunist, has explained its appli - cation thus

Soviet Power in Latin America: Success or Failure?

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-13

During the Symposium, academic and government experts discussed a number of issues concerning this area which will have a continuing impact on US...full impact of Soviet and Cuban ties has not yet been felt, but the 1977 return from Cuba of a Jamaican youth construction brigade, determined to...some of the less perceptible underlying aspects of the relationship . The paper is divided into three sections: Soviet objectives; instruments of Soviet

Soviet space nuclear reactor incidents - Perception versus reality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bennett, Gary L.

1992-01-01

Since the Soviet Union reportedly began flying nuclear power sources in 1965 it has had four publicly known accidents involving space reactors, two publicly known accidents involving radioisotope power sources and one close call with a space reactor (Cosmos 1900). The reactor accidents, particularly Cosmos 954 and Cosmos 1402, indicated that the Soviets had adopted burnup as their reentry philosophy which is consistent with the U.S. philosophy from the 1960s and 1970s. While quantitative risk analyses have shown that the Soviet accidents have not posed a serious risk to the world's population, concerns still remain about Soviet space nuclear safety practices.

ASTP crewmen in Soyuz orbital module mock-up during training session at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

An interior view of the Soyuz orbital module mock-up in bldg 35 during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) joint crew training at JSC. The ASTP crewmen are Astronaut Vance D. Brand (on left), command module pilot of the American ASTP prime crew; and Cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew. The training session simulated activities on the second day in Earth orbit.

Geopolitics, Strategy and U.S. Interests. Revision.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

first pub. 1942), p. vii. 2. Saul B. Cohen, Geography and Politics in a Divided World (London: Methuen, 1964), p. 24. 1 ’% LA brand of statecraft. This...essentially in a landlocked condition. Soviet power projection beyond Eurasia could be effected only on Western sufferance, given that the maritime...Weltpolitik is effectively checkable today by the United States and her allies, with their control of the critical "Rimland" geography * of Eurasia, just as

Tactics of the Soviet Army Regiment

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-05-14

for this project. Sug- gestions , comments, and recommended changes to this pub- lication are solicited and may be nade to Commander USACACDA ATTN...counterblows on advancing enemy groups." 14 However, this will not be the only time for an encounter battle during the de -fense. etIn contempor-ary...for the defender. "The special features of the meeting engagement for the de - fense can include the enemy usually having superiority in forces and

Artist's drawing of internal arrangement of orbiting Apollo and Soyuz crafts

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1974-01-01

Artist's drawing illustrating the internal arrangement of orbiting the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit in a docked configuration. The three American Apollo crewmen and the two Soviet Soyuz crewmen will transfer to each other's spacecraft during the July Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) mission. The four ASTP visible components are, left to right, the Apollo Command Module, the Docking Module, the Soyuz Orbital Module and the Soyuz Descent Vehicle.

A Centered Projective Algorithm for Linear Programming

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-01

zx/l to (PA Karmarkar’s algorithm iterates this procedure. An alternative method, the so-called affine variant (first proposed by Dikin [6] in 1967...trajectories, II. Legendre transform coordinates . central trajectories," manuscripts, to appear in Transactions of the American [6] I.I. Dikin ...34Iterative solution of problems of linear and quadratic programming," Soviet Mathematics Dokladv 8 (1967), 674-675. [7] I.I. Dikin , "On the speed of an

French Security Policy in Transition: Dynamics of Continuity and Change

DTIC Science & Technology

1995-03-01

significant social division requires a strong state. As a commentator on the French assessment in Entreprise France noted, the French analysts in this project ...O N M E N T . . . 9 Chal lenges to the French Framework . . . . . . 9 The Place of France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. THE C H A...of French diplomatic maneuvers or actions. French d6tente policy toward the Soviet Union permitted France to define an "independent" course within

Simulations - Joint NASA-USSR Mission - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-25

S75-22187 (25 Feb. 1975) --- Two ASTP crewmen look over food cans and packages in the Soyuz orbital module trainer in Building 35 during Apollo-Soyuz Test Project joint crew training at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are astronaut Thomas P. Stafford (left), commander of the American ASTP prime crew; and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew. The training session simulated activity on the second day in Earth orbit.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union. World Economy & International Relations, No. 12, December 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-18

conditions of scientific and technological progress is considered to be the main factor influencing such process. Leading companies are trying to...departments, groups etc. Project teams are widely used when a new kind of product is developed or when R and D or technological problems are to be...medium-sized partners are integrated into a single scientific and technological entity by big companies. Cooperation in production is also important

Soviet Civil-Military Relations and the Power Projection Mission

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

Troop Con- trol in Local Wars," Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal, No. 3, 1980; L. Mikryukov and V . Vaytushko, "From the Experience of the Combat...Zhurnal, No. 3, 1980 (JPRS 75992). Matsulenko, V ., "On Surprise in Local Wars," Voenno-Istoricheskiy Zhurnal, No. 4, 1979 (JPRS 73677 6/13/79). Mikryukov ...Nikitin, LGen E ., and V . Khalipov, "Leninskoe ucheniye o zashchite sotsialisticheskogo otechestva i sovremennost’," Vestnik PVO, No. 2, 1976

Detection Technology in the 21st Century: The Case of Nuclear Weapons of Mass Destruction

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-26

Weapons of Mass Destruction FORMAT : Strategy Research Project DATE: 26 March 2008 WORD COUNT: 6,764 PAGES: 25 KEY TERMS: National Security, Deterrence...stocks remaining in Ukraine, Belarus, Uzbekistan, and other former Soviet and Eastern European states, and the unknown amounts of highly enriched uranium ...detect emissions from the decay of radioactive nuclides, which can occur naturally, such as uranium and thorium, or are manmade, such as plutonium

Environmental Security and Infrastructure in Poland: Impacts from the Demise of the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1996-10-01

construction of facilities to mix saline water with fly ash from power plants to neutralize mine leachate ; • construction of facilities to produce...developing another new approach to soil remediation called Phytoremediation . The Institute is hopeful that this project will be instrumental in cleaning...million. Phytoremediation uses certain types of plants to stabilize, mineralize and remove the heavy metals in the soil through root uptake. The

MISSION CONTROL CENTER (MCC) - APOLLO-SOYUZ TEST PROJECT (ASTP)

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-15

S75-28519 (15 July 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center, Building 30, Johnson Space Center, on the first day of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. This photograph was taken shortly before the American ASTP launch from the Kennedy Space Center. The television monitor in the center background shows the ASTP Apollo-Saturn 1B space vehicle on Pad B at KSC?s Launch Complex 39. The American ASTP liftoff followed the Soviet ASTP launch of the Soyuz space vehicle from Baikonur, Kazakhstan by seven and one-half hours.

Protocol - Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) Press Activity - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-01

S75-32051 (July 1975) --- An overall view of activity in the ?Soyuz Room? of the ASTP News Center in Building 2 at NASA's Johnson Space Center during the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. Representatives from the Soviet space program were stationed in this room to be available to reporters at the news center. The JSC Public Affairs Office maintains a news center during each mission. The NASA spaceflights are covered by U.S. and foreign reporters representing TV networks, wire services, television and radio stations, newspapers, magazines, scientific and educational publications, etc. (Photo courtesy Communications Satellite Corporation)

Soviet health care and perestroika.

PubMed

Schultz, D S; Rafferty, M P

1990-02-01

Health and health care in the Soviet Union are drawing special attention during these first years of perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's reform of Soviet political and economic life. This report briefly describes the current state of Soviet health and medical care, Gorbachev's plans for reform, and the prospects for success. In recent years the Soviet Union has experienced a rising infant mortality rate and declining life expectancy. The health care system has been increasingly criticized for its uncaring providers, low quality of care, and unequal access. The proposed measures will increase by 50 percent the state's contribution to health care financing, encourage private medicine on a small scale, and begin experimentation with capitation financing. It seems unlikely that the government will be able to finance its share of planned health improvements, or that private medicine, constrained by the government's tight control, will contribute much in the near term. Recovery of the Soviet economy in general as well as the ability of health care institutions to gain access to Western materials will largely determine the success of reform of the Soviet health care system.

The Soviet contributions towards MAP/WINE

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rapoport, Z. TA.; Kazimirovsky, E. S.

1989-01-01

In the winter of 1983 to 1984, the research institutes of the Soviet Union took an active part in the accomplishment of the project Winter in Northern Europe (MAP/WINE) of the Middle Atmosphere Program. Different methods were used to measure temperature, direction and velocity of wind, turbulence, electron concentration in the lower ionosphere, and radio wave absorption. The study of the stratopheric warmings and the related changes in the mesosphere and lower ionosphere was considered of special importance. The analysis of the obtained data has shown, in particular, that during the stratospheric warmings the western wind in winter time becomes weaker and even reverses. At the same time period the electron concentration and the radio wave absorption in the lower ionosphere are often reduced. It is also observed that the high absorption zones move from west to east. These results confirm the concept about the role of the cyclonic circumpolar vortex in the transport of the auroral air to temperate latitudes and about the appearance of conditions for the winter anomalous radio wave absorption.

ART CONCEPTS - ASTP

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-04-01

S75-27289 (May 1975) --- An artist?s concept depicting the American Apollo spacecraft docked with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit. During the joint U.S.-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission, scheduled for July 1975, the American and Soviet crews will visit one another?s spacecraft while the Soyuz and Apollo are docked for a maximum period of two days. The mission is designed to test equipment and techniques that will establish international crew rescue capability in space, as well as permit future cooperative scientific missions. Each nation has developed separately docking systems based on a mutually agreeable single set of interface design specifications. The major new U.S. program elements are the docking module and docking system necessary to achieve compatibility of rendezvous and docking systems with the USSR-developed hardware to be used on the Soyuz spacecraft. The DM and docking system together with an Apollo Command/Service Module will be launched by a Saturn 1B launch vehicle. This artwork is by Paul Fjeld.

Pushkin to Shukshin: Complementary Strands in the Texture of Soviet Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zevin, Patricia Ernenwein

1980-01-01

Discusses English reading texts used in the Soviet Union, which are English translations of Russian literature. Notes that such literature divides attention between the traditional and the progressive elements of Soviet culture. (DF)

The German Reunification Issue: A Soviet Perspective.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

relationship with the Soviet Union is central to its viability, its economic stability, and the maintenance of its position in the Warsaw Pact. The...tion, and consumer spending is twice as high in the GDR than in the USSR. This voracious consumption is visible to Soviet troops. The Soviet Union...response to the prolonged Polish crisis, East and West Germany appear to be mutually shielding their special relationship from the cold East-West winds

Soviet Weapon-System Acquisition

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-09-01

Center, China Lake, CA 93555-6001 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. S91 10 4163 FOREWORD The book was researched and written by...collection of classified norms is a set that we have never seen, but whose existence we know of from various articles in Soviet military journals and books ...industrial-incentive system has resulted in a spare-parts famine throughout the Soviet economy. 3 Several books , both Western and Soviet, have been -written

The Soviet Far East Buildup and Soviet Risk-Taking against China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-08-01

This report reflects information available through August 1982. - vii - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Soviet military buildup in Siberia, Central Asia, and...In the process , the number of divisions of all strength levels deployed appear to have increased from roughly 20 at the outset to about 40 early in...the study reviews the circumstances under which the Soviets began the post-Khrushchev buildup that is still in process . It examines the initial

The Tenth Period of Soviet Third World Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-10-01

All its activity is taking place in an atmosphere of responsible criticism and self-criticism and of observance of the principle of looking the truth...tremendous stability to the Soviet-Indian relationship. Moscow’s ties with New Dehli have lasted now well over thirty years. Moscow can be confident...itself a superpower with global interests and commitments. The costs of the Soviet empire may be onerous at the margin when Soviet economic managers

An Analysis of the Seismic Source Characteristics of Explosions in Low-Coupling Dry Porous Media

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-29

Semipalatinsk Test Site (Shagan, Degelen and Konystan Testing Areas) and in Salt at the Former Soviet Azgir Test Site ...to be applicable to all underground nuclear explosions conducted in various hard rock media at the former Soviet Semipalatinsk test site , as well as...in Hard Rock at the Former Soviet Semipalatinsk Test Site (Shagan, Degelen and Konystan Testing Areas) and in Salt at the Former Soviet Azgir Test

Review of the transmissions of the Soviet helicopters

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chaiko, Lev I.

1990-01-01

A review of the following aspects of Soviet helicopter transmissions is presented: transmitted power, weight, reduction ratio, RPM, design configuration, comparison of different type of manufacturing methods, and a description of the materials and technologies applied to critical transmission components. Included are mechanical diagrams of the gearboxes of the Soviet helicopters and test stands for testing gearbox and main shaft. The quality of Soviet helicopter transmissions and their Western counterparts are assessed and compared.

Soviet military doctrine and Western security policy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Flynn, G.

The late 1970s and early 1980s witnessed an unprecedented polarization of Western political and analytical opinion about the Soviet military and how policy should adapt to the emergence of parity between the superpowers. This study analyzes the roots of this polarization, and brings together for the first time a thorough survey of Western perceptions of Soviet military thought and doctrine, as well as of Soviet perceptions of Western military thought and doctrine. The work demonstrates how both East and West regularly makes judgements on the other's military profile on the basis of political preconceptions about the other's intentions. Western analysismore » of the Soviet military has not gone much beyond this unfortunate condition because most of the critical questions cannot be answered definitively with existing data and methodology. The study offers an assessment of how analysis of Soviet doctrine can be better factored into Western arms control and force posture planning.« less

FROM THE HISTORY OF PHYSICS: The physics of a thermonuclear explosion of a normal-density liquefied deuterium sphere (On the impossibility of a spherically symmetric thermonuclear explosion in liquid deuterium at normal density)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marchuk, Gurii I.; Imshennik, Vladimir S.; Basko, Mikhail M.

2009-03-01

The hydrodynamic problem of a thermonuclear explosion in a sphere of normal-density liquid deuterium was solved (Institute for Physics and Power Engineering, Obninsk) in 1952-1954 in the framework of the Soviet Atomic Project. The principal result was that the explosion shockwave in deuterium strongly decayed because of radiation energy loss and nonlocal energy release by fast neutrons. At that time, this negative result implied in essence that the straightforward approach to creating a thermonuclear weapon was in fact a blind alley. This paper describes a numerical solution to the stated problem, obtained with the modern DEIRA code developed for numerical modeling of inertially confined fusion. Detailed numerical calculations have confirmed the above 'historic' result and shed additional light on the physical causes of the detonation wave decay. The most pernicious factor is the radiation energy loss due to the combined effect of bremsstrahlung and the inverse Compton scattering of the emitted photons on the hot electrons. The impact of energy transfer by fast neutrons — which was already quite adequately accounted for in the above-cited historical work — is less significant. We present a more rigorous (compared to that of the 1950s) study of the role of inverse Compton scattering for which, in particular, an independent analytic estimate is obtained.

Perestroika and Its Impact on the Soviet Labor Market.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brand, Horst

1991-01-01

Discusses two books, "Restructuring the Soviet Economy: In Search of the Market" and "In Search of Flexibility: The New Soviet Labour Market," that assess the success of perestroika and the transition to a market-based economy. (JOW)

The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perminov, V. G.

1999-01-01

Perminov was the leading designer for Mars and Venus spacecraft at the Soviet Lavochkin design bureau in the early days of Martian exploration. In addition to competing with the U.S. to get to the Moon, the Soviets also struggled to beat the U.S. to Mars during the Cold War. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviets attempted to send a number of robotic probes to Mars, but for a variety of reasons, most of these missions ended in failure. Despite these overall failures, the Soviets garnered a great deal of scientific and technical knowledge through these efforts. This monograph tells some fascinating, but little-known, stories.

National Security Policy Issues in U.S.-Soviet Technology Transfer

DTIC Science & Technology

1974-06-14

bottlenecks in Soviet agri- culture and services, as well as in Soviet Industry. This trade often presumes a substantial Soviet Investment In...IN SOME DISTANT COUNTRY. ii. CULTURAL AND POLITICAL AFFINITIES OR AVERSIONS WHICH WILL DISTORT TRADE WITHOUT REDUCING IT. _.. — — -"— 1 HI-2016...Lprovln, tachalc. co.- municatlons betwoar conbat vahlcla». 2. The U.S. Sov.rnn.nt .hould ..»bllsh a priority lilt of " HUary m,.,lons. ranging

Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post-Soviet World

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-05-26

Post -Soviet World A Monograph by MAJ Andrew S. Glenn US Army School of Advanced Military Studies United States Army Command and General...2016 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military1s Response to Trans-Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet World Sa...MAJ Andrew S. Glenn Monograph Title: Avoiding Armageddon: The US Military’s Response to Trans- Regional Nuclear Proliferation in a Post -Soviet

Soviet Military Power: An Assessment of the Threat

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

accept a greater Soviet role in developing a promising new one. Moscow offered the area that would convey to the Soviets the status Jordan the MiG...Soviets moved to larger, more capable models. late stages or development when the new FOXHOUND) Output of’ their primary long-range military transport...aerial riel’ueiing support of BISON and BEAR aircrart, In 1987, the first unit 01’ new MIDAS Cruise Missile Developments tankers entered operational

The Role of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy: The World Correlation of Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-13

the exclusive guide for Soviet foreign policy, just as it would be to claim that Marxism -Leninism plays no part in establishing that policy. By...reflects the wholly different belief system regarding the nature of man and society that is modern Soviet Marxism -Leninism. It brings into focus...which colors any Soviet discussion of world affairs. By briefly examining some of the precepts of Marxism , the essence of that world view will

China and the Great Power Balance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-18

analyst assigned to US Army Japan/IX Corps. iv I./ iv4 • ~ , ’ ’K". SUMMARY Recent indications of a thaw in Sino-Soviet relations, coupled with...of Chinese leaders indicates that their basic assessment of the Soviet Union as a hegemonist power 25 has been altered in the least. Given the...allowed itself to be absorbed as a de facto Soviet satellite, or if another nation (presumably the United States) somehow supplanted the Soviet Union

3-D Soviet Style: A Presentation on Lessons Learned from the Soviet Experience in Afghanistan

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-10-01

communication and to the efforts the Soviets made in building Afghan security forces. It includes information on the theory and practice of Soviet...state-building; lines of communication are a critical vulnerability to insurgent attacks; successive battlefield victories do not guarantee strategic...rouge en ce qui concerne la sécurisation de ses voies de communication . Un accent particulier est également mis sur les efforts soviétiques visant à

Soviet Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Internal and External Determinants.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Soviet-Egyptian relations and four involving Soviet-Syrian relations. Each event signifies a juncture at which Soviet policymakers had to make fundmental ...actor on the international scene. In order to promote a more active global strategy many of the more rigid doctrinal principles of the Stalin era were...establishment of a national-democratic state could be viewed as a positive first step towards socialism, even if it was initially based on capitalist principles

United States Security Interests in China: Beyond the ’China Card’.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

competition . Soviet policies toward Europe, the United States and related areas are, then, in the first istance, functions of Soviet strategy toward China. 8...the Chinese desire, or have the capacity, to play an active role in Soviet-American military competition . Nor is it likely that.the Soviet Union...President Reagan has made it clear, however, that his attendance at the conference on cooperation and development to be held in October 1981 at Cancun

Astronauts Stafford and Slayton visit Soviet Soyuz spacecraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

Astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, left, NASA ASTP crew commander, and Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot, visit the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft during the joint phase of the ASTP mission. They hold Soviet containers of borsh (beet soup) over which vodka labels have been pasted. This was the crew's way of toasting each other. The photo was taken in the Orbital Module portion of the Soviet Soyuz spacecraft. The hatch to the Soyuz Descent Vehicle is in center background.

Prevention and Treatment of Vesication and Poisoning Caused by Arsenicals.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

AREA 8 WORK UNIT NUMBERS University of Arizona, Dept. of Cellular and Developmental Biology , Tucson, AZ 85721 62734A.3M162734A875.AP.369 I...treatment of intoxication by arsenic, especially against lewisite gas. These agents have been used in human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet... human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet investigators and West German investigators have recommended that it replace BAL for t-eatment of

'If I Ever Have to Go to Prison, I Hope it's a Russian Prison': British Labour, Social Democracy and Soviet Communism, 1919-25.

PubMed

Hodgson, Max

2017-09-01

Through the inter-war period, the USSR became an example of 'socialism in action' that the British labour movement could both look towards and define itself against. British visitors both criticized and acclaimed aspects of the new Soviet state between 1919 and 1925, but a consistently exceptional finding was the Soviet prison. Analysing the visits and reports of British guests to Soviet prisons, the aims of this article are threefold. Using new material from the Russian archives, it demonstrates the development of an intense admiration for, and often a desire to replicate, the Soviet penal system on the part of Labour members, future Communists, and even Liberals who visited Soviet Russia. It also critically examines why, despite such admiration, the effect of Soviet penal ideas failed to significantly influence Labour Party policy in this area. Finally, placing these views within a broader framework of the British labour movement's internal tussles over the competing notions of social democracy and communism, it is argued that a failure to affect policy should not proscribe reappraisals of these notions or the Soviet-Labour Party relationship, both of which were more complex than is currently permitted in the established historiography. © The Author [2017]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Soviet ionospheric modification research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, L.M.; Carlson, H.C.; Djuth, F.T.

1988-07-01

Soviet published literature in ionospheric modification research by high-power radio waves is assessed, including an evaluation of its impact on and applications to future remote-sensing and telecommunications systems. This assessment is organized to place equal emphasis on basic research activities, designed to investigate both the natural geophysical environment and fundamental plasma physics; advanced research programs, such as those studying artificial ionization processes and oblique high-power radio propagation and practical system applications and operational limitations addressed by this research. The assessment indicates that the Soviet Union sustains high-quality theoretical and experimental research programs in ionospheric modification, with a breadth and levelmore » of effort greatly exceeding comparable Western programs. Soviet theoretical research tends to be analytical and intuitive, as compared to the Western emphasis on numerical simulation techniques. The Soviet experimental approach is less exploratory, designed principally to confirm theoretical predictions. Although limited by inferior diagnostic capabilities, Soviet experimental facilities are more numerous, operate on a more regular basis, and transmit radio wave powers exceeding those os Western facilities. Because of its broad scope of activity, the Soviet Union is better poised to quickly exploit new technologies and system applications as they are developed. This panel has identified several key areas of Soviet research activity and emerging technology that may offer long-term opportunities for remote-sensing and telecommunications advantages. However, we have found no results that suggest imminent breakthrough discoveries in these fields.« less

The Revitalization of the Soviet Film Industry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bogomolov, Yuri

1991-01-01

Discusses how the grip of the Soviet Union's past--from Stalinist mythology to ideological cliche--is being exposed and undermined whereas a sense of individual efficacy, necessary for the present, has yet to emerge from the portrayals in Soviet films. (PRA)

Joint Soviet-American experiment on hypokinesia: Experimental results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Burovskiy, N. N.

1979-01-01

Comprehensive results are reported from the Soviet portion of a joint Soviet-American experiment involving hypokinesia. The main emphases are on chemical analyses of blood and urine, functional tests, and examination of the cardiovascular system by electrocardiography, echocardiography, and plethysmography.

Industrial Safety Training for Soviet Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Semenov, A.

1978-01-01

Various forms of worker training in industrial safety in the Soviet Union are described by a Soviet labor inspector, with special "industrial safety rooms" the principal means of inplant instruction. Safety education in vocational schools and "people's universities" is also touched on. (MF)

Changes in Land Use Intensity Within the Don and Dnieper River Basins Following the Collapse of the Soviet Union as Revealed by Spatio-temporal Trend Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalskyy, V.; Henebry, G.

2007-12-01

We analyzed changes in trends of land surface phenology (LSP) within two major river basins in Western Eurasia. The basins of Don and Dnieper Rivers extend over 862,000 ha and include 17% of the impounded water surface area in the former Soviet Union. Major changes in agricultural practices occurring after 1991 led to some time drastic reductions in the cultivated area receiving fertilizers and the amount of water consumed for irrigation in addition to other macro-indicators of agricultural sector land use intensity. Image time series analysis can localize the extent, direction, and intensity of changes during the 1990s. Using vegetation index data from the AVHRR PAL and GIMMS datasets from 1982-1988 (Soviet period) and 1995-2000 (post-Soviet period) coupled with contemporary land cover maps from MODIS, we identified the spatial extent of temporal trends and assess their significance using seasonal Mann-Kendall tests adjusted for first-order autocorrelation. Roughly 90% of croplands and forested land in Dnieper Basin exhibited no significant trends during the Soviet period. The Don Basin had more significant positive trends during the Soviet period than the Dnieper Basin. There was a substantial disagreement between datasets on the extent of significant positive trends in Don croplands (35% for GIMMS vs. 8% for PAL) and in Don forests during Soviet period (38% for GIMMS vs. 27% for PAL). Although very little area in either basins showed significant negative trends during the Soviet period, substantial areas fell under significant negative trends during the post-Soviet period. We also found major disagreement on extent of significant negative trends in Don forests during post-Soviet period (6% for GIMMS vs. 24% for PAL). Even though, there are some significant disagreements between the datasets, there is no evidence of a consistent bias in the change analysis. Changes in irrigation water use may account for some of the changes in trend direction.

1986-87 atomic mass predictions

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haustein, P.E.

A project to perform a comprehensive update of the atomic mass predictions has recently been concluded and will be published shortly in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. The project evolved from an ongoing comparison between available mass predictions and reports of newly measured masses of isotopes throughout the mass surface. These comparisons have highlighted a variety of features in current mass models which are responsible for predictions that diverge from masses determined experimentally. The need for a comprehensive update of the atomic mass predictions was therefore apparent and the project was organized and began at the last mass conferencemore » (AMCO-VII). Project participants included: Pape and Anthony; Dussel, Caurier and Zuker; Moeller and Nix; Moeller, Myers, Swiatecki and Treiner; Comay, Kelson, and Zidon; Satpathy and Nayak; Tachibana, Uno, Yamada and Yamada; Spanier and Johansson; Jaenecke and Masson; and Wapstra, Audi and Hoekstra. An overview of the new atomic mass predictions may be obtained by written request.« less

The 1986-87 atomic mass predictions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haustein, P. E.

1987-12-01

A project to perform a comprehensive update of the atomic mass predictions has recently been concluded and will be published shortly in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables. The project evolved from an ongoing comparison between available mass predictions and reports of newly measured masses of isotopes throughout the mass surface. These comparisons have highlighted a variety of features in current mass models which are responsible for predictions that diverge from masses determined experimentally. The need for a comprehensive update of the atomic mass predictions was therefore apparent and the project was organized and began at the last mass conference (AMCO-VII). Project participants included: Pape and Anthony; Dussel, Caurier and Zuker; Möller and Nix; Möller, Myers, Swiatecki and Treiner; Comay, Kelson, and Zidon; Satpathy and Nayak; Tachibana, Uno, Yamada and Yamada; Spanier and Johansson; Jänecke and Masson; and Wapstra, Audi and Hoekstra. An overview of the new atomic mass predictions may be obtained by written request.

Soviet Military Intentions in the German Democratic Republic

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-06-01

Designated Elements of East European Armed Forces Groups of Soviet Forces in the GDR, Poland... Comparativ ~ Data on Soviet and East European Military Capabilities, 19~:-19𔃿 lnt·t>rnal :’liumber Total Security Tota l of Sov iet Regular Combat

ASTP crewmen in Docking Module trainer during training session at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

An interior view of the Docking Module trainer in bldg 35 during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) joint crew training at JSC. Astronaut Thomas P. Stafford, commander of the American ASTP prime crew, is on the right. The other crewman is Cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov, commander of the Soviet ASTP prime crew. The training session simulated activities on the second day in Earth orbit. The Docking Module is designed to link the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft.

Tides and turbines

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charlier, R. H.

1980-12-01

Tidal power plants are examined with attention to potential sites worldwide and to existing projects in France, the Soviet Union, and China. It is noted that maximum power cannot always be made available during peak demand periods because of the continuous variation of the daily tidal cycle throughout the year. However, this can be alleviated if a two-pool design or pumping are used. The economic impact of tidal power has been favorable, with the use of cellular units reducing construction costs substantially.

ASTRONAUT BEAN, ALAN L - SIMULATION - BLDG. 35 - COMMAND MODULE TRAINER - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-02-20

S75-21720 (14 Feb. 1975) --- Astronaut Alan L. Bean (foreground) and cosmonaut Aleksey A. Leonov participate in Apollo-Soyuz Test Project joint crew training in Building 35 at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are in the Apollo Command Module trainer. The training session simulated activities on the first day in Earth orbit. Bean is the commander of the American ASTP backup crew. Leonov is the commander of the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew.

Comparative Power Projectional Capabilities: The Soviet Union and the United States 1980-85.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-26

income countries, the lowest growth (at least below 3%) has been in Ghana, Chile , Liberia, Zambia, and Argentina. (See Table 1 for growth rate comparisons...capital equipment needed by industrializing LDCs (e.g., Chile , Jamaica, and Zambia) . But the greatest impact is on those LDCs now trying to bring...while in South America, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Chile figure prominently on lists of problem states. This period of crisis will provide

Demographics, Economics, and the Soviet Armed Forces: Implications for U.S. National Security Policy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-12-01

viable alter- natives. It is with this consideration in mind that the author approaches the study of demographic trends and the Soviet Armed Forces. iS...and activity of Soviet population and population growth, it becomes necessary to study both the impact of II L. M. Volodarsky, "Our Soviet People...even lower; in no case does the percentage of Moslems who admit to speaking Russian as a second language exceed 20%. 43 The prelimi- nary results of

Soviet Night Operations in World War II (Leavenworth Papers, Number 6)

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-12-01

German forces in the Crimea. The battle for the bridgehead began on 1 October, pitting six and a half German divisions against three Soviet armies...FaLd of Berlin, pp, 147-51; Chaney, Zkukov, p. 312; Sukhinin, “Combat Action,” p, 52. 49 62. Vasily Yezhakov, “The Berlin Operation,” Soviet Military...August 1980. Werth, Alexander. Russia at War, 1941-1945. New York: E. P. Dutton and co., 1964. Yezhakov, Vasily . ‘“The Berlin Operation.” Soviet

Soviet Military Thought. The Command and Staff of the Soviet Army Air Force in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 - A Soviet View,

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-01-01

missions, the long-range bombers struck the enemy’s tanks and mechanized columns on the move at crossings over the West- ern Dvina, Neman , Berezina, Drut... Neman , Narev, and Berezina. Soviet pilots firmly maintained air supremacy, preventing enemy aviation from striking the troops and targets in-the...October 1944 the regiment received the honorary title Neman for its successful combat actions while sup- porting and covering troops crossing the

U.S. and Soviet Strategic Command and Control: Implications for a Protracted Nuclear War

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

1980’s and early 1990’s. Due to effects by aurora borealis interference, the system is ineffective toward the north, hence the requirement for the North...and southern latitudes.117 1 1 6Nicholas L. Johnson, Soviet Space ProQrams 1980- 1985 66 ( San Diego : Univelt, Inc., 1987), p. 56. 11 7Johnson, Soviet...J. Cimbala. 341-349. Washington, D.C.: AFCEA International Press, 1987. _ Soviet Space Programs 1980-1985. Vol. 66. San Diego , CA: Univelt Inc., 1987

The Role of Shevardnadze and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Making of Soviet Defense and Arms Control Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-01

changes either in the MFA or in Soviet foreign and defense policy. This situation began to change in May 1986, when Gorbachev gave an unusual speech to the...MFA in which he demanded better performance from Soviet diplomats. Although it was later reported that Gorbachev’s speech contained strong criticism...July 1988 with a sweeping critique of Soviet strategy and ,military policy since World War II. Subsequent speeches and articles in MFA-controlled

Soviet-Eastern European Research and Training Act of 1983. Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Education, Arts and Humanities of the Committee on Labor and Human Resources. United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First Session on S. 873.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources.

Hearings on a bill to establish a Soviet and Eastern-European research training fund are presented. The Senate bill, the Soviet-East European Research and Training Act of 1983, identifies priorities in Soviet and East European studies and seeks to develop American resources and strength in these areas. It provides fellowships for training and…

The Impact of Soviet Ethnicity and Demographic Changes on Soviet Foreign Policy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-03-01

ethnicity, here, in particular ecnomic ones. . :-r be viewed fi rst in the Eurooean areas ano ther- ii Ih non-Ettropean areas of the Soviet Union. The...Since the Soviet Union is essentially a collectie leadership, with fluid coalitions or blocs, creatino consensus for policy formation is the key to power... essentially the history of Russia thro,,oh official Communist filters. Lessons from the nast are applied to the present, whether or not avpropriate in context

Project Physics Tests 5, Models of the Atom.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA. Harvard Project Physics.

Test items relating to Project Physics Unit 5 are presented in this booklet. Included are 70 multiple-choice and 23 problem-and-essay questions. Concepts of atomic model are examined on aspects of relativistic corrections, electron emission, photoelectric effects, Compton effect, quantum theories, electrolysis experiments, atomic number and mass,…

Soviet test yields

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vergino, Eileen S.

Soviet seismologists have published descriptions of 96 nuclear explosions conducted from 1961 through 1972 at the Semipalatinsk test site, in Kazakhstan, central Asia [Bocharov et al., 1989]. With the exception of releasing news about some of their peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) the Soviets have never before published such a body of information.To estimate the seismic yield of a nuclear explosion it is necessary to obtain a calibrated magnitude-yield relationship based on events with known yields and with a consistent set of seismic magnitudes. U.S. estimation of Soviet test yields has been done through application of relationships to the Soviet sites based on the U.S. experience at the Nevada Test Site (NTS), making some correction for differences due to attenuation and near-source coupling of seismic waves.

76 FR 26791 - [Public Notice 7108

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union; Notice of Committee Renewal Renewal of Advisory... Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. This advisory committee makes... Program on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII). These...

Distribution, Magnitude and Characterization of the Toxicity of Ukrainian Estuarine Sediments

EPA Science Inventory

During the Soviet era, Ukraine, then called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, was one of the largest and most important industrial and agricultural regions of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in the contamination of Ukraine’s environmen...

Educational Stratification in Russia during the Soviet Period.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gerber, Theodore P.; Hout, Michael

1995-01-01

Maintains that, in spite of state efforts to reduce educational inequities, stratification actually increased during the Soviet period. Removing gender preferences for men corrected some inequity. However, parents' education, occupation, and geographical origin contributed to the stratification. Contains a concise history of Soviet educational…

Esthetic Education in Soviet Schools.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Soviet Education, 1980

1980-01-01

This issue of Soviet Education examines esthetic education in Soviet schools, including ways of raising the level of esthetic education, the factor of labor, research on the relationship between the atheistic and esthetic education, ways of amplifying interrelationship between theory and practice in teacher education and psychological principles…

Recent Soviet Vocationalisation Policies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Dell, Felicity

The Soviet Union is attempting to deal with the sometimes conflicting problems of efficient vocationalization and provision of equal opportunity. From the first class of general school, Soviet children have several "labor" lessons a week. Main components of these lessons are practical skills, socialization for work, and vocational…

The Adversary System in Low-Level Soviet Economic Decisionmaking.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

34- ° .. 78 - capital or a few countertrade agreements, will solve their problems for them. This is markedly different from the overall Soviet pattern...currency countertrade practice, the considerations of this Note would permit further refinement of predictions of Soviet economic decisionmaking that

Divorce in the USSR.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moskoff, William

1983-01-01

Examined the extraordinary increase in the Soviet divorce rate and the impact of Soviet law. While alcoholism, adultery, and incompatability are ostensible major causes, Soviet housing problems and the changed role of women have contributed to divorce rates. Also discusses psychological and socioeconomic consequences of divorce. (Author/JAC)

Acquisition Systems Protection Planning the Manhatten Project: A Case Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-06-03

This study examines the counterintelligence and security programs of the Manhattan Project , the United States acquisition of the atomic bomb, using...assessment methodology and counterintelligence techniques and procedures. Acquisition systems, Program protection, Manhattan Project , Atomic bomb, Technology protection, Counterintelligence, Security.

View of Soviet ionospheric modification research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, L.M.; Showen, R.L.

1990-10-01

We have reviewed and provided a technical assessment of Soviet research of the past five to ten years in ionospheric modification by high-power radio waves. This review includes a comprehensive survey of Soviet published literature, conference proceedings, and direct discussions with the involved Soviet researchers. The current state of the art for Soviet research in this field is evaluated, identifying areas of potential breakthrough discoveries, and discussing implications of this work for emerging technologies and future applications. This assessment is divided into the categories of basic research, advanced research, and applications. Basic research is further subdivided into studies of themore » modified natural geophysical environment, nonlinear plasma physics, and polar geophysical studies. Advanced research topics include the generation of artificial ionization mirrors and high-power oblique propagation effects. A separate comparative assessment of Soviet theoretical work also is included in this analysis. Our evaluation of practical and potential applications of this research discusses the utility of ionospheric modification in creating disturbed radio wave propagation environments, and its role in current and future remote-sensing and telecommunications systems. This technical assessment does not include consideration of ionospheric modification by means other than high-power radio waves. The Soviet effort in ionospheric modification sustains theoretical and experimental research at activity levels considerably greater than that found in comparable programs in the West. Notable strengths of the Soviet program are its breadth of coverage, large numbers of scientific participation, theoretical creativity and insight, and its powerful radio wave transmitting facilities.« less

International Influences on Post-Soviet Armenian Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Terzian, Shelley

2016-01-01

This article analyses the most recent international influences on Armenian education, illustrating how international standards are driving post-Soviet reform in the Armenian Secondary Schools. Since 1991, when Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union, organisations such as the World Bank and the Open Society Institute Assistance…

The Origins of Soviet Sociolinguistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandist, Craig

2003-01-01

Discusses the origins of Soviet sociolinguistics and suggests that the historical significance of the reception and reinterpretation of these ideas is considerable, leading to a reconsideration of the origins of sociolinguistics and the relationship between Marxism and the language sciences in the early years of the Soviet Union. (Author/VWL)

Strategic Utility of the Russian Spetsnaz

DTIC Science & Technology

2016-12-01

11  B.  POST -WORLD WAR II SOVIET ERA ................................................14  1.  Khrushchev...17  3.  Gorbachev .....................................................................................18  C.  POST ...region in Ukraine. The selection of these campaigns aims to identify patterns of Soviet and post - Soviet era employment of Spetsnaz. Although the

Mailed Fist, Velvet Glove: Soviet Armed Forces as a Political Instrument

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-09-30

the Nineteenth anJ Twentieth Party Congress, 1952-1956. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1959. Erickson, John. Soviet Military Power. Washington: United...York. Dunellen, 1971. B-19 Kintner, William R. and Harriet Fast Scott, ads. The Nuclear Revolution in Soviet Military Affairs. Norman: University of

Designing Ships to the Natural Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-01

and Soviet Destroyer Seakeeping (Soviet Kotlin -Class Destroyer on Right, U.S. 710 Class on Left) .... 19 2 - Outline of Seakeeping Performance...SPRAY ON THE BRIDGE. THE SOVIET KOTLIN -CLASS DESTROYER OPERATING IN CLOSE PROXIMITY TO THE CARRIER TASK GROUP APPEARED TO BE TAKING NO WAIER OVER THE

Transformation in Russian and Soviet Military History,

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-10-01

Allen & Unwin, 1981. (UA 770 .3667) Leighton, Marian K. The Soviet threat to NATO’s northern flank. New York: National Strategy Information Center...J66: 13/66305) 48 REPORT LITERATURE Baird , Gregory C. Soviet intermediary strategic C2 entities: the historical experience. Washington, D.C.: Defense

Measuring Glasnost in and out of the U.S.S.R.

PubMed

Cutler, B

1988-02-01

Initiatives in the USSR, characterized by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev as "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring), come after almost a decade of change in the People's Republic of China, yet the Soviet experiment, which emphasizes market activities, is hardly a monolithic effort. In 1982, the 286 million Soviet citizens who live on 2 continents will be affected by "perestroika" in markedly different ways. The complex demographics of the USSR will figure significantly in determining those unequal effects. It is likely, if Gorbachev's campaign continues as intended, that patient exporters who explore the new Soviet arena to test their marketing skills will experience success. In fact, the USSR has been conducting business with the US for years. To date, nearly a dozen corporations have signed joint ventures with the Soviet Union, and at least 50 more have expressed an interest. Those companies with long-standing Soviet relationships are most interested; they are familiar with the bureaucratic obstacles and have a network of Soviet contacts. Gorbachev has made it clear that the Soviet economy needs basic foreign technology to move into the 21st century on an equal footing with other industrialized nations. Along with attracting foreign capital, the USSR must get its domestic house in order. The growth in the gross national product, which hovered at an annual 2.5% in the early 1980s, must double, according to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (1986-90). The 1988 population of 286 million has relatively few men, particularly in older age groups, and a growing ethnic mix. Of late, planners have made a concerted effort to narrow the gap among ethnic groups by expanding maternity benefits and health care. The most immediate consequences of the changing ethnic structure emerge in the labor force. Entry-level workers are scarce in European Russia, where about 60% of all Soviet industrial activity takes place and will become more scarce in coming years. Gorbachev has tried to cut the consumption of alcohol, for in the past decade the Soviets devoted almost as many rubles to drink as to food. Alcohol abuse caused life expectancy to drop from 65 to 62 years for Soviet men and from 74 to 73 years for Soviet women between 1970-79. Some of the reasons for an unprecedented rise in infant mortality include influenza epidemics, poor prenatal care, a large number of abortions per woman, a decline in breastfeeding, and a delay in seeking medical attention for infants. Soviet workers have saved billions of rubles over many years simply because there is little available to buy.

The Proposed Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) and Its Potential Impact on U.S. Navy Nuclear Propulsion Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-01

his basic conclusions: These advocates of atomic energy [in 1946] were former Manhattan Project scientists familiar with the rigidity of military...Rabinowitch recalled how his father, Eugene Rabinowitch, who contributed to the Manhattan Project , had strong concerns about the use of atomic energy...plutonium production in the Manhattan Project , “was to explore how the development of atomic energy might be controlled after the war.”20 According to

A projection-free method for representing plane-wave DFT results in an atom-centered basis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Dunnington, Benjamin D.; Schmidt, J. R., E-mail: schmidt@chem.wisc.edu

2015-09-14

Plane wave density functional theory (DFT) is a powerful tool for gaining accurate, atomic level insight into bulk and surface structures. Yet, the delocalized nature of the plane wave basis set hinders the application of many powerful post-computation analysis approaches, many of which rely on localized atom-centered basis sets. Traditionally, this gap has been bridged via projection-based techniques from a plane wave to atom-centered basis. We instead propose an alternative projection-free approach utilizing direct calculation of matrix elements of the converged plane wave DFT Hamiltonian in an atom-centered basis. This projection-free approach yields a number of compelling advantages, including strictmore » orthonormality of the resulting bands without artificial band mixing and access to the Hamiltonian matrix elements, while faithfully preserving the underlying DFT band structure. The resulting atomic orbital representation of the Kohn-Sham wavefunction and Hamiltonian provides a gateway to a wide variety of analysis approaches. We demonstrate the utility of the approach for a diverse set of chemical systems and example analysis approaches.« less

Bioethics and power: Informed consent procedures in post-socialist Latvia.

PubMed

Putniņa, Aivita

2013-12-01

This paper explores two lines of development in the donor consent procedures in post-Soviet Latvia. The paper is based on secondary analysis of interview, focus group discussion data, and media and legal text material collected throughout three previously conducted research projects on organ transplantation, population genome project and xenotransplantation focusing on the historical development of the issues of donor consent across these three fields of medical technologies. The paper argues that the quality of consent depends not as much on political and legal change per se as on the strengthening of the position of both medical specialists and donors, facilitating bonds between the two. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Needs Assessment for Health Care Management Education in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rekhter, Natalia; Togunov, Igor A.

2006-01-01

Introduction: For more than 70 years, health care management in the Soviet Union reflected a centralized directive style familiar to the Soviet political system. Market-oriented reform in post-Soviet Russia is pushing practicing physicians and physician-executives to acquire new information and skills regarding health care management. To assist…

Learning about the Soviets: Selected Teaching Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educators for Social Responsibility, Cambridge, MA.

Over 120 resources for teaching secondary and postsecondary level students about the Soviet Union, most of which have been produced since 1980, are listed in this guide. A resource list focusing on "Ten Things Soviets Say You Should Read to Understand Them" precedes annotated citations of articles; books; curricula; organizations…

The Food Connection: Transforming the U.S.-Soviet Relationship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

1982-01-01

The increased dependence of the USSR on United States food exports may signal a major shift in the balance of power between the two nations. The impact of this shift on U.S.-Soviet relations, the Soviet agricultural system, and the world economic system is examined. (AM)

Scientific and Technological Information Systems in the Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirson, Benjamin L.

1973-01-01

Not much is known at present about the organization and structure of the Soviet Union's information systems. It is the purpose of the communication to objectively review and summarize the present state-of-the-art of scientific and technological information systems within the Soviet Union. (9 references) (Author)

Higher Education in the U.S.S.R.: Curriculums, Schools, and Statistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosen, Seymour M.

This study is designed to provide more comprehensive information on Soviet higher learning emphasizing its increasingly close alignment with Soviet national planning and economy. Following introductory material, Soviet curriculums in higher education and schools and statistics are reviewed. Highlights include: (1) A major development in Soviet…

An Interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steiner-Khamsi, Gita

2007-01-01

This article presents an interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely, a comparative education scholar that specialized in the Soviet Union. She was editor of the journal "Soviet Education" from 1970 to 1989. During the interview, Szekely talked about how she became personally involved in Russian/Soviet studies of education. She related that…

Observations on a Recent Trip to the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-26

published by Marshal Vasiley Danilovich Soko- lovskiy in his book Military Strategy.6 Everyone that we talked to agreed that the strategic missions of the...6) Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasiley Danilovich Sokolovskiy, ed., Soviet Military Strategy, 3rd ed., with an analysis and commentary by Harriet

Arms Control and National Security.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graham, Daniel O.

1985-01-01

From the Soviet perspective arms control agreements merely hold the United States in check while the Soviets, who don't feel bound by such agreements, obtain military advantages. The United States must move quickly to redress the strategic military balance that now favors the Soviets. We must emphasize areas like space. (RM)

Socialization of the Child in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sandanavicius, Mary

1979-01-01

The socialization process of the child in the Soviet Union is examined in terms of socialistic/communistic political philosophy and the general attitudes of the Soviets toward social sciences, child rearing, and educational practice. The family, school, and youth organizations are also discussed as socializing agents. (Author/KC)

Soviet Space Programs: 1976-80 (with Supplementary Data through 1983). Unmanned Space Activities. Part 3. Prepared at the Request of Hon. John C. Danforth, Chairman, Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation, United States Senate, Ninety-Ninth Congress, First Session.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation.

This report, the third and final part of a three-part study of Soviet space programs, provides a comprehensive survey of the Soviet space science programs and the Soviet military space programs, including its long history of anti-satellite activity. Chapter 1 is an overview of the unmanned space programs (1957-83). Chapter 2 reports on significant…

Soviet scientists in chinese institutes: A historical study of cooperation between the two academies of sciences in 1950s.

PubMed

Zhang, Jiuchen; Yu, Feklova T

2018-03-01

In the 1950s, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) engaged in close cooperation with the Soviet Academy of Sciences. The CAS sent scientists to the Soviet Academy to work as interns, study for advanced degrees, or engage in academic cooperation, and a large number of Soviet scientists were invited by the various institutes of the CAS to come to China to give lectures, direct research, help make scientific plans, and collaborate. The comprehensive cooperation between the two academies was launched at a time when the CAS institutes were in their embryonic stage, which suggests that the better-established Soviet scientists had the opportunity to play a dominate role. But the reality is not so straightforward. The case studies in this paper suggest that besides the influence of compatible political movements in China and the Soviet Union and bilateral ties between these two nations' scientific institutes, disharmony in actual working relationships prevented Soviet scientists from playing the role they might have envisioned within the CAS institutes. The rapid development of the cooperative relationship in a short span of time, combined with lack of experience on both sides, made for a disharmonious collaboration. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Changing soviet doctrine on nuclear war. Final report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

FitzGerald, M.C.

In January 1977, General Secretary L. I. Brezhnev delivered an address in the city of Tula whose impact on Soviet doctrine and capabilities continues to this day. By rejecting the possibility of a means of defense against nuclear weapons, or a damage-limiting capacity in nuclear war, Brezhnev closed the door on a debate that had lasted for over a decade in Soviet military thought. Since Tula, the Soviet politico-military leadership has presented a consensus on the reality of Mutual Assured Destruction in present-day conditions. The Soviet debate on the viability of nuclear war as an instrument of policy was likewisemore » resolved by a consensus: nuclear war is so unpromising and dangerous that it remains an instrument of policy only in theory, an instrument of policy that cannot be used. While the Soviet consensus on the diminishing military utility of nuclear weapons represents a ground-breaking shift in doctrine since the heyday of Marshal Sokolovskiy, there is scant evidence of any dispute on the new correlation of war and policy in a nuclear age. Marshal N. V. Ogarkov and other hard-minded military figures have themselves emerged as the architects of the Soviet shift away from a nuclear war-fighting and war-winning strategy, while General Secretary Gorbachev has fashioned a corresponding arms control agenda.« less

Many-body physics using cold atoms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sundar, Bhuvanesh

Advances in experiments on dilute ultracold atomic gases have given us access to highly tunable quantum systems. In particular, there have been substantial improvements in achieving different kinds of interaction between atoms. As a result, utracold atomic gases oer an ideal platform to simulate many-body phenomena in condensed matter physics, and engineer other novel phenomena that are a result of the exotic interactions produced between atoms. In this dissertation, I present a series of studies that explore the physics of dilute ultracold atomic gases in different settings. In each setting, I explore a different form of the inter-particle interaction. Motivated by experiments which induce artificial spin-orbit coupling for cold fermions, I explore this system in my first project. In this project, I propose a method to perform universal quantum computation using the excitations of interacting spin-orbit coupled fermions, in which effective p-wave interactions lead to the formation of a topological superfluid. Motivated by experiments which explore the physics of exotic interactions between atoms trapped inside optical cavities, I explore this system in a second project. I calculate the phase diagram of lattice bosons trapped in an optical cavity, where the cavity modes mediates effective global range checkerboard interactions between the atoms. I compare this phase diagram with one that was recently measured experimentally. In two other projects, I explore quantum simulation of condensed matter phenomena due to spin-dependent interactions between particles. I propose a method to produce tunable spin-dependent interactions between atoms, using an optical Feshbach resonance. In one project, I use these spin-dependent interactions in an ultracold Bose-Fermi system, and propose a method to produce the Kondo model. I propose an experiment to directly observe the Kondo effect in this system. In another project, I propose using lattice bosons with a large hyperfine spin, which have Feshbach-induced spin-dependent interactions, to produce a quantum dimer model. I propose an experiment to detect the ground state in this system. In a final project, I develop tools to simulate the dynamics of fermionic superfluids in which fermions interact via a short-range interaction.

ASTP crewmen in Docking Module trainer during training session at JSC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

An interior view of the Docking Module trainer in bldg 35 during Apollo Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) joint crew training at JSC. Astronaut Donald K. Slayton (right) is the docking module pilot of the American ASTP prime crew. The other man is Cosmonaut Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer on the Soviet ASTP first (prime) crew. The training session simulated activities on the second day in space. The Docking module is designed to link the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft.

Nuclear Successor States of the Soviet Union, Nuclear Weapon and Sensitive Export Status Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-05-01

EXPORT STATUS REPORT S I VIE T U N il] N A COOPERATIVE PROJECT OF THE CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE, WASHINGTON, DC, AND MOSCOW NUMBER 1...Launch Periodic Report on Nuclear Successor States Leonard S . Spector of the Carnegie Endowment for N U C L E A R International Peace and William C...range, translated in FBIS-SOV-92-232, December 2, 1992, p. 22. 5 Table I-C. -- N -Weapon Systems and Warheads on Territory, con’t. S

Huddling with the honchos in Havana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mendelsohn, J.

1993-09-01

The economic collapse following the Soviet Union's disintegration has affected all aspects of life in Cuba. In this paper Cuban foreign policy and defense is discussed. This article evaluates the energy situation of Cuba (oil imports), food shortages, Cuba's position on the Treaty of Tlatelolco (formally, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America), Cuba's nuclear power projects, and discussions concerning Cuban involvement in biological warfare. The effects of U.S. military activities on U.S.-Cuban relations are emphasized. 8 refs.

Implications of Present Knowledge and Past Experience for a Possible Future Chemical/Conventional Conflict

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-01

talk, but I haven’t really sorted them out yet. I’ve been busy scratching up the data. Nonetheless, one of the things that impressed me most in my...to interven- tion and power projection in various Third World countries. Chemical weapons have central roles in all these comtemporary Soviet...percutaneous hazard as well. Since the United States has been. essentially. " out of the business " of chemical/biological offensive weaponry production since

Apollo-Soyuz test project docking system

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Swan, W. L., Jr.

1976-01-01

The United States and Soviet Union in July 1975 successfully completed a joint space mission utilizing each country's spacecraft and the compatible docking system designed and fabricated by each country. The compatible docking system is described, along with the extensive research, development, and testing leading up to the successful mission. It also describes the formulation and implementation of methods for breaking the language barrier, bridging the extensive distances for communication and travel, and adjusting to each country's different culture during the three-year development program.

Obtaining Unique, Comprehensive Deep Seismic Sounding Data Sets for CTBT Monitoring and Broad Seismological Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-02

TYPE Final Report 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 26-Sep-01 to 26-Jun-07 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE OBTAINING UNIQUE, COMPREHENSIVE DEEP SEISMIC ... seismic records from 12 major Deep Seismic Sounding (DSS) projects acquired in 1970-1980’s in the former Soviet Union. The data include 3-component...records from 22 Peaceful Nuclear Explosions (PNEs) and over 500 chemical explosions recorded by a grid of linear, reversed seismic profiles covering a

Certain problems of space biotechnology

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilyarov, V. N.

1980-01-01

Experiments in the field of biotechnology conducted by the USA Apollo and Skylab space probes are described, as well as the joint Soviet-American Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP). Experiments in electrophoretic separation in space of biological compounds in a liquid medium are detailed. Space processing of vaccines and separation of human and animal cells are described. Methyl-cellulose, a coating for use in electrophoresis was developed. Erythropoietin, which stimulates the formation of red blood corpuscles in bone marrow, was obtained in pure form.

Artist's drawing of internal arrangement of orbiting Apollo & Soyuz crafts

NASA Image and Video Library

1974-12-01

S74-05269 (December 1974) --- An artist?s drawing illustrating the internal arrangement of the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit in a docked configuration. The three American Apollo crewmen and the two Soviet Soyuz crewmen will transfer to each other?s spacecraft during the July 1975 ASTP mission. The four Apollo-Soyuz Test Project visible components are, left to right, the Apollo Command Module, the Docking Module, the Soyuz Orbital Module and the Soyuz Descent Vehicle.

Apollo Soyuz test project, USA-USSR. [mission plan of spacecraft docking

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1975-01-01

The mission plan of the docking of a United States Apollo and a Soviet Union Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit to test compatible rendezvous and docking equipment and procedures is presented. Space experiments conducted jointly by the astronauts and cosmonauts during the joint phase of the mission as well as experiments performed solely by the U.S. astronauts and spread over the nine day span of the flight are included. Biographies of the astronauts and cosmonauts are given.

Industry turns its attention south

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marhefka, D.

1997-08-01

The paper discusses the outlook for the gas and oil industries in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Significant foreign investment continues to elude Russia`s oil and gas industry, so the Caspian nations of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan are picking up the slack, welcoming the flow of foreign capital to their energy projects. Separate evaluations are given for Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Tajikstan, Uzbekistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia.

International Contacts of the USSR in the Field of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Il'chenko, V. L.; Sokol, V. V.

1992-01-01

Traces the history and development of the Soviet Union's international educational contacts. Describes the period in which the Soviet Union strove to be the educational leader for the Eastern communist bloc and the developing nations of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Concludes that the Soviet educational system be opened to the world educational…

Arms Control and the Strategic Defense Initiative: Three Perspectives. Occasional Paper 36.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hough, Jerry F.; And Others

Three perspectives on President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which is intended to defend U.S. targets from a Soviet nuclear attack, are presented in separate sections. In the first section, "Soviet Interpretation and Response," Jerry F. Hough examines possible reasons for Soviet preoccupation with SDI. He discusses…

Understanding the Soviet Threat: The Necessity of Analyzing Soviet Military Thought and Actions from a Soviet Perspective.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-12-01

discipline comparable to physics or chemistry in its application. This concept is quite unusual for an American, as military affairs are not often studied in...Sanderson cites definitions from The Pocket Oxford Dictionary, The 67 Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology , and Blackie ’s Compact Etymological

Youth Protests against Education Privatization Reforms in Post-Soviet States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Silova, Iveta; Brezheniuk, Viktoriia; Kudasova, Marina; Mun, Olga; Artemev, Nikolai

2014-01-01

This article examines youth protests against education privatization in the post-Soviet countries of Latvia, Russia, and Ukraine. Drawing on a sample of online sources and scholarly articles, this study uses critical discourse analysis and visual methodologies to examine why and how post-Soviet university students have organized to protest against…

Vospitanie and Regime Change: Teacher-Education Textbooks in Soviet and Post-Soviet Ukraine

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bogachenko, Tatiana; Perry, Laura

2015-01-01

This article examines the pedagogical dimension of vospitanie, or character formation, in communist and post-communist education. It explores how vospitanie is conceptualized in two teacher-education textbooks--one from each period--in Ukraine, a post-Soviet country. Comparative analysis shows how conceptualizations of vospitanie have evolved over…

Socialism and Education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charon-Cardona, Euridice

2013-01-01

During the Cold War over half a million Asians, Africans and Latin Americans studied and graduated in the Soviet Union's universities and technical schools as part of this country's educational aid policies. Cuba was an intermediary player in the Cold War geopolitical contest between the United States and the Soviet Union, fuelled by the…

Soviet Counterinsurgency Operations in Afghanistan (1979-1988)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-29

Soviet commitment in Afghanistan. was to be an "economy of force" mission, with the focus of Red Army combat power to remain in the European theatre ...critically for its operational and tactical resupply capability. ’’The Soviets in Afghanis4Ul,li1ce the Americansin Vietnam, discovered thai helicopters were

The Soviet Union and Its People. Third Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Sherri

This third grade teaching unit on the USSR covers an introduction to the Soviet Union and its people, its government, daily lifestyles, folk culture, and geography. Skill goals deal with telling the difference between facts and opinions, comparing cultures, and integrating and applying information from various topics about the Soviet Union to…

Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union Versus Estonia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rannut, Mart

1991-01-01

Discussion of the role of non-Russian languages in the Soviet Union (USSR) focuses on the history of ethnic group languages and language policy in Estonia since the collapse of totalitarianism. A historical overview of Soviet Union language policy is offered, with attention given to the ideological goals influencing policy, and their realization…

The Soviet Censorship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dewhirst, Martin, Ed.; Farrell, Robert, Ed.

This book contains the proceedings of a symposium which are intended to be a general survey on the nature of Soviet censorship, its effect on literature in the USSR, and the role of such censorship in the intellectual life of a large part of the world. Contents include: "What Is the Soviet Censorship?" which is an attempt to define the…

Is Less More? Soviet Science in the Gorbachev Era.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Balzer, Harley D.

1985-01-01

Examines the gap between American and Soviet science, tracing the gap to overcentralization, an aversion to risk, and emphasis on theory at the expense of application. Indicates that Soviet leaders are aware of some of the problems but that barriers to reform remain strong and prospects for real change are limited. (JN)

Soviet Arts Curriculum Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

San Diego County Office of Education, CA.

This extensive curriculum guide was written in conjunction with the San Diego Arts Festival of Soviet Arts in 1989. It aimed to provide teachers with insights and ideas about arts in the Soviet Union before, during, and after the Arts Festival. A curriculum model is presented at the beginning of the guide to illustrate how the lessons were…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs, 70th Anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-27

frankness," emphasized Mikhail Sergeyevich Gor- bachev, "has begun to make headway in world affairs, destroying the stereotypes of anti-Sovietism...present he is successfully studying in a military academy. Officer V. Makeyev has great authority among the mis- sile troops. He has been standing

News Media Use and Adolescents' Attitudes about Nuclear Issues: An American-Soviet Comparison.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Robinson, John P.; And Others

1989-01-01

Examines linkages between media use and attitudes from a survey of Soviet and American teenagers. Finds that all youths show a great concern about the possible effects of nuclear war, with heavy media users in both countries more optimistic, but the relation was stronger among Soviet students. (MS)

A Survey of Progress in Coding Theory in the Soviet Union. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kautz, William H.; Levitt, Karl N.

The results of a comprehensive technical survey of all published Soviet literature in coding theory and its applications--over 400 papers and books appearing before March 1967--are described in this report. Noteworthy Soviet contributions are discussed, including codes for the noiseless channel, codes that correct asymetric errors, decoding for…

Soviet books and publications on hydrology (continental) and hydrogeology: titles and some notes on obtaining Soviet monographs

USGS Publications Warehouse

Manheim, Frank T.

1966-01-01

A common method of publication for Soviet scientists, which partly supplants periodicals, is the publication of a collection of articles on a general area of research, frequently by members of a given institution. An extensive sampling of world geologic literature for 1961 (Hawkes, 1966) showed that 33 percent of Soviet titles appeared in periodicals whereas 55 percent of North American and 70 percent of Western European literature appeared in this form. The Soviet predilection for symposia and collections of papers makes searching for information on a given subject more difficult for Westerners because the monographs in question are often not included in exchange agreements (except informal personal ones) with Western libraries and institutions, because they may be primed in small editions, and because such publications frequently escape the notice of Western abstract journals. Unless one is fortunate enough to have many personal contacts in the Soviet Union, there seems to be little alternative to at least a rudimentary knowledge of Russian in order to stay abreast of work published as monographs and in collections.

Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Western Forestry Systems and Soviet Engineers, 1955-1964.

PubMed

Kochetkova, Elena

This article examines the transfer of technology from Finnish enterprises to Soviet industry during the USSR's period of technological modernization between 1955 and 1964. It centers on the forestry sector, which was a particular focus of modernization programs and a key area for the transfer of foreign techniques and expertise. The aim of the article is to investigate the role of trips made by Soviet specialists to foreign (primarily Finnish) enterprises in order to illustrate the nontechnological influences that occurred during the transfer of technologies across the cold war border. To do so, the article is divided into two parts: the first presents a general analysis of technology transfer from a micro-level perspective, while the second investigates the cultural influences behind technological transfer in the Soviet-Finnish case. This study contends that although the Soviet government expected its specialists to import advanced foreign technical experience, they brought not only the technologies and expertise needed for modernizing the industry, but also a changed view on Soviet workplace management and everyday practices.

Field of genes: the politics of science and identity in the Estonian Genome Project.

PubMed

Fletcher, Amy L

2004-04-01

This case study of the Estonian Genome Project (EGP) analyses the Estonian policy decision to construct a national human gene bank. Drawing upon qualitative data from newspaper articles and public policy documents, it focuses on how proponents use discourse to link the EGP to the broader political goal of securing Estonia's position within the Western/European scientific and cultural space. This dominant narrative is then situated within the analytical notion of the "brand state", which raises potentially negative political consequences for this type of market-driven genomic research. Considered against the increasing number of countries engaging in gene bank and/or gene database projects, this analysis of Estonia elucidates issues that cross national boundaries, while also illuminating factors specific to this small, post-Soviet state as it enters the global biocybernetic economy.

The Experience of Soviet Medicine in World War II 1941-1945. Volume I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-02-25

Soviet state has withstood the tests of war and shown itself to be viable." During World War II, the noble humanism of the Soviet Army, the army...factors if one looks at the health records of the Russian Army during World War I in 1914-1918. In spite of the fact that in this war the pos...to duty in the Russian Army varied in limits of X.6 40-45% and in any case did not exceed 50%. In the Soviet Army during World War II, more than 72

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-31 January 1983. Volume 3, Number 1, 1983.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

soldiers admire and emlate Soviet soldiers ." The overall coverage of Soviet domestic topics and events did not sign- if icantly chapg during January...must be demanding, strict and adhere to the rules of their superior officers. a Soldiers need to work as a team. e Officers must be united when they...decide how strict they should be with their men. e Improve discipline through just punishment. * Soldiers must learn to respect the laws. e Political

NASA/DOD Aerospace Knowledge Diffusion Research Project. Paper 37: The impact of political control on technical communications: A comparative study of Russian and US aerospace engineers and scientists

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barclay, Rebecca O.; Pinelli, Thomas E.; Flammia, Madelyn; Kennedy, John M.

1994-01-01

Until the recent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party exerted a strict control of access to and dissemination of scientific and technical information (STI). This article presents models of the Soviet-style information society and the Western-style information society and discusses the effects of centralized governmental control of information on Russian technical communication practices. The effects of political control on technical communication are then used to interpret the results of a survey of Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists concerning the time devoted to technical communication, their collaborative writing practices and their attitudes toward collaboration, the kinds of technical documents they produce and use, and their use of computer technology, and their use of and the importance to them of libraries and technical information centers. The data are discussed in terms of tentative conclusions drawn from the literature. Finally, we conclude with four questions concerning government policy, collaboration, and the flow of STI between Russian and U.S. aerospace engineers and scientists.

ASTP - INSIGNIAS

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-01-01

S75-20361 (27 Feb. 1975) --- This is the American crew insignia of the joint United States-USSR Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (ASTP) scheduled to take place in July 1975. Of circular design, the insignia has a colorful border area, outlined in red, with the names of the five crew members and the words Apollo in English and Soyuz in Russian around an artist?s concept of the Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft about to dock in Earth orbit. The bright sun and the blue and white Earth are in the background. The white stars on the blue background represent American astronauts Thomas P. Stafford, commander; Vance D. Brand, command module pilot; and Donald (Deke) K. Slayton, docking module pilot. The dark gold stars on the red background represent Soviet cosmonauts Aleksey A. Leonov, commander, and Valeriy N. Kubasov, engineer. Soyuz and Apollo will be launched separately from the USSR and United States, and will dock and remain together for as long as two days. The three Apollo astronauts will enter Soyuz and the two Soviet cosmonauts will visit the Apollo spacecraft via a docking module. The Russian word ?soyuz? means ?union? in English.

Belaya smert: the white death.

PubMed

Rodway, George W

2012-09-01

In the late autumn of 1939, shortly after Second World War had commenced, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. This act of military aggression, henceforth known to history as the Winter War, was ostensibly carried out to secure a buffer state and better protect major urban areas such as St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad). The Red Army's attack through the forests of northern Finland was a poorly calculated operation-in the little more than 3 months that the conflict lasted, the Soviets suffered extensive losses. The hit-and-run tactics of the small, winter-savvy Finnish Army resulted in a not significant number of Red Army casualties. But from the Soviet perspective, the Finnish soldiers were merely an annoyance compared with the real enemy--the environment. Cold injury reached epidemic proportions in the Red Army during this short conflict, apparently caused in large part by ignorance of environmental realities by the Soviet high command. Paradoxically, the Soviets arguably possessed the most extensive and sophisticated body of knowledge about cold injury prevention and treatment on earth by the late 1930s. There were significant lessons learned by the Soviets during the Winter War, however. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Red Army very successfully applied these lessons during 4 years of vicious winter battles on the Eastern Front. Copyright © 2012 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Building Healthcare Capacity in Pediatric Neurosurgery and Psychiatry in a Post-Soviet System: Ukraine.

PubMed

Romach, Myroslava K; Rutka, James T

2018-03-01

Many academic centers in North America are initiating global partnerships to build physician capacity in resource-poor countries. An opportunity arose to develop a pediatric program (Ukraine Paediatric Fellowship Program, UPFP) in Ukraine, a large European country in transition from a Soviet/communist political and social system. This entailed dealing with a centralized and rigid healthcare system based on the Semashko model of the former Soviet Union. Our capacity-building model has several key features: endowed philanthropic funding for sustainability, bilateral exchange of knowledge, a focus primarily on pediatric brain disorders, and team building. Centers for partnering are selected on the basis of need, receptivity to change, and participants' fluency in English. Ukrainian physicians attend month-long observerships in Toronto, and biannual teaching visits are conducted by Canadian clinicians. Over 5 years, 7 teaching visits have taken place, and 20 physicians have trained at SickKids Hospital in Toronto. Six Ukrainian children's hospitals are now collaborating with UPFP. New surgical procedures have been introduced, such as endoscopic ventriculostomy and corpus callosotomy. Patient referrals to regional institutions have increased, and new projects that affect fetal and infant neurodevelopment have been initiated (e.g., treatment of perinatal maternal depression and folic acid fortification of flour). Ukrainian participants rate the program highly in their evaluations. In a short time, UPFP has had considerable success in increasing physician capacity for improved pediatric care in regions of Ukraine. The keys to success have included focusing locally, selecting trustable partners, building incrementally, and creating interspecialty synergies. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb. 1999 edition.

DOE R&D Accomplishments Database

Gosling, F. G.

1999-01-01

"The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb" is a short history of the origins and development of the American atomic bomb program during World War II. Beginning with the scientific developments of the pre-war years, the monograph details the role of the United States government in conducting a secret, nationwide enterprise that took science from the laboratory and into combat with an entirely new type of weapon. The monograph concludes with a discussion of the immediate postwar period, the debate over the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, and the founding of the Atomic Energy Commission.

Country Profile: International Education in Schools in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kovalenko, Yury I.

1982-01-01

International education is central to Soviet education because of the many different nationalities in the USSR. Students learn about the history and cultures of the Soviet Union, as well as about the history of other nations. Special attention is paid to understanding the causes of war and conditions for peace. (IS)

78 FR 29200 - Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-17

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union; Notice of Committee Renewal I. Renewal of Advisory... Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. This advisory committee makes... Program on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII). These...

Dosimetric investigations of cosmic radiation aboard the Kosmos-936 AES (joint Soviet-American experiment K-206)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Benton, E. V.; Kovalyev, Y. Y.; Dudkin, V. Y.

1980-01-01

The Soviet and American parts of the experiment are described separately. Particular attention was given to the following problems: placement of the detectors; study of neutron radiation within the biosatellite; and studies of fragmentation of heavy nuclei on accelerators. Unified methods were developed for the calibration of Soviet and American detectors.

The Problem of Personality in Soviet and Russian Pedagogics. Research Bulletin 86.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ronkonen, Lyyli; Skripjuk, Igor

There is no comprehensive understanding of the idea of personality in Soviet and Russian pedagogics. Past discussions about personality have focused on personality orientation as determined by the prevailing motives that explain the behavior and conduct of man. In soviet psychology, the nature of man is considered to be his relations to other men,…

Gorbachev's Foreign Policy: How Should the United States Respond? Headline Series No. 284.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Legvold, Robert; And Others

After three years in power, Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, has emphasized that he intends to carry out a restructuring of the Soviet system in an effort to make the Soviet economy capable of assimilating the opportunities offered by contemporary science, technology and methods of management. Chapter 1, a brief introduction, stresses that…

The Presentation of American Cultural Events in the Soviet Press (1977-1979).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Katherine A.

A content analysis of selected Soviet newspapers and magazines was conducted to examine what cultural events from the United States were featured in the Soviet press, whether the event or artist was presented favorably or unfavorably, and whether the stories were used to make an ideological statement. Nine publications were examined over a…

Multilingualism in Post-Soviet Countries: Language Revival, Language Removal, and Sociolinguistic Theory

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pavlenko, Aneta

2008-01-01

Since the post-Soviet context is not particularly well known to the majority of readers, the author uses this introduction to provide a general background against which developments in particular post-Soviet countries can be better understood. The author begins by placing these developments in the sociohistoric context of language policies of the…

78 FR 56944 - Strata Energy, Inc. (Ross In Situ Recovery Uranium Project); Notice of Atomic Safety and...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-16

..., Inc. (Ross In Situ Recovery Uranium Project); Notice of Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Reconstitution Pursuant to 10 CFR 2.313(c) and 2.321(b), the Atomic Safety and Licensing Board (Board) in the... Craig M. White to serve on the Board in place of Administrative Judge Kenneth L. Mossman. All...

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bolonkin, A.

A first-hand account of developments in the Soviet rocket industry is presented. The organization and leadership of the rocket and missile industry are traced from its beginning in the 1920s. The development of the Glushko Experimental Design Bureau, where the majority of Soviet rocket engines were created, is related. The evolution of Soviet rocket engines is traced in regard to both their technical improvement and their application in missiles and space vehicles. Improved Glushko engines and specialized Isaev and Kosberg engines are discussed. The difficulties faced by the Soviet missile and space program, such as the pre-Sputnik failures, the oscillationmore » problem of 1965/1966, which exposed a weakness in Soviet ICBM missiles, and the Nedelin disaster of 1960, which cost the lives of more than 200 scientists and engineers, as well as the Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Rocket Forces, Marshall Nedelin, are examined. 122 refs.« less

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 7

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hooke, L. R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor)

1986-01-01

This is the seventh issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 29 papers recently published in Russian language periodicals and bound collections and of 8 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. Additional features include two interviews with the Soviet Union's cosmonaut physicians and others knowledgable of the Soviet space program. The topics discussed at a Soviet conference on problems in space psychology are summarized. Information about English translations of Soviet materials available to readers is provided. The topics covered in this issue have been identified as relevant to 29 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology. These areas are adaptation, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, exobiology, genetics, habitability and environment effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, morphology and cytology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, and space medicine.

Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism.

PubMed

Zajicek, Benjamin

2017-01-01

This article examines how lobotomy came to be banned in the Soviet Union in 1950. The author finds that Soviet psychiatrists viewed lobotomy as a treatment of "last resort," and justified its use on the grounds that it helped make patients more manageable in hospitals and allowed some to return to work. Lobotomy was challenged by psychiatrists who saw mental illness as a "whole body" process and believed that injuries caused by lobotomy were therefore more significant than changes to behavior. Between 1947 and 1949, these theoretical and ethical debates within Soviet psychiatry became politicized. Psychiatrists competing for institutional control attacked their rivals' ideas using slogans drawn from Communist Party ideological campaigns. Party authorities intervened in psychiatry in 1949 and 1950, persecuting Jewish psychiatrists and demanding adherence to Ivan Pavlov's theories. Psychiatrists' existing conflict over lobotomy was adopted as part of the party's own campaign against harmful Western influence in Soviet society.

A Rocket Powered Single-Stage-to-Orbit Launch Vehicle With U.S. and Soviet Engineers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

MacConochie, Ian O.; Stnaley, Douglas O.

1991-01-01

A single-stage-to-orbit launch vehicle is used to assess the applicability of Soviet Energia high-pressure-hydrocarbon engine to advanced U.S. manned space transportation systems. Two of the Soviet engines are used with three Space Shuttle Main Engines. When applied to a baseline vehicle that utilized advanced hydrocarbon engines, the higher weight of the Soviet engines resulted in a 20 percent loss of payload capability and necessitated a change in the crew compartment size and location from mid-body to forebody in order to balance the vehicle. Various combinations of Soviet and Shuttle engines were evaluated for comparison purposes, including an all hydrogen system using all Space Shuttle Main Engines. Operational aspects of the baseline vehicle are also discussed. A new mass properties program entitles Weights and Moments of Inertia (WAMI) is used in the study.

Land Change in Russia since 2000

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Beurs, K.; Ioffe, G.; Nefedova, T.

2010-12-01

Agricultural reform has been an important anthropogenic change process shaping landscapes in European Russia since the formal collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of 1991. Widespread land abandonment is perhaps the most evident side effect of the reform, even visible in synoptic imagery. While land abandonment as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union is relatively well documented, few studies have investigated the unfolding process of abandonment that results from rural population declines. Russia’s population is projected to shrink by a staggering 29% by 2050 and population dynamics are predicted to play a significant role structuring rural landscapes across European Russia. While often treated as a unified whole with respect to agricultural reform, significant regional diversity exists in Russia. Official statistics at the rayon (county) level are typically skewed toward large-scale farming and farm data from important household productions are summarized into regional averages. In addition, data at sub-district level can often only be obtained by visiting rural administrators in person. Large scale official data thus need to be interpreted with caution. Here we present data collected during the summer of 2010 from representative settlements and enterprises in selected counties within the oblasts (states) of Kostroma and Samara. These field data will provide an initial overview of the economic and social state in modern rural western Russia. We will combine the field data with established socio-demographic observations as well as satellite observations at multiple scales to understand the effect of global change and to project future developments.

Education for Social Transformation: Soviet University Education Aid in the Cold War Capitalist World-System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Griffiths, Tom G.; Charon Cardona, Euridice

2015-01-01

International education is seen as an effective form of soft power. This article reviews one of history's largest and most ambitious attempts to achieve global influence through university education, and to reshape the world--the Soviet university aid program, 1956-91. Drawing on existing research and Soviet archival materials, we lay out and…

Gender Analysis of the Development of School and University Theme in Soviet and Russian Audiovisual Media Texts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levitskaya, Anastasia; Seliverstova, Lyudmila; Mamadaliev, Anvar

2017-01-01

The article is written within the framework of a broader study investigating school and university representation in the Soviet/Russian and foreign audiovisual media texts. The research outlines that in Soviet cinema the image of the female teacher was transformed in the following sequence: a heroine-revolutionary; a heroine of hard work; an…

United States Security and the Soviet Challenge. Report of a Wingspread Briefing (Racine, Wisconsin, June 29, 1978).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLain, Douglas, Jr.

Six presentations, an introduction, and a summary discussion are included in this publication, which focuses on the various complex factors involved in the negotiation of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. Titles of the six presentations are: (1) Critical Issues in the United States-Soviet Relationship; (2) Basic Elements of Strategic…

Hermeneutics and Victimage: A Critical Approach to News of the Shooting of KAL Flight 007.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lule, Jack

The shooting down of KAL Flight 007, a South Korean airliner, by a Soviet jet fighter, and the resulting deaths of the 269 people on board, has brought into focus the Reagan's administration's equivocal relationship with the Soviet Union, provided insights into the channels of power in the Soviet military hierarchy, and led other nations to…

Higher Education in the U.S.S.R.: Curriculums, Schools, and Statistics. Bulletin, 1963, No. 16. OE-14088

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rosen, Seymour M.

1963-01-01

The demand for basic information on Soviet higher education continues to grow. Previous bulletins on Soviet education published by the Office of Education have either been overall surveys ("Education in the U.S.S.R.," Bulletin 1957, No. 14; "Soviet Commitment to Education," Bulletin 1959, No. 16) or studies of general…

Making a New and Pliable Professor: American and Soviet Transformations in German Universities, 1945-1990

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tsvetkova, Natalia

2014-01-01

This article discusses the history of American and Soviet transformations in German universities during the period of the Cold War, 1945-1990. Both American and Soviet policies were resisted by the university community, particularly by the conservative German professoriate, in both parts of the divided Germany. The article shows how and why both…

Knowledge Management as an Approach to Learning and Instructing Sector University Students in Post-Soviet Professional Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Volegzhanina, Irina S.; Chusovlyanova, Svetlana V.; Adolf, Vladimir A.; Bykadorova, Ekaterina S.; Belova, Elena N.

2017-01-01

The relevance of the study depends on addressing to the issue of knowledge management in learning and instructing students of post-Soviet sector universities. In this regard, the article is intended to reveal the nature of knowledge management approach compared to the knowledge-based one predominated in Soviet education. The flagship approach of…

Emerging Choices for the Soviets in Third World Arms Transfer Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

subcontract production, (4) overseas investment, (5) technology transfer, and (6) countertrade . Countertrade has been an especially significant element...defense industry as well as for civilian sector use. Countertrade has become increasingly important in the overall trade of the Soviet Union and...the countertrade approach has served to mitigate some consumer dissatisfaction with Soviet arms supply contracts with Third World countries

Soviet Naval Interaction with the United States and Its Influence on Soviet Naval Development

DTIC Science & Technology

1972-10-01

interdiction chreat pmed by ti.e large Soviet submarine force in tte , event hostilities in Europe should require ex- tended sealift support from the...forces between itself and the Dmited States. 33 Pep;,;’t of the Underseas Warfare Advisoir’ Pa"zeZ to the Sub- coxmittee on .litcr App licarions, Joint

Soviet Revolutionary Films in America (1926-1935). Part One: The Theoretical Impact. Part Two: The Practical Impact.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Petric, Vladimir K.

In order to test the hypothesis that Soviet revolutionary films influenced American film makers' attitudes concerning the importance of form and structure through editing, this dissertation explores the areas of affinity and contrast between the two national cinemas during the period when Soviet silent films were originally released in the United…

Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and The Space Race, 1945-1974

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siddiqi, Asif A.

2000-01-01

This book is, in essence, sixteen years in the making. First attempted to compile a history of the Soviet space program in 1982 author put together a rough chronology of the main events. A decade later, while living on a couch in a college friend's apartment, he began writing what would be a short history of the Soviet lunar landing program. The first draft was sixty-nine pages long. Late the following year, he decided to expand the topic to handle all early Soviet piloted exploration programs. That work eventually grew into what you are holding in your hand now.

The ethnic composition of migration in the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Robertson, L R

1996-02-01

"This paper examines the impact of the disintegration of the Soviet Union on migration patterns within the newly independent states. Data on migration between Russia and the other 14 former Soviet republics are analyzed to reveal the magnitude and ethnic composition of migration after independence and to examine the assumption that Russians will tend to return to Russia, whereas members of other titular groups will emigrate to their respective newly independent states. The data suggest that nationalization not only pushes non-titular groups to emigrate from the former Soviet republics, but also pulls titular groups to immigrate to the newly independent states from Russia." excerpt

Soviet space flight: the human element.

PubMed

Garshnek, V

1988-05-01

Building on past experience and knowledge, the Soviet manned space flight effort has become broad, comprehensive, and forward-looking. Their long-running space station program has provided the capabilities to investigate long-term effects of microgravity on human physiology and behavior and test various countermeasures against microgravity-induced physiological deconditioning. Since the beginning of Soviet manned space flight, the biomedical training and preparation of cosmonauts has evolved from a process that increased human tolerance to space flight factors, to a system of interrelated measures to prepare cosmonauts physically and psychologically to live and work in space. Currently, the Soviet Union is constructing a multimodular space station, the Mir. With the emergence of dedicated laboratory modules, the Soviets have begun the transition from small-scale experimental research to large-scale production activities and specialized scientific work in space. In the future, additional laboratory modules will be added, including one dedicated to biomedical research, called the "Medilab." The longest manned space flight to date (326 days) has been completed by the Soviets. The biomedical effects of previous long-duration flights, and perhaps those of still greater length, may contribute important insight ito the possibility of extended missions beyond Earth, such as a voyage to Mars.

An overview of the 1984 Battelle outside users payload model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Day, J. B.; Conlon, R. J.; Neale, D. B.; Fischer, N. H.

1984-10-01

The methodology and projections from a model for the market for non-NASA, non-DOD, reimbursable payloads from the non-Soviet bloc countries over the 1984-2000 AD time period are summarized. High and low forecast ranges were made based on demand forecasts by industrial users, NASA estimates, and other publications. The launches were assumed to be alloted to either the Shuttle or the Ariane. The greatest demand for launch services is expected to come form communications and materials processing payloads, the latter either becoming a large user or remaining a research item. The number of Shuttle payload equivalents over the reference time spanis projected as 84-194, showing the large variance that is dependent on the progress in materials processing operations.

Atomic approximation to the projection on electronic states in the Douglas-Kroll-Hess approach to the relativistic Kohn-Sham method.

PubMed

Matveev, Alexei V; Rösch, Notker

2008-06-28

We suggest an approximate relativistic model for economical all-electron calculations on molecular systems that exploits an atomic ansatz for the relativistic projection transformation. With such a choice, the projection transformation matrix is by definition both transferable and independent of the geometry. The formulation is flexible with regard to the level at which the projection transformation is approximated; we employ the free-particle Foldy-Wouthuysen and the second-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess variants. The (atomic) infinite-order decoupling scheme shows little effect on structural parameters in scalar-relativistic calculations; also, the use of a screened nuclear potential in the definition of the projection transformation shows hardly any effect in the context of the present work. Applications to structural and energetic parameters of various systems (diatomics AuH, AuCl, and Au(2), two structural isomers of Ir(4), and uranyl dication UO(2) (2+) solvated by 3-6 water ligands) show that the atomic approximation to the conventional second-order Douglas-Kroll-Hess projection (ADKH) transformation yields highly accurate results at substantial computational savings, in particular, when calculating energy derivatives of larger systems. The size-dependence of the intrinsic error of the ADKH method in extended systems of heavy elements is analyzed for the atomization energies of Pd(n) clusters (n

Monitoring of atmospheric nuclear explosions with infrasonic microphone arrays

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilson, Charles R.

2002-11-01

A review is given of the various United States programs for the infrasonic monitoring of atmospheric nuclear explosions from their inception in 1946 to their termination in 1975. The US Atomic Energy Detection System (USAEDS) monitored all nuclear weapons tests that were conducted by the Soviet Union, France, China, and the US with arrays of sensitive microbarographs in a worldwide network of infrasonic stations. A discussion of the source mechanism for the creation and subsequent propagation around the globe of long wavelength infrasound from explosions (volcanic and nuclear) is given to show the efficacy of infrasonic monitoring for the detection of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests. The equipment that was used for infrasound detection, the design of the sensor arrays, and the data processing techniques that were used by USAEDS are all discussed.

The Russian Identity and Values in the Post-Soviet Era: Learning from the Past to Reinvent the Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herman, William E.; Herman, Bryan K.; Sanatullova-Allison, Elvira

2007-01-01

This paper employed a psychological-historical framework for an analytical examination of the Russian identity during the Soviet period through the fall of the Soviet Union and the transitional period that led to an establishment of the Russian Federation. A theoretical model is provided for the analysis of Russian identity that can be generalized…

Geopolitics: The Key to Understanding Soviet Regional Behavior.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

Soviet foreign policy. nertnngthis role, CO can begin to build a usable theoretical framwork for analyzing Soviet behavior in, utategiczlly inportant...the writings of the great geopolitical theorists, such as Mackinder, Spykman, and Gray, in developing a conceptual basis for understanding the la-tem...Histary,- British geographer Sir Halford J. mdcinder provided the conceptual framewrk for geopolitical theory by dividing the world into three vast regions

A comparative study of soviet versus western helicopters. Part 2: Evaluation of weight, maintainability and design aspects of major components

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stepniewski, W. Z.; Shinn, R. A.

1983-01-01

A detailed comparative insight into design and operational philosophies of Soviet vs. Western helicopters is provided. This is accomplished by examining conceptual approaches, productibility and maintainability, and weight trends/prediction methodology. Extensive use of Soviet methodology (Tishchenko) to various weight classes of helicopters is compared to the results of using Western based methodology.

The Soviet Physical Fitness Tests: An Essential Aspect of the Soviet Organizational Plan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howell, Reet

This study analyzes the Soviet award system, in particular the Prepared for Word and Defense (PWD) program. The PWD program is composed of five stages and embraces people from ages 10 to 60. Each stage has a section of requirements and a section of norms, which take into consideration age variations. The norms section, which is the most important…

Current Trends in Technology Education and Vocational Training in the Former Republics of the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bannatyne, Mark W. McK.

The schools of the new republics in the former Soviet Union have begun to address the issue of reforms of technical and vocational education in order to train a technologically literate society that can meet the demands of the next century. Previously, Soviet schools failed to offer industrial arts and home economics on a universal scale. This…

Near East/South Asia Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-20

sheep pox vac- cines, artificial insemination , soil testing and others. In the meantime, the Soviet scientists introduced the Soviet sunflower into...voltage po- wer transmission line fr- om the Soviet Union to northern regions of the : DRA, the earth satellite ; link station, road-cum-rail...ISRO in making and sup- plying "vital and sensitive" electronic items re- quired by ISRO for remote sensing satellites , augmented satellite

Soviet Commitment to Education. Report of the First Official U.S. Education Mission to the U.S.S.R.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of Education (DHEW), Washington, DC.

The Soviet view of education as a chief resource for achieving national, social, economic, cultural, and scientific objectives is reflected in this report of the first U.S. mission to the U.S.S.R. The following topics are covered: The Administrative System of Soviet Education, Nurseries and Kindergartens, Schools of General Education, Extraschool…

Guesswork: The Troubled Past of Prediciton

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

tech surveillance or cloak -and- dagger spies were needed to change the U.S. perceptions of Soviet behavior. Years of studying Soviet strategy was... cloak of Soviet Russia. Industrial giants such as the Junker aircraft manufacturer established satellite factories inside Russia. German companies built...that Stresemann had not been seriously attacked at any time during the past two days of bitter Reichstag debate, and therefore German foreign policy

Civil Defense in Soviet Strategic Perceptions.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

responses. It would also be costly and highly disruptive of Soviet social and economic life. The Soviets would have the option of announcing its imminent...priorities and sensitivities. o U.S. targeting doctrine and like methods of employment of media weapons. o The significance and possible political-military...dialectic process in the relationship between states with opposing social - political systems, i.e., communist and capitalist, and of the historically

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Bibliographic Guide to Recommended Books for Small and Medium-Sized Libraries and School Media Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horak, Stephan M.

Intended to aid librarians in small- and medium-sized libraries and media centers, this annotated bibliography lists 1,555 books focusing on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The book is divided into four parts: (1) "General and Interrelated Themes--Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Eastern European Countries"; (2)…

Coordinated Research Projects of the IAEA Atomic and Molecular Data Unit

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Braams, B. J.; Chung, H.-K.

2011-05-01

The IAEA Atomic and Molecular Data Unit is dedicated to the provision of databases for atomic, molecular and plasma-material interaction (AM/PMI) data that are relevant for nuclear fusion research. IAEA Coordinated Research Projects (CRPs) are the principal mechanism by which the Unit encourages data evaluation and the production of new data. Ongoing and planned CRPs on AM/PMI data are briefly described here.

Atom probe trajectory mapping using experimental tip shape measurements.

PubMed

Haley, D; Petersen, T; Ringer, S P; Smith, G D W

2011-11-01

Atom probe tomography is an accurate analytical and imaging technique which can reconstruct the complex structure and composition of a specimen in three dimensions. Despite providing locally high spatial resolution, atom probe tomography suffers from global distortions due to a complex projection function between the specimen and detector which is different for each experiment and can change during a single run. To aid characterization of this projection function, this work demonstrates a method for the reverse projection of ions from an arbitrary projection surface in 3D space back to an atom probe tomography specimen surface. Experimental data from transmission electron microscopy tilt tomography are combined with point cloud surface reconstruction algorithms and finite element modelling to generate a mapping back to the original tip surface in a physically and experimentally motivated manner. As a case study, aluminium tips are imaged using transmission electron microscopy before and after atom probe tomography, and the specimen profiles used as input in surface reconstruction methods. This reconstruction method is a general procedure that can be used to generate mappings between a selected surface and a known tip shape using numerical solutions to the electrostatic equation, with quantitative solutions to the projection problem readily achievable in tens of minutes on a contemporary workstation. © 2011 The Authors Journal of Microscopy © 2011 Royal Microscopical Society.

The politics of Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmitt, Harrison H.

1986-01-01

A discussion is presented comparing past and present major accomplishments of the U.S. and the Soviet Union in space. It concludes that the Soviets are presently well ahead of the U.S. in several specific aspects of space accomplishment and speculates that the Soviet strategy is directed towards sending a man to the vicinity of Mars by the end of this century. A major successful multinational space endeavor, INTELSAT, is reviewed and it is suggested that the manned exploration of Mars offers a unique opportunity for another such major international cooperative effort. The current attitude of U.S. leadership and the general public is assessed as uniformed or ambivalent about the perceived threat of Soviet dominance in space.

Post-Soviet Central Asia: a summary of the drug situation.

PubMed

Zabransky, Tomas; Mravcik, Viktor; Talu, Ave; Jasaitis, Ernestas

2014-11-01

The paper aims to provide a snapshot of the drug situation in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan using the EU methodology of "harmonised indicators of drug epidemiology." Most of the data reported here were gathered and analysed within the framework of the EU-funded CADAP project in 2012. Together with members of CADAP national teams, we conducted extraction from the databases of national institutions in the field of (public) health and law enforcement, issued formal requests for the provision of specific information to national governmental authorities, and obtained national grey literature in Russian. In specific cases, we leaned on the expert opinions of the national experts, gathered by means of simple online questionnaires or focus group. In the rather scarce cases where peer-reviewed sources on the specific topics exist, it is used for comparisons and discussion. All the post-Soviet Central Asian countries lack information on drug use in the general population. School surveys are relatively well developed in Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan benefited from an international survey project on health in schools organised by private donors in 2009. For Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the most recent available data on drug use in the school population are from 2006 and as such are of little relevance. Problem drug use is widespread in Central Asia and estimates of its prevalence are available for all four countries. All the post-Soviet Central Asian countries use a rather outdated system of narcological registers as the only source of data on drug users who are treated (and those investigated by the police), which was inherited from Soviet times. The availability of treatment is very low in all the countries reported on here except Kyrgyzstan; opioid substitution treatment (OST) was introduced first in Kyrgyzstan; Kazakhstan and Tajikistan are piloting their OST programmes but the coverage is extremely low, and in Uzbekistan the OST pilot programme has been abolished. HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections are concentrated in injecting drug users (IDUs) in Central Asia, with the situation in Kazakhstan having stabilised; HIV is on the increase among Kyrgyz IDUs. The sharp decrease in HIV and VHC seroprevalence among IDUs in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan still awaits an explanation. The system for monitoring of fatal drug overdoses needs substantial improvement in all the countries reported on here. Overall mortality studies of drug users registered in the narcological registers were performed in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan; the highest excess mortality among registered drug users was found in Uzbekistan, and in all three countries, it was substantially higher for women than men. The seizures of illegal drugs are by far the highest in Kazakhstan; however, wild-growing cannabis represents 90% of these seizures. Uzbekistan was the country with the highest number of drug arrests. In Kazakhstan, after the decriminalisation of drug use in 2011, the number of reported drug-related offences dropped to below 50% of the figure for the previous year. The drug situation monitoring system in the four post-Soviet countries of Central Asia still needs substantial improvement. However, in its current state it is already able to generate evidence that is useful for the planning of effective national and regional drug policies, which would be of the utmost importance in the forthcoming years of the withdrawal of the International Security Assistance Force from Afghanistan. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Army Study Program Fiscal Year 83 Report. Volume I.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-01-01

C I 4.50 6 S 20 78 2237 PROJECTION OF SOVIET/WP E/W THREAT C 1 1.50 5 L 28 28 2841 RESTRUCTURING DIV FM NETS N 1 2.00 X M 20 88 2452 ROBOTICS IN THE...ATTN: LIBRARY) NATIONAL DEFENSE UNIVERSITY (ATTN: LIBRARY) US ARMY COMMAND AND GENERAL STAFF COLLEGE (ATTN: LIBRARY) ARMED FORCES STAFF COLLEGE (ATTN... GDLS and Performance Management Army (PKA) is contained in subsequent chapters of this report. a OFFUCHAPTER 1 STUDIES AND ARMY GOALS hr.4PURPOSE. This

Iran and Strategic Power Projection: The Iran-Iraq War as a Foundation of Understanding

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

shipments to Iraq if Iran pursued a counteroffensive. “By the end of the year , Soviet-built missiles were falling on Dizful and other Iranian border...Capturing the regime’s solitude , Khomeini remarked in August 1983, “We have no more friends than can be counted on the fingers of one hand.”132 This...than all our [previous] victories.’”150 But based on conditions in the sixth year of war151 and particularly public awareness that the regime had

Implementing renewable energy in Cuba

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hawthorne, W.; Stone, L.; Perez, V.B.H.

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union and the tightening of the US embargo, Cuba has found itself in an energy crisis of enormous magnitude. Faced with this energy crisis and its ensuing black-outs and productivity reductions, Cuba has developed a national energy plan which focuses on energy self-sufficiency and sustainability. Energy efficiency, solar energy, wind power, micro-hydro, and biomass are each included in the plan. Implementation of renewable energy projects in each of these areas has begun throughout the country with the enthusiastic support of Cubasolar, the Cuban renewable energy professional association.

Muscle and the physiology of locomotion. [in zero gravity

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Rambaut, P. C.; Nicogossian, A. E.; Pool, S. L.

1983-01-01

NASA's past, current, and planned research on muscle deterioration at zero gravity and development of countermeasures are reviewed; Soviet studies are discussed as well. A definition of muscle mass and strength regulation factors, and improved measurement methods of muscle atrophy are needed. Investigations of tissue growth factors and their receptors, endogenous and exogenous anabolic protein synthesis stimulation, and a potential neurotropic factor are among the projects in progress or planned. At present, vigorous physical exercise during spaceflight is recommended as the most effective countermeasure against skeletal muscle atrophy.

Geodesy and cartography of the Martian satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Batson, R. M.; Edwards, Kathleen; Duxbury, T. C.

1992-01-01

The difficulties connected with conventional maps of Phobos and Deimos are largely overcome by producing maps in digital forms, i.e., by projecting Viking Orbiter images onto a global topographic model made from collections of radii derived by photogrammetry. The resulting digital mosaics are then formatted as arrays of body-centered latitudes, longitudes, radii, and brightness values of Viking Orbiter images. The Phobos mapping described was done with Viking Orbiter data. Significant new coverage was obtained by the Soviet Phobos mission. The mapping of Deimos is in progress, using the techniques developed for Phobos.

American ASTP prime crew participate in press conference

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-05-14

S75-26573 (14 May 1975) --- The three members of the American ASTP prime crew participate in an Apollo-Soyuz Test Project press conference conducted on May 14, 1975 in the Building 2 briefing room at NASA's Johnson Space Center. They are, left to right, Donald K. Slayton, docking module pilot; Vance D. Brand, command module pilot; and Thomas P. Stafford, commander. The astronauts discussed with the news media their recent ASTP joint training session in the Soviet Union, and the crew?s tour of the USSR?s Baikonur launch complex in Kazakhstan.

Homonationalism Before Homonationalism: Representations of Russia, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union in the U.S. Homophile Press, 1953-1964.

PubMed

Serykh, Dasha

2017-01-01

This essay focuses on representations of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe in U.S. homophile periodicals from 1953 to 1964. Extending the application of Jasbir Puar's concept of homonationalism to the Cold War period, the essay examines 128 articles and other items that were published in ONE, Mattachine Review, and The Ladder and demonstrates that these periodicals often engaged in homonationalist discourses when constructing the Russian, Soviet, and Eastern European "other." Negative constructions of these regions were sometimes used to affirm the political alignment of the homophile authors with the American nation. At other times, negative constructions were used in comparative assessments that critiqued both the United States and the Soviet and Eastern European regions. In contrast, positive constructions of Russian, Soviet, and Eastern European peoples and cultures were used as evidence that non-heteronormative desires and bodies had legitimate places in many "primitive" cultures and existed across all nations and periods.

Problem behaviors of children adopted from the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

McGuinness, Teena M; Pallansch, Leona

2007-01-01

Although current meta-analyses of problem behavior of internationally adopted children exist, few children adopted from the former Soviet Union have been included in these reports. A significant concern is that 13 children adopted from the former Soviet Union have died at the hands of their American adoptive parents since 1996. A cohort of 105 children adopted from the former Soviet Union has been assessed at two points in time by telephone and postal surveys to measure the impact of risk and protective factors on problem behavior. Pre-adoptive risk factors have declined in importance (except for birth weight) and protective factors (operationalized as aspects of family environment) have increased in influence over time. Problem behavior scores declined slightly at Time 2, despite the children having entered adolescence. Families play a significant role in the behavior of children adopted from the former Soviet Union. Nurses should counsel families to shape the child's environment during the transition from orphanage to homes in the United States, especially for children who are low birth weight.

Mutations in Soviet public health science: post-Lysenko medical genetics, 1969-1991.

PubMed

Bauer, Susanne

2014-09-01

This paper traces the integration of human genetics with Soviet public health science after the Lysenko era. For nearly three decades, USSR biology pursued its own version of anti-bourgeois, Soviet 'creative Darwinism', departing from western, post-WWII scientific developments. After Lysenko was suspended, research niches of immunology, biophysics and mutation research formed the basis of new departments at the Institute of Medical Genetics, which was founded in 1969 as part of the Soviet Academy of Medical Sciences. Focussing on early research activities and collaborations at the institute, I show how the concept of mutagenesis, a pivotal issue during the Cold War, became mobilized from Drosophila genetics to human heredity and to society as a whole. This mode of scaling up and down through population studies shaped not only Soviet human biology and genetics; it also brought about changes in clinical practice and public health as well as in the monitoring and regulation of mutagenic agents in the environment. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

West Meets East in Central Asia: Competing Discourses on Secondary Education Reform in the Kyrgyz Republic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

De Young, Alan J.

The Kyrgyz Republic--a remote mountainous region--is one of five former Soviet states in central Asia. This case study begins with a brief overview of the political and economic situation of the Kyrgyz Republic and its relation to aims of Soviet schooling in the 20th century. A critique of the Soviet schooling model by foreign academics before and…

Soviet Strategy and the Objectives of Their Naval Presence in the Mediterranean.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-01

peacetime compare with this basic breakdown of functions? Several observations can be made straightaway. First, as far as the Soviets are concerned...completely divorced from reality; and following the Soviets’ basic argument from premises to conclusions provides potentially useful insight into some...213 Mangel, Marc. -Stochastic Machanics Of 140lecuiSIOn Molecule Mangol. Marc. -Fluctuations In Systems with Multipie Steady Rections," 23 pp., Jun

Area Handbook Series: Soviet Union: A Country Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

War, edited by Harriet F. Scott and William F. Scott, is a judicious combination of the editors’ commentaries and of excerpts from translated writ...equipped the Soviet armed forces to capably fulfill their assigned missions. The single most complete work on the Soviet armed forces is Harriet F. Scott and...Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969. _ _ Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology. New York: Hu- manities Press, 1978. Riasanovsky, Nicholas. A History of

Soviet Policy in Cuba and Chile.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-06

also be able to appeal to Marxism -Leninism to explain, prescribe, and predict the course of world events. The defense of the Soviet Union, therefore...burden of interpretation of the complex and unpredictable events of international politics in terms that relate it to Marxism -Leninism. The task has... Marxism -Leninism. Soviet ideology has responded by attempting to situate itself in a central or orthodox position and describing the other positions as

US--Soviet Combined Operations: Can We Do It?

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

Gribkov, 3. 86 Vasili I. Chuikov, The Fall of Berlin (Moscow: October magazine, 1965, trans. Ruth Kisch, Chicago: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967), 65...work appears to be required in developing specific comparisons which pit Soviet concepts against US concepts to identify the differences and...Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation. Washington, D.C.: National Defense University, 1986. Chuikov, Vasili I. The Fall of Berlin. With

Soviet Free-Electron Laser Research

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-05-01

can generate a narrow band electromagnetic radiation over a wide frequency range that can potentially extend from microwaves through the visible and...refer to experiments listed in Table 2. Table 2 COMPARISON OF SOVIET-U.S. HIGH-CURRENT FEL EXPERIMENT S SOVIET u.s. Pulse line accelerators...Power ... Pulse length Efficiency . 3cm 10MW 0.7 p.sec 1.5% 2. Columbia, 2 February 1977 [9] Hollow electron beam Energy

Is Soviet Defense Policy Becoming Civilianized?

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-08-01

special leadership caution.9 A prominent Belorussian scholar, Ales Adamovich, wrote a provocative essay that rejected the legitimacy of Soviet nuclear...these upstart challenges to their authority and credibility. The High Command’s indignation was powerfully reflected in an essay by a well-known civilian...a romantic exaltation of martial values in defense of the Soviet state, Prokhanov’s essay was of a piece with the resurgent Russian nationalism

History of Education and the Struggle for Intellectual Liberation in Post-Soviet Baltic Space after the Fall of the Berlin Wall

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kestere, Iveta

2014-01-01

This study on a "new" history of education is written from the perspective of a participant in the process of discarding Soviet intellectual and physical boundaries. The fall of the Berlin Wall has, over the past two decades, become a continuous process in post-Soviet societies, when the now liberated historians of education were faced…

Gorbachev’s Arms Control Strategy.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-22

on- site inspection for verifying nuclear tests as well as for dismantling missiles on Soviet territory. Clearlv Gorbachev wants an arms , -4- control...bring its seismological test equipment to what he called the "holy of holies", the area adjoining the Soviet proving ground near Semipalatinsk to offer...prenotification and observation of military exercises including on- site inspection on Soviet territory. But on the big issues--- nuclear testing , strategic weapons

Airpower in Mountains

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Soviet Union to the most recent operations of the United States. The British presence in the region dates back to the nineteenth century. The British...lost several dozen men. Maj N. G. Ten’kov Introduction The Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan for nine years from the end of 1979 to 1989...terrain, transport aircraft flew in supplies from the Soviet Union , as well as missions to supply isolated posts and surrounded garrisons.26 They

Visitor - Soviet Union Ambassador - Anatoliy Dobrynin - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-17

S75-28534 (17 July 1975) --- Anatoliy Dobrynin (right), Soviet Union ambassador to the United States, visits with a group of USSR ASTP flight controllers in the Mission Control Center during a tour of NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC). Dobrynin was at JSC on the day the Soviet Soyuz and the American Apollo spacecraft docked in Earth orbit. The group also includes a couple of American ASTP flight controllers.

Soviet Development of Gyrotrons

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-01

Relationship Type of Device Remarks V, - Vc, anomalous Doppler Capable of 100 percent efficiency, CRM but more cumbersome than Cheren- kov devices V...authors; and discusses inlividual Soviet reseaLc- groups, the basic organizational units responAiLle for the CRM and gyrotron research and development. The...maintained a cCnEistEnt iecord of significant achievements; it has managed to overcome the systenic yeaxness of the Soviet R&C systeg in teimg atle to

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment), 1 - 31 January 1982. Volume 2, Number 1, 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

Letelier, and has tried to murder Castro, Indira Ghandi and Iranian government leaders. From 1961 to 1976 the CIA has con- ducted over 900 clandestine...revolution." "More Afghanistan counterrevolutionary bands are destroyed by the Afghanistan Army." "Indira Ghandi says that the Soviet Union did not inter

The Politburo’s Management of Its America Problem.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

long-term process of extending the Soviet political presence into more and more previously Western-influenced areas. The leadership expects occasional...major setbacks as inevitable incidents in this process of advance on a gradually broadening front. The Soviet leaders are well aware that not every...objective, self-propelled phenomena that are incrementally and inevitably erod- ing U.S. influence and in the process advancing that of the Soviet Union. In

Southeast Asia Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-12

ASIA REPORT CONTENTS LAOS Briefs Message to Bulgarian Defense Minister Thanks to CSSR Defense Minister Soviet Film Week CSSR Greetings to Laos...Criticizes U.S. ’Adventurism’ in Third World (THE MANILA CHRONICLE, 20 Feb 87) ’Secret Talks’ With Malaysia Over Sabah Reported (Rey Arquiza; PHILIPPINE...Domestic Service in Lao 0430 GMT 17 Feb 87 BK] /6662 SOVIET FILM WEEK-The Lao Culture Ministry, together with the Soviet military Sache to Laos

Historical aspects of the early Soviet/Russian manned space program.

PubMed

West, J B

2001-10-01

Human spaceflight was one of the great physiological and engineering triumphs of the 20th century. Although the history of the United States manned space program is well known, the Soviet program was shrouded in secrecy until recently. Konstantin Edvardovich Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) was an extraordinary Russian visionary who made remarkable predictions about space travel in the late 19th century. Sergei Pavlovich Korolev (1907-1966) was the brilliant "Chief Designer" who was responsible for many of the Soviet firsts, including the first artificial satellite and the first human being in space. The dramatic flight of Sputnik 1 was followed within a month by the launch of the dog Laika, the first living creature in space. Remarkably, the engineering work for this payload was all done in less than 4 wk. Korolev's greatest triumph was the flight of Yuri Alekseyevich Gagarin (1934-1968) on April 12, 1961. Another extraordinary feat was the first extravehicular activity by Aleksei Arkhipovich Leonov (1934-) using a flexible airlock that emphasized the entrepreneurial attitude of the Soviet engineers. By the mid-1960s, the Soviet program was overtaken by the United States program and attempts to launch a manned mission to the Moon failed. However, the early Soviet manned space program has a preeminent place in the history of space physiology.

The Russian radiation legacy: its integrated impact and lessons.

PubMed

Goldman, M

1997-12-01

Information about the consequences of human exposure to radiation in the former Soviet Union has recently become available. These data add new insights and provide possible answers to several important questions regarding radiation and its impact on occupational and public health. The 1986 Chernobyl accident initiated a major and early increase in childhood thyroid cancer that resulted from ingestion of iodine-131 (131I) by young children living in the most heavily contaminated areas of Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. No significant additional cancer or other adverse medical effects have yet been reported in the affected populations and among clean-up workers. Major psychological stress independent of radiation dose has been observed in those people thought to be exposed. During the early days of the atomic energy program in the former Soviet Union, some unfortunate events occurred. The country's first atomic test in Semipalatinsk in 1949 exposed over 25,000 people downwind from the blast to significant doses of fission products, especially 131I. During the late 1940s and the early 1950s nuclear material production facilities were developed near Chelyabinsk in the South Ural Mountains, which resulted in major releases into the environment and significant overexposures for thousands of workers and nearby populations. Chronic radiation sickness was observed early in exposed workers, and increases in leukemia and other cancers were also reported. The series of plutonium inhalation-related lung cancers and fatalities among workers exposed in that first decade appears to be unique. Long-term consequences of chronic radiation sickness and four decades of follow-up are being described for the first time. Villagers downstream from the plant consumed high levels of 137Cs and 90Sr and, it is reported, manifested increases in leukemia from internal and external exposures. Although the 40-year databases for retrospective dosimetry epidemiology studies are just beginning to be integrated and evaluated, preliminary evaluations suggest that there may be graded, significant dose-rate amelioration factors for cancer and leukemia risks in workers and the general population relative to the risk data on the Japanese atomic bomb survivors. Even for plutonium-induced lung cancers in workers, such a dose-rate effect may be evident. These experiences give us insight into the consequences of protracted radiation at high and low doses and rates. If these findings are validated and confirmed, they can provide information that reduces some of the uncertainties in retrospective radiation dosimetry and radiation risk estimates (especially for low-level, chronic exposures) for activities related to medicine as well as the handling of nuclear materials and nuclear facility decommissioning, decontamination, and demilitarization.

Final Technical Report for Award DESC0011912, "Trimodal Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy: Simultaneous 4D Mapping of Conservative and Dissipative Probe-Sample Interactions of Energy-Relevant Materials”

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Solares, Santiago D.

The final project report covering the period 7/1/14-6/30/17 provides an overview of the technical accomplishments in the areas of (i) fundamental viscoelasticity, (ii) multifrequency atomic force microscopy, and (iii) characterization of energy-relevant materials with atomic force microscopy. A list of publications supported by the project is also provided.

Key Personnel and Organizations of the Soviet Military High Command.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

Europe--the Group of Soviet Forces Germany, Northern Group of Forces ( Poland ), Central Group of Forces (Czechoslovakia), and Southern Group of Forces...units of the groups of Soviet forces in the GDR, Poland , and Czechoslovakia; the air and ground force units from the Baltic, Belorussian, and Carpathian...military districts; the naval units of the Baltic Fleet; and the air, ground, and naval forces of the GDR, Poland , and Czechoslovakia (see Fig. 5a

United States Air Force Agency Financial Report 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

of the Berlin Airlift. Following World War II, Germany was divided into four sectors . Although Berlin was located in the Soviet controlled...eastern sector of Germany, the city was also divided into four sections. The U.S., Great Britain, and France occupied the western portion of Berlin and...the Soviets occupied the eastern portion. In June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked the Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to those sectors of

The Soviet Stealth Fighter: Check or Checkmate

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

pp. 20-31. 25 11. Bussert, Jim and Paul Beaver. "Soviet Submarine Hull Coatings," Defense Electronics (August 1987), pp. 26-27. 12. Canan , James W...Aircraft (January 1987), pp. 50-59. 34. Vorobyov, Ivan , Major-General. "Formula for Victory," Soviet Military Review (November 1986), pp. 14-15. 35...34Stealth Somber Taking Shape," International Combat Aircraft (September 1987), pp. 27-31. Vozobyov, Ivan , Major-General. "New Weapons Require Sound

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-29

U.S. security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early...Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and...the former Soviet Union. The United States is also a leader of an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early 1970s...Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and biological...former Soviet Union. The United States is also a leader of an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This regime

Historical Roots of Contemporary Debates on Soviet Military Doctrine and Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

28 - institutchikis’ "new thinking" about war. According to one prolific Soviet researcher, Alexander Savelyev , war aims are now being redefined and...limits. Indeed, it may well 5 Discussions with Alexander Savelyev at the Institute of World Economy and International Relations (IMEMO), Moscow, January...examines the themes of and historical context for the writings of Soviet strategists of the 1920s, such as Alexander Svechin and Leon Trotsky, who

The Strategic Defense Initiative in Soviet Planning and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

relentlessly insisted that since the signing of the ABM Treaty in 1972, the Soviet Union has changed its view on the question of homeland defense. By thus...and testing permitted by the ABM Treaty will not be extended as a bargaining chip, regard- less of any reciprocal concessions the Soviets might offer...proceed apace for a number of years. An appropriate mix of technical achievement, budgetary commitment, adjustment to the ABM Treaty, alliance

International Aviation (Selected Articles).

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-15

new aircraft . During the war, the Soviets captured some Yuemo [trans- literation]-004 and BMW-003 jet engines from Germany; these jet engines were named...by the Soviets RD-10 and RD-20, with thrusts at 850 and 800 kilograms. In the USSR, the mission of designing new aircraft by using these jet engines ...was to have the Soviet factories buy patents and production licenses of foreign jet engines to design new aircraft . In 1947, through trade

A Scaling Analysis of Frequency Dependent Energy Partition for Local and Regional Seismic Phases from Explosions

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-31

explosions at the former Soviet Semipalatinsk test site (STS). Labeled stations are those for which high resolution digital data are available. 12 8...characteristics of regional phase observations from underground nuclear explosions at the former Soviet Semipalatinsk and Novaya Zemlya test sites , the...various regional phases observed from underground nuclear explosions at the former Soviet Semipalatinsk test site (STS). Labeled stations are those for

Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates: The Failure of the Transnational Network

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-24

the battlefields of Afghanistan in the late 1980s, fresh from their perceived victory over the Soviet Union , little thought was given to the threat...for the jihad against the Soviet Union after their invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The influence of these two men upon a young bin Laden is...between Ethiopia and Somalia exploded into fighting, with the Soviet Union choosing to arm both protagonists. 68 Christopher S. Chivvis, Andrew

Battlefield Air Interdiction: Airpower for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

recommendations for the effective use of airpower for this purpose are made. A future war will probably be against the Soviet Union or one of its...emphasis will be placed upon the Soviet forces since it is likely that any future belligerence will be against the _ _......6 I Soviet Union or one of its...offensive operations (see figure 3) stress rapid, continuous movement. Objectives are established which demand high rates of advance. A regiment, for

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 3, March 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-14

JPRS-UWE-89-008 14 JUNE 1989 JPRS Report— Soviet Union WORLD ECONOMY & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS No 3, March 1988 MBTltlBOTION STATEMENT A...SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 \\*2 Soviet Union WORLD ECONOMY & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS No 3, March 1988 JPRS-UWE-89-008 CONTENTS 14 JUNE 1989...Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Refer to the table of contents for a listing of any articles

USSR Local War Doctrine as Rationale for the Development of the Soviet CTOL Aircraft Carrier.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-01

Soviet Union. [Ref. 11: p. 252] The peacetime Red naval mission is not entirely one of blissful exchanges of pleasantries. Its utility during distant...expended toward gift presentation and the exchange of pleasantries. Such visits were designed as feelers to divine Russian acceptance by the developing...How- * ever, the presence of military forces displaying the capa- * bilities to intervene may have affected the perceptions of * Soviet clinets

Soviet Countertrade

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

t5’ Wt USAFA-TR-89-5 SOVIET COUNTERTRADE Lt Col Robert L. Waller DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY LOcv, Nv SEPTEMBER 1989 oFINAL REPORT APPROVED...8217Continue an owts if necelbary and identify by bloc* number) SWestern observers have noted the Soviet Union’s use of countertrade over the past...country before the buyer agrees to make the initial purchase. After defining the terms often used in relation to countertrade , this paper develops the

Soviet Military Power

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-01

Australia and New Zealand force of SS-18s and SS-19s, their plans to reload preserves peace and stability in a region that is ICBM silos, and the extensive...Defense Ministry announced that the USSR was beginning to deploy a new generation of nuclear-armed, air-launched and sea-launched cruise missiles. The...increasingly ambitious Soviet procurement and deployment of ma- jor categories of new armaments. The success that the Soviets have achieved in both

Soviet Naval Strategy?

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-08-18

also stressed the unified nature of Soviet military strategy and the Soviet combined arms approach. A fourth article, by Captain 1st Rank B. Makeyev ...cybernetic process. 7 Makeyev sketched out an acquisition process that takes as inputs the overall political guidance, the realities of economic...Captain 1st Rank B. Makeyev , "Some Views on the Theory of Naval Weaponry," Morskoy Sbornik, No. 4, 1982, pp. 27-31. 8. Rear Admiral V. Gulin and Captain

The Opportunity Cost of the Nonmonetary Advantages of the Soviet Military R and D Effort,

DTIC Science & Technology

Analyzes the major nonbudgetary advantages enjoyed by the military research and development sector in the Soviet economic system. This analysis also...investigates to what extent and in what form such advantages are potentially transferable from the military to the civilian sector, thereby...constituting a real economic burden on the Soviet economy. The military R and D sector benefits from a high-powered priority system that overrides the planning

Exploiting ’Fault Lines’ in the Soviet Empire: An Overview,

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-08-01

against the Soviet Premier. Similarly, in the early 1970s, Ukrainian leader Piotr Shelest is reported to have made common cause with East European leaders...well. Zbigniew Brzezinski concluded that a Soviet intervention would have produce[d] a rupture in the political detente in Europe, disrupt[ed] East...have led] to overt American-Chinese military cooperation. .2 12 Zbigniew Brzezinski , Power and Principle, Farrar, Straus, Giroux, • I "..r

Soviet Space Program Handbook.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

in advance and some events were even broadcast live. Immediately following the first success- ful launch of their new Energia space launch vehicle in...early 1988. Just as a handbook written a couple of years ago would need updating with Mir, Energia , and the SL-16, this handbook will one day need up...1986. Johnson, Nicholas L. The Soviet Year in Space 1983. Colorado Springs, CO: Teledyne Brown Engineering, 1984. Lawton, A. " Energia - Soviet Super

Parallels with the Past - How the Soviets Lost in Afghanistan, How the Americans are Losing (Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes, April 2011)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

ulcer .”1 Immediately, we were reminded of a similar expression from an earlier Afghan War. On February 1986, Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev...they had killed Hafizullah Amin, the existing president. The rebellion quickly turned into a national resistance movement and the Soviets responded...security. It appears that the United 1 Dion Nissenbaum, “McChrystal Lights Fire Under Marjah

Technology Strategy in Irregular Warfare: High-Tech Versus Right-Tech

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-12-01

ny-countys-confiscated-gun-policy/. 88 newest AH-64E. It has upgraded engines and rotor blades that enable the attack helicopter to have a quicker...was the extent of their defensive operations. Aircraft, helicopter gunships, armored vehicles, and artillery were directly used by Soviet forces...it into raw numbers, the Soviet Air Force had approximately 6,894 fixed-wing aircraft, and 3,320 helicopters .126 The Soviet Army had five times

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-06

of a plant to produce mineral powdered additives for asphalt, even though this is what will help the department increase road longevity . Such a...resort area; its summer popula- tion reaches 800,000-900,000. The majority of the pen- sions and pioneer camps are located within the territory of the...soviet, and thus are not subject to the decisions of the local Soviets. I am intro- ducing a proposal that the pensions, rest homes, and pioneer

The Scent of the Future: Manned Space Travel and the Soviet Union.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

AND ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS 56 GREENHOUSES , BOOSTERS, AND SPACE PLANES: SOVIET SPACE-RELATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 72 R.U.R. REVISITED: MANNED VERSUS... greenhouse that was part of their 12-square-meter closed environment.9 6 The successful conclusion of this test demonstrated the feasibility of a manned...will probably be timed to coincide with the XXVI Party Congress which convenes in February 1981. 71 GREENHOUSES , BOOSTERS, AND SPACE PLANES: SOVIET