Foreign Assistance: Enterprise Funds’ Contributions to Private Sector Development Vary.

DTIC Science & Technology

1999-09-01

private sector development in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe as they transition from centrally planned to market-oriented economies. The funds, which are private, nonprofit U.S. corporations, are supposed to make loans to, or investments in, small- and medium-sized businesses in which other financial institutions are reluctant to invest. With the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991, enterprise funds were subsequently established in the newly independent states. Currently, 10 funds operate in Central Europe and the former Soviet Union, covering 19

The Battle for the History Books: Who Won the Cold War?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meyerson, Adam

1990-01-01

Discusses liberal and conservative foreign policy contributions to the end of the Cold War, as marked by the rapid liberalization of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Emphasizes that the collapse of the Soviet empire occurred at the end of a decade of sustained conservative government in every major country of the Western world. (FMW)

Soviet Security in Flux. Occasional Paper 33.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jamgotch, Nish, Jr.

If U.S. foreign policy is to be prudent and effective, it must cease relying on the doctrinaire images and cold war rhetoric of the past and take into account five intactable problems, none of them specifically military, that the Soviet Union faces. These problems are: (1) unabating deficiencies in its economy; (2) a precarious battle with…

Rehabilitating Afghanistan's natural resources

Treesearch

George Hernandez

2011-01-01

The Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in late 1979. During the next 23 years, the war between the Mujahideen Resistance and the Soviet forces, the ensuing civil war, and eventual take over by the Taliban caused enormous harm to the natural resources of Afghanistan. In 2003, the USDA Forest Service (USFS) was asked by the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service to provide...

Science Policy: Former NAS Official Reviews World Science.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Malone, Thomas F.

1982-01-01

Issues discussed with Thomas F. Malone (former Foreign Secretary-National Academy of Sciences) include: scientists role in dealing with such global problems as nuclear war and needs in developing countries; scientific relations with China/Soviet Union; scientific enterprise/human rights; science/technology role in foreign policy; and political…

United States Foreign Assistance Programs: The Requirement of Metrics for Security Assistance and Security Cooperation Programs

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania , Slovakia, and Slovenia. 26 The seven PfP Eastern European countries, as...The Soviet experience has left an indelible mark in Ukrainian “identity, politics, economics and even religion ”127 and this experience looms large in...from Tsarist Russia to the Soviet Union from 1918 to 1921.186 The Russian and Soviet influences, along with previous Persian and Ottoman cultures

Foreign Policy Benefits from Subsidization of Trade with Eastern Europe

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-02-01

AFUDC, the projected cost per kilowatt is $2440. A reactor containment for a 1000 MW pressur - ized water reactor costs about $100 million;96 let us ...diffprencpe in interests between the Soviet Union and its East European allies in the Warsaw Pact. It examines the use of economic policy by the West as a...instead to Soviet armies, fronts, or theaters of military operations (TVDs). The Groups of Soviet Forces are stationed in Eastern Europe in part in an

The News Media and Audience Images of Foreign Countries: Optimism and Pessimism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, David K.; McNelly, John T.

Examining the impact of news on people's knowledge about and favorableness of opinion toward six foreign countries, a study conducted telephone interviews with 374 adult residents in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, during November 1984. The nations selected for study included three developed countries (Britain, the Soviet Union, and Japan) and three…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1998-10-21

KOMSOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA, 24 Aug 88] 23 Supreme Soviet Decree on Kuznetsov Rehabilitation [KRASNA YA ZVEZDA, 27 Jul 88] 28 FOREIGN MILITARY AFFAIRS...correspondent, Col V. Zhitarenko, got in touch by telephone with Maj Gen Oleg Sidorovich Komlev, Mos- cow Military District deputy commander for civil...Decree on Kuznetsov Rehabilitation 18010123 Moscow KRASNAYA ZVEZDA in Russian 27Jul 88 pi [Unattributed item: "Decree of the Presidium of the USSR

East Europe Report

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-08

the basis of improving the method of embryo transplants, for exchanging genetic material, for training personnel and for developing the necessary...its NATO allies. 65 The Soviet Government declaration came as further evidence of the Soviet Union’s concern over the destinies of civilisation and...events and developments in the destinies of our two peoples. Both our peoples suffered under foreign domination, both our peoples were robbed by

Scientific and technical training in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. L.

1983-01-01

Specific features and observations on the Soviet educational system and areas of apparent effectiveness are presented, noting that the literacy rate is over 98 percent in 1982. Educational goals are reoriented every five years to match with other projections of five-year plans. The Soviet constitution established strong educational goals, including schools, correspondence courses, lectures in native tongues, free tuition, and vocational training. The educational pattern from pre-school through graduate school lasts over 28 yr and contains two 2-yr periods of work, confined to specialties after graduate school. Mathematics is emphasized, as are physics, Marxism, and a foreign language. Approximately 300,000 engineers were graduated in the Soviet Union in 1982, compared with the 20-yr U.S. average of 50,000/yr. About 2/3 of Soviet engineers participate in defense work, a number which is four times the total number of U.S. engineers. It is asserted that the continual indoctrination, organization, and practical work experience will guarantee that the Soviet state will remain a dominant force in the world as long as centralized state control can be carried out.

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia, Kuwait

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-08-21

in the stock market in the country, it is necessary to ascertain the number of [istimarat musa"arah] or direct investments [istimarat], foreign workers...commercial or industrial activities, [Al-Fassam] My view is simply that industry has a large or expanding foreign investment , for example? role in all...States from NTIS or Friday in eight volumes: China , East Europe, Soviet appointed foreign dealers. New subscribers should Union, East Asia, Near East

JPRS Report. Soviet Union Foreign Military Review, No. 2, February 1989.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-11

phenomena in ethnic relationships in the period of stagnation engen - dered problems retarding the development of Soviet society and degrading Armed Forces...and ventilation systems for purifying external air entering the manned compartment when crossing areas of radioactive or chemical contamination. The...Machinery Chemical Corporation (over 800 produced), and from 1971 through 1983 by Bowen-McLaughlin- York (1,018 vehicles). In addition to the U.S

Soviet Muslim Policy: Domestic and Foreign Policy Linkages.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-04-30

centered in Khuzhistan at the head of the Persian Gulf and Iran’s oil production area. Strikes by the Arab workers were one of the critical elements...286; John Soper, "Is the Soviet Union Interested in Playing the Uigur Card?" Radio Liberty Research, No. 69/79, March 1, 1979; David R. Staats , "The...Uighur Press and the Sino-Soviet Conflict, ibid., No. 147/77, June 15, 1977. 43. David R. Staats , "Sinkiang and ’The China Card,"’ ibid., No. 171/79

Foreign Policy Dimensions of Argentina and Brazill: Emerging Middle Powers Marching to their Own Drum.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

militarily by a shared per- ception of the Soviet Union as the major external threat to the area. This perception led to a mutual defense agreement...the International Union of American Republics in the nineteenth century. Efforts have continued as a means of countering dominance by the United...and the organizational theories and concepts which were put forth to deal with them. Economic integration based on the free trade and customs union

Military objectives in Soviet foreign policy

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

McGwire, M.

1987-01-01

The Soviet Union's military developments and the size of its armed forces strongly influence Western assumptions about Soviet foreign policy. The author shows how the need to plan for the contingency of world war has shaped Soviet policy, resulting in a force structure often perceived as far in excess of legitimate defense needs. In this book the motivations underlying Soviet policy are investigated as thoroughly as the military posture is examined. According to the author, a doctrinal decision in late 1966 about the likely nature of a world war resulted in a basic change in Soviet strategic objectives. Corresponding changesmore » occurred in operational concepts, the approach to arms control, and policy in the third world. The necessary restructuring of Soviet forces took place during the 1970s and 1980s. This book identifies the old and new hierarchies of strategic objectives, analyzes the implications of the shift, and deduces the Soviet operational plan for waging world war, should it prove inescapable. This plan explains the structure of Soviet strategic forces and their military posture in Euro-Atlantic, Asian-Pacific, and Indo-Arabian regions. Decisions taken in the 1967-68 and 1976-77 periods explain much of current Soviet policy. However, Soviet-American relations sharply deteriorated between 1978 and 1983. The author also considers the kind of decisions that the Soviets may have taken in recent years in response to these developments.« less

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-08

war. This is an objective reality . By laying emphasis on land forces only, in particular on tanks and artillery, in solving the issues of removing...for the realities of army life in a friendly country, but nonethe- less on foreign territory. ...A few months ago, during the visit of the Soviet...victori- ous, were available in time. Nevertheless, there were virtually no offensive air units. The majority of pilots had not been trained for the

Economic Leverage on the Soviet Union in the 1980s.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-07-01

structure of the external markets and the Soviet will to resist the foreign pressure and assume the attendant costs. Consideration of the elements making up...additional handi- caps of late development of alternative energy plans, failure to offer alternative markets for the sales of pipe and equipment, and...be left to the dic- tates of the market , but in actuality every government intervenes to shape market flows to some extent. Where purposeful

JPRS Report, Soviet Union: International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-25

Journalism Joan Didion (United States). Salvador (Conclusion). 85 From Our Foreign Correspondents VI. Reznichenko, P.P. Yakovlev. The Workdays and...American intelligentsia are now experiencing such insight; an example of this was the book by American author and journalist Joan Didion which was

U.S. Foreign Policy in Southern Africa

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

Union Carter Foreign Policy - Africa United States Foreign Policy Carter - World View u.s. - Soviet Relatio n s AaSTI’ACT (Cotttl-- reY«aa elde II... International boundarie5 0 I 0 Railway5 SOO Kilometers I SOO Miles •:rce: International Institute for Strate&ic Studies, Stratezk Sur11r...collective actor in international affairs, we are the individual actor in domestic affairs and politics and the receptor-spectator of what we see or think

[Limited access to the international medical literature in Russia].

PubMed

Jargin, Sergei V

2012-06-01

Limited access to foreign professional literature in the former Soviet Union had consequences for public health: persistence of some outdated methods and approaches. Several examples are discussed in this letter. The shortage of foreign literature has been partly compensated by domestic editions, sometimes containing compilations from foreign sources, borrowings without references, and mistranslations. International literature is on average scarcely quoted in Russian language scientific publications. Today, however, there are grounds for optimism: the economic upturn must bring improvements.

Bulgaria’s Quest for Security After the Cold War

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-02-01

Chairman Filip Dimitrov , while welcoming close traditional relations with the Soviet people, held the Soviet Union at arms length in an interview on the...8217 intentions and to spur them to further reform.’ 4 The Bulgarians took maximum advantage of the visit. Foreign Minister Boyko Dimitrov told reporters the talks...Many of the older generation of the Bulgarian elite were nurtured in American schools. Founder of the Bulgarian Communist government Georgi Dimitrov had

The Market and Vocational Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peregudov, F. I.

1992-01-01

Examines needed changes in vocational education in former Soviet Union as the nation shifts to a market economy. Suggests that there should be more emphasis on individual student needs. Argues that vocational education must include training in information sciences, computers, foreign languages, social psychology, and urban ecology. Recommends…

Collective Security in Europe and Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-03-02

Minister Hisashi Owada carried by Kyodo, November 18, 1991, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service, (FBIS), Daily Report-East Asia, November 18, 1991...Report-Soviet Union, December 5, 1991, p. 54. For a Japanese view, see Hiroshi Kimura , "Gorbachev’s Japan Policy: The Northern Territories Issue

The Legacy of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy Toward the West.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-01

David Lane). 60 Of the children of women who work, 22.9 percent are in collective child care 61 centers during the day. There are a large number of...Family Law provide that a court may remove a child from parents "if the child is endangered by remaining ඇ (usually used to pressure religious...policies. The child frequently begins his education in a preschool sponsored by a factory, farm trade union or a local Soviet. 4The purpose of the school

Great Decisions [and] Great Decisions Activity Book. 1994 Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoepli, Nancy L., Ed.

This book discusses foreign policy issues and provides background information on current topics. This edition examines the following major issues: (1) "Conflict in Former Yugoslavia: Quest for Solutions" (Susan L. Woodward); (2) "South Africa: Forging a Democratic Union" (Jean Herskovits); (3) "Environmental Crisis in Former Soviet Bloc: Whose…

The Soviet Union and Iraq Since 1968.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-07-01

had outlived its usefulness and had itself become a threat to the regime’s authority. Kassem turned on it and attempted to restrict its political ... Kassem had studiously avoided: They began to eliminate the ICP physically as a political force. By one estimate 3,000 party members were killed.IlJ This...ide It mne@*aip and identir by block uwober) USSR Foreign Aid IRAQ Political Science Arms Control Foreign Policy Military Assistance International

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-11-26

Jew can satisfy his lusts with the foreigner and his from Islam, no matter what the sacrifice costs, and no woman without restriction or limitation...usurped land is Palestine, and a non-Jewish woman or violates the honor of a foreign al-Aqsa mosque is the first of the two kiblahs [places girl, he...the consent of the fertilizers; increasing Egypt’s hard currency revenues; Soviet Union. I rule out the idea of a unipolar interna- providing job

Congratulating the Baltic nations of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania on the 20th anniversary of their declarations on the restoration of independence from the Soviet Union.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Shimkus, John [R-IL-19

2010-04-26

Senate - 12/08/2010 Received in the Senate and referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Agreed to in HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 4, April 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-22

CPSU feels that unwea- kening concern for solving the social problems of labor, life and culture and for satisfying the interests and needs of the...were 60 tankers with a total cargo capacity of 4.8 million tons in the merchant fleet); in recent years, however, the quantity of ships in operation

Day Care: Other Countries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hjartarson, Freida; And Others

This collection of 5 bilingual papers on day care programs in foreign countries (China, the Soviet Union, and 3 Scandinavian countries) is part of a series of papers on various aspects of day care published by the Canadian Department of Health and Welfare. Each paper is presented in both English and French. Paper I considers day care services in…

Industry turns its attention south

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Marhefka, D.

1997-08-01

The paper discusses the outlook for the gas and oil industries in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. Significant foreign investment continues to elude Russia`s oil and gas industry, so the Caspian nations of Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan are picking up the slack, welcoming the flow of foreign capital to their energy projects. Separate evaluations are given for Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Moldova, Tajikstan, Uzbekistan, Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Serbia.

Kazakhstan and Russia: Experience and Prospects of Transfrontier Cooperation (1991-2015)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Issabayev, Nurlan Zh.; Sadykov, Tlegen S.; Seitkazina, Kuralay ?.; Bekmaganbetov, Umyrbai Zh.

2016-01-01

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan had to re-build their bilateral relations, and today this process continues. Both countries face up to a number of objective difficulties, such as crisis and the need to develop new foreign and domestic policy doctrines. Nevertheless, several bilateral…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 6, June 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-08

conditions. This is achieved above all by rais - ing the mobility of rear services, which must be the very same as for the supported troop formations...surface-to-air mis- sile regiments (Soest and Oldenburg ), 33d and 34th electronic support regiments (Goch and Schleswig), all from the 4th Air Defense

Exploring the impact of foreign direct investment on tobacco consumption in the former Soviet Union

PubMed Central

Gilmore, A; McKee, M

2005-01-01

Background: Tobacco is the single largest cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world; in the former socialist bloc tobacco kills twice as many men as in the west. Although evidence shows that liberalisation of the cigarette trade through the elimination of import barriers leads to significant increases in consumption, far less is known about the impact of foreign direct investment on cigarette consumption. This paper seeks to explore the impact that the substantial transnational tobacco company investments have had on patterns of tobacco trade and consumption in the former Soviet Union. Design: Routine data were used to explore trends in cigarette trade and consumption in the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union from the 1960s to the present day. Comparisons were made between trends in countries that have received substantial investment from the tobacco transnationals and countries that have not. Results: Between 1991 and 2000 cigarette production increased by 96% in countries receiving industry investment and by 11% in countries that did not. Over the same period cigarette consumption increased by 40%; the increase was concentrated in countries receiving investments. Despite these investments, cigarette imports still outweigh exports and no trade surplus has yet to result. Conclusions: The findings suggest that liberalisation of inward investment has a significant and positive impact on cigarette consumption and that without appropriate safeguards, market liberalisation may have long term negative impacts on health. Specific trade rules are needed to govern trade and investment in this uniquely harmful product. Implementation of effective tobacco control policies should precede tobacco industry privatisation. International financial organisations pressing for privatisation should ensure this occurs. PMID:15735295

Exploring the impact of foreign direct investment on tobacco consumption in the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Gilmore, A B; McKee, M

2005-02-01

Tobacco is the single largest cause of morbidity and mortality in the developed world; in the former socialist bloc tobacco kills twice as many men as in the west. Although evidence shows that liberalisation of the cigarette trade through the elimination of import barriers leads to significant increases in consumption, far less is known about the impact of foreign direct investment on cigarette consumption. This paper seeks to explore the impact that the substantial transnational tobacco company investments have had on patterns of tobacco trade and consumption in the former Soviet Union. Routine data were used to explore trends in cigarette trade and consumption in the 15 countries of the former Soviet Union from the 1960s to the present day. Comparisons were made between trends in countries that have received substantial investment from the tobacco transnationals and countries that have not. Between 1991 and 2000 cigarette production increased by 96% in countries receiving industry investment and by 11% in countries that did not. Over the same period cigarette consumption increased by 40%; the increase was concentrated in countries receiving investments. Despite these investments, cigarette imports still outweigh exports and no trade surplus has yet to result. The findings suggest that liberalisation of inward investment has a significant and positive impact on cigarette consumption and that without appropriate safeguards, market liberalisation may have long term negative impacts on health. Specific trade rules are needed to govern trade and investment in this uniquely harmful product. Implementation of effective tobacco control policies should precede tobacco industry privatisation. International financial organisations pressing for privatisation should ensure this occurs.

The deterrent forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kortunov, S.

The rapid changes that are occurring in Europe and in the world at large create qualitatively new military and political realities and will force nuclear powers to make major adjustments in their foreign policy and military-technological thinking. The new situation will certainly lead to changes in both the nuclear doctrines of those countries and their approaches to nuclear forces - both strategic and tactical - as will be needed to ensure national security. This applies fully to the Commonwealth of Independent States (the former USSR), whose nuclear doctrine, like that of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), is now beingmore » overhauled. It is well known that the former Soviet Union in its public declarations, including those made at the highest political level, has been strongly critical of the doctrine of deterrence. An unbiased historical analysis of the postwar period also demonstrates that military competition between the Soviet Union and the United States in the nuclear field followed the action-reaction logic, the constraining factors being primarily financial and technological rather than moral. Parity was initially interpreted as numerical equality in strategic nuclear arms and later as rough equality in operational nuclear capabilities. Another confirmation that the Soviet Union had based its policy precisely on the doctrine of deterrence is the Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty, which limits the antiballistic missile systems of the two sides to purely symbolic numbers of ABMs and effectively exposes the former Soviet Union and the United States to a retaliatory strike. Nuclear deterrence is a modus vivendi of the world we live in, and it will stay that way until nations devise a fundamentally new system of maintaining international security. The problem is that the nuclear powers have more than enough nuclear weapons to make deterrence work effectively.« less

JPRS Report, Environmental Issues

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-13

in settlements in valley locations, with the simultaneous application of efficient waste- gas purification proce- dures (dedusting, desulfurization ...Slaughtered [RUDE PRAVO 1 JunJ 17 Power Plant Desulfurization Technology, Funding Explored [ZEMEDELSKE NOVINY 29 Apr] . 17 GERMAN DEMOCRATIC...the Soviet Union, it is a question of money and a shortage of foreign currency but apparently also an attempt to develop its own pollution control

A Comprehensive Examination of the Soviet Naval Infantry

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-07-11

1961-621 3n,1 even oarlier are three German sources which inricatu 1960.8 Par more interesting is the evidence which ap- peared within the Soviet Union ...years in a row. Finally, in 1956, the Soviet Union began taking delivery of various types of landing ships and craft. The Soviet Union continued to build...in Moscow, commemorating 12. the 50th anniversary of the October Revolution.1 Finally, at the time that the Soviet Union was expanding its Naval

THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE STRATEGY OF THE OIL AND GAS PIPELINES OF RUSSIA

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Motomura, Masumi

The Russian oil and gas industry earns more than half of the Russian tax revenue and foreign currency, and has been playing the role of the backbone of the state economy through the eras of the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. With the elongation of distance to the European market from the oil producing regions, starting from Baku in the era of Imperial Russia to the Second Baku (Volga-Ural) and the third Baku (West Siberia) in turn, the role of the oil pipeline system as the transportation infrastructure became more and more important and the deployment of pipelines has become one of the indispensable pillars of oil strategy. Now, the oil pipeline network is to reach the Pacific Ocean, which will enable Northeast Asia to be added as a destination for Russian oil, with a result of expanding influence for Russia in these regions. On the other hand, gas exports from the Soviet Union to Eastern Europe started in 1967 by constructing a trunk pipeline from Ukraine, which was extended to West Germany in 1973, overcoming the confrontation between the East and the West and becoming a regional stabilizer. The United States considered this pipeline as an energy weapon and criticized this deal by saying that when Soviet gas flows to Western Europe, its political influence must flow like the gas itself. However, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, while gas transportation continued without any disruption. This is evidence that the gas pipeline from the Soviet Union was purely for a business purpose and was not politicized. Recently, Russia is aiming to export gas to northeastern Asia, which is expected to be a new stabilizer in this region, although different types of diffi culties (especially about the method of determination of the gas price) still need to be resolved.

August 5, 1963-President Kennedy's Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed in Moscow, Russia

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Kennedy, John F.

On August 5, 1963, after more than eight years of negotiations, the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. The destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by atomic bombs marked the end of World War II and the beginning of the nuclear age. As tensions between East and West settled into a Cold War, scientists in the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union conducted tests and developed more powerful nuclear weapons. In 1959, radioactive deposits were found in wheat and milk in the northern United States. As scientists and themore » public gradually became aware of the dangers of radioactive fallout, they began to raise their voices against nuclear testing. Leaders and diplomats of several countries sought to address the issue. In May 1955, the United Nations Disarmament Commission brought together the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the Soviet Union to begin negotiations on ending nuclear weapons testing. Conflict soon arose over inspections to verify underground testing. The Soviet Union feared that on-site inspections could lead to spying that might expose the Soviets' vastly exaggerated claims of the number of deliverable nuclear weapons. As negotiators struggled over differences, the Soviet Union and the United States suspended nuclear tests—a moratorium that lasted from November 1958 to September 1961. John F. Kennedy had supported ban on nuclear weapons testing since 1956. He believed a ban would prevent other countries from obtaining nuclear weapons, and took a strong stand on the issue in the 1960 presidential campaign. Once elected, President Kennedy pledged not to resume testing in the air and promised to pursue all diplomatic efforts for a test ban treaty before resuming underground testing. He envisioned the test ban as a first step to nuclear disarmament. President Kennedy met with Soviet Premier Khrushchev in Vienna in June 1961, just five weeks after the humiliating defeat of the US-sponsored invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. Khrushchev took a hard line at the summit. He announced his intention to cut off Western access to Berlin and threatened war if the United States or its allies tried to stop him. Many US diplomats felt that Kennedy had not stood up to the Soviet premier at the summit and left Khrushchev with the impression that he was a weak leader. President Kennedy's political and military advisers feared that the Soviet Union had continued secret underground testing and made gains in nuclear technology. They pressured Kennedy to resume testing. And, according to a Gallup poll in July 1961, the public approved of testing by a margin of two-to-one. In August 1961, the Soviet Union announced its intention to resume atmospheric testing, and over the next three months it conducted 31 nuclear tests. It exploded the largest nuclear bomb in history—58 megatons—4,000 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. In his commencement address at American University on June 10, 1963, Kennedy announced a new round of high-level arms negotiations with the Russians. He boldly called for an end to the Cold War. "If we cannot end our differences," he said, "at least we can help make the world a safe place for diversity." The Soviet government broadcast a translation of the entire speech, and allowed it to be reprinted in the controlled Soviet press. The Limited Nuclear Test Ban treaty was signed in Moscow on August 5, 1963, by US Secretary Dean Rusk, Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, and British Foreign Secretary Lord Home—one day short of the 18th anniversary of the dropping of an atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Over the next two months, President Kennedy convinced a fearful public and a divided Senate to support the treaty. The Senate approved the treaty on September 23, 1963, by an 80-19 margin. Kennedy signed the ratified treaty on October 7, 1963. The treaty: prohibited nuclear weapons tests or other nuclear explosions under water, in the atmosphere, or in outer space allowed underground nuclear tests as long as no radioactive debris falls outside the boundaries of the nation conducting the test pledged signatories to work towards complete disarmament, an end to the armaments race, and an end to the contamination of the environment by radioactive substances. Thirty-three years later, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. Signed by 71 nations, including those possessing nuclear weapons, the treaty prohibited all nuclear test explosions including those conducted underground. Though it was signed by President Bill Clinton, the Senate rejected the treaty by a vote of 51 to 48.« less

USSR Report, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-03-26

international competitions for the best textbooks and reading books for learning foreign languages and belles lettres. It also recommends other...agreements on cooperation signed by Poland recently relate to the manufacture of several parts for motor vehicles produced in the Soviet Union, the...rigs over five years is envisaged. According to an agreement concluded with the Yerevan Motor -Vehicle Works, the Truck Plant imeni B. Berut in the

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, International Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-03

old system. Before the reforms, eight foreign trade asociations , most of which were under the MFT, participated in the exporting and importing of...occupation. The Mexican newspaper EXCELSIOR describes this country’s daily life as follows: "The rural inhabitants drag out a miserable existence...Ivanov, G. I. (Ivanovo). Mexico’s Colonial Period As Viewed In Modern Mexican Historiography [not translated] 75 LITERARY ARTICLE The Odyssey of

After the Cold War: The U.S. Role in Europe's Transition. Revised. [and] Teacher's Resource Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lhowe, Mary, Ed.

These materials explore the decisions that face the United States as a result of the changes in the past decade in the countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The background readings allow students to examine such questions of values and foreign policy as: (1) Should the United States remain committed to its Western European…

Teaching about the Soviet Union. ERIC Digest No. 42.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Citti, Lori A.

Given the global significance of Soviet-U.S. relations, elementary and secondary school students should learn about the Soviet Union, but most students graduate from high school with little knowledge and many misconceptions about this country. It is important to teach about the Soviet Union because of: (1) its emphasis in the U.S. media; (2) its…

The Soviet Central Asian Challenge: A Neo-Gramscian Analysis.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-09-01

transmutated into the Soviet Union. This point is fundamental to understanding why the Russians are the ruling nationality group in the Soviet Union. The Great...initial years, force and coercion were instrumental for ensuring the continued existence of the transmuted Russian Empire. The new Soviet Union also...information on .Muslim national communism s1 l (Reft. 31, i33. 26F1or an excellent article on Russian nationalism’s transmutation to Soviet communism and the

76 FR 26791 - [Public Notice 7108

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-09

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union; Notice of Committee Renewal Renewal of Advisory... Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. This advisory committee makes... Program on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII). These...

JPRS Report, Arms Control.

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-04

Poland about $16,000 for each train. Four rail transit routes have been set out: —Szczecin, Szczecinek, Malbork, and Braniewo; —Kostrzyn, Pila ...border crossing and around the towns in the Szczecin, Koszalin, and Pila Voivodships, because of the lack of town bypasses. The Soviet Union will...Discussed With Argentina PY1512010290 Rio de Janeiro O GLOBO in Portuguese 14 Dec 90 p 8 [Text] Foreign Minister Francisco Rezek reported in Brasilia

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, foreign Military Review, No. 12, December 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-08-04

the originally suggested makeup of which was to include the U.S., Canada, Japan, Australia, New Zealand , South Korea, and the ASEAN countries. In...of the U.S., Argentina, Australia, Indonesia, Israel, Kuwait, Malaysia, New Zealand and Singapore. According to American specialists’ evaluations...was produced from 1968-1978 by the English firm, British Aerospace. It comprises the air force inventories of Ecuador, Kenya, New Zealand , Oman, Saudi

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 5, May 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-31

nology, Carnegie-Mellon University, and Stanford Uni- versity taking the lead. New constructive ideas were advanced in this period for simulating human...for representing stereotyped situations), products (logical constructions according to rules such as "if..., then..."), semantic networks (formal...battle). A prototype of the expert system, OB.l KB (Order of Battlefield [sic] Variant No. 1 Knowledge Base), was constructed as a result of

JPRS Report, China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-12

ideology: socialist nations united against the imperial- ists. This was caused by the international situation at that time. By the 1980’s it was ...Foreign Minister Qian Qichen, he expressed that the Soviet Union was willing to establish a new type of relationship with China based on the...the entire nation was carrying out various experi- ments to reform the economic system, Yeltsin insisted on first solving the supply problems of food

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 3, March 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-02

command and control. Special-purpose troops are intended to conduct recon- naissance and sabotage operations and to carry out psychological ...operations and other disruptive activities. They include a separate airborne brigade, separate com- mando brigades and psychological warfare subunits...partic- ipated in the production and testing of French Atar -9C and Larzac engines. Belgian armor industry was born around 20 years ago. In the mid

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 8, August 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-28

Hinkley Point (1.5 million) and Hartlepool (1.3 million). In recent years the country has begun building large hydro- electric pumped storage power ...antenna 6. Interface equipment 7. Data transmission line terminal 8. Computer 9. Power supply plant control station 10. Radio-relay station terminals... stations and data transmission line, interface equipment, and power distribution unit (Fig. 3). The parallel computer, which performs operations on

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 1, January 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-12

France G-91T Italy J-35P Draken Sweden AJ-37 Viggen Sweden JA-37 Viggen Sweden Kefir -C.2 larael P-l Japan 16,500 (7400) 1 x 9700 8700...JA-37 Viggan Sweden Kefir -C.2 Iirael P-l Japan 16,500 (7400) 1 x 9700 8700 (3900) 2 x 1850 15.000 (7700) 1 x 7800 20,500 (9000) 1 X

Scientific and Technological Information Systems in the Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kirson, Benjamin L.

1973-01-01

Not much is known at present about the organization and structure of the Soviet Union's information systems. It is the purpose of the communication to objectively review and summarize the present state-of-the-art of scientific and technological information systems within the Soviet Union. (9 references) (Author)

Research Survey of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lewis, E. Glyn

The state of the art of bilingual education in the Soviet Union is surveyed. The social context of Soviet bilingualism is discussed with reference to sources of heterogeneity, modernization as a motivating factor, political dimensions, and Soviet bases of research. The sociolinguistic paradigm of Soviet society is viewed as a function of the need…

The Soviet Union and Its People. Third Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wilson, Sherri

This third grade teaching unit on the USSR covers an introduction to the Soviet Union and its people, its government, daily lifestyles, folk culture, and geography. Skill goals deal with telling the difference between facts and opinions, comparing cultures, and integrating and applying information from various topics about the Soviet Union to…

Beyond Linguistic Policy: The Soviet Union Versus Estonia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rannut, Mart

1991-01-01

Discussion of the role of non-Russian languages in the Soviet Union (USSR) focuses on the history of ethnic group languages and language policy in Estonia since the collapse of totalitarianism. A historical overview of Soviet Union language policy is offered, with attention given to the ideological goals influencing policy, and their realization…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 4, April 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-17

Franch troops participated in military actions in Lebanon and Chad (1983)» and in Chad and Togo (1986). Today France is again using her armed forces...and 3 sections—transport, refueling and food supply); repair and maintenance platoon (86 men, command section, 8 functional sections—administrative...6 percent are major enterprises. Light industry and the food industry are of key importance in Pakistan. They account for more than half the

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 5, May 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-10-06

here: playing on the feelings of national pride and patriotism, the incitement of jingoism, chauvinism and hostility toward other peoples and so...state, which brought states of an opposite nature in the class respect into direct conflict. However, this argument does not, we are convinced...sometimes serves as virtually the main argument designed to explain the foreign policy unity of this group of states or the other. Such characteristics

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy and International Affairs, No. 4, April 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-03

platform of the group of UN socialist states which presented at the session a joint memoran- dum on this question. I would not either dramatize or...threats to mankind (an "ecospasm," the unsettled state of international economic relations, including foreign debt, nonequivalent commodity exchange...mechanisms. When we speak of a nuclear-free, nonvio- lent world, it is inconceivable without the controlling influence of the United Nations. [Question

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 11, November 1986

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-07-13

Tactical Fighter (pp 44-46) (V. Kuzmin)(not translated) FRG Air Force Third Technical School (pp 46-48) (L. KonstantinovKnot translated) NAVAL FORCES...administration presented a map of Libya marked with 44 objectives passed off as special schools in which terrorists from various regions of the world...to the DMA. The Army Cartographic School (Fort Belvoir, Virginia) trains specialists in preparing the topographic,air navigation and maritime charts

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 2, February 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-05

polyurethane foam . The engine and transmission compartment is located in the front part of the hull. The eight-cylinder engine is connected with a...more effective land- based systems including MLRS and in the future the ATACMS missiles (it is planned to launch them from existing and future MLRS... ATACMS missiles, Skeet & TGSM precision-guidance munitions SADARM and TGSM precis ion-guidance munitions PLSS recon- attack system, MLRS, F-4G

JPRS Report, Soviet Union Economic Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-22

I believe that under these conditions the ministry has decided to clip our wings . Viktor Yeremenko, deputy director for personnel of the combine...production? Does the " stork bring" them? The idea, according to which commodity-money relationships exist not in their own, but in a foreign, medium...installation of a small canard wing —its speed in the airport traffic zone and its approach speed did not exceed the speeds of modern subsonic jet

Adult Education in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wells, Rita L.; Goetz, Douglas N.

The Soviet government has consistently relied upon the country's educational system, including adult education, to advance its ideological, social, and economic goals. In the Soviet Union, education has been used to promote Soviet identity, minimize the impact of religion, advance the status of women, and help increase worker productivity. Adult…

78 FR 29200 - Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-17

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union; Notice of Committee Renewal I. Renewal of Advisory... Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. This advisory committee makes... Program on Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII). These...

FASAC Technical Assessment Report: Soviet Space Science Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lanzerotti, L. J.; Henry, Richard C.; Klein, Harold P.; Masursky, Harold; Paulikas, George A.; Scaf, Frederick L.; Soffen, Gerald A.; Terzian, Yervant

1986-01-01

This report is the work of a panel of eight US scientists who surveyed and assessed Soviet research in the spare sciences. All of the panelists were very familiar with Soviet research through their knowledge of the published scientific literature and personal contacts with Soviet and other foreign colleagues. In addition, all of the panelists reviewed considerable additional open literature--scientific, and popular, including news releases. The specific disciplines of Soviet space science research examined in detail for the report were: solar-terrestrial research, lunar and planetary research, space astronomy and astrophysics, and, life sciences. The Soviet Union has in the past carried out an ambitious program in lunar exploration and, more recently, in studies of the inner planets, Mars and especially Venus. The Soviets have provided scientific data about the latter planet which has been crucial for studies of the planet's evolution. Future programs envision an encounter with Halley's Comet, in March 1986, and missions to Mars and asteroids. The Soviet programs in the life sciences and solar-terrestrial research have been long-lasting and systematically pursued. Much of the ground-based and space-based research in these two disciplines appears to be motivated by the requirement to establish long-term human habitation in near-Earth space. The Soviet contributions to new discoveries and understanding in observational space astronomy and astrophysics have been few. This is in significant contrast to the very excellent theoretical work contributed by Soviet scientists in this discipline.

Recollections of a translator (Russian title: Vstrecha v verhah ili vospominania perevodchika)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaina, Alex

The article includes recollections of the author-translator from few meetings in Moscow during 70-th years of the XX-th century. The recollections includes a visit to Moscow of a Romanian delegation of trade-unions, a visit of Nicolae Ceausescu and Elena Ceausescu to Moscow in november 1977 in view of the 60-th years of the Revolution of October celebration. A visit by Nicu Ceausescu, physicist and the leader of the Union of Communist Youth of Romania, to Central Comitee of the All Union Communist Youth Organization of the USSR (Komsomol) in Moscow during a transit fly to Beijing (China) is reported also. The recollections reffers also the following persons: Andrey Gromyko- minister of the foreign office of the USSR, Geidar Aliev - 1-st secretary of the Central Commitee of the Azerbaijan S.S.R. Communist party, Grigor'ev- a secretary of the Soviet Komsomol (All Union Organization of Communist Youth) and other.

Cuba: World Oil Report 1991

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Maciej, H.

This paper reports that plagued by his worst fuel crisis in years, Cuban President Fidel Castro late last year began soliciting foreign help in the country's exploration efforts. What is particularly new about this initiative is that the invitation was directed toward capitalist Western nations, as opposed to previous help supplied by the Soviet Union. Castro's sudden change of attitude has been spurred by the continuing shortfall in oil deliveries from the USSR, symptomatic of the latter's own production problems.

Department of Defense Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1986.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-02-04

will subside. Because of its unrelenting military investment coupled with an opportunistic foreign policy, the Soviet Union will remain the most serious...responsibility to those who follow us. Many of our investments in research and development, including SDI, will not pay dividends for a number of years. If we...neglect to invest today in strong defenses for the future, we will be blamed by future leaders and, indeed, by our own children for denying them the peace

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 10, October 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-09

for Air -to- Air Guided Missiles [V. Sapkov; pp 40-45] 26 Operational Use of Optical Electronics in Air Platforms [V. Sofronov; pp 45-46] 30 Naval... phase (24 hours and longer). In a role of mutual support with the air defense forces they will repulse the enemy air attack. Concentrating their...linkage or fiber optics . In the future, air -to- air missiles will be outfitted with onboard digital computers with built-in test system, Identification

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 2, February 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-15

Losses to the U. S. population may reach 35 million people. The authors note that in the event that U. S. strategic nuclear forces are used...reserves created to carry out offensive operation (Khyber) (begun at the end of February 1984«), and suffering substantial losses (approximately 20,000...The two sides restored the combat effectiveness of their large units and units, which had suffered heavy losses , and prepared for new battles. The

The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe: A Bibliographic Guide to Recommended Books for Small and Medium-Sized Libraries and School Media Centers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horak, Stephan M.

Intended to aid librarians in small- and medium-sized libraries and media centers, this annotated bibliography lists 1,555 books focusing on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. The book is divided into four parts: (1) "General and Interrelated Themes--Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics and Eastern European Countries"; (2)…

Problem behaviors of children adopted from the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

McGuinness, Teena M; Pallansch, Leona

2007-01-01

Although current meta-analyses of problem behavior of internationally adopted children exist, few children adopted from the former Soviet Union have been included in these reports. A significant concern is that 13 children adopted from the former Soviet Union have died at the hands of their American adoptive parents since 1996. A cohort of 105 children adopted from the former Soviet Union has been assessed at two points in time by telephone and postal surveys to measure the impact of risk and protective factors on problem behavior. Pre-adoptive risk factors have declined in importance (except for birth weight) and protective factors (operationalized as aspects of family environment) have increased in influence over time. Problem behavior scores declined slightly at Time 2, despite the children having entered adolescence. Families play a significant role in the behavior of children adopted from the former Soviet Union. Nurses should counsel families to shape the child's environment during the transition from orphanage to homes in the United States, especially for children who are low birth weight.

Masculinities in the Motherland: Gender and Authority in the Soviet Union during the Cold War, 1945-1968

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fraser, Erica L.

2009-01-01

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

Airpower in Mountains

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-01

Soviet Union to the most recent operations of the United States. The British presence in the region dates back to the nineteenth century. The British...lost several dozen men. Maj N. G. Ten’kov Introduction The Soviet Union occupied Afghanistan for nine years from the end of 1979 to 1989...terrain, transport aircraft flew in supplies from the Soviet Union , as well as missions to supply isolated posts and surrounded garrisons.26 They

Soviet-West European Relations: Recent Trends and Near-Term Prospects.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-03-01

chilly reception from the Soviet leadership. Indeed, his Soviet hosts reminded him that the volcanic destruction of Pompeii paled in comparison with a...single nuclear warhead, and are reported to have threatened that "we will turn Italy into a Pompeii " if Italy contin- ued with INF deployments on...threatens to turn Italy "into a Pompeii " May 7, 1984 Soviet Union announces decision to boycott Olympics May 14, 1984 Soviet Union announces movement of

Huddling with the honchos in Havana

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mendelsohn, J.

1993-09-01

The economic collapse following the Soviet Union's disintegration has affected all aspects of life in Cuba. In this paper Cuban foreign policy and defense is discussed. This article evaluates the energy situation of Cuba (oil imports), food shortages, Cuba's position on the Treaty of Tlatelolco (formally, the Treaty for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America), Cuba's nuclear power projects, and discussions concerning Cuban involvement in biological warfare. The effects of U.S. military activities on U.S.-Cuban relations are emphasized. 8 refs.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy and International Relations, Number 3, March 1990.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-23

procure- ments amounted to 41 million tons of bakery wheat, but in the 1970s the figure was 36 million tons, and in the 1980s it had already fallen...and the reduc- tion of bakery wheat procurements provides convincing proof of this. This made imports more and more neces- sary. As a result...our imports. This not only means that we are effectively wasting our bakery wheat on livestock and then paying for more wheat with foreign currency

Military Doctrine and Strategy in the Former Soviet Union: Implications for the Navy

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-08-01

tions were raised a4ut the real accuracy of American high- technology weapons. Commentary by the Russian Federation Foreign Minister Andrey Kozyrev in an...April 1991 New Times article recognized the vital importance of host nation support to the outcome of the campaign. Kozyrev suggested that without it...the DESERT STORM would have been "seriously hindered."" Kozyrev did not raise the presence of American seapower as an alternative mechanism to stage

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 12, December 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-11

on the cargo bed of the five-ton Unimog vehicle of the West German firm of Mercedes - Benz . It has four smoothbore barrels, each 3 m long and con...Center. The tactic of "quietly creeping" into SDI of course was not advertised . Moreover, excuses were heard when particular facts attesting to...productivity growth rates. Japanese export grew at outstripping rates, which led to a sharp aggravation of both countries’ rivalry in world markets . A

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, No. 3, March 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-11

economic regulation and social welfare and appealed for the resolute "rolling back" of communism in foreign policy. Reaganism reached its peak in 1983 and...of correspondence between their declared inten- tions and actual results. It is true that the "fat" was trimmed from social spending, but the...system of govern- ment-financed social welfare was not dismantled. Taxes were lowered in the interest of big capital, but only at the cost of a dramatic

Vietnam and the Soviet Union: Implications for Europe and American Foreign Policy Options.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-03-01

Vietnamese daily newspaper, in May 1981. CEMA members were specifically congratulated for their part in constructing the trans -Vietnam railroad. [FBIS, 27 May...constructing the trans -Vietnam railroad. [FBIS, 27 May 1981:K7] As early as June 1978 the East European countries had provided significant aid to...reform fiasco of the fifties, the leadership placed at least part of the blame for Vietnam’s many internal problems on Party shortcomings. In Le Duc

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Peoples of Asia and Africa, No. 2, March-April 1988

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-04

translated] Table of Contents (in English) fp 221] 1 English Summaries fO. V. Malyarov, A.I. Yakovlev, et al ; pp 218-220] 2 Author Information...pp 53, 57; L. E. Westphal et al ., "Foreign Influences on Korean Industrial Development," Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol 41, 1979...care, house-building) confirmed, in the eyes of the Arabian population, the importance and strength of the ruling regimes, ruling families ( Al -Saud

Wars and Rumors of Wars: Likely Conflicts for the United States in the Early 21st Century

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-02

the horizon may include Argentina, Chile, Venezuela , Nigeria, and South Africa. The rest of the world, including Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union...foreign owned assets in the world. The astounding trade imbalance is likely to continue in terms of production imports exceeding exports . This common...but somewhat misleading, measure does not credit the United States with its vast exportation of services, not to mention the profits and produc’ion of

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Foreign Military Review, No. 5, May 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-18

which can carry up to 16 Hellfire missiles with semi-active laser homing devices (maximum range of 6,000 m). The presence of good flight and technical...will have laser -guided control systems, that is, will retain the link between the missile and the launch installation right up to impact on target as...antitank missile system to replace the Milan system in the 1990s. The control system with a laser -guided homing device also has been accepted for

Breakup of the Soviet State and Disintegration of the Renowned Sport System. The Future of Athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zibberman, Victor; Andersen, Donald R.

1994-01-01

Two articles examine athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The first discusses the disintegration of the Soviet sport system following the Soviet Union's breakup. The second examines the future of CIS athletics which, it is claimed, may never again reach the stature achieved by the Soviet Union. (SM)

Al-Qaeda and Its Affiliates: The Failure of the Transnational Network

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-11-24

the battlefields of Afghanistan in the late 1980s, fresh from their perceived victory over the Soviet Union , little thought was given to the threat...for the jihad against the Soviet Union after their invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The influence of these two men upon a young bin Laden is...between Ethiopia and Somalia exploded into fighting, with the Soviet Union choosing to arm both protagonists. 68 Christopher S. Chivvis, Andrew

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, World Economy & International Relations, No. 3, March 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-14

JPRS-UWE-89-008 14 JUNE 1989 JPRS Report— Soviet Union WORLD ECONOMY & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS No 3, March 1988 MBTltlBOTION STATEMENT A...SERVICE SPRINGFIELD, VA. 22161 \\*2 Soviet Union WORLD ECONOMY & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS No 3, March 1988 JPRS-UWE-89-008 CONTENTS 14 JUNE 1989...Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Refer to the table of contents for a listing of any articles

The Soviet Union: Population Trends and Dilemmas.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Feshbach, Murray

1982-01-01

Recent trends and differentials among the Soviet Union's 15 republics and major nationalities are reviewed, focusing on fertility, mortality and urbanization, the prospect for labor supplies and military manpower, emigration, and projected population growth to 2000. Estimated at 270 million as of mid-1982, the Soviet population is currently…

Observations on a Recent Trip to the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-08-26

published by Marshal Vasiley Danilovich Soko- lovskiy in his book Military Strategy.6 Everyone that we talked to agreed that the strategic missions of the...6) Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasiley Danilovich Sokolovskiy, ed., Soviet Military Strategy, 3rd ed., with an analysis and commentary by Harriet

Socialization of the Child in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sandanavicius, Mary

1979-01-01

The socialization process of the child in the Soviet Union is examined in terms of socialistic/communistic political philosophy and the general attitudes of the Soviets toward social sciences, child rearing, and educational practice. The family, school, and youth organizations are also discussed as socializing agents. (Author/KC)

Labor and Capital in the Soviet Union by Republics

DTIC Science & Technology

1977-08-01

under the title ’Input-Output Analysis and the Soviet Economy. An Annotated Bibliotraphy.’ 934 entries. 180 pp. I 2. Jaees UT. Cillula The Structure ...Input-Output in the Soviet Union.’* April 1974, 94 pp. S. eneD. Guill, "Interteporal Comparison of the Structure of the Soviet Economy.- February...49 pp. I *10. Daniel L. Bond, "Input-Output Structure of a Soviet Republic, the Latvian SSR, August 1975." (with an appendix by Gene Guill and Per

Soviet business chaos seen lasting 5 years

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1991-12-16

This paper reports that companies seeking work in the collapsing Soviet Union can expect political uncertainty for another 5 years. PW discussed changes in the Soviet Union and offered advice on dealing with officials of the central government and Soviet republics at a recent meeting in Houston with executives of oil field service companies. That meeting preceded reports of the Russian federation, Ukraine, and Byelorussia agreeing to form a Slavic commonwealth.

Nuclear Accidents in the Former Soviet Union: Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk and Chernobyl

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

in the Former Soviet Union: Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk and Chernobyl DNA/AFRRI 4020 *. AUTHORIS) Daniel L. Collins, Ph.D. Lt Col, USAF lE L E T E 1...sJ Three nuclear accidents besides Chernobyl have occurred in the Former Soviet Union (FSU). The accidents occurred over the geographic area around...enviromental chemicals. 94,1 126 14. SUBJECT TERMS 16. NUMBER OF PAGES Kyshtym, Chelyabinsk, Chernobyl , REM, human, psychological 0 radiation 90Sr, Curies

The Beijing Olympics: Political Impact and Implications for Soft Power Politics

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-12-01

success. Japan, South Korea, and the Soviet Union all used the Games as a way to celebrate their achievements. Each of these country’s Games, however...Ethiopia, and Nicaragua.4 Ideological differences between the Soviet Union and the United States were already a source of tension leading up to the...183. 5 American boycott was limited, as the Soviet Union did not change its policies or behavior. The boycott made a grand public statement

International Contacts of the USSR in the Field of Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Il'chenko, V. L.; Sokol, V. V.

1992-01-01

Traces the history and development of the Soviet Union's international educational contacts. Describes the period in which the Soviet Union strove to be the educational leader for the Eastern communist bloc and the developing nations of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Concludes that the Soviet educational system be opened to the world educational…

Socialism and Education in Cuba and Soviet Uzbekistan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Charon-Cardona, Euridice

2013-01-01

During the Cold War over half a million Asians, Africans and Latin Americans studied and graduated in the Soviet Union's universities and technical schools as part of this country's educational aid policies. Cuba was an intermediary player in the Cold War geopolitical contest between the United States and the Soviet Union, fuelled by the…

US defensive operations against Libya and the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. Markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session on H. Res. 424 and H. Res 440, May 1, 1986

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1986-01-01

The House Foreign Affairs Committee met to mark up two resolutions: H. Res. 424 and H. Res. 440. H. Res. 424 thanks the United Kingdom for its assistance in the April 14, 1986 operation against Libya. Despite objections to the raid and to including the British, as well as questions about the quality of the US response and about the President's compliance with the Constitution and the War Powers Resolution, the resolution passed. H. Res. 440 expresses sympathy to the victims of the Chernobyl accident and asks the Soviet Union to relax restrictions on communications and the transfer of whatevermore » technology and assistance will be helpful. It also criticizes the Soviet handling of information about the accident. An amendment strengthened the wording of the criticism, and the resolution passed. The report includes the committee discussion and the tests of the two resolutions.« less

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs, On Stalin and Stalinism: Historical Essays by Roy Medvedev

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-07-05

commander, if the previous one is seriously wounded, as the Church needs a new high priest if the former has gone to his Maker, so a political party...JPRS-UPA-89-042 5 JULY 1989 JPRS »I» —-.I::::1: ’^ m Tariff x Soviet Union Political Affairs ON STALIN AND STALINISM: HISTORICAL ESSAYS By...Soviet Union Political Affairs ON STALIN AND STALINISM: HISTORICAL ESSAYS By Roy Medvedev JPRS-UPA-89-042 CONTENTS 5 JULY 1989 18300508 Moscow

The German Reunification Issue: A Soviet Perspective.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

relationship with the Soviet Union is central to its viability, its economic stability, and the maintenance of its position in the Warsaw Pact. The...tion, and consumer spending is twice as high in the GDR than in the USSR. This voracious consumption is visible to Soviet troops. The Soviet Union...response to the prolonged Polish crisis, East and West Germany appear to be mutually shielding their special relationship from the cold East-West winds

Country Profile: International Education in Schools in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kovalenko, Yury I.

1982-01-01

International education is central to Soviet education because of the many different nationalities in the USSR. Students learn about the history and cultures of the Soviet Union, as well as about the history of other nations. Special attention is paid to understanding the causes of war and conditions for peace. (IS)

China and the Great Power Balance.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-08-18

analyst assigned to US Army Japan/IX Corps. iv I./ iv4 • ~ , ’ ’K". SUMMARY Recent indications of a thaw in Sino-Soviet relations, coupled with...of Chinese leaders indicates that their basic assessment of the Soviet Union as a hegemonist power 25 has been altered in the least. Given the...allowed itself to be absorbed as a de facto Soviet satellite, or if another nation (presumably the United States) somehow supplanted the Soviet Union

Prevention and Treatment of Vesication and Poisoning Caused by Arsenicals.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-02-01

AREA 8 WORK UNIT NUMBERS University of Arizona, Dept. of Cellular and Developmental Biology , Tucson, AZ 85721 62734A.3M162734A875.AP.369 I...treatment of intoxication by arsenic, especially against lewisite gas. These agents have been used in human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet... human therapy in the Soviet Union and China. Soviet investigators and West German investigators have recommended that it replace BAL for t-eatment of

Looking on the east: Transformation of the sleeping colossus

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Khazanet, V.L.

1995-06-01

The initial wave of euphoria that followed the collapse of the Soviet Union has given way to the mixed blessings of a transitional period. Changing from a managed economy to a market economy is a difficult process. To understand why the transitional period is so difficult, the influence of more than 70 years of communist education, mentality, and lifestyle has to be taken into account. The results of the past are deeply felt by each ex-Soviet citizen, and the still-powerful old influences can slow down market development. The business environment is changing incredibly fast; the possibility of US construction companiesmore » working in the Former Soviet States (FSS) was unthinkable only a few years ago. Foreign companies may find it hard to do business in the FSS due to their limited knowledge of how the construction industry works there. Differences in the business mentality and in the decision-making process must be understood. To avoid failure and to successfully implement construction projects in the FSS, investors must be familiar with the history of the Soviet construction industry, its current status, and its likely future. 2 figs.« less

The Insurgent Movement in Ukraine During 1940s-1950s: Lessons Learned from the Case Study of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (OUN-UPA)

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

partitioned between several major powers; the Soviet Union in the East, Romania in the South and Southwest, and Poland and Czechoslovakia in the West. Anti...effective, what aspects could be considered as effective activities and why the insurgency was ultimately succumbed to defeat by the Soviet Union ...the most radical OUN wing decided to wage an uncompromising war on “two fronts;” against Nazi Germany and Communist Soviet Union . The OUN became the

The Defense Policy of the Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-01

aims, the probable methods of waging armed combat, the tasks to be performed by the Armed Forces, and the measures required for the all-around social ...organ that exercises ultimate decisional authority on all issues of consequence in the Soviet Union. This small body, whose exact size varies slightly...attit) T. Y P E O F E P O R T & M P f tI O C O V E R C O The Defense Policy of the Soviet Union interim 4. PERFORMING ORG. AEPOA1 44juaER 7. Aurimom

Periods of History of the Lviv Medical University and Criminal Repressions During the Nazi Occupation and Stalinist Era.

PubMed

Hanitkevych, Yaroslav

2012-12-01

This article covers the history of the Lviv Medical University from the period of Austria-Hungarian rule until the modern period of independent Ukraine. Its functioning has been conditioned by the different periods of foreign rule, whether Austrian, Hungarian, Polish, German or Soviet Union.This story covers well known scientists-professors as well as other Ukrainian teachers and students.We record the arrests and murders of physicians by Stalin's followers and Hitler's soldiers against the background of prevailing conditions in the city of Lviv.

Measuring Glasnost in and out of the U.S.S.R.

PubMed

Cutler, B

1988-02-01

Initiatives in the USSR, characterized by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev as "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (restructuring), come after almost a decade of change in the People's Republic of China, yet the Soviet experiment, which emphasizes market activities, is hardly a monolithic effort. In 1982, the 286 million Soviet citizens who live on 2 continents will be affected by "perestroika" in markedly different ways. The complex demographics of the USSR will figure significantly in determining those unequal effects. It is likely, if Gorbachev's campaign continues as intended, that patient exporters who explore the new Soviet arena to test their marketing skills will experience success. In fact, the USSR has been conducting business with the US for years. To date, nearly a dozen corporations have signed joint ventures with the Soviet Union, and at least 50 more have expressed an interest. Those companies with long-standing Soviet relationships are most interested; they are familiar with the bureaucratic obstacles and have a network of Soviet contacts. Gorbachev has made it clear that the Soviet economy needs basic foreign technology to move into the 21st century on an equal footing with other industrialized nations. Along with attracting foreign capital, the USSR must get its domestic house in order. The growth in the gross national product, which hovered at an annual 2.5% in the early 1980s, must double, according to the Twelfth Five Year Plan (1986-90). The 1988 population of 286 million has relatively few men, particularly in older age groups, and a growing ethnic mix. Of late, planners have made a concerted effort to narrow the gap among ethnic groups by expanding maternity benefits and health care. The most immediate consequences of the changing ethnic structure emerge in the labor force. Entry-level workers are scarce in European Russia, where about 60% of all Soviet industrial activity takes place and will become more scarce in coming years. Gorbachev has tried to cut the consumption of alcohol, for in the past decade the Soviets devoted almost as many rubles to drink as to food. Alcohol abuse caused life expectancy to drop from 65 to 62 years for Soviet men and from 74 to 73 years for Soviet women between 1970-79. Some of the reasons for an unprecedented rise in infant mortality include influenza epidemics, poor prenatal care, a large number of abortions per woman, a decline in breastfeeding, and a delay in seeking medical attention for infants. Soviet workers have saved billions of rubles over many years simply because there is little available to buy.

Current Trends in Technology Education and Vocational Training in the Former Republics of the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bannatyne, Mark W. McK.

The schools of the new republics in the former Soviet Union have begun to address the issue of reforms of technical and vocational education in order to train a technologically literate society that can meet the demands of the next century. Previously, Soviet schools failed to offer industrial arts and home economics on a universal scale. This…

Ronald Reagan and the Russians.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Graebner, Norman A.

1990-01-01

Traces U.S.-USSR relations throughout Ronald Reagan's administration. Analyzes the shifts in Reagan's policies toward the Soviet Union. Examines the reasons why Reagan changed his views on the Soviet Union, and discusses the political Right's response to Reagan's changed position. (RW)

Foreign civil aviation competition: 1976 summary and implications

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alford, W. J., Jr.; Maddalon, D. V.

1976-01-01

A summary assessment is made of foreign civil aviation as it relates to the posture of the United States civil aviation industry. Major findings include: (1) Main competitors - European Economic Community (EEC) and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). (2) Largest commercial market - Transport aircraft. (3) Current market status and projections - U.S. currently dominates the civil aviation market but foreign markets show greater growth trends. (4) Competitive comparisons - Status comparisons are made in technology (aerodynamics, structures and materials, propulsion, avionics, systems, design coordination, and manufacturing); production runs; marketing; and postsales support. The U.S. generally leads except in aerodynamics and propulsion. (5) Multinational ventures - Joint U.S. industry/foreign government development of advanced technology engines is well developed; airframe industry discussions are now underway. (6) Implications - Although the U.S., is currently preeminent in most areas, this may be only a temporary condition. Past U.S. success in aviation has provided many benefits to the nation. These benefits may be lost.

Space activities in the Soviet Union, Japan, and the People's Republic of China

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ezell, E. C.

1985-01-01

The space programs of the Soviet Union, Japan, and China are discussed. The types of launch vehicles they used and the classes of spacecraft they launched are examined. The political motivations of these nations are analyzed.

Art Education in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yusov, Boris

1978-01-01

Describes different systems of art education for different student populations, professional art training, historical changes in art education, art education research, aesthetic education, and art education as it is currently practiced in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (RK)

Arctic Haze: Natural or Pollution?

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-11-01

Northeastern China . ..........................................24 APPLICATIONS OF THE TRACER SYSTEM 15. Sources of Arctic haze during a typical winter...Soviet Union ........................ 62 - 10. Continued cooperation with China .................................. 62 11. Eastern European signatures via...the Western Soviet Union, Northeastern China , Southwestern China , and Manchuria. 2- . 1. _40

Proliferation and the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-09-23

YES, please send me the following: copies of Proliferation and the Former Soviet Union (104 pages), S / N 052-003-01384-3 at $6.50 each. Telephone...send me the following: copies of Proliferation and the Former Soviet Union (104 pages), S / N 052-003-01384-3 at $6.50 each. Telephone orders (202...is& >£&mäim iHl K illffS OJ OFFICE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSE 1MEMT CONGRESS OF THE UNITED S ^1 um ’FVt’^’TfirfVsr’’- sY «•fi1E,aH’fl; wrx 3prc«’’Xj

Keeping the Door Open: A Soviet-American Exchange.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herring, J. Daniel; Humes, Debra

1988-01-01

Provides a first-hand account of a Soviet-American theater arts exchange, the world premiere of Soviet playwright Gennadi Mamlin's "On the Edge," performed in the Soviet Union by the Louisville Children's Theatre. (MM)

Visitor - Soviet Union Ambassador - Anatoliy Dobrynin - JSC

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-17

S75-28534 (17 July 1975) --- Anatoliy Dobrynin (right), Soviet Union ambassador to the United States, visits with a group of USSR ASTP flight controllers in the Mission Control Center during a tour of NASA's Johnson Space Center (JSC). Dobrynin was at JSC on the day the Soviet Soyuz and the American Apollo spacecraft docked in Earth orbit. The group also includes a couple of American ASTP flight controllers.

Understanding Soviet Foreign Policy. The Tradition of Change in Soviet Foreign Policy. Two Schools of Soviet Diplomacy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

the works of Victor Hugo, :he Russian classics, and the works of other writers. Isaac Deutscher, Stalin: A Political Biography, New York, Oxford... panache and the scope of the gesture further rein- force the Soviet leader’s ascension and his auctoritas. It vastly adds to the feeling of confidence which

The USSR: Sport and Politics Intertwined

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Howell, Reet

1975-01-01

Although sport is supposedly non-political in the Soviet Union, it is used to achieve non-sport objectives such as political socialization, political indoctrination and political integration. Article considered sport in the Soviet Union as it is interrelated with other aspects of society. (Author/RK)

The People of the Soviet Union. Sixth Grade.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reikofski, Joyce

This sixth grade teaching unit covers Soviet propaganda, communism, relations with the United States, Soviet geography, Soviet arts, and Soviet life. Unit goals address the above content areas, map skills, and an attitudinal goal of helping students to develop a sense of respect for the life of Soviet citizens. Behavioral objectives are keyed to…

Mass Audience Circulation: Library Service in the U.S.S.R.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhidkov, Grigory

1983-01-01

Presents overview of state of Soviet Union library service comprising 350,000 libraries, including national, governmental department, and public group (trade unions, professional associations) libraries. Training of Soviet librarians, library cooperation, national planning and funding, cultural exchange and cooperation, supporting international…

Agriculture of the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stebelsky, Ihor

1985-01-01

Food production in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe is described; the opportunities and limitations of the region's land resources for agriculture are examined; and the evolution of the institutional structures of agriculture are discussed. Recent developments to improve the food supply are outlined. (RM)

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-29

U.S. security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early...Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and...the former Soviet Union. The United States is also a leader of an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-06-01

security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early 1970s...Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and biological...former Soviet Union. The United States is also a leader of an international regime that attempts to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. This regime

Battlefield Air Interdiction: Airpower for the Future

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-01-01

recommendations for the effective use of airpower for this purpose are made. A future war will probably be against the Soviet Union or one of its...emphasis will be placed upon the Soviet forces since it is likely that any future belligerence will be against the _ _......6 I Soviet Union or one of its...offensive operations (see figure 3) stress rapid, continuous movement. Objectives are established which demand high rates of advance. A regiment, for

Navy mobility fuels forecasting system report: World petroleum trade forecasts for the year 2000

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Das, S.

1991-12-01

The Middle East will continue to play the dominant role of a petroleum supplier in the world oil market in the year 2000, according to business-as-usual forecasts published by the US Department of Energy. However, interesting trade patterns will emerge as a result of the democratization in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. US petroleum imports will increase from 46% in 1989 to 49% in 2000. A significantly higher level of US petroleum imports (principally products) will be coming from Japan, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe. Several regions, the Far East, Japan, Latin American, and Africa will import moremore » petroleum. Much uncertainty remains about of the level future Soviet crude oil production. USSR net petroleum exports will decrease; however, the United States and Canada will receive some of their imports from the Soviet Union due to changes in the world trade patterns. The Soviet Union can avoid becoming a net petroleum importer as long as it (1) maintains enough crude oil production to meet its own consumption and (2) maintains its existing refining capacities. Eastern Europe will import approximately 50% of its crude oil from the Middle East.« less

COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH: IN SITU MITIGATION OF MERCURY CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER IN KAZAKHSTAN

EPA Science Inventory

Abstract for EPA Science Forum.

The EPA Office of International Affairs is managing a U.S. State Department -funded project to redirect former Soviet Union biological weapons scientists. Scientists in countries of the former Soviet Union receive funding through the Interna...

Leading Student Groups to the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winokur, Marshall

1981-01-01

Describes student tours to the Soviet Union, discussing the benefits to be derived from such experiences by both students and leaders. In particular, discusses the organization of the tours, their types and costs, advertising strategies, suggested itineraries and guidebooks, student orientation and group composition, and problems encountered…

Nutrition transition and dietary energy availability in Eastern Europe after the collapse of communism.

PubMed

Ulijaszek, Stanley J; Koziel, Slawomir

2007-12-01

After the economic transition of the late 1980s and early 1990s there was a rapid increase in overweight and obesity in many countries of Eastern Europe. This article describes changing availability of dietary energy from major dietary components since the transition to free-market economic systems among Eastern European nations, using food balance data obtained at national level for the years 1990-92 and 2005 from the FAOSTAT-Nutrition database. Dietary energy available to the East European nations satellite to the former Soviet Union (henceforth, Eastern Europe) was greater than in the nations of the former Soviet Union. Among the latter, the Western nations of the former Soviet Union had greater dietary energy availability than the Eastern and Southern nations of the former Soviet Union. The higher energy availability in Eastern Europe relative to the nations of the former Soviet Union consists mostly of high-protein foods. There has been no significant change in overall dietary energy availability to any category of East European nation between 1990-1992 and 2005, indicating that, at the macro-level, increasing rates of obesity in Eastern European countries cannot be attributed to increased dietary energy availability. The most plausible macro-level explanations for the obesity patterns observed in East European nations are declines in physical activity, increased real income, and increased consumption of goods that contribute to physical activity decline: cars, televisions and computers.

Security Assistance Rationales: The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

of knowledge and as an analytical prism, it reflects an image of the existing social order and the distinctive analytical instruments (dialectical laws...desiderata through reliance on an external factor; the Soviet Union. In the case of Romania, Ceausescu rede - fined the parties desiderata more in line with...forces in the world. For in a climate of anti-Soviet hatred, attacks on socialism and on world peace can be more easily perpetrated. The history of

The Press of the Soviet Union: A Bibliography.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bergethon, Bruce; And Others

Compiled in response to the need for more information on the differences between the press systems of the United States and the Soviet Union, this bibliography contains 240 entries. Consisting of newspaper articles, journal articles, books, and pamphlets, the bibliography provides an overview of the different journalistic philosophies of the two…

A Visit to Kindergarten No. 490 in Minsk, Belarus.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Good, Linda A.

Although opportunities for sharing information about early childhood education increased with the disbanding of the Soviet Union in 1991, knowledge about how young children are cared for and educated in countries of the former Soviet Union remains limited. This report presents observations of a kindergarten class in Minsk, Belarus conducted…

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-23

FY1996 and FY2002 in the former Soviet Union.67 The State Department also manages and funds the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in...Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow. Several other former Soviet states joined the center during the 1990s, and other nations, including Norway and South Korea...centers. The Moscow Center funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow supported more than 22,000

SOCIOECONOMIC CHANGE AND HOMICIDE IN A TRANSITIONAL SOCIETY

PubMed Central

Pridemore, William Alex; Kim, Sang-Weon

2008-01-01

Durkheim argued that rapid social change would produce anomic conditions which, in turn, would lead to increases in criminal and deviant behavior. Russia provides a unique opportunity to test this theory given the large-scale fundamental socioeconomic changes occurring in the nation. Russian homicide rates more than doubled in the years following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and are now among the highest in the world. The pace and effects of the socioeconomic transition vary widely throughout Russia, however, as do rates of and changes in violent crime. In this study, we took advantage of the unique natural experiment of the collapse of the Soviet Union to examine the association between socioeconomic change and homicide. We measured the negative effects of socioeconomic change by creating an index of changes in population size, unemployment, privatization, and foreign investment. Using data from Russian regions (n = 78) and controlling for other structural covariates, regression results indicated that regions that more strongly experienced the negative effects of socioeconomic change were regions where homicide rates increased the most between 1991 and 2000. Further analysis of the individual components of this index revealed that regions with greater increases in (1) unemployment experienced greater increases in homicide rates and (2) privatization experienced smaller increases in homicide rates. PMID:19043617

The ethnic composition of migration in the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Robertson, L R

1996-02-01

"This paper examines the impact of the disintegration of the Soviet Union on migration patterns within the newly independent states. Data on migration between Russia and the other 14 former Soviet republics are analyzed to reveal the magnitude and ethnic composition of migration after independence and to examine the assumption that Russians will tend to return to Russia, whereas members of other titular groups will emigrate to their respective newly independent states. The data suggest that nationalization not only pushes non-titular groups to emigrate from the former Soviet republics, but also pulls titular groups to immigrate to the newly independent states from Russia." excerpt

The Unlikely Success of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front During World War II

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-05-03

after procrastinating for six weeks, decided to enter into negotiations with the Soviets on their diluted version of the treaty. The Soviets read these...alliance with the West in July of 1939. Again the British procrastinated in meeting with the Soviets. The meeting revealed to the Soviets that the West

Adjustment Issues Affecting Employment for Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yost, Anastasia Dimun; Lucas, Margaretha S.

2002-01-01

Describes major issues, including culture shock and loss of status, that affect general adjustment of immigrants and refugees from the former Soviet Union who are resettling in the United States. Issues that affect career and employment adjustment are described and the interrelatedness of general and career issues is explored. (Contains 39…

Teaching Russian Studies, 2nd Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winpenny, Patricia; Cadwell, Katherine Weeks; Cadwell, Louise; Harrison, Ryan; Starbird, Caroline

2004-01-01

This book is for those who want to teach about the life, history, language or culture of Russia and the former Soviet Union. Students will learn about the states of the former Soviet Union and the current political structure of Russia. Information is drawn from interviews with Russian children, traditional folktales, maps, original Russian…

Changing Familial Roles for Immigrant Adolescents from the Former Soviet Union to Israel

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kosner, Anna; Roer-Strier, Dorit; Kurman, Jenny

2014-01-01

This article examines how young immigrants to Israel from the former Soviet Union during their adolescence perceive and cope with the resulting changes in their family roles. Data collected via interviews and focus groups from adolescents and young adults ("N" = 34) revealed six distinct roles: language broker, family navigator,…

Attitude Change of American Tourists in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grothe, Peter

Pre- and post-travel questionnaires mailed to American tourists visiting the Soviet Union record attitude change and serve as the basis for this eight-chapter research project report. Most of the report considers the relation of various factors to attitude change, including education, level of information, language ability, sex, age, occupation,…

Educational Exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Altenberger, Alicja

1989-01-01

Following a brief introductory discussion concerning organizations, activities, and agreements that promote exchanges between the United States and the Soviet Union, this document provides: (1) an annotated bibliography of 18 ERIC documents and books on cultural, scientific, and educational exchanges between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.; and (2) a…

North Korea Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2015-01-01

North Korea was once the industrial heartland of the Korean peninsula. Following the dissolution of the former Soviet Union in 1992, North Korea lost its major trading partner. North Korea's economy was unable to adapt, and its economy soon deteriorated. Without subsidized oil from the Soviet Union and China, North Korea was unable to meet its energy demand.

Gifted and Talented Education in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fetterman, David M.

1987-01-01

Focusing on the Young Pioneer Palace system in Moscow, this brief article reviews the Soviet Union's educational approach to gifted and talented children. Noted is the elaborate network of after-school programs with such activities at the Young Pioneer Palace as technical circles, naturalists' circles, song and dance ensembles, and a sports…

Library Education and Research in the Soviet Union Compared with Scandinavia.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olaisen, Johan L.

1987-01-01

Compares the philosophy of librarianship in the Soviet Union, where libraries are subordinate to the goals of the Communist party, and Scandinavia, where libraries maintain political neutrality. A brief history of library education in both countries is given and the current state of library education and research is described. (CLB)

Globalization, marine regime shifts and the Soviet Union

PubMed Central

Österblom, Henrik; Folke, Carl

2015-01-01

Regime shifts have been observed in marine ecosystems around the world, with climate and fishing suggested as major drivers of such shifts. The global and regional dynamics of the climate system have been studied in this context, and efforts to develop an analogous understanding of fishing activities are developing. Here, we investigate the timing of pelagic marine regime shifts in relation to the emergence of regional and global fishing activities of the Soviet Union. Our investigation of official catch statistics reflects that the Soviet Union was a major fishing actor in all large marine ecosystems where regime shifts have been documented, including in ecosystems where overfishing has been established as a key driver of these changes (in the Baltic and Black Seas and the Scotian Shelf). Globalization of Soviet Union fishing activities pushed exploitation to radically new levels and triggered regional and global governance responses for improved management. Since then, exploitation levels have remained and increased with new actors involved. Based on our exploratory work, we propose that a deeper understanding of the role of global fishing actors is central for improved management of marine ecosystems.

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-11-28

former Soviet Union.67 The State Department also manages and funds the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow and its companion...late 1992, the United States, Japan, the European Union, and Russia established the International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow...funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow supported more than 22,000 scientists with more than $29

The Role of Ideology in Soviet Foreign Policy: The World Correlation of Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-13

the exclusive guide for Soviet foreign policy, just as it would be to claim that Marxism -Leninism plays no part in establishing that policy. By...reflects the wholly different belief system regarding the nature of man and society that is modern Soviet Marxism -Leninism. It brings into focus...which colors any Soviet discussion of world affairs. By briefly examining some of the precepts of Marxism , the essence of that world view will

Soviet International Finance in the Gorbachev Era

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

purposes of Soviet international finance. With the elimination of the Ministry of Foreign Trade’s monopoly on foreign trade transactions, other...ministries, foreign trade organiza- tions, enterprises, and republican governments have for the first time engaged directly in international commercial...typically foreign trade organizations and republican vii governments-appeared in international credit markets in 1989, they received much less favorable

The Soviets: What is the Conflict about? 1985 National Issues Forum.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Melville, Keith; Landau, David

Appropriate for secondary school social studies or community programs, this publication considers United States-Soviet conflict. The first of four sections, "US-Soviet Relations at the Crossroads," looks at different American perceptions of the Soviet Union. "Regional Conflicts, Global Ambitions" focuses on Nicaragua as a case…

Pushkin to Shukshin: Complementary Strands in the Texture of Soviet Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zevin, Patricia Ernenwein

1980-01-01

Discusses English reading texts used in the Soviet Union, which are English translations of Russian literature. Notes that such literature divides attention between the traditional and the progressive elements of Soviet culture. (DF)

Universal Higher Education and Positional Advantage: Soviet Legacies and Neoliberal Transformations in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Smolentseva, Anna

2017-01-01

The great expansion of participation in higher education in Russia in the post-Soviet period was the layered and contradictory result of both conditions established in the Soviet period, and the structuring of reforms after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1992. The Soviet government was strongly committed to the expansion of education across…

Testing Collective Memory: Representing the Soviet Union on Multiple-Choice Questions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reich, Gabriel A.

2011-01-01

This article tests the assumption that state-mandated multiple-choice history exams are a cultural tool for disseminating an "official" collective memory. Findings from a qualitative study of a collection of multiple-choice questions that relate to the history of the Soviet Union are presented. The 263 questions all come from New York…

From Communist Control to "Glastnost" and Back?: Media Freedom and Control in the Former Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ferguson, Denise P.

1998-01-01

Frames the role of public relations in a self-governing society. Discusses three environmental factors that affect the practice of socially responsible public relations. Reviews the historical media philosophy of eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Examines media practice occurring during the region's transformation and implications for…

How to Arrange Student Tours to the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winokur, Marshall

The details of planning a student tour to the Soviet Union are described by an experienced tour organizer. Student tours of one to three weeks are presented as rewarding alternatives to lengthy overseas study. Recommendations are made regarding choice of tour type, length of tour, travel agencies, time of year to travel, advertising a tour,…

Food Label Use and Food Label Skills among Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lubman, Nadia; Doak, Colleen; Jasti, Sunitha

2012-01-01

Objective: To assess food label use and skills and to identify their correlates among immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU). Design/Setting/Participants: Cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of 200 FSU immigrants residing in New York City. Variables Measured: Food label use and skills; acculturation; and socioeconomic and…

Acculturation, School Context, and School Outcomes: Adaptation of Refugee Adolescents from the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trickett, Edison J.; Birman, Dina

2005-01-01

A differentiated model of acculturation was used to assess the relationship of acculturative styles to school adaptation among a group of 110 refugee adolescents from the former Soviet Union. Acculturation was assessed with respect to both American and Russian cultures and, within each culture, distinguished among language competence, behavior,…

Corruption in Higher Education: Some Findings from the States of the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Temple, Paul; Petrov, Georgy

2004-01-01

Many observers have noted that corruption in higher education is widespread in the states of the former Soviet Union. Little empirical evidence is available, however. This article examines some theoretical approaches to the study of corruption, and presents empirical data on corruption in higher education from Russia and Azerbaijan, collected by…

A Comment on the Changes in Higher Education in the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heyneman, Stephen P.

2010-01-01

At the time of their independence, the structure of higher education, curriculum content, governance, and admissions procedures were more or less identical across the fifteen republics of the former Soviet Union. Since independence there have been multiple changes, but often these have been quite similar in nature. There has been a move toward…

77 FR 21142 - Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-09

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII) The Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII) will convene on Thursday... committee deliberation, interested members of the public may make oral statements concerning the Title VIII...

Risky Sexual Behaviors in Immigrant Adolescent Girls from the Former Soviet Union: Role of Natal and Host Culture

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jeltova, Ida; Fish, Marian C.; Revenson, Tracey A.

2005-01-01

In recent years, schools have been increasingly involved in youth's health-related behavior, particularly risky health behaviors (e.g., HIV/AIDS and pregnancy prevention programs). This study examined how acculturation processes among adolescent girls who are recent immigrants from the former Soviet Union (FSU) affect their practices of risky…

When Things Fall Apart: Qualitative Studies of Poverty in the Former Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dudwick, Nora, Ed.; Gomart, Elizabeth, Ed.; Marc, Alexandre, Ed.; Kuehnast, Kathleen, Ed.

Using qualitative methods, the studies in this volume highlight certain aspects of the dynamics of poverty in eight countries of the former Soviet Union and the interactions of poverty with gender, age, and ethnicity. They deepen understanding of how poor people in these countries experience and cope with the shock of sudden poverty, worsening…

Bias Factors in Mathematics Achievement Tests among Israeli Students from the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levi-Keren, Michal

2016-01-01

This study explains mathematical difficulties of students who immigrated from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) vis-à-vis Israeli students, by identifying the existing bias factors in achievement tests. These factors are irrelevant to the mathematical knowledge being measured, and therefore threaten the test results. The bias factors were identified…

The Role of Shevardnadze and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the Making of Soviet Defense and Arms Control Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-01

changes either in the MFA or in Soviet foreign and defense policy. This situation began to change in May 1986, when Gorbachev gave an unusual speech to the...MFA in which he demanded better performance from Soviet diplomats. Although it was later reported that Gorbachev’s speech contained strong criticism...July 1988 with a sweeping critique of Soviet strategy and ,military policy since World War II. Subsequent speeches and articles in MFA-controlled

High Frontier, The Journal for Space & Missile Professionals. Volume 5, Number 4

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-01

MoD Senior Responsible Owner for both Space and UAVs. He is president of RAF Rugby Union , president of the Northern Ireland Wing of the Air Training...President Bill Clinton claimed a ‘peace dividend’ after the fall of the Soviet Union . Vice President Al Gore promoted greater use by Department of...countries of the former Soviet Union . His final assignment was as the US de- fense and air attaché to Turkey where he also flew the C-12. He is a

U.S.-Soviet Relations: Testing Gorbachev's "New Thinking." Current Policy No. 985.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Armacost, Michael H.

Forty years ago, George F. Kennan advanced the doctrine of containment against Soviet encroachment throughout the world. The Soviet Union has evolved from a Eurasian land power into a global superpower. In an effort to create an international environment congenial to domestic reforms, Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev has sought greater tranquility…

Work Disability Among Native-born and Foreign-born Americans: On Origins, Health, and Social Safety Nets.

PubMed

Engelman, Michal; Kestenbaum, Bert M; Zuelsdorff, Megan L; Mehta, Neil K; Lauderdale, Diane S

2017-12-01

Public debates about both immigration policy and social safety net programs are increasingly contentious. However, little research has explored differences in health within America's diverse population of foreign-born workers, and the effect of these workers on public benefit programs is not well understood. We investigate differences in work disability by nativity and origins and describe the mix of health problems associated with receiving Social Security Disability Insurance benefits. Our analysis draws on two large national data sources-the American Community Survey and comprehensive administrative records from the Social Security Administration-to determine the prevalence and incidence of work disability between 2001 and 2010. In sharp contrast to prior research, we find that foreign-born adults are substantially less likely than native-born Americans to report work disability, to be insured for work disability benefits, and to apply for those benefits. Overall and across origins, the foreign-born also have a lower incidence of disability benefit award. Persons from Africa, Northern Europe, Canada, and parts of Asia have the lowest work disability benefit prevalence rates among the foreign-born; persons from Southern Europe, Western Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the Caribbean have the highest rates.

USGS international activities in coal resources

USGS Publications Warehouse

,

1999-01-01

During the last 30 years the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been engaged in coal exploration and characterization in more that 30 foreign countries, including India, Pakistan, China, Turkey, several Eastern European countries, Russia, and other former Soviet Union countries. Through this work, the USGS has developed an internationally recognized capability for assessing coal resources and defining their geochemical and physical characteristics. More recently, these data have been incorporated into digital databases and Geographic Information System (GIS) digital map products. The USGS has developed a high level of expertise in assessing the technological, economic, environmental, and human health impacts of coal occurrences and utilization based on comprehensive characterization of representative coal samples.

The Revitalization of the Soviet Film Industry.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bogomolov, Yuri

1991-01-01

Discusses how the grip of the Soviet Union's past--from Stalinist mythology to ideological cliche--is being exposed and undermined whereas a sense of individual efficacy, necessary for the present, has yet to emerge from the portrayals in Soviet films. (PRA)

Industrial Safety Training for Soviet Workers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Semenov, A.

1978-01-01

Various forms of worker training in industrial safety in the Soviet Union are described by a Soviet labor inspector, with special "industrial safety rooms" the principal means of inplant instruction. Safety education in vocational schools and "people's universities" is also touched on. (MF)

Supporting Reform in Science Education in Central and Eastern Europe--Reflections and Perspectives from the Project TEMPUS-SALiS

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kapanadze, Marika; Eilks, Ingo

2014-01-01

After the collapse of the former Soviet Union, many Central and Eastern European countries underwent significant change in their political and educational systems, among them Georgia and Moldova. Reforms in education sought to overcome the highly centralized educational system of the former Soviet Union as well as to conquer the teacher-centred…

Russia/Soviet Union: A Guide to Print Materials for Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Talbot, Elizabeth, Ed.; Vaillant, Janet G., Ed.

Intended to provide middle school and high school teachers and others interested in Russia and the Soviet Union with a guide to printed materials, this booklet is divided into several sections. The first section, comprising the bulk of the publication, is devoted to reviews of 69 books that were written for classroom use or appear as if they might…

Rehabilitation of the Visually Impaired in the Soviet Union. Report from a Study Tour to Moscow in 1977.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kullberg, Kjell; Lindstrom, Jan-Ingvar

The document reports on a 10-day tour to study rehabilitation facilities for the visually handicapped in the Soviet Union. Briefly described are the programs of the following institutions that were visited: Helmholtz Institute of Opthalmology, Specialized School Number 5 for Partially Sighted Children, Scientific Research Institute of Defectology,…

Multiple Identities of Jewish Immigrant Adolescents from the Former Soviet Union: An Exploration of Salience and Impact of Ethnic Identity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Birman, Dina; Persky, Irena; Chan, Wing Yi

2010-01-01

The current paper explores the salience and impact of ethnic and national identities for immigrants that are negotiating more than two cultures. Specifically, we were interested in the ways in which Jewish immigrant adolescents from the former Soviet Union integrate their Russian, Jewish, and American identities, and to what extent identification…

Ideologies, Strategies and Higher Education Development: A Comparison of China's University Partnerships with the Soviet Union and Africa over Space and Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Li, Jun

2017-01-01

University partnerships have been a key dimension of higher education development. Based on documentary analysis and empirical data, this study compares two distinctive models of university partnership experienced by China, first as a "recipient" with the Soviet Union in the 1950s and later as a "provider" with African…

Discretion vs. Valor: The Development and Evaluation of a Simulation Game about Being a Believer in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Blackstone, Barbara

A study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of "Discretion vs. Valor," a simulation game designed to give North American players a chance to: (1) identify with "believers" (Christians) in the Soviet Union in order to form new images of these persons; (2) gain empathy for Christians by understanding the dilemmas they…

Business Plans in the Newly Independent States of the Former Soviet Union. Digest Number 97-7.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shipilov, Andrew

The concept of business planning is new to business professionals in the states of the former Soviet Union. Although Russian publications on business and economics have responded to the increased demand for knowledge of business planning, Western ideas of business planning should be integrated into Russian business management concepts in order to…

The Development of Distance Education in the Russian Federation and the Former Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zawacki-Richter, Olaf; Kourotchkina, Anna

2012-01-01

Distance education in the present Russian Federation and former Soviet Union has a long tradition that prevails to this day. The majority of students in Russia are enrolled in distance learning programs. The numbers indicate the existence of a well-established system for distance education, of which little is known in Western literature. A review…

76 FR 27375 - Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-05-11

... the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII) The Advisory Committee for the Study of Eastern Europe and the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Title VIII) will convene on Thursday... of the public may make oral statements concerning the Title VIII program in general. This meeting...

Charting the Development of Knowledge on Soviet and Post-Soviet Education through the Pages of Comparative and International Education Journals

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chankseliani, Maia

2017-01-01

This paper examines 126 research articles from three comparative education journals to chart the development of knowledge within comparative education on the Soviet Union and post-Soviet countries. Thematic, theoretical, discursive, and methodological aspects of scholarship are linked with changing geopolitical realities in a systematic analysis…

Distribution, Magnitude and Characterization of the Toxicity of Ukrainian Estuarine Sediments

EPA Science Inventory

During the Soviet era, Ukraine, then called the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, was one of the largest and most important industrial and agricultural regions of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in the contamination of Ukraine’s environmen...

Recent Soviet Vocationalisation Policies.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Dell, Felicity

The Soviet Union is attempting to deal with the sometimes conflicting problems of efficient vocationalization and provision of equal opportunity. From the first class of general school, Soviet children have several "labor" lessons a week. Main components of these lessons are practical skills, socialization for work, and vocational…

Soviet health care and perestroika.

PubMed

Schultz, D S; Rafferty, M P

1990-02-01

Health and health care in the Soviet Union are drawing special attention during these first years of perestroika, Mikhail Gorbachev's reform of Soviet political and economic life. This report briefly describes the current state of Soviet health and medical care, Gorbachev's plans for reform, and the prospects for success. In recent years the Soviet Union has experienced a rising infant mortality rate and declining life expectancy. The health care system has been increasingly criticized for its uncaring providers, low quality of care, and unequal access. The proposed measures will increase by 50 percent the state's contribution to health care financing, encourage private medicine on a small scale, and begin experimentation with capitation financing. It seems unlikely that the government will be able to finance its share of planned health improvements, or that private medicine, constrained by the government's tight control, will contribute much in the near term. Recovery of the Soviet economy in general as well as the ability of health care institutions to gain access to Western materials will largely determine the success of reform of the Soviet health care system.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union KOMMUNIST No 5, March 1988.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-05

the "anonymity" of political economy. The study of specific subjects of economic management and of interconnections and pre- dictions presumes a... political views only recently, when a great many things were subjected to an in-depth reinterpretation. The same goes for the concept of ...A*5 Soviet Union KOMMUNIST No 5, March 1988 JPRS-UKO-88-010 CONTENTS 5 JULY 1988 [Translation of the

Innovations in Science and Mathematics Education in Schools in the Soviet Union. Science and Technology Education Document Series No. 24.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Demidova, S. I.; And Others

The current reform of general secondary education and vocational training in the USSR is aimed at further improving quality and meeting social demands. This document is an addendum to "Science and Mathematics Education in the General Secondary School in the Soviet Union," published in July 1986. It discusses some of the new reform…

Changes in Estonian General Education from the Collapse of the Soviet Union to EU Entry

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krull, Edgar; Trasberg, Karmen

2006-01-01

This article introduces and discusses the nature and development of Estonian system of general education in the period of last thirty years. The main focus is paid on the changes resulting from the collapse of the Soviet Union and the period of integration leading up to EU entry. Also changes in other spheres of education and social life are…

Agreement between the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning scientific-technical cooperation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1986-01-01

An agreement between the government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning scientific technical cooperation is disclosed. The parties to the treaty agree to promote scientific and technical cooperation on a basis of equality, reciprocity and mutual advantage.

Six Parallel Policy Changes in Higher Education in California and the Soviet Union in the 1980's.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heckman, Dale M.

This paper discusses the fact that, in the same decade and despite obvious differences, two separate and distinctive systems of higher education (those of California and the Soviet Union) have been urged by their respective policy making bodies, to make major changes in at least six parallel ways; the paper investigates reasons for this timing and…

Literacies of (Post)Socialist Childhood: Alternative Readings of Socialist Upbringings and Neoliberal Futures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mead, Michael A.; Silova, Iveta

2013-01-01

In the former Soviet Union, the upbringing of children in the spirit of Marxist-Leninist values was central to the project of societal transformation. More than 20 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, it is important to understand how the education of young children in this region has changed in response to a world rapidly globalising and…

Comparision of Dacca University, Bangladesh, Procurement Policy of the Soviet Union and United States Publications.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Narang, Sat P.

A visit was made to Dacca University to survey the acquisition of Soviet Union and United States monographs and journals. The project was undertaken to ascertain the influence of the USSR on the intellectuals of Bangladesh in comparison to that of the United States. It was discovered that, since 1972, the USSR has supplied very few publications to…

Bringing Health Care to the Under-Served: The Mid-Level Health Practitioner in Three Countries--China, the Soviet Union, and the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kupferberg, Natalie

A comparison was made of the role of midlevel health practitioners and how they came into being and flourished in three countries: the "feldsher" of the Soviet Union, the barefoot doctor of China, and the physician assistant of the United States. Information was gathered from books, journals, periodicals, governments, and newspapers as…

Soviet News and Propaganda Highlights from Red Star (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment) for the Period 1-30 April 1981.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

intended to provide daily guidance to the Soviet military political cadre concerning domestic and international issues/events. Men and women in the Soviet... soldier . PART I. SOVIET PERCEPTIONS OF INTERNATIONAL EVENTS. in April 1981, approximately 30 percent of the total space in Red Star re- ported events...of Husak’s speech was reprinted in Red Star. A great number of articles stressed friendship between the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. In Bulgaria

Validity of thyroid cancer incidence data following the Chernobyl accident.

PubMed

Jargin, Sergei V

2011-12-01

The only clearly demonstrated cancer incidence increase that can be attributed to radiation from the Chernobyl accident is thyroid carcinoma in patients exposed during childhood or adolescence. Significant increases in thyroid disease were observed as soon as 4 y after the accident. The solid/follicular subtype of papillary carcinoma predominated in the early period after the accident. Morphological diagnosis of cancer in such cases, if no infiltrative growth is clearly visible, depends mainly on the nuclear criteria. Outdated equipment and insufficient quality of histological specimens impeded reliable evaluation of the nuclear criteria. Access to foreign professional literature has always been limited in the former Soviet Union. The great number of advanced tumors observed shortly after the accident can be explained by the screening effect (detection of previously neglected cancers) and by the fact that many patients were brought from non-contaminated areas and registered as Chernobyl victims. It is also worth noting that exaggeration of the Chernobyl cancer statistics facilitated the writing of dissertations, financing of research, and assistance from outside the former Soviet Union. "Chernobyl hysteria" impeded nuclear energy production in some countries, thus contributing to higher prices for fossil fuel. The concluding point is that since post-Chernobyl cancers tend on average to be in a later stage of tumor progression, some published data on molecular or immunohistochemical characteristics of Chernobyl-related cancers require reevaluation.

U.S. and Soviet Agriculture: The Shifting Balance of Power. Worldwatch Paper 51.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Lester R.

Analysts of U.S.-Soviet balance of power usually focus on relative military strength. But other factors determine a country's overall power and influence. Among the most basic is a country's capacity to feed its people. By this measure the Soviet Union appears to be in deep trouble. Massive spending has increased Soviet military strength in recent…

Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Western Forestry Systems and Soviet Engineers, 1955-1964.

PubMed

Kochetkova, Elena

This article examines the transfer of technology from Finnish enterprises to Soviet industry during the USSR's period of technological modernization between 1955 and 1964. It centers on the forestry sector, which was a particular focus of modernization programs and a key area for the transfer of foreign techniques and expertise. The aim of the article is to investigate the role of trips made by Soviet specialists to foreign (primarily Finnish) enterprises in order to illustrate the nontechnological influences that occurred during the transfer of technologies across the cold war border. To do so, the article is divided into two parts: the first presents a general analysis of technology transfer from a micro-level perspective, while the second investigates the cultural influences behind technological transfer in the Soviet-Finnish case. This study contends that although the Soviet government expected its specialists to import advanced foreign technical experience, they brought not only the technologies and expertise needed for modernizing the industry, but also a changed view on Soviet workplace management and everyday practices.

International Influences on Post-Soviet Armenian Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Terzian, Shelley

2016-01-01

This article analyses the most recent international influences on Armenian education, illustrating how international standards are driving post-Soviet reform in the Armenian Secondary Schools. Since 1991, when Armenia became independent from the Soviet Union, organisations such as the World Bank and the Open Society Institute Assistance…

The Origins of Soviet Sociolinguistics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brandist, Craig

2003-01-01

Discusses the origins of Soviet sociolinguistics and suggests that the historical significance of the reception and reinterpretation of these ideas is considerable, leading to a reconsideration of the origins of sociolinguistics and the relationship between Marxism and the language sciences in the early years of the Soviet Union. (Author/VWL)

What are the effects of arms control on Norway and northern waters. Research report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Furnes, R.H.

1990-04-01

Norway occupies a strategic position between the two superpowers. Her close proximity to the Soviet Union and the military bases on the Kola Peninsula make her territory attractive to both NATO and the Soviet Union. Buildups of the Soviet North Fleet and the naval base on Kola and the United States naval strategy of forward deployment, have increased the activity and the importance of northern waters. This increased importance of northern waters could challenge the Norwegian security policy. Arms reduction could make Norwegian territory relatively more important for the Soviet Union to defend her interests on Kola and in northernmore » waters and for the United States to project a threat to the Soviet interests in the area. (1) A reduction of strategic nuclear missile forces will focus on survivability. Northern waters offers excellent protection to Soviet submarines. A relative shift to SLBM could be the result of reducing the strategic nuclear missile forces. (2) The INF does not comprise sea launched intermediate nuclear missiles. Hence the elimination of land-based intermediate nuclear forces could cause a shift to sea launched nuclear missiles. START negotiations and the INF treaty could relatively increase the number of sea based strategic and intermediate nuclear forces which would relatively increase the activity and the importance of northern waters. Thus, Norway and her security policy would be affected.« less

Needs Assessment for Health Care Management Education in Russia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rekhter, Natalia; Togunov, Igor A.

2006-01-01

Introduction: For more than 70 years, health care management in the Soviet Union reflected a centralized directive style familiar to the Soviet political system. Market-oriented reform in post-Soviet Russia is pushing practicing physicians and physician-executives to acquire new information and skills regarding health care management. To assist…

Learning about the Soviets: Selected Teaching Resources.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Educators for Social Responsibility, Cambridge, MA.

Over 120 resources for teaching secondary and postsecondary level students about the Soviet Union, most of which have been produced since 1980, are listed in this guide. A resource list focusing on "Ten Things Soviets Say You Should Read to Understand Them" precedes annotated citations of articles; books; curricula; organizations…

An Interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Steiner-Khamsi, Gita

2007-01-01

This article presents an interview with Beatrice Beach Szekely, a comparative education scholar that specialized in the Soviet Union. She was editor of the journal "Soviet Education" from 1970 to 1989. During the interview, Szekely talked about how she became personally involved in Russian/Soviet studies of education. She related that…

US foreign policy and the Baltic states. Master`s thesis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shuey, K.A.

This thesis examines U. S. foreign policy toward the Baltic states from 1918 to 1991 to determine if the U.S. has been realistic in its dealings with small nations. An analysis of U.S. policy indicates that the United States acts hypocritically by accepting compromises on the very moral principals to which it claims to be the protectorate of when domestic political costs are high. The sacrifice of national values degrades the credibility of the moral high ground necessary for U.S. policy. This study reviews the events that occurred during the three major periods in U.S.-Baltic relations: The initial period ofmore » Baltic independence following World War I; the Soviet annexation of the Baltics during World War II: and finally the beginning of the second period of Baltic independence during the breakup of the Soviet Union. In all three cases U.S. policy was unclear and contradictory. The Baltic case provides a good example of the tendency for U.S. policy to be paradoxical and ineffective. This study concludes that despite the U.S. policy of nonrecognition of the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states during the Cold War, the United States failed to adhere to its principals when given the opportunity. In the process, it also neglected problems within its borders that required attention perhaps more urgently than those outside. The tendency for U.S. policy to ignore the issues that actually threaten its security internally and placing a higher priority on external matters that do not have a real impact on its standing could likely lead to its inadvertent downfall.« less

NDEA OVERSEAS INSTITUTE FOR ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS OF RUSSIAN (INDIANA UNIVERSITY, JUNE 20 TO AUGUST 28, 1966). FINAL TECHNICAL REPORT.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

BAKER, ROBERT L.

THIRTY TEACHERS OF RUSSIAN FROM THE UNITED STATES PARTICIPATED IN THE 1966 NDEA (NATIONAL DEFENSE EDUCATION ACT) INSTITUTE SPONSORED BY INDIANA UNIVERSITY IN THE SOVIET UNION. THE PROGRAM OF 5 WEEKS OF INTENSIVE STUDY ON CAMPUS FOLLOWED BY 5 WEEKS OF TRAVEL IN THE SOVIET UNION OFFERED PARTICIPANTS A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY TO IMPROVE THEIR LANGUAGE…

Political Socialization of Youth in the Soviet Union: Its Theory, Use, and Results

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-06-01

The political socialization of youth in the Soviet Union was recognized by the early Bolsheviks as critical to the future of the new socialist...continue the communist struggle. Later schools and political socialization became a matter of strict Communist Party control from the smallest...non-communist topics, such as a market economy and democracy, than they were by political socialization from the state.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-10-03

18000602 Moscow PRA VDA in Russian 2 Aug 88 p 3 [Article by I . Zarakhovich and T . Trukhacheva, journal- ists, and Ye. Sokolova, member, Central Council...QTJAUn INSP1CH3B t Soviet Union Political Affairs JPRS-UPA-88-044 CONTENTS 03 OCTOBER 1989 PARTY, STATE AFFAIRS History of Formation of Nagorno...Advocated //. Zarakhovich, T . Trukhacheva; PRAVDA, 2 Aug 88] 86 REGIONAL ISSUES Biologist on Costs of Pollution Control Measures [A. Valentey

Microfossils in Conophyton from the Soviet Union and their bearing on Precambrian biostratigraphy

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schopf, J. W.; Sovetov, Iu. K.

1976-01-01

Silicified specimens of the Vendian (late Precambrian) 'index fossil' Conophyton gaubitza from South Kazakstan contain a diverse assemblage of well-preserved cyanophytic and apparently eukaryotic algae, the first stromatolitic microbiota to be reported from the Soviet Union. Unlike the stromatolites in which they occur, the microorganisms that apparently built this form of Conophyton did not become extinct at the end of the Precambrian.

A review of Soviet plasma engine development

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnett, John W.

1990-01-01

The Soviet Union has maintained a substantial and successful electric propulsion research and development effort since the 1950s; however, American researchers are generally unfamiliar with the Soviet accomplishments. Sources of information about Soviet electric propulsion research are noted. The development of plasma engines, a subset of the electric propulsion effort, is reviewed using numerous Soviet sources. The operational principles and status of several engines of the closed electron drift and high-current types are discussed. With recognition of the limited knowledge of the current Soviet program, the Soviet and American programs are compared, revealing some differences in program formulation and emphasis.

Types of propagation of radio waves of the decameter range, according to observations by the OBS method on Cuba--Soviet Union paths

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Berdeyans, D.; Bocharov, V.I.; Lobachevskii, L.A.

Ionosphere observations by the OBS method were performed to study ionospheric conditions under which radio waves in the decameter range propagate on Cuba--Soviet Union paths. The results of observations in the summer of 1973 are reported. The distance--frequency and distance--time characteristics of back-scattered signals in the sounding direction for each day of observation are discussed. (JFP)

Children Studying in a Wrong Language: Russian-Speaking Children in Estonian School Twenty Years after the Collapse of the Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toomela, Aaro, Ed.; Kikas, Eve, Ed.

2012-01-01

The Soviet Union collapsed more than 20 years ago, but the traces left in occupied countries by this monstrous system still affect the lives of millions of people. Under the glittering surface of newsworthy events that regularly appear in the mass media, there are many other wounds hard to heal. The system of education is one of the social…

Seismic Discrimination

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-09-30

Frequency-wave-number analyses of data from Nevada Test Site (NTS) shots recorded at LASA were computed in the frequency range from 0.01 to 0.05 Hz (Ref...from events in the Soviet Union at a known test site . In order to put further factual basis behind the SP spectral discriminants we used, comparisons...explosion. A catalogue of presumed explosion# in the Soviet Union away from the regular test sites was assembled. A time-domain analysis of seismograms

Korean Affairs Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-11-10

Kim Il-song University (KCNA, 17 Oct 86) 55 KOREANS IN JAPAN Chongnyon Agrees To Found ’International Joint Venture Company ’ (VANTAGE POINT...learned that the Soviet Union promised to build a nuclear power plant in North Korea and that it began to supply North Korea with MiG-23 aircraft in 1985... designed to expand toward Asia and the Pacific with the Soviet Union’s powerful Pacific Fleet—which has been con- sistently strengthened over the past

Soviet Arts Curriculum Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

San Diego County Office of Education, CA.

This extensive curriculum guide was written in conjunction with the San Diego Arts Festival of Soviet Arts in 1989. It aimed to provide teachers with insights and ideas about arts in the Soviet Union before, during, and after the Arts Festival. A curriculum model is presented at the beginning of the guide to illustrate how the lessons were…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs, 70th Anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-07-27

frankness," emphasized Mikhail Sergeyevich Gor- bachev, "has begun to make headway in world affairs, destroying the stereotypes of anti-Sovietism...present he is successfully studying in a military academy. Officer V. Makeyev has great authority among the mis- sile troops. He has been standing

A Survey of Progress in Coding Theory in the Soviet Union. Final Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kautz, William H.; Levitt, Karl N.

The results of a comprehensive technical survey of all published Soviet literature in coding theory and its applications--over 400 papers and books appearing before March 1967--are described in this report. Noteworthy Soviet contributions are discussed, including codes for the noiseless channel, codes that correct asymetric errors, decoding for…

The Costs of the Soviet Empire.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-01

Soviet Union is a multi -national state consisting of 15 distinct national repub- lics and over 60 nationalities, 23 of which have populations greater...think of the annual costs of attaining and maintaining an empire as following an oscillating pattern like a somewhat uneven sine -curve. First, costs...and time-on-station of Soviet naval and other forces. In this sense, the empire acts to multi - ply the effectiveness of Soviet forces. Alternatively

Homonationalism Before Homonationalism: Representations of Russia, Eastern Europe, and the Soviet Union in the U.S. Homophile Press, 1953-1964.

PubMed

Serykh, Dasha

2017-01-01

This essay focuses on representations of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Eastern Europe in U.S. homophile periodicals from 1953 to 1964. Extending the application of Jasbir Puar's concept of homonationalism to the Cold War period, the essay examines 128 articles and other items that were published in ONE, Mattachine Review, and The Ladder and demonstrates that these periodicals often engaged in homonationalist discourses when constructing the Russian, Soviet, and Eastern European "other." Negative constructions of these regions were sometimes used to affirm the political alignment of the homophile authors with the American nation. At other times, negative constructions were used in comparative assessments that critiqued both the United States and the Soviet and Eastern European regions. In contrast, positive constructions of Russian, Soviet, and Eastern European peoples and cultures were used as evidence that non-heteronormative desires and bodies had legitimate places in many "primitive" cultures and existed across all nations and periods.

Amu Darya River

Atmospheric Science Data Center

2013-04-16

... and the river waters are used intensively to irrigate cotton and other crops. During the Soviet era, large irrigation systems were developed and the region became specialized in cotton growing. Independence from the Soviet Union occurred in 1991 and is ...

JPRS Report, Soviet Union KOMMUNIST No 9, June 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-09-22

working for many years and this too has become a life standard. In discussing the development and problems of his sector, V . Levius, deputy chairman in...STATEMKNl A Approved for public release; Distribution Unlimited KOMMUNIST NO 9, JUNE 1987 \\ mw <? »nCQI7ALmrDf8pECTEDl REPRODUCED BY U.S...articles displaying a coypright notice are reproduced and sold by NTIS with permission of the copyright agency of the Soviet Union. Permission for

Changes in the Former Soviet Union: Debating U.S. Aid. Choices for the 21st Century. Alternatives for Public Debate and Policy Development.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown Univ., Providence, RI. Center for Foreign Policy Development.

This unit of study allows students and teachers to step back from the confusing media reports of the day-to-day turmoil in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and to examine it from a more thoughtful vantage point. The unit focuses on the most important instrument of U.S. policy toward the FSU--economic assistance. At the core of the unit are four…

JPRS Report Soviet Union Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-25

this is far from the truth. I must say that among the USSR Supreme Soviet depu- ties there are a few people who feel that the Union is being torn...pioneer camps; — investigate the feasibility of and organize the rest of children and young families from the afflicted rayons in their own republics...republic com- munist parties will create their own specific documents. I feel that we must voice the same decisive attitude toward the attempts to weaken

Building for Peace: U.S. Army Engineers in Europe 1945-1991

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

alternate port facihhes were signs that the Soviet Union had reduced its troop strength?3 Adding to this ferment , misgivings resurfaced in the Office...order. A construction manager, on the other hand, is normally an out-going young fellow who is full of vinegar , runs around and makes arrangements for...also signaled that the Soviet Union would not intervene to stop the political ferment in Hungary and Poland. The next day, at the annual meeting of

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Kommunist, No. 8, May 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-11

in which ethnographic ties were combined with moral ties, an awareness of spiritual unity, and a community of historical destinies and interests...historical destinies ," noted by Klyuchevskiy. This text does not seem to include the word "nation." But what is a people which has "become a state...toward the Soviet Union and the other socialist countries. S. Karaganov pointed out the fact that the embryos of the new political thinking appeared

Dynamics of soil carbon stocks due to large-scale land use changes across the former Soviet Union during the 20th century

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kurganova, Irina; Prishchepov, Alexander V.; Schierhorn, Florian; Lopes de Gerenyu, Valentin; Müller, Daniel; Kuzyakov, Yakov

2016-04-01

Land use change is a major driver of land-atmosphere carbon (C) fluxes. The largest net C fluxes caused by LUC are attributed to the conversion of native unmanaged ecosystems to croplands and vice versa. Here, we present the changes of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in response to large-scale land use changes in the former Soviet Union from 1953-2012. Widespread and rapid conversion of native ecosystems to croplands occurred in the course of the Virgin Lands Campaign (VLC) between 1954 to 1963 in the Soviet Union, when more than 45 million hectares (Mha) were ploughed in south-eastern Russia and northern Kazakhstan in order to expand domestic food production. After 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union triggered the abandonment of around 75 Mha across the post-Soviet states. To assess SOC dynamics, we generated a static cropland mask for 2009 based on three global cropland maps. We used the cropland mask to spatially disaggregate annual sown area statistics at province level based on the suitability of each plot for crop production, which yielded land use maps for each year from 1954 to 2012 for all post-Soviet states. To estimate the SOC-dynamics due to the VLC and post-Soviet croplands abandonment, we used available experimental data, own field measurements, and soil maps. A bookkeeping approach was applied to assess the total changes in SOC-stocks in response to large-scale land use changes in the former Soviet Union. The massive croplands expansion during VLC resulted in a substantial loss of SOC - 611±47 Mt C and 241±11 Mt C for the upper 0-50 cm soil layer during the first 20 years of cultivation for Russia and Kazakhstan, respectively. These magnitudes are similar to C losses due to the plowing up of the prairies in USA in the mid-1930s. The total SOC sequestration due to post-Soviet croplands abandonment was estimated at 72.2±6.0 Mt C per year from 1991 to 2010. This amount of carbon equals about 40% of the current fossil fuel emission for this territory or about 7% of global C loss due to land-use change. However, recent recultivation of abandoned croplands in Russia and Kazakhstan can lead to release more labile forms of SOC stored on abandoned lands during last two decades. Since 2001, about 80 Mt of new sequestered SOC has been lost due to current programs on agricultural development in Russia and Kazakhstan. Our results demonstrate the large effects of land-use policies and institutional changes for the national and global C budgets during the last century.

The Politics of Clay: The American-Soviet Mural Project.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Preston, Lynn

1990-01-01

Describes a U.S.-Soviet mural project where citizens from Milwaukee, Wisconsin and citizens from Leningrad created two peace murals--one in the United States and the other in the Soviet Union. The murals were exchanged. Participants made their own clay using dry clay and water before creating their impressions of peace and friendship. (KM)

Bernstein's failure to join the space race: his commentary on Tsiolkovskii's "Mechanics in Biology" (1964).

PubMed

Meijer, O G; Feigenberg, I M

2000-07-01

October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik I into orbit from Tyuratam in Turkistan. An event "with the suddenness and surprise of a Pearl Harbor and of the impact of a Hiroshima atomic explosion" (Stoiko, 1970, p. ix). Nor would this be the only time America lost to the Russians in the space race. November 3 of the same year, Sputnik II carried the dog Laika, the first living being who traveled, and died, in space. In the USA, Senator Lyndon B. Johnson lamented: "Control of space means control of the world" (quoted from Heppenheimer, 1997, p. 126), and attempts were made to speed up Wernher von Braun's launching program (Piszkiewicz, 1995; cf. Von Braun, 1968). Alas, on December 6, when the American rocket began to lift, "it seemed as if the gates of hell had opened up. Brilliant stiletto flames shot out from the side of the rocket near the engine. The vehicle agonizingly hesitated for a moment, quivered again, and in front of our unbelieving, shocked eyes, began to topple" (Halberstam, quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 127). Thus, at the UN, "Soviet delegates asked their American counterparts if the United States might wish to receive foreign aid under Moscow's program of technical assistance to backwards nations" (from Heppenheimer, p. 128). Von Braun finally succeeded with the Explorer I on January 31, 1958, but for the Americans the agonizing wasn't over. On August 21, 1957, the Soviet Union launched an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), this time carrying a dummy, but able to carry a nuclear bomb (Harford, 1997). So, the first ICBMs in the world were aimed at the USA. And then, on the morning of April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin shouted "Poyekhali" ("Let's go!") (quoted from Heppenheimer, p. 172), and was launched into space at 9:06 to fly "over America" 51 minutes later. Quite naturally, the Soviet authorities wanted to show that Russia had been ahead all the time, and historical heroes were in strong demand. The Russians didn't have to look far.

Soviet Integration into the World Economy. Report of the Strategy for Peace, U.S. Foreign Policy Conference (29th, Warrenton, Virginia, October 13-15, 1988).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Stanley Foundation, Muscatine, IA.

Since coming to power, Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev has undertaken an ambitious program to reform the Soviet economy. Perestroika touches every aspect of Soviet economic life, including relations with the international economy. Soviet specialists and international economists must find common ground so that they can successfully…

Chronic disease mortality associated with infectious agents: A comparative cohort study of migrants from the Former Soviet Union in Israel and Germany

PubMed Central

Ott, Jördis J; Paltiel, Ari M; Winkler, Volker; Becher, Heiko

2008-01-01

Background Prevalence of infectious diseases in migrant populations has been addressed in numerous studies. However, information is sparse on their mortality due to chronic diseases that are aetiologically associated with an infectious agent. This study investigates mortality related to infectious diseases with a specific focus on cancers of possibly infectious origin in voluntary migrants from the Former Soviet Union residing in Israel and in Germany. Methods Both groups of migrants arrived from the Former Soviet Union in their destination countries between 1990 and 2001. Population-based data on migrants in Israel were obtained from the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Data for migrants in Germany were obtained from a representative sample of all migrants from the Former Soviet Union in Germany. Cause of death information was available until 2003 for the Israeli cohort and until 2005 for the German cohort. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated relative to the destination country for selected causes of death for which infectious agents may be causally involved. Multivariate Poisson regression was applied to assess differences in mortality by length of residence in the host country. Results Both in Israel and in Germany these migrants have lower overall mortality than the population in their destination countries. However, they have significantly elevated mortality from viral hepatitis and from stomach and liver cancer when compared to the destination populations. Regression analysis shows that in Israel stomach cancer mortality is significantly higher among migrants at shorter durations of residence when compared to durations of more than nine years. Conclusion Higher mortality from cancers associated with infection and from viral hepatitis among migrants from the Former Soviet Union might result from higher prevalence of infections which were acquired in earlier years of life. The results highlight new challenges posed by diseases of infectious origin in migrants and call attention to the link between communicable and non-communicable diseases. PMID:18400085

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Brauch, H.D.; Kennedy, R.

This book is about change: in the Soviet Union, in Eastern Europe, and how we in the West should respond. Few observers of the international scene, even in their wildest dreams, could have imagined the course of events that have taken place in Europe since early 1989. The communist system came to a dead end. Old social, economic, political, and psychological recipes no longer were acceptable, either in the Soviet Union or in Eastern Europe. Soviet leadership had only two choices: repress change in Eastern Europe and demand continued sacrifices from its own people, or press forward on the roadmore » of economic reform and political restructuring at home and the pursuit of new relationships abroad. The three volumes on Alternative Conventional Defense Postures in the European Theater contributed significantly to the current debate in Europe and in the United States on the future of European security. As an outgrowth of a German-American workshop at the Army War College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, the two editors have succeeded in bringing together statesmen, soldiers, and civilian defense specialist from the Federal Republic, the United States, and the Soviet Union, who represent a variety of schools of political and strategic thinking.« less

The US/USSR Biological Satellite Program: COSMOS 936 Mission Overview

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Souza, K. A.

1978-01-01

On August 3, 1977, the Soviet Union launched Cosmos 936, an unmanned spacecraft carrying biology and physics experiments from 9 countries, including both the Soviet Union and U.S. The launch marked the second time the Soviet Union has flown U.S. experiments aboard one of its spacecraft, the first being Cosmos 782 launched Nov. 25, 1975, which remained in orbit 19.5 days. Aboard Cosmos 936 were: 30 young male Wistar SPF rats, 20 of which was exposed to hypogravity during flight while the remainder were subjected to a l x g acceleration by continuous configuration; 2) experiments with plants and fruit flies; 3) radiation physics experiments; and 4) a heat convection experiment. After 18.5 days in orbit, the spacecraft landed in central Asia where a Soviet recovery team began experiment operations, including animal autopsies, within 4.5 hr of landing. Half of the animals were autopsied at the recovery site and the remainder returned to Moscow and allowed to readapt to terrestrial gravity for 25 days after which they, too, were autopsied. Specimens for U.S. were initially prepared at the recovery site or Soviet laboratories and transferred to U.S. laboratories for complete analyses. An overview of the mission focusing on preflight, on-orbit, and postflight activities pertinent to the seven U.S. experiments aboard Cosmos 936 will be presented.

Reconsidering Sputnik: Forty Years Since the Soviet Satellite

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Launius, Roger D. (Editor)

1997-01-01

This collection of essays explore several broad themes: the Soviet Union and Sputnik, space and the international Geophysical Year, the immediate ramifications of Sputnik in the United States, and the significance of Sputnik throughout the world.

Space plant biology research in Lithuania.

PubMed

Ričkienė, Aurika

2012-09-01

In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite, initiating its space exploration programs. Throughout the rest of the twentieth century, the development of these space programs received special attention from Soviet Union authorities. Scientists from the former Soviet Republics, including Lithuania, participated in these programs. From 1971 to 1990, Lithuanians designed more than 20 experiments on higher plant species during space flight. Some of these experiments had never before been attempted and, therefore, made scientific history. However, the formation and development of space plant biology research in Lithuania or its origins, context of formation, and placement in a worldwide context have not been explored from a historical standpoint. By investigating these topics, this paper seeks to construct an image of the development of a very specific field of science in a small former Soviet republic. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Hungary.

PubMed

1986-02-01

In this discussion of Hungary, attention is directed to the following: geography, people, history, government, political conditions, the economy, foreign relations, defense, and relations between the US and Hungary. In 1985 the population totaled 10.7 million with an annual growth rate of 0.2%. The infant mortality rate is 20.2/1000 live births; life expectancy is 66 years for men and 73.2 years for women. Hungary was a monarchy for almost 1000 years. Its constitutional parliamentary system preceded, by several centuries, the establishment of such Western-style governments in other East European countries. A communist dictatorship seized power in May/June 1947. The Hungarian uprising of 1956, although forcibly suppressed by Soviet armed intervention, gave impetus to long overdue changes and clearly demonstrated the popular will for national identity and internal reform. With the exception of various small businesses with few employees, all economic activity is run by state-owned enterprises or cooperatives. Agriculture has been collectivized. Hungary has rich bauxite mines and provides for most of its coal and natural gas requirements. Introduction of the "new economic mechanism" in 1968 ushered in a period of rapid growth, accompanied by equilibrium in the balance of trade. Yet, in the early 1970s a number of factors combined to blunt the reform effort, and in 1977 government leaders recognized the need for a new reform effort. Hungary is highly dependent on foreign trade, about 50% of which is with other communist countries. Except for the brief and unsuccessful attempt in November 1956 to establish a position and course of neutrality for Hungary, the foreign policy of the Hungarian government has followed closely the Soviet Union since 1947. In recent years, US/Hungarian relations have featured a steady exchange of official visits.

Five Models for European Security: Implications for the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-01-01

tripolar concept of security. It is the product of Europeans’ search for a third way between the United States and the former Soviet Union-in part to...distinguish the five systems from each other are reasonably clear (ad hoc, bipolar, tripolar , multi-polar collective, and overlapping), there is room...based on a tripolar concept of security. It is the product of Europeans’ search for a third way between the United States and the former Soviet Union-in

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-29

have a duty to him. [Letter from Nadezhda Nikolayevna Kuzmina , Lenin- gradskaya Oblast] I am raising three sons and the oldest will enter the army...JPRS-UMA-88-023 29 SEPTEMBER 1988 343036 JPRS 010 Soviet Union Military Affairs Wi& i DTK) QUALITY INSPECTED 1 ■v-yx&fJ’&yiCM 5#1fi^wiv«*’* i ?f...Domestic Service, 11 Sep 88] 21 Mobile Quadrant Antennas [Ye. Klinshov, G. Titov.TEKHNIKA I VOORUZHENIYE, Jun 88] 23 AIR FORCE, AIR DEFENSE FORCES

United States Policy in India: Balancing Global and Regional Perspectives.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-12-01

ability to contribute to the Soviet Union’s adoption of a prb-Indian position on the Kashmir dispute from Novembe;, 1955; ii| Moscow’s impact on India’s...policies of the current administration under President Reagan. The generally positive attitude. that the 4W Soviet Union has adopted towards Indian... impact of the actions on local opinion or they discounted it as unimportant in the global context. The United States did not become fully. involved in

A Chip in the Curtain: Computer Technology in the Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-01

authority of the tsar. British historian Lionel Kochan recounted some of the rather complicated story of religion and the tsars: The Church, because of... pseudosciences " and their study was forbidden. Stalin’s policy delayed the development of a scientific and academic foundation for the study of the computer in...leaders, the doctrine of Marx and Lenin is a matter of faith comparable to a religion in Western terms. When the General Secretary of the Soviet Union

Composite regional catalogs of earthquakes in the former Soviet Union

USGS Publications Warehouse

Rautian, Tatyana; Leith, William

2002-01-01

Seismological study of the territory of the former Soviet Union developed in the 20th century with the approach of maintaining constant observations with standard instrumentation and methods of data processing, determining standardized parameters describing the seismic sources, and producing regular summary publications. For most of the century, event data were published only in Russian and were generally unavailable to the Western scientific community. Yet for many regions of this vast territory, earthquakes with magnitudes less than 2 were routinely located and characterized, especially since the early 1960s. A great volume of data on the seismicity of the Eurasian land mass is therefore available, although to date only in scattered publications and for incomplete periods of time.To address this problem, we have undertaken a comprehensive compilation, documentation and evaluation of catalogs of seismicity of the former Soviet Union. These include four principal, Soviet-published catalog sources, supplemented by other publications. We view this as the first step in compiling a complete catalog of all known seismic events in this large and important region. Completion of this work will require digitizing the remaining catalogs of the various regional seismological institutes. To make these data more useful for regional seismic investigations, as well as to be consistent with their provenance, we have prepared composite regional catalogs, dividing the territory of the former Soviet Union into 24 regions. For each of these regions, all the data available from the basic catalog sources (see below) have been combined and evaluated. Note that, for regions with low seismicity, the historical (non-instrumental, macro-seismic) data are of increased importance. Such information, if not included in any summary, were taken from various publications and marked as "historical".

United States Security Interests in China: Beyond the ’China Card’.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-09-01

competition . Soviet policies toward Europe, the United States and related areas are, then, in the first istance, functions of Soviet strategy toward China. 8...the Chinese desire, or have the capacity, to play an active role in Soviet-American military competition . Nor is it likely that.the Soviet Union...President Reagan has made it clear, however, that his attendance at the conference on cooperation and development to be held in October 1981 at Cancun

Soviet ionospheric modification research

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Duncan, L.M.; Carlson, H.C.; Djuth, F.T.

1988-07-01

Soviet published literature in ionospheric modification research by high-power radio waves is assessed, including an evaluation of its impact on and applications to future remote-sensing and telecommunications systems. This assessment is organized to place equal emphasis on basic research activities, designed to investigate both the natural geophysical environment and fundamental plasma physics; advanced research programs, such as those studying artificial ionization processes and oblique high-power radio propagation and practical system applications and operational limitations addressed by this research. The assessment indicates that the Soviet Union sustains high-quality theoretical and experimental research programs in ionospheric modification, with a breadth and levelmore » of effort greatly exceeding comparable Western programs. Soviet theoretical research tends to be analytical and intuitive, as compared to the Western emphasis on numerical simulation techniques. The Soviet experimental approach is less exploratory, designed principally to confirm theoretical predictions. Although limited by inferior diagnostic capabilities, Soviet experimental facilities are more numerous, operate on a more regular basis, and transmit radio wave powers exceeding those os Western facilities. Because of its broad scope of activity, the Soviet Union is better poised to quickly exploit new technologies and system applications as they are developed. This panel has identified several key areas of Soviet research activity and emerging technology that may offer long-term opportunities for remote-sensing and telecommunications advantages. However, we have found no results that suggest imminent breakthrough discoveries in these fields.« less

America, the Soviets and Nuclear Arms: Looking to the Future. Teacher's Resource Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Berger, Karl; And Others

This curriculum project focuses on U.S.-Soviet relations and the choices that U.S. citizens face today in addressing the Soviet Union and the threat of nuclear war. This book is intended as a resource guide to accompany a 22-minute video presentation and student text that are part of the "Four Futures" curriculum. The resource book…

United States Security and the Soviet Challenge. Report of a Wingspread Briefing (Racine, Wisconsin, June 29, 1978).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLain, Douglas, Jr.

Six presentations, an introduction, and a summary discussion are included in this publication, which focuses on the various complex factors involved in the negotiation of arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. Titles of the six presentations are: (1) Critical Issues in the United States-Soviet Relationship; (2) Basic Elements of Strategic…

Hermeneutics and Victimage: A Critical Approach to News of the Shooting of KAL Flight 007.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lule, Jack

The shooting down of KAL Flight 007, a South Korean airliner, by a Soviet jet fighter, and the resulting deaths of the 269 people on board, has brought into focus the Reagan's administration's equivocal relationship with the Soviet Union, provided insights into the channels of power in the Soviet military hierarchy, and led other nations to…

Emerging Choices for the Soviets in Third World Arms Transfer Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-01-01

subcontract production, (4) overseas investment, (5) technology transfer, and (6) countertrade . Countertrade has been an especially significant element...defense industry as well as for civilian sector use. Countertrade has become increasingly important in the overall trade of the Soviet Union and...the countertrade approach has served to mitigate some consumer dissatisfaction with Soviet arms supply contracts with Third World countries

Speaking "Common Sense" about the Soviet Threat: Reagan's Rhetorical Stance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ivie, Robert L.

Although for the 15 years preceding his election as President of the United States Ronald Reagan muted his anti-Soviet rhetoric in order to achieve political power, since his election he has returned to anti-Sovietism in an effort to redirect American foreign policy against the Soviets. At the same time, however, he employs a rhetorical strategy…

Could This Be the Mars Soviet 3 Lander?

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-04-11

This set of images shows what might be hardware from the Soviet Union 1971 Mars 3 lander, seen in a pair of images from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment HiRISE camera on NASA Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.

Opioid Use Trajectories, Injection Drug Use and HCV Risk among Young Adult Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union Living in New York City

PubMed Central

Guarino, Honoria; Marsch, Lisa A.; Deren, Sherry; Straussner, Shulamith L.A.; Teper, Anastasia

2015-01-01

Available evidence suggests that young former Soviet Union immigrants in New York City have high rates of non-medical prescription opioid and heroin use, drug injection and injection-related risk behavior, making them vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, overdose and associated harms. This group has been the focus of little research, however. This paper presents quantitative and qualitative data from 80 former Soviet immigrants (ages 18–29) to characterize their opioid use trajectories, injection risk behavior, HCV/HIV testing histories and self-reported HCV/HIV serostatus, and provides clinically meaningful data to inform tailored education, prevention and harm reduction interventions. PMID:26132715

Opioid Use Trajectories, Injection Drug Use, and Hepatitis C Virus Risk Among Young Adult Immigrants from the Former Soviet Union Living in New York City.

PubMed

Guarino, Honoria; Marsch, Lisa A; Deren, Sherry; Straussner, Shulamith L A; Teper, Anastasia

2015-01-01

Available evidence suggests that young former Soviet Union immigrants in New York City have high rates of non-medical prescription opioid and heroin use, drug injection and injection-related risk behavior, making them vulnerable to hepatitis C virus (HCV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, overdose and associated harms. This group has been the focus of little research, however. This paper presents quantitative and qualitative data from 80 former Soviet immigrants (ages 18-29) to characterize their opioid use trajectories, injection risk behavior, HCV/HIV testing histories and self-reported HCV/HIV serostatus, and provides clinically meaningful data to inform tailored education, prevention and harm reduction interventions.

Fulbrights for Soviet Lectures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Packard, Craig

The Council for International Exchange of Scholars is still accepting applications for Fulbright awards to lecture in the sciences in the Soviet Union for academic year 1989-1990. Because the original deadline, September 15, has passed, applications will be processed immediately, and the 1989-1990 Fulbright Scholar Program Faculty Grants close when an adequate number of applicants is approved for nomination.Applications can be in the “Any Field” category or in the more specific categories sought by the Soviet Union, including geophysics at Tashkent; geology at the Gubkin Institute of Oil, Chemical, and Gas Industry; environmental sciences (cultivation of microalgae in sewage; continental shelf development, water resources protection, and economic aspects); and forest restoration technology. Awards are also available in chemistry, life sciences, and physics and astronomy.

The Ural train-gas pipeline catastrophe: the report of the IDF medical corps assistance.

PubMed

Benmeir, P; Levine, I; Shostak, A; Oz, V; Shemer, J; Sokolova, T

1991-08-01

Following the destruction of two trains in the Urals 2000 km east of Moscow, as a consequence of the conflagration caused by an explosion from a leaking natural gas pipeline, 3000 people were injured;* most of them (2200) died* immediately and the others (about 800) were badly burned. At the request of the Soviet Union Government a medical military delegation was sent to give assistance to the injured people. This report describes the treatment given by the delegation to 40 patients with burns of between 40 and 90 per cent TBSA during a period of 10 days. An insight into a Soviet Union Trauma Center is given and the good treatment given by the Soviet colleagues is emphasized.

Biosurveillance in Central Asia: Successes and Challenges of Tick-Borne Disease Research in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

PubMed

Hay, John; Yeh, Kenneth B; Dasgupta, Debanjana; Shapieva, Zhanna; Omasheva, Gulnara; Deryabin, Pavel; Nurmakhanov, Talgat; Ayazbayev, Timur; Andryushchenko, Alexei; Zhunushov, Asankadyr; Hewson, Roger; Farris, Christina M; Richards, Allen L

2016-01-01

Central Asia is a vast geographic region that includes five former Soviet Union republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The region has a unique infectious disease burden, and a history that includes Silk Road trade routes and networks that were part of the anti-plague and biowarfare programs in the former Soviet Union. Post-Soviet Union biosurveillance research in this unique area of the world has met with several challenges, including lack of funding and resources to independently conduct hypothesis driven, peer-review quality research. Strides have been made, however, to increase scientific engagement and capability. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are examples of countries where biosurveillance research has been successfully conducted, particularly with respect to especially dangerous pathogens. In this review, we describe in detail the successes, challenges, and opportunities of conducting biosurveillance in Central Asia as exemplified by our recent research activities on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

Long-Term Depressive Symptoms and Acculturative Stress Issues Among Immigrants From the Former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Baker, Cathy J

2016-09-01

Previous studies regarding depressive symptoms and acculturative stress among immigrants have been limited to the initial period after immigration. The relationships between depressive symptoms, acculturation, and acculturative stress among immigrants from the former Soviet Union were examined in this descriptive study. Eighty immigrants from the former Soviet Union who had immigrated within the past 20 years were recruited in various community locations. Participants (N = 80), including recent and longer residing immigrants, reported elevated depressive symptoms and acculturative stress. Acculturative stress predicted depressive symptoms, controlling for dominant culture (American) immersion. However, length of time in the United States was not associated with depressive symptoms, ethnic culture immersion, or acculturative stress. Our results suggest that elevated depressive symptoms are related to acculturative stress but are not confined to the initial adjustment period. Steps to decrease acculturative stress might help decrease depressive symptoms in immigrants regardless of the number of years lived in the United States. © The Author(s) 2016.

[Psychological consequences of deportation into the Soviet Union on the base of self-reports by Sybiracs].

PubMed

Jackowska, Ewa

2005-01-01

The main goal of this research was to find answers to the following questions: 1. What were the sources of the personal distress that the deportees to the Soviet Union experienced during the 5 years living in exile? 2. What psychological consequences of deportation did Sybiracs report? 3. Was a gender variable associated with intensity of post-traumatic symptoms? A total of 100 people born in 1928-34, who had been deported into the Soviet Union during the World War II were assessed with a semi-structured interview, PTSD Inventory and GDS (by Yesavage). The study pointed out that 65% participants felt symptoms following the exposure to traumatic stressors. They were: anxiety, increased arousal, low self-esteem, depression and others. The Siberian experience limited a possibility to get a higher level of education and more attractive job. It also modified the manner in which the marital and parental roles were fulfilled. The rate of anxiety and depressive symptoms was significantly higher in women in comparison with men.

Biosurveillance in Central Asia: Successes and Challenges of Tick-Borne Disease Research in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan

PubMed Central

Hay, John; Yeh, Kenneth B.; Dasgupta, Debanjana; Shapieva, Zhanna; Omasheva, Gulnara; Deryabin, Pavel; Nurmakhanov, Talgat; Ayazbayev, Timur; Andryushchenko, Alexei; Zhunushov, Asankadyr; Hewson, Roger; Farris, Christina M.; Richards, Allen L.

2016-01-01

Central Asia is a vast geographic region that includes five former Soviet Union republics: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. The region has a unique infectious disease burden, and a history that includes Silk Road trade routes and networks that were part of the anti-plague and biowarfare programs in the former Soviet Union. Post-Soviet Union biosurveillance research in this unique area of the world has met with several challenges, including lack of funding and resources to independently conduct hypothesis driven, peer-review quality research. Strides have been made, however, to increase scientific engagement and capability. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are examples of countries where biosurveillance research has been successfully conducted, particularly with respect to especially dangerous pathogens. In this review, we describe in detail the successes, challenges, and opportunities of conducting biosurveillance in Central Asia as exemplified by our recent research activities on ticks and tick-borne diseases in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. PMID:26870722

Exploration and development offshore southern Vietnam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferguson, A.M.

1996-01-01

In Vietnam, the major focus of the oil and gas industry is on the Nam Con Son and Cuu Long Basins in the southern offshore area. Major licensing first occurred here in the early 1970s. Some exploration was also undertaken by foreign companies in the early 1980s. In 1981, the Soviet Union undertook to assist Vietnam with the development of oil and gas. Vietsovpetro, a joint venture between the then Soviet Oil and Gas Ministry and the Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation was formed. Most of Vietsovpetro's efforts have been to develop the Bach Ho field in the Cuu Longmore » Basin. This now produces [approximately]130000 bopd. The most recent large scale licensing round occurred in 1992, and, at present, there are over thirty foreign companies active in these Basins' blocks . The first phase of exploration is ending and successes in the Nam Con Son Basin include the BP-led Lan Tay/Lan Do gas discoveries and Pedco's gas discoveries. Mitsubishi's and Petronas' oil discoveries in the Cuu Long Basin have attracted much attention also. The Dai Hung oil field (BHP-operated) has been producing since late 1994. Certain blocks are being appraised, and exploration work is also continuing. Areas of the Cuu Long Basin that were part of Vietsovpetro's acreage, but which may soon be re-licensed, have generated keen interest. The presence of an active upstream industry - exploring, appraising, developing and producing - indicates the emergence of Vietnam as an important East Asian oil and gas player.« less

8 CFR 1245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 1245.7 Section 1245.7 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS...

8 CFR 1245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 1245.7 Section 1245.7 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS...

8 CFR 1245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 1245.7 Section 1245.7 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS...

8 CFR 1245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 1245.7 Section 1245.7 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS...

8 CFR 1245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 1245.7 Section 1245.7 Aliens and Nationality EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR IMMIGRATION REVIEW, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS...

Since Chernobyl: A World of Difference.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clamp, Alice

1991-01-01

This article chronicles the international collaboration behind the technological review and the subsequent upgrading of operational safety procedures at Soviet-designed nuclear power plants within the Soviet Union and various Eastern European countries in the aftermath of the tragedy at Chernobyl. (JJK)

The Russian Identity and Values in the Post-Soviet Era: Learning from the Past to Reinvent the Future

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herman, William E.; Herman, Bryan K.; Sanatullova-Allison, Elvira

2007-01-01

This paper employed a psychological-historical framework for an analytical examination of the Russian identity during the Soviet period through the fall of the Soviet Union and the transitional period that led to an establishment of the Russian Federation. A theoretical model is provided for the analysis of Russian identity that can be generalized…

Near East/South Asia Report.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-01-20

sheep pox vac- cines, artificial insemination , soil testing and others. In the meantime, the Soviet scientists introduced the Soviet sunflower into...voltage po- wer transmission line fr- om the Soviet Union to northern regions of the : DRA, the earth satellite ; link station, road-cum-rail...ISRO in making and sup- plying "vital and sensitive" electronic items re- quired by ISRO for remote sensing satellites , augmented satellite

TEACHING MACHINES AND PROGRAMMED LEARNING IN THE SOVIET BLOC--A SURVEY OF THE PUBLISHED LITERATURE, 1962-1963.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Joint Publications Research Service, Washington, DC.

THIS REVIEW REPORTS THE STATE OF THE ART OF PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION IN THE SOVIET UNION. A NUMBER OF TEACHING MACHINES ARE DESCRIBED, AS ARE PROJECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN SOVIET PROGRAMED INSTRUCTION. IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE 4TH ALL-RUSSIAN CONFERENCE ON THE APPLICATION OF TECHNICAL DEVICES AND PROGRAMING IN EDUCATION (JAN. 1964) WILL PROVIDE FURTHER…

A Dialectical Paradigm for Psychological Research: Implications Drawn from the History of Psychology in the Soviet Union

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wozniak, Robert H.

1975-01-01

The psycho-philosophical issues involved in the shift to a dialectical perspective in early Soviet psychology are reviewed in order to clarify the implications of the dialectical method for contemporary Western cognitive psychology. (JMB)

The costs of the soviet empire.

PubMed

Wolf, C

1985-11-29

A comprehensive framework is developed and applied to estimate the economic costs incurred by the Soviet Union in acquiring, maintaining, and expanding its empire. The terms "empire" and "costs" are explicitly defined. Between 1971 and 1980, the average ratio between empire costs and Soviet gross national product was about 3.5 percent; as a ratio to Soviet military spending, empire costs averaged about 28 percent. The burden imposed on Soviet economic growth by empire costs is also considered, as well as rates of change in these costs, and the important political, military, and strategic benefits associated by the Soviet leadership with maintenance and expansion of the empire. Prospective empire costs and changes in Soviet economic constraints resulting from the declining performance of the domestic economy are also considered.

The Soviet Union and the Third World. Part 2: Agenda for the 1990s

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-01-01

1959, the year when Castro was in power but not yet a full-fledged Marxist-Leninist, and Felipe Pazos ran the economy. And after Costa Rica the most...of information is estimated to average 1 houj per response includig the time for revwirq Pn•[rucbi ns, aar et ng data sources a henng and maintaini...2 REPORT DATE 3 REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED a , Jan 84 Final: JANUARY 1984 4, TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5 FUNDING NUMBERS THE SOVIET UNION AND THE THIRD

The Content and Functions of Labor Education in the Soviet Union.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Boyle, George V.

Labor unions in the U.S.S.R.--having emerged in Russia about 100 years after U.S. labor unions and been called by Lenin the "shock troops of the revolution"--do not much resemble their U.S. counterparts. Union members, including factory managers, constitute 99.3 percent of the work force, and place of employment or profession determines…

Belaya smert: the white death.

PubMed

Rodway, George W

2012-09-01

In the late autumn of 1939, shortly after Second World War had commenced, the Soviet Union invaded Finland. This act of military aggression, henceforth known to history as the Winter War, was ostensibly carried out to secure a buffer state and better protect major urban areas such as St. Petersburg (then known as Leningrad). The Red Army's attack through the forests of northern Finland was a poorly calculated operation-in the little more than 3 months that the conflict lasted, the Soviets suffered extensive losses. The hit-and-run tactics of the small, winter-savvy Finnish Army resulted in a not significant number of Red Army casualties. But from the Soviet perspective, the Finnish soldiers were merely an annoyance compared with the real enemy--the environment. Cold injury reached epidemic proportions in the Red Army during this short conflict, apparently caused in large part by ignorance of environmental realities by the Soviet high command. Paradoxically, the Soviets arguably possessed the most extensive and sophisticated body of knowledge about cold injury prevention and treatment on earth by the late 1930s. There were significant lessons learned by the Soviets during the Winter War, however. When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, the Red Army very successfully applied these lessons during 4 years of vicious winter battles on the Eastern Front. Copyright © 2012 Wilderness Medical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

8 CFR 245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 245.7 Section 245.7 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF PERSON...

8 CFR 245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 245.7 Section 245.7 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF PERSON...

8 CFR 245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 245.7 Section 245.7 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF PERSON...

8 CFR 245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 245.7 Section 245.7 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF PERSON...

8 CFR 245.7 - Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 8 Aliens and Nationality 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Adjustment of status of certain Soviet and Indochinese parolees under the Foreign Operations Appropriations Act for Fiscal Year 1990 (Pub. L. 101-167). 245.7 Section 245.7 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS ADJUSTMENT OF STATUS TO THAT OF PERSON...

Biosputniks: The use by the Soviet Union and Russia of dogs, monkeys and other animals in the exploration of space, 1949-93

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harvey, B.

1993-10-01

The Soviet Union used animals in the exploration of space from 1949 onwards. Russia has continued the use of animals in the exploration of space with the launch on 30 December 1992 of Bion-10 (Cosmos 2229). Animals in the space program is an important theme in the Soviet exploration of space. The use of animals in the exploration of space has four main phases: (1) Suborbital missions 1949-1959; (2) Preparation for man's first flight into space 1960-1; (3) Preparation for man's flight to the Moon 1968-1970; (4) The international biomedical program 1962- . Each is dealt with in turn. The use of animals or biological specimens on board manned orbital space stations is not discussed.

Nuclear proliferation: Will the Soviet Union's collapse spawn a new arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Griffin, R.D.

Almost 30 years ago, in the midst of the US-Soviet arms race, President John F. Kennedy warned of the danger of nuclear proliferation. Ironically, now that the Cold War is over, the prospect has become a reality. The collapse of the Soviet Union may have calmed fears of a nuclear Armageddon, but it has aroused new concerns about the spread of nuclear weapons. More than a dozen nations either have or are feverishly trying to develop nuclear arsenals, including Third World nations riven by religious and territorial disputes. If the world fails to contain the spread of nuclear-weapons technology, themore » balance of power that kept relative peace during the four decades of the Cold War may be displaced by a balance of terror.« less

Institutionalization of Migration Policy Frameworks in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia

PubMed Central

Makaryan, Shushanik; Chobanyan, Haykanush

2015-01-01

This article is a comparative study of the institutionalization of the migration policy frameworks of post-Soviet states Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. All three countries share common historical legacies: a Soviet past, wars and conflicts, unemployment, high emigration, and commitment to integration into European bodies. To what extent do the migration policies of these three countries (driven by contextual forces, i.e. domestic challenges) address country-specific migration dynamics? Or are they imposed by the European Union? In which dimensions have the national policies on migration of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia evolved, and around which issues have they converged or diverged? Have these trends led to an integration of migration policymaking at the regional level in the South Caucasus? PMID:26435548

Magnitutde and Characterization of Toxicity in Sediments from Several Ukrainian Estuaries

EPA Science Inventory

During the Soviet era, Ukraine was one of the most important industrial and agricultural regions of the Soviet Union. A consequence of this industrial and agricultural activity was the contamination of several areas of the country, including the estuaries, with pollutants includ...

Elder knowledge and sustainable livelihoods in post-Soviet Russia: finding dialogue across the generations.

PubMed

Crate, Susan A

2006-01-01

Russia's indigenous peoples have been struggling with economic, environmental, and socio-cultural dislocation since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. In northern rural areas, the end of the Soviet Union most often meant the end of agro-industrial state farm operations that employed and fed surrounding rural populations. Most communities adapted to this loss by reinstating some form of pre-Soviet household-level food production based on hunting, fishing, and/or herding. However, mass media, globalization, and modernity challenge the intergenerational knowledge exchange that grounds subsistence practices. Parts of the circumpolar north have been relatively successful in valuing and integrating elder knowledge within their communities. This has not been the case in Russia. This article presents results of an elder knowledge project in northeast Siberia, Russia that shows how rural communities can both document and use elder knowledge to bolster local definitions of sustainability and, at the same time, initiate new modes of communication between village youth and elders.

Hungary: a health system in transition.

PubMed

Mendoza, E M; Henderson, B J

1996-03-01

Hungary has an area of 93,030 square kilometers (35,900 square miles), the size of the state of Indiana in the United States. It is landlocked by the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic to the north, Austria to the west, Yugoslavia to the south, and Romania and the Soviet Union to the east. Although the health care system is based on the Soviet system, there have been dramatic changes since 1991, when the soviet Union and its Eastern European partners discarded their communist structures and the Soviet empire was disbanded. In this report, the current Hungarian health care system and the political structure in which it is housed will be described in terms of a key set of characteristics and their subparts. The purpose of this approach is to facilitate comparison of the Hungarian system with other national health care systems. An expanded version of this article will appear in an upcoming second edition of the College's book, International Health Care: A Framework for Comparing National Health Care Systems, by Drs. Mendoza and Henderson.

Area Handbook Series: Soviet Union: A Country Study

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-05-01

War, edited by Harriet F. Scott and William F. Scott, is a judicious combination of the editors’ commentaries and of excerpts from translated writ...equipped the Soviet armed forces to capably fulfill their assigned missions. The single most complete work on the Soviet armed forces is Harriet F. Scott and...Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1969. _ _ Russian Intellectual History: An Anthology. New York: Hu- manities Press, 1978. Riasanovsky, Nicholas. A History of

Soviet Policy in Cuba and Chile.

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-05-06

also be able to appeal to Marxism -Leninism to explain, prescribe, and predict the course of world events. The defense of the Soviet Union, therefore...burden of interpretation of the complex and unpredictable events of international politics in terms that relate it to Marxism -Leninism. The task has... Marxism -Leninism. Soviet ideology has responded by attempting to situate itself in a central or orthodox position and describing the other positions as

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment), 1 - 31 January 1982. Volume 2, Number 1, 1982.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

Letelier, and has tried to murder Castro, Indira Ghandi and Iranian government leaders. From 1961 to 1976 the CIA has con- ducted over 900 clandestine...revolution." "More Afghanistan counterrevolutionary bands are destroyed by the Afghanistan Army." "Indira Ghandi says that the Soviet Union did not inter

The Politburo’s Management of Its America Problem.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

long-term process of extending the Soviet political presence into more and more previously Western-influenced areas. The leadership expects occasional...major setbacks as inevitable incidents in this process of advance on a gradually broadening front. The Soviet leaders are well aware that not every...objective, self-propelled phenomena that are incrementally and inevitably erod- ing U.S. influence and in the process advancing that of the Soviet Union. In

Fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union: the role of individual- and community-level factors.

PubMed

Goryakin, Yevgeniy; Rocco, Lorenzo; Suhrcke, Marc; Roberts, Bayard; McKee, Martin

2015-10-01

To explain patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption in nine former Soviet Union countries by exploring the influence of a range of individual- and community-level determinants. Cross-sectional nationally representative surveys and area profiles were undertaken in 2010 in nine countries of the former Soviet Union as part of the Health in Times of Transition (HITT) study. Individual- and area-level determinants were analysed, taking into account potential confounding at the individual and area level. Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine. Adult survey respondents (n 17 998) aged 18-95 years. Being male, increasing age, lack of education and lack of financial resources were associated with lower probability of consuming adequate amounts of fruit or vegetables. Daily fruit or vegetable consumption was positively correlated with the number of shops selling fruit and vegetables (for women) and with the number of convenience stores (for men). Billboard advertising of snacks and sweet drinks was negatively related to daily fruit or vegetable consumption, although the reverse was true for billboards advertising soft drinks. Men living near a fast-food outlet had a lower probability of fruit or vegetable consumption, while the opposite was true for the number of local food restaurants. Overall fruit and vegetable consumption in the former Soviet Union is inadequate, particularly among lower socio-economic groups. Both individual- and community-level factors play a role in explaining inadequate nutrition and thus provide potential entry points for policy interventions, while the nuanced influence of community factors informs the agenda for future research.

LACIE - A look to the future. [Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macdonald, R. B.; Hall, F. G.

1977-01-01

The Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) is a 'proof of concept' project designed to demonstrate the applicability of remote sensing technology to the global monitoring of wheat. This paper discusses the need for more timely and reliable monitoring of food and fiber supplies, reviews the monitoring systems currently utilized by the USDA and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization in the United States and in foreign countries, and elucidates the fundamentals involved in assessing the impact of variable weather and economic conditions on wheat acreage, yield, and production. The experiment's approach to production monitoring is described briefly, and its status is reviewed as of the conclusion of 2 years of successful operation. Examples of acreage and yield monitoring in the Soviet Union are used to illustrate the experiment's approach.

Bureau of the Census Center for International Research

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pinto, Nina Pane

1994-01-01

This paper describes the organization and activities of the Center for International Research at the Bureau of the Census. There is a formal publication exchange program with other government's statistical programs. This has resulted in the Center's collection being one of the world's largest in the area of international census and demographic information. Foreign statistical publications are in three libraries, one being dedicated to the former Soviet Union and one to the Peoples Republic of China. In addition to the libraries there are two computerized data bases. The International data base is a source of demographic and socio-economic statistics for all countries of the world. The second data base is the HIV/AIDS Surveillance Data Base which contains information related to the publication and dissemination of the results of seroprevalence surveys.

Soviet space nuclear reactor incidents - Perception versus reality

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bennett, Gary L.

1992-01-01

Since the Soviet Union reportedly began flying nuclear power sources in 1965 it has had four publicly known accidents involving space reactors, two publicly known accidents involving radioisotope power sources and one close call with a space reactor (Cosmos 1900). The reactor accidents, particularly Cosmos 954 and Cosmos 1402, indicated that the Soviets had adopted burnup as their reentry philosophy which is consistent with the U.S. philosophy from the 1960s and 1970s. While quantitative risk analyses have shown that the Soviet accidents have not posed a serious risk to the world's population, concerns still remain about Soviet space nuclear safety practices.

President Assad’s Foreign Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

PERIOD BETWEEN THE WARS - 100 B. THE SIX DAY WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH - - 106 C. THE EFFECTS OF THE LEBANESE CONFLICT 109 XI. SYRIA AND LEBANON...Terrorism -------------- 232 XVII. THE SOVIET-SYRIAN RELATIONS --------- 236 A. SOVIET POLICY OBJECTIVES -------- 238 B. HOW DID THE SOVIETS PENETRATE INTO...SYRIA? 239 C. THE SOVIET MILITARY AID TO SYRIA - - - - 241 D. PRICES AND TERMS ------------ 242 E. EFFECTIVENESS OF THE MILITARY AID IN RELATION TO

Migration of the population.

PubMed

Krasinets, E

1998-03-01

Two factors influence foreign migration balance of the Russian Federation. The first factor involves the migration process between Russia and former union republics. The influx of population to the Russian Federation from other republics of the former Soviet Union is considered as one of the largest in the world. The average annual migratory growth of Russia during the years 1991-94 as a result of this migration exchange has tripled as compared with 1986-90, with a total of 2.7 million Russians who migrated into Russia. However, from 1996 up to the present time, the number of persons arriving in Russia declined dramatically. Meanwhile, the second factor that determines the country's migration balance is emigration to the far abroad. The most significant trend in determining the development of internal migration in Russia is the outflow of population from northern and eastern regions. The directions of internal and external migratory flows have a large influence on the migration balance in Russia's rural areas. The reduction of migratory flows in rural areas is the direct result of processes in the economic sphere. It confirms the reconstruction of rural-urban migratory exchange.

Negotiation from weakness: Concept, model, and application to strategic negotiations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tangredi, S.J.

Analysis of the dynamics of asymmetrical negotiations requires the development of the novel concept of negotiation from weakness. A nation is assumed to be negotiating from weakness when the elements of national power place it at a relative disadvantage in achieving the desired objectives of a particular set of negotiations. Successful negotiation from weakness is the adoption and application of negotiating strategies and tactics (subjective elements) that nullify the possible effects of an asymmetry in objective power potential. Once developed, the model is applied to arms control negotiations between the United States and Soviet Union in 1962-1972, a period inmore » which the United States was assumed to be strategically superior. Outcomes of the arms control negotiations examined suggests that the Soviet Union attempted to utilize strategies and tactics appropriate to the negotiating from weakness situation. The success of the Soviet Union is reversing the perceived strategic balance by 1972, implies that the concept of successful negotiating from weakness is a viable approach to the examination of asymmetrical negotiations involving security issues.« less

Contraceptive knowledge, attitudes, and practice in Russia during the 1980s.

PubMed

Popov, A A; Visser, A P; Ketting, E

1993-01-01

In the former Soviet Union, there was a lack of valid and reliable social research on knowledge, attitudes, and practice of contraception. The few available studies have not been published outside the Soviet Union. This article reviews five surveys that were conducted in Moscow and two other cities (Saratov and Tartu) during the period 1976-84. In addition, some data from a large-scale survey conducted in 1990 and covering the entire former Soviet Union are presented. The surveys indicate that the rhythm method, condoms, vaginal douches, and withdrawal were the main contraceptive methods used; only 1 to 3 percent of the women interviewed were using oral contraceptives, and about 10 percent used intrauterine devices. The low prevalence of use of reliable modern methods may explain the high incidence of induced abortion in Russia. The chronic unavailability of reliable contraceptives is one of the main factors of poor family planning. Lack of knowledge and negative opinions about modern contraception also play an important role. Some possibilities for improving the family planning situation in Russia are discussed.

Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lesiv, Myroslava; Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Moltchanova, Elena; Bun, Rostyslav; Dürauer, Martina; Prishchepov, Alexander V.; Schierhorn, Florian; Estel, Stephan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Alcántara, Camilo; Kussul, Natalia; Shchepashchenko, Maria; Kutovaya, Olga; Martynenko, Olga; Karminov, Viktor; Shvidenko, Anatoly; Havlik, Petr; Kraxner, Florian; See, Linda; Fritz, Steffen

2018-04-01

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others.

Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries.

PubMed

Lesiv, Myroslava; Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Moltchanova, Elena; Bun, Rostyslav; Dürauer, Martina; Prishchepov, Alexander V; Schierhorn, Florian; Estel, Stephan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Alcántara, Camilo; Kussul, Natalia; Shchepashchenko, Maria; Kutovaya, Olga; Martynenko, Olga; Karminov, Viktor; Shvidenko, Anatoly; Havlik, Petr; Kraxner, Florian; See, Linda; Fritz, Steffen

2018-04-03

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others.

Spatial distribution of arable and abandoned land across former Soviet Union countries

PubMed Central

Lesiv, Myroslava; Schepaschenko, Dmitry; Moltchanova, Elena; Bun, Rostyslav; Dürauer, Martina; Prishchepov, Alexander V.; Schierhorn, Florian; Estel, Stephan; Kuemmerle, Tobias; Alcántara, Camilo; Kussul, Natalia; Shchepashchenko, Maria; Kutovaya, Olga; Martynenko, Olga; Karminov, Viktor; Shvidenko, Anatoly; Havlik, Petr; Kraxner, Florian; See, Linda; Fritz, Steffen

2018-01-01

Knowledge of the spatial distribution of agricultural abandonment following the collapse of the Soviet Union is highly uncertain. To help improve this situation, we have developed a new map of arable and abandoned land for 2010 at a 10 arc-second resolution. We have fused together existing land cover and land use maps at different temporal and spatial scales for the former Soviet Union (fSU) using a training data set collected from visual interpretation of very high resolution (VHR) imagery. We have also collected an independent validation data set to assess the map accuracy. The overall accuracies of the map by region and country, i.e. Caucasus, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation and Ukraine, are 90±2%, 84±2%, 92±1%, 78±3%, 95±1%, 83±2%, respectively. This new product can be used for numerous applications including the modelling of biogeochemical cycles, land-use modelling, the assessment of trade-offs between ecosystem services and land-use potentials (e.g., agricultural production), among others. PMID:29611843

Nurses across borders: displaced Russian and Soviet nurses after World War I and World War II.

PubMed

Grant, Susan

2014-01-01

Russian and Soviet nurse refugees faced myriad challenges attempting to become registered nurses in North America and elsewhere after the World War II. By drawing primarily on International Council of Nurses refugee files, a picture can be pieced together of the fate that befell many of those women who left Russia and later the Soviet Union because of revolution and war in the years after 1917. The history of first (after World War I) and second (after World War II) wave émigré nurses, integrated into the broader historical narrative, reveals that professional identity was just as important to these women as national identity. This became especially so after World War II, when Russian and Soviet refugee nurses resettled in the West. Individual accounts become interwoven on an international canvas that brings together a wide range of personal experiences from women based in Russia, the Soviet Union, China, Yugoslavia, Canada, the United States, and elsewhere. The commonality of experience among Russian nurses as they attempted to establish their professional identities highlights, through the prism of Russia, the importance of the history of the displaced nurse experience in the wider context of international migration history.

United States Air Force Agency Financial Report 2013

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-01-01

of the Berlin Airlift. Following World War II, Germany was divided into four sectors . Although Berlin was located in the Soviet controlled...eastern sector of Germany, the city was also divided into four sections. The U.S., Great Britain, and France occupied the western portion of Berlin and...the Soviets occupied the eastern portion. In June 1948, the Soviet Union blocked the Allies’ railway, road, and canal access to those sectors of

The Strategic Defense Initiative in Soviet Planning and Policy

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-01

relentlessly insisted that since the signing of the ABM Treaty in 1972, the Soviet Union has changed its view on the question of homeland defense. By thus...and testing permitted by the ABM Treaty will not be extended as a bargaining chip, regard- less of any reciprocal concessions the Soviets might offer...proceed apace for a number of years. An appropriate mix of technical achievement, budgetary commitment, adjustment to the ABM Treaty, alliance

USSR Local War Doctrine as Rationale for the Development of the Soviet CTOL Aircraft Carrier.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-06-01

Soviet Union. [Ref. 11: p. 252] The peacetime Red naval mission is not entirely one of blissful exchanges of pleasantries. Its utility during distant...expended toward gift presentation and the exchange of pleasantries. Such visits were designed as feelers to divine Russian acceptance by the developing...How- * ever, the presence of military forces displaying the capa- * bilities to intervene may have affected the perceptions of * Soviet clinets

Soviet Countertrade

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-09-01

t5’ Wt USAFA-TR-89-5 SOVIET COUNTERTRADE Lt Col Robert L. Waller DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS AND GEOGRAPHY LOcv, Nv SEPTEMBER 1989 oFINAL REPORT APPROVED...8217Continue an owts if necelbary and identify by bloc* number) SWestern observers have noted the Soviet Union’s use of countertrade over the past...country before the buyer agrees to make the initial purchase. After defining the terms often used in relation to countertrade , this paper develops the

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-06

of a plant to produce mineral powdered additives for asphalt, even though this is what will help the department increase road longevity . Such a...resort area; its summer popula- tion reaches 800,000-900,000. The majority of the pen- sions and pioneer camps are located within the territory of the...soviet, and thus are not subject to the decisions of the local Soviets. I am intro- ducing a proposal that the pensions, rest homes, and pioneer

The Scent of the Future: Manned Space Travel and the Soviet Union.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

AND ECONOMIC APPLICATIONS 56 GREENHOUSES , BOOSTERS, AND SPACE PLANES: SOVIET SPACE-RELATED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 72 R.U.R. REVISITED: MANNED VERSUS... greenhouse that was part of their 12-square-meter closed environment.9 6 The successful conclusion of this test demonstrated the feasibility of a manned...will probably be timed to coincide with the XXVI Party Congress which convenes in February 1981. 71 GREENHOUSES , BOOSTERS, AND SPACE PLANES: SOVIET

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-10-31

and for leaders of tions or arrests by the militia, drug addicts , alcoholics, soviet and State organs, enterprises, organizations, insti- etc. Would it...O.K. for a trial where the black whale -like humpbacks of the nuclear repairs erofint asand av teO. a trial submarines float high above the piers, are

Building Ukrainian Montessori from the Ground up

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cusack, Ginny

2008-01-01

Ukraine had been under Soviet domination for 75 years. Its institutions, including its educational system, were guided by rules established in Moscow. When the Soviet Union dissolved in 1991, the country had opportunities to reinvent itself. In this article, the author discusses the Ukrainian Montessori Project, a successful partnership between…

Recent Cold War Studies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Pineo, Ronn

2003-01-01

Cold War historiography has undergone major changes since the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Union. For two years (1992-1993) the principal Soviet archives fell open to scholars, and although some of the richest holdings are now once again closed, new information continues to find its way out. Moreover, critical documentary information has become…

Perestroyka in the Soviet Union. Occasional Paper No. 128.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Makhmoutov, Mirza Ismail

This document presents the point of view that although socialism has produced benefits for the USSR, Soviet society has undertaken its own radical reconstruction. History shows that the natural basis of changes in every society tends to be objective technological revolutions. The first technological revolution was agrarian. The second was…

Soviet Cinema.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Talbot, Elizabeth

Recent social and political changes in the USSR have made available some 60 previously unreleased films, which were produced during the last 20 years and withheld from release by the Union of Soviet Filmmakers. In 1986, much of this group's leadership was removed leading to an atmosphere more favorable to wider distribution. Some of these films…

Post-Soviet Moral Education: The Case of Kyrgyzstan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Misco, Thomas; Hamot, Gregory E.

2007-01-01

The Republic of Kyrgyzstan became a free and democratic state after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since that time, Kyrgyzstan has redefined and renegotiated what education in its society should be. Although numerous internal and external initiatives have sought to reshape Kyrgyzstan's curriculum and instructional strategies, these projects…

The Soviet Region, The Environment, and U.S. National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-04-01

environmental pollution is an international problem requiring international solutions. Second, environmental issues are integral to the prospect of economic vitality. Third, the Soviet Union has a history of environmental abuse and is now paying an economic and social price which must be reversed. And finally, since regional

Translations on USSR Science and Technology, Physical Sciences and Technology, Number 39

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-06-30

11111111111111 \\"-m Twice-Awarded Hero of the Soviet Union, USSR Pilot-Cosmonaut A. A. Leonov exercises on a trampoline . Training cannot be limited to a...Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, and Czechoslovakia participated in the conference. The Soviet delegation was headed by Academician B. N. Petrov

The soviet manned lunar program N1-L3

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lardier, Christian

2018-01-01

The conquest of space was marked by the Moon race in which the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, were engaged in the 1960s. On the American side, the Apollo program culminated with the Man on the Moon in July 1969, 50 years ago. At the same time, the Soviet Union carried out a similar program which was kept secret for 20 years. This N1-L3 program was unveiled in August 1989. Its goal was to arrive on the Moon before the Americans. It included an original super-rocket, development of which began in June 1960. But this program became a national priority only in August 1964 and the super-rocket failed four times between 1969 and 1972. This article analyses the reasons for these failures, which led to the cancellation of the program in 1974.

Reform of general education and vocational training in the U.S.S.R

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. L.

1985-01-01

School reform in the Soviet Union is now being carried out in accordance with programmatic directives of the June 1983 plenary session of the CPSU Central Committee. The draft reform was under study and discussion for several months by various groups within the Soviet Union with the participation of about 120 million people. Following the discussion of the draft reform, the basic guidelines for reform were approved by the plenary session of the CPSU Central Committee on April 10, 1984, and by the U.S.S.R. Supreme Soviet on April 12, 1984. The essence of the reform is to improve the quality of instruction (including an added year of compulsory education-from 10 to 11) and to teach young people a profession in addition to the required volume of knowledge and work skills.

Trends in high-speed camera development in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics /USSR/ and People's Republic of China /PRC/

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hyzer, W. G.

1981-10-01

Significant advances in high-speed camera technology are being made in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and People's Republic of China (PRC), which were revealed to the author during recent visits to both of these countries. Past and present developments in high-speed cameras are described in this paper based on personal observations by the author and on private communications with other technical observers. Detailed specifications on individual instruments are presented in those specific cases where such information has been revealed and could be verified.

[Representations of Care of Migrants from the former Soviet Union with Alcohol or Drug Problems in Germany].

PubMed

Röhnsch, Gundula; Flick, Uwe

2015-10-01

Which representations of care can be found in migrants with alcohol or drug problems from the former Soviet Union? How do they correspond with views in the care system? Episodic interviews with 46 migrants, expert interviews with 33 service providers; analysis with thematic coding. For migrants and experts holistic care is important, which include spiritual-religious components but are also control-oriented. The cultural specificity of migrants' care representations should be acknowledged by the health care system much more. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Soviet Economic Reform: Socialism and Property. Report of the Strategy for Peace, U.S. Foreign Policy Conference (30th, Warrenton, Virginia, October 19-21, 1989).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christensen, Kathy, Comp.; And Others

The Stanley Foundation annually assembles a panel of experts from the public and private sectors to assess specific foreign policy issues and to recommend future direction. The participants in the round-table discussion summarized in this report agreed that the Soviets are moving from a Marxist-Leninist version of socialism to a broader version,…

Crisis in environmental management of the Soviet Union

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Khabibullov, Marat

1991-11-01

The prevailing system of environmental management strongly depends on the economic and political structures of a country and is influenced by the current condition of them. Environmental degradation in the Soviet Union has been caused mainly by the political and economic misconceptions listed in this article. With the transformation of its state order to the model of Western democracies, the Soviet Union is experiencing a deep economic crisis of restructuring, reflected in a parallel crisis in its system of environmental management, which is manifest in the form of rapid transformation. This is characterized by the contradiction of the state’s old administrative institutions, which still exist, with the efforts to use market mechanisms of environmental control. Such methods include various fees and payments for the use of natural resources or for pollution and creation of specialized regional funds and banks to finance environmental programs. All these occur in the context of the strengthening of regional sovereignty, the introduction of self-accounting for economic units, the adoption of comprehensive legal enactments, and the setting up of an efficient administrative system of their enforcement. Public activism, as one of the principal actors in this structure, also has undergone quick maturation. Nevertheless the future development of the new Soviet system of environmental control remains uncertain because of the present unpredictability of the overall situation in the short run.

Assessing the Use of Social Media in a Revolutionary Environment

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

36 radio stations played a significant role in ending state communism in the Soviet Union .62 Building on this lineage, digital communication...Scheme Defendant Defrauded Credit Unions with Phony Purchase Orders for Luxury Cars,” The United States Attorney’s Office Western District of...existing social networks (such as student unions , labor unions , clubs and other civic organizations) is the most effective way to build a large social

Gorbachev's Foreign Policy: How Should the United States Respond? Headline Series No. 284.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Legvold, Robert; And Others

After three years in power, Soviet leader, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, has emphasized that he intends to carry out a restructuring of the Soviet system in an effort to make the Soviet economy capable of assimilating the opportunities offered by contemporary science, technology and methods of management. Chapter 1, a brief introduction, stresses that…

Exploration and development offshore southern Vietnam

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ferguson, A.M.

1996-12-31

In Vietnam, the major focus of the oil and gas industry is on the Nam Con Son and Cuu Long Basins in the southern offshore area. Major licensing first occurred here in the early 1970s. Some exploration was also undertaken by foreign companies in the early 1980s. In 1981, the Soviet Union undertook to assist Vietnam with the development of oil and gas. Vietsovpetro, a joint venture between the then Soviet Oil and Gas Ministry and the Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation was formed. Most of Vietsovpetro`s efforts have been to develop the Bach Ho field in the Cuu Longmore » Basin. This now produces {approximately}130000 bopd. The most recent large scale licensing round occurred in 1992, and, at present, there are over thirty foreign companies active in these Basins` blocks . The first phase of exploration is ending and successes in the Nam Con Son Basin include the BP-led Lan Tay/Lan Do gas discoveries and Pedco`s gas discoveries. Mitsubishi`s and Petronas` oil discoveries in the Cuu Long Basin have attracted much attention also. The Dai Hung oil field (BHP-operated) has been producing since late 1994. Certain blocks are being appraised, and exploration work is also continuing. Areas of the Cuu Long Basin that were part of Vietsovpetro`s acreage, but which may soon be re-licensed, have generated keen interest. The presence of an active upstream industry - exploring, appraising, developing and producing - indicates the emergence of Vietnam as an important East Asian oil and gas player.« less

JPRS Report, Soviet Union Political Affairs Soviet Commentary on the 19th Party Conference.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-31

officer himself, if we are to be thoroughly frank. The situation demanded constructive changes, not cosmetics . We discussed all this in an expanded...to free ourselves of the flow of paper, of the preponderance of instructions and documents, of many other things that hinder our work. As I...promotes unity within Soviet society, as the foundation of free development and blossoming of all peoples in the USSR...." It is this concept that

Bottom Line Conference Held on May 13, 1982 at Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washington, DC.

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-01-01

THE BETTER THEY MAINTAIN THEIR BALANCE UNAIDED. AN4 ECONOMY EXPERIENCING RAPID GROWTH CAN ADJUST WITH RELATIVE EASE TO CHANGES IN SUPPLY, DEMAND AND...Soviet military balance . The Soviet Union, emboldened by new military might and * America’s post-Vietnam paralysis has, in recent years, * assumed a...conventional forces in Western * Europe and Northeast Asia had become increasingly out of * balance with those of the Soviets. The strategic nuclear balance

Muzzling the Bear: Gorbachev’s Program to Restructure the Soviet Military

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-04-01

quantity to quality- in a continuing program of military accumulation.4 4 Steven Adragna argues thalt Soviet military doctrine can not evolve until it...aggressive nature and intent of capitalist society. Adragna maintains that so far there has been no serious effort to discredit the historical theorem that...any military action the Soviet Union takes is defensive in nature by definition and is therefore justified. Further, Adragna claims that the Kremlin’s

The Role of Women in the Soviet Armed Forces

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-04-15

she would stereotype Soviet women, she stated: " Overworked , unhappy with their lives-- standing in lines, taking care of the kids, alcoholism among men...Greece, The Netherlands, Turkey, Israel and Japan . There was no mention of the Soviet Union. Based upon a January 1991 query to the Women’s Research and...1986-1990 due to accidents, suicide and hazing. The group asked the military prosecutor to investigate the abuses within the armed forces, especially

Constructing fertility tables for Soviet populations.

PubMed

Mazur, D P

1976-02-01

Because the 1970 Soviet Union census does not provide information on the age structure of men and women separately by sex and according to their ethnic affiliation, the 1959 USSR census data serve as the basis to infer knowledge about ethnic fertility. The model takes into account (1) the total number of births in 1960, estimated from the child-woman ratio in 1959, (2) the age structure of women in 1959, and (3) the assumed pattern of age-specific birth rates structured in terms of the modal age at childbearing and the length of the fertility age span. The results show that Ukrainians among the Slav populations ranked as the lowest with 2.07 children born per woman. Their total fertility contrasts with that of Kazakhs native to Central Asia, who reportedly according to Soviet sources had 7.46 children per woman in 1958-1959, and whose estimated rate is around 8.59 children. Extreme variations appear in the estimates of fertility among nationalities of the Caucasus region, Volga Basin, and to a lesser degree in Siberia. Official Soviet calculations of crude birth rates and age-specific rates for 15 Union Republics in 1967-1968 are transcribed and compared with the estimates for nationalities in 1959-1960. The same theoretical model used to generate the Soviet rates may be adapted under different assumptions to non-Soviet populations in other situations where the data are scanty or incomplete.

The Difficult Road to Mars: A Brief History of Mars Exploration in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Perminov, V. G.

1999-01-01

Perminov was the leading designer for Mars and Venus spacecraft at the Soviet Lavochkin design bureau in the early days of Martian exploration. In addition to competing with the U.S. to get to the Moon, the Soviets also struggled to beat the U.S. to Mars during the Cold War. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviets attempted to send a number of robotic probes to Mars, but for a variety of reasons, most of these missions ended in failure. Despite these overall failures, the Soviets garnered a great deal of scientific and technical knowledge through these efforts. This monograph tells some fascinating, but little-known, stories.

Moving East: how the transnational tobacco industry gained entry to the emerging markets of the former Soviet Union-part I: establishing cigarette imports.

PubMed

Gilmore, A B; McKee, M

2004-06-01

To identify British American Tobacco's (BAT) reasons for targeting the former Soviet Union following its collapse in 1991 and the initial strategies BAT used to enter the region. Analysis of tobacco industry documents held at the Guildford BAT archive. Desire to expand to new markets was based in part on the decline in old markets. The large population, proximity to China, scope to expand sales to women and, in Central Asia, a young population with high growth rates made the former Soviet Union particularly attractive. High consumption rates and unfilled demand caused by previous shortages offered potential for rapid returns on investment. A series of steps were taken to penetrate the markets with the initial focus on establishing imports. The documents suggest that BAT encouraged the use of aid money and barter trade to fund imports and directed the smuggling of cigarettes which graduated from an opportunistic strategy to a highly organised operation. In establishing a market presence, promotion of BAT's brands and corporate image were paramount, and used synonymously to promote both the cigarettes and the company. The tobacco industry targeted young people and women. It used the allure of western products to promote its brands and brand stretching and corporate imagery to pre-empt future marketing restrictions. BAT used the chaotic conditions in the immediate post-transition period in the former Soviet Union to exploit legislative loopholes and ensure illegal cigarette imports. Governments of countries targeted by the tobacco industry need to be aware of industry tactics and develop adequate tobacco control policies in order to prevent the exploitation of vulnerable populations. Marketing restrictions that focus on advertising without restricting the use of brand or company promotions will have a limited impact.

Out from behind the contraceptive Iron Curtain.

PubMed

Jacobson, J L

1990-01-01

In the early 1950s, the Soviet Union and several of its Eastern European satellites completed their transition from high to low fertility before the US and Western Europe. They did this even though there were not enough modern contraceptives available to meet the needs of its citizens. As late as 1990, the Soviet Union had no factories manufacturing modern contraceptives. A gynecologist in Poland described domestically produced oral contraceptives (OCs) as being good for horses, but not for humans. The Romanian government under Ceaucescu banned all contraceptives and safe abortion services. Therefore, women relied on abortion as their principal means of birth control, even in Catholic Poland. The legal abortion rates in the Soviet Union and Romania stood at 100/1000 (1985) and 91/1000 (1987) as compared to 18/1000 in Denmark and 13/1000 in France. All too often these abortion were prohibited and occurred under unsafe conditions giving rise to complications and death. Further, the lack of contraceptives in the region precipitated and increase in AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases. On the other hand, abortion rates were minimalized in Czechoslovakia, East Germany, and Hungary due to the availability of modern contraceptives and reproductive health services. Hungary and East Germany even manufactured OCs. OC use in these 2 nations rated as among the world's highest. East Germany also treated infertility and sexually transmitted diseases. The region experienced a political opening in latecomer 1989. In 1989, IPPF gave approximately 15 million condoms and 3000 monthly OC packets to the Soviet Union to ease the transition. More international assistance for contraceptive supplies and equipment and training to modernize abortion practices is necessary.

Soviet Foreign Policy in the Middle East: Internal and External Determinants.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-01

Soviet-Egyptian relations and four involving Soviet-Syrian relations. Each event signifies a juncture at which Soviet policymakers had to make fundmental ...actor on the international scene. In order to promote a more active global strategy many of the more rigid doctrinal principles of the Stalin era were...establishment of a national-democratic state could be viewed as a positive first step towards socialism, even if it was initially based on capitalist principles

On the history of the development of solid-propellant rockets in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pobedonostsev, Y. A.

1977-01-01

Pre-World War II Soviet solid-propellant rocket technology is reviewed. Research and development regarding solid composite preparations of pyroxyline TNT powder is described, as well as early work on rocket loading calculations, problems of flight stability, and aircraft rocket launching and ground rocket launching capabilities.

The Culture Course in the Undergraduate Russian Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Holliday, Gilbert

1983-01-01

The design and content of a required, fourth-year course in Soviet culture are proposed. The course has three distinguishing characteristics: basis in a broader, social sciences definition of culture; the Soviet Union as a frame of reference; and instruction in Russian. Its objectives are both cultural knowledge and language proficiency. (MSE)

Selection, management and utilization of biosphere reserves.

Treesearch

Jerry F. Franklin; Stanley L. Krugman

1979-01-01

This publication is directed to the analysis of the selection, management, and utilization of Biosphere Reserves as viewed by scientists from the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Soviet papers focus on types of research and monitoring programs that should be developed on Biosphere Reserves, with emphasis on their use in pollutant monitoring....

Wide-Screen Cinema and Stereophonic Sound.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wysotsky, Michael Z.

Developments in the techniques of wide screen cinema and stereophonic sound throughout the world are detailed in this book. Particular attention is paid to progress in the Soviet Union in these fields. Special emphasis is placed on the Soviet view of stereophonic sound as a vital adjunct in the search for enchanced realism as opposed to the…

Landmarks in the Literature: Super Soviet Pedagogue.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Alston, Patrick L.

1979-01-01

Anton Makarenko became a national hero for effecting education for communism in the 1920s. His book, "The Road to Life," is an artistic achievement and the most widely read and influential work on education in the Soviet Union. But Makarenko's legacy is more myth than model in present-day Russia. (Author/SJL)

ESTIMATING THE TERRESTIAL CARBON POOLS OF THE FORMER SOVIET UNION, CONTERMINOUS U.S., AND BRAZIL

EPA Science Inventory

Terrestrial-carbon (C) pool sizes are of interest in relation to quantifying current sources and sinks of C, and evaluating the possibilities for future C sequestration or release by the biosphere. In this study, the C pools in the terrestrial ecosystems of the former Soviet Unio...

A Precarious Position of Power: Soviet School Directors in the 1930s

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ewing, E. Thomas

2009-01-01

In September 1931, the Communist Party Central Committee, the highest political authority in the Soviet Union, declared that "single person rule" ("edinonachalie") should prevail in the administration of schools. The history of approximately 100,000 school directors in the 1930s was shaped by a rapid expansion in numbers as…

National Bibliography in a Multi-National State as Accomplished in the USSR.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vesirova, L. A.

Soviet national bibliographies register all types of publications printed in the Soviet Union regardless of the language in which they were published. These bibliographies are known as state bibliographies. This report dwells on the characteristics of the organization of a state bibliographic system in a multi-national socialistic state. The…

Soviet Negotiating Techniques in Arms Control Negotiations with the United States

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-08-01

Arma - ments and the Prohibition of Atomic, Hydrogen and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction. 󈧰 The disarmament debate then centered in twenty- eight...example, on the problem of the Mideast and on other outstanding problems in which the United States and the Soviet Union, acting together, canJ serve the

North Korea The Reality of a Rogue State in the International Order

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

military force, to say the least, was not a formidable one. After squashing a pro-communist rebellion in 1948, the military was purged, leaving it...North Korea tried to avoid becoming entangled in the Sino- Soviet split, obtaining aid from both the Soviet Union and China and trying to avoid

8 CFR 240.61 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... member who has not been apprehended at the time of entry after December 19, 1990; (2) A Guatemalan or... December 31, 1990, filed an application for asylum on or before December 31, 1991, and, at the time of filing the application, was a national of the Soviet Union, Russia, any republic of the former Soviet...

Spatial Analysis of Market Economy Innovations in the Former Soviet Union: The Case of Commodity Exchanges

DTIC Science & Technology

1992-10-06

current cooperative movement in the former Soviet Uni’n can be traced to a law adopted in November, 1986 which permitted family members residing...the labor joined the cooperative movement in 1988. Uzbekistan, the largest of the Central Asian republics, claims only one exchange in Tashkent

The changing face of environmentalism in the Soviet Union

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Not Available

1990-03-01

Igor Izodorovich Altshuler and Ruben Artyomovich Mnatsakanyan are scientific researchers in the department of geography at Moscow State University and cofounders of the Association for the Support of Ecological initiatives established by the Soviet Foundation for Social Innovations. They authored a report on glasnost and ecology in the Soviet Union published in the December 1988 ENVIRONMENT. Recently, Altshuler and Mnatsakanyan visited ENVIRONMENT's offices in Washington, D.C., and talked at length about environmental problems and issues in the USSR. This paper presents excerpts of an interview of Altshuler and Mnatsakanyan conducted by Barbara Richman, managing editor of ENVIRONMENT. They discuss environmentalmore » problems, global climate change, agriculture, lack of information on the biggest polluters, transboundary pollution, impact of recent elections on environmental policy, the use of environmental impact assessments, public information about the environment, training of reporters, environmental organizations, and lack of money and political obstacles to environmental improvements.« less

Gender Analysis of the Development of School and University Theme in Soviet and Russian Audiovisual Media Texts

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levitskaya, Anastasia; Seliverstova, Lyudmila; Mamadaliev, Anvar

2017-01-01

The article is written within the framework of a broader study investigating school and university representation in the Soviet/Russian and foreign audiovisual media texts. The research outlines that in Soviet cinema the image of the female teacher was transformed in the following sequence: a heroine-revolutionary; a heroine of hard work; an…

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garner, W.V.

The problem investigated here is how Soviet perceptions of particular military threats, in this case from NATO's new INF missiles, affect their arms control negotiating policy. This study most closely examines Soviet writings in the 1979-83 period and relies on extensive interviewing, sponsored by IREX, at the Soviet Academy of Sciences Institutes. It attempts to distinguish between Soviet portrayals and real perceptions of the military and political threats from the 1983 INF deployments. It explores how such Soviet assessments interrelate with Soviet military doctrine and broader foreign policy strategies, and how perceptions might differ among Soviet analysts and officials. Itmore » is divided into six chapters: (1) Historical Perspectives; (2) Soviet Threat Portrayals; (3) Evaluating Soviet Threat Portrayals; (4) Soviet Military Doctrine and the INF Threat; (5) Soviet Political-Military Interests at the INF Negotiations; (6) The Soviet Net Assessment. The study finds that Soviet threat portrayals are loosely consistent with Soviet perceptions of the potential threat, especially from an extended-range Pershing missile against their National Command Authorities.« less

Prevalence and factors associated with the use of alternative (folk) medicine practitioners in 8 countries of the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Stickley, Andrew; Koyanagi, Ai; Richardson, Erica; Roberts, Bayard; Balabanova, Dina; McKee, Martin

2013-04-11

Research suggests that since the collapse of the Soviet Union there has been a sharp growth in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in some former Soviet countries. However, as yet, comparatively little is known about the use of CAM in the countries throughout this region. Against this background, the aim of the current study was to determine the prevalence of using alternative (folk) medicine practitioners in eight countries of the former Soviet Union (fSU) and to examine factors associated with their use. Data were obtained from the Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health (LLH) survey undertaken in eight former Soviet countries (Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine) in 2001. In this nationally representative cross-sectional survey, 18428 respondents were asked about how they treated 10 symptoms, with options including the use of alternative (folk) medicine practitioners. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine the factors associated with the treatment of differing symptoms by such practitioners in these countries. The prevalence of using an alternative (folk) medicine practitioner for symptom treatment varied widely between countries, ranging from 3.5% in Armenia to 25.0% in Kyrgyzstan. For nearly every symptom, respondents living in rural locations were more likely to use an alternative (folk) medicine practitioner than urban residents. Greater wealth was also associated with using these practitioners, while distrust of doctors played a role in the treatment of some symptoms. The widespread use of alternative (folk) medicine practitioners in some fSU countries and the growth of this form of health care provision in the post-Soviet period in conditions of variable licensing and regulation, highlights the urgent need for more research on this phenomenon and its potential effects on population health in the countries in this region.

Changes in Land Use Intensity Within the Don and Dnieper River Basins Following the Collapse of the Soviet Union as Revealed by Spatio-temporal Trend Analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kovalskyy, V.; Henebry, G.

2007-12-01

We analyzed changes in trends of land surface phenology (LSP) within two major river basins in Western Eurasia. The basins of Don and Dnieper Rivers extend over 862,000 ha and include 17% of the impounded water surface area in the former Soviet Union. Major changes in agricultural practices occurring after 1991 led to some time drastic reductions in the cultivated area receiving fertilizers and the amount of water consumed for irrigation in addition to other macro-indicators of agricultural sector land use intensity. Image time series analysis can localize the extent, direction, and intensity of changes during the 1990s. Using vegetation index data from the AVHRR PAL and GIMMS datasets from 1982-1988 (Soviet period) and 1995-2000 (post-Soviet period) coupled with contemporary land cover maps from MODIS, we identified the spatial extent of temporal trends and assess their significance using seasonal Mann-Kendall tests adjusted for first-order autocorrelation. Roughly 90% of croplands and forested land in Dnieper Basin exhibited no significant trends during the Soviet period. The Don Basin had more significant positive trends during the Soviet period than the Dnieper Basin. There was a substantial disagreement between datasets on the extent of significant positive trends in Don croplands (35% for GIMMS vs. 8% for PAL) and in Don forests during Soviet period (38% for GIMMS vs. 27% for PAL). Although very little area in either basins showed significant negative trends during the Soviet period, substantial areas fell under significant negative trends during the post-Soviet period. We also found major disagreement on extent of significant negative trends in Don forests during post-Soviet period (6% for GIMMS vs. 24% for PAL). Even though, there are some significant disagreements between the datasets, there is no evidence of a consistent bias in the change analysis. Changes in irrigation water use may account for some of the changes in trend direction.

’Whiskey on the Rocks’ - The Submarine Incident off Karlskrona (’Whisky on the Rocks’ - Der U-Boot-Zwischefall vor Karlskrona),

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-04-19

kowledg tha hoediee e i sumrieoesgeufr umrednvgain sounded the arm to the "Oertogsbasstaben sic] in Karlskrona, whose chief of staff, Commander Karl...through: "Sweden--small--pfui--nothing, Soviet Union--great-- powerful ." Not quite diplomatic, but perhaps a measure of the master race mentality of...certain Soviet military people. Soviet Demonstration of Power When the alarm was sounded, all conceivable measures were taken by the Swedish commander𔃾n

The Soviet BOR-4 Spaceplanes and their Legacy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hendrickx, B.

Between 1982 and 1984 the Soviet Union launched four small recoverable lifting bodies designed to test heatshield materials for the Soviet space shuttle Buran. Called BOR-4, these vehicles were originally designed to be flown in support of the Spiral military spaceplane programme, but after the cancellation of that project were reoriented towards Buran. They were widely misinterpreted in the West as subscale versions of a military spaceplane and would later serve as the basis for several American spaceplane designs.

19 CFR 4.22 - Exemptions from special tonnage taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... money: Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Arab Republic of Egypt Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas, The.... Vincent and The Grenadines Surinam, Republic of Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab...

19 CFR 4.22 - Exemptions from special tonnage taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... money: Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Arab Republic of Egypt Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas, The... Grenadines Surinam, Republic of Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi...

19 CFR 4.22 - Exemptions from special tonnage taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... money: Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Arab Republic of Egypt Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas, The.... Vincent and The Grenadines Surinam, Republic of Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab...

19 CFR 4.22 - Exemptions from special tonnage taxes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... money: Algeria Antigua and Barbuda Arab Republic of Egypt Argentina Australia Austria Bahamas, The.... Vincent and The Grenadines Surinam, Republic of Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Taiwan Thailand Togo Tonga Tunisia Turkey Tuvalu Union of South Africa Union of Soviet Socialist Republics United Arab...

Scientific and technical training in the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spearman, M. L.

1984-01-01

The Soviet Union recognizes that the foundation of their system depends upon complete dedication of the people to the state through thorough psychological training as well as through military training, and through specialized education in the broad fields of engineering, natural sciences, life sciences, social sciences, and education. An outline of the U.S.S.R. educational system indicates the extent of academic training, coupled with on-the-job and military training, that can produce a highly skilled, dedicated, and matured person. Observations on the coupling of political, economic, and psychological training along with the technical training are made, along with some mention of positive and negative aspects of the training.

The great Chinese fire of 1987 - A view from space

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cahoon, Donald R., Jr.; Levine, Joel S.; Cofer, Wesley R., III; Miller, James E.; Minnis, Patrick; Tennille, Geoffrey M.; Yip, Tommy W.; Stocks, Brian J.; Heck, Patrick W.

1991-01-01

One of the largest forest fires ever recorded burned in the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Soviet Union in May 1987. The fire covered over 1.0 million hectares in the PRC and almost 4 million hectares in the Soviet Union. The progress and areal extent of the fire were measured using satellite images analyzed in the imaging facilities at NASA-Langley and Forestry Canada. The analyses show the utility and value of satellite measurements to assess the areal extent and geographical distribution of fires, and have important implications for future measurements to be obtained from space platforms, such as the Earth Observing System.

Socio-economic impact of Trans-Siberian railway after the collapse of Soviet Union by integrated spatial data analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Uchida, Seina; Takeuchi, Wataru; Hatoyama, Kiichiro; Mazurov, Yuri

2016-06-01

How Russian cities have stood up again after the collapse of Soviet Union will be discussed in this paper. In order to know how the cities has managed the difficult period after the change of social system, transition of urban area, population, and nighttime light is searched. Although Far East will not stop as one of the most important area with abundant resources, overpopulation in towns and depopulation in countryside is going on. By searching the present situation, this research also aims to predict the future of Far East and Russia. First of all, Landsat data from 1987 to 2015 is collected over Moscow, Vladivostok, Novosibirsk, Tynda, and Blagoveshchensk and urban area is calculated by land cover classification. Secondly, population and retail turnover data are collected from year books in Russia. Thirdly, gross regional product (GRP) is estimated by nighttime light images from DMSP-OLS and VIIRS DNB dataset. In addition, these data are compared and difference of development stage after the collapse of Soviet Union between the unstable era (1990s-2000) and development era (2000-) will be discussed. It is expected that these analysis will give us useful information about Russian strategy for the future.

Increased rate of depression and psychosomatic symptoms in Jewish migrants from the post-Soviet-Union to Germany in the 3rd generation after the Shoa.

PubMed

Ullmann, E; Barthel, A; Licinio, J; Petrowski, K; Bornstein, S R; Strauß, B

2013-03-12

The mental health status of persons with Jewish background living in Germany is discussed with special regard to social exclusion like anti-Semitism and overprotective parental rearing behavior, as a transmissional factor of the KZ-Syndrome. These stressors are considered in the context of a higher risk for depression/fear and psychosomatic disorders and also abnormal cortisol levels. The present sample (N=89) is derived from the Jewish population currently living in the German region of Saxony aged between 17-36 years that emigrated from the post-Soviet-Union areas. The mean age was 22.9 years. Two questionnaires to detect psychosomatic symptoms (Giessen complaint list (GBB)-24, hospital anxiety and depression scale) and one questionnaire addressing parental rearing behavior (FEE) were employed. Comparisons were drawn with normative data from the literature about the German residential population. In addition, questions were asked concerning the experience of anti-Semitism in Germany and in the post-Soviet-Union areas. A higher prevalence of depression/fear (10.3% versus 18.2%) and psychosomatic symptoms (M=14.03 versus 17.8; t=2.42; P<0.05) was observed in Jewish migrants to Germany as compared with non-Jewish German residents. Furthermore, anti-Semitic experiences in Germany correlated positively with depression (r=0.293; P<0.01) and fear (r=0.254; P<0.05). The anti-Semitic experiences in the post-Soviet-Union areas also correlated positively with limb pain (r=0.41, P<0.01), fatigue symptoms (r=0.296, P<0.01) and psychocardial symptoms (r=0.219, P<0.05). It was also confirmed that the male respondents recalled a controlling and overprotecting maternal rearing behavior more frequently than the German standard random sample (M=15.39 versus 18.6; t=2.68; P<0.01). The latter also correlated significantly positive with epigastric pain (r=0.349; P<0.01). The present results show that depression, fear and psychosomatic problems are common in Jewish residents with a background of migration from the post-Soviet-Union areas to Germany. Apart from the transgenerational passing of psychological traumata and the Holocaust experiences, other stressors like anti-Semitism, control and overprotection as parental rearing measures appear to be important factors specifically contributing to the pathogenesis of the attributed symptoms.

Increased rate of depression and psychosomatic symptoms in Jewish migrants from the post-Soviet-Union to Germany in the 3rd generation after the Shoa

PubMed Central

Ullmann, E; Barthel, A; Licinio, J; Petrowski, K; Bornstein, S R; Strauß, B

2013-01-01

The mental health status of persons with Jewish background living in Germany is discussed with special regard to social exclusion like anti-Semitism and overprotective parental rearing behavior, as a transmissional factor of the KZ-Syndrome. These stressors are considered in the context of a higher risk for depression/fear and psychosomatic disorders and also abnormal cortisol levels. The present sample (N=89) is derived from the Jewish population currently living in the German region of Saxony aged between 17–36 years that emigrated from the post-Soviet-Union areas. The mean age was 22.9 years. Two questionnaires to detect psychosomatic symptoms (Giessen complaint list (GBB)-24, hospital anxiety and depression scale) and one questionnaire addressing parental rearing behavior (FEE) were employed. Comparisons were drawn with normative data from the literature about the German residential population. In addition, questions were asked concerning the experience of anti-Semitism in Germany and in the post-Soviet-Union areas. A higher prevalence of depression/fear (10.3% versus 18.2%) and psychosomatic symptoms (M=14.03 versus 17.8; t=2.42; P<0.05) was observed in Jewish migrants to Germany as compared with non-Jewish German residents. Furthermore, anti-Semitic experiences in Germany correlated positively with depression (r=0.293; P<0.01) and fear (r=0.254; P<0.05). The anti-Semitic experiences in the post-Soviet-Union areas also correlated positively with limb pain (r=0.41, P<0.01), fatigue symptoms (r=0.296, P<0.01) and psychocardial symptoms (r=0.219, P<0.05). It was also confirmed that the male respondents recalled a controlling and overprotecting maternal rearing behavior more frequently than the German standard random sample (M=15.39 versus 18.6; t=2.68; P<0.01). The latter also correlated significantly positive with epigastric pain (r=0.349; P<0.01). The present results show that depression, fear and psychosomatic problems are common in Jewish residents with a background of migration from the post-Soviet-Union areas to Germany. Apart from the transgenerational passing of psychological traumata and the Holocaust experiences, other stressors like anti-Semitism, control and overprotection as parental rearing measures appear to be important factors specifically contributing to the pathogenesis of the attributed symptoms. PMID:23481628

Tobacco and transition: an overview of industry investments, impact and influence in the former Soviet Union.

PubMed

Gilmore, A B; McKee, M

2004-06-01

To quantify the contribution the tobacco industry has made to foreign direct investment (FDI) in the former Soviet Union (FSU) as an indicator of its political and economic leverage; to explore the impact this has had on production capacity and tobacco control in the region. Data on industry investment and its impact on cigarette production capacity were collated from industry journals, reports, and websites. Data on total FDI were obtained from the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. By the end of 2000, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) had invested over 2.7 billion US dollars in 10 countries of the FSU. Tobacco money as a proportion of FDI varies from 1% to over 30% in Uzbekistan. Cigarette production capacity in the factories receiving investments tripled from 146 to 416 billion cigarettes per annum and the TTCs' market share has increased from nothing to between 50-100% in the markets in which they invested. Findings suggest that the effectiveness of national tobacco control measures corresponds broadly to the nature of the political and economic transition in each country and the size of industry investment, which is determined in part by the political context. Thus more effective measures tend to be seen in democratic states with smaller or no industry investments while the least effective measures are seen in highly centralised, one party states with high levels of industry investment or those with limited governmental capacity. The entry of the TTCs at a time of major political and economic change left the FSU particularly vulnerable to industry influence. This influence was enhanced by the industry's significant contribution to FDI, their ability to take over existing state monopolies in all but the largest countries, and the lack of democratic opposition.

Tobacco and transition: an overview of industry investments, impact and influence in the former Soviet Union

PubMed Central

Gilmore, A; McKee, M

2004-01-01

Objectives: To quantify the contribution the tobacco industry has made to foreign direct investment (FDI) in the former Soviet Union (FSU) as an indicator of its political and economic leverage; to explore the impact this has had on production capacity and tobacco control in the region. Design: Data on industry investment and its impact on cigarette production capacity were collated from industry journals, reports, and websites. Data on total FDI were obtained from the European Bank of Reconstruction and Development. Results: By the end of 2000, transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) had invested over US$2.7 billion in 10 countries of the FSU. Tobacco money as a proportion of FDI varies from 1% to over 30% in Uzbekistan. Cigarette production capacity in the factories receiving investments tripled from 146 to 416 billion cigarettes per annum and the TTCs' market share has increased from nothing to between 50–100% in the markets in which they invested. Findings suggest that the effectiveness of national tobacco control measures corresponds broadly to the nature of the political and economic transition in each country and the size of industry investment, which is determined in part by the political context. Thus more effective measures tend to be seen in democratic states with smaller or no industry investments while the least effective measures are seen in highly centralised, one party states with high levels of industry investment or those with limited governmental capacity. Conclusions: The entry of the TTCs at a time of major political and economic change left the FSU particularly vulnerable to industry influence. This influence was enhanced by the industry's significant contribution to FDI, their ability to take over existing state monopolies in all but the largest countries, and the lack of democratic opposition. PMID:15175530

Optics to rectify CORONA panoramic photographs for map making

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hilbert, Robert S.

2006-08-01

In the 1960's, accurate maps of the United States were available to all, from the U.S. Government, but maps of the Soviet Union were not, and in fact were classified. Maps of the Soviet Union were needed by the U.S. Government, including for U.S. targeting of Soviet ICBM sites, and for negotiating the SALT ICBM disarmament treaty. Although mapping cameras were historically frame cameras with low distortion, the CORONA panoramic film coverage was used to identify any ICBM sites. If distortion-free photographs could be produced from this inherently distorted panoramic material, accurate maps could be produced that would be valuable. Use of the stereo photographs from CORONA, for developing accurate topographical maps, was the mission of Itek's Gamma Rectifier. Bob Shannon's department at Itek was responsible for designing the optics for the Gamma Rectifier. He assigned the design to the author. The optical requirements of this system are described along with the optical design solution, which allowed the inherent panoramic distortion of the original photographs to be "rectified" to a very high level of accuracy, in enlarged photographs. These rectifiers were used three shifts a day, for over a decade, and produced the most accurate maps of the earth's surface, that existed at that time. The results facilitated the success of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) Treaty signed by the US and the Soviet Union in 1972, which were verified by "national means of verification" (i.e. space reconnaissance).

Logistics Support for U.S. Perimeter and Portal Monitoring Sites in the Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-09-01

Interaction of Components. .................. 40 The U.S. National Defense Transportation System.......................52 DTS Description...53 Pros and Cons of Air, Motor Transport 54 Military Airlift Command ............ 56 iii Page Cost/Service Tradeoffs ... .......... . 59 Military...Traffic Management Command . . 59 The Soviet National Transportation System . 61 Transportation and the Economy ....... .. 63 Intermodal Comparison

The Repudiation of Single-Sex Education: Boys' Schools in the Soviet Union, 1943-1954

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ewing, E. Thomas

2006-01-01

This article examines the 11-year Soviet experiment with boys' schools as a way to cast new light on scholarly research and public debates about single-sex education. Drawing on archival and published materials by educators who described school conditions, identified problems, suggested reforms, and evaluated remedies, the author argues that…

Civic Education for Democracy in Latvia: The Program of the Democracy Advancement Center. ERIC Digest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Catlaks, Guntars; Sarma, Valts

In May 1990, the Republic of Latvia declared the restoration of its independence from the Soviet Union. After that declaration, many Latvians began to reform their schools' curricula and teaching methods. They replaced Soviet-era citizenship courses with new teaching materials and methods appropriate for educating the young citizens of a…

Issues in Post-Soviet Secondary School Reform: The Case of Kazakstan.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeYoung, Alan J.; Balzhan, Suzhikova

The Republic of Kazakstan--the world's ninth largest country--is one of five central Asian nations created in 1991 upon the demise of the former Soviet Union. Never a separate political state in the past, Kazakstan now faces a myriad of curricular and educational organization problems related to contemporary economic and political developments, as…

National Security and U.S.-Soviet Relations. Occasional Paper 26.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Clemens, Walter C., Jr.

This paper provides an analytical look at the evolving relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union. The author explores the prospects for international security and advocates a number of policies which would benefit both societies. The first section in the booklet discusses how U.S. security cannot be assured even if the Congress…

Challenge To Apollo: The Soviet Union and The Space Race, 1945-1974

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Siddiqi, Asif A.

2000-01-01

This book is, in essence, sixteen years in the making. First attempted to compile a history of the Soviet space program in 1982 author put together a rough chronology of the main events. A decade later, while living on a couch in a college friend's apartment, he began writing what would be a short history of the Soviet lunar landing program. The first draft was sixty-nine pages long. Late the following year, he decided to expand the topic to handle all early Soviet piloted exploration programs. That work eventually grew into what you are holding in your hand now.

Geopolitics: The Key to Understanding Soviet Regional Behavior.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-04-01

Soviet foreign policy. nertnngthis role, CO can begin to build a usable theoretical framwork for analyzing Soviet behavior in, utategiczlly inportant...the writings of the great geopolitical theorists, such as Mackinder, Spykman, and Gray, in developing a conceptual basis for understanding the la-tem...Histary,- British geographer Sir Halford J. mdcinder provided the conceptual framewrk for geopolitical theory by dividing the world into three vast regions

Guesswork: The Troubled Past of Prediciton

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-10-01

tech surveillance or cloak -and- dagger spies were needed to change the U.S. perceptions of Soviet behavior. Years of studying Soviet strategy was... cloak of Soviet Russia. Industrial giants such as the Junker aircraft manufacturer established satellite factories inside Russia. German companies built...that Stresemann had not been seriously attacked at any time during the past two days of bitter Reichstag debate, and therefore German foreign policy

Sub-Saharan Africa Report No. 2843.

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-09-14

Quota System Lifted 33 University Students Boycott Classes 33 Higher University Fees Protested 33 Labor Unions Decline UDF Membership 33 Progress...Friday that Mr Biya might shortly summon a special congress of the country’s only political party, the Cameroon National Union (UNC). Its...understanding of the Soviet Union in its struggle against colonialism, Neocolonialism and apartheid. The OAU secretary general expressed gratitude for the

Identity loss and recovery in the life stories of Soviet World War II veterans.

PubMed

Coleman, Peter G; Podolskij, Andrei

2007-02-01

We examined the adjustment to societal change following the fall of communism in a group of Soviet war veterans from Russia and the Ukraine. The focus of the study was on the dynamics of identity development, and especially generativity, in a period of intense social upheaval. We administered measures of self-esteem, life satisfaction, and generativity to 50 World War II veterans from five distinct areas of the former Soviet Union. We also conducted life-history interviews and made a thematic analysis of the transcripts. Despite the loss of the system of government and values that had dominated their lives, most participants demonstrated positive well-being, and especially a high sense of generativity. They described their experience of societal change as having disturbed their past, present, and future sense of self. Most, however, had found ways of reaffirming a generative identity. For some, this meant maintaining a Soviet identity; for others, it meant taking a critical view of the history through which they had lived. The principal sustaining element among the participants as a whole was hope in their own families' future. Major societal change of the kind experienced by Soviet war veterans in later life poses a challenge to a continued sense of generativity. These elderly veterans were able to meet this challenge, providing evidence of their resilience and the continuing strength of family bonds in the former Soviet Union at this time of debate about national identity.

Soviet campaign against INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces): strategy, tactics, means. Interim report

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Alexiev, A.R.

1985-02-01

Beginning in 1979, the Soviet Union mounted a major effort to prevent the deployment of NATO's INF (intermediate-range nuclear forces), which was scheduled to begin in 1983. The campaign failed to achieve its main objective, but it remains an instructive example of the Soviet effort to manipulate domestic trends in Western countries. This Note attempts to provide some insight into Soviet tactics and operational style. It places the INF issue within the framework of Soviet security concepts, reviews Soviet efforts to influence decision-making elites in West Germany against INF and to exacerbate U.S.-European friction within NATO, and analyzes the methodsmore » used by the Soviets in their campaign to co-opt the West German peace movement. The author finds that the campaign waged by the Soviets demonstrated a remarkable organizational and political capability that enabled them and their allies to exploit large numbers of noncommunists in West Germany, and contribute to the growing polarization of West German politics.« less

Truth was an early casualty

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sich, A.R.

1996-05-01

At a May 1986 press conference in Moscow-held just 11 days after the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Station-the cult of high technology was unabashedly preached to an auditorium full of shocked news correspondents and invited guests. When questioned as to the number of fatalities the accident had caused and the impact of the accident on Soviet society and the Soviet nuclear industry, A.M. Petrosyants (then chairman of the Soviet State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy) responded: {open_quotes}Science requires victims.{close_quotes} The Soviet system numbered its victims in the millions. In a sense, the Chernobyl accident was justmore » one of the many misfortunes misrepresented by the Soviet government over the decades in its continuing effort to shape public perceptions of domestic disasters, natural and manmade. And yet, the international character of the Chernobyl accident, the fact that radioactive fallout knows no national boundaries, made it a watershed event. The accident exposed glaring weaknesses in the Soviet system: its backward technology, its sloppy safety standards, its inability to admit failure. And it brought to the surface many of the injustices, inefficiencies, and secrets that the Soviet government had tried to keep hidden. With the world`s spotlight focused on Chernobyl, General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev was left with little choice other than to prove to the West his dedication to reform by more fully implementing his recently announced policy of glasnost or `openness.` In turn, glasnost was a major factor that led to the demise of the Soviet Union, which embodied a system that was fundamentally at odds with freedom of expression and accessibile information. Unfortunately, old habits die hard. Ten years after the accident, many nuclear bureaucrats in the former Soviet Union, partiularly in Russia, are still too secretive and too much given to obfuscation.« less

West Meets East in Central Asia: Competing Discourses on Secondary Education Reform in the Kyrgyz Republic.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

De Young, Alan J.

The Kyrgyz Republic--a remote mountainous region--is one of five former Soviet states in central Asia. This case study begins with a brief overview of the political and economic situation of the Kyrgyz Republic and its relation to aims of Soviet schooling in the 20th century. A critique of the Soviet schooling model by foreign academics before and…

Radiological Weapons Control: A Soviet and US Perspective. Occasional Paper 29.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Issraelyan, Victor L.; Flowerree, Charles C.

Two international diplomats from the Soviet Union and the United States focus on the need for a treaty to ban the use of radiological weapons. Radiological weapons are those based on the natural decay of nuclear material such as waste from military or civilian nuclear reactors. Such devices include both weapons and equipment, other than a nuclear…

Interactive Videodisc Technology: Applications to the Air Command and Staff College Curriculum.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

objectives )r Executive and NSC system Congress Military Intelligence community Media National environment Transcultural communications Global challenges...Cuban missile crisis REGIONAL STUDIES: USSR AND EUROPE Superpower global objectives The Soviet Union: background The Soviet political-economic system...summary National security affairs review The crisis game WARFARE STUDIES MILITARY HISTORY AND THEORY * - Overview to thinking about war Sun Tzu Great

The Cold War in the Soviet School: A Case Study of Mathematics Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Karp, Alexander

2007-01-01

This article is devoted to certain aspects of the cold war reflected in the teaching of mathematics in the Soviet Union. The author deals specifically with direct manifestations of the cold war, not with the teaching of mathematics during the cold war in general. His aim is not to present a comprehensive examination of school programs in…

The Soviet Successor States and Eastern Europe. Teachers' Guide. Revised.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Indiana Univ., Bloomington. Russian and East European Inst.

This document is a guide to provide teachers and curriculum consultants with an up to date overview of the histories, cultures, and current issues concerning the region of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe. It is not intended as an in depth study of the area or people. The guide is divided into two parts. The first discusses the Soviet…

The Gauntlet Cast: Poland Challenges the Soviet Union.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-06-01

done by Brzezinski during the 1960’s as a 1osg-term plia being used by the US to undermine Soviet strength in the Eastern Bloc. 2 0 9 The US was not the...University Press, 195. Wandycz, Piotr S. aei tt s 1917-1921. Cambridge: Harvard niversity ress, . II. YEARBOOKS "Poland.:" The Euopa 11r2o, 1 !. London

The Sea is Red The Sino-Soviet Rivalry and Its Naval Dimension.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-05-01

censor President Reagan’s remarks in China critical of the Soviet Union. [10]** Moreover, ties between Washington and...of the Truong Sa archipelago [Spratlys] in the Eastern Sea (82]. * The Philippines and Taiwan also hold islands in the Spratlys. Malaysia has occupied...greater threat to the Soviets in Asia. And as Zhao Ziyang points out, both China and the United States are Pacific nations and are responsible for the peace and stability of the region [117]. -36- 4A FILMED 6-85 DTIC o .1 - .

Radioactive Waste in the Nordic and Far East Seas; a Soviet Legacy with International Environmental and National Security Repercussions

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-01-01

362. 17 Janusz Kindler , and Stephen F. Lintner, "An Action Plan to Clean Up the Baltic’, Environment, Volume 35, No. 8, O~ober 1993: 7. 18...Independent States of the Former Soviet Union, W~shington De, GPO, May 1993, Volume 4, Supplement No. 2: 9. Io6 Janusz Kindler , and Stephen F. Lintner...of the Post-Soviet.Press, Volume XLV, No. 44, December 1, 1993: 27. Greenberger, Leonard S. "Nuclear Waste and the NIMBY Syndrome ", Public Utilities

Fathering the unthinkable: Masculinity, scientists and the nuclear arms race

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eslea, B.

The author argues about the claim that nuclear weapons are necessary in order to defend Western civilization against the aggressive intentions of the Soviet Union. He believes that while the Soviet Union is extremely unpleasant to its own citizens, the United States is by far the more aggressive internationally. In studying the many cruel persecutions of people by people, the author also came to feed that economic causes are not sufficient to explain their intensity and brutality. His study of the relation between witch-hunting and the rise of science led him to think that such non-economic factors as gender identitymore » and sexual attitudes are also very relevant.« less

Evolution of the sapphire industry: Rubicon Technology and Gavish

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Harris, Daniel C.

2009-05-01

A. Verneuil developed flame fusion to grow sapphire and ruby on a commercial scale around 1890. Flame fusion was further perfected by Popov in the Soviet Union in the 1930s and by Linde Air Products Co. in the U.S. during World War II. Union Carbide Corp., the successor to Linde, developed Czochralski crystal growth for sapphire laser materials in the 1960s. Stepanov in the Soviet Union published his sapphire growth method in 1959. Edge-Defined Film-Fed Growth (EFG), which is similar to the Stepanov method, was developed by H. Labelle in the U. S. in the 1960s and 1970s. The Heat Exchanger Method (HEM), invented by F. Schmid and D. Viechnicki in 1967 was commercialized in the 1970s. Gradient solidification was invented in Israel in the 1970s by J. Makovsky. The Horizontal Directional Solidification Method (HDSM) proposed by Kh. S. Bagdasorov in the Soviet Union in the 1960s was further developed at the Institute for Single Crystals in Ukraine. Kyropoulos growth of sapphire, known as GOI crystal growth in the Soviet Union, was developed by M. Musatov at the State Optical Institute in St. Petersburg in the 1970s and 1980s. At the Institute for Single Crystals in Ukraine, E. Dobrovinskaya characterized Verneuil, Czochralsky, Bagdasarov, and GOI sapphire. In 1995, she emigrated to the United States and joined S&R Rubicon, founded near Chicago by R. Mogilevsky initially to import sapphire and ruby. Mogilevsky began producing sapphire by the Kyropoulos method in 1999. In 2000 the company name was changed to Rubicon Technology. Today, Dobrovinskaya is Chief Scientist and Rubicon produces high quality Kyropoulos sapphire substrates for solid-state lighting. In 1995, H. Branover of Ben Gurion University and a sole investor founded Gavish, which is Hebrew for "crystal." They invited another veteran of the Ukrainian Institute for Single Crystals, V. Pishchik, to become Chief Scientist. Under Pishchik's technical leadership and J. Sragowicz's business leadership, Gavish now makes finished products for the semiconductor and medical industries from HDSM, Stepanov, and Kyropoulos sapphire.

The politics of Mars

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schmitt, Harrison H.

1986-01-01

A discussion is presented comparing past and present major accomplishments of the U.S. and the Soviet Union in space. It concludes that the Soviets are presently well ahead of the U.S. in several specific aspects of space accomplishment and speculates that the Soviet strategy is directed towards sending a man to the vicinity of Mars by the end of this century. A major successful multinational space endeavor, INTELSAT, is reviewed and it is suggested that the manned exploration of Mars offers a unique opportunity for another such major international cooperative effort. The current attitude of U.S. leadership and the general public is assessed as uniformed or ambivalent about the perceived threat of Soviet dominance in space.

Joint Ventures in Cuba: Opportunities for Direct Foreign Investment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tancer, Robert S.

1995-01-01

Presents a brief history of direct foreign investment in Cuba since 1982. This investment currently plays an important role in Cuba as a replacement to Soviet aid and as a means to earn foreign exchange. Tourism and mining are the preferred area for foreign investment because both of these sectors offer hard currency returns for Cuba. (20…

Impact of GRM: New evidence from the Soviet Union

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcnutt, M.

1985-01-01

Gravity information released by the Soviet Union allows the quantitative assessment of how the geopotential research mission (GRM) mission might effect the ability to use global gravity data for continental tectonic interpretation. The information is of an isostatic response spectra for eight individual tectonic units in the USSR. The regions examined include the Caroathians, Caucasus, Urals, Pamirs, Tien-Shan, Altal, Chersky Ridge, and East Siberian Platform. The 1 deg x 1 deg gravity data are used to calculate the admittances are used in two different sorts of tectonic studies of mountain belts in the USSR: (1) interpretation of isostatic responses in terms of plate models of compensation for mountainous terrain. Using geologic information concerning time of the orogeny, lithospheric plates involved, and polarity of subduction in collision zones, they convert the best-fitting flexural rigidity to an elastic plate thickness for the lithospheric plate inferred to underlie the mountains; the isostatic admittance functions is an attempt to directly model gravity and topography data for a few select regions in the Soviet Union. By knowing the value of the expected correlation between topography and gravity from the admittances, the Artemjev's map in mountainous areas can be calibrated, and the maps are converted back to Bouguer gravity. This procedure is applied to the Caucasus and southern Urals.

Robert Bartini and His Contribution to the Development of Transport and Aviation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Težak, Sergej

2017-10-01

After the First World War, the young Soviet Union (USSR) desperately needed new engineers and scientists who would provide the new country with development of modern industry and transportation. At that time, Western European countries had knowledge and experience, especially in the field of aviation. One of the young engineers was Robert Bartini, who was educated in Austria-Hungary and Italy, and graduated from Milan Polytechnic Institute. In 1923, he fled Italy to escape Fascists and emigrated in Soviet Union. This article is a brief description of aircraft designer Robert Bartini and his role in the development of the military, passenger and transport aviation. In addition, it presents his vision of the intercontinental and continental high-speed transport, which was his focus in the last years of his work and creation. He worked as a researcher and expert in the former Soviet Union, therefore, more detailed and relevant information on his work has been revealed to the public in recent years. In Russia, he is very popular as a researcher and developer. There are many books about him in Russian and Italian language, but not in English. Thus, his work is still quite unknown in the West. He was born in Kanjiza (today Serbia) in 1897, and spent his youth in Fiume (Rijeka, today Croatia).

Issues Confronting Geographic Educators in Europe and the USSR: The View from IGU.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Monk, Janice

Major changes in European and Russian geography instruction primarily at the secondary level are reviewed and implications of these changes for American geographic education are suggested. The information on European and Russian education, taken from papers presented at the 1976 International Geographical Union meetings in the Soviet Union,…

Latvia Country Analysis Brief

EIA Publications

2014-01-01

Latvia, which regained its independence from Soviet Union in 1991 and joined the European Union (EU) in 2004, is not a notable energy producer or consumer. The country produced 30 trillion British thermal units (Btus) and consumed 163 trillion Btus of total energy in 2011, which places it in the bottom five among the EU countries on both measures.

International Aviation (Selected Articles).

DTIC Science & Technology

1982-07-15

new aircraft . During the war, the Soviets captured some Yuemo [trans- literation]-004 and BMW-003 jet engines from Germany; these jet engines were named...by the Soviets RD-10 and RD-20, with thrusts at 850 and 800 kilograms. In the USSR, the mission of designing new aircraft by using these jet engines ...was to have the Soviet factories buy patents and production licenses of foreign jet engines to design new aircraft . In 1947, through trade

Parallels with the Past - How the Soviets Lost in Afghanistan, How the Americans are Losing (Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes, April 2011)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-04-01

ulcer .”1 Immediately, we were reminded of a similar expression from an earlier Afghan War. On February 1986, Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev...they had killed Hafizullah Amin, the existing president. The rebellion quickly turned into a national resistance movement and the Soviets responded...security. It appears that the United 1 Dion Nissenbaum, “McChrystal Lights Fire Under Marjah

Changing family roles and marital instability.

PubMed

Kharchev, A G; Matskovskii, M S

1981-01-01

The causes of divorce and its social and ethical consequences in Socialist and capitalist societies are examined in an attempt to improve the effectiveness of research on divorce, with a focus on changes in the family structure and the role of women. The impact of divorce on the institution of marriage, the lives of the divorced partners, the upbringing and character of children, and the reproductive processes of society is explored. Traditional notions and expectations of marriage and of duties within the family are identified. The possibility of changing attitudes in order to adapt to conditions resulting from scientific and technological progress is considered, with emphasis on ways of combining women's employment and the performance of household functions. Problems associated with the application of data obtained in foreign empirical studies to situations in the Soviet Union are addressed, and Western sociological approaches to the study of family dynamics are critically examined.

Embracing the Moon in the Sky or Fishing the Moon in the Water? Some Thoughts on Military Deterrence: Its Effectiveness and Limitations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-08-01

10. See 为第三次世界大战选择战略 (军事战略), 360–434. 11. See 美国军事战略与政策史, 481, translated from Weigley, American Way of War. 12. See 核武器与对外政策 (世界 知 识 出版社, 北京, 1959...translated from Kissinger, Nu­ clear Weapons and Foreign Policy. 13. For details, please refer to 论逐步升级 — 比喻和假想情景 (世界 知 识 出版社, 北京, 1965), translated...the Soviet Union. . . . We were ‘this’ close to nuclear war, and luck prevented it.” See 王新森, “被迫浮起” (舰船 知 识 ), vol. 364, 58–63. 15. John H. Cushman Jr

HIV Risks, Testing, and Treatment in the Former Soviet Union: Challenges and Future Directions in Research and Methodology.

PubMed

Saadat, Victoria M

2015-01-01

The dissolution of the USSR resulted in independence for constituent republics but left them battling an unstable economic environment and healthcare. Increases in injection drug use, prostitution, and migration were all widespread responses to this transition and have contributed to the emergence of an HIV epidemic in the countries of former Soviet Union. Researchers have begun to identify the risks of HIV infection as well as the barriers to HIV testing and treatment in the former Soviet Union. Significant methodological challenges have arisen and need to be addressed. The objective of this review is to determine common threads in HIV research in the former Soviet Union and provide useful recommendations for future research studies. In this systematic review of the literature, Pubmed was searched for English-language studies using the key search terms "HIV", "AIDS", "human immunodeficiency virus", "acquired immune deficiency syndrome", "Central Asia", "Kazakhstan", "Kyrgyzstan", "Uzbekistan", "Tajikistan", "Turkmenistan", "Russia", "Ukraine", "Armenia", "Azerbaijan", and "Georgia". Studies were evaluated against eligibility criteria for inclusion. Thirty-nine studies were identified across the two main topic areas of HIV risk and barriers to testing and treatment, themes subsequently referred to as "risk" and "barriers". Study design was predominantly cross-sectional. The most frequently used sampling methods were peer-to-peer and non-probabilistic sampling. The most frequently reported risks were condom misuse, risky intercourse, and unsafe practices among injection drug users. Common barriers to testing included that testing was inconvenient, and that results would not remain confidential. Frequent barriers to treatment were based on a distrust in the treatment system. The findings of this review reveal methodological limitations that span the existing studies. Small sample size, cross-sectional design, and non-probabilistic sampling methods were frequently reported limitations. Future work is needed to examine barriers to testing and treatment as well as longitudinal studies on HIV risk over time in most-at-risk populations.

Polish Martial Law: The Crisis of Communism

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-12-01

unprepared to deal with the crisis and eager for the workers to stop the strikes, agreed to all the demands. This act was a great success for the new union ...authority as the legitimate decision making body. Striking workers throughout the country created the Solidarity Union . They demanded personal freedom...citizens or preserving its Marxist-Leninist ideology. With the aid and coercion of the Soviet Union , as well as other fraternal states, the government

The Role of Soviet Trade Unions in the Lifelong Education of Workers. Adult Education in Europe. Studies and Documents No. 17.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yazykova, V. S.

In the U.S.S.R., the trade unions see the continuous growth of the general educational, cultural and technical level of all workers as one of the conditions of social and scientific progress in the interests of the working class. The role of the unions in the lifelong education of the population is determined by their status in the political…

JPRS Report, East Asia, Southeast Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-09

HCM City Fatherland Front Committee Plans Last-Quarter Work [SAIGON GIAI PHONG 23 Oct] „"ITX"’, II Trade Union Congress Reflects Renovation and... Union , Japan, West Ger- many, and China. Malaysia envisions this eye hospital to be the biggest and most up to date in Asia, and expects 80% of its...relations with socialist countries, Sen. Shahani said allegations that the Soviet Union is supporting the local insurgency movement contribute to

A Portfolio of the Identities of Young People of the South of Russia under the Conditions of Civilizational Choice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Avksent'ev, V. A.; Aksiumov, B. V.

2012-01-01

The problem of civilizational choice is one of the most timely and relevant problems of the entire postcommunist world. Most of the states of the former Soviet Union, including Russia, still find themselves in an uncertain zone of transition. The crisis of civilizational identity, far from being overcome, has even deepened as the Soviet past…

Soviet Economic Growth: 1928-1985

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

com- munications systems has little taste for the information revolution 81 (Colton, 1986, p. 170; on the general theme see also Graham, 1984 , pp. 129...much less successful. George Orwell and others viewed the development of modern com- munications and information technologies as the ultimate weapon...Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, the Soviet Union has transformed itself from an undeveloped economy into a modern indus- trial state with a GNP second

[Some aspects of suicide in the years 1980-1996].

PubMed

Chodorowski, Zygmunt; Ciechanowicz, Robert; Anand, Jacek Sein

2009-01-01

The reduction of suicide death index in 1981 year and 1989 year, that is in the period of temporary and definitive "Solidarity" victory confirms Emile Durkheim theory that revolution processes increase social integration and prevent suicide decisions. In the years 1991-1994 the number of suicide deaths in Poland was distinctly lower than in other countries of the Soviet Block and republics of the Soviet Union.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union: Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-29

grown perceptibly in public life. At the Congress of Labor Collectives, a new organization was created —the Association of Soviets of Labor...the basic unit of self -administration, and uniting them in OSTKA creates a powerful mecha- nism for the republic’s self -administration. [Robert... creating a new reality. The numerous rallies, the sit-down demonstra- tions, and the strikes are already becoming commonplace. Armored personnel carriers

Contribution of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Ye. A. Korovin to the science of international space law. Anniversary of corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Professor Ye. A. Korovin

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zhukov, G. P.

1980-01-01

The Soviet Union's participation in the solution of international legal problems as space flights became possible is reviewed with emphasis on the efforts of the most prominent Soviet international lawyer. Some of the professor's 230 writings are highlighted.

Cultural, Political, and Social Influence in the Development of the Lithuanian Educational System

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Stephen E.; Gray, Philip

2004-01-01

Perhaps one of the most remarkable events of the 20th century was the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ground zero was positioned in what are now Russia and all of the new nation-states that formerly constituted the Soviet bloc. Few new nation-states believed the transition from a totalitarian and closed state to an independent, open, and…

JPRS Report. Soviet Union: Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-19

connected with them. 10. SPEAK OUT against attempts to insert bourgeois political and moral ideas into the minds of Soviet youth under the guise of de ...state of the Leningrad agro-industrial complex, collec- tives of industrial enterprises, construction, transport , scientific and planning...doubt that the Chervona Ruta [Red Rue] Holiday of Ukrainian Song and Popular Music held in September of this year in Chernovtsy will become tradi

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-08-16

of many farms, party, soviet, and agricultural agencies in several rayons have lessened attention to the intensive development of animal husbandry...increasing, and proper attention is not being paid to working and living conditions for animal breeders. In Moskovskiy Rayon in 1988, a reduction in meat...offer services to the population, and prepare and reprocess secondary resources. The party committee should pay greater attention to the formation

The United States and the Soviet Union, 1917-1965. Teacher and Student Manuals.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gorman, Ira

Intended for college-preparatory students at the high school level, this unit investigates the changing tides in U.S.-Soviet diplomatic relations and the reasons for the change. The focus of the unit is on a series of particular episodes such as the questions of famine relief in the 1920's, diplomatic recognition in the 1930's, World War II, the…

Yale U. Press Strikes Deal with Russian Archive to Open Stalin's Papers to Scholars

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

MacWilliams, Bryon

2007-01-01

At some point in 1938, Joseph Stalin sat down, alone, and literally rewrote history -- marking up a draft of "The History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union", which would be published by the party's Central Committee in 1939. First, the Soviet leader used a gray pencil. Then he switched to quill and indigo ink. He scribbled in…

JPRS Report. Soviet Union: International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-18

Finnish-Soviet Seminar on Increasing Trade [Ya. Strugach, V. Tarasenko; LENINGRADSKAYA PRAVDA, 28 Nov 87] 19 Ukrainians Fail To Conclude Contruction ...temporarily to forward movement in the capitalist economy had been depleted. Global problems of the world economy- energy, raw material, and ecological ...compensatory commodities. There were many things on it—from sables to sawdust. They settled on two items: wood byproducts and wine-water products. The

Soviet-American Dance Medicine. Proceedings of the Glasnost Dance Medicine Conference and Workshops (Boston, Massachusetts, May 18-19, 1990).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Micheli, Lyle, Ed.; And Others

The information shared in this document represents a dialogue between the United States and the Soviet Union on the discipline of dance medicine, which involves the care of injured dancers as well as prevention of injuries. An introduction including a preface, opening remarks, and an overview of dance medicine comprises section 1. The second…

Analysis of the Soviet Crisis Management Experience

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-09-30

between Congo (Zaire) and Portugual ; Congo charges that Tshombe opposition forces are . operating out of Portuguese Cabinda; Portugal charges that Congo has...regime (for example, South Vietnam, Rhodesia, Portuguese colonies in Africa), or denial of military access (that is, Western and Chinese). * The USSR was...172 601118 French paratroops intervene to aid pro-French regime in Gabon. *• 173 610315- The Soviet Union opposes continued Portuguese colonial

Developments in Education Legislation of Post-Soviet Countries: Republic of Moldova's Education Code and Other CIS Experiences

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kaliak, Andrei

2017-01-01

Continued changes to legislation in countries that were previously parts of the Soviet Union cause them to become increasingly differentiated. Many of the changes are to social and economic processes. In the field of education, various parameters have changed and are continuing to change, from details concerning the way to conduct assessments to…

Portrayal of Political Parties by the Television Broadcast Media in Single and Dual-Party Political Systems: Comparing the Soviet Union to the United States.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wicks, Robert H.

A study examined the treatment and portrayal of political parties on Soviet and American television. The content of six newscasts of "World News Tonight" and "Vremya" during June of 1984 were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The overall results suggest that 15 stories (24% of the total allotted time) pertaining…

THE NEW FIVE-DAY WORKWEEK IN THE SOVIET UNION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

NASH, EDMUND

IT WAS ESTIMATED BY THE SOVIET PRESS THAT, AS A RESULT OF A MARCH 1967 DECREE, ABOUT 82 PERCENT OF THE COUNTRY'S 80 MILLION WAGE AND SALARY WORKERS WOULD MOVE FROM THE TRADITIONAL 6 TO THE 5-DAY WORKWEEK BY NOVEMBER OF THE SAME YEAR. UNDER CERTAIN PRODUCTION AND WORKING CONDITIONS, THE PREVIOUS PATTERN OF A 7-HOUR WEEKDAY AND A 6-HOUR SATURDAY WAS…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union: Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-04-17

fruit , vegetables , with her and who are possibly remote from political juices ... It is immoral to save money at the expense of economy, they they can...Kovalchuk from Khmelnitskiy determining the contamination of vegetables and fruit . Oblast (his letter was published on 7 January) suggests The...Artsibashev; PRA VDA, 25 Feb 89] ............................. 30 SOCIAL ISSUES Judge Says Soviet Courts Lack Independence IV. Borodin; OGONEK No 7

American ASTP crewmen briefed on operation of consoles in main control room

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-04-25

S75-25619 (25 April 1975) --- A group of American ASTP crewmen is briefed on the operation of the consoles in the main control room at the ASTP flight control center at the Cosmonaut Training Center (Star City) near Moscow. The astronauts were in the Soviet Union for ASTP joint crew training with the Soviet ASTP crewmen. PHOTO COURTESY: USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Artist's concept of Apollo/Soyuz spacecraft docking approach

NASA Image and Video Library

1973-08-01

S73-02395 (August 1973) --- An artist?s concept illustrating an Apollo-type spacecraft (on left) about to dock with a Soviet Soyuz-type spacecraft. A recent agreement between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics provides for the docking in space of the Soyuz and Apollo-type spacecraft in Earth orbit in 1975. The joint venture is called the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

JPRS Report, Arms Control

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-06-06

Withdrawing From Hungary [A. Kaverznev; KOMSOMOLSKAY A PRAVDA 26 Apr] 30 WEST EUROPE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY Complaints Heard on Soviet Maneuver...toward the Soviet Union. On the SNF issue, the Federal Germany , for its own national interests, opposes modernization of the NATO aging Lance...substantial reduction of the Warsaw Pact conventional forces. However, Federal Germany seems not to go along with such a vague approach and wants

The Social Mission of Out-of-School Education in the USSR: A Historical Reconstruction of a Soviet Megaproject

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kupriyanov, B. V.

2017-01-01

This article, which is based on an analysis of historiography and historical sources, attempts to historically reconstruct the initial plan for out-of-school education in the Soviet Union that was to be carried out by the leaders of the People's Commissariat for Education. We argue that there were two independent projects: one for out-of-school…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-06-12

Balashova; MOSKOVSKAYA PRAVDA, 24 Feb 87) ........... 73 State of Soviet Music Criticized (SOVETSKAYA KULTURA, 12 May 87) ............................ 77...methods should be applied more effectively. The sucess of the strategy of acceleration of our country’s socioeconomic development, teaches the party...planned schools 28 during the first six months of this year, and for the completion of 40 percent of all planned housing and preschool facilities. The

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, International Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-12-20

Representative Discusses Obstacles To Soviet Economic Cooperation [I. Kovalev; IZVESTIYA, 1 Sep 88] 29 Malaysian -Uzbekistan Agreement on Trade, Economic...for long. We hope the contest will help return the classics of literature, music, cinema , theater, and painting to all the children of the world...influential. 13189 Malaysian -Uzbekistan Agreement on Trade, Economic Ties LD0512160788 Moscow TASS International Service in Russian 0635 Gmt 5 Dec

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Kommunist.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-22

despite all trials. Today our literature, graphic arts, music , motion pictures and theater have their own Soviet clas- sics which embody the best...of the most sensitive and emotional aspects of social life: increased impressionability and responsiveness and a sharpened moral feeling "func- tion... musical life is becoming richer and filled with more individuality. It is as though culture and art are being restored in their truly complex

The Soviet Union: population trends and dilemmas.

PubMed

Feshbach, M

1982-08-01

Focus in this discussion of population trends and dilemmas in the Soviet Union is on demographic problems, data limitations, early population growth, geography and resources, the 15 republics of the Soviet Union and nationalities, agriculture and the economy, population growth over the 1950-1980 period (national trend, regional differences); age and sex composition of the population, fertility trends, nationality differentials in fertility, the reasons for fertility differentials (child care, divorce, abortion and contraception, illegitimacy), labor shortages and military personnel, mortality (mortality trends, life expectancy), reasons for mortality increases, urbanization and emigration, and future population prospects and projections. For mid-1982 the population of the Soviet Union was estimated at 270 million. The country's current rate of natural increase (births minus deaths) is about 0.8% a year, higher than current rates of natural increase in the U.S. (0.7%) and in developed countries as a whole (0.6%). Net immigration plays no part in Soviet population growth, but emigration was noticeable in some years during the 1970s, while remaining insignificant relative to total population size. National population growth has dropped by more than half in the last 2 decades, from 1.8% a year in the 1950s to 0.8% in 1980-1981, due mostly to declining fertility. The national fertility decline masks sharp differences among the 15 republics and even more so among the some 125 nationalities. In 1980, the Russian Republic had an estimated fertility rate of 1.9 births/woman, and the rate was just 2.0 in the other 2 Slavic republics, the Ukraine and Belorussia. In the Central Asian republics the rates ranged up to 5.8. Although the Russians will no doubt continue to be the dominant nationality, low fertility and a relatively higher death rate will reduce their share of the total population by less than half by the end of the century. Soviet leaders have launched a pronatalist policy which they hope will lead to an increase in fertility, at least among the dominant Slavic groups of the multinational country. More than 9 billion rubles (U.S. $12.2 billion) is to be spent over the next 5 years to implement measures aimed at increasing state aid to families with children, to be carried out step by step in different regions of the country. It is this writer's opinion that overall fertility is not likely to increase markedly despite the recent efforts of the central authorities, and the Russian share of the total population will probably continue to drop while that of Central Asian Muslim peoples increases.

Reviews.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greenleaf, Floyd; And Others

1986-01-01

Reviews eight textbooks, readers, and books. Topics include Latin America, colonial America, the Carolinians, women in French textbooks, the Vikings, the Soviet Union, nineteenth-century Black America, and Ernest Rutherford. (TRS)

Psychosocial effects of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster.

PubMed

Barnett, Lynn

2007-01-01

The psychological factors surrounding the Chernobyl disaster include the sudden trauma of evacuation, long-term effects of being a refugee, disruption of social networks, illness, separation and its effects on families, children's perception and effects on their development and the threat of a long-term consequence with an endless future. Added to this was the breakdown of the Soviet Union with consequent collapse of health services, increasing poverty and malnutrition. These complexities made necessary new individual and social treatment methods developed in UNESCO Community Centres, within which some positives have resulted, such as the development of individual and group self help and the professions of counselling, social work and community development, practices which did not previously exist in the Soviet Union.

U.S.-Russian Cooperation in Science and Technology: A Case Study of the TOPAZ Space-Based Nuclear Reactor International Program

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dabrowski, Richard S.

2014-08-01

The TOPAZ International Program (TIP) was the final name given to a series of projects to purchase and test the TOPAZ-II, a space-based nuclear reactor of a type that had been further developed in the Soviet Union than in the United States. In the changing political situation associated with the break-up of the Soviet Union it became possible for the United States to not just purchase the system, but also to employ Russian scientists, engineers and testing facilities to verify its reliability. The lessons learned from the TIP illuminate some of the institutional and cultural challenges to U.S. - Russian cooperation in technology research which remain true today.

Psychological Distress and Problem Drinking.

PubMed

Mentzakis, Emmanouil; Roberts, Bayard; Suhrcke, Marc; McKee, Martin

2016-03-01

We examine the influence of harmful alcohol use on mental health using a flexible two-step instrumental variables approach and household survey data from nine countries of the former Soviet Union. Using alcohol advertisements to instrument for alcohol, we show that problem drinking has a large detrimental effect on psychological distress, with problem drinkers exhibiting a 42% increase in the number of mental health problems reported and a 15% higher chance of reporting very poor mental health. Ignoring endogeneity leads to an underestimation of the damaging effect of excessive drinking. Findings suggest that more effective alcohol policies and treatment services in the former Soviet Union may have added benefits in terms of reducing poor mental health. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

VIew of Mission Control on first day of ASTP docking in Earth orbit

NASA Image and Video Library

1975-07-15

S75-28483 (15 July 1975) --- An overall view of the Mission Operations Control Room in the Mission Control Center on the first day of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project docking mission in Earth orbit. The American ASTP flight controllers at NASA's Johnson Space Center were monitoring the progress of the Soviet ASTP launch when this photograph was taken. The television monitor shows cosmonaut Yuri V. Romanenko at his spacecraft communicator?s console in the ASTP mission control center in the Soviet Union. The American ASTP liftoff followed the Soviet ASTP launch by seven and one-half hours.

Russian scientists save American secrets

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sagdeev, R.

1993-05-01

Many have feared that the collapse of the Soviet Union has created new opportunities for would-be nuclear proliferators. Until recently, those dangers have seemed mainly theoretical. However, the former Soviet world was recently on the brink of breaching the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) from an unexpected corner -- the KGB. This article discusses the irony that a move to publicize Russia's files on early Soviet espionage activities in the United States would originate from the KGB. It is of note that a publication of such secrets could have been useful to countries currently trying to develop a basic nuclear bomb.

The National Status of the Preparation of School Psychologists in Estonia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kikas, Eve

2014-01-01

Estonia is a small republic that has undergone several big societal changes (from belonging to the Soviet Union to becoming a free republic, and the process of integrating into the European Union) during the last several decades. Psychology has been taught as a separate discipline starting from 1968, but its content has been changed from very…

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Aviation and Cosmonautics, No. 7, July 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-01-14

CONTENTS u JANUARY ms Improvement in Elements of Combat Potential Traced [I. Sviridov] 1 More Realistic Pilot Training Under Mountain Conditions Urged...training commenced. The arriv- ing Soviet aviators became familiar with a new flight area for them and improved their skills in mountain flights...withstand the thrust of the units of the Edelweiss Division which had been specially trained for fighting in mountain areas. But they firmly

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-12

and that nurture its insuperable spiritual strength is that the defense of the socialist fatherland, both according to the Constitution and... according to its own essential meaning, is the sacred duty of every citizen of the USSR and the cause of all the Soviet people. At the present stage of our...Navy staffing, training, and education. Our general mil- itary regulations and the demands of military discipline, which, according to Lenin, is

Malaria research and eradication in the USSR

PubMed Central

Bruce-Chwatt, Leonard J.

1959-01-01

Relatively little is known outside the USSR about the past history of malaria in that country, the contribution of its scientists to malaria research, the recent progress of Soviet malariology, or the achievements of the Soviet Union in the eradication of malaria. These achievements are of particular interest because the general strategy of malaria eradication in the USSR has many technical, administrative, and economic and social features not seen elsewhere. PMID:13805136

Arms Control and Nonproliferation: A Catalog of Treaties and Agreements

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-09

security and control over nuclear weapons and fissile materials. These projects provided Russia with bullet-proof Kevlar blankets, secure canisters ...U.S. security concerns. The United States and Soviet Union began to sign agreements limiting their strategic offensive nuclear weapons in the early...U.S.-Russian relationship. At the same time, however, the two sides began to cooperate on securing and eliminating Soviet-era nuclear , chemical, and

JPRS Report China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-29

Moscow Summit 1 U.S.-Philippine Talks on Military Bases Analyzed 3 SOVIET UNION Gorbachev’s ’New Thinking ’ Soviet Policy Toward Eastern Europe...Unprecedented Era of Dialogues." People noticed that, a week after the Moscow summit, the European Economic Community and the Council of Mutual Eco- nomic...forceful impetus to the Afro-Asian peoples ’ liberation movements. Talks with the United States on a revision of the agreement on military bases achieved

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, No. 11, November 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-18

the USSR, including the approach to Soviet-American trade. Changes in the overall moral-political and psychological climate in...concerted attack—economic, political, psychological , and milita- ristic—launched at the turn of the decade by reactionary forces was dictated by, among... the conser- vatives took charge of the White House they tried to get rid of the "Vietnam syndrome " by launching a shameful aggressive

JPRS Report, Soviet Union KOMMUNIST No 16, November 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-02

vital daily needs of the Soviet people. The CPSU links success in restructuring to the process of democratization, glasnost, and increased interest...the development of production, the accelerated growth of production forces JPRS-UKO-88-003 2 February 1988 and increased efficiency only under the...changes. The need for the latter is manifested and aggravated when, along with the increased scale of out- put and qualitative changes in the

Strategy, the Soviet Union and the 1980’s.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

American diplomatic relations, and has written and published articles on the interrelationships between detente and deterrence, the origins of the ... cocoa . In addition, the USSR needs an assured access to large amounts of fish. This is one reason why the Kremlin will be quite interested in the Law...demographers originally predicted the census would show. The growth distribution of Soviet population also remains very uneven. The Slavic nationalities

Perestroika: The End Game

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-08-01

of economic systems from feudalism, through capitalism, and finally to communism as the ultimate objective or goal. It is essential to appreciate that...capitalists-what it must do and how it must operate in order now to support them and their ecnomic and social efforts. In theorct... Marxism, the concept... essential for building socialism in countries such as the Soviet Union. If the Soviet leadership’s perception of how far democratic socialism has progressed

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-07-31

intriguers. Manipulating the USSR Basic Law under the sign of a state based on the rule of law, they have brought the Soviets to the point of their...Party constructs its attitude toward other parties, organizations, and movements depending on their contribution to this process, basing its convic...recent years. The already fragile fabric of legality is being destroyed by the creation of law enforcement entities based on national or party

Mendel Lives: The Survival of Mendelian Genetics in the Lysenkoist Classroom, 1937-1964

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Peacock, Margaret

2015-01-01

The demise of Soviet genetics in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s has stood for many as a prime example of the damage that social and political dogmatism can do when allowed to meddle in the workings of science. In particular, the story of Trofim Lysenko's rise to preeminence and the fall of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union has become a lasting…

The Soviet Economic Dilemma of Eastern Europe.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-05-01

the economic system, and increasing the share of investment in utilized national income . None of the three policies offers much promise. Difficulties in...country than imposing their own model on Eastern Europe. Whether the East European leaderships take advantage of this freedom to maneuver is, however, an...calculate the income forgone by the Soviet Union by using CMEA prices. These figures are given in Table 3. They run several billion transferable rubles

Transplanting a Western-Style Journalism Education to the Central Asian Republics of the Former Soviet Union: Experiences and Challenges at the American University of Central Asia in Kyrgyzstan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Skochilo, Elena; Toralieva, Gulnura; Freedman, Eric; Shafer, Richard

2013-01-01

Western standards of journalism education, as well as western professional journalistic practices, have had difficulty taking root in the five independent countries of formerly Soviet Central Asia. This essay examines the experience of one university's Department of Journalism and Mass Communication since 1997 and the challenges it faces,…

Suggestopedia and Soviet Sleep-Learning.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bancroft, W. Jane

This paper examines the parallels between suggestopedia and Soviet sleep-learning for learning foreign languages. Both systems are based on the idea that the acquisition of information can occur in states below the optimal level of consciousness. Hypnopedia makes use of the period of paradoxical or light sleep that usually occurs just as one is…

Insights into the Origin, Emergence, and Current Spread of a Successful Russian Clone of Mycobacterium tuberculosis

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

SUMMARY Mycobacterium tuberculosis variant Beijing B0/W148 is regarded as a successful clone of M. tuberculosis that is widespread in the former Soviet Union and respective immigrant communities. Understanding the pathobiology and phylogeography of this notorious strain may help to clarify its origin and evolutionary history and the driving forces behind its emergence and current dissemination. I present the first review and analysis of all available data on the subject. In spite of the common perception of the omnipresence of B0/W148 across post-Soviet countries, its geographic distribution shows a peculiar clinal gradient. Its frequency peaks in Siberian Russia and, to a lesser extent, in the European part of the former Soviet Union. In contrast, the frequency of B0/W148 is sharply decreased in the Asian part of the former Soviet Union, and it is absent in autochthonous populations elsewhere in the world. Placing the molecular, clinical, and epidemiological features in a broad historical, demographic, and ecological context, I put forward two interdependent hypotheses. First, B0/W148 likely originated in Siberia, and its primary dispersal was driven by a massive population outflow from Siberia to European Russia in the 1960s to 1980s. Second, a historically recent, phylogenetically demonstrated successful dissemination of the Beijing B0/W148 strain was triggered by the advent and wide use of modern antituberculosis (anti-TB) drugs and was due to the remarkable capacity of this strain to acquire drug resistance. In contrast, there is some indication, but not yet systematic proof, of an enhanced virulence of this strain. PMID:23554420

Soviet steam generator technology: fossil fuel and nuclear power plants. [Glossary included

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Rosengaus, J.

1987-01-01

In the Soviet Union, particular operational requirements, coupled with a centralized planning system adopted in the 1920s, have led to a current technology which differs in significant ways from its counterparts elsewhere in the would and particularly in the United States. However, the monograph has a broader value in that it traces the development of steam generators in response to the industrial requirements of a major nation dealing with the global energy situation. Specifically, it shows how Soviet steam generator technology evolved as a result of changing industrial requirements, fuel availability, and national fuel utilization policy. The monograph begins withmore » a brief technical introduction focusing on steam-turbine power plants, and includes a discussion of the Soviet Union's regional power supply (GRES) networks and heat and power plant (TETs) systems. TETs may be described as large central co-generating stations which, in addition to electricity, provide heat in the form of steam and hot water. Plants of this type are a common feature of the USSR today. The adoption of these cogeneration units as a matter of national policy has had a central influence on Soviet steam generator technology which can be traced throughout the monograph. The six chapters contain: a short history of steam generators in the USSR; steam generator design and manufacture in the USSR; boiler and furnace assemblies for fossil fuel-fired power stations; auxiliary components; steam generators in nuclear power plants; and the current status of the Soviet steam generator industry. Chapters have been abstracted separately. A glossary is included containing abbreviations and acronyms of USSR organizations. 26 references.« less

USSR Space Life Sciences Digest, issue 7

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hooke, L. R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor); Teeter, R. (Editor)

1986-01-01

This is the seventh issue of NASA's USSR Space Life Sciences Digest. It contains abstracts of 29 papers recently published in Russian language periodicals and bound collections and of 8 new Soviet monographs. Selected abstracts are illustrated with figures and tables from the original. Additional features include two interviews with the Soviet Union's cosmonaut physicians and others knowledgable of the Soviet space program. The topics discussed at a Soviet conference on problems in space psychology are summarized. Information about English translations of Soviet materials available to readers is provided. The topics covered in this issue have been identified as relevant to 29 areas of aerospace medicine and space biology. These areas are adaptation, biospherics, body fluids, botany, cardiovascular and respiratory systems, developmental biology, endocrinology, enzymology, exobiology, genetics, habitability and environment effects, hematology, human performance, immunology, life support systems, mathematical modeling, metabolism, microbiology, morphology and cytology, musculoskeletal system, neurophysiology, nutrition, perception, personnel selection, psychology, radiobiology, and space medicine.

Banning the Soviet Lobotomy: Psychiatry, Ethics, and Professional Politics during Late Stalinism.

PubMed

Zajicek, Benjamin

2017-01-01

This article examines how lobotomy came to be banned in the Soviet Union in 1950. The author finds that Soviet psychiatrists viewed lobotomy as a treatment of "last resort," and justified its use on the grounds that it helped make patients more manageable in hospitals and allowed some to return to work. Lobotomy was challenged by psychiatrists who saw mental illness as a "whole body" process and believed that injuries caused by lobotomy were therefore more significant than changes to behavior. Between 1947 and 1949, these theoretical and ethical debates within Soviet psychiatry became politicized. Psychiatrists competing for institutional control attacked their rivals' ideas using slogans drawn from Communist Party ideological campaigns. Party authorities intervened in psychiatry in 1949 and 1950, persecuting Jewish psychiatrists and demanding adherence to Ivan Pavlov's theories. Psychiatrists' existing conflict over lobotomy was adopted as part of the party's own campaign against harmful Western influence in Soviet society.

The political use of psychiatry: A comparison between totalitarian regimes.

PubMed

Buoli, Massimiliano; Giannuli, Aldo Sabino

2017-03-01

After the end of Second World War, the recent experience of the Nazi horrors stimulated a debate about the political use of psychiatry. Over the years, the focus shifted on major dictatorships of the time and especially on Soviet Union. This article aims to provide a critical review of the ways in which psychiatry was used by totalitarian regimes of the 20th century. We summarized relevant literature about political use of psychiatry in totalitarian regimes of the 20th century, with particular focus on Fascism, Nazism, Argentina dictatorship, Soviet Union and China. One of the features that are common to most of the dictatorships is that the use of psychiatry has become more prominent when the regimes have had the need to make more acceptable the imprisonment of enemies in the eyes of the world. This for example happened in the Nazi regime when sterilization and killing of psychiatric patients was explained as a kind of euthanasia, or in the Soviet Union after the formal closure of the corrective labor camps and the slow resumption of relations with the capitalistic world, or in China to justify persecution of religious minorities and preserve economic relations with Western countries. Psychiatry has been variously used by totalitarian regimes as a means of political persecution and especially when it was necessary to make acceptable to public opinion the imprisonment of political opponents.

JPRS Report, Soviet Union: The Working Class & The Contemporary World, No. 5, September-October 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-03-24

categories (8). The so-called quality control groups —5-15-men groups of workers regularly participating in the discussion of questions concerning an... groups of research associates, encompass a wide spectrum of problems of the unions’ participation in the struggle for peace and disarmament (44) and...is a subject of discus- sion at various levels—union and research . Thus in November 1985 a special conference of the European Center for Labor and

U.S. Foreign Policy: Illusions of Powerlessness and Realities of Power.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cleveland, Harlan

The foreign policy of the United States has not taken into consideration the dynamics of world politics and the kinds of power required to participate in it. Foreign policy makers need a post-Kissinger, post-Brzezinski doctrine that corrects the distorted focus on U.S.-Soviet relations as on our central problem, accepts the inherent linkage…

Health world views of post-Soviet citizens.

PubMed

Abbott, Pamela A; Turmov, Sergei; Wallace, Claire

2006-01-01

The collapse of the Soviet Union has had an adverse impact on the lives of the peoples of Russia and Ukraine. This paper reports on qualitative case studies including interviews, focus groups and children's essays from Russia and Ukraine, on the topics of everyday understanding of health and the factors influencing it. The majority report poor health and difficult material circumstances. Their understandings of health and illness are multifactorial and include emotional as well as descriptive elements. Whilst the most frequently cited definition of health is of people with/without health problems, it is evident that health is seen positively, as more than the absence of debilitating illness. There is a strong emphasis on individual responsibility for health and evidence that people are thought to have a moral responsibility to strive to be healthy. However, there is also a strong awareness that the major factors which cause ill health are beyond their control. The findings provide additional support for the health lifestyles theory that has been developed to provide a sociological understanding of the mortality crisis in the former Soviet Union.

Between Tradition and Modernity: Marriage Dynamics in Kyrgyzstan.

PubMed

Nedoluzhko, Lesia; Agadjanian, Victor

2015-06-01

The demographic literature on union formation in post-communist Europe typically documents retreat from marriage and increase in cohabitation. However, sociological and anthropological studies of post-Soviet Central Asia often point to a resurgence of various traditional norms and practices, including those surrounding marriage, that were suppressed under Soviet rule. We engage these two perspectives on union formation by analyzing transition to first marriage in Kyrgyzstan both before and after the collapse of the USSR. We use uniquely detailed marriage histories from a nationally representative survey conducted in the period 2011-2012 to examine the dynamics of traditional marital practices among that country's two main ethnic groups-Kyrgyz and Uzbeks-focusing on trends in arranged marriages and in marriages involving bride kidnapping. The analysis reveals instructive ethnic and period differences but also indicates an overall decline in the risks of both types of traditional marriage practices in the post-Soviet era. In fact, although the decline has characterized all marriage types, it was more substantial for traditional marriages. We interpret these trends as evidence of continuing modernization of nuptiality behavior in the region.

The Role of Relevancy and Social Suffering in “Generativity” Among Older Post-Soviet Women Immigrants

PubMed Central

de Medeiros, Kate; Rubinstein, Robert; Ermoshkina, Polina

2015-01-01

Purpose of the Study: This paper examines generativity, social suffering, and culture change in a sample of 16 women aged 65 years or older who emigrated from the former Soviet Union. Key concerns with generativity are identity, which can be strongly rooted in one’s original cultural formation, and a stable life course, which is what ideally enables generative impulses to be cultivated in later life. Design and Methods: To better understand how early social suffering may affect later life generativity, we conducted two 90-min interviews with each of our participants on their past experiences and current views of generativity. Results: The trauma of World War II, poor quality of life in the Soviet Union, scarcity of shelter and supplies, and fear of arrest emerged as common components in social suffering, which affected their identity. Implications: Overall, the theme of broken links to the future—the sense that their current lives were irrelevant to future generations—was strong among informants in their interviews, pointing to the importance of life course stability in relation to certain forms of generativity. PMID:24184859

Cancer control in India: a multinational approach involving the USA and the USSR.

PubMed Central

Sutnick, A I; Saunders, J F; Puchkov, Y I

1982-01-01

Based on a long-standing cooperation in medicine and public health between the United States and the Soviet Union, and on the potential contributions to be made by scientists from both of these countries, the World Health Organization invited an American-Soviet collaborative team to recommend a cancer control program for the Government of India. The consultants defined the importance of cancer of the cervix uteri and of the oral cavity, which comprise one-half of India's cancer cases, as the basis for a cancer control program. They recommended incorporation of cancer control functions into the organizational structure of the Ministry of Health as well as specific recommendations in education, prevention, and early detection, diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiologic studies. The mission underscores the value of multinational cooperation on health care problems that are faced in common by the United States, the Soviet Union, and other countries of the world. In addition it serves as a basis for international friendship and understanding in the context of mutually productive activities which may provide a benefit for all nations. PMID:7091462

JPRS Report, China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-11

confidence, with the govern- ment structure after Chiang Ching-kuo remaining obscure. Besides, the Taiwan people find themselves all at sea and... Sea food is an impor- tant element in Chinese cuisine, but the Chinese prov- inces bordering on the Soviet Union have no access to the sea and that...is why they would like to buy sea food in this country. Talks were under way in Blagoveshchensk to expand the export of Soviet frozen fish. For their

Book Analysis of Containing the Soviet Union.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-01

30:239) The hardline "cold war internationalists" might caution against the lesson of Munich--"That appeasement leads to war and that tardy ...is exploiting turbulence to "weaken the United States and expand its own interests." (30:234) Potential problem areas include the Philippines , Mexico...like Central America, vital to American security, is threatened by Soviet surrogates; or an area like the Philippines , vital to the regional balance of

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-08

love, labor... 4 May Latvian Supreme Soviet Acitivities 90UN1929A Riga SOVETSKAYA LATVIYA in Russian 5 May 90 p 1 [LETA "Information Report...each oblast of modern diagnostic centers, an improvement in the protection of mother and child, the development of mass physical culture and sport...groups of people do not want to recognize the realities; their actions are beginning to take on a patently aggressive nature. In a recent interview

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-09

himself. Only don’t sin against the truth. And Aleksey Ivanovich is sometimes at variance with it. "I traversed the path from an ordinary pilot to com... preschool institu- tions. Not everywhere are exhaustive measures being taken to set up in jobs effectively soldiers discharged into the reserves...limita- tions and in their competence able to work fruitfully in central and international organs and protect the interests of the whole Soviet people

Necessity and Change: Contributing Factors and the Development of Soviet Operational Art

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-04-30

the Russian Army and Bolshevik Revolution and ultimately concluded with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and dissolution of the monarchy. The Red Army was... dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991, a great deal of works emerged and continue to do so regarding the details surrounding the...conducted an aggressive industrialization effort for both light industries of sugar and textiles, and heavy industries such as steel, primarily to

A Special Relationship: Bridging the NATO Intelligence Gap

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

the uncertainty of a NATO-Soviet ground war on the plains of central Europe.15 As the Soviet Union disintegrated in the early 1990s NATO faced an...intelligence process, and other nations need to contribute more to the common intelligence picture. That way we can build on that picture rapidly in an...to lead such an organization. The proliferation of mobile communication devices such as cell phones, smart phones, and tablet devices along with

JPRS Report China.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-04

were signed (eg., an agreement on barter trade and payment between 1986 and 1990, a protocol to avoid double taxation , and a fishery agreement...conclusion of the " double zero" agreement is in the interests of both parties, but the Soviet Union will be the bigger beneficiary. Responding to internal...prompt acceptance of the Soviet proposal and his assid- uous effort to persuade the West to fall in line shows that the " double zero" plan satisfies

U.S. Technology Transfer to the Soviet Union: A Dilemma

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-04-01

University, Mikhael Kuzmin and Russian Drama, 1906-1936; Edith W. Clowes, 10 months at the Moscow State University, Friedrich Nietzsche in Russia, 1890...According to Representative Paul Findley’s article in the Congressional Record, 54 - The Soviet "students" are far older than their American...relay point for orders for copies of articles from publishers, libraries, and information centers. NTIS said that the following design goals were met

JPRS Report, Soviet Union KOMMUNIST No 18, December 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-02-19

Writer’s Fate in the Destiny of the Country [V.l. Baranov] 76 The Fascination of an Illusion; Monologue of an Actress [O.M. Ostwumovna] 83 Soviet...All those who influence the spiritual upsurge of the working people—writers, composers, actors , philosophers and economists—must launch a campaign...Fedin, Vs . Ivanov, S. JPRS-UKO-88-005 19 February 1988 81 Yesenin, B. Pilnyak, K. Chukovskiy, M. Slonimskiy, N. Aseyev and others. Actually

Extended Deterrence and Arms Control: A Collection of Conference Papers

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-05-01

possessing a nuclear 1OSee also Robbin F. Laird, France, the Soviet Union, and the Nuclear Issue, Boulder, Colorado , and London, 1984. "Uwe Nerlich, "Die...War and the Army, Voyenizdat, Moscow, 1955, p. 168, as cited in Thomas W. Wolfe , Soviet Strategy at the Crossroads, Harvard University Press...a whole is concerned, the reintroduction of strategic defenses in the nuclear equation between the superpowers is clearly not a positive prospect. It

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Political Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-08-16

large industrial associations, is of interest also. I believe that the transition of professional party and, yes, soviet officials to the party...behalf of the whole people and monopolizing the truth is still strong among certain informal leaders. I would like to hope that they learn the lessons...relations. As a whole, the increase in the industrial product in the 4 years constituted only 5.8 percent compared with the targeted 18 percent. There

JPRS Report, Near East & South Asia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-04-11

Iran. In the view of many, if India had not blindly followed the Soviet Union on Afghanistan, the country’s relations with Pakistan would not have...States to Pakistan , ostensibly for the Mujahi- deen. The other aspect of the Soviet withdrawal from Afghan- istan of importance to India is that, as a...Indefinitely: The contacts between the officials were to culminate in a meeting of the Joint India - Pakistan Commission at the ministerial level here in

Astronomy and astronomical education in the FSU (Former Soviet Union)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bochkarev, Nikolai G.

The current situation in astronomy and astronomical education over the territory of the Former Soviet Union is traced. New facilities for radioastronomy are being put into work - the most important of them being the 2 coupled 32-m dishes, VLBI network "Quasar"; a number of observatories are acquiring an international status (in the frame of CIS); INTERNET is becoming available for an increasing number of astronomical institutions. Azerbaijan astronomers have overcome their isolation from the rest of the world and cooperate actively with the astronomical community. All-Russia and international olympics in astronomy for high school students are held and attract participants from increasing number of regions of Russia and other states. The outcome of the 9th JENAM in Moscow and of the events attached to the Meeting is presented.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Young, I.

The breakup of the Soviet Union is causing massive disruptions to methanol exports. The changeover to a Commonwealth of independent States has created logistical problems which have led some shipments of Russian methanol to be cancelled and delayed other deliveries by up to two weeks. In recent years the Soviet Union has exported 700,000 m.t./year-900,000 m.t./year of methanol, mainly to Western Europe. The product is made at 750,000-m.t./year plants at Tomsk and Gubakha in Russia and transported by rail for shipment from the ports of Ventspils, Latvia, on the Baltic Sea and Yuzhnyy in Ukraine, on the Black Sea. Themore » exports were handled by state export agency Soyuzagrochim, mainly under contract to West European traders and consumers in areas like Scandinavia and France.« less

Climate change lessons from a warm world

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dowsett, Harry J.

2010-01-01

In the early 1970’s to early 1980’s Soviet climatologists were making comparisons to past intervals of warmth in the geologic record and suggesting that these intervals could be possible analogs for 21st century “greenhouse” conditions. Some saw regional warming as a benefit to the Soviet Union and made comments along the lines of “Set fire to the coal mines!” These sentiments were alarming to some, and the United States Geological Survey (USGS) leadership thought they could provide a more quantitative analysis of the data the Soviets were using for the most recent of these warm intervals, the Early Pliocene.

Red star in orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Oberg, J. E.

1981-01-01

Since the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 in 1957, the extent and direction of the Soviet space effort have remained unclear. The present book penetrates the secrecy-shrouded Soviet space program, telling not only of its unpublicized disasters, but giving credit to its recent successes as well. The book discusses Khrushchev's sponsorship of early space successes as political surprises, and the incident in October 1960, when forty rocket engineers died in a launch-pad disaster. The life story of Sergei Korolev, the chief designer, is discussed, as well as the 'race to the moon' in the late 1960s. The Apollo-Soyuz expedition and other more recent space-station missions are presented.

The Social Construction of the Soviet Threat.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nathanson, Charles E.; Skelly, James M.

For almost 40 years the perception of a Soviet threat has influenced much foreign and domestic political behavior in the United States. How to respond to the threat has been a subject of intense debate, but the reality of the threat has been taken for granted. Conviction about the reality of this threat dates back to George Kennan's long telegram…

[The life of Polish students at the Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh].

PubMed

Gebertt, S

1994-01-01

The article has been written by a former student of the Polish School of Medicine at the University of Edinburgh, a member of the Polish Forces in Britain. The reminiscences concentrate on day to day life of others, like himself, seconded from the Forces to continue their medical studies. Statistical data concerning the activities of Polish School of Medicine are presented and analysed. Detailed mention is made of various routes by which Polish students reached Great Britain from the time of defeat and partition of Poland between Germany and Soviet Union. The various phases of relationship and attitudes between Polish Armed Forces and the body of students are described and illustrated by extracts from personal memoirs. The number of other topics is presented and discussed: The difficulties and problems encountered in living and studying amongst people, who although sympathetic, but whose language, culture and customs were completely foreign to the Poles. The ways in which individuals and groups of students tried and in many instances managed to overcome these obstacles, forging links with their Scottish colleagues and population at large. The participation in various joint activities like Settlement Day, work in agricultural camps, sports, Scottish students Unions and Representative Councils etc. are described. "Inner life" of Polish students concentrated in "Bursa" (an equivalent of University Residence) is presented in a light-hearted way. Large detachments of a foreign army, living, amongst albeit friendly population, are bound to cause, sometimes serious, friction. Very much in relation to this problem the role of Polish students as ambassadors of Poland and Polish Causes are presented and their value assessed.

Tanks have left, Gazprom is back: Russian energy companies' expansion towards Poland, Slovakia and Hungary between 1991 and 2004

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Orban, Anita

A casual observant of post-Soviet Russian corporate activity in Central Europe finds a hectic behavior of Russian companies in the Polish, Hungarian and Slovakian economies. There were times when these companies showed great interest toward the region, followed by periods of non-activity. To solve the puzzle, the study tests neoclassical realist theory in explaining Russian corporate propensity to expand into Central Europe. Neoclassical realist theory argues that the relative distribution of power in the international system (independent variable) through the perception of state leaders (intervening variable) together with state power, to be defined as power to mobilize the necessary resources (intervening variable), explain foreign political outcomes (dependent variable). The dissertation draws the following hypothesis from neorealist theory: When the Russian leadership perceives that Russia's relative influence vis-a-vis the West is low and Russia possesses enough state power to mobilize the necessary resources, Russian energy companies will manifest expansionary moves into Central Europe. When Russia does not perceive its influence low and/or does not possess enough state power, Russian companies will not manifest any expansionary moves into Central Europe. To test the hypotheses the study uses the case study methodology. There is one case examined: Russian energy companies' activity in Central Europe between 1991 and 2004. The study splits this period into five sub-periods which correspond with the widely accepted milestones of post-Soviet Russian foreign policy: 1991-1993 Early Atlanticism, 1994-1996 Facing Nato Enlargement, 1996-1998 Against a Unipolar World, 1998-2000 Instability and Uncertainty, and 2000-2004 The First Putin Presidency. Russian energy companies were very active in two sub-periods: between 1994 and 1996, and between 2000 and 2004. However, they showed little to no interest for expansion in the other three sub-periods: 1991-1993, 1996-1998 and 1998-2000. In Chapters Four and Five the study examines in detail Russian perceptions about Russia's place in the world, changes in its state power and the Russian energy companies' activity in Central Europe where it is applicable. It finds that in the "active periods" (between 1994 and 1996 as well as between 2000 and 2004) Russian leadership assessed the relative power distribution in the international system to be disadvantageous for Russia and at the same time had considerable state power to mobilize. These two variables were not present together in the three "inactive periods". That is to say, the energy companies' Central European activities were consistent with what the hypothesis drawn from neoclassical realist theory would predict. The study proves the validity of neoclassical realist theory in explaining post-Soviet Russian foreign policy. Additionally, in the Russian studies today it is conventional wisdom that Vladimir Putin turned Russian energy companies into tools of his country's foreign policy vis-a-vis its neighbors. However, this study shows that the phenomenon is neither new, nor dependent on the current Russian president; moreover, it has never been limited to the countries of the former Soviet Union. In fact, ever since 1991, Russian corporate expansion in Central Europe has been driven by the highs and lows of Russian state power and its key decision makers' perceptions about their country's relative power vis-a-vis the West.

Worldwide Report, Nuclear Development and Proliferation

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-07-09

Union’s Nuclear Disaster ? This reporter asked Vice Minister Zhou Ping: In your opinion, how should we view the Soviet Union’s recent nuclear accident...statement on Thurs- day announced that Bangladesh environment remained free from pullution follow- ing recent nuclear disaster at Chernobyl Nuclear...Chernobyl were based largely on nuclear disaster . American practice. However, a statement Mr Semark said de- issued yesterday by Es- tailed plans

Soviet News and Propaganda Analysis Based on RED STAR (The Official Newspaper of the Soviet Defense Establishment for the Period), 1-31 January 1985. Volume 5, Number 1.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-01-31

landing their aircraft. The reasons for the mistakes are: I - The pilots do not pay attention to training. - Inadequate training. - The pilots do not follow...aircraft. Pilots do not pay attention and do not follow instructions on how to land their aircraft. E-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Soviet News and Propaganda...organizations that received substantial media attention in January 1985 are listed in Table 1. (Percent reflects total of foreign coverage.) The data in

Soviet Union, Military Affairs.

DTIC Science & Technology

1987-08-04

and the Soviet people, always be preserved in our hearts. N . F. Shestopalov, N . S . Kovalenko, L. V. Shumilov, V. I. Ivankov, N . V. Chekov, S . A...Spirin, I. T. Chernyshov, G. I. Domanin, K. I. Mukhin, A. G. Zhoromskiy, V. S . Grigorkin, N . V. Gryaznov, V. N . Charkin, K. F. Pogorelov, V. I. Drakin...the Party of Our Heart 2 Tokarskiy, S . The Party’s Ideas—to the Serviceman’s Consciousness... 1 Tyrin, N . Maturing * Khromov, Yu. We Are

JPRS Report Soviet Union USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology No 12, December 1987.

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-06-05

legitimate interests; the right of people to decide their own destiny; strict respect for the sover- eignty and territorial integrity of states and the...along with different approaches to human rights , are essentially regarded as the ideological conflicts our the- ory did not extend to bilateral Soviet...88-006 5 July 1988 specific standard of living or way of life, the degree of economic and political human rights or the nature of securing them

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Military Affairs

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-11-18

instructions to take an active part in ispolkoms’ work to repair and maintain graves of Soviet soldiers and to set up a reliable system to register...He writes that "if ’dedovshchina’ [word derives from "ded," meaning grandfather, and it connotes a system of antiquated attitudes and behavior of...automatic loading system for the main gun and cutting the crew size from four to three. This would make it possible to lower the turret somewhat

Armed Escort for Special Air Operations -- An Operational Concept

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-06-01

ALTITUDE FIELDED SA-6 USSR 4-24 km semi-active tracked, non 50-12000 m 1967 radar homing amphibious SA-7 USSR .5-5 km infrared man-portable 15-4500 a 1966...developed nations. This study is based upon a Soviet-style, Third World threat. As the Soviet Union continues to modernize and field new air defense...warfare avionics, and other radar, laser, and infrared detection defeating systems. While these don’t guarantee survivability should the lift

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Sociological Studies, No. 6, November-December 1987

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-08-02

of long- standing, urgently needed changes in society . The con- cept of "uniformity"—a unified view of the world and understanding of social good ...which significantly transformed the social sphere of society already existed on their territory before the arrival of Soviet Power. That is where the... society have become stronger. At the same time, however, uniformity of paths of social devel- opment, of which a great deal has been written and is

Nonproliferation and Threat Reduction Assistance: U.S. Programs in the Former Soviet Union

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-03

Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow and its companion Science and Technology Center (STCU) in Kiev, Ukraine. In the FY2005 budget request, it combined...International Science and Technology Center ( ISTC ) in Moscow. Several other former Soviet states joined the center during the 1990s, and other nations, including...research funded by these centers. The Moscow Center funded nearly 1,700 projects that engaged about 41,000 scientists. In 2001, the ISTC in Moscow

JPRS Report, Soviet Union, Kommunist, No. 14, September 1989

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-12-05

them. What is noteworthy is a signif- icant increase in the number of crimes committed against individuals and mercenary crimes of violence , and the...feelings of the people can be understood: naturally, some cooperatives are merely a legal "screen" for a variety of machinations, while other may be...party members, one of whom in his time had been depot party committee secretary and is now an oblast soviet deputy. A variety of demands began to

August Storm: Soviet Tactical and Operational Combat in Manchuria, 1945 (Leavenworth Papers, Number 8)

DTIC Science & Technology

1983-06-01

imperialistic Japan in 1945] (Moskva: Izdatel’stvo "Nauka," 1969), 401. By July 1945, 5th Army forces had completed their long movement by rail from the...afternoon, Imperial General Headquarters issued to commanders of all theaters emergency orders that read, "The Soviet Union declared war on Japan ...istoriko-memuarny ocherk o razgrome imperialisticheskoi iapony v 1945 godu [Finale: A historical memoir survey about the rout of imperialistic Japan