It's Harder to Splash on Soft Solids.

PubMed

Howland, Christopher J; Antkowiak, Arnaud; Castrejón-Pita, J Rafael; Howison, Sam D; Oliver, James M; Style, Robert W; Castrejón-Pita, Alfonso A

2016-10-28

Droplets splash when they impact dry, flat substrates above a critical velocity that depends on parameters such as droplet size, viscosity, and air pressure. By imaging ethanol drops impacting silicone gels of different stiffnesses, we show that substrate stiffness also affects the splashing threshold. Splashing is reduced or even eliminated: droplets on the softest substrates need over 70% more kinetic energy to splash than they do on rigid substrates. We show that this is due to energy losses caused by deformations of soft substrates during the first few microseconds of impact. We find that solids with Young's moduli ≲100  kPa reduce splashing, in agreement with simple scaling arguments. Thus, materials like soft gels and elastomers can be used as simple coatings for effective splash prevention. Soft substrates also serve as a useful system for testing splash-formation theories and sheet-ejection mechanisms, as they allow the characteristics of ejection sheets to be controlled independently of the bulk impact dynamics of droplets.

On the reduction of splash-back

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dickerson, Andrew; Stephen, Jeremy

2017-11-01

The reduction of splash height following the impact of a solid body on a liquid surface is relevant to multiple sectors including military missile entry, industrial processing, and visits to public restrooms. While most studies have viewed splashes in the context of control of impactor shape and surface properties, we here consider the effects of splash height following modification of a liquid surface by surfactants and thin fabrics. Smooth, hydrophilic, free-falling spheres are allowed to impact a quiescent liquid surface of modified surface conditions while filmed with a high-speed camera. We measure splash heights and cavity depths formed by impacting spheres across Froude numbers 3 - 6.5. As expected, lowering the surface tension of the liquid increased splash height with respect to pure water. The introduction of fabric to the surface has an more unpredictable effect. With respect to unaltered impact conditions, ample inclusion of fabric on the surface reduces splash height, while a meager amount of fabric amplifies splashing due to the augmentation of cavity formation preceding a Worthington jet.

It's Harder to Splash on Soft Solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Howland, Christopher J.; Antkowiak, Arnaud; Castrejón-Pita, J. Rafael; Howison, Sam D.; Oliver, James M.; Style, Robert W.; Castrejón-Pita, Alfonso A.

2016-10-01

Droplets splash when they impact dry, flat substrates above a critical velocity that depends on parameters such as droplet size, viscosity, and air pressure. By imaging ethanol drops impacting silicone gels of different stiffnesses, we show that substrate stiffness also affects the splashing threshold. Splashing is reduced or even eliminated: droplets on the softest substrates need over 70% more kinetic energy to splash than they do on rigid substrates. We show that this is due to energy losses caused by deformations of soft substrates during the first few microseconds of impact. We find that solids with Young's moduli ≲100 kPa reduce splashing, in agreement with simple scaling arguments. Thus, materials like soft gels and elastomers can be used as simple coatings for effective splash prevention. Soft substrates also serve as a useful system for testing splash-formation theories and sheet-ejection mechanisms, as they allow the characteristics of ejection sheets to be controlled independently of the bulk impact dynamics of droplets.

Splash in elective primary knee and hip replacement: are we adequately protected?

PubMed

Singh, V K; Kalairajah, Y

2009-08-01

An intra-operative splash is a common occurrence in elective knee and hip replacement surgery and can potentially transmit bloodborne diseases, with devastating consequences. This study aimed to quantify the risk of a splash and to assess its correlation with body mass index, duration of surgery and the volume of lavage fluid used. Between December 2007 and April 2008, 62 consecutive patients (38 women, 24 men) undergoing an elective total knee or total hip replacement (TKR, THR) were recruited into the study (32 TKRs and 30 THRs) after appropriate consent. A splash occurred in all 62 cases. A THR had a slightly higher risk of a splash than a TKR, but this was not statistically significant (p = 0.27). The correlation between body mass index, duration of surgery and the amount of pulse lavage used with a splash was r = 0.013, (non-significant), r = 0.52, (significant) and r = 0.92 (highly significant), respectively. A high number of splashes are generated during a TKR and a THR. The simple visor mask fails to protect the surgeon, the assistant or the patient from the risk of a splash and reverse splash, respectively.

Direct splash dispersal prevails over indirect and subsequent spread during rains in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides infecting yams.

PubMed

Penet, Laurent; Guyader, Sébastien; Pétro, Dalila; Salles, Michèle; Bussière, François

2014-01-01

Plant pathogens have evolved many dispersal mechanisms, using biotic or abiotic vectors or a combination of the two. Rain splash dispersal is known from a variety of fungi, and can be an efficient driver of crop epidemics, with infectious strains propagating rapidly among often genetically homogenous neighboring plants. Splashing is nevertheless a local dispersal process and spores taking the droplet ride seldom move farther than a few decimeters. In this study, we assessed rain splash dispersal of conidia of the yam anthracnose agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, in an experimental setting using a rain simulator, with emphasis on the impact of soil contamination (i.e., effect of re-splashing events). Spores dispersed up to 50 cm from yam leaf inoculum sources, though with an exponential decrease with increasing distance. While few spores were dispersed via re-splash from spore-contaminated soil, the proportion deposited via this mechanism increased with increasing distance from the initial source. We found no soil contamination carryover from previous rains, suggesting that contamination via re-splashing from contaminated soils mainly occurred within single rains. We conclude that most dispersal occurs from direct splashing, with a weaker contribution of indirect dispersal via re-splash.

Direct Splash Dispersal Prevails over Indirect and Subsequent Spread during Rains in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Infecting Yams

PubMed Central

Penet, Laurent; Guyader, Sébastien; Pétro, Dalila; Salles, Michèle; Bussière, François

2014-01-01

Plant pathogens have evolved many dispersal mechanisms, using biotic or abiotic vectors or a combination of the two. Rain splash dispersal is known from a variety of fungi, and can be an efficient driver of crop epidemics, with infectious strains propagating rapidly among often genetically homogenous neighboring plants. Splashing is nevertheless a local dispersal process and spores taking the droplet ride seldom move farther than a few decimeters. In this study, we assessed rain splash dispersal of conidia of the yam anthracnose agent, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, in an experimental setting using a rain simulator, with emphasis on the impact of soil contamination (i.e., effect of re-splashing events). Spores dispersed up to 50 cm from yam leaf inoculum sources, though with an exponential decrease with increasing distance. While few spores were dispersed via re-splash from spore-contaminated soil, the proportion deposited via this mechanism increased with increasing distance from the initial source. We found no soil contamination carryover from previous rains, suggesting that contamination via re-splashing from contaminated soils mainly occurred within single rains. We conclude that most dispersal occurs from direct splashing, with a weaker contribution of indirect dispersal via re-splash. PMID:25532124

Effect of the pool depth on drop impact splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chizari, Hossain; Thoraval, Marie-Jean

2017-11-01

We investigate the effect of the pool depth on the splashing dynamics of drop impact. The splashing of a single drop impacting into a deep pool or on wet surface has been investigated for many years both numerically and experimentally. However, recent results have demonstrated the importance of the vorticity produced during the impact on the splashing behavior. More specifically, the shedding of a vortex ring inside the liquid during the impact can separate the splash jet into several parts. The shedding of the vorticity can be influenced by the proximity of the bottom of the pool, if the pool depth is small enough. We study here how the pool depth can affect the vorticity shedding and the resulting splashing jets. We perform axisymmetric numerical simulations of the impacts with the open sources codes Gerris and Basilisk, and systematically vary the impact conditions, focusing on the effect of pool depth in the splashing regimes.

Splash bar for cooling tower fill assembly

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stackhouse, D.W.; Heidl, S.C.

1987-11-10

A crossflow cooling tower fill assembly for allowing liquid to fall down through the fill assembly and for allowing cooling air to flow through the fill assembly transverse to the flow of the liquid in order to cool the liquid is described. The assembly comprises: longitudinal splash bars; and means for supporting the splash bars so that the splash bars are substantially horizontal and parallel to one another and arranged in vertically spaced, substantially horizontal planes. The splash bars in each plane are horizontally spaced from one another to allow the liquid to fall down between the splash bars tomore » the planes of splash bars below. Each splash bar includes a substantially horizontal, longitudinally extending top web member having (1) longitudinally extending, downwardly projecting vertical side web members, both of the side web members having a lower longitudinal edge with a longitudinally extending, inwardly projecting flange, and (2) at least one longitudinally extending, downardly projecting rib web member between the side web members. Each rib web member has a lower longitudinal edge with a longitudinally extending, laterally projecting flange.« less

It's harder to splash on soft solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Howison, Sam; Howland, Christopher; Antkowiak, Arnaud; Castrejon-Pita, Rafael; Oliver, James; Style, Robert; Castrejon-Pita, Alfonso

2016-11-01

Droplets splash when they impact dry, flat substrates above a critical velocity that depends on parameters such as droplet size, viscosity and air pressure. By imaging ethanol drops impacting silicone gels of different stiffnesses we show that substrate stiffness also affects the splashing thresh- old. Splashing is reduced or even eliminated: droplets on the softest substrates need over 70% more kinetic energy to splash than they do on rigid substrates. We show that this is due to energy losses caused by deformations of soft substrates during the first few microseconds of impact. We find that solids with Young's moduli < 100kPa reduce splashing, in agreement with simple scaling arguments. Thus materials like soft gels and elastomers can be used as simple coatings for effective splash prevention. Soft substrates also serve as a useful system for testing splash-formation theories and sheet-ejection mechanisms, as they allow the characteristics of ejection sheets to be controlled independently of the bulk impact dynamics of droplets. EPSRC (CJH), John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund (AACP and RWS), The Royal Society (AAC-P).

Influence of surface structure and chemistry on water droplet splashing.

PubMed

Koch, Kerstin; Grichnik, Roland

2016-08-06

Water droplet splashing and aerosolization play a role in human hygiene and health systems as well as in crop culturing. Prevention or reduction of splashing can prevent transmission of diseases between animals and plants and keep technical systems such as pipe or bottling systems free of contamination. This study demonstrates to what extent the surface chemistry and structures influence the water droplet splashing behaviour. Smooth surfaces and structured replicas of Calathea zebrina (Sims) Lindl. leaves were produced. Modification of their wettability was done by coating with hydrophobizing and hydrophilizing agents. Their wetting was characterized by contact angle measurement and splashing behaviour was observed with a high-speed video camera. Hydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces generally showed fewer tendencies to splash than hydrophobic ones. Structuring amplified the underlying behaviour of the surface chemistries, increasing hydrophobic surfaces' tendency to splash and decreasing splash on hydrophilic surfaces by quickly transporting water off the impact point by capillary forces. The non-porous surface structures found in C. zebrina could easily be applied to technical products such as plastic foils or mats and coated with hydrophilizing agents to suppress splash in areas of increased hygiene requirements or wherever pooling of liquids is not desirable.This article is part of the themed issue 'Bioinspired hierarchically structured surfaces for green science'. © 2016 The Author(s).

78 FR 18277 - Special Local Regulation; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-03-26

...-AA08 Special Local Regulation; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor... Harbor in Charleston, SC during the Low Country Splash in Charleston, SC, on June 1, 2013. This special... States during the Low Country Splash. C. Discussion of Proposed Rule On Saturday, June 1, 2013, the Low...

The risk of eye splash in burn surgery.

PubMed

Tehrani, H; Juma, A; Lambe, G; James, M I

2009-06-01

Although the incidence of eye splash injury has been assessed for a number of surgical specialities, such risks posed to the burn surgeon have not been previously quantified. During 100 consecutive procedures the operating burns team wore a clean set of goggles, counting the number of blood splashes on the goggles after each procedure. During this study there were 47 cases of potential eye splash injury, although the individual was only aware of 2 of these intra-operatively. Seven of the splashes involved more than 6 blood droplets on the goggles. The consultant burn surgeon was the most likely to be splashed, sustaining a potential injury in over half cases operated upon. Procedures greater than 45 min in length were more likely to result in a splash than those shorter than 45 min. We recommend that eye protection should be used either in the form of goggles or a visor and should encompass all burn theatre cases as a matter of policy.

Dynamics of initial drop splashing on a dry smooth surface.

PubMed

Wu, Zhenlong; Cao, Yihua

2017-01-01

We simulate the onset and evolution of the earliest splashing of an infinite cylindrical liquid drop on a smooth dry solid surface. A tiny splash is observed to be emitted out of the rim of the lamella in the early stage of the impact. We find that the onset time of the splash is primarily dependent on the characteristic timescale, which is defined by the impact velocity as well as the drop radius, with no strong dependence on either the liquid viscosity or surface tension. Three regimes are found to be responsible for different splashing patterns. The outermost ejected droplets keep extending radially at a uniform speed proportional to the impact speed. Finally, we discuss the underlying mechanism which is responsible for the occurrence of the initial drop splash in the study.

[GNU Pattern: open source pattern hunter for biological sequences based on SPLASH algorithm].

PubMed

Xu, Ying; Li, Yi-xue; Kong, Xiang-yin

2005-06-01

To construct a high performance open source software engine based on IBM SPLASH algorithm for later research on pattern discovery. Gpat, which is based on SPLASH algorithm, was developed by using open source software. GNU Pattern (Gpat) software was developped, which efficiently implemented the core part of SPLASH algorithm. Full source code of Gpat was also available for other researchers to modify the program under the GNU license. Gpat is a successful implementation of SPLASH algorithm and can be used as a basic framework for later research on pattern recognition in biological sequences.

Dynamics of initial drop splashing on a dry smooth surface

PubMed Central

Wu, Zhenlong; Cao, Yihua

2017-01-01

We simulate the onset and evolution of the earliest splashing of an infinite cylindrical liquid drop on a smooth dry solid surface. A tiny splash is observed to be emitted out of the rim of the lamella in the early stage of the impact. We find that the onset time of the splash is primarily dependent on the characteristic timescale, which is defined by the impact velocity as well as the drop radius, with no strong dependence on either the liquid viscosity or surface tension. Three regimes are found to be responsible for different splashing patterns. The outermost ejected droplets keep extending radially at a uniform speed proportional to the impact speed. Finally, we discuss the underlying mechanism which is responsible for the occurrence of the initial drop splash in the study. PMID:28493989

Effect of soil moisture content on the splash phenomenon reproducibility.

PubMed

Ryżak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej; Polakowski, Cezary

2015-01-01

One of the methods for testing splash (the first phase of water erosion) may be an analysis of photos taken using so-called high-speed cameras. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of measurements using a single drop splash of simulated precipitation. The height from which the drops fell resulted in a splash of 1.5 m. Tests were carried out using two types of soil: Eutric Cambisol (loamy silt) and Orthic Luvisol (sandy loam); three initial pressure heads were applied equal to 16 kPa, 3.1 kPa, and 0.1 kPa. Images for one, five, and 10 drops were recorded at a rate of 2000 frames per second. It was found that (i) the dispersion of soil caused by the striking of the 1st drop was significantly different from the splash impact caused by subsequent drops; (ii) with every drop, the splash phenomenon proceeded more reproducibly, that is, the number of particles of soil and/or water that splashed were increasingly close to each other; (iii) the number of particles that were detached during the splash were strongly correlated with its surface area; and (iv) the higher the water film was on the surface the smaller the width of the crown was.

Effect of Soil Moisture Content on the Splash Phenomenon Reproducibility

PubMed Central

Ryżak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej; Polakowski, Cezary

2015-01-01

One of the methods for testing splash (the first phase of water erosion) may be an analysis of photos taken using so-called high-speed cameras. The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of measurements using a single drop splash of simulated precipitation. The height from which the drops fell resulted in a splash of 1.5 m. Tests were carried out using two types of soil: Eutric Cambisol (loamy silt) and Orthic Luvisol (sandy loam); three initial pressure heads were applied equal to 16 kPa, 3.1 kPa, and 0.1 kPa. Images for one, five, and 10 drops were recorded at a rate of 2000 frames per second. It was found that (i) the dispersion of soil caused by the striking of the 1st drop was significantly different from the splash impact caused by subsequent drops; (ii) with every drop, the splash phenomenon proceeded more reproducibly, that is, the number of particles of soil and/or water that splashed were increasingly close to each other; (iii) the number of particles that were detached during the splash were strongly correlated with its surface area; and (iv) the higher the water film was on the surface the smaller the width of the crown was. PMID:25785859

40 CFR Table 33 to Subpart G of... - Saturation Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... service 0.60 Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00 Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1...

40 CFR Table 33 to Subpart G of... - Saturation Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... service 0.60 Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00 Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1...

40 CFR Table 33 to Subpart G of... - Saturation Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... service 0.60 Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00 Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1...

40 CFR Table 33 to Subpart G of... - Saturation Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... service 0.60 Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00 Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1...

40 CFR Table 33 to Subpart G of... - Saturation Factors

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... service 0.60 Submerged loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1.00 Splash loading of a clean cargo tank 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated normal service 1.45 Splash loading: dedicated vapor balance service 1...

Assessing Pavement Surface Splash and Spray Impact on Road Users

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2015-10-01

This TechBrief describes the development of an assessment tool to characterize the propensity of highway sections to generate splash and spray during rainfall and the impact of splash and spray on road users.

Water Quality Survey of Splash Pads After A Waterborne Salmonellosis Outbreak--Tennessee, 2014.

PubMed

Clayton, Joshua L; Manners, Judy; Miller, Susan; Shepherd, Craig; Dunn, John R; Schaffner, William; Jones, Timothy F

2017-06-01

Waterborne outbreaks of salmonellosis are uncommon. The Tennessee Department of Health investigated a salmonellosis outbreak of 10 cases with the only common risk factor being exposure to a single splash pad. Risks included water splashed in the face at the splash pad and no free residual chlorine in the water system. We surveyed water quality and patron behaviors at splash pads statewide. Of the 29 splash pads participating in the water quality survey, 24 (83%) used a recirculating water system. Of the 24, 5 (21%) water samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction and found to be positive for E. coli, Giardia, norovirus, or Salmonella. Among 95 patrons observed, we identified common high-risk behaviors of sitting on the fountain or spray head and putting mouth to water. Water venue regulations and improved education of patrons are important to aid prevention efforts.

Splash control of drop impacts with geometric targets.

PubMed

Juarez, Gabriel; Gastopoulos, Thomai; Zhang, Yibin; Siegel, Michael L; Arratia, Paulo E

2012-02-01

Drop impacts on solid and liquid surfaces exhibit complex dynamics due to the competition of inertial, viscous, and capillary forces. After impact, a liquid lamella develops and expands radially, and under certain conditions, the outer rim breaks up into an irregular arrangement of filaments and secondary droplets. We show experimentally that the lamella expansion and subsequent breakup of the outer rim can be controlled by length scales that are of comparable dimension to the impacting drop diameter. Under identical impact parameters (i.e., fluid properties and impact velocity) we observe unique splashing dynamics by varying the target cross-sectional geometry. These behaviors include (i) geometrically shaped lamellae and (ii) a transition in splashing stability, from regular to irregular splashing. We propose that regular splashes are controlled by the azimuthal perturbations imposed by the target cross-sectional geometry and that irregular splashes are governed by the fastest-growing unstable Plateau-Rayleigh mode.

Risk factors and monitoring for water quality to determine best management practices for splash parks.

PubMed

de Man, H; Leenen, E J T M; van Knapen, F; de Roda Husman, A M

2014-09-01

Splash parks have been associated with infectious disease outbreaks as a result of exposure to poor water quality. To be able to protect public health, risk factors were identified that determine poor water quality. Samples were taken at seven splash parks where operators were willing to participate in the study. Higher concentrations of Escherichia coli were measured in water of splash parks filled with rainwater or surface water as compared with sites filled with tap water, independent of routine inspection intervals and employed disinfection. Management practices to prevent fecal contamination and guarantee maintaining good water quality at splash parks should include selection of source water of acceptable quality.

Rain Splash Dispersal of Gibberella zeae Within Wheat Canopies in Ohio.

PubMed

Paul, P A; El-Allaf, S M; Lipps, P E; Madden, L V

2004-12-01

ABSTRACT Rain splash dispersal of Gibberella zeae, causal agent of Fusarium head blight of wheat, was investigated in field studies in Ohio between 2001 and 2003. Samplers placed at 0, 30, and 100 cm above the soil surface were used to collect rain splash in wheat fields with maize residue on the surface and fields with G. zeae-infested maize kernels. Rain splash was collected during separate rain episodes throughout the wheat-growing seasons. Aliquots of splashed rain were transferred to petri dishes containing Komada's selective medium, and G. zeae was identified based on colony and spore morphology. Dispersed spores were measured in CFU/ml. Intensity of splashed rain was highest at 100 cm and ranged from 0.2 to 10.2 mm h(-1), depending on incident rain intensity and sampler height. Spores were recovered from splash samples at all heights in both locations for all sampled rain events. Both macroconidia and ascospores were found based on microscopic examination of random samples of splashed rain. Spore density and spore flux density per rain episode ranged from 0.4 to 40.9 CFU cm(-2) and 0.4 to 84.8 CFU cm(-2) h(-1), respectively. Spore flux density was higher in fields with G. zeae-infested maize kernels than in fields with maize debris, and generally was higher at 0 and 30 cm than at 100 cm at both locations. However, on average, spore flux density was only 30% lower at 100 cm (height of wheat spikes) than at the other heights. The log of spore flux density was linearly related to the log of splashed rain intensity and the log of incident rain intensity. The regression slopes were not significantly affected by year, location, height, and their interactions, but the intercepts were significantly affected by both sampler height and location. Thus, our results show that spores of G. zeae were consistently splash dispersed to spike heights within wheat canopies, and splashed rain intensity and spore flux density could be predicted based on incident rain intensity in order to estimate inoculum dispersal within the wheat canopy.

Drop splashing: the role of surface wettability and liquid viscosity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Almohammadi, Hamed; Amirfazli, Alidad; -Team

2017-11-01

There are seemingly contradictory results in the literature about the role of surface wettability and drop viscosity for the splashing behavior of a drop impacting onto a surface. Motivated by such issues, we conducted a systematic experimental study where splashing behavior for a wide range of the liquid viscosity (1-100 cSt) and surface wettability (hydrophilic to hydrophobic) are examined. The experiments were performed for the liquids with both low and high surface tensions ( 20 and 72 mN/m). We found that the wettability affects the splashing threshold at high or low contact angle values. At the same drop velocity, an increase of the viscosity (up to 4 cSt) promotes the splashing; while, beyond such value, any increase in viscosity shows the opposite effect. It is also found that at a particular combination of liquid surface tension and viscosity (e.g. silicone oil, 10 cSt), an increase in the drop velocity changes the splashing to spreading. We relate such behaviors to the thickness, shape, and the velocity of the drop's lamella. Finally, to predict the splashing, we developed an empirical correlation which covers all of the previous reported data, hence clarifying the ostensible existing contradictions.

The shape and dynamics of the generation of the splash forms in single-phase systems after drop hitting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sochan, Agata; Beczek, Michał; Mazur, Rafał; RyŻak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2018-02-01

The splash phenomenon is being increasingly explored with the use of modern measurement tools, including the high-speed cameras. Recording images at a rate of several thousand frames per second facilitates parameterization and description of the dynamics of splash phases. This paper describes the impact of a single drop of a liquid falling on the surface of the same liquid. Three single-phase liquid systems, i.e., water, petrol, and diesel fuel, were examined. The falling drops were characterized by different kinetic energy values depending on the height of the fall, which ranged from 0.1 to 7.0 m. Four forms, i.e., waves, crowns, semi-closed domes, and domes, were distinguished depending on the drop energy. The analysis of the recorded images facilitated determination of the static and dynamic parameters of each form, e.g., the maximum height of each splash form, the width of the splash form at its maximum height, and the rate of growth of the splash form. We, Re, Fr, and K numbers were determined for all analyzed liquid systems. On the basis of the obtained values of dimensionless numbers, the areas of occurrence of characteristic splash forms were separated.

Computational Analysis of Splash Occurring in the Deposition Process in Annular-Mist Flow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Xie, Heng; Koshizuka, Seiichi; Oka, Yoshiaki

2004-07-01

The deposition process of a single droplet on the film is numerically simulated by the Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method to analyze the possibility and effect of splash occurring in the deposition process in BWR condition. The model accounts for the presence of inertial, gravitation, viscous and surface tension and is validated by comparison with experiment results. A simple one-dimensional mixture model is developed to calculate the necessary parameters for the simulation of deposition in BWR condition. The deposition process of a single droplet in BWR condition is simulated. The effect of impact angle of droplet and the velocity ofmore » liquid film are analyzed. A film buffer model is developed to fit the simulation results of critical value for splash. A correlation of critical Weber number for splash in BWR condition is obtained and used to analyze the effect of splash. It is found that the splash play important role in the deposition and re-entrainment process in high quality condition in BWR. The mass fraction of re-entrainment caused by splash in different quality condition is also calculated. (authors)« less

Splash Safety During Dermatologic Procedures Among US Dermatology Residents.

PubMed

Korta, Dorota Z; Chapman, Lance W; Lee, Patrick K; Linden, Kenneth G

2017-07-01

Dermatologists are at potential risk of acquiring infections from contamination of the mucous membranes by blood and body fluids. However, there are little data on splash safety during procedural dermatology. To determine dermatology resident perceptions about splash risk during dermatologic procedures and to quantify the rate of protective equipment use. An anonymous on-line survey was sent to 108 United States ACGME-approved dermatology residency programs assessing frequency of facial protection during dermatologic procedures, personal history of splash injury, and, if applicable, reasons for not always wearing facial protection. A total of 153 dermatology residents responded. Rates of facial protection varied by procedure, with the highest rates during surgery and the lowest during local anesthetic injection. Over 54% of respondents reported suffering facial splash while not wearing facial protection during a procedure. In contrast, 88.9% of respondents correctly answered that there is a small risk of acquiring infection from mucosal splash. Residency program recommendations for facial protection seem to vary by procedure. The authors' results demonstrate that although facial splash is a common injury, facial protection rates and protective recommendations vary significantly by procedure. These data support the recommendation for enhanced facial protection guidelines during procedural dermatology.

Effects of slaking and mechanical breakdown on disaggregation and splash erosion

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The contributions of different aggregate breakdown mechanisms to splash erosion are still obscure. This study was designed to investigate the effects of different soil disaggregation mechanisms on splash erosion. Loam clay soil, clay loam soil, and sandy loam soil were used in this study. Soil aggre...

Preventive medicine oversight of splash pads on military installations.

PubMed

Hardcastle, Lisa Raysby; Perry, Matthew; Browne, Ashley

2015-01-01

Over the past several years, an increasing number of military installations have installed splash pads that provide fun, recreational water entertainment for Soldiers and their families. The addition of splash pads brings added responsibilities for medical treatment facility preventive medicine oversight and installation facilities maintenance to ensure a safe and healthy environment. Currently, there are no consistent standards or detailed guidance for military installations to follow when installing and maintaining splash pads. The central issues associated with splash pads on military installations are water quality and risk for waterborne illnesses, responsibility for safety and health oversight, and federal energy and water sustainability mandates. This article examines the importance of implementing a standard for design and oversight to ensure the health and safety of Soldiers and their families.

Computational Study of Droplet Trains Impacting a Smooth Solid Surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Markt, David, Jr.; Pathak, Ashish; Raessi, Mehdi; Lee, Seong-Young; Zhao, Emma

2017-11-01

The study of droplet impingement is vital to understanding the fluid dynamics of fuel injection in modern internal combustion engines. One widely accepted model was proposed by Yarin and Weiss (JFM, 1995), developed from experiments of single trains of ethanol droplets impacting a substrate. The model predicts the onset of splashing and the mass ejected upon splashing. In this study, using an in-house 3D multiphase flow solver, the experiments of Yarin and Weiss were computationally simulated. The experimentally observed splashing threshold was captured by the simulations, thus validating the solver's ability to accurately simulate the splashing dynamics. Then, we performed simulations of cases with multiple droplet trains, which have high relevance to dense fuel sprays, where droplets impact within the spreading diameters of their neighboring droplets, leading to changes in splashing dynamics due to interactions of spreading films. For both single and multi-train simulations the amount of splashed mass was calculated as a function of time, allowing a quantitative comparison between the two cases. Furthermore, using a passive scalar the amount of splashed mass per impinging droplet was also calculated. This work is supported by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) and the Department of Defense, Tank and Automotive Research, Development, and Engineering Center (TARDEC), under Award Number DE-EE0007292.

Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a splash park - Idaho, 2007.

PubMed

2009-06-12

On August 6, 2007, Idaho's Central District Health Department (CDHD) received a complaint of several ill persons with watery diarrhea consistent with cryptosporidiosis after attendance at a municipal splash park on July 26. Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan that causes diarrheal illness and has been implicated previously in recreational water illness outbreaks at splash parks. CDHD and the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare (IDHW) initiated an investigation of illness among municipal park visitors who attended reservation-only gatherings at an onsite pavilion July 23-August 10. The investigation revealed five immunofluorescence assay (IFA)-confirmed and 45 clinically compatible cases of cryptosporidiosis among 154 persons interviewed (32% attack rate). Patients were more likely than non-ill park visitors to have been exposed to water from a splash feature (relative risk [RR] = 6.1) [corrected]. Water samples collected from splash features and an adjacent drinking fountain tested positive for Cryptosporidium hominis. This report summarizes the investigation of the outbreak and highlights the importance of splash park design, operation, access to hygiene facilities, and public education in prevention of waterborne cryptosporidiosis and other infectious agents. Educational efforts and enactment of regulations requiring enhanced disinfection technology, exclusion of persons with diarrhea, adequate hygiene facilities, and preconstruction consultation with health departments might decrease the risk for recreational water illness at splash parks.

Splash erosion. A bibliometric Review

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernández Raga, M. B.

2012-04-01

Ellison (1944) developed the splash board as a system for measuring splash erosion that was both cheap and reliable. Bollinne (1975), Morgan (1978, 1981). Mutchler (1967) described another different type of splash detectors according to whether they were passive or could register data. In the study mentioned above these authors included bottles, funnels, glasses, photography, markers. After that several devices has been made up like the splash sampler (Leguedois et al., 2005), soil tray (Van Dijk et al., 2002), splash funnel (Terry, 1989) and several rain cups (Fernandez-Raga et al., 2010; Molina and Llinares, 1996; Torri et al., 1987). Splash erosion research has materialized in the form of a number of papers published in international journals. The database of bibliographic references employed has been one of the most prestigious ones: theWeb of Science (ISI). The search was carried out on January 27th 2012. Among the 3x10^8 scholarly documents included in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) 1899 to present , the searching engine located 439 containing the word "splash erosion*", where the asterisk acts as a wildcard for any letter or group of letters. Of these, 383 were classified as articles, 87 as proceeding papers, 5 as editorial material, 2 as notes and 1 as correction. These documents have been published in 163 different journals, although four are particularly recurrent: Earth surface processes and Landforms, Catena, Soil Science Society of America Journal and Hydrological processes, with 41, 35, 35 and 26 published documents respectively. A geographic analysis of these articles has been carried out in an attempt to determine in what parts of the world research projects were making use of splash erosion. The results are that anglo-saxon countries, as USA, England and Australia dominate, particularly USA, with 130 articles. China and Japan are large communities of researches too, and some Central European countries as Belgium, France Germany and Netherlands. It is interesting to analyze the evolution of research by means of splash erosion publications. Figure 6 shows the number of documents published every decade from 1961 (the first publication appears in 1967) . Various aspects need to be commented: • The decades show an exponential increase in the number of publications. • The line in the figure represents the rise in the number of publications, which have been larger in the last two decades (900s and 20000s). • The last decade included began in 2001 leads us to predict a strong boost in research in this particular field. It is also worthwhile to consider briefly the main concepts dealt with in the documents published: • There are only 3 publications with disdrometer + splash erosion as topic words. • After 1991 and 2000 we find that there are several lines of measurement of two main research lines today are already defined: the study of the splash produces with rain simulation processes or splash produces with natural rain (relationship with atmospheric variables and accuracy of the measurements). • The current decade is characterized by an increase in research using disdrometers for studying splash erosion. Summing up, the research that is being carried out using splash erosion is evolving towards an increasing number of projects, countries, and especially, papers published in prestigious scientific journals.

Poor compliance with standard precautions against infections during minor gynaecological procedures.

PubMed

Maharaj, Dushyant; Lawton, Beverley; Garrett, Sue

2012-06-01

Splash injuries occurring during minor surgical procedures are associated with a significant infective risk to the operator. It is a common misconception that minor operations carry low risks. To determine the prevalence of the practice of Standard Precautions by medical staff in the obstetric and gynaecology (O & G) units of two hospitals in New Zealand, and to assess self-observed splash injury rates. A cross-sectional survey of all doctors working in the O & G units of two public hospitals servicing a population of 435 000. A self-administered questionnaire was provided to 43 doctors with questions related to the use of Standard Precautions, perceived likelihood of infection from a splash and splash injuries sustained during procedures. The response rate was 76.6% (n = 33/43). Of the respondents, only 30.3% (n = 10) used Standard Precautions during minor procedures. Sixty-four per cent (n = 21) routinely used goggles/visor for eye protection. Forty-five per cent (n = 15) thought they were likely to get an infection from a splash, and 55% (n = 18) of clinicians had experienced a splash injury. Of the minor procedures during which splash injuries had occurred, repair of episiotomy 45.8% (n = 11) was the commonest. This survey shows poor compliance with guidelines for Standard Precautions to protect from infection despite self-reported rates of splash injury being high at 55%. Effective interventions are needed to increase compliance and prevent infection. © 2012 The Authors ANZJOG © 2012 The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.

Using the Image Analysis Method for Describing Soil Detachment by a Single Water Drop Impact

PubMed Central

Ryżak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2012-01-01

The aim of the present work was to develop a method based on image analysis for describing soil detachment caused by the impact of a single water drop. The method consisted of recording tracks made by splashed particles on blotting paper under an optical microscope. The analysis facilitated division of the recorded particle tracks on the paper into drops, “comets” and single particles. Additionally, the following relationships were determined: (i) the distances of splash; (ii) the surface areas of splash tracks into relation to distance; (iii) the surface areas of the solid phase transported over a given distance; and (iv) the ratio of the solid phase to the splash track area in relation to distance. Furthermore, the proposed method allowed estimation of the weight of soil transported by a single water drop splash in relation to the distance of the water drop impact. It was concluded that the method of image analysis of splashed particles facilitated analysing the results at very low water drop energy and generated by single water drops.

Kelvin–Helmholtz instability in an ultrathin air film causes drop splashing on smooth surfaces

PubMed Central

Liu, Yuan; Tan, Peng; Xu, Lei

2015-01-01

When a fast-moving drop impacts onto a smooth substrate, splashing will be produced at the edge of the expanding liquid sheet. This ubiquitous phenomenon lacks a fundamental understanding. Combining experiment with model, we illustrate that the ultrathin air film trapped under the expanding liquid front triggers splashing. Because this film is thinner than the mean free path of air molecules, the interior airflow transfers momentum with an unusually high velocity comparable to the speed of sound and generates a stress 10 times stronger than the airflow in common situations. Such a large stress initiates Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities at small length scales and effectively produces splashing. Our model agrees quantitatively with experimental verifications and brings a fundamental understanding to the ubiquitous phenomenon of drop splashing on smooth surfaces. PMID:25713350

[Splash basins are contaminated even during operations in a laminar air flow environment].

PubMed

Christensen, Mikkel; Sundstrup, Mikkel; Larsen, Helle Raagaard; Olesen, Bente; Ryge, Camilla

2014-03-03

Few studies have investigated the potential contamination of splash basins and they have shown very divergent results: contamination ranging from 2.13% to 74% has been reported. This study set out to examine if splash basins used in a laminar air flow (LAF) environment during elective knee and hip arthroplasty constitute an unnecessary risk. Of the 49 cases sampled two cultures were positive (4%; 95% confidence interval = 0.49-13.9). We conclude that splash basins do get contaminated even in an LAF environment. Further studies with larger populations are needed to validate our findings.

33 CFR 100.T07-0110 - Special Local Regulations; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 33 Navigation and Navigable Waters 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Special Local Regulations; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor, Charleston, SC. 100.T07-0110 Section 100... Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor, Charleston, SC. (a) Regulated Areas. The...

77 FR 23120 - Special Local Regulations; Lowcountry Splash Open Water Swim, Wando River and Cooper River, Mount...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-18

...-AA08 Special Local Regulations; Lowcountry Splash Open Water Swim, Wando River and Cooper River, Mount... at Patriots Point on the Cooper River. Approximately 600 swimmers will be participating in the swim... Special Local Regulations; Lowcountry Splash Open Water Swim, Wando River and Cooper River, Mount Pleasant...

On the splash and splat singularities for the one-phase inhomogeneous Muskat Problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Córdoba, Diego; Pernas-Castaño, Tania

2017-10-01

In this paper, we study finite time splash and splat singularities formation for the interface of one fluid in a porous media with two different permeabilities. We prove that the smoothness of the interface breaks down in finite time into a splash singularity but this is not going to happen into a splat singularity.

A Chlorhexidine Solution Reduces Aerobic Organism Growth in Operative Splash Basins in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Lindgren, Kevin E; Pelt, Christopher E; Anderson, Mike B; Peters, Christopher L; Spivak, Emily S; Gililland, Jeremy M

2018-01-01

Despite recommendations against the use of splash basins, due to the potential of bacterial contamination, our observation has been that they continue to be used in operating theaters. In hopes of decontaminating the splash basin, we sought to determine if the addition of chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) would eliminate aerobic bacterial growth within the splash basin. After Institutional Review Board approval, we began enrollment in a randomized controlled trial comparing 2 splash basin solutions. Splash basins (n = 111) were randomized to either the standard of care (control) solution of sterile water or the experimental solution containing 0.05% CHG. One 20 mL aliquot was taken from the basin at the end of the surgical case and delivered to an independent laboratory. Samples were plated on tryptic soy agar (medium) and incubated at 30°C-35°C to encourage growth. After 48-72 hours, the agar plates were examined for growth and a standard plate count of aerobic cultures was performed. The sterile water group was found to have bacterial growth in 9% of samples compared to no growth in the CHG group (P = .045). The organisms included Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus hominis, Gram-variable coccobacilli, and unidentifiable Gram-positive rods. Given the safety and efficacy of a concentration of 0.05% CHG in reducing the bacterial contamination in the operative splash basin, it would seem that if the practice of using a splash basin in the operating theater is to be continued, the addition of an antiseptic solution such as that studied here should be considered. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The effectiveness of detection of splashed particles using a system of three integrated high-speed cameras

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryżak, Magdalena; Beczek, Michał; Mazur, Rafał; Sochan, Agata; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2017-04-01

The phenomenon of splash, which is one of the factors causing erosion of the soil surface, is the subject of research of various scientific teams. One of efficient methods of observation and analysis of this phenomenon are high-speed cameras to measure particles at 2000 frames per second or higher. Analysis of the phenomenon of splash with the use of high-speed cameras and specialized software can reveal, among other things, the number of broken particles, their speeds, trajectories, and the distances over which they were transferred. The paper presents an attempt at evaluation of the efficiency of detection of splashed particles with the use of a set of 3 cameras (Vision Research MIRO 310) and software Dantec Dynamics Studio, using a 3D module (Volumetric PTV). In order to assess the effectiveness of estimating the number of particles, the experiment was performed on glass beads with a diameter of 0.5 mm (corresponding to the sand fraction). Water droplets with a diameter of 4.2 mm fell on a sample from a height of 1.5 m. Two types of splashed particles were observed: particle having a low range (up to 18 mm) splashed at larger angles and particles of a high range (up to 118 mm) splashed at smaller angles. The detection efficiency the number of splashed particles estimated by the software was 45 - 65% for particles with a large range. The effectiveness of the detection of particles by the software has been calculated on the basis of comparison with the number of beads that fell on the adhesive surface around the sample. This work was partly financed from the National Science Centre, Poland; project no. 2014/14/E/ST10/00851.

Drop splashing is independent of substrate wetting

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Latka, Andrzej; Boelens, Arnout M. P.; Nagel, Sidney R.; de Pablo, Juan J.

2018-02-01

A liquid drop impacting a dry solid surface with sufficient kinetic energy will splash, breaking apart into numerous secondary droplets. This phenomenon shows many similarities to forced wetting, including the entrainment of air at the contact line. Because of these similarities and the fact that forced wetting has been shown to depend on the wetting properties of the surface, existing theories predict splashing to depend on wetting properties as well. However, using high-speed interference imaging, we observe that at high capillary numbers wetting properties have no effect on splashing for various liquid-surface combinations. Additionally, by fully resolving the Navier-Stokes equations at length and time scales inaccessible to experiments, we find that the shape and motion of the air-liquid interface at the contact line/edge of the droplet are independent of wettability. We use these findings to evaluate existing theories and to compare splashing with forced wetting.

Combustor exhaust emissions with air-atomizing splash-groove fuel injectors burning Jet A and Diesel number 2 fuels

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingebo, R. D.; Norgren, C. T.

1975-01-01

Air-atomizing, splash-groove injectors were shown to improve primary-zone fuel spreading and reduce combustor exhaust emissions for Jet A and diesel number 2 fuels. With Jet A fuel large-orifice, splash-groove injectors the oxides-of-nitrogen emission index was reduced, but emissions of carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, or smoke were unaffected. Small-orifice, splash-groove injectors did not reduce oxides of nitrogen, but reduced the smoke number and carbon monoxide and unburned-hydrocarbon emission indices. With diesel number 2 fuel, the small-orifice, splash-groove injectors reduced oxides of nitrogen by 19 percent, smoke number by 28 percent, carbon monoxide by 75 percent, and unburned hydrocarbons by 50 percent. Smoke number and unburned hydrocarbons were twice as high with diesel number 2 as with Jet A fuel. Combustor blowout limits were similar for diesel number 2 and Jet A fuels.

SPLASH (PLA2IID), a novel member of phospholipase A2 family, is associated with lymphotoxin deficiency.

PubMed

Shakhov, A N; Rubtsov, A V; Lyakhov, I G; Tumanov, A V; Nedospasov, S A

2000-02-01

Lymphotoxin (LT) deficient mice have profound defects in the splenic microarchitecture associated with defective expression on certain gene products, including chemokines. By using subtraction cloning of splenic cDNA from wild-type and LT alpha or TNF/LT alpha double deficient mice we isolated a novel murine gene encoding a secretory type phospholipase A2, called SPLASH. The two major alternative transcripts of SPLASH gene are predominantly expressed in lymphoid tissues, such as spleen and lymph nodes. SPLASH maps to the distal part of chromosome 4, to which several cancer-related loci have been also mapped.

Diving wedges

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vincent, Lionel; Kanso, Eva

2017-11-01

Diving induces large pressures during water entry, accompanied by the creation of cavity behind the diver and water splash ejected from the free water surface. To minimize impact forces, divers streamline their shape at impact. Here, we investigate the impact forces and splash evolution of diving wedges as a function of the wedge opening angle. A gradual transition from impactful to smooth entry is observed as the wedge angle decreases. After submersion, diving wedges experience significantly smaller drag forces (two-fold smaller) than immersed wedges. We characterize the shapes of the cavity and splash created by the wedge and find that they are independent of the entry velocity at short times, but that the splash exhibits distinct variations in shape at later times. Combining experimental approach and a discrete fluid particle model, we show that the splash shape is governed by a destabilizing Venturi-suction force due to air rushing between the splash and the water surface and a stabilizing force due to surface tension. These findings may have implications in a wide range of water entry problems, with applications in engineering and bio-related problems, including naval engineering, disease spreading and platform diving. This work was funded by the National Science Foundation.

Theory and experimental validation of SPLASH (Single Panel Lamp and Shroud Helper).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larsen, Marvin Elwood; Porter, Jason M.

2005-06-01

The radiant heat test facility develops test sets providing well-characterized thermal environments, often representing fires. Many of the components and procedures have become standardized to such an extent that the development of a specialized design tool was appropriate. SPLASH (Single Panel Lamp and Shroud Helper) is that tool. SPLASH is implemented as a user-friendly program that allows a designer to describe a test setup in terms of parameters such as lamp number, power, position, and separation distance. Thermal radiation is the dominant mechanism of heat transfer and the SPLASH model solves a radiation enclosure problem to estimate temperature distributions inmore » a shroud providing the boundary condition of interest. Irradiance distribution on a specified viewing plane is also estimated. This document provides the theoretical development for the underlying model. A series of tests were conducted to characterize SPLASH's ability to analyze lamp and shroud systems. The comparison suggests that SPLASH succeeds as a design tool. Simplifications made to keep the model tractable are demonstrated to result in estimates that are only approximately as uncertain as many of the properties and characteristics of the operating environment.« less

The risks of splash injury when using power tools during orthopaedic surgery: a prospective study.

PubMed

Alani, Asef; Modi, Cheaten; Almedghio, Sami; Mackie, Ian

2008-10-01

Transmissible blood-borne infection can occur at muco-cutaneous membranes. During trauma and orthopaedic surgery, the use of power tools increases spraying of bodily fluid, hence resulting in an increased risk of infectious splash injury to the face. This prospective study involved 25 patients. The visors worn by the operating team were examined postoperatively to identify any visible blood, fat and body tissue splashes. Eleven patients underwent knee arthroplasty. Splash counts to the surgeon's mouth/lip, nose/cheek and eye regions were 217, 105, and 62 respectively; they were 258, 147, and 82 for the assistant. Fourteen patients had hip replacement; splash counts to the surgeon's mouth/lip, nose/cheek and eye regions were 214, 90, and 53 respectively, and 137, 39 and 27 for the assistant. To conclude, the face is vulnerable to material and fluid strikes during joint arthroplasty surgery. The visor is a reliable barrier to blood, fat and body tissue splashes and minimises the risk of exposure to blood-borne viruses. Therefore, a visor should be worn during all joint arthroplasty procedures and any procedure that involves the use of power tools.

SPLASH program for three dimensional fluid dynamics with free surface boundaries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yamaguchi, A.

1996-05-01

This paper describes a three dimensional computer program SPLASH that solves Navier-Stokes equations based on the Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) finite element method. SPLASH has been developed for application to the fluid dynamics problems including the moving boundary of a liquid metal cooled Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR). To apply SPLASH code to the free surface behavior analysis, a capillary model using a cubic Spline function has been developed. Several sample problems, e.g., free surface oscillation, vortex shedding development, and capillary tube phenomena, are solved to verify the computer program. In the analyses, the numerical results are in good agreement with the theoretical value or experimental observance. Also SPLASH code has been applied to an analysis of a free surface sloshing experiment coupled with forced circulation flow in a rectangular tank. This is a simplified situation of the flow field in a reactor vessel of the FBR. The computational simulation well predicts the general behavior of the fluid flow inside and the free surface behavior. Analytical capability of the SPLASH code has been verified in this study and the application to more practical problems such as FBR design and safety analysis is under way.

Splashing, feeding, contracting: Drop impact and fluid dynamics of Vorticella

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pepper, Rachel E.

This thesis comprises two main topics: understanding drop impact and splashing, and studying the feeding and contracting of the microorganism Vorticella. In Chapter 1, we study the effect of substrate compliance on the splash threshold of a liquid drop using an elastic membrane under variable tension. We find that splashing can be suppressed by reducing this tension. Measurements of the velocity and acceleration of the spreading drop after impact indicate that the splashing behavior is set at very early times after, or possibly just before, impact, far before the actual splash occurs. We also provide a model for the tension dependence of the splashing threshold. In Chapter 2, we study the evolution of the ejected liquid sheet, or lamella, created after impact of a liquid drop onto a solid surface using high-speed video. We find that the lamella rim thickness is always much larger than the boundary layer thickness, and that this thickness decreases with increasing impact speed. We also observe an unusual plateau behavior in thickness versus time at higher impact speeds as we approach the splash threshold. In Chapter 3, we show through calculations, simulations, and experiments that the eddies often observed near sessile filter feeders are due to the presence of nearby boundaries. We model the common filter feeder Vorticella, and also track particles around live feeding Vorticella to determine the experimental flow field. Our models are in good agreement both with each other and with the experiments. We also provide simple approximate equations to predict experimental eddy sizes due to boundaries. In Chapter 4, we show through calculations that filter feeders such as Vorticella can greatly enhance their nutrient uptake by feeding at an angle rather than perpendicular to a substrate. We also show experimental evidence that living Vorticella use this strategy. Finally, in Chapter 5, we discuss possible future directions for these projects, including potential insights from a close examination of lamella behavior at the splash threshold, and calculations to determine if Vorticella contract rapidly towards the substrate to which they are attached in order to mix the surrounding fluid.

Standardization of splash device

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernández Raga, María; Peters, Piet

2017-04-01

The erosion is a complex process that has been studied extensively by numerous researchers, requiring a prolongued time effort and a large economic investment. To be effective, the measurements of erosion should be precise, controlled and replicable, and to assure efectiveness, measurement devices of erosion should be properly designed, constructed, well calibrated and also they should be operated by a trained person (Stroosnijder, 2005). Because researchers try to improve old devices, the equipment is constantly being redesigned, making the measurements not comparable and furthermore, producing a lack of available standarized device. The lack of standardization of erosion equipment is more obvious in the case of the local splash erosion, where the nature of the process makes very difficult to isolate its effects. In this article we compare the results obtained from five of the most common splash erosion devices (selected from more than 16 different currently types), under the same rain conditions, with the objective of facilitate the standardization of the method that will be more easy to build, minimizing the error. A set of six splash devices were setted in well known positions under simulated rain, to measured the differences, among devices and the accuracy of the data recovered after 10 minutes of rainfall simulation under different intensities (from 60 to 130 mm/h). The rainfall simulator of Wageningen was used, using sand as splash erosion source. Differences in the infiltration were also measured, and a calibration of sizes and speeds of the raindrops was done using the photography method (Hamidreza-Sadeghi et al., 2013). The splash devices selected for this study were unbounded splash devices (like the funnel, the cup (Fernandez-Raga et al., 2010) and the splash flume (Jomaa et al., 2010)), and bounded devices that allow the calculation of splash rate, (like the new cup (Scholten et al., 2011) and the Morgan tray). The behaviour of different splash devices with the changes of intensity will be explained and discussed, with a recommendation of use. References Fernandez-Raga, M, Fraile, R, Keizer, J, Teijeiro, MEV, Castro, A, Palencia, C, Koenders, J and Marques, RLD. 2010. The kinetic energy of rain measured with an optical disdrometer: An application to splash erosion. Atmospheric Research 96, 225-240. doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.07.013 Hamidreza-Sadeghi, S, Abdollahi, Z and Khaledi-Darvishan, A. 2013. Experimental comparison of some techniques for estimating natural raindrop size distribution on the south coast of the Caspian Sea, Iran. Hydrological sciences Journal 58, 1374-1382. doi: 10.1080/02626667.2013.814917 Jomaa, S, Barry, D, Brovelli, A, Sander, G, Parlange, J, Heng, B and Tromp-van Meerveld, H. 2010. Effect of raindrop splash and transversal width on soil erosion: Laboratory flume experiments and analysis with the Hairsine-Rose model. Journal of Hydrology 395, 117-132. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.10.021 Scholten, T, Geißler, C, Goc, J, Kühn, P and Wiegand, C. 2011. A new splash cup to measure the kinetic energy of rainfall. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 174, 596-601. doi: 10.1002/jpln.201000349 Stroosnijder, L. 2005. Measurement of erosion: is it possible? Catena 64, 162-173. doi: 10.1016/j.catena.2005.08.004

Droplet Impact Onto A Flat Plate: Inclined Verses Moving Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tsai, Scott; Bird, James C.; Stone, Howard A.

2008-11-01

Much research has been conducted on the impact of droplets normal to flat surfaces. However, very little research has been carried out on oblique impacts, even though they occur frequently in nature and industry. We experiment with the effects of tangential and normal impact velocities on the behavior of a droplet as it impacts a flat plate. The plate is inclined in the first case, and in the second case the plate is rotated via an electric motor. The asymmetric nature of the impact causes asymmetric splashing, such that under certain conditions only part of the rim splashes. Using a high-speed camera, we demonstrate that the splash threshold of inclined and moving surfaces are quantitatively similar, with only small differences. We also develop a phase diagram of splashing showing which phase occurs given a tangential and normal impact velocity. Such a phase diagram is useful for both engineering design and for the evaluation of splash-prediction models.

Controlling liquid splash on superhydrophobic surfaces by a vesicle surfactant.

PubMed

Song, Meirong; Ju, Jie; Luo, Siqi; Han, Yuchun; Dong, Zhichao; Wang, Yilin; Gu, Zhen; Zhang, Lingjuan; Hao, Ruiran; Jiang, Lei

2017-03-01

Deposition of liquid droplets on solid surfaces is of great importance to many fundamental scientific principles and technological applications, such as spraying, coating, and printing. For example, during the process of pesticide spraying, more than 50% of agrochemicals are lost because of the undesired bouncing and splashing behaviors on hydrophobic or superhydrophobic leaves. We show that this kind of splashing on superhydrophobic surfaces can be greatly inhibited by adding a small amount of a vesicular surfactant, Aerosol OT. Rather than reducing splashing by increasing the viscosity via polymer additives, the vesicular surfactant confines the motion of liquid with the help of wettability transition and thus inhibits the splash. Significantly, the vesicular surfactant exhibits a distinguished ability to alter the surface wettability during the first inertial spreading stage of ~2 ms because of its dense aggregates at the air/water interface. A comprehensive model proposed by this idea could help in understanding the complex interfacial interactions at the solid/liquid/air interface.

Controlling liquid splash on superhydrophobic surfaces by a vesicle surfactant

PubMed Central

Song, Meirong; Ju, Jie; Luo, Siqi; Han, Yuchun; Dong, Zhichao; Wang, Yilin; Gu, Zhen; Zhang, Lingjuan; Hao, Ruiran; Jiang, Lei

2017-01-01

Deposition of liquid droplets on solid surfaces is of great importance to many fundamental scientific principles and technological applications, such as spraying, coating, and printing. For example, during the process of pesticide spraying, more than 50% of agrochemicals are lost because of the undesired bouncing and splashing behaviors on hydrophobic or superhydrophobic leaves. We show that this kind of splashing on superhydrophobic surfaces can be greatly inhibited by adding a small amount of a vesicular surfactant, Aerosol OT. Rather than reducing splashing by increasing the viscosity via polymer additives, the vesicular surfactant confines the motion of liquid with the help of wettability transition and thus inhibits the splash. Significantly, the vesicular surfactant exhibits a distinguished ability to alter the surface wettability during the first inertial spreading stage of ~2 ms because of its dense aggregates at the air/water interface. A comprehensive model proposed by this idea could help in understanding the complex interfacial interactions at the solid/liquid/air interface. PMID:28275735

Splash Dynamics of Falling Surfactant-Laden Droplets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sulaiman, Nur; Buitrago, Lewis; Pereyra, Eduardo

2017-11-01

Splashing dynamics is a common issue in oil and gas separation technology. In this study, droplet impact of various surfactant concentrations onto solid and liquid surfaces is studied experimentally using a high-speed imaging analysis. Although this area has been widely studied in the past, there is still not a good understanding of the role of surfactant over droplet impact and characterization of resulting splash dynamics. The experiments are conducted using tap water laden with anionic surfactant. The effects of system parameters on a single droplet impingement such as surfactant concentration (no surfactant, below, at and above critical micelle concentration), parent drop diameter (2-5mm), impact velocity and type of impact surface (thin and deep pool) are investigated. Image analysis technique is shown to be an effective technique for identification of coalescence to splashing transition. In addition, daughter droplets size distributions are analyzed qualitatively in the events of splashing. As expected, it is observed that the formation of secondary droplets is affected by the surfactant concentration. A summary of findings will be discussed.

Creating a urine black hole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hurd, Randy; Pan, Zhao; Meritt, Andrew; Belden, Jesse; Truscott, Tadd

2015-11-01

Since the mid-nineteenth century, both enlisted and fashion-conscious owners of khaki trousers have been plagued by undesired speckle patterns resulting from splash-back while urinating. In recent years, industrial designers and hygiene-driven entrepreneurs have sought to limit this splashing by creating urinal inserts, with the effectiveness of their inventions varying drastically. From this large assortment of inserts, designs consisting of macroscopic pillar arrays seem to be the most effective splash suppressers. Interestingly this design partially mimics the geometry of the water capturing moss Syntrichia caninervis, which exhibits a notable ability to suppress splash and quickly absorb water from impacting rain droplets. With this natural splash suppressor in mind, we search for the ideal urine black hole by performing experiments of simulated urine streams (water droplet streams) impacting macroscopic pillar arrays with varying parameters including pillar height and spacing, draining and material properties. We propose improved urinal insert designs based on our experimental data in hopes of reducing potential embarrassment inherent in wearing khakis.

Corrosion Behavior of Low-C Medium-Mn Steel in Simulated Marine Immersion and Splash Zone Environment

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Dazheng; Gao, Xiuhua; Su, Guanqiao; Du, Linxiu; Liu, Zhenguang; Hu, Jun

2017-05-01

The corrosion behavior of low-C medium-Mn steel in simulated marine immersion and splash zone environment was studied by static immersion corrosion experiment and wet-dry cyclic corrosion experiment, respectively. Corrosion rate, corrosion products, surface morphology, cross-sectional morphology, elemental distribution, potentiodynamic polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectra were used to elucidate the corrosion behavior of low-C medium-Mn steel. The results show that corrosion rate in immersion zone is much less than that in splash zone owing to its relatively mild environment. Manganese compounds are detected in the corrosion products and only appeared in splash zone environment, which can deteriorate the protective effect of rust layer. With the extension of exposure time, corrosion products are gradually transformed into dense and thick corrosion rust from the loose and porous one in these two environments. But in splash zone environment, alloying elements of Mn appear significant enrichment in the rust layer, which decrease the corrosion resistance of the steel.

The role of rain in dispersal of the primary inoculum of Plasmopara viticola.

PubMed

Rossi, Vittorio; Caffi, Tito

2012-02-01

Although primary infection of grapevines by Plasmopara viticola requires splash dispersal of inoculum from soil to leaves, little is known about the role of rain in primary inoculum dispersal. Distribution of rain splashes from soil to grapevine canopy was evaluated over 20 rain periods (0.2 to 64.2 mm of rain) with splash samplers placed within the canopy. Samplers at 40, 80, and 140 cm above the soil caught 4.4, 0.03, and 0.003 drops/cm(2) of sampler area, respectively. Drops caught at 40 and 80 cm (1.5 cm in diameter) were larger than drops at 140 cm (1.3 cm). Leaf coverage by splashed drops, total drop number, and drop size increased with an increase in the maximum intensity of rain (mm/h) during any rain period. Any rainfall led to infection in potted grapevines placed outside on leaf litter containing oospores, if the litter contained germinated oospores at the time of rain; infection severity was unrelated to rain amount or intensity. Results from vineyards also indicate that any rain can carry P. viticola inoculum from soil to leaves and should be considered a splash event in disease prediction systems. Sampling for early disease detection should focus on the lower canopy, where the probability of splash impact is greatest.

Is repetitive intraoperative splash basin use a source of bacterial contamination in total joint replacement?

PubMed

Glait, Sergio A; Schwarzkopf, Ran; Gould, Steven; Bosco, Joseph; Slover, James

2011-09-09

Splash basins are used in arthroplasty cases to wash instruments. Several studies in the literature have shown these basins being a potential source of bacterial infection. This study assesses the risk of contamination of intraoperative splash basins used to wash and store instruments. A total of 46 random clean primary arthroplasty cases (32 hips, 13 knees, and 1 unicondylar knee) were studied by taking cultures of sterile splash basins as soon as they are opened (controls) and again at wound closure after instruments and debris have come into contact with the sterile water. All cultures were taken with sterile culture swabs and sent to the laboratory for aerobic, anaerobic, and fungal culture. Outcome measured was any positive culture. A total of 92 cultures from 46 cases were tested. Only 1 (2.17%) control culture, which grew Streptococcus viridans, was positive for bacterial growth. One of 46 samples (2.17%) taken at wound closure was positive for coagulase-negative Staphylococcus. Mean time between basin opening and wound closure was 180±45 minutes. For the 1 infected sample taken at the conclusion of the case, it was 240 minutes. Previous studies show contamination rates as high as 74% for splash basins used intraoperatively. Our study contradicts the belief that splash basins are a high source of infection, with only 2.17% of basins showing contamination. Splash basins can be a potential source of contamination, but the risk is not as high as previously cited in the orthopedic literature. Copyright 2011, SLACK Incorporated.

Risk for eye splash injury during administration of intraocular injections: a study of retina specialists and fellows.

PubMed

Bourla, Dan H; Wirthlin, Robert S; Bourla, Nirit; Gupta, Anurag; Stanescu-Segall, Dinu; Schwartz, Steven D; Axer-Siegel, Ruth

2007-06-01

To evaluate the use of eye protection and frequency of eye splash events during intraocular injections as well as infection risk awareness among retina specialists and fellows in training. In a prospective survey of practicing retina specialists and retina fellows, frequency of use and type of eye protection employed during intraocular injections, frequency of eye splash occurrences, description of the eye splash event, number of procedures performed, and awareness of transconjunctival infection risk were investigated. Sixty-four ophthalmologists responded to the questionnaire: 40 retina fellows and 24 retina specialists. The response rate was 100%. Twenty-five percent of the fellows and 33.3% of the specialists reported using eye protection, including corrective glasses, during all intraocular injections. Two of the retina fellows and none of the specialists used special forms of eye protection. Retina fellows had a mean +/- SD of 2.1 +/- 1.3 years experience and the specialists had a mean +/- SD of 10.4 +/- 6.7 years experience in performing intraocular injections. The mean number of injections +/- SD performed by the fellows and specialists was 23 +/- 14.6 and 35 +/- 11.9 per month, respectively. Twelve conjunctival or corneal splash occurrences were reported by six fellows and two retina specialists. Eleven splash events occurred due to reflux of fluid during administration of subconjunctival anesthetic injection, and one event occurred during an anterior chamber tap. Splash events were significantly more likely to occur during procedures performed by fellows, with a relative risk of 8.4 for unprotected procedures (P< 0.001, Fisher exact test). Most (87.5%) of the participants were aware of the risk for transconjunctival viral infection. Special eye protection is seldom used during administration of intraocular injections. Although the risk for eye splash during administration of subconjunctival anesthetic before intraocular injections is relatively small, protective measures may be considered when treating high-risk patients.

SPLASH: structural pattern localization analysis by sequential histograms.

PubMed

Califano, A

2000-04-01

The discovery of sparse amino acid patterns that match repeatedly in a set of protein sequences is an important problem in computational biology. Statistically significant patterns, that is patterns that occur more frequently than expected, may identify regions that have been preserved by evolution and which may therefore play a key functional or structural role. Sparseness can be important because a handful of non-contiguous residues may play a key role, while others, in between, may be changed without significant loss of function or structure. Similar arguments may be applied to conserved DNA patterns. Available sparse pattern discovery algorithms are either inefficient or impose limitations on the type of patterns that can be discovered. This paper introduces a deterministic pattern discovery algorithm, called Splash, which can find sparse amino or nucleic acid patterns matching identically or similarly in a set of protein or DNA sequences. Sparse patterns of any length, up to the size of the input sequence, can be discovered without significant loss in performances. Splash is extremely efficient and embarrassingly parallel by nature. Large databases, such as a complete genome or the non-redundant SWISS-PROT database can be processed in a few hours on a typical workstation. Alternatively, a protein family or superfamily, with low overall homology, can be analyzed to discover common functional or structural signatures. Some examples of biologically interesting motifs discovered by Splash are reported for the histone I and for the G-Protein Coupled Receptor families. Due to its efficiency, Splash can be used to systematically and exhaustively identify conserved regions in protein family sets. These can then be used to build accurate and sensitive PSSM or HMM models for sequence analysis. Splash is available to non-commercial research centers upon request, conditional on the signing of a test field agreement. acal@us.ibm.com, Splash main page http://www.research.ibm.com/splash

Activation of alpha-latrotoxin receptors in neuromuscular synapses leads to a prolonged splash acetylcholine release.

PubMed

Lelyanova, V G; Thomson, D; Ribchester, R R; Tonevitsky, E A; Ushkaryov, Y A

2009-06-01

The mechanisms of acetylcholine release in presynaptic terminals of motoneurons induced by mutant alpha-latrotoxin (LT(N4C)) were analyzed. In contrast to wild-type alpha-latrotoxin that causes both continuous and splash secretion of acetylcholine and necessarity block neuromuscular transmission, LT(N4C) causes only splash release lasting over many hours. Thus, activation of alpha-latrotoxin receptors controls long-lasting enhanced secretion of acetylcholine.

Drop impact on flowing liquid films: asymmetric splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ismail, Renad; Che, Zhizhao; Rotkovitz, Lauren; Adebayo, Idris; Matar, Omar

2015-11-01

The splashing of droplets on flowing liquid films is studied experimentally using high-speed photography. The flowing liquid films are generated on an inclined substrate. The flow rate of the liquid film, the inclination angle, and the droplet speed are controlled and their effects on the splashing process studied. Due to the flow in the liquid film and the oblique impact direction, the splashing process is asymmetric. The propagation of the asymmetric crown and the generation of secondary droplets on the rim of the crown are analysed through image processing. The results show that the flow in the liquid films significantly affects the propagation of the liquid crown and the generation of secondary droplets. EPSRC Programme Grant, MEMPHIS, EP/K0039761/1.

Mutations in MITF and PAX3 cause "splashed white" and other white spotting phenotypes in horses.

PubMed

Hauswirth, Regula; Haase, Bianca; Blatter, Marlis; Brooks, Samantha A; Burger, Dominik; Drögemüller, Cord; Gerber, Vincent; Henke, Diana; Janda, Jozef; Jude, Rony; Magdesian, K Gary; Matthews, Jacqueline M; Poncet, Pierre-André; Svansson, Vilhjálmur; Tozaki, Teruaki; Wilkinson-White, Lorna; Penedo, M Cecilia T; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso

2012-01-01

During fetal development neural-crest-derived melanoblasts migrate across the entire body surface and differentiate into melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. Alterations in this precisely regulated process can lead to white spotting patterns. White spotting patterns in horses are a complex trait with a large phenotypic variance ranging from minimal white markings up to completely white horses. The "splashed white" pattern is primarily characterized by an extremely large blaze, often accompanied by extended white markings at the distal limbs and blue eyes. Some, but not all, splashed white horses are deaf. We analyzed a Quarter Horse family segregating for the splashed white coat color. Genome-wide linkage analysis in 31 horses gave a positive LOD score of 1.6 in a region on chromosome 6 containing the PAX3 gene. However, the linkage data were not in agreement with a monogenic inheritance of a single fully penetrant mutation. We sequenced the PAX3 gene and identified a missense mutation in some, but not all, splashed white Quarter Horses. Genome-wide association analysis indicated a potential second signal near MITF. We therefore sequenced the MITF gene and found a 10 bp insertion in the melanocyte-specific promoter. The MITF promoter variant was present in some splashed white Quarter Horses from the studied family, but also in splashed white horses from other horse breeds. Finally, we identified two additional non-synonymous mutations in the MITF gene in unrelated horses with white spotting phenotypes. Thus, several independent mutations in MITF and PAX3 together with known variants in the EDNRB and KIT genes explain a large proportion of horses with the more extreme white spotting phenotypes.

Mutations in MITF and PAX3 Cause “Splashed White” and Other White Spotting Phenotypes in Horses

PubMed Central

Blatter, Marlis; Brooks, Samantha A.; Burger, Dominik; Drögemüller, Cord; Gerber, Vincent; Henke, Diana; Janda, Jozef; Jude, Rony; Magdesian, K. Gary; Matthews, Jacqueline M.; Poncet, Pierre-André; Svansson, Vilhjálmur; Tozaki, Teruaki; Wilkinson-White, Lorna; Penedo, M. Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso

2012-01-01

During fetal development neural-crest-derived melanoblasts migrate across the entire body surface and differentiate into melanocytes, the pigment-producing cells. Alterations in this precisely regulated process can lead to white spotting patterns. White spotting patterns in horses are a complex trait with a large phenotypic variance ranging from minimal white markings up to completely white horses. The “splashed white” pattern is primarily characterized by an extremely large blaze, often accompanied by extended white markings at the distal limbs and blue eyes. Some, but not all, splashed white horses are deaf. We analyzed a Quarter Horse family segregating for the splashed white coat color. Genome-wide linkage analysis in 31 horses gave a positive LOD score of 1.6 in a region on chromosome 6 containing the PAX3 gene. However, the linkage data were not in agreement with a monogenic inheritance of a single fully penetrant mutation. We sequenced the PAX3 gene and identified a missense mutation in some, but not all, splashed white Quarter Horses. Genome-wide association analysis indicated a potential second signal near MITF. We therefore sequenced the MITF gene and found a 10 bp insertion in the melanocyte-specific promoter. The MITF promoter variant was present in some splashed white Quarter Horses from the studied family, but also in splashed white horses from other horse breeds. Finally, we identified two additional non-synonymous mutations in the MITF gene in unrelated horses with white spotting phenotypes. Thus, several independent mutations in MITF and PAX3 together with known variants in the EDNRB and KIT genes explain a large proportion of horses with the more extreme white spotting phenotypes. PMID:22511888

High-speed micro-droplet impact on a super-heated surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fujita, Yuta; Tran, Tuan; Tagawa, Yoshiyuki; Xie, Yanbo; Sun, Chao; Lohse, Detlef

2017-11-01

In this study, we experimentally show that the condition for micro-droplets to splash depends on the temperature of the surface on which the droplets impact. We vary droplet diameter (30 120 μm) and surface temperature (20 500°C). For an impacting droplet, splashing becomes possible for high surface temperature T > 160°C and Weber number We > 100. In contrast, at low surface temperature T < 140°C, no splash was observed up to the maximum Weber number in our experiments, i.e. We 7,000. Our results show that the criteria for splashing of micro-droplets may be different from those of milli-sized droplets, in particular when the impacted surface is heated. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16K14166.

A Thinking-Skills Strategy.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cummings, Alysa

1991-01-01

Presents ideas to help elementary educators teach their students thinking skills through word splashes (collages of words and pictures that help students think and make connections). A student page offers a word splash activity. (SM)

Boundary-layer effects in droplet splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riboux, Guillaume; Gordillo, Jose Manuel

2017-11-01

A drop falling onto a solid substrate will disintegrate into smaller parts when its impact velocity exceeds the so called critical velocity for splashing. Under these circumstances, the very thin liquid sheet ejected tangentially to the solid after the drop touches the substrate, lifts off as a consequence of the aerodynamic forces exerted on it and finally breaks into smaller droplets, violently ejected radially outwards, provoking the splash. Here, the tangential deceleration experienced by the fluid entering the thin liquid sheet is investigated making use of boundary layer theory. The velocity component tangent to the solid, computed using potential flow theory provides the far field boundary condition as well as the pressure gradient for the boundary layer equations. The structure of the flow permits to find a self similar solution of the boundary layer equations. This solution is then used to calculate the boundary layer thickness at the root of the lamella as well as the shear stress at the wall. The splash model presented in, which is slightly modified to account for the results obtained from the boundary layer analysis, provides a very good agreement between the measurements and the predicted values of the critical velocity for the splash.

Numerical simulation of drop impact on a thin film: the origin of the droplets in the splashing regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xie, Zhihua; Che, Zhizhao; Ismail, Renad; Pain, Chris; Matar, Omar

2015-11-01

Drop impact on a liquid layer is a feature of numerous multiphase flow problems, and has been the subject of numerous theoretical, experimental and numerical investigations. In the splashing regime, however, little attention has been focused on the origin of the droplets that are formed during the splashing process. The objective of this study is to investigate this issue numerically in order to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying splashing as a function of the relevant system parameters. In contrast to the conventional two-phase flow approach, commonly used to simulate splashing, here, a three-dimensional, three-phase flow model, with adaptive, unstructured meshing, is employed to study the liquid (droplet) - gas (surrounding air) - liquid (thin film) system. In the cases to be presented, both liquid phases have the same fluid property, although, clearly, our method can be used in the more general case of two different liquids. Numerical results of droplet impact on a thin film are analysed to determine whether the origin of the droplets following impact corresponds to the mother drop, or the thin film, or both. EPSRC Programme Grant, MEMPHIS, EP/K0039761/1.

16 CFR 1211.10 - Requirements for all entrapment protection devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... adjacent terminal. (c) Splash test. (1) An external entrapment protection device intended to be installed... such a manner most likely to cause water to splash the enclosure of electric components. However, the...

16 CFR 1211.10 - Requirements for all entrapment protection devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... adjacent terminal. (c) Splash test. (1) An external entrapment protection device intended to be installed... such a manner most likely to cause water to splash the enclosure of electric components. However, the...

16 CFR 1211.10 - Requirements for all entrapment protection devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... adjacent terminal. (c) Splash test. (1) An external entrapment protection device intended to be installed... such a manner most likely to cause water to splash the enclosure of electric components. However, the...

16 CFR § 1211.10 - Requirements for all entrapment protection devices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... adjacent terminal. (c) Splash test. (1) An external entrapment protection device intended to be installed... such a manner most likely to cause water to splash the enclosure of electric components. However, the...

Sequels, complications and management of a chemical burn associated with cement splash.

PubMed

Lim, Gerald C S; Yeh, Lung-Kun; Lin, Hsin-Chiung; Hwang, Chao-Ming

2006-01-01

We present a case of successful superficial keratectomy and amniotic membrane grafting to re-establish ocular surface from denuded stroma and significant limbal ischemia caused by a cement splash. We fully documented a case report about the sequels, complications and management strategies of a chemical burn to the eyes associated with a cement splash. Slit lamp examination, visual acuity test as well as all common cultures and stains were performed to measure the outcome. Visual acuity significantly improved from 0.2 to best-corrected visual acuity 0.7 at the 5-month postoperative visit. The cornea regained its clarity. Total re-epithelialization of the injured area was observed. It is of primary importance to remove all the debris from a cement splash at the first available opportunity. Superficial keratectomy and amniotic membrane grafting may be the best methods for the re-epithelialization and reconstruction of the ocular surface.

Splash: a software tool for stereotactic planning of recording chamber placement and electrode trajectories.

PubMed

Sperka, Daniel J; Ditterich, Jochen

2011-01-01

While computer-aided planning of human neurosurgeries is becoming more and more common, animal researchers still largely rely on paper atlases for planning their approach before implanting recording chambers to perform invasive recordings of neural activity, which makes this planning process tedious and error-prone. Here we present SPLASh (Stereotactic PLAnning Software), an interactive software tool for the stereotactic planning of recording chamber placement and electrode trajectories. SPLASh has been developed for monkey cortical recordings and relies on a combination of structural MRIs and electronic brain atlases. Since SPLASh is based on the neuroanatomy software Caret, it should also be possible to use it for other parts of the brain or other species for which Caret atlases are available. The tool allows the user to interactively evaluate different possible placements of recording chambers and to simulate electrode trajectories.

Splash: A Software Tool for Stereotactic Planning of Recording Chamber Placement and Electrode Trajectories

PubMed Central

Sperka, Daniel J.; Ditterich, Jochen

2011-01-01

While computer-aided planning of human neurosurgeries is becoming more and more common, animal researchers still largely rely on paper atlases for planning their approach before implanting recording chambers to perform invasive recordings of neural activity, which makes this planning process tedious and error-prone. Here we present SPLASh (Stereotactic PLAnning Software), an interactive software tool for the stereotactic planning of recording chamber placement and electrode trajectories. SPLASh has been developed for monkey cortical recordings and relies on a combination of structural MRIs and electronic brain atlases. Since SPLASh is based on the neuroanatomy software Caret, it should also be possible to use it for other parts of the brain or other species for which Caret atlases are available. The tool allows the user to interactively evaluate different possible placements of recording chambers and to simulate electrode trajectories. PMID:21472085

Wavelength selection in the crown splash

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Li V.; Brunet, Philippe; Eggers, Jens; Deegan, Robert D.

2010-12-01

The impact of a drop onto a liquid layer produces a splash that results from the ejection and dissolution of one or more liquid sheets, which expand radially from the point of impact. In the crown splash parameter regime, secondary droplets appear at fairly regularly spaced intervals along the rim of the sheet. By performing many experiments for the same parameter values, we measure the spectrum of small-amplitude perturbations growing on the rim. We show that for a range of parameters in the crown splash regime, the generation of secondary droplets results from a Rayleigh-Plateau instability of the rim, whose shape is almost cylindrical. In our theoretical calculation, we include the time dependence of the base state. The remaining irregularity of the pattern is explained by the finite width of the Rayleigh-Plateau dispersion relation. Alternative mechanisms, such as the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, can be excluded for the experimental parameters of our study.

Water used to moisten vegetables is a source of Escherichia coli and protozoan parasite contamination at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam.

PubMed

Tram, Nguyen Thuy; Dalsgaard, Anders

2014-12-01

The study was done to assess the level of fecal (Escherichia coli) and protozoan parasite (Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.) contamination in water used by traders to moisten vegetables at markets in Hanoi, Vietnam. A total of 200 splashing water samples from markets located within eight districts were analyzed for E. coli and Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. (oo)cysts. Giardia cysts were found in 17 splashing water samples and Cryptosporidium oocysts in nine samples, with median values of 20 cysts ml(-1) and 10 oocysts ml(-1), respectively. E. coli was found with a median concentration of 636 cfu ml(-1) and its occurrence was negatively correlated with the numbers of protozoan parasites. The splashing water was kept in buckets that were rarely cleaned and often used for handwashing. The finding of these pathogens in splashing water is likely to represent real food safety hazards.

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation fo

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-12

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation for Survivability of Human Crew (BTA) Boiler Plate Test Article Water Impact Test-Pot Phase"0" Test Tested at the Hydro Impact Basin at the Landing and Impact Research Facility (Gantry)

Particle Trajectory and Icing Analysis of the E(sup 3) Turbofan Engine Using LEWICE3D Version 3

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bidwell, Colin S.

2011-01-01

Particle trajectory and ice shape calculations were made for the Energy Efficient Engine (E(sup 3)) using the LEWICE3D Version 3 software. The particle trajectory and icing computations were performed using the new "block-to-block" collection efficiency method which has been incorporated into the LEWICE3D Version 3 software. The E(sup 3) was developed by NASA and GE in the early 1980 s as a technology demonstrator and is representative of a modern high bypass turbofan engine. The E(sup 3) flow field was calculated using the NASA Glenn ADPAC turbomachinery flow solver. Computations were performed for the low pressure compressor of the E(sup 3) for a Mach 0.8 cruise condition at 11,887 m assuming a standard warm day for three drop sizes and two drop distributions typically used in aircraft design and certification. Particle trajectory computations were made for water drop sizes of 5, 20, and 100 microns. Particle trajectory and ice shape predictions were made for a 20 micron Langmuir-D distribution and for a 92 mm Super-cooled Large Droplet (SLD) distribution with and without splashing effects for a Liquid Water Content (LWC) of 0.3 g/cu m and an icing time of 30 min. The E3 fan and spinner combination proved to be an effective ice removal mechanism as they removed greater than 36 percent of the mass entering the inlet for the icing cases. The maximum free stream catch fraction for the fan and spinner combination was 0.60 while that on the elements downstream of the fan was 0.03. The non-splashing trajectory and collection efficiency results showed that as drop size increased impingement rates increased on the spinner and fan leaving less mass to impinge on downstream components. The SLD splashing case yielded more mass downstream of the fan than the SLD non-splashing case due to mass being splashed from the upstream inlet lip, spinner and fan components. The ice shapes generated downstream of the fan were either small or nonexistent due to the small available mass and evaporation except for the 92 m SLD splashing case. Relatively large ice shapes were predicted for internal guide vane #1 and rotor #1 for the 92 m SLD splashing case due to re-impingement of splashed mass.

Effect of Hydrophobicity on Splash Erosion by a Single Drop Impact: From Model Soil to Real Soil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahn, Sujung; Doerr, Stefan H.; Douglas, Peter; Bryant, Robert; Hamlett, Christopher A. E.; McHale, Glen; Newton, Michael I.; Shirtcliffe, Neil J.

2013-04-01

Splash erosion is soil loss caused by raindrop impacts and can be a dominating process in low precipitation events or on barely vegetated slopes. Water repellent soils have been reported to have greater splash loss by multiple drop impacts than wettable soils either due to effects of a water layer (Terry and Shakesby 1993) or a wet crust (Fox et al. 2007) generated by accumulation of water. In previous work, using homogeneous glass beads as model soil material, we found that the impact of a single water drop results in significantly different splash behaviour between hydrophobic and hydrophilic particles (Ahn et al. 2012). Natural soils are more variable in particle shape, surface texture and morphology than the model material used. The aim of the study presented here was to examine to what degree this difference in splash behaviour between hydrophobic and hydrophilic spherical glass particles applies to natural sandy soil material. Splash behaviour of beach sands was compared with that previously obtained for the model material (glass beads) using the same single drop impact test procedure (Ahn et al. 2012). The sand particles were in the same size range (350~400 µm diameter) and chemically modified with HCl and chlorotrimethylsilane in the same method applied to glass beads. A single water drop was released from 40 cm above the target and its impact was recorded using a high-speed video camera (976 fps). Overall, the amount of splash detachment was significantly lower (50~80%) for the beach sand than for glass beads in both hydrophobic and hydrophilic cases. However, the difference in the amount of splash detachment between hydrophobic and hydrophilic sand was 3 times larger than that of glass beads. Potential factors for lower net detachment and higher contrast, of sand compared to glass beads, might be (i) particle mobility and (ii) enhanced water repellency on rougher surfaces, respectively. Mobility experiments (angle of repose and flowability) showed that sand particles had significantly less mobility than glass beads (angle of repose: beads: 21.3 ± 0.7 °, sands: 37.3 ± 0.9 °, p < 0.001, dF = 17), and that sands took longer to flow through a funnel (beads: 1.88 ± 0.02 s, sands: 2.05 ± 0.13 s, p = 0.002, dF = 9). This lower mobility of sands may well be an important factor in the smaller amount of overall splash detachment for sands than beads. Secondly, the water repellency of hydophobized sands, measured by water contact angle (CA) and the Molarity of Ethanol Droplet test (MED), was greater than for identically hydrophobized glass beads (beads: CA 119.6 ± 5.1 °, MED 33%; sands: CA 137.0 ± 2.0 °, MED 36%). This is probably due to the enhancing effect of surface roughness on hydrophobicity. This amplified hydrophobicity can help to explain the enhanced contrast in splash behaviour between hydrophobic and hydrophilic sands. The results show that the enhanced splash detachment observed for hydrophobic model materials in our previous study occurs to an even greater degree in real sands. The findings also suggest that surface roughness and amplified hydrophobicity in real sands need to be considered when translating findings from model materials to real soils. Finally, the results of this study confirm that particle hydrophobicity leads to a greater susceptibility of sands to splash erosion in the initial stage of rain or irrigation events. References: Ahn S, et al. 2012. ESPL. DOI: 10.1002/esp.3364; Fox DM, et al. 2007. Hydro. Proc. 21: 2377-2384; Terry JP and Shakesby RA. 1993. ESPL 18: 519-25 Acknowledgement: This study has been funded by UK EPSRC (EP/H000747/1 and EP/H000704/1).

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation fo

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-07-21

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation for Survivability of Human Crew (BTA) Boiler Plate Test Article Water Impact Test-Pot Phase"0" Test POT#2 Tested at the Hydro Impact Basin at the Landing and Impact Research Facility (Gantry)

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation fo

NASA Image and Video Library

2011-12-13

ORION Project-(SPLASH) Structural Passive Landing Attenuation for Survivability of Human Crew (BTA) Boiler Plate Test Article Water Impact Test-Pit Phase 4 Test or Pit 4 Tested at the Hydro Impact Basin at the Landing and Impact Research Facility (Gantry)

Maximum drop radius and critical Weber number for splashing in the dynamical Leidenfrost regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Riboux, Guillaume; Gordillo, Jose Manuel

2015-11-01

At room temperature, when a drop impacts against a smooth solid surface at a velocity above the so called critical velocity for splashing, the drop loses its integrity and fragments into tiny droplets violently ejected radially outwards. Below this critical velocity, the drop simply spreads over the substrate. Splashing is also reported to occur for solid substrate temperatures above the Leidenfrost temperature, T, for which a vapor layer prevents the drop from touching the substrate. In this case, the splashing morphology largely differs from the one reported at room temperature because, thanks to the presence of the gas layer, the shear stresses on the liquid do not decelerate the ejected lamella. Our purpose here is to predict, for wall temperatures above T, the dependence of the critical impact velocity on the temperature of the substrate as well as the maximum spreading radius for impacting velocities below the critical velocity for splashing. This is done making use of boundary integral simulations, where the velocity and the height of the liquid layer at the root of the ejected lamella are calculated numerically. This information constitutes the initial conditions for the one dimensional mass and momentum equations governing the dynamics of the toroidal rim limiting the edge of the lamella.

Splash albedo protons between 4 and 315 MeV at high and low geomagnetic latitudes

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wenzel, K.; Stone, E.C.; Vogt, R.E.

1975-09-01

The differential energy spectrum of splash albedo protons has been measured at high geomagnetic latitude near Fort Churchill, Manitoba, at three periods of the solar cycle in 1966, and 1969 and at low latitude near Palestine, Texas, in 1967 by using a balloon-borne solid state detector telescope. We observed splash albedo proton fluxes between 4 and 315 MeV of 81plus-or-minus11, 70plus-or-minus11, and 48plus-or-minus8 protons/(m$sup 2$s sr) at high latitude in 1966, 1967, and 1969 and of 37plus-or-minus9 protons/(m$sup 2$s sr) at low latitude in 1967. The decreases from 1966 to 1969 are due to solar modulation of the cosmic raymore » parent nuclei. The albedo spectrum shows a similar shape for both latitudes. The difference in intensity can be explained by different local geomagnetic cutoffs; i.e., a significant contribution to the splash albedo flux arises from primary particles with rigidity below 4.5 GV. The splash albedo flux near Fort Churchill is consistent with corresponding fluxes previously reported near 53degree--55degreeN. The flux below 100 MeV near Palestine is significantly lower than that reported by Verma (1967).« less

Oblique drop impact onto a deep liquid pool

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gielen, Marise V.; Sleutel, Pascal; Benschop, Jos; Riepen, Michel; Voronina, Victoria; Visser, Claas Willem; Lohse, Detlef; Snoeijer, Jacco H.; Versluis, Michel; Gelderblom, Hanneke

2017-08-01

Oblique impact of drops onto a solid or liquid surface is frequently observed in nature. Most studies on drop impact and splashing, however, focus on perpendicular impact. Here we study oblique impact of 100 μ m drops onto a deep liquid pool, where we quantify the splashing threshold, maximum cavity dimensions and cavity collapse by high-speed imaging above and below the water surface. Gravity can be neglected in these experiments. Three different impact regimes are identified: smooth deposition onto the pool, splashing in the direction of impact only, and splashing in all directions. We provide scaling arguments that delineate these regimes by accounting for the drop impact angle and Weber number. The angle of the axis of the cavity created below the water surface follows the impact angle of the drop irrespectively of the Weber number, while the cavity depth and its displacement with respect to the impact position do depend on the Weber number. Weber number dependency of both the cavity depth and displacement is modeled using an energy argument.

Roughness influence on human blood drop spreading and splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Smith, Fiona; Buntsma, Naomi; Brutin, David

2017-11-01

The impact behaviour of complex fluid droplets is a topic that has been extensively studied but with much debate. The Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA) community is encountering this scientific problem with daily practical cases since they use bloodstains as evidence in crime scene reconstruction. We aim to provide fundamental explanations in the study of blood drip stains by investigating the influence of surface roughness and wettability on the splashing limit of droplets of blood, a non-Newtonian colloidal fluid. Droplets of blood impacting perpendicularly different surfaces at different velocities were recorded. The recordings were analysed as well as the surfaces characteristics in order to find an empirical solution since we found that roughness plays a major role in the threshold of the splashing/non-splashing behaviour of blood compared to the wettability. Moreover it appears that roughness alters the deformation of the drip stains. These observations are key in characterising features of drip stains with the impacting conditions, which would answer some forensic issues.

User manual for SPLASH (Single Panel Lamp and Shroud Helper).

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Larsen, Marvin Elwood

2006-02-01

The radiant heat test facility develops test sets providing well-characterized thermal environments, often representing fires. Many of the components and procedures have become standardized to such an extent that the development of a specialized design tool to determine optimal configurations for radiant heat experiments was appropriate. SPLASH (Single Panel Lamp and Shroud Helper) is that tool. SPLASH is implemented as a user-friendly, Windows-based program that allows a designer to describe a test setup in terms of parameters such as number of lamps, power, position, and separation distance. This document is a user manual for that software. Any incidental descriptions ofmore » theory are only for the purpose of defining the model inputs. The theory for the underlying model is described in SAND2005-2947 (Ref. [1]). SPLASH provides a graphical user interface to define lamp panel and shroud designs parametrically, solves the resulting radiation enclosure problem for up to 2500 surfaces, and provides post-processing to facilitate understanding and documentation of analyzed designs.« less

Permeation Resistance of Personal Protective Equipment Materials to Monomethyhydrazine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Waller, J. M.; Williams, J. H.

1997-01-01

Permeation resistance was determined by measuring the breakthrough time and time-averaged vapor transmission rate of monomethylhydrazine (MMH) through two types of personal protective equipment (PPE). The two types of PPE evaluated were the totally encapsulating ILC Dover Chemturion Model 1212 chemical protective suit with accessories, and the FabOhio polyvinyl chloride (PVC) splash garment. Two exposure scenarios were simulated: (1) a saturated vapor exposure for 2 hours (h), and (2) a brief MMH 'splash' followed by a 2-h saturated vapor exposure. Time-averaged MMH concentrations inside the totally-encapsulating suit were calculated by summation of the area-weighted contributions made by each suit component. Results show that the totally encapsulating suit provides adequate protection at the new 10 ppb Threshold Limit Value Time-Weighted Average (TLV-TWA). The permeation resistance of the PVC splash garment to MMH was poorer than any of the totally encapsulating suit materials tested. Breakthrough occurred soon after initial vapor or 'splash' exposure.

Chlorhexidine droplet splash from a skin preparation gallipot: effect of height of pouring.

PubMed

Evans, L; Cunningham, M; Tilakaratna, P

2013-12-01

Chlorhexidine contamination of equipment used in central neuraxial anaesthesia has been implicated in causing adhesive arachnoiditis. We measured the extent of chlorhexidine splash during pouring into a gallipot (antiseptic skin preparation container) from heights of 5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm and 20 cm. Twenty experiments were performed at each height. Measurements made up to a horizontal distance of 40 cm radius from the gallipot showed a median (IQR [range]) maximum spread of splash droplets ≥ 2 mm diameter of 26.2 (10.2-36.4 [0-40]) cm. The 40-cm radius measurement area was divided into 5-cm-wide zones to assess spread. At pouring heights of 15 cm and 20 cm, all zones were contaminated. These results demonstrate that pouring chlorhexidine into a gallipot generates significant splash, and we recommend that this should be avoided near equipment used for neuraxial anaesthesia. © 2013 The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland.

Hydrodynamic force characteristics of slender cylinders in the splash zone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Haritos, N.; Daliri, M.R.

1995-12-31

This paper presents results from a pilot experimental program of research being performed on segmented vertical surface-piercing cylinders in the Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at The University of Melbourne. The primary aim of this investigation is to determine the influence of the splash zone on the hydrodynamic force characteristics of such cylinders to wave loading in the Morison regime. This influence is assessed from a comparison of the observed force characteristics of instrumented segments located in the splash zone with the corresponding results obtained from similarly instrumented segments located in the fully submerged zone and from those obtainedmore » for the cylinder as a whole via measurements of the cylinder tip restraint force. Results to hand for uni-directional regular waves suggest that there appears to be a mild frequency dependence in the inertia force coefficient in the splash zone which only marginally exceeds the corresponding values observed for a submerged segment immediately below this zone.« less

Dense Suspension Splash

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhang, Wendy; Dodge, Kevin M.; Peters, Ivo R.; Ellowitz, Jake; Klein Schaarsberg, Martin H.; Jaeger, Heinrich M.

2014-03-01

Upon impact onto a solid surface at several meters-per-second, a dense suspension plug splashes by ejecting liquid-coated particles. We study the mechanism for splash formation using experiments and a numerical model. In the model, the dense suspension is idealized as a collection of cohesionless, rigid grains with finite surface roughness. The grains also experience lubrication drag as they approach, collide inelastically and rebound away from each other. Simulations using this model reproduce the measured momentum distribution of ejected particles. They also provide direct evidence supporting the conclusion from earlier experiments that inelastic collisions, rather than viscous drag, dominate when the suspension contains macroscopic particles immersed in a low-viscosity solvent such as water. Finally, the simulations reveal two distinct routes for splash formation: a particle can be ejected by a single high momentum-change collision. More surprisingly, a succession of small momentum-change collisions can accumulate to eject a particle outwards. Supported by NSF through its MRSEC program (DMR-0820054) and fluid dynamics program (CBET-1336489).

A rain splash transport equation assimilating field and laboratory measurements

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dunne, T.; Malmon, D.V.; Mudd, S.M.

2010-01-01

Process-based models of hillslope evolution require transport equations relating sediment flux to its major controls. An equation for rain splash transport in the absence of overland flow was constructed by modifying an approach developed by Reeve (1982) and parameterizing it with measurements from single-drop laboratory experiments and simulated rainfall on a grassland in East Africa. The equation relates rain splash to hillslope gradient, the median raindrop diameter of a storm, and ground cover density; the effect of soil texture on detachability can be incorporated from other published results. The spatial and temporal applicability of such an equation for rain splash transport in the absence of overland flow on uncultivated hillslopes can be estimated from hydrological calculations. The predicted transport is lower than landscape-averaged geologic erosion rates from Kenya but is large enough to modify short, slowly eroding natural hillslopes as well as microtopographic interrill surfaces between which overland flow transports the mobilized sediment. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union. Copyright 2010 by the American Geophysical Union.

Observation of the pressure effect in simulations of droplets splashing on a dry surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Boelens, A. M. P.; Latka, A.; de Pablo, J. J.

2018-06-01

At atmospheric pressure, a drop of ethanol impacting on a solid surface produces a splash. Reducing the ambient pressure below its atmospheric value suppresses this splash. The origin of this so-called pressure effect is not well understood, and this study presents an in-depth comparison between various theoretical models that aim to predict splashing and simulations. In this paper, the pressure effect is explored numerically by resolving the Navier-Stokes equations at a 3-nm resolution. In addition to reproducing numerous experimental observations, it is found that different models all provide elements of what is observed in the simulations. The skating droplet model correctly predicts the existence and scaling of a gas film under the droplet, the lamella formation theory is able to correctly predict the scaling of the lamella ejection velocity as a function of the impact velocity for liquids with different viscosity, and lastly, the dewetting theory's hypothesis of a lift force acting on the liquid sheet after ejection is consistent with our results.

Advances in modeling soil erosion after disturbance on rangelands

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Research has been undertaken to develop process based models that predict soil erosion rate after disturbance on rangelands. In these models soil detachment is predicted as a combination of multiple erosion processes, rain splash and thin sheet flow (splash and sheet) detachment and concentrated flo...

A Comparison of Splash Erosion Behavior between Wettable and Water Repellent 'Soil' Particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ahn, S.; Hamlett, C. A.; Doerr, S.; Bryant, R.; Shirtcliffe, N.; McHale, G.; Newton, M.

2011-12-01

Wildfires remove vegetation and litter cover and expose soil surfaces to particle detachment by rain splash. This can serve as an agent of initial soil modification and erosion in the post-fire period. Splash behavior is mainly determined by the kinetic energy delivered by impacting water drops (erosivity), and the detachability (erodibility) of surface particles, affected by their size, aggregate stability and shear strength. Soil detachability may also be affected by water repellency (hydrophobicity). This soil characteristic is influenced by wildfire and may affect splash behavior by reducing capillary forces between particles. Previous work on splash behavior using cumulative drop impact reported larger ejection droplets and lower and shorter trajectories of ejections for water repellent soil compared with wettable soil (Terry and Shakesby 1993). A water film generated by delayed infiltration on water repellent soil was suggested to account for the difference. This study compares the trajectories of ejected wettable and hydrophobic model soil particles from single water drop impacts in order to isolate the effect of soil particle wettability on splash erosion behavior. Acid-washed (wettable) and hydrophobized (water repellent) glass beads used as model soil particles were held in an array within a squat cylinder of 1.5 cm diameter in the centre of a 20 cm diameter disk covered with a viscous adhesive film. A distilled water drop (20μL) was released 40 cm above the centre of the array and the resultant impact was recorded at 976 frames per second using a high speed video camera. The populations of, and distances travelled by, the particles were measured for three arrays of bead sizes within the range (180-400 μm). Three to five replications were made for each test. The trajectory of each ejected particle was traced on video frames and corrected for the actual distance and direction of travel measured from the adhesive film. The initial velocity and ejecting angle of individual particles were calculated from the equation of motion, ignoring the air resistance and in-flight evaporation. In contrast to Terry and Shakesby (1993), we observed that a single drop impact resulted mainly in dispersion (splash saltation) with few ejections of particles entrained by a water droplet (splashing), and the trajectories of ejections from water repellent particle arrays were higher than those from the hydrophilic arrays. These higher trajectories were driven by higher initial velocity for the water repellent particles, despite lower ejecting angles. This result suggests that water repellent soil is more vulnerable to initial splash detachment before a water film is generated by accumulation of rain drops. The distributions of initial velocity and ejecting angle of all particles are compared between wettable and water repellent particles and discussed in detail in this contribution. Terry JP and Shakesby RA, 1993. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 18: 519-525. Acknowledgement: This study has been funded by Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council of United Kingdom.

Shoreline Erosion Processes: Orwell Lake, Minnesota.

DTIC Science & Technology

1984-12-01

1976) and Savat ( 1981 ) found such splash layer Will absorb much of the impact of the rain- erosion to increase with increasing slope angle, but...pp. 188-196. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (1979) Flood control, Savat , J. ( 1981 ) Work done by splash: Laboratory Orwell Dam, Otter Tail River

46 CFR 153.932 - Goggles and protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID, LIQUEFIED GAS, OR COMPRESSED GAS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Operations General Vessel Safety... or tight-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if that person is...-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if the person is: (1) In the area...

46 CFR 153.932 - Goggles and protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID, LIQUEFIED GAS, OR COMPRESSED GAS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Operations General Vessel Safety... or tight-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if that person is...-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if the person is: (1) In the area...

46 CFR 153.932 - Goggles and protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID, LIQUEFIED GAS, OR COMPRESSED GAS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Operations General Vessel Safety... or tight-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if that person is...-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if the person is: (1) In the area...

46 CFR 153.932 - Goggles and protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID, LIQUEFIED GAS, OR COMPRESSED GAS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Operations General Vessel Safety... or tight-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if that person is...-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if the person is: (1) In the area...

46 CFR 153.932 - Goggles and protective clothing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... CARRYING BULK LIQUID, LIQUEFIED GAS, OR COMPRESSED GAS HAZARDOUS MATERIALS Operations General Vessel Safety... or tight-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if that person is...-fitting goggles for eye protection against splashing or spraying liquids if the person is: (1) In the area...

Use of a surgical helmet system to minimize splash injury during percutaneous renal surgery in high-risk patients.

PubMed

Eandi, Jonathan A; Nanigian, Dana K; Smith, William H; Low, Roger K

2008-12-01

The transmission risk to surgeons performing percutaneous renal surgery on patients who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C is unknown. A recent study found 55% of surgeons' masks contain evidence of blood splash contamination after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. While the risk of infectious disease transmission to the surgeon after mucocutaneous exposure is unknown, the incapacitating disease these pathogens cause can have a devastating and permanent effect on a surgeon's career. We describe our use of a surgical helmet system when performing percutaneous renal surgery on high-risk patients to minimize risk of splash injury and transmission of blood-borne pathogens.

Influence of Rust Permeability on Corrosion of E690 Steel in Industrial and Non-industrial Marine Splash Zones

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Mindong; Pang, Kun; Liu, Zhiyong; Wu, Junsheng; Li, Xiaogang

2018-05-01

The corrosion behaviour of E690 steel in industrial and non-industrial marine splash environments was studied by environmental testing, morphology analysis, electrochemical measurements, and scanning Kelvin probe microscopy. Chloride and sulphide anions were found to diffuse across the rust layer following the evaporation of seawater splashed on the steel's surface. The cation-selective permeability of the rust layer resulted in an anion concentration gradient across the rust layer, which was more significant in the presence of sulphur dioxide. In addition, sulphur dioxide enhanced the formation of α-FeOOH, which led to the formation of distinct anode and cathode areas at the rust/steel interface.

Wind speed and wind-associated leaf injury affect severity of citrus canker on Swingle citrumelo

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Citrus canker (caused by the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) can cause severe damage to citrus. It is endemic in Florida, and occurs in other citrus growing regions. The bacterium is dispersed predominantly in rain splash. To simulate dispersal in splash, and to investigate t...

Factors Influencing Teachers' Implementation of an Innovative Tobacco Prevention Curriculum for Multiethnic Youth: Project SPLASH

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sy, Angela; Glanz, Karen

2008-01-01

Background: The effectiveness of school-based tobacco use prevention programs depends on proper implementation. This study examined factors associated with teachers' implementation of a smoking prevention curriculum in a cluster randomized trial called Project SPLASH (Smoking Prevention Launch Among Students in Hawaii). Methods: A process…

Summer Splash. 1988 Wisconsin Summer Library Program Manual. Bulletin No. 8230.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lamb, Donald K.; And Others

A compilation of materials contributed by and developed with the cooperation of Wisconsin librarians and Ohio's 1987 summer reading program, this planning manual provides guidelines for planning and promoting summer programs for young people by librarians in the state of Wisconsin. The theme of the program, "Summer Splash," is intended…

Ivy League Trailblazer

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cooper, Kenneth J.

2011-01-01

Ruth Simmons made a big news splash a decade ago when she was named president of Brown University, making her the first Black president of an Ivy League institution. She made another splash three years later by naming a committee to investigate Brown's role in the slave trade and make recommendations on possible reparations. Reflecting on her…

Effect of Seed Density on Splash Cup Seed Dispersal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wigger, Patrick; Pepper, Rachel

2017-11-01

Splash cup plants are plants that utilize a small, mm-sized cup filled with seeds as a method of seed dispersal. The cup uses kinetic energy of an incident raindrop in order to project the seeds away from the plant up to 1 meter. The dispersal distance is important to ensure the offspring are not clustered too tightly to the parent plant. It has previously been found that a cup angle of 40 degrees to the horizontal is optimal for maximum dispersal of water from cups with no seeds. In this study we examine if the 40 degree cup is optimal for cups containing seeds with varying densities. We released uniform water drops above 5.0 mm 3D printed models of splash cups, using 1.0 mm plastic and glass microspheres of varying densities to simulate seeds. We observed the dispersal characteristics of each bead type by measuring the final seed locations after each splash, and by recording high speed video to determine the angle and velocity of the seeds as they exited the cup.

SPLASH-SXDF Multi-wavelength Photometric Catalog

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mehta, Vihang; Scarlata, Claudia; Capak, Peter; Davidzon, Iary; Faisst, Andreas; Hsieh, Bau Ching; Ilbert, Olivier; Jarvis, Matt; Laigle, Clotilde; Phillips, John; Silverman, John; Strauss, Michael A.; Tanaka, Masayuki; Bowler, Rebecca; Coupon, Jean; Foucaud, Sébastien; Hemmati, Shoubaneh; Masters, Daniel; McCracken, Henry Joy; Mobasher, Bahram; Ouchi, Masami; Shibuya, Takatoshi; Wang, Wei-Hao

2018-04-01

We present a multi-wavelength catalog in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (SXDF) as part of the Spitzer Large Area Survey with Hyper-Suprime-Cam (SPLASH). We include the newly acquired optical data from the Hyper-Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program, accompanied by IRAC coverage from the SPLASH survey. All available optical and near-infrared data is homogenized and resampled on a common astrometric reference frame. Source detection is done using a multi-wavelength detection image including the u-band to recover the bluest objects. We measure multi-wavelength photometry and compute photometric redshifts as well as physical properties for ∼1.17 million objects over ∼4.2 deg2, with ∼800,000 objects in the 2.4 deg2 HSC-Ultra-Deep coverage. Using the available spectroscopic redshifts from various surveys over the range of 0 < z < 6, we verify the performance of the photometric redshifts and we find a normalized median absolute deviation of 0.023 and outlier fraction of 3.2%. The SPLASH-SXDF catalog is a valuable, publicly available resource, perfectly suited for studying galaxies in the early universe and tracing their evolution through cosmic time.

Bubble baths: just splashing around?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Robinson, Wesley; Speirs, Nathan; Sharker, Saberul Islam; Hurd, Randy; Williams, Bj; Truscott, Tadd

2016-11-01

Soap Bubbles on the water surface would seem to be an intuitive means for splash suppression, but their presence appears to be a double edged sword. We present on the water entry of hydrophilic spheres where the liquid surface is augmented by the presence of a bubble layer, similar to a bubble bath. While the presence of a bubble layer can diminish splashing upon impact at low Weber numbers, it also induces cavity formation at speeds below the critical velocity. The formation of a cavity generally results in larger Worthington jets and thus, larger amounts of ejected liquid. Bubble layers induce cavity formation by wetting the sphere prior to liquid impact, causing them to form cavities similar to those created by hydrophobic spheres. Droplets present on a pre-wetted sphere disrupt the flow of the advancing liquid during entry, pushing it away from the impacting body to form an entrained air cavity. This phenomena was noted by Worthington with pre-wetted stone marbles, and suggests that the application of a bubble layer is generally ineffective as a means of splash suppression.

Effect of particle entrainment on the runout of pyroclastic density currents

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fauria, Kristen E.; Manga, Michael; Chamberlain, Michael

2016-09-01

Pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) can erode soil and bedrock, yet we currently lack a mechanistic understanding of particle entrainment that can be incorporated into models and used to understand how PDC bulking affects runout. Here we quantify how particle splash, the ejection of particles due to impact by a projectile, entrains particles into dilute PDCs. We use scaled laboratory experiments to measure the mass of sand ejected by impacts of pumice, wood, and nylon spheres. We then derive an expression for particle splash that we validate with our experimental results as well as results from seven other studies. We find that the number of ejected particles scales with the kinetic energy of the impactor and the depth of the crater generated by the impactor. Last, we use a one-dimensional model of a dilute, compressible density current—where runout distance is controlled by air entrainment and particle exchange with the substrate—to examine how particle entrainment by splash affects PDC density and runout. Splash-driven particle entrainment can increase the runout distance of dilute PDCs by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the temperature of entrained particles greatly affects runout and PDCs that entrain ambient temperature particles runout farther than those that entrain hot particles. Particle entrainment by splash therefore not only increases the runout of dilute PDCs but demonstrates that the temperature and composition of the lower boundary have consequences for PDC density, temperature, runout, hazards and depositional record.

Distribution and decline of human pathogenic bacteria in soil after application in irrigation water and the potential for soil-splash-mediated dispersal onto fresh produce.

PubMed

Monaghan, J M; Hutchison, M L

2012-05-01

To improve our understanding of the survival and splash-mediated transfer of zoonotic agents and faecal indicator bacteria introduced into soils used for crop cultivation via contaminated irrigation waters. Zoonotic agents and an Escherichia coli marker bacterium were inoculated into borehole water, which was applied to two different soil types in early-, mid- and late summer. Decline of the zoonotic agents was influenced by soil type. Marker bacteria applied to columns of two soil types in irrigation water did not concentrate at the surface of the soils. Decline of zoonotic agents at the surface was influenced by soil type and environmental conditions. Typically, declines were rapid and bacteria were not detectable after 5 weeks. Selective agar strips were used to determine that the impact of water drops 24-87 μl could splash marker bacteria from soil surfaces horizontal distances of at least 25 cm and heights of 20 cm. Soil splash created by rain-sized water droplets can transfer enteric bacteria from soil to ready-to-eat crops. Persistence of zoonotic agents was reduced at the hottest part of the growing season when irrigation is most likely. Soil splash can cause crop contamination. We report the penetration depths and seasonally influenced declines of bacteria applied in irrigation water into two soil types. © 2012 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology © 2012 The Society for Applied Microbiology.

Splashing Droplets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanderWal, Randall L.; Kizito, John Patrick; Berger, Gordon M.; Iwan, J.; Alexander, D.; Tryggvason, Gretar

2002-01-01

Current data on droplet breakup is scarce for the sizes and velocities typical of practical applications such as in spray combustion processes and coating processes. While much more representative of practical applications, the small spatial scales and rapid time-scales prevent detailed measurement of the internal fluid dynamics and liquid property gradients produced by impinging upon surfaces. Realized through the extended spatial and temporal scales afforded by a microgravity environment, an improved understanding of drop breakup dynamics is sought to understand and ultimately control the impingement dynamics of droplets upon surfaces in practical situations. The primary objective of this research will be to mark the onset of different 'splashing modes' and to determine their temperature, pressure and angle dependence for impinging droplets representative of practical fluids. In addition, we are modeling the evolution of droplets that do not initially splash but rather undergo a 'fingering' evolution observed on the spreading fluid front and the transformation of these fingers into splashed products. An example of our experimental data is presented below. These images are of Isopar V impacting a mirror-polished surface. They were acquired using a high-speed camera at 1000 frames per second. They show the spreading of a single droplet after impact and ensuing finger instabilities. Normal gravity experimental data such as this will guide low gravity measurements in the 2.2 second drop tower and KC-135 aircraft as available. Presently we are in the process of comparing the experimental data of droplet shape evolution to numerical models, which can also capture the internal fluid dynamics and liquid property gradients such as produced by impingement upon a heated surface. To-date isothermal numerical data has been modeled using direct numerical simulations of representative splashing droplets. The data obtained so far indicates that the present model describes well the droplet wall interactions to a point in time just before splash. Additional information is included in the original extended abstract.

Rain-induced ejection of pathogens from leaves: revisiting the hypothesis of splash-on-film using high-speed visualization.

PubMed

Gilet, Tristan; Bourouiba, Lydia

2014-12-01

Plant diseases are a major cause of losses of crops worldwide. Although rainfalls and foliar disease outbreaks are correlated, the detailed mechanism explaining their link remains poorly understood. The common assumption from phytopathology for such link is that a splash is generated upon impact of raindrops on contaminated liquid films coating sick leaves. We examine this assumption using direct high-speed visualizations of the interactions of raindrops and leaves over a range of plants. We show that films are seldom found on the surface of common leaves. We quantify the leaf-surface's wetting properties, showing that sessile droplets instead of films are predominant on the surfaces of leaves. We find that the presence of sessile drops rather than that of films has important implications when coupled with the compliance of a leaf: it leads to a new physical picture consisting of two dominant rain-induced mechanisms of ejection of pathogens. The first involves a direct interaction between the fluids of the raindrop and the sessile drops via an off-centered splash. The second involves the indirect action of the raindrop that leads to the inertial detachment of the sessile drop via the leaf's motion imparted by the impact of the raindrop. Both mechanisms are distinct from the commonly assumed scenario of splash-on-film in terms of outcome: they result in different fragmentation processes induced by surface tension, and, thus, different size-distributions of droplets ejected. This is the first time that modern direct high-speed visualizations of impacts on leaves are used to examine rain-induced ejection of pathogens at the level of a leaf and identify the inertial detachment and off-center splash ejections as alternatives to the classically assumed splash-on-film ejections of foliar pathogens. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Cultivar architecture modulates spore dispersal by rain splash: A new perspective to reduce disease progression in cultivar mixtures.

PubMed

Vidal, Tiphaine; Lusley, Pauline; Leconte, Marc; de Vallavieille-Pope, Claude; Huber, Laurent; Saint-Jean, Sébastien

2017-01-01

Cultivar mixtures can be used to improve the sustainability of disease management within farming systems by growing cultivars that differ in their disease resistance level in the same field. The impact of canopy aerial architecture on rain-splash dispersal could amplify disease reduction within mixtures. We designed a controlled conditions experiment to study single splash-dispersal events and their consequences for disease. We quantified this impact through the spore interception capacities of the component cultivars of a mixture. Two wheat cultivars, differing in their aerial architecture (mainly leaf area density) and resistance to Septoria tritici blotch, were used to constitute pure stands and mixtures with 75% of resistant plants that accounted for 80% of the canopy leaf area. Canopies composed of 3 rows of plants were exposed to standardized spore fluxes produced by splashing calibrated rain drops on a linear source of inoculum. Disease propagation was measured through spore fluxes and several disease indicators. Leaf susceptibility was higher for upper than for lower leaves. Dense canopies intercepted more spores and mainly limited horizontal spore transfer to the first two rows. The presence of the resistant and dense cultivar made the mixed canopy denser than the susceptible pure stand. No disease symptoms were observed on susceptible plants of the second and third rows in the cultivar mixture, suggesting that the number of spores intercepted by these plants was too low to cause disease symptoms. Both lesion area and disease conditional severity were significantly reduced on susceptible plants within mixtures on the first row beside the inoculum source. Those reductions on one single-splash dispersal event, should be amplified after several cycle over the full epidemic season. Control of splash-dispersed diseases within mixtures could therefore be improved by a careful choice of cultivars taking into consideration both resistance and architecture.

TOGA/COARE AMMR 1992 data processing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kunkee, D. B.

1994-01-01

The complete set of Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) flight data for the 91.65 GHz Airborne Meteorological Radiometer (AMMR92) contains data from nineteen flights: two test flights, four transit flights, and thirteen experimental flights. The data flight occurred between December 16, 1992 and February 28, 1993. Data collection from the AMMR92 during the first ten flights of TOGA/COARE was performed using the executable code TSK30041. These are IBM PC/XT programs used by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). During one flight, inconsistencies were found during the operation of the AMMR92 using the GSFC data acquisition system. Consequently, the Georgia Tech (GT) data acquisition system was used during all successive TOGA/COARE flights. These inconsistencies were found during the data processing to affect the recorded data as well. Errors are caused by an insufficient pre- and post-calibration setting period for the splash-plate mechanism. The splash-plate operates asynchronusly with the data acquisition system (there is no position feedback to the GSFC or GT data system). This condition caused both the calibration and the post-calibration scene measurement to be corrupted on a randomly occurring basis when the GSFC system was used. This problem did not occur with the GT data acquisition system due to sufficient allowance for splash-plate settling. After TOGA/COARE it was determined that calibration of the instrument was a function of the scene brightness temperature. Therefore, the orientation error in the main antenna beam of the AMMR92 is hypothesized to be caused by misalignment of the internal 'splash-plate' responsible for directing the antenna beam toward the scene or toward the calibration loads. Misalignment of the splash-plate is responsible for 'scene feedthrough' during calibration. Laboratory investigation at Georgia Tech found that each polarization is affected differently by the splash-plate alignment error. This is likely to cause significant and unique errors in the absolute calibration of each channel.

Cultivar architecture modulates spore dispersal by rain splash: A new perspective to reduce disease progression in cultivar mixtures

PubMed Central

Vidal, Tiphaine; Lusley, Pauline; Leconte, Marc; de Vallavieille-Pope, Claude; Huber, Laurent

2017-01-01

Cultivar mixtures can be used to improve the sustainability of disease management within farming systems by growing cultivars that differ in their disease resistance level in the same field. The impact of canopy aerial architecture on rain-splash dispersal could amplify disease reduction within mixtures. We designed a controlled conditions experiment to study single splash-dispersal events and their consequences for disease. We quantified this impact through the spore interception capacities of the component cultivars of a mixture. Two wheat cultivars, differing in their aerial architecture (mainly leaf area density) and resistance to Septoria tritici blotch, were used to constitute pure stands and mixtures with 75% of resistant plants that accounted for 80% of the canopy leaf area. Canopies composed of 3 rows of plants were exposed to standardized spore fluxes produced by splashing calibrated rain drops on a linear source of inoculum. Disease propagation was measured through spore fluxes and several disease indicators. Leaf susceptibility was higher for upper than for lower leaves. Dense canopies intercepted more spores and mainly limited horizontal spore transfer to the first two rows. The presence of the resistant and dense cultivar made the mixed canopy denser than the susceptible pure stand. No disease symptoms were observed on susceptible plants of the second and third rows in the cultivar mixture, suggesting that the number of spores intercepted by these plants was too low to cause disease symptoms. Both lesion area and disease conditional severity were significantly reduced on susceptible plants within mixtures on the first row beside the inoculum source. Those reductions on one single-splash dispersal event, should be amplified after several cycle over the full epidemic season. Control of splash-dispersed diseases within mixtures could therefore be improved by a careful choice of cultivars taking into consideration both resistance and architecture. PMID:29140990

TOGA/COARE AMMR 1992 data processing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kunkee, D. B.

1994-05-01

The complete set of Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA)/Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment (COARE) flight data for the 91.65 GHz Airborne Meteorological Radiometer (AMMR92) contains data from nineteen flights: two test flights, four transit flights, and thirteen experimental flights. The data flight occurred between December 16, 1992 and February 28, 1993. Data collection from the AMMR92 during the first ten flights of TOGA/COARE was performed using the executable code TSK30041. These are IBM PC/XT programs used by the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). During one flight, inconsistencies were found during the operation of the AMMR92 using the GSFC data acquisition system. Consequently, the Georgia Tech (GT) data acquisition system was used during all successive TOGA/COARE flights. These inconsistencies were found during the data processing to affect the recorded data as well. Errors are caused by an insufficient pre- and post-calibration setting period for the splash-plate mechanism. The splash-plate operates asynchronusly with the data acquisition system (there is no position feedback to the GSFC or GT data system). This condition caused both the calibration and the post-calibration scene measurement to be corrupted on a randomly occurring basis when the GSFC system was used. This problem did not occur with the GT data acquisition system due to sufficient allowance for splash-plate settling. After TOGA/COARE it was determined that calibration of the instrument was a function of the scene brightness temperature. Therefore, the orientation error in the main antenna beam of the AMMR92 is hypothesized to be caused by misalignment of the internal 'splash-plate' responsible for directing the antenna beam toward the scene or toward the calibration loads. Misalignment of the splash-plate is responsible for 'scene feedthrough' during calibration. Laboratory investigation at Georgia Tech found that each polarization is affected differently by the splash-plate alignment error. This is likely to cause significant and unique errors in the absolute calibration of each channel.

Sound wave energy emitted by water drop during the splash on the soil surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bieganowski, Andrzej; Ryżak, Magdalena; Korbiel, Tomasz

2017-04-01

A drop of rain falling on the surface of bare soil not only moisturizes but also can cause splash or compaction, depending on the energy of incident drops and the condition of the surface on which it falls. The splash phenomenon can be characterized by the weight of detached soil material (using splash cups) as well as the number and trajectory of splashed particles (using high-speed cameras). The study presents a new aspect of the analysis of the splash phenomenon by measurement of the sound pressure level and the sound energy of the wave that propagates in the air. The measurements were carried out in an anechoic chamber. Three soils (Endogleyic Umbrisol, Fluvic Endogleyic Cambisol, and Haplic Chernozem) with four initial moisture levels (pressure heads: 0.1 kPa, 1 kPa, 3.16 kPa, and 16 kPa) were tested. Drops of 4.2 mm diameter were falling from a height of 1.5m. The sound pressure level was recorded after 10 consecutive water drop impacts using a special set of microphones. In all measuring conditions with 1m distance, the sound pressure level ranged from 27 to 42dB. The impact of water drops on the ground created sound pulses, which were recalculated to the energy emitted in the form of sound waves. For all soil samples, the sound wave energy was within the range of 0.14 μJ to 5.26 μJ, which corresponds to 0.03-1.07% of the energy of the incident drops (Ryżak et al., 2016). This work was partly financed from the National Science Centre, Poland; project no. 2014/14/E/ST10/00851. References Ryżak M., Bieganowski A., Korbiel T.: Sound wave Energy resulting from the impact of water drops on the soil surface. PLoS One 11(7):e0158472. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158472, 2016

Particle transport patterns of short-distance soil erosion by wind-driven rain, rain and wind

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Marzen, Miriam; Iserloh, Thomas; de Lima, João L. M. P.; Ries, Johannes B.

2015-04-01

Short distance erosion of soil surface material is one of the big question marks in soil erosion studies. The exact measurement of short-distance transported soil particles, prior to the occurrence of overland flow, is a challenge to soil erosion science due to the particular requirements of the experimental setup and test procedure. To approach a quantification of amount and distance of each type of transport, we applied an especially developed multiple-gutter system installed inside the Trier Portable Wind and Rainfall Simulator (PWRS). We measured the amount and travel distance of soil particles detached and transported by raindrops (splash), wind-driven rain (splash-saltation and splash-drift) and wind (saltation). The test setup included three different erosion agents (rain/ wind-driven rain/ wind), two substrates (sandy/ loamy), three surface structures (grain roughness/ rills lengthwise/ rills transversal) and three slope angles (0°/+7°/-7°). The results present detailed transport patterns of the three erosion agents under the varying soil and surface conditions up to a distance of 1.6 m. Under the applied rain intensity and wind velocity, wind-driven rain splash generates the highest erosion. The erodibility and travel distance of the two substrates depend on the erosion agent. The total erosion is slightly higher for the slope angle -7° (downslope), but for wind-driven rain splash, the inclination is not a relevant factor. The effect of surface structures (rills) changes with traveling distance. The wind driven rain splash generates a much higher amount of erosion and a further travel distance of the particles due to the combined action of wind and rain. The wind-driven rain factor appears to be much more significant than the other factors. The study highlights the effects of different erosion agents and surface parameters on short-distance particle transport and the powerful impact of wind-driven rain on soil erosion.

Evaluation of Droplet Splashing Algorithm in LEWICE 3.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Homenko, Hilary N.

2004-01-01

The Icing Branch at NASA Glenn Research has developed a computer program to simulate ice formation on the leading edge of an aircraft wing during flight through cold, moist air. As part of the branch's current research, members have developed software known as LEWICE. This program is capable of predicting the formation of ice under designated weather conditions. The success of LEWICE is an asset to airplane manufacturers, ice protection system manufacturers, and the airline industry. Simulations of ice formation conducted in the tunnel and in flight is costly and time consuming. However, the danger of in-flight icing continues to be a concern for both commercial and military pilots. The LEWICE software is a step towards inexpensive and time efficient prediction of ice collection. In the most recent version of the program, LEWICE contains an algorithm for droplet splashing. Droplet splashing is a natural occurrence that causes accumulation of ice on aircraft surfaces. At impingement water droplets lose a portion of their mass to splashing. With part of each droplet joining the airflow and failing to freeze, early versions of LEWICE without the splashing algorithm over-predicted the collection of ice on the leading edge. The objective of my project was to determine whether the revised version of LEWICE accurately reflected the ice collection data obtained from the Icing Research Tunnel (IRT). The experimental data from the IRT was collected by Mark Potapczuk in January, March and July of 2001 and April and December of 2002. Experimental data points were the result of ice tracings conducted shortly after testing in the tunnel. Run sheets, which included a record of velocity, temperature, liquid water content and droplet diameter, served as the input of the LEWICE computer program. Parameters identical to the tunnel conditions were used to run LEWICE 2.0 and LEWICE 3.0. The results from IRT and versions of LEWICE were compared graphically. After entering the raw experimental data and computer output into a spread sheet, I mapped each ice formation onto a clean airfoil. The LEWICE output provided the data points to graphically depict ice formations developed by the program. weather conditions of runs conducted in January 2001, it was evident that the splashing algorithm of LEWICE 3.0 predicts ice formations more accurately than LEWICE 2.0. Especially at conditions with droplet size between 80 and 160 microns, the splashing algorithm of the new LEWICE version compensated for the loss of droplet mass as a result of splashing. In contrast, LEWICE 2.0 consistently over-predicted the mass of the ice in conditions with droplet size exceeding 80 microns. This evidence confirms that changes made to algorithms of LEWICE 3.0 have increased the accuracy of predicting ice collection.

78 FR 28492 - Special Local Regulation; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-15

... to the local maritime community via broadcast notice to mariners. 2. Impact on Small Entities Under...-AA08 Special Local Regulation; Low Country Splash, Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor... establishing a special local regulation on the waters of the Wando River, Cooper River, and Charleston Harbor...

Supporting Peers Lives and Solving Hassles: The SPLASH Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Heckenlaible-Gotto, Myra J.; Roggow, Linda

2007-01-01

A social worker and a psychologist, working with troubled youth in a day treatment setting, describe unique ways to use the concepts of Positive Peer Culture (PPC) to facilitate groups from the elementary to high school levels. The authors have adapted the well-known PPC concepts and incorporated them into their strength-based program, SPLASH, to…

Stickybear's Math Splash: Adventures in Math Fun for Ages 5-10! School Version with Lesson Plans. [CD-ROM].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Highsmith, Joni Bitman

Stickybear's Math Splash is a CD-ROM-based software tool for teaching mathematics skills beyond simple number recognition to elementary students. The accompanying printed lesson plans are designed to complement mathematics skills with other methods and areas of emphasis including kinesthetic learning, listening skills, decision making skills, and…

Splash detail due to a single grain incident on a granular bed.

PubMed

Tanabe, Takahiro; Shimada, Takashi; Ito, Nobuyasu; Nishimori, Hiraku

2017-02-01

Using the discrete element method, we study the splash processes induced by the impact of a grain on a randomly packed bed. Good correspondence is obtained between our numerical results and the findings of previous experiments for the movement of ejected grains. Furthermore, the distributions of the ejection angle and ejection speed for individual grains vary depending on the relative timing at which the grains are ejected after the initial impact. Obvious differences are observed between the distributions of grains ejected during the earlier and later splash periods: the form of the vertical ejection-speed distribution varies from a power-law form to a lognormal form with time; this difference may determine grain trajectory after ejection.

The influence of the surrounding gas on drop impact onto a wet substrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deegan, Robert; Zhang, Li; Toole, Jameson

2011-11-01

The impact of a droplet with a wet or solid substrate creates a spray of secondary droplets. The effect of the surrounding gas on this process was widely neglected prior to the work of Xu, Zhang, & Nagel which showed that lowering the gas pressure suppresses splashing for impact with a dry solid substrate. Here we present the results of our experimental investigation of the effect of the surrounding gas on the evolution of splashes from a wet substrate. We varied the density and pressure of the surrounding gas. We find quantitative changes to the onset thresholds of splashing and on the size distribution of, but no qualitative changes. The effects are most pronounced on the evolution of the ejecta sheet.

Animal feasibility study of an innovated splash-needle for endoscopic submucosal dissection in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

PubMed

Fujishiro, Mitsuhiro; Sugita, Noriyuki

2013-01-01

The high frequency of complications accompanying endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) and its complex processes suggest that the process requires improvement. The objective of the present study was to investigate the feasibility of an innovated splash-needle for ESD. An animal feasibility study with a living pig was conducted. Six resections per portion (esophagus and upper, middle, and lower thirds of the stomach) in a total of 24 resections were carried out by using an original splash-needle or an innovated splash-needle. Major innovations were a thicker part in the middle of the knife and a metal plate on the tip of the sheath to obtain more coagulation ability. Injection solution in the submucosal layer was also changed due to possible influence on the outcomes. Main outcome measurements were entire procedure time, cutting speed, and frequency of bleeding during ESD. All the 24 resections were completed without complications. Among the obtained data, only mean cutting speeds were significantly influenced by location of the simulated lesion, which revealed that ESD at the upper third was significantly quicker than that at the lower third (P = 0.01), and ESD at the esophagus was significantly slower than that at the three parts of the stomach (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between the different knives in each variable. The innovated splash-needle will be feasible for human use, although the safety and advantages in clinical settings must be elucidated by proper comparative studies with existing knives in humans. © 2012 The Authors. Digestive Endoscopy © 2012 Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society.

Increasing Academic Rigor through Comprehensive, Ongoing Professional Development in Rural Special Education: A Description of the SPLASH Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Courtade, Ginevra R.; Shipman, Stacy D.; Williams, Rachel

2017-01-01

SPLASH is a 3-year professional development program designed to work with classroom teachers of students with moderate and severe disabilities. The program targets new teachers and employs methods aimed at supporting rural classrooms. The training content focuses on evidence-based practices in English language arts, mathematics, and science, as…

Viscous Impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Driscoll, Michelle; Stevens, Cacey; Nagel, Sidney

2008-11-01

The splashing of both inviscid and viscous drops on smooth, dry surfaces can be completely suppressed by decreasing the pressure of the surrounding gas [1,2,3]. However, at sufficiently high pressure when splashing does occur, the shape and dynamics of the ejected liquid sheets depends strongly on the liquid viscosity. This, as well as the dependence of the threshold pressure on viscosity [2], suggests that the splashing of viscous and inviscid liquids is caused by different mechanisms. When a low-viscosity (˜1 cst) liquid splashes, a corona is ejected immediately upon impact. In more viscous fluids (10 cst silicone oil), our experiments show that a thin sheet, resembling a flattened version of the corona seen in the inviscid case, emerges out of a much thicker spreading film. However, for these viscous fluids, the ejection of the thin sheet does not occur immediately. As the ambient pressure is lowered, the sheet ejection time is delayed longer and longer after impact until no sheet is ejected at all. [1] L. Xu, W.W. Zhang, S.R. Nagel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 184505 (2005). [2] L. Xu, Phys. Rev. E 75, 056316 (2007). [3] C. Stevens et al., FC.00003 DFD 2007

Short-range splash discharge of peridioles in Nidularia.

PubMed

Hassett, Maribeth O; Fischer, Mark W F; Money, Nicholas P

2015-06-01

The distinctive shapes of basidiomata in the bird's nest fungi reflect differences in the mechanism of splash discharge. In the present study, peridiole discharge was examined in Nidularia pulvinata using high-speed video. Nidularia pulvinata produces globose basidiomata that split open at maturity to expose 100 or more peridioles within a gelatinous matrix. Each peridiole contains an estimated 7 million spores. The impact of water drops splashed the peridioles horizontally from the fruit body, along with globs of mucilage, at a mean velocity of 1.2 m s(-1). Discharged peridioles travelled for a maximum horizontal distance of 1.5 cm. This launch process contrasts with the faster vertical splashes of peridioles over distances of up to one metre from the flute-shaped fruit bodies of bird's nest fungi in the genera Crucibulum and Cyathus. Peridioles in these genera are equipped with a funicular cord that attaches them to vegetation, placing them in an ideal location for ingestion by browsing herbivores. The absence of cords in N. pulvinata and its use of a sloppy discharge mechanism suggest that it is more likely to be dispersed by animals feeding on the forest floor. Copyright © 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Droplet-surface Impingement Dynamics for Intelligent Spray Design

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

VanderWal, Randy L.; Kizito, John P.; Tryggvason, Gretar; Berger, Gordon M.; Mozes, Steven D.

2004-01-01

Spray cooling has high potential in thermal management and life support systems by overcoming the deleterious effect of microgravity upon two-phase heat transfer. In particular spray cooling offers several advantages in heat flux removal that include the following: 1. By maintaining a wetted surface, spray droplets impinge upon a thin fluid film rather than a dry solid surface 2. Most heat transfer surfaces will not be smooth but rough. Roughness can enhance conductive cooling, aid liquid removal by flow channeling. 3. Spray momentum can be used to a) substitute for gravity delivering fluid to the surface, b) prevent local dryout and potential thermal runaway and c) facilitate liquid and vapor removal. Yet high momentum results in high We and Re numbers characterizing the individual spray droplets. Beyond an impingement threshold, droplets splash rather than spread. Heat flux declines and spray cooling efficiency can markedly decrease. Accordingly we are investigating droplet impingement upon a) dry solid surfaces, b) fluid films, c) rough surfaces and determining splashing thresholds and relationships for both dry surfaces and those covered by fluid films. We are presently developing engineering correlations delineating the boundary between splashing and non-splashing regions.

Study of the coalescence/splash threshold of droplet impact on liquid films and its relevance in assessing airborne particle release.

PubMed

Motzkus, C; Gensdarmes, F; Géhin, E

2011-10-15

Impingement of droplets on surfaces occurs in many industrial and natural processes. The study of droplet break-up is fundamental in order to determine the potential sources of airborne contamination for scenarios of hazardous liquid falls such as dripping. There are very few data in the literature describing the case of impact of millimetre-size droplets. The purposes of this work were to study experimentally particle emission during the impact of droplets on a liquid film and to assess the use of coalescence/splash relations to predict airborne particle release. The results are described using dimensionless numbers taking into account the inertial, viscosity and surface tension forces. Experiments were carried out for Weber numbers between 62 and 1754 and for Ohnesorge numbers between 2.0×10(-3) and 1.5×10(-2). New results on coalescence/splash thresholds are obtained using highly sensitive aerosol measurement and allow a prediction concerning the presence or absence of airborne particles according to a threshold relation. Moreover, we propose a modification of the Cossali et al.'s relation in order to describe the coalescence/prompt splash threshold. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Impact, Spreading and Splashing of Superfluid Drops

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taborek, Peter; Wallace, Mattew; Mallin, David; Aguirre, Andres; Langley, Kenneth; Thoroddsen, Sigurdur

2017-11-01

We investigate the impact of superfluid and normal liquid helium drops onto glass plates, in a custom-made optical cryostat, over a temperature range from 1.3 - 5 K. The unusual properties of liquid helium allow us to explore ranges of parameters that are difficult to obtain in conventional systems. Even in the normal state with T >2.17K, the viscosity and surface tension of liquid helium are unusually low, so it is easy to prepare drops with Re >30,000 and We >500. We track the spreading radius of the fluid rim, which initially grows as a power law in time with an exponent of 0.5 , while transitioning to Tanner's law at later times. In the superfluid state the rim velocity can exceed 4 m/s, which is significantly higher than the superfluid critical velocity. Here we see no splashing even at Re >100,000. Our experiments take place in an atmosphere of helium gas. In conventional impact splashing the exterior air is incondensable, while our impacts in helium involve a condensable exterior phase, so the dynamics can be expected to be quite different. We study how these differences affect the splashing.

Particle-Laden Liquid Jet Impingement on a Moving Substrate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rahmani, Hatef; Green, Sheldon

2017-11-01

The impingement of high-speed jets on a moving substrate is salient to a number of industrial processes such as surface coating in the railroad industry. The particular jet fluids studied were dilute suspensions of neutrally buoyant particles in water-glycerin solutions. At these low particle concentrations, the suspensions have Newtonian fluid viscosity. A variety of jet and surface velocities, solution properties, nozzle diameters, mean particle sizes, and volume fractions were studied. It was observed that for jets with very small particles, addition of solids to the jet enhances deposition and postpones splash relative to a particle-free water-glycerin solution with the same viscosity. In contrast, jets with larger particles in suspension were more prone to splash than single phase jets of the same viscosity. It is speculated that the particle diameter, relative to the lamella thickness, is the key parameter to determine whether splash is suppressed or enhanced. An existing splash model for single phase liquid jets was found to be in good agreement with the experimental results, provided that the single fitting parameter in that model is a function of the particle size, volume fraction, and surface roughness.

Improved corrosion control by coating in the splash zone and subsea

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

John, R.C.; VanHooff, W.

1989-01-01

The splash zone around offshore structures is without doubt one of nature's most hostile and corrosive environments. Apart from the wave impacts, plentiful supplies of oxygen, lack of cathodic protection, and the salt spray that continually wets and then dries upon objects, the region is difficult and sometimes dangerous to access. This article reviews the performance of two new offshore repair coatings recently installed on North Sea and Gulf of Mexico installations. The first coating, a reinforced heat-shrinkable sleeve, is designed to be installed over properly cleaned and dried steel surfaces. Suitable conditions for the application of this coating existmore » during low tide and calm weather when certain exposed sections of the splash zone are accessible. Alternatively, by using a special remote-controlled cofferdam chamber to create an artificial local environment, subsea coating application can proceed under ideal conditions. Cofferdam chamber installations are diver-free and can be made throughout the entire splash zone, even during rough weather. When a remote-controlled cofferdam is not available and repairs are needed in subsea or wet areas, diver assistance is usually required. The second coating system, a gel-based, diver-applied tape, has been developed specifically for such applications.« less

Experimental evaluation of two premixing-prevaporizing fuel injection concepts for a gas turbine catalytic combustor

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tacina, R.

1976-01-01

A premixing-prevaporizing fuel system to be used with a catalytic combustor was evaluated for possible application in an automotive gas turbine. Spatial fuel distribution and degree of vaporization were measured using jet A fuel. Two types of air blast injectors were tested, a splash groove injector and a multiple jet cross stream injector. Air swirlers with vane angles of 15 deg and 30 deg were used to improve the spatial fuel distribution in a 12 cm diameter tubular rig. Distribution and vaporization measurements were made 35.5 cm downstream of the injector. The spatial fuel distribution was nearly uniform with the multiple jet contrastream injector and the splash-groove injector with a 30 deg air swirler. The vaporization was nearly 100 percent at an inlet air temperature of 600 K, and at 800 K inlet air temperature fuel oxidation reactions were observed. The total pressure loss was less than 0.5 percent of the total pressure for the multiple jet cross stream injector and the splash groove injector (without air swirler) and less than 1 percent for the splash groove with a 30 deg air swirler.

[Efficiency of novel splash-proof ventilator circuit component on VAP and the colonization of multiple-drug resistant bacteria prevention in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation: a prospective randomized controlled intervention study with 318 patients].

PubMed

Xu, Songao; Yu, Huijie; Sun, Hui; Zhu, Xiangyun; Xu, Xiaoqin; Xu, Jun; Cao, Weizhong

2017-01-01

To investigate the efficiency of closed tracheal suction system (CTSS) using novel splash-proof ventilator circuit component on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and the colonization of multiple-drug resistant bacteria (MDR) in patients undergoing mechanical ventilation (MV) prevention. A prospective single-blinded randomized parallel controlled intervention study was conducted. 330 severe patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of the First Hospital of Jiaxing from January 2014 to May 2016 were enrolled, and they were divided into open tracheal suction group, closed tracheal suction group, and splash-proof suction group on average by random number table. The patients in the three groups used conventional ventilator circuit component, conventional CTSS, and CTSS with a novel splash-proof ventilator circuit component for MV and sputum suction, respectively. The incidence of VAP, airway bacterial colonization rate, MDR and fungi colonization rate, duration of MV, length of ICU and hospitalization stay, and financial expenditure during hospitalization, as well as the in-hospital prognosis were recorded. After excluding patients who did not meet the inclusion criteria, incomplete data, backed out and so on, 318 patients were enrolled in the analysis finally. Compared with the open tracheal suction group, the total incidence of VAP was decreased in the closed tracheal suction group and splash-proof suction group [20.95% (22/105), 21.90% (23/105) vs. 29.63% (32/108)], but no statistical difference was found (both P > 0.05), and the incidence of VAP infections/1 000 MV days showed the same change tendency (cases: 14.56, 17.35 vs. 23.07). The rate of airway bacterial colonization and the rate of MDR colonization in the open tracheal suction group and splash-proof suction group were remarkably lower than those of closed tracheal suction group [32.41% (35/108), 28.57% (30/105) vs. 46.67% (49/105), 20.37% (22/108), 15.24% (16/105) vs. 39.05% (41/105)] with significantly statistical differences (all P < 0.05). Besides, no significantly statistical difference was found in the fungi colonization rate among open tracheal group, closed tracheal group, and splash-proof suction group (4.63%, 3.81% and 6.67%, respectively, P > 0.05). Compared with the closed tracheal suction group, the duration of MV, the length of ICU and hospitalization stay were shortened in the open tracheal suction group and splash-proof suction group [duration of MV (days): 8.00 (4.00, 13.75), 8.00 (5.00, 13.00) vs. 9.00 (5.00, 16.00); the length of ICU stay (days): 10.00 (6.00, 16.00), 11.00 (7.00, 19.00) vs. 13.00 (7.50, 22.00); the length of hospitalization stay (days): 16.50 (9.25, 32.00), 19.00 (10.50, 32.50) vs. 21.00 (10.00, 36.00)], and financial expenditure during hospitalization was lowered [10 thousand Yuan: 4.95 (3.13, 8.62), 5.47 (3.84, 9.41) vs. 6.52 (3.99, 11.02)] without significantly statistical differences (all P > 0.05). Moreover, no significantly statistical difference was found in the in-hospital prognosis among the three groups. CTSS performed using novel splash-proof ventilator circuit component shared similar advantages in preventing VAP with the conventional CTSS. Meanwhile, it is superior because it prevented the colonization of MDR and high price in the conventional CTSS.Clinical Trail Registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry, ChiCTR-IOR-16009694.

Splash flow from a metal plate hit by an electron beam pulse

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garcia, M., LLNL

1997-09-01

When a pulsed electron beam hits a metal plate with sufficient energy a volume of the metal becomes hot fluid that subsequently sprays out of the plate. A second pulse of electrons traveling toward the plate would scatter and degrade before impacting the solid plate because of its encounter with the diffuse material of the initial splash. People designing electron beam machines for use as pulsed radiation sources wish to eliminate the interaction between the electrons and the splash because they want sharp radiation pulses emitted from the solid plate. This report presents a compressible fluid model of this splashmore » flow and compares specific cases with experiments and comprehensive calculations performed by B. DeVolder and others at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, see reference (1). My aim was to develop as simple a theory as possible to calculate the speed and density of the splash flow. I have used both simplifying assumptions and mathematical approximations to develop convenient formulas. As I wished to make a clear and interesting presentation of this work to a diverse audience that includes people outside the specialty of fluid dynamics, some of my descriptions may seem wordier than necessary. The plan of the report is as follows. In the section called ``energy deposition`` I describe how an electron beam deposits energy in a solid plate, converting some of the material into a hot fluid. The initial temperature of this fluid is the key parameter in determining the nature of the subsequent flow; an explicit formula is shown. Flow occurs in two regions: along a streamtube within the metal plate and as an expanding plume outside the metal plate. Flow within the plate is described in the section called ``isentropic flow.`` This flow occurs as expansion waves move at the speed of sound through the streamtube. The analysis of this flow provides a formula for the mass flow over time from the plate into the external splash. The section called ``centered expansion`` elaborates on the nature of certain approximations I have made in treating the wave phenomena in both the streamtube and splash flows. The section called ``splash flow`` presents a formula to describe the material density as a function of space and time outside the plate. This formula depends on the time- dependent material density at the plate, which was found during the streamtube analysis. The section called ``examples`` shows the results of specific calculations and a comparison to computational and experimental results described in reference (1). The final section, ``possible future work,`` poses new questions.« less

The effect of wind on dispersal of splash-borne Xanthomonas citri subsp citri at different heights and distances downwind of canker-infected grapefruit trees

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Xanthomonas citri subsp citri (Xcc), which causes citrus canker, is a major pathogen of grapefruit and other canker-susceptible citrus species and cultivars grown in Florida and elsewhere. It is dispersed by rain splash, and wind promotes the dispersal of the pathogen. The aim of this study was to e...

Short distance dispersal of splashed bacteria of Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri from canker-infected grapefruit tree canopies in turbulent wind

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp citri [Xcc]) can result in yield loss and market restrictions. The pathogen is dispersed in rain splash and spread is promoted by wind. The goal of this study was to gain some insight into the behavior of the downwind plume of Xcc from ~1.5 m-tall canker-affect...

75 FR 34001 - Safety Zone; Grand Marais Splash-In, West Bay, Lake Superior, Grand Marais, MI

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-06-16

... from a portion of West Bay during the Grand Marais Splash-In Sea Plane Competition. DATES: This rule is... associated with the sea plane competition. Under 5 U.S.C. 553(d)(3), the Coast Guard finds that good cause... from hazards associated with sea planes taking- off, flying and landing in the area. The Captain of the...

Health risk assessment for splash parks that use rainwater as source water.

PubMed

de Man, H; Bouwknegt, M; van Heijnsbergen, E; Leenen, E J T M; van Knapen, F; de Roda Husman, A M

2014-05-01

In the Netherlands, rainwater becomes more and more popular as an economic and environmentally sustainable water source for splash parks, however, the associated public health risk and underlying risk factors are unknown. Since splash parks have been associated with outbreaks of infectious diseases, a quantitative microbial risk assessment was performed using Legionella pneumophila as a target pathogen to quantify the risk of infection for exposure due to inhalation and Campylobacter jejuni for ingestion. Data for L. pneumophila and C. jejuni concentrations in rainfall generated surface runoff from streets were extracted from literature. Data for exposure were obtained by observing 604 people at splash parks, of whom 259 were children. Exposure volumes were estimated using data from literature to determine the volume of exposure through inhalation at 0.394 μL/min (95% CI-range 0.0446-1.27 μL/min), hand-to-mouth contact at 22.6 μL/min, (95% CI-range 2.02-81.0 μL/min), ingestion of water droplets at 94.4 μL/min (95% CI-range 5.1-279 μL/min) and ingestion of mouthfuls of water at 21.5·10(3) μL/min (95% CI-range 1.17 ·10(3)-67.0·10(3) μL/min). The corresponding risk of infection for the mean exposure duration of 3.5 min was 9.3·10(-5) (95% CI-range 0-2.4·10(-4)) for inhalation of L. pneumophila and 3.6·10(-2) (95% CI-range 0-5.3·10(-1)) for ingestion of C. jejuni. This study provided a methodology to quantify exposure volumes using observations on site. We estimated that using rainwater as source water for splash parks may pose a health risk, however, further detailed quantitative microbial analysis is required to confirm this finding. Furthermore we give insight into the effect of water quality standards, which may limit infection risks from exposure at splash parks. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Validation Results for LEWICE 3.0

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wright, William B.

2005-01-01

A research project is underway at NASA Glenn to produce computer software that can accurately predict ice growth under any meteorological conditions for any aircraft surface. This report will present results from version 3.0 of this software, which is called LEWICE. This version differs from previous releases in that it incorporates additional thermal analysis capabilities, a pneumatic boot model, interfaces to computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow solvers and has an empirical model for the supercooled large droplet (SLD) regime. An extensive comparison of the results in a quantifiable manner against the database of ice shapes and collection efficiency that have been generated in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) has also been performed. The complete set of data used for this comparison will eventually be available in a contractor report. This paper will show the differences in collection efficiency between LEWICE 3.0 and experimental data. Due to the large amount of validation data available, a separate report is planned for ice shape comparison. This report will first describe the LEWICE 3.0 model for water collection. A semi-empirical approach was used to incorporate first order physical effects of large droplet phenomena into icing software. Comparisons are then made to every single element two-dimensional case in the water collection database. Each condition was run using the following five assumptions: 1) potential flow, no splashing; 2) potential flow, no splashing with 21 bin drop size distributions and a lift correction (angle of attack adjustment); 3) potential flow, with splashing; 4) Navier-Stokes, no splashing; and 5) Navier-Stokes, with splashing. Quantitative comparisons are shown for impingement limit, maximum water catch, and total collection efficiency. The results show that the predicted results are within the accuracy limits of the experimental data for the majority of cases.

A comparison between caudal block versus splash block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children

PubMed Central

Cheon, Jun Kong; Hwang, Kan Taeck; Choi, Bo Yoon

2011-01-01

Background We wanted to determine the postoperative analgesic efficacy of preincisional caudal epidural block versus instillation (splash block) following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. Methods Thirty children (age range: 1-7 years) who were scheduled to undergo inguinal herniorrhaphy were divided into 2 groups: the caudal block group and the splash block group with 15 children in each group. Tracheal intubation was performed. Fifteen children received caudal block with 1.0 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine (Group 1). Caudal block was performed using the loss of resistance method via the sacral hiatus. Fifteen children in Group 2 received local instillation (splash block) in the surgical site with up to 0.4 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine. The patients were observed for 90 minutes in the postanesthesia care unit and then they were transferred to the ward. The pain scores were taken 4 times. We assessed pain using the Faces pain scores. Results There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the pain scores at 10, 30 and 60 minutes upon entering the postanesthesia care unit. The pain scores of Group 1 were slightly lower at the last evaluation point when compared to that of Group 2. One patient in Group 1 required supplemental postoperative intravenous (IV) tramadol, while all the other patients in both groups did not require supplemental IV tramadol. The intraoperative requirement for sevoflurane was decreased in Group 1 as compared to that of Group 2. There were no major complications related to either type of block. Conclusions We conclude that a splash block can have a similar analgesic effect as that of a caudal block for the postoperative herniorrhaphy pain of children. PMID:21602975

A comparison between caudal block versus splash block for postoperative analgesia following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children.

PubMed

Cheon, Jun Kong; Park, Cheon Hee; Hwang, Kan Taeck; Choi, Bo Yoon

2011-04-01

We wanted to determine the postoperative analgesic efficacy of preincisional caudal epidural block versus instillation (splash block) following inguinal herniorrhaphy in children. THIRTY CHILDREN (AGE RANGE: 1-7 years) who were scheduled to undergo inguinal herniorrhaphy were divided into 2 groups: the caudal block group and the splash block group with 15 children in each group. Tracheal intubation was performed. Fifteen children received caudal block with 1.0 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine (Group 1). Caudal block was performed using the loss of resistance method via the sacral hiatus. Fifteen children in Group 2 received local instillation (splash block) in the surgical site with up to 0.4 ml/kg of 0.25% ropivacaine. The patients were observed for 90 minutes in the postanesthesia care unit and then they were transferred to the ward. The pain scores were taken 4 times. We assessed pain using the Faces pain scores. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding the pain scores at 10, 30 and 60 minutes upon entering the postanesthesia care unit. The pain scores of Group 1 were slightly lower at the last evaluation point when compared to that of Group 2. One patient in Group 1 required supplemental postoperative intravenous (IV) tramadol, while all the other patients in both groups did not require supplemental IV tramadol. The intraoperative requirement for sevoflurane was decreased in Group 1 as compared to that of Group 2. There were no major complications related to either type of block. We conclude that a splash block can have a similar analgesic effect as that of a caudal block for the postoperative herniorrhaphy pain of children.

Splashing Threshold of Oblique Droplet Impacts on Surfaces of Various Wettability.

PubMed

Aboud, Damon G K; Kietzig, Anne-Marie

2015-09-15

Oblique drop impacts were performed at high speeds (up to 27 m/s, We > 9000) with millimetric water droplets, and a linear model was applied to define the oblique splashing threshold. Six different sample surfaces were tested: two substrate materials of different inherent surface wettability (PTFE and aluminum), each prepared with three different surface finishes (smooth, rough, and textured to support superhydrophobicity). Our choice of surfaces has allowed us to make several novel comparisons. Considering the inherent surface wettability, we discovered that PTFE, as the more hydrophobic surface, exhibits lower splashing thresholds than the hydrophilic surface of aluminum of comparable roughness. Furthermore, comparing oblique impacts on smooth and textured surfaces, we found that asymmetrical spreading and splashing behaviors occurred under a wide range of experimental conditions on our smooth surfaces; however, impacts occurring on textured surfaces were much more symmetrical, and one-sided splashing occurred only under very specific conditions. We attribute this difference to the air-trapping nature of textured superhydrophobic surfaces, which lowers the drag between the spreading lamella and the surface. The reduced drag affects oblique drop impacts by diminishing the effect of the tangential component of the impact velocity, causing the impact behavior to be governed almost exclusively by the normal velocity. Finally, by comparing oblique impacts on superhydrophobic surfaces at different impact angles, we discovered that although the pinning transition between rebounding and partial rebounding is governed primarily by the normal impact velocity, there is also a weak dependence on the tangential velocity. As a result, pinning is inhibited in oblique impacts. This led to the observation of a new behavior in highly oblique impacts on our superhydrophobic surfaces, which we named the stretched rebound, where the droplet is extended into an elongated pancake shape and rebounds while still outstretched, without exhibiting a recession phase.

Numerical Study of Splash Detail Due to Grain Impact on Granular Bed

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tanabe, Takahiro; Niiya, Hirofumi; Awazu, Akinori; Nishimori, Hiraku

2017-04-01

Massive sediment transport phenomena, such as sand storm and drifting snow, pose a considerable threat to human life. Further, the formation of geomorphological patterns on sand-desert and snowfield surfaces as a result of sediment transport, such as dunes and ripples, is of considerable research interest. Because the major component of the grain entrainment into the air is caused by both the collision and ejection, it is necessary to focus on the collisions between wind-blown grains and surface of sand field along with the resultant ejection grains from the surfaces, which processes are, as a whole, called a splash process. However, because of complexity of jumping grains over the ground surface, detailed measurement is very hard. Therefore, to investigate the splash process, we simulate detailed process of splash caused by 1-grain impact onto a randomly packed granular bed using discrete element method. As a result, we obtained good correspondence between our numerical results and the findings of previous experiments for the movement of ejected grains. Furthermore, the distributions of the ejection angle and the vertical ejection speed for individual grains vary depending on the relative timing at which the grains are ejected after the initial impact. Obvious differences are observed between the distributions of grains ejected during the earlier and later splash periods: the form of the vertical ejection-speed distribution varies from a power-law form to a lognormal form with time, and this difference is related to the grain trajectory after ejection [1]. In addition, we focus on the bulk dynamics inside the granular bed to relate the ejected grains behavior to the force propagations from the first impact to the ejection of each grain. [1] T. Tanabe, T. Shimada, N. Ito, and, H. Nishimori, (submitted)

Pink splash of active nitrogen in the discharge afterglow

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Akishev, Yu. S.; Grushin, M. E.; Karal'nik, V. B.

2007-09-15

Results are presented from experimental studies of the glow dynamics of active nitrogen in the stage of its excitation by a current pulse and during the discharge afterglow. The mechanism is proposed for the generation of a light splash in a highly activated nitrogen after the end of its pulsed excitation. The key role in the generation of this splash is played by the D-V processes, by which the dissociation energy is transferred to the vibrational degrees of freedom in the course of recombination of nitrogen atoms, and the V-E processes, by which the vibrational energy of highly excited moleculesmore » N{sub 2}(X, v {>=} 25-27) is transferred to the emitting electronic states N{sub 2}(B, v) after the V-V delay. Results of simulations based on the mechanism proposed are also presented.« less

An improved method for emergent decontamination of ocular and dermal hydrofluoric acid splashes.

PubMed

Soderberg, Kjell; Kuusinen, Petri; Mathieu, Laurence; Hall, Alan H

2004-08-01

Accidental hydrofluoric acid (HF) splashes often occur in industrial settings. HF easily penetrates into tissues by initial acid action allowing fluoride ions to penetrate deeply, chelating calcium and magnesium. Resultant hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia can be fatal. This report describes the utilization of Hexafluorine--a hypertonic, amphoteric, chelating decontamination solution--in workplaces where water decontamination followed by calcium gluconate inunction failed to prevent HF burns and systemic toxicity. Between 1998 and 1999, 16 cases of ocular and dermal HF splashes with either 70% HF or 6% HF/15% nitric acid (HNO3) were decontaminated with Hexafluorine at the worksite. HF burns did not develop and medical treatment other than initial decontamination was not reQuired in 12/16 (75%). In 7/16 (44%) cases, lost work time corresponded to duration of hospital observation (mean < 1 d).

Splash lubricating system for an engine

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Nakano, K.; Tani, Y.; Umeda, T.

1986-12-16

A splash lubrication system is described for an engine comprising a crank case, a crank room formed in the crank case, an oil reserving room formed in a lower part of the crank case for lubricating oil, and an oil splasher. The splasher extends from a big end of a connecting rod downward so as to splash oil from the oil reserving room to the crank room on its way from a front side to a back side along the lower part of its orbit. The improvement described here comprises: a transverse partition substantially covering the oil reserving room, disposedmore » at an upper space thereof, having an opening which allows the oil splasher to move therein. It includes three buffer plates covering front, right and left sides of the opening respectively for controlling oil level thereunder.« less

Splash singularity for water waves.

PubMed

Castro, Angel; Córdoba, Diego; Fefferman, Charles L; Gancedo, Francisco; Gómez-Serrano, Javier

2012-01-17

We exhibit smooth initial data for the two-dimensional (2D) water-wave equation for which we prove that smoothness of the interface breaks down in finite time. Moreover, we show a stability result together with numerical evidence that there exist solutions of the 2D water-wave equation that start from a graph, turn over, and collapse in a splash singularity (self-intersecting curve in one point) in finite time.

Splash singularity for water waves

PubMed Central

Castro, Angel; Córdoba, Diego; Fefferman, Charles L.; Gancedo, Francisco; Gómez-Serrano, Javier

2012-01-01

We exhibit smooth initial data for the two-dimensional (2D) water-wave equation for which we prove that smoothness of the interface breaks down in finite time. Moreover, we show a stability result together with numerical evidence that there exist solutions of the 2D water-wave equation that start from a graph, turn over, and collapse in a splash singularity (self-intersecting curve in one point) in finite time. PMID:22219372

Auditory Perception in Open Field: Distance Estimation

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-07-01

findings in this report are not to be construed as an official Department of the Army position unless so designated by other authorized documents...reported later by Rosenblum et al. (1993), who used recordings of approaching cars presented over earphones and concluded that acoustic tau is the...72 Carhorn Car horn sound 95 Rifle Rifle shot sound 94 Throat Throat clearing sound 74 Splash Water splash sound 73 Figure 6. Temporal and

Survival, dispersal, and potential soil-mediated suppression of Phytophthora ramorum in a California redwood-tanoak forest.

PubMed

Fichtner, E J; Lynch, S C; Rizzo, D M

2009-05-01

Because the role of soil inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum in the sudden oak death disease cycle is not well understood, this work addresses survival, chlamydospore production, pathogen suppression, and splash dispersal of the pathogen in infested forest soils. Colonized rhododendron and bay laurel leaf disks were placed in mesh sachets before transfer to the field in January 2005 and 2006. Sachets were placed under tanoak, bay laurel, and redwood at three vertical locations: leaf litter surface, litter-soil interface, and below the soil surface. Sachets were retrieved after 4, 8, 20, and 49 weeks. Pathogen survival was higher in rhododendron leaf tissue than in bay tissue, with >80% survival observed in rhododendron tissue after 49 weeks in the field. Chlamydospore production was determined by clearing infected tissue in KOH. Moist redwood-associated soils suppressed chlamydospore production. Rain events splashed inoculum as high as 30 cm from the soil surface, inciting aerial infection of bay laurel and tanoak. Leaf litter may provide an incomplete barrier to splash dispersal. This 2-year study illustrates annual P. ramorum survival in soil and the suppressive nature of redwood-associated soils to chlamydospore production. Infested soil may serve as primary inoculum for foliar infections by splash dispersal during rain events.

Biologically Active Zone Enhancement (BAZE) for In Situ RDX Degradation in Ground Water

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-01-01

geotechnical laboratory testing, will be performed in Level D protection with the addition of chemical resistant gloves. The level of protection for...splash hazards), • Chemical- resistant boots (PVC, Neoprene, Rubber) or work boots with covers ( steel-toed as appropriate), • Inner gloves (latex or...vinyl), • Outer, chemical- resistant gloves (nitrile, PVC, Neoprene), • Safety glasses or goggles, • Hard hat (as required by OSHA), and • Splash

Origin and dynamics of vortex rings in drop splashing

DOE PAGES

Lee, Ji San; Park, Su Ji; Lee, Jun Ho; ...

2015-09-04

A vortex is a flow phenomenon that is very commonly observed in nature. More than a century, a vortex ring that forms during drop splashing has caught the attention of many scientists due to its importance in understanding fluid mixing and mass transport processes. However, the origin of the vortices and their dynamics remain unclear, mostly due to the lack of appropriate visualization methods. Here, with ultrafast X-ray phase-contrast imaging, we show that the formation of vortex rings originates from the energy transfer by capillary waves generated at the moment of the drop impact. Interestingly, we find a row ofmore » vortex rings along the drop wall, as demonstrated by a phase diagram established here, with different power-law dependencies of the angular velocities on the Reynolds number. These results provide important insight that allows understanding and modelling any type of vortex rings in nature, beyond just vortex rings during drop splashing.« less

Understanding asteroid collisional history through experimental and numerical studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Davis, Donald R.; Ryan, Eileen V.; Weidenschilling, S. J.

1991-01-01

Asteroids can lose angular momentum due to so called splash effect, the analog to the drain effect for cratering impacts. Numerical code with the splash effect incorporated was applied to study the simultaneous evolution of asteroid sized and spins. Results are presented on the spin changes of asteroids due to various physical effects that are incorporated in the described model. The goal was to understand the interplay between the evolution of sizes and spins over a wide and plausible range of model parameters. A single starting population was used both for size distribution and the spin distribution of asteroids and the changes in the spins were calculated over solar system history for different model parameters. It is shown that there is a strong coupling between the size and spin evolution, that the observed relative spindown of asteroids approximately 100 km diameter is likely to be the result of the angular momentum splash effect.

Visualization and mechanisms of splashing erosion of electrodes in a DC air arc

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Yi; Cui, Yufei; Rong, Mingzhe; Murphy, Anthony B.; Yang, Fei; Sun, Hao; Niu, Chunping; Fan, Shaodi

2017-11-01

The splashing erosion of electrodes in a DC atmospheric-pressure air arc has been investigated by visualization of the electrode surface and the sputtered droplets, and tracking of the droplet trajectories, using image processing techniques. A particle tracking velocimetry algorithm has been introduced to measure the sputtering velocity distribution. Erosion of both tungsten-copper and tungsten-ceria electrodes is studied; in both cases electrode erosion is found to be dominated by droplet splashing rather than metal evaporation. Erosion is directly influenced by both melting and the formation of plasma jets, and can be reduced by the tuning of the plasma jet and electrode material. The results provide an understanding of the mechanisms that lead to the long lifetime of tungsten-copper electrodes, and may provide a path for the design of the electrode system subjected to electric arc to minimize erosion.

Splash albedo protons between 4 and 315 MeV at high and low geomagnetic latitudes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wenzel, K.-P.; Stone, E. C.; Vogt, R. E.

1975-01-01

Results are reported for measurements of the differential energy spectrum of splash-albedo protons at high geomagnetic latitude during three periods of the last solar cycle as well as at low latitude during one of those periods. The measurements were made with a balloon-borne solid-state detector telescope. Splash-albedo protons with energies between 4 and 315 MeV were observed in fluxes of approximately 81, 70, and 48 protons/sq m per sec per sr at high latitude and in fluxes of approximately 37 protons/sq m per sec per sr at low latitude. It is shown that the difference between the first and third high-latitude measurements was due to solar modulation of the cosmic-ray parent nuclei. The albedo spectrum is found to have a similar shape for both latitudes, and it is suggested that the difference in intensity can be explained by different local geomagnetic cutoffs.

Understanding asteroid collisional history through experimental and numerical studies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Donald R.; Ryan, Eileen V.; Weidenschilling, S. J.

1991-06-01

Asteroids can lose angular momentum due to so called splash effect, the analog to the drain effect for cratering impacts. Numerical code with the splash effect incorporated was applied to study the simultaneous evolution of asteroid sized and spins. Results are presented on the spin changes of asteroids due to various physical effects that are incorporated in the described model. The goal was to understand the interplay between the evolution of sizes and spins over a wide and plausible range of model parameters. A single starting population was used both for size distribution and the spin distribution of asteroids and the changes in the spins were calculated over solar system history for different model parameters. It is shown that there is a strong coupling between the size and spin evolution, that the observed relative spindown of asteroids approximately 100 km diameter is likely to be the result of the angular momentum splash effect.

Making a Splash in Microgravity with Teachers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wissel, Stephanie; Zwicker, Andrew; Merali, Aliya; Litman, Katherine; Williams, Bruce; West, David; Grom, Jonathan; Muneer, Haazim; Bandeh, Bocary; Courtney, Mary; Quinn, Maureen

2011-10-01

PPPL recently entered into a three-year Space Act Agreement with NASA to create a new K-12 research experience for teachers where they y an experiment on the ``Weightless Wonder''. One team comprises six teachers from the Trenton Public School District, ranging in focus from K-2 special education to 9-12 teachers, who were selected for their enthusiasm for science and desire to incorporate a research project into their curriculum. They conducted an experiment that observed the splashes resulting from the water entry of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic steel balls where the change in gravity affects the resulting splash dynamics. The program also requires concurrent curriculum development incorporating the project into their classes. The teachers and students from the same district will analyze the data and use inform the experiment to be own in 2012. We report on the results of the experiment, the subsequent implementation of the curricula, and the initial impact on the students.

Origin and dynamics of vortex rings in drop splashing.

PubMed

Lee, Ji San; Park, Su Ji; Lee, Jun Ho; Weon, Byung Mook; Fezzaa, Kamel; Je, Jung Ho

2015-09-04

A vortex is a flow phenomenon that is very commonly observed in nature. More than a century, a vortex ring that forms during drop splashing has caught the attention of many scientists due to its importance in understanding fluid mixing and mass transport processes. However, the origin of the vortices and their dynamics remain unclear, mostly due to the lack of appropriate visualization methods. Here, with ultrafast X-ray phase-contrast imaging, we show that the formation of vortex rings originates from the energy transfer by capillary waves generated at the moment of the drop impact. Interestingly, we find a row of vortex rings along the drop wall, as demonstrated by a phase diagram established here, with different power-law dependencies of the angular velocities on the Reynolds number. These results provide important insight that allows understanding and modelling any type of vortex rings in nature, beyond just vortex rings during drop splashing.

Origin and dynamics of vortex rings in drop splashing

PubMed Central

Lee, Ji San; Park, Su Ji; Lee, Jun Ho; Weon, Byung Mook; Fezzaa, Kamel; Je, Jung Ho

2015-01-01

A vortex is a flow phenomenon that is very commonly observed in nature. More than a century, a vortex ring that forms during drop splashing has caught the attention of many scientists due to its importance in understanding fluid mixing and mass transport processes. However, the origin of the vortices and their dynamics remain unclear, mostly due to the lack of appropriate visualization methods. Here, with ultrafast X-ray phase-contrast imaging, we show that the formation of vortex rings originates from the energy transfer by capillary waves generated at the moment of the drop impact. Interestingly, we find a row of vortex rings along the drop wall, as demonstrated by a phase diagram established here, with different power-law dependencies of the angular velocities on the Reynolds number. These results provide important insight that allows understanding and modelling any type of vortex rings in nature, beyond just vortex rings during drop splashing. PMID:26337704

Splashing transients of 2D plasmons launched by swift electrons

PubMed Central

Lin, Xiao; Kaminer, Ido; Shi, Xihang; Gao, Fei; Yang, Zhaoju; Gao, Zhen; Buljan, Hrvoje; Joannopoulos, John D.; Soljačić, Marin; Chen, Hongsheng; Zhang, Baile

2017-01-01

Launching of plasmons by swift electrons has long been used in electron energy–loss spectroscopy (EELS) to investigate the plasmonic properties of ultrathin, or two-dimensional (2D), electron systems. However, the question of how a swift electron generates plasmons in space and time has never been answered. We address this issue by calculating and demonstrating the spatial-temporal dynamics of 2D plasmon generation in graphene. We predict a jet-like rise of excessive charge concentration that delays the generation of 2D plasmons in EELS, exhibiting an analog to the hydrodynamic Rayleigh jet in a splashing phenomenon before the launching of ripples. The photon radiation, analogous to the splashing sound, accompanies the plasmon emission and can be understood as being shaken off by the Rayleigh jet–like charge concentration. Considering this newly revealed process, we argue that previous estimates on the yields of graphene plasmons in EELS need to be reevaluated. PMID:28138546

Gaseous film cooling investigation in a multi-element splash platelet injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Liang; Liu, Weiqiang

2018-03-01

Film cooling is an effective technique that protects chamber walls in rocket combustion against chemical attacks and heat fluxes. This study discusses cooling effect in a multi-element GO2/CH4 splash platelet injector. Influence parameters, such as slot height, slot number, percentage of coolant, and injection position on cooling effect, were investigated. GCH4 with 298.15 K was applied as film coolant. In the first step, slot heights of 0.2 and 0.4 mm were compared by applying a constant film mass flow rate. Temperature, CH4 mole fraction distribution, and flow field structure were obtained. The effects of slot number, percentage of coolant, and injection position on wall temperature distribution were then determined. Finally, the reasons for the low cooling efficiency were analyzed. Improvement in the method is proposed to achieve improved cooling effect for splash platelet injectors.

Dispersal of seeds from splash-cup plants

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pepper, Rachel

2017-11-01

Splash cup plants disperse their seeds with the help of raindrops. The seeds sit in a small (mm-scale) conical cup and are ejected upon drop impact. The seeds are ejected at velocities up to five times the impact speed of the raindrop, and are dispersed up to 1 m away from the parent plant, which is only a few cm high. Previous work investigating the mechanism of this remarkable dispersal predicted an optimum cup opening angle of around 40°, which matched reasonably well with experiments performed with 3D-printed splash cup models. Those experiments were done with off-center drop impacts on initially empty cups with no seeds. We discuss similar experiments for cups that are not initially empty, but rather contain seed mimics, water, or both seeds and water. For some of these realistic initial states results are strikingly different from empty cups. Connections to theory will also be discussed.

Measuring splash erosion potential under vegetation using sand-filled splash cups

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geißler, C.; Scholten, T.; Kühn, P.

2009-04-01

In soil erosion research it is widely accepted that vegetation is not only protecting the soil from the erosive power of rainfall. Under specific circumstances (like they occur e.g. in forests) vegetation can enhance the erosive power of rainfall by modifying its properties (esp. drop size distribution, kinetic energy). The adjacent processes are very complex and variable in time and space and depend on numerous variables (e.g. rainfall intensity, drop size distribution, drop fall velocity, height of the canopy, density of the canopy, crown and leaf traits, LAI). In the last decades a large number of studies focused this process-system using different methods and came to often different results (Brandt 1989; Calder 2001; Foot & Morgan 2005; Hall & Calder 1993; Mosley 1982; Nanko et al. 2006; Park & Cameron 2008; Vis 1986). The main objective of our field experiments in subtropical China is to quantify the modification of precipitation by its pass through the canopy layer for six different tree species, three different successional stages and three different biodiversity classes. For this, new splash cups were developed based on the archetype of Ellison (1947). In contrast to previous studies with splash cups (Vis 1986) or other forms of splash cups (Kinnell 1974; Morgan 1981) we measured the unit sand remaining inside the cup after single natural rainfall events. The new splash cups contain of a PE-flask to which a carrier system has been attached. In this carrier system a cup filled with unit sand of 125-200 µm particle size is inserted. At the bottom of the cup a silk cover is attached to avoid the loss of sand and to guarantee free drainage of water from the cup to the carrier and vice versa. Cup and PE-flask are hydraulically connected by a cotton wick to assure constant moisture content throughout the time of measuring. Additionally, vents in the carrier system ensure that the pressure arising from the insertion of the cup doesn't lead to a loss of sand. The vent in the PE-flask guarantees the free drainage of excess-water which could arise during high intensity rainfall events. The splash cups were exposed to different tree species and in the open field. A total number of 520 partly simultaneous (max. 135 at once) measurements covering five different rainfall events have been carried out during the initial phase of the project. The first results show that sand loss under forest vegetation is up to 2.5 times higher than under open field conditions. Old forests (>80 years) produce a significantly higher amount of sand loss than younger forests (<25 years) which is mainly a function of stand height. The results also give implications for a relation of sand loss to different tree species. To calibrate the splash cup technique and calculate the kinetic energy of rain a laser disdrometer will be used during the next field campaign in 2009. This will allow us to use the splash cup measurements as input values for soil erosion models and to get a better understanding of the behaviour of forest ecosystems in erosion control. References: Brandt, C. J. (1989): The size distribution of throughfall drops under vegetation canopies. Catena 16, p. 507-524. Calder, I. R. (2001): Canopy processes: implications for transpiration, interception and splash induced erosion, ultimately for forest management and water resources. Plant Ecology 153, p. 203-214. Ellison, W. D. (1947): Soil Erosion Studies - Part II. Soil Detachment Hazard by Raindrop Splash. Agricultural Engineering 28, p. 197-201. Foot, K.; Morgan, R. P. C. (2005): The role of leaf inclination, leaf orientation and plant canopy architecture in soil particle detachment by raindrops. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 30, p. 1509-1520. Hall, R. L. & Calder, I. R. (1993): Drop size modification by forest canopies: measurements using a disdrometer. Journal of Geophysical Research 98 (D10), p. 18465-18470. Mosley, M. F. (1982): The effect of a New Zealand beech forest canopy on the kinetic energy of water drops and on surface erosion. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 7, p. 103-107. Nanko, K.; Hotta, N. & Suzuki, M. (2006): Evaluating the influence of canopy species and meteorological factors on throughfall drop size distribution. Journal of Hydrology 329, p. 422-431. Park, A. & Cameron, J. L. (2008): The influence of canopy traits on throughfall and stemflow in five tropical trees growing in a Panamanian plantation. Forest Ecology and Management 255, p. 1915-1925. Vis, M. (1986): Interception, drop size distributions and rainfall kinetic energy in four colombian forest ecosystems. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 11, p. 591-603.

ARTICLES: Thermohydrodynamic models of the interaction of pulse-periodic radiation with matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arutyunyan, R. V.; Baranov, V. Yu; Bol'shov, Leonid A.; Malyuta, D. D.; Mezhevov, V. S.; Pis'mennyĭ, V. D.

1987-02-01

Experimental and theoretical investigations were made of the processes of drilling and deep melting of metals by pulsed and pulse-periodic laser radiation. Direct photography of the surface revealed molten metal splashing due to interaction with single CO2 laser pulses. A proposed thermohydrodynamic model was used to account for the experimental results and to calculate the optimal parameters of pulse-periodic radiation needed for deep melting. The melt splashing processes were simulated numerically.

gene GIS: Computational Tools for Spatial Analyses of DNA Profiles with Associated Photo-Identification and Telemetry Records of Marine Mammals

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-30

DNA profiles. Referred to as geneGIS, the program will provide the ability to display, browse, select, filter and summarize spatial or temporal...of the SPLASH photo-identification records and available DNA profiles is underway through integration and crosschecking by Cascadia and MMI . An...Darwin Core standards where possible and can accommodate the current databases developed for telemetry data at MMI and SPLASH collection records at

geneGIS: Computational Tools for Spatial Analyses of DNA Profiles with Associated Photo-Identification and Telemetry Records of Marine Mammals

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-30

computational tools provide the ability to display, browse, select, filter and summarize spatio-temporal relationships of these individual-based...her research assistant at Esri, Shaun Walbridge, and members of the Marine Mammal Institute ( MMI ), including Tomas Follet and Debbie Steel. This...Genomics Laboratory, MMI , OSU. 4 As part of the geneGIS initiative, these SPLASH photo-identification records and the geneSPLASH DNA profiles

How Marine Conditions Affect Severity of MIC of Steels

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-07-11

to organometallic catalysis, acidification of the electrode surface, the combined effects of elevated H202 and decreased pH and the production of...various parts of I the world ocean . At least 4000 different species Splash zone 0.1 mmtiy of organisms are recorded as marine fouling "Steeli/ nuisances...limiting dissolved oxygen at the metal surface. A layer of hard- shelled organisms, such as barnacles or mussels, on steel in the splash zone (just above

A study of the influence of air-knife tilting on coating thickness in hot-dip galvanizing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, Tae-Seok; Kwon, Young-Doo; Kwon, Soon-Bum

2009-09-01

Gas wiping is a decisive operation in hot-dip galvanizing process. In special, it has a crucial influence on the thickness and uniformity in coating film, but may be subsequently responsible for the problem of splashing. The progress of industry demands continuously the reduction of production costs which may relate directly with the increase of coating speed, and the speed up of coating results in the increase of stagnation pressure in gas wiping system in final. It is known that the increase of stagnation pressure may accompany a harmful problem of splashing in general. Together with these, also, from the view point of energy consumption, it is necessary to design a nozzle optimally. And there is known that the downward tilting of nozzle using in air knife system is effective to prevent in somewhat the harmful problem of splashing. In these connections, first, we design a nozzle with constant expansion rate. Next, for the case of actual coating conditions in field, the effects of tilting of the constant expansion rate nozzle are investigated by numerical analysis. Under the present numerical conditions, it was turned out that the nozzle of constant expansion rate of p = having a downward jet angle of 5° is the most effective to diminish the onset of splashing, while the influence of small tilting of the nozzle on impinging wall pressure itself is not so large.

Performance of thermal sprayed aluminium coatings in the splash zone and for riser service

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fischer, K.P.; Rosbrook, T.; Thomason, W.H.

1994-12-31

Historically, the coatings used in the splash zone have been either heavy duty coal tar epoxy or a glassflake epoxy. In 1982 Conoco justified a minimum 20 year service life for a sealed thermal sprayed aluminium (TSA) coating for the Hutton TLP risers and tethers. In 1984 the Hutton TLP was installed with 200 microns thickness TSA as the corrosion protection coating and without adding a corrosion allowance. After eight years service the TSA coating on the production risers and tethers is still in good condition. It was noted that the splash zone area was indistinguishable from the remainder ofmore » the inspected components. However, there was a noticeable difference between the production risers and the tethers. The tethers having a vinyl sealer showed a blistered surface while the risers with a silicone sealer did not show any blistering. No corrosion has been observed underneath any of the blisters. The importance of adequate sealers in connection with blistering has been documented by testing. The excellent long term performance of TSA coating in the splash zone has been further documented by the results of field studies published in the last few years. These experiences indicate that TSA coatings properly applied and with the use of specific sealer systems may provide a service life in excess of 30 years with no required maintenance.« less

[2D-SPLASH spectroscopy to determine the fat/water ratio in the muscle of the rotator cuff].

PubMed

Köstler, H; Kenn, W; Hümmer, C; Böhm, D; Hahn, D

2002-08-01

The degree of fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff is an important factor for the prognosis of an operative reconstruction afterrotator cuff tear. The aim of this work was to develop a method using a clinical MR scanner that allows the quantification of the fat/water ratio with the necessary spatial resolution. A SPLASH sequence consisting of 19 complex 2D-FLASH images was implemented on a clinical 1.5 T MR scanner. The echo time was gradually increased from 5.0 ms to 50.0 ms. A spatial in plane resolution of 1.17 mm, a spectral resolution of 0.33 ppm and a spectral width of 6.25 ppm were achieved in a total acquisition time of about 3 min. The quantitative evaluation of the spectra in arbitrarily shaped regions of interest (ROIs) was obtained using a home-built reconstruction program and the time domain fit program AMARES. Phantom studies show a linear relation of the concentration determined by SPLASH spectroscopy (r = 0.997). Because of the high spatial resolution and the possibility to evaluate arbitrarily shaped ROIs, the determination of the fat/water ratio in single muscles in the shoulder has been possible. By the use of the 2D-SPLASH sequence the degree of fatty infiltration in the rotator cuff can now be determined quantitatively for the first time.

Potential Use of BEST® Sediment Trap in Splash - Saltation Transport Process by Simultaneous Wind and Rain Tests.

PubMed

Basaran, Mustafa; Uzun, Oguzhan; Cornelis, Wim; Gabriels, Donald; Erpul, Gunay

2016-01-01

The research on wind-driven rain (WDR) transport process of the splash-saltation has increased over the last twenty years as wind tunnel experimental studies provide new insights into the mechanisms of simultaneous wind and rain (WDR) transport. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of the BEST® sediment traps in catching the sand particles transported through the splash-saltation process under WDR conditions. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel rainfall simulator facility with water sprayed through sprinkler nozzles and free-flowing wind at different velocities to simulate the WDR conditions. Not only for vertical sediment distribution, but a series of experimental tests for horizontal distribution of sediments was also performed using BEST® collectors to obtain the actual total sediment mass flow by the splash-saltation in the center of the wind tunnel test section. Total mass transport (kg m-2) were estimated by analytically integrating the exponential functional relationship using the measured sediment amounts at the set trap heights for every run. Results revealed the integrated efficiency of the BEST® traps at 6, 9, 12 and 15 m s-1 wind velocities under 55.8, 50.5, 55.0 and 50.5 mm h-1 rain intensities were, respectively, 83, 106, 105, and 102%. Results as well showed that the efficiencies of BEST® did not change much as compared with those under rainless wind condition.

Contrasting plant height can improve the control of rain-borne diseases in wheat cultivar mixture: modelling splash dispersal in 3-D canopies.

PubMed

Vidal, T; Gigot, C; de Vallavieille-Pope, C; Huber, L; Saint-Jean, S

2018-06-08

Growing cultivars differing by their disease resistance level together (cultivar mixtures) can reduce the propagation of diseases. Although architectural characteristics of cultivars are little considered in mixture design, they could have an effect on disease, in particular through spore dispersal by rain splash, which occurs over short distances. The objective of this work was to assess the impact of plant height of wheat cultivars in mixtures on splash dispersal of Zymoseptoria tritici, which causes septoria tritici leaf blotch. We used a modelling approach involving an explicit description of canopy architecture and splash dispersal processes. The dispersal model computed raindrop interception by a virtual canopy as well as the production, transport and interception of splash droplets carrying inoculum. We designed 3-D virtual canopies composed of susceptible and resistant plants, according to field measurements at the flowering stage. In numerical experiments, we tested different heights of virtual cultivars making up binary mixtures to assess the influence of this architectural trait on dispersal patterns of spore-carrying droplets. Inoculum interception decreased exponentially with the height relative to the main inoculum source (lower diseased leaves of susceptible plants), and little inoculum was intercepted further than 40 cm above the inoculum source. Consequently, tall plants intercepted less inoculum than smaller ones. Plants with twice the standard height intercepted 33 % less inoculum than standard height plants. In cases when the height of suscpeptible plants was doubled, inoculum interception by resistant leaves was 40 % higher. This physical barrier to spore-carrying droplet trajectories reduced inoculum interception by tall susceptible plants and was modulated by plant height differences between cultivars of a binary mixture. These results suggest that mixture effects on spore dispersal could be modulated by an adequate choice of architectural characteristics of cultivars. In particular, even small differences in plant height could reduce spore dispersal.

Further Refinement of the LEWICE SLD Model

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wright, William B.

2006-01-01

A research project is underway at NASA Glenn Research Center to produce computer software that can accurately predict ice growth for any meteorological conditions for any aircraft surface. This report will present results from version 3.2 of this software, which is called LEWICE. This version differs from previous releases in that it incorporates additional thermal analysis capabilities, a pneumatic boot model, interfaces to external computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow solvers and has an empirical model for the supercooled large droplet (SLD) regime. An extensive comparison against the database of ice shapes and collection efficiencies that have been generated in the NASA Glenn Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) has also been performed. The complete set of data used for this comparison will eventually be available in a contractor report. This paper will show the differences in collection efficiency and ice shape between LEWICE 3.2 and experimental data. This report will first describe the LEWICE 3.2 SLD model. A semi-empirical approach was used to incorporate first order physical effects of large droplet phenomena into icing software. Comparisons are then made to every two-dimensional case in the water collection database and the ice shape database. Each collection efficiency condition was run using the following four assumptions: 1) potential flow, no splashing; 2) potential flow, with splashing; 3) Navior-Stokes, no splashing; 4) Navi r-Stokes, with splashing. All cases were run with 21 bin drop size distributions and a lift correction (angle of attack adjustment). Quantitative comparisons are shown for impingement limit, maximum water catch, and total collection efficiency. Due to the large number of ice shape cases, comprehensive comparisons were limited to potential flow cases with and without splashing. Quantitative comparisons are shown for horn height, horn angle, icing limit, area, and leading edge thickness. The results show that the predicted results for both ice shape and water collection are within the accuracy limits of the experimental data for the majority of cases.

LASER APPLICATIONS AND OTHER TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS: Dynamics of splashing of molten metals during irradiation with single CO2 laser pulses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arutyunyan, R. V.; Baranov, V. Yu; Bol'shov, Leonid A.; Dolgov, V. A.; Malyuta, D. D.; Mezhevov, V. S.; Semak, V. V.

1988-03-01

An experimental investigation was made of the dynamics of the loss of the melt as a result of interaction with single-mode CO2 laser radiation pulses of 5-35 μs duration. The dynamics of splashing of the melt during irradiation with short pulses characterized by a Gaussian intensity distribution differed from that predicted by models in which the distribution of the vapor pressure was assumed to be radially homogeneous.

COVER ILLUSTRATION: Complexities of splashing

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deegan, R. D.; Brunet, P.; Eggers, J.

2008-01-01

We study the impact of a drop of liquid onto a thin layer of the same liquid. We give an overview of the sequence of events that occur as the two most important dimensionless control parameters are varied. In particular, multiple cohorts of droplets can be ejected at different stages after impact due to different mechanisms. Edgerton's famous Milkdrop Coronet is only observed for a narrow range of parameters. Outside this range, the splash is either qualitatively different, or suffers from a much lower level of regularity.

Absence of splash singularities for surface quasi-geostrophic sharp fronts and the Muskat problem.

PubMed

Gancedo, Francisco; Strain, Robert M

2014-01-14

In this paper, for both the sharp front surface quasi-geostrophic equation and the Muskat problem, we rule out the "splash singularity" blow-up scenario; in other words, we prove that the contours evolving from either of these systems cannot intersect at a single point while the free boundary remains smooth. Splash singularities have been shown to hold for the free boundary incompressible Euler equation in the form of the water waves contour evolution problem. Our result confirms the numerical simulations in earlier work, in which it was shown that the curvature blows up because the contours collapse at a point. Here, we prove that maintaining control of the curvature will remove the possibility of pointwise interphase collapse. Another conclusion that we provide is a better understanding of earlier work in which squirt singularities are ruled out; in this case, a positive volume of fluid between the contours cannot be ejected in finite time.

Absence of splash singularities for surface quasi-geostrophic sharp fronts and the Muskat problem

PubMed Central

Gancedo, Francisco; Strain, Robert M.

2014-01-01

In this paper, for both the sharp front surface quasi-geostrophic equation and the Muskat problem, we rule out the “splash singularity” blow-up scenario; in other words, we prove that the contours evolving from either of these systems cannot intersect at a single point while the free boundary remains smooth. Splash singularities have been shown to hold for the free boundary incompressible Euler equation in the form of the water waves contour evolution problem. Our result confirms the numerical simulations in earlier work, in which it was shown that the curvature blows up because the contours collapse at a point. Here, we prove that maintaining control of the curvature will remove the possibility of pointwise interphase collapse. Another conclusion that we provide is a better understanding of earlier work in which squirt singularities are ruled out; in this case, a positive volume of fluid between the contours cannot be ejected in finite time. PMID:24347645

Splashing transients of 2D plasmons launched by swift electrons

DOE PAGES

Lin, Xiao; Kaminer, Ido; Shi, Xihang; ...

2017-01-27

Launching of plasmons by swift electrons has long been used in electron energy–loss spectroscopy (EELS) to investigate the plasmonic properties of ultrathin, or two-dimensional (2D), electron systems. However, the question of how a swift electron generates plasmons in space and time has never been answered. We address this issue by calculating and demonstrating the spatial-temporal dynamics of 2D plasmon generation in graphene. We predict a jet-like rise of excessive charge concentration that delays the generation of 2D plasmons in EELS, exhibiting an analog to the hydrodynamic Rayleigh jet in a splashing phenomenon before the launching of ripples. The photon radiation,more » analogous to the splashing sound, accompanies the plasmon emission and can be understood as being shaken off by the Rayleigh jet–like charge concentration. Considering this newly revealed process, we argue that previous estimates on the yields of graphene plasmons in EELS need to be reevaluated.« less

The Effect of Disturbances and Surrounding Air on the Droplet Impact Phenomena

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Work, Andrew; Lian, Yongsheng; Sussman, Mark

2013-11-01

Supercooled Large Droplets (SLDs) represent an icing hazard in a number of areas, most obviously in aviation. SLDs pose a hazard above smaller supercooled droplets because they don't freeze completely on impact, and can spread or splash. Experiments have demonstrated that surrounding air plays an important role in the droplet impact phenomena: a low ambient pressure can suppress the droplet splashing. However, the effect of surrounding air on the droplet impact has not been adequately addressed. Numerical simulations are conducted to systematically investigate the interplay between the droplet and the surrounding air in the droplet splashing regime. Disturbances originating from the experimental droplet generator are also studied in the simulation. We investigate whether these disturbances are responsible for the fingering observed in experimentation. We compare the results of several perturbations on the droplet, as well as the effect of surface roughness. Simulations are conducted using the Moment of Fluid numerical method, and the grid features adaptive mesh refinement.

Needlestick and other potential blood and body fluid exposures among health care workers in British Columbia, Canada.

PubMed

Alamgir, Hasanat; Cvitkovich, Yuri; Astrakianakis, George; Yu, Shicheng; Yassi, Annalee

2008-02-01

Health care workers have high risk of exposure to human blood and body fluids (BBF) from patients in acute care and residents in nursing homes or personal homes. This analysis examined the epidemiology for BBF exposure across health care settings (acute care, nursing homes, and community care). Detailed analysis of BBF exposure among the health care workforce in 3 British Columbian health regions was conducted by Poisson regression modeling, with generalized estimating equations to determine the relative risk associated with various occupations. Acute care had the majority of needlestick, sharps, and splash events with the BBF exposure rate in acute care 2 to 3 times higher compared with nursing home and community care settings. Registered nurses had the highest frequency of needlestick, sharps, and splash events. Laboratory assistants had the highest exposure rates from needlestick injuries and splashes, whereas licensed practical nurses had the highest exposure rate from sharps. Most needlestick injuries (51.3%) occurred at the patient's bedside. Sharps incidents occurred primarily in operating rooms (26.9%) and at the patient's bedside (20.9%). Splashes occurred most frequently at the patient's bedside (46.1%) and predominantly affected the eyes or face/mouth. The majority of needlestick/sharps injuries occurred during use for registered nurses, during disposal for licensed practical nurses, and after disposal for care aides. The high risk of BBF exposure for some occupations indicates there is room for improvement to reduce BBF exposure by targeting high-risk groups for prevention strategies.

Potential Use of BEST® Sediment Trap in Splash - Saltation Transport Process by Simultaneous Wind and Rain Tests

PubMed Central

Basaran, Mustafa; Uzun, Oguzhan; Cornelis, Wim; Gabriels, Donald; Erpul, Gunay

2016-01-01

The research on wind-driven rain (WDR) transport process of the splash-saltation has increased over the last twenty years as wind tunnel experimental studies provide new insights into the mechanisms of simultaneous wind and rain (WDR) transport. The present study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of the BEST® sediment traps in catching the sand particles transported through the splash-saltation process under WDR conditions. Experiments were conducted in a wind tunnel rainfall simulator facility with water sprayed through sprinkler nozzles and free-flowing wind at different velocities to simulate the WDR conditions. Not only for vertical sediment distribution, but a series of experimental tests for horizontal distribution of sediments was also performed using BEST® collectors to obtain the actual total sediment mass flow by the splash-saltation in the center of the wind tunnel test section. Total mass transport (kg m-2) were estimated by analytically integrating the exponential functional relationship using the measured sediment amounts at the set trap heights for every run. Results revealed the integrated efficiency of the BEST® traps at 6, 9, 12 and 15 m s-1 wind velocities under 55.8, 50.5, 55.0 and 50.5 mm h-1 rain intensities were, respectively, 83, 106, 105, and 102%. Results as well showed that the efficiencies of BEST® did not change much as compared with those under rainless wind condition. PMID:27898716

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

Navy diver Michael Tuft (far right) and his team wait to be called for their part in Underway Recovery Test 6 aboard the USS Anchorage. The divers will be the first people astronauts aboard the Orion spacecraft see when they splash down in the Pacific Ocean after Exploration Mission-2. The testing with the NASA Recovery Team and the U.S. Navy will provide important data that is being used to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Apollo 13 spacecraft splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-04-17

S70-35644 (17 April 1970) --- The Apollo 13 Command Module (CM) splashes down and its three main parachutes collapse, as the week-long problem-plagued Apollo 13 mission comes to a premature, but safe end. The spacecraft, with astronauts James A. Lovell Jr., commander; John L. Swigert Jr., command module pilot; and Fred W. Haise Jr., lunar module pilot, aboard splashed down at 12:07:44 p.m. (CST) April 17, 1970, in the South Pacific Ocean, only about four miles from the USS Iwo Jima, prime recovery ship.

Introduction of a theoretical splashing degree to assess the performance of low-viscosity oils in filling of capsules.

PubMed

Niederquell, Andreas; Kuentz, Martin

2011-03-01

These days an alternative to soft capsules is liquid-filled hard capsules. Their filling technology was investigated earlier with highly viscous formulations, while hardly any academic research focused on low-viscosity systems. Accordingly, this work addressed the filling of such oils that are splashing during the dosing process. It was aimed to first study capsule filling, using middle-chain triglycerides as reference oil, in order to then evaluate the concept of a new theoretical splashing degree for different oils. A laboratory-scale filling machine was used that included capsule sealing. Thus, the liquid encapsulation by microspray technology was employed to seal the dosage form. As a result of the study with reference oil, the filling volume and the temperature were found to be significant for the rate of leaking capsules. The filling volume was also important for weight variability of the capsules. However, most critical for this variability was the diameter of the filling nozzle. We proposed a power law for the coefficient of weight variability as a function of the nozzle diameter and the obtained exponent agreed with the proposed theory. Subsequently, a comparison of different oils revealed that the relative splashing degree shared a correlation with the coefficient of the capsule weight variability (Pearson product moment correlation of r=0.990). The novel theoretical concept was therefore found to be predictive for weight variability of the filled capsules. Finally, guidance was provided for the process development of liquid-filled capsules using low-viscosity oils. © 2011 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists

Blood splash injury: an underestimated risk in endourology.

PubMed

Wines, Michael P; Lamb, Alastair; Argyropoulos, Athanasios N; Caviezel, Alessandro; Gannicliffe, C; Tolley, David

2008-06-01

Mucocutaneous and transconjunctival exposure are important portals for the transmission of blood-borne infections to surgeons and health-care workers. Despite this knowledge, few surgeons or their assistants wear protective equipment for procedures perceived to be affiliated with less risk. This study investigates the potential risk of mucocutaneous and transconjunctival blood splash injury during common laparoscopic and endourologic procedures undertaken using standard video endoscopy equipment. Masks combined with eye shields were consecutively collected from the surgeon, surgical assistant, and theater nurse after a variety of endourologic procedures over a 4-month period. These were analyzed macroscopically for visible blood droplets. Modern forensic techniques were then instituted to assess for nonvisible blood exposure. Eye shields from 118 procedures performed by five surgeons were collected. Two hundred and thirty-six masks were examined for visible and visually enhanced evidence of blood contamination. In total, 48.5% of surgeons' masks, 29.5% of assisting surgeons' masks, and 31.8% of scrub nurse masks were positive for either visible or visually enhanced blood contamination. In terms of evidence of blood splash, 84.2% of laparoscopic nephrectomies, 66.7% of pyeloplasties, and 58.3% of flexible ureteroscopies tested positive. Splash injuries remain commonplace, even with the use of video endoscopy equipment. Therefore, all health-care workers should be encouraged to wear eye and face protection when undertaking both endoscopic and laparoscopic urologic procedures. These observations may have broader implications relevant to all minimally invasive surgical procedures, because they demonstrate a much greater potential risk of blood-borne disease transmission during surgery than has been previously appreciated.

Performance of materials used for biological personal protective equipment against blood splash penetration.

PubMed

Shimasaki, Noriko; Shinohara, Katsuaki; Morikawa, Hideki

2017-12-07

For occupational safety, healthcare workers must select and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), protective clothing, and masks as countermeasures against exposure to infectious body fluids and blood splash. It is important for healthcare workers to ensure the protective performance of each PPE against penetration of pathogens. The International Standards Organization (ISO) 22609 test evaluates the effectiveness of medical facemasks to protect against penetration of splashed synthetic blood. However, in this method, the protective performance is determined only visually, without quantification of leaked liquid volume. Therefore, in this study, we modified the ISO 22609 test method to quantify the volume of leaked liquid and obtain a more accurate assessment of the protection performance. We tested non-woven and woven materials used for masks or protective clothing, and the performance of each material was classified using this new method. We found that the quantity of leaked synthetic blood was dependent on the structural characteristics of each material. These findings will allow healthcare workers to select the most appropriate PPE for a given situation or task.

Technical feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasms with a splash-needle.

PubMed

Fujishiro, Mitsuhiro; Kodashima, Shinya; Goto, Osamu; Ono, Satoshi; Muraki, Yosuke; Kakushima, Naomi; Omata, Masao

2008-12-01

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) permits the resection of large gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasms and neoplasms with submucosal fibrosis in an en bloc manner. However, the high frequency of complications accompanying ESD and its complex processes suggests that the process requires improvement. A total of 22 consecutive patients with gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasms were enrolled during a 6-month period to evaluate a novel endosurgical knife for ESD. This novel knife is known as the "splash-needle," and it is thin, short needle with a water-irrigation function. The technical results revealed that the rates of bloc resection and en bloc resection with tumor-free lateral/basal margins (R0 resection) were 91% (20/22) and 82% (18/22), respectively. There was no significant bleeding or perforation during or after ESD. The median operation time was 60 minutes (range, 20 to 210). The splash-needle is a promising novel endosurgical knife that is useful for less complicated ESD. The accumulation of knowledge and cases verifying its usefulness is necessary, and a study comparing the knife with first-generation endosurgical knives is also warranted.

Performance of materials used for biological personal protective equipment against blood splash penetration

PubMed Central

SHIMASAKI, Noriko; SHINOHARA, Katsuaki; MORIKAWA, Hideki

2017-01-01

For occupational safety, healthcare workers must select and wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), protective clothing, and masks as countermeasures against exposure to infectious body fluids and blood splash. It is important for healthcare workers to ensure the protective performance of each PPE against penetration of pathogens. The International Standards Organization (ISO) 22609 test evaluates the effectiveness of medical facemasks to protect against penetration of splashed synthetic blood. However, in this method, the protective performance is determined only visually, without quantification of leaked liquid volume. Therefore, in this study, we modified the ISO 22609 test method to quantify the volume of leaked liquid and obtain a more accurate assessment of the protection performance. We tested non-woven and woven materials used for masks or protective clothing, and the performance of each material was classified using this new method. We found that the quantity of leaked synthetic blood was dependent on the structural characteristics of each material. These findings will allow healthcare workers to select the most appropriate PPE for a given situation or task. PMID:28978815

Ice Accretion with Varying Surface Tension

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bilanin, Alan J.; Anderson, David N.

1995-01-01

During an icing encounter of an aircraft in flight, super-cooled water droplets impinging on an airfoil may splash before freezing. This paper reports tests performed to determine if this effect is significant and uses the results to develop an improved scaling method for use in icing test facilities. Simple laboratory tests showed that drops splash on impact at the Reynolds and Weber numbers typical of icing encounters. Further confirmation of droplet splash came from icing tests performed in the NaSA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) with a surfactant added to the spray water to reduce the surface tension. The resulting ice shapes were significantly different from those formed when no surfactant was added to the water. These results suggested that the droplet Weber number must be kept constant to properly scale icing test conditions. Finally, the paper presents a Weber-number-based scaling method and reports results from scaling tests in the IRT in which model size was reduced up to a factor of 3. Scale and reference ice shapes are shown which confirm the effectiveness of this new scaling method.

The differences in crown formation during the splash on the thin water layers formed on the saturated soil surface and model surface

PubMed Central

Mazur, Rafał; Polakowski, Cezary; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2017-01-01

Splash is the first stage of a negative phenomenon–soil erosion. The aim of this work was to describe the crown formation quantitatively (as part of the splash erosion) and compare the course of this phenomenon on the thin water film formed on a smooth glass surface and on the surface of saturated soil. The height of the falling water drop was 1.5 m. The observation of the crowns was carried out by high-speed cameras. The static and dynamic parameters of crown formation were analysed. It was found that the crowns formed on the water film covering the saturated soil surface were smaller and the time intervals of their existence were shorter. In addition, the shapes of the crowns were different from those created on the water layer covering the glass surface. These differences can be explained by the slightly different values of surface tension and viscosity of the soil solution, the greater roughness of the soil surface and the lower thickness of the water film on the soil surface. PMID:28750072

The differences in crown formation during the splash on the thin water layers formed on the saturated soil surface and model surface.

PubMed

Beczek, Michał; Ryżak, Magdalena; Sochan, Agata; Mazur, Rafał; Polakowski, Cezary; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2017-01-01

Splash is the first stage of a negative phenomenon-soil erosion. The aim of this work was to describe the crown formation quantitatively (as part of the splash erosion) and compare the course of this phenomenon on the thin water film formed on a smooth glass surface and on the surface of saturated soil. The height of the falling water drop was 1.5 m. The observation of the crowns was carried out by high-speed cameras. The static and dynamic parameters of crown formation were analysed. It was found that the crowns formed on the water film covering the saturated soil surface were smaller and the time intervals of their existence were shorter. In addition, the shapes of the crowns were different from those created on the water layer covering the glass surface. These differences can be explained by the slightly different values of surface tension and viscosity of the soil solution, the greater roughness of the soil surface and the lower thickness of the water film on the soil surface.

Combination film/splash fill for overcoming film fouling

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Phelps, P.M.; Minett, T.O.

1995-02-01

In summary, this large cooling tower user has found the Phelps film/splash Stack-Pack fill design to attain a substantial improvement in capability of their existing crossflow cooling towers, without increasing fan power or tower size. The lack of fouling in the film fill component of this fill design is due to the use of film fill with large (1 inch) spacing between sheets, coupled with effective water treatment as provided by Nalco. This combination of factors provides a proven method for significantly increasing crossflow or counterflow cooling tower capability while minimizing chances of serious fill fouling.

Prevalence and factors associated with percutaneous injuries and splash exposures among health-care workers in a provincial hospital, Kenya, 2010

PubMed Central

Mbaisi, Everline Muhonja; Ng'ang'a, Zipporah; Wanzala, Peter; Omolo, Jared

2013-01-01

Introduction Accidental occupational exposure of healthcare workers to blood and body fluids after skin injury or mucous membrane contact constitutes a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Such pathogens include Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and associated factors for percutaneous injuries and splash exposures among health-care workers in Rift Valley provincial hospital. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out from October to November 2010. Self reported incidents, circumstances surrounding occupational exposure and post-exposure management were sought by use of interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple logistic regression (forward stepwise procedure) analyses were performed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results Twenty five percent of health-care workers interviewed (N = 305) reported having been exposed to blood and body fluids in the preceding 12 months. Percutaneous injuries were reported by 19% (n = 305) and splash to mucous membrane by 7.2%. Higher rates of percutaneous injuries were observed among nurses (50%), during stitching (30%), and in obstetric and gynecologic department (22%). Health workers aged below 40 years were more likely to experience percutaneous injuries (OR= 3.7; 95% CI = 1.08-9.13) while previous training in infection prevention was protective (OR= 0.52; 95% CI = 0.03-0.90). Forty eight percent (n = 83) reported the incidents with 20% (n = 83) taking PEP against HIV. Conclusion Percutaneous injuries and splashes are common in Rift Valley Provincial hospital. Preventive measures remain inadequate. Health institutions should have policies, institute surveillance for occupational risks and enhance training of health care workers. PMID:23504245

Prevalence and factors associated with percutaneous injuries and splash exposures among health-care workers in a provincial hospital, Kenya, 2010.

PubMed

Mbaisi, Everline Muhonja; Ng'ang'a, Zipporah; Wanzala, Peter; Omolo, Jared

2013-01-01

Accidental occupational exposure of healthcare workers to blood and body fluids after skin injury or mucous membrane contact constitutes a risk for transmission of blood-borne pathogens. Such pathogens include Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV). We conducted a study to determine the prevalence and associated factors for percutaneous injuries and splash exposures among health-care workers in Rift Valley provincial hospital. A cross-sectional study was carried out from October to November 2010. Self reported incidents, circumstances surrounding occupational exposure and post-exposure management were sought by use of interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate and multiple logistic regression (forward stepwise procedure) analyses were performed. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Twenty five percent of health-care workers interviewed (N=305) reported having been exposed to blood and body fluids in the preceding 12 months. Percutaneous injuries were reported by 19% (n=305) and splash to mucous membrane by 7.2%. Higher rates of percutaneous injuries were observed among nurses (50%), during stitching (30%), and in obstetric and gynecologic department (22%). Health workers aged below 40 years were more likely to experience percutaneous injuries (OR=3.7; 95% CI=1.08-9.13) while previous training in infection prevention was protective (OR=0.52; 95% CI=0.03-0.90). Forty eight percent (n=83) reported the incidents with 20% (n=83) taking PEP against HIV. Percutaneous injuries and splashes are common in Rift Valley Provincial hospital. Preventive measures remain inadequate. Health institutions should have policies, institute surveillance for occupational risks and enhance training of health care workers.

A benchmark study for the crown-type splashing dynamics of one- and two-component droplet wall-film interactions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geppert, A.; Terzis, A.; Lamanna, G.; Marengo, M.; Weigand, B.

2017-12-01

The present paper investigates experimentally the impact dynamics of crown-type splashing for miscible two- and one-component droplet wall-film interactions over a range of Weber numbers and dimensionless film thicknesses. The splashing outcome is parametrised in terms of a set of quantifiable parameters, such as crown height, top and base diameter, wall inclination, number of fingers, and secondary droplet properties. The results show that the outcome of a splashing event is not affected by the choice of similar or dissimilar fluids, provided the dimensionless film thickness is larger than 0.1. Below this threshold, distinctive features of two-component interactions appear, such as hole formation and crown bottom breakdown. The observation of different crown shapes (e.g. V-shaped, cylindrical, and truncated-cone) confirms that vorticity production induces changes in the crown wall inclination, thus affecting the evolution of the crown height and top diameter. The evolution of the crown base diameter, instead, is mainly dependent on the relative importance of liquid inertia and viscous losses in the wall-film. The maximum number of liquid fingers decreases with increasing wall, film thickness, due to the enhanced attenuation of the effect of surface properties on the fingering process. The formation of secondary droplets is also affected by changes in the crown wall inclination. In particular, for truncated-cone shapes the occurrence of crown rim contraction induces a large scatter in the secondary droplet properties. Consequently, empirical models for the maximum number and mean diameter of the secondary droplets are derived for V-shaped crowns, as observed for the hexadecane-Hyspin interactions.

Can artificial tears prevent Acanthamoeba keratitis? An in vitro approach.

PubMed

Magnet, Angela; Gomes, Thiago Santos; Pardinas, Carmen; Garcia de Blas, Natalia; Sadaba, Cruz; Carrillo, Eugenia; Izquierdo, Fernando; Del Castillo, José Manuel Benítez; Hurtado, Carolina; Del Aguila, Carmen; Fenoy, Soledad

2018-01-22

The use of contact lenses has increased in recent years as has the incidence of Dry Eye Syndrome, partly due to their use. Artificial tears are the most common treatment option. Since these changes can facilitate Acanthamoeba infection, the present study has been designed to evaluate the effect of three artificial tears treatments in the viability of Acanthamoeba genotype T4 trophozoites. Optava Fusion™, Oculotect®, and Artelac® Splash were selected due to their formulation. Viability was assessed using two staining methods, Trypan Blue stain and CTC stain at different time intervals (2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h). Trypan Blue viability was obtained by manual count with light microscopy while the CTC stain was determined using flow cytometry. Trypan Blue staining results demonstrated a decrease in viability for Optava Fusion™ and Artelac® Splash during the first 4 h of incubation. After, this effect seems to lose strength. In the case of Oculotect®, complete cell death was observed after 2 h. Using flow cytometry analysis, Optava Fusion™ and Oculotect® exhibited the same effect observed with Trypan Blue staining. However, Artelac® Splash revealed decreasing cell respiratory activity after four hours, with no damage to the cell membrane. The present study uses, for the first time, CTC stain analyzed by flow cytometry to establish Acanthamoeba viability demonstrating its usefulness and complementarity with the traditional stain, Trypan Blue. Artelac® Splash, with no preservatives, and Optava Fusion TM, with Purite®, have not shown any useful amoebicidal activity. On the contrary, promising results presented by Ocultect®, with BAK, open up a new possibility for Acanthamoeba keratitis prophylaxis and treatment although in vivo studies should be carried out.

Occupational safety among dental health-care workers.

PubMed

Shimoji, Shigehiro; Ishihama, Kohji; Yamada, Hidefumi; Okayama, Masaki; Yasuda, Kouichi; Shibutani, Tohru; Ogasawara, Tadashi; Miyazawa, Hiroo; Furusawa, Kiyofumi

2010-01-01

Compared to other health-care workers, dental health-care workers come in close contact with patients and use a variety of sharp and high-speed rotating instruments. It is important to understand the characteristics of the occupational accidents that occur. We reviewed incident reports from April 1, 2005, to March 31, 2010, at Matsumoto Dental University Hospital. In addition, questionnaires dealing with identification of occupational safety issues, especially splash exposures, were conducted for dentists, dental hygienists, and nurses. Thirty-two occupational injuries were reported during the study period, including 23 sharp instrument injuries (71.9%), 6 splash exposures (18.8%), and 3 others. Of the six splash exposures, only two cases involved potential contamination with blood or other potentially infectious patient material. Of the 66 workers who experienced sharps injuries, 20 workers (30.3%, 20/66) reported them to the hospital work safety team. The questionnaire revealed high incident of splash exposures and conjunctiva exposures: 87.9% (51/58) and 60.3% (35/58) in dentists and 88.6% (39/44) and 61.4% (27/44) in dental hygienists. The compliance rate for routine use of protective eyewear was 60.3% (35/58) for dentists and 34.1% (15/44) for hygienists. Of the presented informational items included in the questionnaire, those that strongly persuaded respondents to use protective eyewear were 'splatters from the patient's mouth contain blood' (90%, 99/110) and 'dental operations at our clinic are performed based only on a questionnaire without serious examinations for HBV, HCV, and HIV' (71.8%, 79/110). The reason of low compliance of protective eyewear among dentists might relate to fine dental procedures. Appropriate information is important for the motive of wearing personal protective equipment, and an early educational program may have a potential to increase compliance with the use of that equipment.

Thermal shock and splash effects on burned gypseous soils from the Ebro Basin (NE Spain)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

León, J.; Seeger, M.; Badía, D.; Peters, P.; Echeverría, M. T.

2014-03-01

Fire is a natural factor of landscape evolution in Mediterranean ecosystems. The middle Ebro Valley has extreme aridity, which results in a low plant cover and high soil erodibility, especially on gypseous substrates. The aim of this research is to analyze the effects of moderate heating on physical and chemical soil properties, mineralogical composition and susceptibility to splash erosion. Topsoil samples (15 cm depth) were taken in the Remolinos mountain slopes (Ebro Valley, NE Spain) from two soil types: Leptic Gypsisol (LP) in a convex slope and Haplic Gypsisol (GY) in a concave slope. To assess the heating effects on the mineralogy we burned the soils at 105 and 205 °C in an oven and to assess the splash effects we used a rainfall simulator under laboratory conditions using undisturbed topsoil subsamples (0-5 cm depth of Ah horizon). LP soil has lower soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregate stability (SAS) and higher gypsum content than GY soil. Gypsum and dolomite are the main minerals (>80%) in the LP soil, while gypsum, dolomite, calcite and quartz have similar proportions in GY soil. Clay minerals (kaolinite and illite) are scarce in both soils. Heating at 105 °C has no effect on soil mineralogy. However, heating to 205 °C transforms gypsum to bassanite, increases significantly the soil salinity (EC) in both soil units (LP and GY) and decreases pH only in GY soil. Despite differences in the content of organic matter and structural stability, both soils show no significant differences (P < 0.01) in the splash erosion rates. The size of pores is reduced by heating, as derived from variations in soil water retention capacity.

Sound Wave Energy Resulting from the Impact of Water Drops on the Soil Surface.

PubMed

Ryżak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej; Korbiel, Tomasz

2016-01-01

The splashing of water drops on a soil surface is the first step of water erosion. There have been many investigations into splashing-most are based on recording and analysing images taken with high-speed cameras, or measuring the mass of the soil moved by splashing. Here, we present a new aspect of the splash phenomenon's characterization the measurement of the sound pressure level and the sound energy of the wave that propagates in the air. The measurements were carried out for 10 consecutive water drop impacts on the soil surface. Three soils were tested (Endogleyic Umbrisol, Fluvic Endogleyic Cambisol and Haplic Chernozem) with four initial moisture levels (pressure heads: 0.1 kPa, 1 kPa, 3.16 kPa and 16 kPa). We found that the values of the sound pressure and sound wave energy were dependent on the particle size distribution of the soil, less dependent on the initial pressure head, and practically the same for subsequent water drops (from the first to the tenth drop). The highest sound pressure level (and the greatest variability) was for Endogleyic Umbrisol, which had the highest sand fraction content. The sound pressure for this soil increased from 29 dB to 42 dB with the next incidence of drops falling on the sample The smallest (and the lowest variability) was for Fluvic Endogleyic Cambisol which had the highest clay fraction. For all experiments the sound pressure level ranged from ~27 to ~42 dB and the energy emitted in the form of sound waves was within the range of 0.14 μJ to 5.26 μJ. This was from 0.03 to 1.07% of the energy of the incident drops.

Fluidized bed combustion of high-volatile solid fuels: An assessment of char attrition and volatile matter segregation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Chirone, R.; Marzocchella, A.; Salatino, P.

1999-07-01

A simple lumped-parameter model of a bubbling fluidized bed combustor fueled with high-volatile solid fuels is presented. The combustor is divided into three sections: the dense bed, the splashing region and the freeboard. Material balances on fixed carbon, volatile matter and oxygen are set up, taking into account fuel particle fragmentation and attrition, volatile matter segregation as well as postcombustion of both carbon fines and volatiles escaping the bed. A basic assumption of the model is that the combustion pathway that foes from the raw fuel to the combustion products proceeds via the formation of three phases: volatile matter, relativelymore » large non-elutriable char particles and fine char particles of elutriable size. The study is complemented by a simplified thermal balance on the splashing zone taking into account volatiles and elutriated fines postcombustion and radiative and convective heat fluxes to the bed and the freeboard. Results from calculations with either low- or high-volatile solid fuels indicate that low-volatile bituminous coal combustion takes place essentially in the bed mostly via coarse char particles combustion, while high-volatile biomass fuel combustion occurs to comparable extents both in the bed and in the splashing region of the combustor. Depending on the extent of volatile matter segregation with respect to the bed, a significant fraction of the heat is released into the splashing region of the combustor and this results into an increase of temperature in this region. Extensive bed solids recirculation associated to bubble bursting/solids ejection at the bed surface together with effective gas-solids heat transfer promotes thermal feedback from this region to the bed of as much as 90% of the heat release by volatile matter and elutriated fines afterburning.« less

Technology Insertion (TI)/Industrial Process Improvement (IPI) Task Order Number 15, Data Base Documentation Book SA-ALC/MAE & MAT

DTIC Science & Technology

1990-12-14

r . ,,,’ , ,.r ,-z /Ar A i-, ’- -. q <-->- as 7/ 4, ’C ’ 4’ / de /- --, AI c " (/’r)i -l 74 7 C/L CAe 71C, eX X-- r , ’Ie? 74-4 c- 7,’/,, , /’ 74 V1;he...GLASSES SAFETY GOGGLES CHEMICAL SPLASH GOGGLES &rFACE SHIELD RESPIRATOR ORGANIC VAPOR SPRAY PAINT METAL FUME I TOXIC ,._ ____r _ _ _ OTHER (Speci’y...SAFETY GOGGLES CHEMICAL SPLASH GOGGLES - , FACE SHIELD RESPIRATOR ORGANIC VAPOR SPRAY PAINT METAL FUME ’ TOXIC DUST OTHER (Specify) 23. EMERGENCY

Is drop impact the same for both moving and inclined surfaces?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Buksh, Salman; Marengo, Marco; Amirfazli, Alidad; -Team

2017-11-01

Drop impact is an important phenomenon in a wide variety of applications. Researchers have largely examined drop impact onto a moving surface, and an inclined surface separately. Given that in both systems the impact phenomenon is influenced by tangential and normal velocity components, the question remains, if these two systems are essentially equivalent or gravity and boundary layer effects are such that the outcomes will be different. Experiments have been performed by varying liquid surface tension, viscosity and both normal and tangential velocities (0.3 to 2.9 m/s). The desired velocity components were achieved by changing the height where drop is released, the surface inclination angle for inclined system, and the horizontal velocity for the moving surface. To compare the systems, spreading was analyzed by measuring the width and length of the lamella at various time intervals; for splashing, top view images were compared to see the extent of splashing at initial stage. The data suggests that, for the given velocity, neither the boundary layer differences between the two systems nor the gravity play a role on spreading and splashing of the drop, as such one system can replace the other for future studies.

Grain-scale modeling and splash parametrization for aeolian sand transport.

PubMed

Lämmel, Marc; Dzikowski, Kamil; Kroy, Klaus; Oger, Luc; Valance, Alexandre

2017-02-01

The collision of a spherical grain with a granular bed is commonly parametrized by the splash function, which provides the velocity of the rebounding grain and the velocity distribution and number of ejected grains. Starting from elementary geometric considerations and physical principles, like momentum conservation and energy dissipation in inelastic pair collisions, we derive a rebound parametrization for the collision of a spherical grain with a granular bed. Combined with a recently proposed energy-splitting model [Ho et al., Phys. Rev. E 85, 052301 (2012)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.85.052301] that predicts how the impact energy is distributed among the bed grains, this yields a coarse-grained but complete characterization of the splash as a function of the impact velocity and the impactor-bed grain-size ratio. The predicted mean values of the rebound angle, total and vertical restitution, ejection speed, and number of ejected grains are in excellent agreement with experimental literature data and with our own discrete-element computer simulations. We extract a set of analytical asymptotic relations for shallow impact geometries, which can readily be used in coarse-grained analytical modeling or computer simulations of geophysical particle-laden flows.

Adhesion and splash dispersal of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium on tomato leaflets: effects of rdar morphotype and trichome density.

PubMed

Cevallos-Cevallos, Juan M; Gu, Ganyu; Danyluk, Michelle D; van Bruggen, Ariena H C

2012-11-01

Salmonella enterica strains with rdar (red dry and rough) and saw (smooth and white) morphotypes have previously been associated with tomato outbreaks but the dispersal mechanisms of these morphotypes are still poorly understood. In this study, Salmonella adhesion was distinguished from attachment by comparing different contact periods. Initial adhesion of rdar and saw morphotypes of Salmonella was compared in relation to tomato plants with different leaf trichome densities. Trichome densities were increased or reduced by treatment with jasmonic or salicylic acid, respectively. The overall effect of Salmonella morphotype and trichome density on splash dispersal was assessed in a rain simulator and correlated to cell hydrophobicity and initial adhesion. The presence of the rdar morphotype increased initial adhesion at high trichome densities but not at low trichome densities. Attachment of the rdar strain occurred after 30s contact time regardless of trichome density. Splash dispersal was slightly further for the saw morphotype than the rdar morphotype of S. enterica at all trichome densities. Salmonella cells of both morphotypes survived significantly better on the surface of high trichome density leaflets. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Splash erosion in recently-burnt area in North-West Spain

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fernández Raga, María

2013-04-01

Splash erosion is generally acknowledged as the main erosive agent, because it represents the first step in water erosion (Ellison, 1944, Sempere Torres et al., 1994). The impact of raindrops not only modifies the structure of the earth's surface, (Moss, 1991) but also breaks down and emits soil fragments which are later transported over long distances in the case of additional surface runoff processes (Moss and Green, 1983). In the whole process we need to take into account not only the specific kinetic energy associated to each rain event, but also the type of soil and the size of the particles released (Sharma et al 1991), as well as the characteristics of the layer of water formed on the surface (Moss and Green, 1983, Kinnell, 1991, Leguédois et al., 2005). The erosion process is more obvious when it affects vulnerable areas that have recently been devastated by a wildfire. This study has computed the raindrop size, its volume, the fall velocity, and its kinetic energy by means of an optical disdrometer. The data have subsequently been compared with the mass of soil that was splashed and collected in a particular area devastated by an important wildfire on the 17th of May 2012. The splash erosion produced in 6 months has been analyzed. 2. Study Site The data were gathered in the period between the 29th May and the 30th November 2012, in the area of Congosto, in the province of León, Spain. The study zone is part of a transition area between the plain and the mountainous regions. The dominant climate is the continentalized Mediterranean climate, although with more moderate temperatures. In general, in this area we find a wide temperature range (from 12 to 20°C), long and cold winters, short springs and autumns, and short and warm summers. Precipitation is irregularly scattered along the year, and may reach, depending on the area, up to 1,500 mm per year. Intense precipitation events may occur. The area presents a coarse-grained siliceous lithology, that is, quartzite with sandstone and slate, with a soil cover of inceptisol of franc-sandy texture. The vegetation, which is the first defense line against erosion in the area, is limited to holm oaks and pine trees, all of which were virtually eliminated by the virulence of the wildfire in May 2012. 3. Materials and Methods Precipitation was measured using a Thies optical disdrometer which registers raindrop size spectra every minute. This device is described in detail in Bloemink and Lanzinger (2005). The instruments used to carry out this study on splash erosion have been the funnels described in Fernández-Raga 2010. The area affected by the wildfire was divided into 2 sections, one former pine tree area, and another former scrubland area. Five sampling points were installed in each area. Similar control areas were established in the part of land not affected by the fire, with the same type of vegetation, and with another 5 sampling points in each case. In addition, control devices were installed to collect airborne soil. 4. The kinetic energy of rain The kinetic energy of rain was assessed using data obtained by the disdrometer: raindrop size distribution (DSD). This information enables us to compute the mass of the raindrop and its fall velocity (Ryzhkov et al 1999). To compute the mass, we need to know the shape of the drop. The shape of raindrops has been the object of many previous studies (Brandes, 2002, Sansom, 2004). The main conclusion is that drops smaller than 1 mm are spherical, but raindrops with diameters larger than 1 mm take on a shape that resembles more an ellipsoid. Considering that size, we adopt a polynomial equation of degree 12 (Fernández-Raga 2010). 5. Evolution of splash erosion The study has assessed the amount of splash erosion as well as its composition. In addition, the erosion caused has been compared with the regeneration of the vegetation in the area. The results reveal a very slow recovery of the vegetation in the study zone, and a halt in the amount of soil affected by splash erosion until now. 5. Results and Conclusions It was found that the precipitation in Congosto has a nearly exponential drop size distribution (DSD), except for large sizes. It can also be noted that drops between the sizes of 2 and 2.5 mm are the ones that contribute more to the kinetic energy hitting the ground. The comparison between the splash erosion registered and the total kinetic energy in each rain event has led to the following conclusions: • The DSD of precipitation in Congosto follows an exponential or gamma distribution. The energy distribution, on the other hand, is a gamma distribution. • Splash erosion has been found to be very important in the area devastated by the wildfire in the 2 months immediately after the fire. Later, splash erosion decreases, though it remains relatively high despite fewer rain events during the summer. • The vegetation has not recovered at all in the 6 months that followed the wildfire. • The soil analysis reveals a high degree of degradation caused by the wildfire. 6. References Angulo-Martínez, M., Beguería, S., Navas, A. Machín, J. 2012. Splash erosion under natural rainfall on three soil types in NE Spain Geomorphology, 175-176, 38-44. Bloemink, HI and Lanzinger, E., 2005.precipitation type from the thies disdrometer. Wmo technical conference on meteorological and environmental instruments and methods of observations (teco-2005) Bucharest, Romania, 4-7 may, 3. Brandes, e. A., g. Zhang, and j. Vivekanandan, 2002: experiments in rainfall estimation with a polarimetric radar in a subtropical environment. J. Appl. Meteor., 41, 674-685. Ellison, W.D. 1944. Studies of raindrop erosion. Agric. Eng. 25:131 136, 181-182. Fernandez-Raga, M., Fraile, R., Keizer, J.J., Teijeiro, M.E.V., Castro, A., Palencia, C., Calvo, A.I., Koenders, J. and Marques, R.L.D., 2010. The kinetic energy of rain measured with an optical disdrometer: An application to splash erosion. Atmos. Res. 96, 225-240. Kinnell, P.I.A. 1991. The effect of flow depth on sediment transport induced by raindrops impacting shallow flows. Trans. ASAE. 34: 161-168. Leguedois C., S., Malam-Issa O., and Bissonnais Y. Le. 2005. Splash distance and size distributions for various soils. Geoderma, 124, 3-4, 279-292 Moss, A.J., and Green, P.. 1983. Movement of solids in air and water- by raindrop impact. Effects of drop-size and water-depth variations. Austr. J. Soil Res. 21:257-269. Moss, Aj. 1991. Rain impact soil crust.I. Formation on a granite derived soil.Austr. J. Soil Res 29:271-289. Ryzhkov A., Schuur, T., Zrnic, D. and Schönhuber M. 1999, Comparison of radar polarimetric measurements of rainfall with 2D-video disdrometer observations. Preprints, National Radio Science Meeting, 1999, Boulder, CO, USA. Sansom, J. 2004 Rainfall as breakpoints: observations and physically based Markov models. International Precipitation Conference, Quantifying Uncertainties in Precipitation Measurements, Estimates, and Forecasts, Vancouver, Canada. Sempere Torres, D., Porrà, J.M., Creutin, J.D., 1994. A general formulation for raindrop size distribution. Journal of Applied Meteorology 33, 1494-1502. Sharma, P.P., Gupta, S.C. and Rawls. W.J. 1991. Soil detachment by single raindrops of varying kinetic energy. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55:301-307.

Emergence of two lamellas during impact of compound droplets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Dongdong; Tran, Tuan

2018-05-01

A compound droplet consisting of water and silicone oil either spreads or splashes upon impacting a solid surface. We show that the transition from spreading to splashing of this type of compound droplet can be changed by varying the volumetric oil ratio in the droplets. In the spreading regime, we observe a surprising emergence of two lamellas spreading one after the other: the first spreading lamella consists of only oil and the trailing one water. We show that the two lamellas eventually meet, significantly affecting the spreading dynamics. Finally, we quantify the maximum spreading radius and show that it is a function of both the impact velocity and the volumetric oil ratio.

Do Massive Galaxies at z~6 Present a Challenge for Hierarchical Merging?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Steinhardt, Charles L.; Capak, Peter L.; Masters, Daniel; Speagle, Josh S.; Splash

2015-01-01

The Spitzer Large Area Survey with Hyper-Suprime-Cam (SPLASH) recently released an initial view of the massive star-forming galaxy population at 4 < z < 6 over 1.8 square degrees. SPLASH found approximately 100 galaxy candidates with best-fit stellar masses over 10^11 solar. If even 10% of these are truly this massive and at such a high redshift, the corresponding number density would be inconsistent with the halo mass functions produced at these redshifts by numerical simulations. We will discuss these candidates, prospects for followup observations, and the potential implications for our understanding of the initial formation and early evolution of galaxies in the high-redshift universe.

Hydrodynamic force characteristics in the splash zone

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Daliri, M.R.; Haritos, N.

1996-12-31

A comprehensive experimental study concerned with the hydrodynamic force characteristics of both rigid and compliant surface piercing cylinders, with a major focus on the local nature of these characteristics as realized in the splash zone and in the fully submerged zone immediately below this region, has been in progress at the University of Melbourne for the last three years. This paper concentrates on a portion of this study associated with uni-directional regular wave inputs with wave steepness (H/{lambda}) in the range 0.0005--0.1580 and Keulegan-Carpenter (KC) numbers in the range 2--15 which encompasses inertia force dominant (KC<5) to drag force significantmore » conditions (5« less

Numerical simulation of liquid-layer breakup on a moving wall due to an impinging jet

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yu, Taejong; Moon, Hojoon; You, Donghyun; Kim, Dokyun; Ovsyannikov, Andrey

2014-11-01

Jet wiping, which is a hydrodynamic method for controlling the liquid film thickness in coating processes, is constrained by a rather violent film instability called splashing. The instability is characterized by the ejection of droplets from the runback flow and results in an explosion of the film. The splashing phenomenon degrades the final coating quality. In the present research, a volume-of-fluid (VOF)-based method, which is developed at Cascade Technologies, is employed to simulate the air-liquid multiphase flow dynamics. The present numerical method is based on an unstructured-grid unsplit geometric VOF scheme and guarantees strict conservation of mass of two-phase flow, The simulation results are compared with experimental measurements such as the liquid-film thickness before and after the jet wiping, wall pressure and shear stress distributions. The trajectories of liquid droplets due to the fluid motion entrained by the gas-jet operation, are also qualitatively compared with experimental visualization. Physical phenomena observed during the liquid-layer breakup due to an impinging jet is characterized in order to develop ideas for controlling the liquid-layer instability and resulting splash generation and propagation. Supported by the Grant NRF-2012R1A1A2003699, the Brain Korea 21+ program, POSCO, and 2014 CTR Summer Program.

Flux Calibration and Spectral Typing of the SPLASH Sample

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chang, Caroline; Vemuri, Nikita; Hamren, Katherine; Guhathakurta, Puragra

2015-01-01

We present the spectroscopic identification of M-stars in the disk of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and revised spectral types for the M-stars in the X-Shooter Library (XSL). Our dataset consists of optical spectra taken with the DEIMOS spectrograph on the Keck II 10-m telescope as part of the Spectroscopic Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo (SPLASH) survey. We use stars from the MILES and X-Shooter Libraries to perform a first order flux calibration of these spectra, then use TiO-based indices from Fluks et al. 1994 to determine the probable M spectral subtype. While testing this procedure on the M-stars of the XSL, we find that the spectral subtypes derived from the spectra themselves are different from the spectral subtypes obtained from the literature and that XSL includes several spectra with subtypes seemingly later than M10. We suggest that this is due to stellar variability. We also identify ~2000 M-stars in the SPLASH sample. We present the distribution of subtypes here.This research was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation and the Space Telescope Science Institute. Some of the research presented here was conducted by high-school students under the auspices of the University of California Santa Cruz's Science Internship Program.

High-speed visualization of fuel spray impingement in the near-wall region using a DISI injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kawahara, N.; Kintaka, K.; Tomita, E.

2017-02-01

We used a multi-hole injector to spray isooctane under atmospheric conditions and observed droplet impingement behaviors. It is generally known that droplet impact regimes such as splashing, deposition, or bouncing are governed by the Weber number. However, owing to its complexity, little has been reported on microscopic visualization of poly-dispersed spray. During the spray impingement process, a large number of droplets approach, hit, then interact with the wall. It is therefore difficult to focus on a single droplet and observe the impingement process. We solved this difficulty using high-speed microscopic visualization. The spray/wall interaction processes were recorded by a high-speed camera (Shimadzu HPV-X2) with a long-distance microscope. We captured several impinging microscopic droplets. After optimizing the magnification and frame rate, the atomization behaviors, splashing and deposition, were recorded. Then, we processed the images obtained to determine droplet parameters such as the diameter, velocity, and impingement angle. Based on this information, the critical threshold between splashing and deposition was investigated in terms of the normal and parallel components of the Weber number with respect to the wall. The results suggested that, on a dry wall, we should set the normal critical Weber number to 300.

Performance study of protective clothing against hot water splashes: from bench scale test to instrumented manikin test.

PubMed

Lu, Yehu; Song, Guowen; Wang, Faming

2015-03-01

Hot liquid hazards existing in work environments are shown to be a considerable risk for industrial workers. In this study, the predicted protection from fabric was assessed by a modified hot liquid splash tester. In these tests, conditions with and without an air spacer were applied. The protective performance of a garment exposed to hot water spray was investigated by a spray manikin evaluation system. Three-dimensional body scanning technique was used to characterize the air gap size between the protective clothing and the manikin skin. The relationship between bench scale test and manikin test was discussed and the regression model was established to predict the overall percentage of skin burn while wearing protective clothing. The results demonstrated strong correlations between bench scale test and manikin test. Based on these studies, the overall performance of protective clothing against hot water spray can be estimated on the basis of the results of the bench scale hot water splashes test and the information of air gap size entrapped in clothing. The findings provide effective guides for the design and material selection while developing high performance protective clothing. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Occupational Hygiene Society 2014.

Drop impact onto a thin film: Miscibility effect

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Ningli; Chen, H.; Amirfazli, A.

2017-09-01

In this work a systematic experimental study was performed to understand the process of liquid drop impact onto a thin film made of a different liquid from drop. The drop and film liquids can be miscible or immiscible. Three general outcomes of deposition, crown formation without splashing, and splashing, were observed in the advancing phase of the drop impact onto a solid surface covered by either a miscible or an immiscible thin film. However, for a miscible film, a larger Weber number and film thickness are needed for the formation of a crown and splashing comparing with immiscible cases. The advancing phase of drop impact onto a thin immiscible film with a large viscosity is similar to that of drop impact onto a dry surface; for a miscible film viscous film, the behavior is far from that of a dry surface. The behavior of liquid lamella in the receding phase of drop impact onto a thin miscible film is reported for the first time. The results show that immiscibility is not a necessary condition for the existence of a receding phase. The existence of a receding phase is highly dependent on the interfacial tension between the drop and the film. The miscibility can significantly affect the receding morphology as it will cause mixing of the two liquids.

Changes in micro-relief during different water erosive stages of purple soil under simulated rainfall.

PubMed

Luo, Jian; Zheng, Zicheng; Li, Tingxuan; He, Shuqin

2018-02-22

This study investigated the variation characteristics of micro-topography during successive erosive stages of water erosion: splash erosion (SpE), sheet erosion (ShE), and rill erosion (RE). Micro-topography was quantified using surface elevation change, soil roughness (SR) and multifractal model. Results showed that the area of soil surface elevation decay increased gradually with the development of water erosion. With rainfall, the combined effects of the detachment by raindrop impact and the transport of runoff decreased SR, whereas rill erosion contributed to increase SR. With the increase in slope gradient, soil erosion area gradually decreased at the splash erosion stage. By contrast, soil erosion area initially decreased and then increased at the sheet and rill erosion stages. The width of the D q spectra (ΔD) values increased at the splash erosion stage and then decreased at the sheet and rill erosion stages on the 10° slope, opposite to that on the 15° slope. The ΔD values decreased with the evolution of water erosive stages on the 20° slope. The slope had an enhancing effect on the evolution of water erosion. In this study, we clarified the essence of micro-topography and laid a theoretical foundation for further understanding diverse hydrological processes.

Exposure to blood among mortuary workers in teaching hospitals in south-west Nigeria

PubMed Central

Ogunnowo, Babatunde; Anunobi, Charles; Onajole, Adebayo; Odeyemi, Kofoworola

2012-01-01

Background Mortuary workers like other health workers are exposed to blood borne pathogens at work. A baseline assessment is important to plan for programmes to safeguard the health of workers. The aim of this study is to determine exposure rates to blood among mortuary workers in teaching hospitals in South West Nigeria. Methods A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out between March and May 2008. All mortuary workers working in six (6) teaching hospitals, 80 in total were included in the study. Data was collected with the aid of a 15- item self administered questionnaire. Data was analysed with the aid of EPI-INFO 2002. Statistical associations were explored using odds ratio and confidence intervals. Results A total of 76 respondents completed questionnaire giving a response rate of 95%; 3 males and 1 female declined to participate, the mean age of respondents was 38.2 years, 48(72.6%), 53(85.5%) and 50(73.5%) of the workers had been exposed to blood through cuts, blood splash and needle stick injury. Duration at work was significantly associated with blood splash. Workers who had worked 5years and above were 0.10 times (95% confidence interval 0.00–.0.78) as likely to experience blood splash compared to those who had worked under 5 years. Only 5(10.4%) of workers with needle stick injury had completed three doses of Hepatitis B vaccine. The specific confirmation by antibody titre was however not done in this study. Conclusion Exposure to blood was very common with blood splash emerging as the most common route of exposure. There is a need for vaccination of all mortuary workers with three doses of Hepatitis B Vaccine to protect their health. In addition, education of workers on risks and institution of standard operating procedure are crucial to safeguard the health of mortuary workers. PMID:22593797

Occupational safety among dental health-care workers

PubMed Central

Shimoji, Shigehiro; Ishihama, Kohji; Yamada, Hidefumi; Okayama, Masaki; Yasuda, Kouichi; Shibutani, Tohru; Ogasawara, Tadashi; Miyazawa, Hiroo; Furusawa, Kiyofumi

2010-01-01

Compared to other health-care workers, dental health-care workers come in close contact with patients and use a variety of sharp and high-speed rotating instruments. It is important to understand the characteristics of the occupational accidents that occur. We reviewed incident reports from April 1, 2005, to March 31, 2010, at Matsumoto Dental University Hospital. In addition, questionnaires dealing with identification of occupational safety issues, especially splash exposures, were conducted for dentists, dental hygienists, and nurses. Thirty-two occupational injuries were reported during the study period, including 23 sharp instrument injuries (71.9%), 6 splash exposures (18.8%), and 3 others. Of the six splash exposures, only two cases involved potential contamination with blood or other potentially infectious patient material. Of the 66 workers who experienced sharps injuries, 20 workers (30.3%, 20/66) reported them to the hospital work safety team. The questionnaire revealed high incident of splash exposures and conjunctiva exposures: 87.9% (51/58) and 60.3% (35/58) in dentists and 88.6% (39/44) and 61.4% (27/44) in dental hygienists. The compliance rate for routine use of protective eyewear was 60.3% (35/58) for dentists and 34.1% (15/44) for hygienists. Of the presented informational items included in the questionnaire, those that strongly persuaded respondents to use protective eyewear were ‘splatters from the patient’s mouth contain blood’ (90%, 99/110) and ‘dental operations at our clinic are performed based only on a questionnaire without serious examinations for HBV, HCV, and HIV’ (71.8%, 79/110). The reason of low compliance of protective eyewear among dentists might relate to fine dental procedures. Appropriate information is important for the motive of wearing personal protective equipment, and an early educational program may have a potential to increase compliance with the use of that equipment. PMID:23745061

Using virtual 3-D plant architecture to assess fungal pathogen splash dispersal in heterogeneous canopies: a case study with cultivar mixtures and a non-specialized disease causal agent

PubMed Central

Gigot, C.; de Vallavieille-Pope, C.; Huber, L.; Saint-Jean, S.

2014-01-01

Background and Aims Recent developments in plant disease management have led to a growing interest in alternative strategies, such as increasing host diversity and decreasing the use of pesticides. Use of cultivar mixtures is one option, allowing the spread of plant epidemics to be slowed down. As dispersal of fungal foliar pathogens over short distances by rain-splash droplets is a major contibutor to the spread of disease, this study focused on modelling the physical mechanisms involved in dispersal of a non-specialized pathogen within heterogeneous canopies of cultivar mixtures, with the aim of optimizing host diversification at the intra-field level. Methods Virtual 3-D wheat-like plants (Triticum aestivum) were used to consider interactions between plant architecture and disease progression in heterogeneous canopies. A combined mechanistic and stochastic model, taking into account splash droplet dispersal and host quantitative resistance within a 3-D heterogeneous canopy, was developed. It consists of four sub-models that describe the spatial patterns of two cultivars within a complex canopy, the pathway of rain-splash droplets within this canopy, the proportion of leaf surface area impacted by dispersal via the droplets and the progression of disease severity after each dispersal event. Key Results Different spatial organization, proportions and resistance levels of the cultivars of two-component mixtures were investigated. For the eight spatial patterns tested, the protective effect against disease was found to vary by almost 2-fold, with the greatest effect being obtained with the smallest genotype unit area, i.e. the ground area occupied by an independent unit of the host population that is genetically homogeneous. Increasing both the difference between resistance levels and the proportion of the most resistant cultivar often resulted in a greater protective effect; however, this was not observed for situations in which the most resistant of the two cultivars in the mixture had a relatively low level of resistance. Conclusions The results show agreement with previous data obtained using experimental approaches. They demonstrate that in order to maximize the potential mixture efficiency against a splash-dispersed pathogen, optimal susceptible/resistant cultivar proportions (ranging from 1/9 to 5/5) have to be established based on host resistance levels. The results also show that taking into account dispersal processes in explicit 3-D plant canopies can be a key tool for investigating disease progression in heterogeneous canopies such as cultivar mixtures. PMID:24989786

Re-electrospraying splash-landed proteins and nanoparticles.

PubMed

Benner, W Henry; Lewis, Gregory S; Hering, Susanne V; Selgelke, Brent; Corzett, Michelle; Evans, James E; Lightstone, Felice C

2012-03-06

FITC-albumin, Lsr-F, or fluorescent polystyrene latex particles were electrosprayed from aqueous buffer and subjected to dispersion by differential electrical mobility at atmospheric pressure. A resulting narrow size cut of singly charged molecular ions or particles was passed through a condensation growth tube collector to create a flow stream of small water droplets, each carrying a single ion or particle. The droplets were splash landed (impacted) onto a solid or liquid temperature controlled surface. Small pools of droplets containing size-selected particles, FITC-albumin, or Lsr-F were recovered, re-electrosprayed, and, when analyzed a second time by differential electrical mobility, showed increased homogeneity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis of the size-selected Lsr-F sample corroborated the mobility observation.

Practice behaviors of RNs related to hazardous risks within the clinical setting.

PubMed

Gordon, G P

1999-06-01

A practice behavior survey was distributed to 250 RNs in the Metropolitan Detroit area. Seventy percent of the RNs responded to questions focused on needle-stick and splash injuries, handwashing, gloving, and other available measures that prevent injuries and infection. Respondents reported a larger than expected number of sticks (34.5%) and splashes (40.8%), but most of these instances were handled to the nurses' satisfaction. The nurses reported that while occupationally acquired hepatitis B/C, along with AIDS, are serious concerns, a large majority (75%) had not heard of the Campaign For Health Care Safety. The results of this survey have implications for research, practice, management, and public policy. This exploratory pilot survey raises numerous professional issues.

Systematic and fully automated identification of protein sequence patterns.

PubMed

Hart, R K; Royyuru, A K; Stolovitzky, G; Califano, A

2000-01-01

We present an efficient algorithm to systematically and automatically identify patterns in protein sequence families. The procedure is based on the Splash deterministic pattern discovery algorithm and on a framework to assess the statistical significance of patterns. We demonstrate its application to the fully automated discovery of patterns in 974 PROSITE families (the complete subset of PROSITE families which are defined by patterns and contain DR records). Splash generates patterns with better specificity and undiminished sensitivity, or vice versa, in 28% of the families; identical statistics were obtained in 48% of the families, worse statistics in 15%, and mixed behavior in the remaining 9%. In about 75% of the cases, Splash patterns identify sequence sites that overlap more than 50% with the corresponding PROSITE pattern. The procedure is sufficiently rapid to enable its use for daily curation of existing motif and profile databases. Third, our results show that the statistical significance of discovered patterns correlates well with their biological significance. The trypsin subfamily of serine proteases is used to illustrate this method's ability to exhaustively discover all motifs in a family that are statistically and biologically significant. Finally, we discuss applications of sequence patterns to multiple sequence alignment and the training of more sensitive score-based motif models, akin to the procedure used by PSI-BLAST. All results are available at httpl//www.research.ibm.com/spat/.

Simple process-led algorithms for simulating habitats (SPLASH v.1.0): robust indices of radiation, evapotranspiration and plant-available moisture

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Davis, Tyler W.; Prentice, I. Colin; Stocker, Benjamin D.; Thomas, Rebecca T.; Whitley, Rhys J.; Wang, Han; Evans, Bradley J.; Gallego-Sala, Angela V.; Sykes, Martin T.; Cramer, Wolfgang

2017-02-01

Bioclimatic indices for use in studies of ecosystem function, species distribution, and vegetation dynamics under changing climate scenarios depend on estimates of surface fluxes and other quantities, such as radiation, evapotranspiration and soil moisture, for which direct observations are sparse. These quantities can be derived indirectly from meteorological variables, such as near-surface air temperature, precipitation and cloudiness. Here we present a consolidated set of simple process-led algorithms for simulating habitats (SPLASH) allowing robust approximations of key quantities at ecologically relevant timescales. We specify equations, derivations, simplifications, and assumptions for the estimation of daily and monthly quantities of top-of-the-atmosphere solar radiation, net surface radiation, photosynthetic photon flux density, evapotranspiration (potential, equilibrium, and actual), condensation, soil moisture, and runoff, based on analysis of their relationship to fundamental climatic drivers. The climatic drivers include a minimum of three meteorological inputs: precipitation, air temperature, and fraction of bright sunshine hours. Indices, such as the moisture index, the climatic water deficit, and the Priestley-Taylor coefficient, are also defined. The SPLASH code is transcribed in C++, FORTRAN, Python, and R. A total of 1 year of results are presented at the local and global scales to exemplify the spatiotemporal patterns of daily and monthly model outputs along with comparisons to other model results.

Rubber stopper remover

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Stitt, Robert R.

1994-01-01

A device for removing a rubber stopper from a test tube is mountable to an upright wall, has a generally horizontal splash guard, and a lower plate spaced parallel to and below the splash guard. A slot in the lower plate has spaced-apart opposing edges that converge towards each other from the plate outer edge to a narrowed portion, the opposing edges shaped to make engagement between the bottom of the stopper flange and the top edge of the test tube to wedge therebetween and to grasp the stopper in the slot narrowed portion to hold the stopper as themore » test tube is manipulated downwardly and pulled from the stopper. The opposing edges extend inwardly to adjoin an opening having a diameter significantly larger than that of the stopper flange.« less

Court grants courier a jury trial based on fear of AIDS.

PubMed

1996-03-08

A medical courier who was exposed to blood from a leaking container will be granted a jury trial in Albuquerque, NM. Courier [name removed] was splashed with blood and became alarmed because she had paper cuts on her hands. Repeated blood tests for HIV and hepatitis B were negative. A Bernallilo County judge initially dismissed [name removed]'s lawsuit when the hospital revealed that there was no HIV present in the splashed liquid. A three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals ruled to allow [name removed] a jury trial because New Mexico law no longer requires a plaintiff to prove that the defendant's actions created actual danger or physical impact. The panel determined that [name removed]'s allegations stated a cause for negligent infliction of emotional distress.

Use of palm-mat geotextiles for rainsplash erosion control

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhattacharyya, R.; Fullen, M. A.; Davies, K.; Booth, C. A.

2010-07-01

Soil detachment by raindrop action (rainsplash erosion) is a very important subprocess of erosion by water. It is a particular problem in the UK as most soils are sandy or loamy sand in texture and lands have gentle to medium slope. However, few studies report potential rainsplash erosion control options under field conditions. Hence, the utilization of palm-mat geotextiles as a rainsplash erosion control technique was investigated at Hilton, east Shropshire, U.K. (52°33'5.7″ N, 2°19'18.3″ W). Geotextile-mats constructed from Borassus aethiopum (Borassus palm of West Africa) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti palm of South America) leaves are termed Borassus mats and Buriti mats, respectively. Two-year field experiments were conducted at Hilton to study the effects of emplacing Borassus and Buriti mats on rainsplash erosion of a loamy sand soil. Two sets (12 plots each) of experiments were established to study the effects of these mats on splash height and splash erosion. Splash height needs to be known to assess the transport mechanism of major soil fraction and its constituents on sloping land by rainsplash. In both sets, six randomly-selected plots were covered with mats, and the rest were bare. Results (during 22/01/2007‒23/01/2009; total precipitation = 1731.5 mm) show that Borassus mat-covered plots had ˜ 89% ( P < 0.001) less total splash erosion (2.97 kg m - 2 ) than bare plots (27.02 kg m - 2 ). Comparatively, mean splash height from Borassus mat-covered plots (0.12 m) was significantly ( P < 0.001) less than the bare plots, by ˜ 54%. However, Buriti mat-cover on bare plots had no significant ( P > 0.05) effect in rainsplash erosion control during that period, although plots with Buriti mats significantly ( P < 0.05) decreased splash height (by ˜ 18%) compared with bare plots (0.26 m). Buriti mats, probably due to their ˜ 43, 62 and 50% lower cover percentage (44%), mass per unit area (413 g - 2 ) and thickness (10 mm), respectively, compared with Borassus mats, were not effective in rainsplash erosion control. Both mats did not significantly ( P > 0.05) improve selected soil properties (i.e., soil organic matter, particle size distribution, aggregate stability and total soil carbon) as soil organic matter (SOM) input from mat-decomposition was much less than total SOM content. However, the changes in fine and medium sand contents (after 2 years) in the Borassus covered plots were significantly ( P < 0.05; n = 6) related to the total rainsplash erosion during 2007‒2009. Emplacement of Borassus and Buriti mats on bare soils did not decrease SOM contents after 2 years, indicating that improvements in some soil properties might occur over longer durations. After ˜ 10 months, Buriti mats lost ˜ 70% of their initial weight ( P < 0.001) and their initial cover percentage ( C, %) decreased drastically ( P < 0.05); whereas, Borassus mats maintained similar C to the initial condition, although mass per unit area decreased by ˜ 20% ( P < 0.05). Moreover, the functional longevity of Borassus mats was ˜ 2 years against only 1 year for Buriti mats. Hence, use of Borassus mats is highly effective for rainsplash erosion control in the UK.

Using virtual 3-D plant architecture to assess fungal pathogen splash dispersal in heterogeneous canopies: a case study with cultivar mixtures and a non-specialized disease causal agent.

PubMed

Gigot, C; de Vallavieille-Pope, C; Huber, L; Saint-Jean, S

2014-09-01

Recent developments in plant disease management have led to a growing interest in alternative strategies, such as increasing host diversity and decreasing the use of pesticides. Use of cultivar mixtures is one option, allowing the spread of plant epidemics to be slowed down. As dispersal of fungal foliar pathogens over short distances by rain-splash droplets is a major contibutor to the spread of disease, this study focused on modelling the physical mechanisms involved in dispersal of a non-specialized pathogen within heterogeneous canopies of cultivar mixtures, with the aim of optimizing host diversification at the intra-field level. Virtual 3-D wheat-like plants (Triticum aestivum) were used to consider interactions between plant architecture and disease progression in heterogeneous canopies. A combined mechanistic and stochastic model, taking into account splash droplet dispersal and host quantitative resistance within a 3-D heterogeneous canopy, was developed. It consists of four sub-models that describe the spatial patterns of two cultivars within a complex canopy, the pathway of rain-splash droplets within this canopy, the proportion of leaf surface area impacted by dispersal via the droplets and the progression of disease severity after each dispersal event. Different spatial organization, proportions and resistance levels of the cultivars of two-component mixtures were investigated. For the eight spatial patterns tested, the protective effect against disease was found to vary by almost 2-fold, with the greatest effect being obtained with the smallest genotype unit area, i.e. the ground area occupied by an independent unit of the host population that is genetically homogeneous. Increasing both the difference between resistance levels and the proportion of the most resistant cultivar often resulted in a greater protective effect; however, this was not observed for situations in which the most resistant of the two cultivars in the mixture had a relatively low level of resistance. The results show agreement with previous data obtained using experimental approaches. They demonstrate that in order to maximize the potential mixture efficiency against a splash-dispersed pathogen, optimal susceptible/resistant cultivar proportions (ranging from 1/9 to 5/5) have to be established based on host resistance levels. The results also show that taking into account dispersal processes in explicit 3-D plant canopies can be a key tool for investigating disease progression in heterogeneous canopies such as cultivar mixtures. © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

Fish Facts: Science with a Splash.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coffey, Pat F.

1988-01-01

This article presents a five-day science unit focusing on fish to get kindergarten students interested in science and ideas for incorporating science instruction with language arts and art instruction. (CB)

Drain opening agents

MedlinePlus

... child accidentally drinks these chemicals, or if someone splashes the poison into the eyes when pouring it ... Accreditation HealthCare Commission (www.urac.org). URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A. ...

Pediatric Ocular Trauma

MedlinePlus

... What should happen if a chemical or cleaning solution splashes into a child’s eye? The first thing ... It is important to take the chemical or solution to the evaluation to help the doctor determine ...

Water Safety

MedlinePlus

... Staying Safe Videos for Educators Search English Español Water Safety KidsHealth / For Teens / Water Safety What's in ... drownings are tied to alcohol use. At the Water Park OK, so you do more splashing than ...

40 CFR 63.462 - Batch cold cleaning machine standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES... splashing against tank walls or parts being cleaned. (7) The owner or operator shall ensure that, when the...

40 CFR 63.462 - Batch cold cleaning machine standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES... splashing against tank walls or parts being cleaned. (7) The owner or operator shall ensure that, when the...

40 CFR 63.462 - Batch cold cleaning machine standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES... splashing against tank walls or parts being cleaned. (7) The owner or operator shall ensure that, when the...

40 CFR 63.462 - Batch cold cleaning machine standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES... splashing against tank walls or parts being cleaned. (7) The owner or operator shall ensure that, when the...

40 CFR 63.462 - Batch cold cleaning machine standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... PROGRAMS (CONTINUED) NATIONAL EMISSION STANDARDS FOR HAZARDOUS AIR POLLUTANTS FOR SOURCE CATEGORIES... splashing against tank walls or parts being cleaned. (7) The owner or operator shall ensure that, when the...

Wetlands Commonwealth

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Davis, Millard C.

1970-01-01

Describes the varied animal and plant life of the rocky shore splash pools, salt marshes and tidal mud flats on the eastern coast of North America. Article includes photographs and drawings of biological specimens and plants. (LC)

Superficial Punctate Keratitis

MedlinePlus

... A viral infection A bacterial infection (including trachoma ) Dry eyes Strong chemicals splashed in the eye Exposure to ... lenses is temporarily discontinued. When the cause is dry eyes, ointments and artificial tears are effective. Artificial tears ...

49 CFR 192.481 - Atmospheric corrosion control: Monitoring.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... attention to pipe at soil-to-air interfaces, under thermal insulation, under disbonded coatings, at pipe supports, in splash zones, at deck penetrations, and in spans over water. (c) If atmospheric corrosion is...

Making a Splash.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ephron, Hazel; Bishop, Walter

2001-01-01

Explains why upgrading a school's pools can help reduce maintenance costs and make safer facilities. Three top engineering issues in older pools are addressed: recirculation, filtration, and dehumidification. Concluding comments discuss procedures for establishing safe swimming. (GR)

Make A Splash: Tracking the Summer Olympics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perlmutter, Alexa E.

1988-01-01

A four-week third-grade class study of the Summer Olympics is described. Activities for studying the host and participating countries were incorporated through map, social studies, art, mathematics, and language arts activities. (CB)

Make a Splash with Penguins.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fox, Helen

1989-01-01

Several across-the-curriculum activities, with a penguin theme, are described. Research, discussion, science, writing, math, and art activities are listed. Included is a list of resources which gives sources for books and posters. (IAH)

41 CFR 101-45.003 - Vehicle reconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., prior to sale, the appropriate level of reconditioning commensurate with the estimated fair market value... or black tire paint to all tires; (ii) Wash and blacken wheel splash shields; (iii) Apply touch-up...

41 CFR 101-45.003 - Vehicle reconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., prior to sale, the appropriate level of reconditioning commensurate with the estimated fair market value... or black tire paint to all tires; (ii) Wash and blacken wheel splash shields; (iii) Apply touch-up...

41 CFR 101-45.003 - Vehicle reconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., prior to sale, the appropriate level of reconditioning commensurate with the estimated fair market value... or black tire paint to all tires; (ii) Wash and blacken wheel splash shields; (iii) Apply touch-up...

41 CFR 101-45.003 - Vehicle reconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., prior to sale, the appropriate level of reconditioning commensurate with the estimated fair market value... or black tire paint to all tires; (ii) Wash and blacken wheel splash shields; (iii) Apply touch-up...

41 CFR 101-45.003 - Vehicle reconditioning.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., prior to sale, the appropriate level of reconditioning commensurate with the estimated fair market value... or black tire paint to all tires; (ii) Wash and blacken wheel splash shields; (iii) Apply touch-up...

A numerical comparison of cold flow and combustion characteristics for GCH4/GO2 splash platelet injector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yin, Liang; Liu, Weiqiang

2018-04-01

The differences between cold flow and combustion under the same condition were investigated by the numerical simulations, an eddy dissipation concept (EDC) with 16 species and 41 reactions is considered for the CH4/O2 combustion. Three configurations of the splash platelet injector were selected for these simulations. Results show that cold flow and combustion have evident differences. Compared with cold flow, CH4 mole fraction was more evenly distributed in the combustion chamber head, and the mixing of propellants was lagged by the combustion of multi-elements. However, this conclusion is contrary for the single element. The recirculation zones were observable near the injector faceplate at the combustion condition. Moreover, the cold flow simulation cannot reflect the actual combustion but can provide a reference value for experimental research.

Thermal and mechanical properties of aluminized fabrics for use in ferrous metal handling operations.

PubMed

Wren, J E; Scott, W D; Bates, C E

1977-11-01

Protective garments are normally worn in molten handling operations to provide some protection against molten metal splashes. These garments are also intended to provide protection against radiant heat, and they should be as heat resistant and comfortable as possible. Asbestos-based fabrics have been employed for many years, but recently some concern has been expressed over possible asbestos exposure. This program was undertaken to explore the ability of several types of fabrics to resist heat transfer during molten metal impact. A molten metal splash test, along with standard methods for determining tensile strength, flame resistance, and abrasion-flexing resistance were used to evaluate several classes of protective fabrics. The results indicate that there are materials available that offer equal or better mechanical properties and thermal protection compared to aluminized asbestos.

Wrapping with a splash: High-speed encapsulation with ultrathin sheets

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kumar, Deepak; Paulsen, Joseph D.; Russell, Thomas P.; Menon, Narayanan

2018-02-01

Many complex fluids rely on surfactants to contain, protect, or isolate liquid drops in an immiscible continuous phase. Thin elastic sheets can wrap liquid drops in a spontaneous process driven by capillary forces. For encapsulation by sheets to be practically viable, a rapid, continuous, and scalable process is essential. We exploit the fast dynamics of droplet impact to achieve wrapping of oil droplets by ultrathin polymer films in a water phase. Despite the violence of splashing events, the process robustly yields wrappings that are optimally shaped to maximize the enclosed fluid volume and have near-perfect seams. We achieve wrappings of targeted three-dimensional (3D) shapes by tailoring the 2D boundary of the films and show the generality of the technique by producing both oil-in-water and water-in-oil wrappings.

Evaluating tsunami hazards from debris flows

USGS Publications Warehouse

Watts, P.; Walder, J.S.; ,

2003-01-01

Debris flows that enter water bodies may have significant kinetic energy, some of which is transferred to water motion or waves that can impact shorelines and structures. The associated hazards depend on the location of the affected area relative to the point at which the debris flow enters the water. Three distinct regions (splash zone, near field, and far field) may be identified. Experiments demonstrate that characteristics of the near field water wave, which is the only coherent wave to emerge from the splash zone, depend primarily on debris flow volume, debris flow submerged time of motion, and water depth at the point where debris flow motion stops. Near field wave characteristics commonly may be used as & proxy source for computational tsunami propagation. This result is used to assess hazards associated with potential debris flows entering a reservoir in the northwestern USA. ?? 2003 Millpress,.

Misrepresentation of hydro-erosional processes in rainfall simulations using disturbed soil samples

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomaz, Edivaldo L.; Pereira, Adalberto A.

2017-06-01

Interrill erosion is a primary soil erosion process which consists of soil detachment by raindrop impact and particle transport by shallow flow. Interill erosion affects other soil erosion sub-processes, e.g., water infiltration, sealing, crusting, and rill initiation. Interrill erosion has been widely studied in laboratories, and the use of a sieved soil, i.e., disturbed soil, has become a standard method in laboratory experiments. The aims of our study are to evaluate the hydro-erosional response of undisturbed and disturbed soils in a laboratory experiment, and to quantify the extent to which hydraulic variables change during a rainstorm. We used a splash pan of 0.3 m width, 0.45 m length, and 0.1 m depth. A rainfall simulation of 58 mm h- 1 lasting for 30 min was conducted on seven replicates of undisturbed and disturbed soils. During the experiment, several hydro-physical parameters were measured, including splashed sediment, mean particle size, runoff, water infiltration, and soil moisture. We conclude that use of disturbed soil samples results in overestimation of interrill processes. Of the nine assessed parameters, four displayed greater responses in the undisturbed soil: infiltration, topsoil shear strength, mean particle size of eroded particles, and soil moisture. In the disturbed soil, five assessed parameters displayed greater responses: wash sediment, final runoff coefficient, runoff, splash, and sediment yield. Therefore, contextual soil properties are most suitable for understanding soil erosion, as well as for defining soil erodibility.

Liquid-Infused Smooth Surface for Improved Condensation Heat Transfer.

PubMed

Tsuchiya, Hirotaka; Tenjimbayashi, Mizuki; Moriya, Takeo; Yoshikawa, Ryohei; Sasaki, Kaichi; Togasawa, Ryo; Yamazaki, Taku; Manabe, Kengo; Shiratori, Seimei

2017-09-12

Control of vapor condensation properties is a promising approach to manage a crucial part of energy infrastructure conditions. Heat transfer by vapor condensation on superhydrophobic coatings has garnered attention, because dropwise condensation on superhydrophobic surfaces with rough structures leads to favorable heat-transfer performance. However, pinned condensed water droplets within the rough structure and a high thermodynamic energy barrier for nucleation of superhydrophobic surfaces limit their heat-transfer increase. Recently, slippery liquid-infused surfaces (SLIPS) have been investigated, because of their high water sliding ability and surface smoothness originating from the liquid layer. However, even on SLIPS, condensed water droplets are eventually pinned to degrade their heat-transfer properties after extended use, because the rough base layer is exposed as infused liquid is lost. Herein, we report a liquid-infused smooth surface named "SPLASH" (surface with π electron interaction liquid adsorption, smoothness, and hydrophobicity) to overcome the problems derived from the rough structures in previous approaches to obtain stable, high heat-transfer performance. The SPLASH displayed a maximum condensation heat-transfer coefficient that was 175% higher than that of an uncoated substrate. The SPLASH also showed higher heat-transfer performance and more stable dropwise condensation than superhydrophobic surfaces and SLIPS from the viewpoints of condensed water droplet mobility and the thermodynamic energy barrier for nucleation. The effects of liquid-infused surface roughness and liquid viscosity on condensation heat transfer were investigated to compare heat-transfer performance. This research will aid industrial applications using vapor condensation.

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in recreational water in Belgium.

PubMed

Ehsan, Md Amimul; Casaert, Stijn; Levecke, Bruno; Van Rooy, Liesbet; Pelicaen, Joachim; Smis, Anne; De Backer, Joke; Vervaeke, Bart; De Smedt, Sandra; Schoonbaert, Filip; Lammens, Saskia; Warmoes, Thierry; Geurden, Thomas; Claerebout, Edwin

2015-09-01

The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in different recreational water bodies in Belgium and to estimate the infection risk associated with swimming and other recreational activities. Cryptosporidium oocysts and/or Giardia cysts were detected in three out of 37 swimming pools, seven out of 10 recreational lakes, two out of seven splash parks and four out of 16 water fountains. In the swimming pools no infection risk for Cryptosporidium could be calculated, since oocysts were only detected in filter backwash water. The risk of Giardia infection in the swimming pools varied from 1.13×10(-6) to 2.49×10(-6) per swim per person. In recreational lakes, the infection risk varied from 2.79×10(-5) to 5.74×10(-5) per swim per person for Cryptosporidium and from 7.04×10(-5) to 1.46×10(-4) for Giardia. For other outdoor water recreation activities the estimated infection risk was 5.71×10(-6) for Cryptosporidium and 1.47×10(-5) for Giardia. However, most positive samples in the recreational lakes belonged to species/genotypes that are either animal-specific or predominantly found in animals. No Cryptosporidium was found in splash parks and water fountains, but the presence of Giardia cysts suggests a risk for human infection. The infection risk of Giardia infection during a 3.5-minute visit to a splash park for children equalled 1.68×10(-4).

40 CFR 721.555 - Alkyl amino nitriles (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (c). A full face shield is required if splashing or spraying occurs. (ii) Hazard communication program. Requirements as specified in § 721.72 (c)(1) and (c)(2)(iv). The MSDS required by this paragraph...

After an exposure to sharps or body fluids

MedlinePlus

... the area with soap and water. For a splash exposure to the nose, mouth, or skin, flush ... designing, implementing, and evaluating a sharps injury prevention program. www.cdc.gov/sharpssafety/pdf/sharpsworkbook_2008.pdf . ...

40 CFR 721.555 - Alkyl amino nitriles (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (c). A full face shield is required if splashing or spraying occurs. (ii) Hazard communication program. Requirements as specified in § 721.72 (c)(1) and (c)(2)(iv). The MSDS required by this paragraph...

40 CFR 721.555 - Alkyl amino nitriles (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (c). A full face shield is required if splashing or spraying occurs. (ii) Hazard communication program. Requirements as specified in § 721.72 (c)(1) and (c)(2)(iv). The MSDS required by this paragraph...

40 CFR 721.555 - Alkyl amino nitriles (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (c). A full face shield is required if splashing or spraying occurs. (ii) Hazard communication program. Requirements as specified in § 721.72 (c)(1) and (c)(2)(iv). The MSDS required by this paragraph...

Chemical Splash in the Eye: First Aid

MedlinePlus

... aid/first-aid-eye-emergency/basics/ART-20056647 . Mayo Clinic Footer Legal Conditions and Terms Any use of ... Privacy Practices Notice of Nondiscrimination Manage Cookies Advertising Mayo Clinic is a not-for-profit organization and proceeds ...

Partitioning washoff of manure-borne fecal indicators (Escherichia coli and stanols) into splash and hydraulic components: field rainfall simulations in a tropical agro-ecosystem.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ribolzi, Olivier; Rochelle-Newall, Emma J.; Janeau, Jean-Louis; Viguier, Marion; Jardé, Emilie; Latsachack, Keooudone; Henri-Des-Tureaux, Thierry; Thammahacksac, Chanthamousone; Mugler, Claude; Valentin, Christian; Sengtaheuanghoung, Oloth

2017-04-01

Overland flow from manured fields and pastures is known to be an important mechanism by which organisms of faecal origin are transferred to streams in rural watersheds. In the tropical montane areas of South-East Asia, recent changes in land use have induced increased runoff, soil erosion, in-stream suspended sediment loads resulting in increased microbial pathogen dissemination and contamination of stream waters. The majority of enteric and environmental bacteria in aquatic systems are associated with particles such as sediments which can strongly influence their survival and transport characteristics. Escherichia coli (E. coli) has emerged as one of the most appropriate microbial indicators of faecal contamination of natural waters, with the presence of E. coli indicating that faecal contamination is present. In association with E. coli, faecal stanols can also be used as microbial source tracking tool for the identification of the origin of the faecal contamination (e.g. livestock, human, etc). Field rain simulations were used to examine how E.coli and stanols are exported from the surface of upland, agricultural soils during overland flow events. The objectives were to characterize the loss dynamics of these indicators from agricultural soils contaminated with livestock waste, and to partition total detachment into the splash and hydraulic components. Nine 1m2 microplots were divided in triplicated treatment groups: (a) controls with no amendments, (b) amended with pig manure or (c) poultry manure. Each plot was divided into two 0.5m2 rectangular subplots. For each simulation, one subplot was designated as a rain splash treatment; the other was covered with 2-mm grid size wire screen 10 cm above the soil surface to break the raindrops into fine droplets, thus drastically reducing their kinetic energy. E. coli concentrations in overland flow were estimated for both the attached and free living fractions and stanols were measured on the particulate matter washed off each sub-plot. Rain splash reduced infiltration rate, enhanced overland flow generation and contributed greatly to sediment detachment and entrainment. It had a strong impact on the export of E. coli and stanols from the soil surface and particle bound, rather than free E. coli dominated, although some differences were observed between treatment. High stanol concentrations were measured in overland flow waters from amended plots and specific stanol fingerprints were found between plots amended with pig or poultry manure, suggesting that stanols can be used to determine the origin of the faecal matter at the catchment scale in tropical rural environments. This work underlines the importance of rain drop impacts on the washoff of manure-borne fecal indicator organisms and biomarkers; it also opens the door for the improvement of focused models on faecal bacteria and stanol export that take into account both hydraulic and splash effects of rain induced erosion.

16. Historic American Buildings Survey, Bill Engdahl for HedrichBlessing, Photographers, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

16. Historic American Buildings Survey, Bill Engdahl for Hedrich-Blessing, Photographers, February, 1979 DRINKING FOUNTAIN WITH PEACOCK AND GRAPEVINE SPLASH PANEL. - Southern Pacific Railroad Passenger Station, 601 East Madison Street, Brownsville, Cameron County, TX

An evaluation of TYFO S Fibrwrap.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2013-05-01

State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) are continually looking for cost effective : products and processes to extend the life of any number of transportation related products. : Salt splash and leakage from bridge joints are the cause of a sig...

Dragon paves the way for new spaceflight era

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gwynne, Peter

2012-07-01

The success of the first private mission to the International Space Station (ISS) has opened up a new era in commercial spaceflight after SpaceX's Dragon capsule splashed down safely in the Pacific Ocean on 31 May.

Laboratory evaluation of thermal protective clothing performance upon hot liquid splash.

PubMed

Gholamreza, Farzan; Song, Guowen

2013-07-01

This study provides an understanding of heat and mass transfer through materials exposed to hot liquid splash, a relatively unexplored hazard in the safety clothing industry. Selected fabrics and layered systems were exposed to three hot liquids to study the effects of hot liquids and configuration. To explore the energy transfer mechanisms, a modified apparatus (based on ASTM F 2701-08) was developed to assess the protection performance provided by a fabric when exposed to a hot liquid. The modified test method allows measurement of the energy absorbed by the sensor, and with the use of a skin model, the time required to produce a second-degree burn injury was predicted. The preliminary testing demonstrated that mass transfer of the hot liquid through the fabric is the main factor contributing to burn injury. Key factors that determine the level of protection that a fabric system provides are summarized.

Performance and durability of improved air-atomizing splash-cone fuel nozzles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingebo, R. D.; Norgren, C. T.

1974-01-01

An improved design of air-atomizing fuel nozzles was determined from a study of four differently shaped splash-cone fuel nozzles after 56 hr of durability testing in a combustor segment. Test conditions included fuel-air ratios of 0.008 to 0.018, inlet-air total pressures of 41 to 203 N/cm, inlet-air temperatures of 477 to 811 K, and a reference velocity of 21.3 m/sec. Flat-tip fuel nozzles showed the least erosion damage and at a combustor operating condition of 700 K and 101 N/sq cm an oxides-of-nitrogen emission index of 12 and a smoke number of approximately 18 with a fuel-air ratio of 0.018. Emission indices for carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons were 44 and 16, respectively, at simulated idle conditions of 477 K and 41 N/sq cm.

Apollo 16 impact-melt splashes - Petrography and major-element composition

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

See, Thomas H.; Horz, Friedrich; Morris, Richard V.

1986-01-01

Petrographic and major-element analyses are applied to 50 Apollo 16 impact-melt splash (IMS) samples in order to determine their origin and assess the nature of the subregolith source. The macroscopic analyses reveal that the IMSs exhibit a glassy appearance, but the textures range from holohyaline to hyalopilitic. Schlieren-rich glasses dominate the holohyaline areas, and the crystalline areas are mainly spherulitic. It is observed that most IMSs contain feldspathic monomineralic and lithic clasts and no regolithic materials. It is detected that the chemistry of most IMSs is not like the local regolith and appears to represent varied mixtures of VHA impact-melt breccias and anorthosite; the host rocks are mainly dimict breccias. It is concluded that the Cayley Formation is a polymict deposit composed of VHA impact-melt breccias and anorthosites. Tables revealing the macroscopic characteristics of the IMSs and the major-element composition of IMSs and various host rock are presented.

Formation of liquid-metal jets in a vacuum arc cathode spot: Analogy with drop impact on a solid surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gashkov, M. A.; Zubarev, N. M.

2018-01-01

Conditions of the liquid-metal jets formation in a cathode spot of a vacuum arc discharge are studied. Our consideration is based on the analogy between the processes, occurring in the liquid phase of the cathode spot, and the processes, accompanying a liquid drop impact on a flat solid surface. In the latter case there exists a wide variety of experimental data on the conditions under which the spreading regime of fluid motion (i.e., without formation of jets and secondary droplets) changes into the splashing one. In the present work, using the hydrodynamic similarity principle (processes in geometrically similar systems will proceed similarly when their Weber and Reynolds numbers coincide), criteria for molten metal splashing are formulated for different materials of the cathode. They are compared with the experimental data on the threshold conditions for vacuum arc burning.

Mercury Handling for the Target System for a Muon Collider

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Graves, Van B; Mcdonald, K; Kirk, H.

2012-01-01

The baseline target concept for a Muon Collider or Neutrino Factory is a free-stream mercury jet being impacted by an 8-GeV proton beam. The target is located within a 20-T magnetic field, which captures the generated pions that are conducted to a downstream decay channel. Both the mercury and the proton beam are introduced at slight downward angles to the magnetic axis. A pool of mercury serves as a receiving reservoir for the mercury and a dump for the unexpended proton beam. The impact energy of the remaining beam and jet are substantial, and it is required that splashes andmore » waves be controlled in order to minimize the potential for interference of pion production at the target. Design issues discussed in this paper include the nozzle, splash mitigation in the mercury pool, the mercury containment vessel, and the mercury recirculation system.« less

JacksonBot - Design, Simulation and Optimal Control of an Action Painting Robot

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Raschke, Michael; Mombaur, Katja; Schubert, Alexander

We present the robotics platform JacksonBot which is capable to produce paintings inspired by the Action Painting style of Jackson Pollock. A dynamically moving robot arm splashes color from a container at the end effector on the canvas. The paintings produced by this platform rely on a combination of the algorithmic generation of robot arm motions with random effects of the splashing color. The robot can be considered as a complex and powerful tool to generate art works programmed by a user. Desired end effector motions can be prescribed either by mathematical functions, by point sequences or by data glove motions. We have evaluated the effect of different shapes of input motions on the resulting painting. In order to compute the robot joint trajectories necessary to move along a desired end effector path, we use an optimal control based approach to solve the inverse kinematics problem.

A seroprevalence study of primate workers for asymptomatic rhesus cytomegalovirus infection

PubMed Central

Bowman, J. Jason; Burbelo, Peter D.; Gill, Rachel B.; Sauri, Michael A.; Schmitt, James M.; Cohen, Jeffrey I.

2014-01-01

Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised persons, and infectious mononucleosis in healthy adults. While, rhesus CMV (RhCMV) infects human cells in culture, it is unknown whether the virus can infect humans. Objectives We sought to determine whether primate workers, including those with injuries from animals, might be infected asymptomatically with RhCMV. Study design We developed serologic assays that distinguish RhCMV from HCMV antibodies. We tested two groups of primate workers: those with documented injuries or mucosal splashes associated with rhesus macaques, and those with no documented exposure who worked with these animals. Results None of over 200 primate workers, including 119 with injuries or mucosal splashes associated with exposures to macaques, were seropositive for RhCMV. Conclusions The frequency of asymptomatic RhCMV infection in persons who work with rhesus macaques was <0.5% (<1/200 primate workers). PMID:24890818

The hydrodynamics of splash-cup seed dispersal

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Amador, Guillermo; Yamada, Yasukuni; Hu, David

2011-11-01

Over 20 species of plants have raindrop-sized flowers that catch raindrops opportunistically, directing the resulting splash to scatter their 0.3 mm seeds over distances of 1 meter. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we measure the effectiveness of this drop-based projectile launching. High speed videography is used to visualize drop impacts onto the conical flowers of the plants Chrysosplenium and Mazus as well as their shape mimics fabricated using a 3D printer. We observe dispersal distance is strongly dependent on the impact parameter between the drop and flower. Off-center impacts maximize dispersal distance by amplifying fluid velocity by a factor of three in a manner similar to the oblique impact of a jet onto a horizontal plane (Kate et al 2007). Further increase in dispersal distance is accomplished through increase of the inertia of the seed by encapsulation into drops.

Occupational exposure to the risk of HIV infection among health care workers in Mwanza Region, United Republic of Tanzania.

PubMed

Gumodoka, B; Favot, I; Berege, Z A; Dolmans, W M

1997-01-01

During 1993, we collected data on knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, availability of equipment, protective practices and the occurrence of prick and splash incidents in nine hospitals in the Mwanza Region in the north-west of the United Republic of Tanzania. Such incidents were common, with the average health worker being pricked five times and being splashed nine times per year. The annual occupational risk of HIV transmission was estimated at 0.27% for health workers. Among surgeons, the risk was 0.7% (i.e. more than twice as high) if no special protective measures were taken. Health workers' knowledge and personal protective practices must therefore be improved and the supply of protective equipment supported. Reduction of occupational risk of HIV infection among health workers should be an integral part of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) control strategies.

Development of a test method against hot alkaline chemical splashes.

PubMed

Mäkinen, Helena; Nieminen, Kalevi; Mäki, Susanna; Siiskonen, Sirkku

2008-01-01

High temperature alkaline chemical liquids have caused injuries and hazardous situations in Finnish pulp manufacturing mills. There are no requirements and/or test method standards concerning protection against high temperature alkaline chemical splashes. This paper describes the test method development process to test and identify materials appropriate for hot liquid chemical hazard protection. In the first phase, the liquid was spilled through a stainless steel funnel and the protection performance was evaluated using a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film under the test material. After several tentative improvements, a graphite crucible was used for heating and spilling the chemical, and a copper-coated K-type thermometer with 4 independent measuring areas was designed to measure the temperature under the material samples. The thermometer was designed to respond quickly so that peak temperatures could be measured. The main problem was to keep the spilled amount of chemical constant, which unfortunately resulted in significant variability in data.

Hypofolins A - L, ent-Labdane Diterpenoids from the Roots of Hypoestes phyllostachya 'Pink Splash'.

PubMed

Cheng, Bin; Ding, Lin-Fen; Yan, Tong; Xie, Zhang-Qiao; Zhang, Zhi-Jun; Song, Liu-Dong; Wu, Xing-De; Zhao, Qin-Shi

2018-06-01

Twelve new ent-labdane diterpenoids, hypofolins A - F (1 - 6) and hypofolins G - L (7a/7b, 8a/8b, and 9a/9b), were isolated from the roots of Hypoestes phyllostachya 'Pink Splash'. Their structures were elucidated by extensive 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic and HR-MS data. The absolute configurations of 1, 2, 5, and 7a/7b were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD analysis, as well as chemical transformations. Compounds 7a/7b, 8a/8b, and 9a/9b were isolated as three pairs of interconverting mixture of two isomers between ketone and hemiketal types. Compound 1 showed weak cytotoxicity against SMMC-7721 cell line with IC 50 value of 31.40 μm. © 2018 Wiley-VHCA AG, Zurich, Switzerland.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Ji San; Park, Su Ji; Lee, Jun Ho

A vortex is a flow phenomenon that is very commonly observed in nature. More than a century, a vortex ring that forms during drop splashing has caught the attention of many scientists due to its importance in understanding fluid mixing and mass transport processes. However, the origin of the vortices and their dynamics remain unclear, mostly due to the lack of appropriate visualization methods. Here, with ultrafast X-ray phase-contrast imaging, we show that the formation of vortex rings originates from the energy transfer by capillary waves generated at the moment of the drop impact. Interestingly, we find a row ofmore » vortex rings along the drop wall, as demonstrated by a phase diagram established here, with different power-law dependencies of the angular velocities on the Reynolds number. These results provide important insight that allows understanding and modelling any type of vortex rings in nature, beyond just vortex rings during drop splashing.« less

Activating multi-ethnic youth for smoking prevention: design, baseline findings, and implementation of project SPLASH.

PubMed

Glanz, Karen; Lunde, Kevin B; Leakey, Tricia; Maddock, Jay; Koga, Karin; Yamauchi, Jessica; Maskarinec, Gertraud; Shigaki, Dorothy

2007-01-01

Achieving significant reductions in tobacco use by youth is an important challenge. There is a pressing need to develop and evaluate innovative strategies that stimulate youth involvement and are effective in multi-ethnic populations. This article describes an innovative tobacco prevention trial, and reports baseline characteristics of participants and findings about implementation of the curriculum. The aim of Project SPLASH is to evaluate the impact of a school-based smoking prevention intervention that emphasizes active involvement of middle school students, on rates of smoking initiation and regular smoking in a multi-ethnic cohort of youth in Hawaii. Project SPLASH is a group randomized trial that compares a 2-year innovative intervention with a social influence prevention program, in 20 public schools in Hawaii. The main outcome is mean 30-day smoking prevalence rates. The response rate was 78.4%. Approximately 1 in 4 students had tried smoking and 30-day smoking prevalence at baseline was 8%. Intervention and control groups were comparable in terms of tobacco use, gender, ethnicity, behavioral, environmental, and psychosocial characteristics. Differences in ethnic identification, socio-economic status, acculturation, and involvement in prevention activities may be due to chance. The intervention was well implemented by teachers across both the intervention and control school classes. For this study, 20 schools in Hawaii with close to 4000 participating students were recruited. Student smoking behavior and curriculum implementation were comparable by group status. The intervention study has the potential to elucidate how youth respond to an intervention with student involvement that incorporates cognitive and social action components.

A High-Speed, Event-Driven, Active Pixel Sensor Readout for Photon-Counting Microchannel Plate Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimble, Randy A.; Pain, Bedabrata; Norton, Timothy J.; Haas, J. Patrick; Oegerle, William R. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Silicon array readouts for microchannel plate intensifiers offer several attractive features. In this class of detector, the electron cloud output of the MCP intensifier is converted to visible light by a phosphor; that light is then fiber-optically coupled to the silicon array. In photon-counting mode, the resulting light splashes on the silicon array are recognized and centroided to fractional pixel accuracy by off-chip electronics. This process can result in very high (MCP-limited) spatial resolution while operating at a modest MCP gain (desirable for dynamic range and long term stability). The principal limitation of intensified CCD systems of this type is their severely limited local dynamic range, as accurate photon counting is achieved only if there are not overlapping event splashes within the frame time of the device. This problem can be ameliorated somewhat by processing events only in pre-selected windows of interest of by using an addressable charge injection device (CID) for the readout array. We are currently pursuing the development of an intriguing alternative readout concept based on using an event-driven CMOS Active Pixel Sensor. APS technology permits the incorporation of discriminator circuitry within each pixel. When coupled with suitable CMOS logic outside the array area, the discriminator circuitry can be used to trigger the readout of small sub-array windows only when and where an event splash has been detected, completely eliminating the local dynamic range problem, while achieving a high global count rate capability and maintaining high spatial resolution. We elaborate on this concept and present our progress toward implementing an event-driven APS readout.

Tsunami-generated sediment wave channels at Lake Tahoe, California-Nevada, USA

USGS Publications Warehouse

Moore, James G.; Schweickert, Richard A.; Kitts, Christopher A.

2014-01-01

A gigantic ∼12 km3 landslide detached from the west wall of Lake Tahoe (California-Nevada, USA), and slid 15 km east across the lake. The splash, or tsunami, from this landslide eroded Tioga-age moraines dated as 21 ka. Lake-bottom short piston cores recovered sediment as old as 12 ka that did not reach landslide deposits, thereby constraining the landslide age as 21–12 ka.Movement of the landslide splashed copious water onto the countryside and lowered the lake level ∼10 m. The sheets of water that washed back into the lake dumped their sediment load at the lowered shoreline, producing deltas that merged into delta terraces. During rapid growth, these unstable delta terraces collapsed, disaggregated, and fed turbidity currents that generated 15 subaqueous sediment wave channel systems that ring the lake and descend to the lake floor at 500 m depth. Sheets of water commonly more than 2 km wide at the shoreline fed these systems. Channels of the systems contain sediment waves (giant ripple marks) with maximum wavelengths of 400 m. The lower depositional aprons of the system are surfaced by sediment waves with maximum wavelengths of 300 m.A remarkably similar, though smaller, contemporary sediment wave channel system operates at the mouth of the Squamish River in British Columbia. The system is generated by turbidity currents that are fed by repeated growth and collapse of the active river delta. The Tahoe splash-induced backwash was briefly equivalent to more than 15 Squamish Rivers in full flood and would have decimated life in low-lying areas of the Tahoe region.

Making a Splash.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maland, Jim

1998-01-01

Presents a 10-step process that allows swimming-pool owners to objectively scrutinize their existing facility's needs, construction, and operation and maintenance budgets before renovating a structurally deficient or costly pool. Four examples of problems involving pool-renovation decision making are highlighted. (GR)

15. Historic American Buildings Survey, Bill Engdahl for HedrichBlessing, Photographers, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

15. Historic American Buildings Survey, Bill Engdahl for Hedrich-Blessing, Photographers, February, 1979 DRINKING FOUNTAIN WITH CHILDREN AND PAN PIPES IN SPLASH PANEL. - Southern Pacific Railroad Passenger Station, 601 East Madison Street, Brownsville, Cameron County, TX

Reduction of adverse aerodynamic effects of large trucks, Volume I. Technical report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-09-01

The overall objective of this study has been to develop methods of minimizing three aerodynamic-related phenomena: truck-induced aerodynamic disturbances, splash, and spray. An analytical methodology has been developed and used to characterize aerody...

A prospective analysis of injury rates, patterns and causes in Cliff and Splash Diving.

PubMed

Ernstbrunner, Lukas; Runer, Armin; Siegert, Paul; Ernstbrunner, Matthäus; Becker, Johannes; Freude, Thomas; Resch, Herbert; Moroder, Philipp

2017-10-01

Information about injuries and its differences in Cliff Diving (CD) and Splash Diving (SD) are unknown. It was the aim to analyse (1) injury rates, patterns and causes; (2) differences (in injuries) between both disciplines; and to (3) identify targets for future injury prevention interventions. From April to November 2013, 81 cliff and 51 splash divers were prospectively surveyed with an encrypted, monthly e-mail-based questionnaire. During a total of 7857h diving with an average diving height of 13 (±7)m, an overall injury rate of 7.9 injuries/1000h of sport exposure was reported. Cliff divers most commonly suffered from injuries of the foot and ankle (18%; n=24) and neck and cervical spine (14%; n=19). In SD, the lower limb (52%; n=43) and lower back (23%; n=19) were most frequently involved. In 79% (n=49) of the cases, the injury happened while entering the water. Cliff divers were in 52% (n=15) of the injuries in a feet-first and in 14% (n=4) in a head-first position. Splash divers were in 45% (n=9) of the injuries in a back- or buttocks-first position. Most of the injuries were bruises (47%; n=104) and muscle strains (13%; n=28). The injury risk during practice was significantly higher than in competition (11.3 vs. 4.5 injuries/1000h; OR 2.5; p=0.001). The injury risk of experts (15.4/1000h exposure) was significantly higher than in professionals (6.3/1000h exposure; OR 2.4; 95% CI, 3.3-1.9; p<0.001), although the average diving height was significantly higher in professionals (19m±8 vs. 12m±6; p<0.001). Significantly more professionals performed dryland training compared to experts (p=0.006). Most of the injuries are related to the water entry. The entry position plays a key role in injury patterns with pursuant differences comparing CD with SD. Although most of the injuries involved soft-tissue only, severe injuries have been reported. Targets for future injury prevention strategies include protection for the increased impaction at entry; adaption of the diving conditions in practice to those in competition; dryland training courses; and instruction of non-professional divers to teach appropriate diving techniques. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Evaluating cold, wind, and moisture protection of different coverings for prehospital maritime transportation-a thermal manikin and human study.

PubMed

Jussila, Kirsi; Rissanen, Sirkka; Parkkola, Kai; Anttonen Hannu

2014-12-01

Prehospital maritime transportation in northern areas sets high demands on hypothermia prevention. To prevent body cooling and hypothermia of seriously-ill or injured casualties during transportation, casualty coverings must provide adequate thermal insulation and protection against cold, wind, moisture, and water splashes. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal protective properties of different types of casualty coverings and to evaluate which would be adequate for use under difficult maritime conditions (cold, high wind speed, and water splashes). In addition, the study evaluated the need for thermal protection of a casualty and verified the optimum system for maritime casualty transportation. The study consisted of two parts: (1) the definition and comparison of the thermal protective properties of different casualty coverings in a laboratory; and (2) the evaluation of the chosen optimum protective covering for maritime prehospital transportation. The thermal insulations of ten different casualty coverings were measured according to the European standard for sleeping bags (EN 13537) using a thermal manikin in a climate chamber (-5°C) with wind speeds of 0.3 m/s and 4.0 m/s, and during moisture simulations. The second phase consisted of measurements of skin and core temperatures, air temperature, and relative humidity inside the clothing of four male test subjects during authentic maritime prehospital transportation in a partially-covered motor boat. Wind (4 m/s) decreased the total thermal insulation of coverings by 11%-45%. The decrement of thermal insulation due to the added moisture inside the coverings was the lowest (approximately 22%-29%) when a waterproof reflective sheet inside blankets or bubble wrap was used, whereas vapor-tight rescue bags and bubble wrap provide the most protection against external water splashes. During authentic maritime transportation lasting 30 minutes, mean skin temperature decreased on average by 0.5°C when a windproof and water-resistant rescue bag was used over layered winter clothing. The selected optimum rescue bag consisted of insulating and water-resistant layers providing sufficient protection against cold, wind, and water splashes during prehospital transportation lasting 30 minutes in the uncovered portion of a motor boat. The minimum thermal insulation for safe maritime transportation (30 minutes) is 0.46 m²K/W at a temperature of -5°C and a wind speed of 10 m/s.

Fun in the Sun for School-Agers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanus, Maggie

1996-01-01

Tells how caregivers planning summertime theme-oriented special events for children can build enthusiasm, encourage cooperation, and provide fun activities. Presents four themes: (1) "Beach Blast"; (2) "Splash Day"; (3) "Crazy Carnival"; and (4) "Balloon Blowout." Describes several activities in each…

Visual optics: Accommodation in a splash.

PubMed

Cronin, Thomas W

2012-10-23

Gannets are large seabirds that hunt fish from the air, making a plunge dive followed by active swimming pursuit of prey. A recent study shows that they convert from aerial to aquatic vision nearly instantly. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 170.160 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.160 Section 170.160 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS..., splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the agricultural employer shall: (a) Make available to that...

40 CFR 170.160 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.160 Section 170.160 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS..., splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the agricultural employer shall: (a) Make available to that...

40 CFR 170.260 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.260 Section 170.260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS... from handling tasks or from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the handler...

40 CFR 170.160 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.160 Section 170.160 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS..., splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the agricultural employer shall: (a) Make available to that...

40 CFR 170.260 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.260 Section 170.260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS... from handling tasks or from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the handler...

40 CFR 170.260 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.260 Section 170.260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS... from handling tasks or from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the handler...

40 CFR 170.260 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.260 Section 170.260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS... from handling tasks or from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the handler...

40 CFR 170.160 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 25 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.160 Section 170.160 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS..., splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the agricultural employer shall: (a) Make available to that...

40 CFR 170.160 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.160 Section 170.160 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS..., splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the agricultural employer shall: (a) Make available to that...

40 CFR 170.260 - Emergency assistance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 24 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Emergency assistance. 170.260 Section 170.260 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS... from handling tasks or from application, splash, spill, drift, or pesticide residues, the handler...

Take a Splash Into the Cosmos

NASA Image and Video Library

2014-09-09

Millions of galaxies populate the patch of sky known as the COSMOS field, short for Cosmic Evolution Survey, a portion of which is shown here. Even the smallest dots in this image are galaxies, some up to 12 billion light-years away.

SPLASH Down to Reading.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hoopes, Amy T.

Research into visual, perceptual, and motor coordination suggests that the kind of physical activity and coordination involved in swimming might prevent some cases of dyslexia and improve the academic performance of many learning disabled children. Early neurological development shows a relationship among the creeping period, later communication…

Descriptive Analysis of the Rip Entry in Competitive Diving.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Janet G.; And Others

1984-01-01

Different types of diving entries were filmed both above water and underwater to help identify factors which enable divers to enter the water without apparent splash. Anthropometric measures of subjects were taken to determine body streamlining. Results are presented. (Author/DF)

40 CFR 180.108 - Acephate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... establishments, including food service, manufacturing and processing establishments, such as restaurants... avoid atomization or splashing of the spray. Contamination of food or food-contact surfaces shall be... PROGRAMS TOLERANCES AND EXEMPTIONS FOR PESTICIDE CHEMICAL RESIDUES IN FOOD Specific Tolerances § 180.108...

U.S.S. Bennington during recovery operations for Apollo 4

NASA Image and Video Library

1967-11-09

U.S.S. Bennington comes alongside the floating Apollo spacecraft 017 Command Module during recovery operations in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The Command Module splashed down at 3:37 p.m., November 9, 1967, 934 nautical miles northwest of Honolulu, Hawaii.

Screening of polymers on selected Hawaii soils for erosion reduction and particle settling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Teo, James A.; Ray, Chittaranjan; El-Swaify, Samir A.

2006-01-01

In recent years, high-molecular-weight anionic polyacrylamides (PAMs) have been tested on a variety of soils, primarily in temperate climates. However, little information is available regarding the effectiveness of PAM for preventing soil loss through runoff in tropical settings. Screening tests were performed using three negatively charged PAMs and one positively charged PAM on five Hawaii soils (two Oxisols, one Vertisol, and two Aridisols) to determine erosion loss, sediment settling, and aggregate stability. A laboratory-scale rainfall simulator was used to apply erosive rainfall at intensities from 5 to 8.5 cm h-1 at various PAM doses applied in both dry and solution forms. Soil detachment due to splash and runoff, as well as the runoff and percolate water volumes, were measured for initial and successive storms. The impact of PAM on particle settling and aggregate stability was also evaluated for selected soil-treatment combinations. Among the PAMs, Superfloc A-836 was most effective, and significantly reduced runoff and splash sediment loss for the Wahiawa Oxisol and Pakini Andisol at rates varying between 10 and 50 kg ha-1. Reduced runoff and splash sediment loss were also noted for PAM Aerotil-D when applied in solution form to the Wahiawa Oxisol. Significant reductions in soil loss were not noted for either the Lualualei Vertisol or the Holomua Oxisol. It is believed that the high montmorillonite content of the Lualualei Vertisol and the low cation-exchange capacity of the Holomua Oxisol diminished the effectiveness of the various PAMs tested. The polymers were also found to enhance sediment settling of all soils and helped improve their aggregate stability. This screening study shows the potential use of PAM for tropical soils for applications such as infiltration enhancement, runoff reduction, and enhanced sedimentation of detention ponds.

Sound Wave Energy Resulting from the Impact of Water Drops on the Soil Surface

PubMed Central

Ryżak, Magdalena; Bieganowski, Andrzej; Korbiel, Tomasz

2016-01-01

The splashing of water drops on a soil surface is the first step of water erosion. There have been many investigations into splashing–most are based on recording and analysing images taken with high-speed cameras, or measuring the mass of the soil moved by splashing. Here, we present a new aspect of the splash phenomenon’s characterization the measurement of the sound pressure level and the sound energy of the wave that propagates in the air. The measurements were carried out for 10 consecutive water drop impacts on the soil surface. Three soils were tested (Endogleyic Umbrisol, Fluvic Endogleyic Cambisol and Haplic Chernozem) with four initial moisture levels (pressure heads: 0.1 kPa, 1 kPa, 3.16 kPa and 16 kPa). We found that the values of the sound pressure and sound wave energy were dependent on the particle size distribution of the soil, less dependent on the initial pressure head, and practically the same for subsequent water drops (from the first to the tenth drop). The highest sound pressure level (and the greatest variability) was for Endogleyic Umbrisol, which had the highest sand fraction content. The sound pressure for this soil increased from 29 dB to 42 dB with the next incidence of drops falling on the sample The smallest (and the lowest variability) was for Fluvic Endogleyic Cambisol which had the highest clay fraction. For all experiments the sound pressure level ranged from ~27 to ~42 dB and the energy emitted in the form of sound waves was within the range of 0.14 μJ to 5.26 μJ. This was from 0.03 to 1.07% of the energy of the incident drops. PMID:27388276

Numerical study of single droplet impact onto liquid metal film under a uniform magnetic field

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Jin-Jin; Zhang, Jie; Ni, Ming-Jiu; Moreau, René

2014-12-01

The impact of a three-dimensional drop onto a film of the same electrically conducting liquid, such as a molten metal, is numerically investigated. The emphasis is put on the influence of an externally applied magnetic field. A Volume-of-Fluid method combined with an Adaptive Mesh Refinement technique is applied for the interface tracking, while a consistent and conservative scheme is adopted for the computation of the induced current density and Lorentz force. A particular attention is paid to the liquid splashing during the occurrence of the impact, whose duration is of the order of 10-3 s. The main properties of the splashing are closely related to the initial droplet velocity, while the fluid flow pattern is also dependent on the film thickness. The influence of the magnetic field depends on its direction and strength. As expected, it is shown that a vertical magnetic field dampens the flow, while the horizontal one yields a significant deviation from axisymmetry. It is found that the vertical magnetic field constrains the spluttering flow, reduces the crown diameter, and tends to suppress it. When the Hartmann number is very large (above 103) the crown disappears and a slowly decreasing bulge is formed. In the presence of a horizontal magnetic field, the splashing behaviour is less modified, and the classic t /1 2 law for the increase of the crown radius remains valid. However, in the magnetic field direction the crown growth is reduced, as well as the upward motion and the ejection of secondary droplets, whereas in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the magnetic field the crown development is only slightly affected.

A High-Speed, Event-Driven, Active Pixel Sensor Readout for Photon-Counting Microchannel Plate Detectors

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kimble, Randy A.; Pain, B.; Norton, T. J.; Haas, P.; Fisher, Richard R. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Silicon array readouts for microchannel plate intensifiers offer several attractive features. In this class of detector, the electron cloud output of the MCP intensifier is converted to visible light by a phosphor; that light is then fiber-optically coupled to the silicon array. In photon-counting mode, the resulting light splashes on the silicon array are recognized and centroided to fractional pixel accuracy by off-chip electronics. This process can result in very high (MCP-limited) spatial resolution for the readout while operating at a modest MCP gain (desirable for dynamic range and long term stability). The principal limitation of intensified CCD systems of this type is their severely limited local dynamic range, as accurate photon counting is achieved only if there are not overlapping event splashes within the frame time of the device. This problem can be ameliorated somewhat by processing events only in pre-selected windows of interest or by using an addressable charge injection device (CID) for the readout array. We are currently pursuing the development of an intriguing alternative readout concept based on using an event-driven CMOS Active Pixel Sensor. APS technology permits the incorporation of discriminator circuitry within each pixel. When coupled with suitable CMOS logic outside the array area, the discriminator circuitry can be used to trigger the readout of small sub-array windows only when and where an event splash has been detected, completely eliminating the local dynamic range problem, while achieving a high global count rate capability and maintaining high spatial resolution. We elaborate on this concept and present our progress toward implementing an event-driven APS readout.

Using the raindrop size distribution to quantify the soil detachment rate at the laboratory scale

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jomaa, S.; Jaffrain, J.; Barry, D. A.; Berne, A.; Sander, G. C.

2010-05-01

Rainfall simulators are beneficial tools for studying soil erosion processes and sediment transport for different circumstances and scales. They are useful to better understand soil erosion mechanisms and, therefore, to develop and validate process-based erosion models. Simulators permit experimental replicates for both simple and complex configurations. The 2 m × 6 m EPFL erosion flume is equipped with a hydraulic slope control and a sprinkling system located on oscillating bars 3 m above the surface. It provides a near-uniform spatial rainfall distribution. The intensity of the precipitation can be adjusted by changing the oscillation interval. The flume is filled to a depth of 0.32 m with an agricultural loamy soil. Raindrop detachment is an important process in interrill erosion, the latter varying with the soil properties as well as the raindrop size distribution and drop velocity. Since the soil detachment varies with the kinetic energy of raindrops, an accurate characterization of drop size distribution (DSD, measured, e.g., using a laser disdrometer) can potentially support erosion calculations. Here, a laser disdrometer was used at different rainfall intensities in the EPFL flume to quantify the rainfall event in terms of number of drops, diameter and velocity. At the same time, soil particle motion was measured locally using splash cups. These cups measured the detached material rates into upslope and downslope compartments. In contrast to previously reported splash cup experiments, the cups used in this study were equipped at the top with upside-down funnels, the upper part having the same diameter as the soil sampled at the bottom. This ensured that the soil detached and captured by the device was not re-exposed to rainfall. The experimental data were used to quantify the relationship between the raindrop distribution and the splash-driven sediment transport.

Evaporation of impact water droplets in interception processes: Historical precedence of the hypothesis and a brief literature overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dunkerley, David L.

2009-10-01

SummaryIntra-storm evaporation depths exceed post-storm evaporation depths in the interception of rainfall on plant canopies. An important fraction of the intra-storm evaporation may involve the small impact (or splash) droplets produced when raindrops, and perhaps gravity drops (drips released from plant parts), collide with wet plant surfaces. This idea has been presented as a new conception by Murakami [Murakami, S., 2006. A proposal for a new forest canopy interception mechanism: splash droplet evaporation. Journal of Hydrology 319, 72-82; Murakami, S., 2007a. Application of three canopy interception models to a young stand of Japanese cypress and interpretation in terms of interception mechanism. Journal of Hydrology 342, 305-319; Murakami, S., 2007b. A follow-up for the splash droplet evaporation hypothesis of canopy interception and remaining problems: why is humidity unsaturated during rainfall? In: Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference. Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources (in Japanese). < http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jshwr/20/0/20_62/_article>] but was in fact advanced by Dunin [Dunin, F.X., O'Loughlin, E.M., Reyenga, W., 1988. Interception loss from eucalypt forest: lysimeter determination of hourly rates for long term evaluation. Hydrological Processes 2, 315-329] more than 20 years ago. In addition, Dunin et al. considered that canopy ventilation might be enhanced in intense rain. This note draws attention to the historical precedence of the work of Dunin et al. and also presents a short review of literature on impact droplet production, highlighting areas where data are still required for the full exploration of the role of droplet evaporation in canopy interception. Droplet production needs to be properly parameterised and included in models of interception processes and landsurface-atmosphere interactions.

46 CFR 129.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., accessible, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around each main distribution panel and switchboard of... when the working space behind the switchboard is less than 460 millimeters (18 inches). (g...

46 CFR 129.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., accessible, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around each main distribution panel and switchboard of... when the working space behind the switchboard is less than 460 millimeters (18 inches). (g...

46 CFR 183.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... as practicable, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing... energized parts. (e) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

46 CFR 183.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... as practicable, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing... energized parts. (e) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

46 CFR 129.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., accessible, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around each main distribution panel and switchboard of... when the working space behind the switchboard is less than 460 millimeters (18 inches). (g...

46 CFR 183.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... as practicable, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing... energized parts. (e) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

MOOCs and Democratic Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carver, Leland; Harrison, Laura M.

2013-01-01

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have entered the world of online education with a splash, and their potential to transform higher education is being widely hailed. Indeed, many involved in the creation, implementation, and facilitation of this new format regularly speak in terms of "revolution" and massive "disruption." If…

Stepped chute training wall height requirements

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Stepped chutes are commonly used for overtopping protection for embankment dams. Aerated flow is commonly associated with stepped chutes if the chute has sufficient length. The aeration and turbulence of the flow can create a significant amount of splash over the training wall if not appropriately...

Navy frogmen attach flotation collar to Apollo 7 command module

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-10-22

U.S. Navy frogmen attach a flotation collar to the Apollo 7 command module during recovery operations in the Atlantic. The Apollo 7 spacecraft splashed down at 7:11 a.m., October 22, 1968, approximately 200 nautical miles south-southwest of Bermuda.

40 CFR 721.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... providing saleable goods or a service to consumers (e.g., a commercial dry cleaning establishment or..., hoods, chemical goggles, face splash shields, or equivalent eye protection, and various types of respirators. Barrier creams are not included in this definition. Powder or dry solid form means a state where...

Development Communication Report, 1991.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Development Communication Report, 1991

1991-01-01

The four 1991 issues of the newsletter "Development Communication Report" are primarily concerned with the use of communication technologies in developing countries to educate the people. Evaluation is the theme of the first issue, which contains the following articles: "Evaluating Communication Programs: Means and Ends,""Making a Splash: How…

Parameterization of erodibility in the Rangeland Hydrology and Erosion Model

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The magnitude of erosion from a hillslope is governed by the availability of sediment and connectivity of runoff and erosion processes. For undisturbed rangelands, sediment is primarily detached and transported by rainsplash and sheetflow (splash-sheet) processes in isolated bare batches, but sedime...

46 CFR 183.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... as practicable, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing... energized parts. (e) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

46 CFR 129.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., accessible, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around each main distribution panel and switchboard of... when the working space behind the switchboard is less than 460 millimeters (18 inches). (g...

46 CFR 129.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., accessible, adequately ventilated, and protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around each main distribution panel and switchboard of... when the working space behind the switchboard is less than 460 millimeters (18 inches). (g...

DISPERSAL OF BACTERIA FROM LEA SURFACES BY WATER SPLASH

EPA Science Inventory

Advances in genetic engineering have made possible the use of genetically manipulated micro-organisms (GMOs) for the control of pests and diseases. efore GMOs can be widely used in agriculture, however, their fate after release must be understood. ispersal of releases GMOs will h...

Image-guided spatial localization of heterogeneous compartments for magnetic resonance

PubMed Central

An, Li; Shen, Jun

2015-01-01

Purpose: Image-guided localization SPectral Localization Achieved by Sensitivity Heterogeneity (SPLASH) allows rapid measurement of signals from irregularly shaped anatomical compartments without using phase encoding gradients. Here, the authors propose a novel method to address the issue of heterogeneous signal distribution within the localized compartments. Methods: Each compartment was subdivided into multiple subcompartments and their spectra were solved by Tikhonov regularization to enforce smoothness within each compartment. The spectrum of a given compartment was generated by combining the spectra of the components of that compartment. The proposed method was first tested using Monte Carlo simulations and then applied to reconstructing in vivo spectra from irregularly shaped ischemic stroke and normal tissue compartments. Results: Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the proposed regularized SPLASH method significantly reduces localization and metabolite quantification errors. In vivo results show that the intracompartment regularization results in ∼40% reduction of error in metabolite quantification. Conclusions: The proposed method significantly reduces localization errors and metabolite quantification errors caused by intracompartment heterogeneous signal distribution. PMID:26328977

Mechanism of Muong Nong-type tektite formation and speculation on the source of Australasian tektites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schnetzler, C. C.

1992-01-01

The source crater of the youngest and largest of the tektite strewnfields, the Australasian strewnfield, has not been located. A number of lines of evidence indicate that the Muong Nong-type tektites, primarily found in Indochina, are more primitive than the much more abundant and widespread splash-form tektites, and are proximal to the source. In this study the spatial distribution of Muong Nong-type tektite sites and chemical character have been used to indicate the approximate location of the source. The variation of Muong Nong-type tektite chemical composition appears to be caused by mixing of two silicate rock end-members and a small amount of limestone, and not by vapor fractionation. The variation in composition is not random, and does not support in situ melting or multiple impact theories. The distribution of both Muong Nong and splash-form tektite sites suggest the source is in a limited area near the southern part of the Thailand-Laos border.

Application of X-ray computed microtomography to soil craters formed by raindrop splash

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beczek, Michał; Ryżak, Magdalena; Lamorski, Krzysztof; Sochan, Agata; Mazur, Rafał; Bieganowski, Andrzej

2018-02-01

The creation of craters on the soil surface is part of splash erosion. Due to the small size of these craters, they are difficult to study. The main aim of this paper was to test X-ray computed microtomography to investigate craters formed by raindrop impacts. Measurements were made on soil samples moistened to three different levels corresponding with soil water potentials of 0.1, 3.16 and 16 kPa. Using images obtained by X-ray microtomography, geometric parameters of the craters were recorded and analysed. X-ray computed microtomography proved to be a useful and efficient tool for the investigation of craters formed on the soil surface after the impact of water drops. The parameters of the craters changed with the energy of the water drops and were dependent on the initial moisture content of the soil. Crater depth is more dependent on the increased energy of the water drop than crater diameter.

Wrapping with a splash: High-speed encapsulation with ultrathin sheets.

PubMed

Kumar, Deepak; Paulsen, Joseph D; Russell, Thomas P; Menon, Narayanan

2018-02-16

Many complex fluids rely on surfactants to contain, protect, or isolate liquid drops in an immiscible continuous phase. Thin elastic sheets can wrap liquid drops in a spontaneous process driven by capillary forces. For encapsulation by sheets to be practically viable, a rapid, continuous, and scalable process is essential. We exploit the fast dynamics of droplet impact to achieve wrapping of oil droplets by ultrathin polymer films in a water phase. Despite the violence of splashing events, the process robustly yields wrappings that are optimally shaped to maximize the enclosed fluid volume and have near-perfect seams. We achieve wrappings of targeted three-dimensional (3D) shapes by tailoring the 2D boundary of the films and show the generality of the technique by producing both oil-in-water and water-in-oil wrappings. Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.

Guidelines for riser splash zone design and repair

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

NONE

1995-02-01

The many years of offshore oil and gas development has established the subsea pipeline as a reliable and cost effective means of transportation for produced hydrocarbons. The requirement for subsea pipeline systems will continue to move into deeper water and more remote locations with the future development of oil and gas exploration. The integrity of subsea pipeline and riser systems, throughout their operating lifetime, is an important area for operators to consider in maximizing reliability and serviceability for economic, contractual and environmental reasons. Adequate design and installation are the basis for ensuring the integrity of any subsea pipeline and risermore » systems. In the event of system damage, from any source, quick and accurate repair and reinstatement of the pipeline system is essential. This report has been developed to provide guidelines for riser and splash zone design, to perform a detailed overview of existing riser repair techniques and products, and to prepare comprehensive guidelines identifying the capabilities and limits of riser reinstatement systems.« less

Bug Smash, Bug Splash: A Case Report of an Unusual Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis with a Brief Review of the Literature.

PubMed

Navarrete-Sandoval, Rafael Hernán; Servín-Rojas, Maximiliano

2016-12-29

BACKGROUND Chagas disease is a chronic parasitosis transmitted by the inoculation of infected triatomine feces into wounds or conjunctival sac, transfusion, congenitally, organ transplantation, and ingestion of contaminated food. The disease is classified into an acute and chronic phase; the latter is a life-long infection that can be asymptomatic or progress to cardiac or digestive complications. CASE REPORT We report a case of acute-phase Chagas disease, transmitted by the splash of gut content from an infected triatomine into the conjunctival mucosa. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of Chagas disease is made by the direct visualization of the parasite in blood smears during the acute phase of the disease; during the chronic phase of the disease the diagnosis is made by the detection of IgG antibodies. Parasitological cure can be achieved in up to 80% of the cases in acute phase of the disease, in contrast with less than 30% during the chronic phase.

Control and Visualization of a Shear Layer Over a Weapons Bay

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schmit, Ryan; Raman, Ganesh; Lourenco, Luis; Kibens, Valdis

2005-11-01

In July 2005, the AFRL program Flow Control Analysis Development (FlowCAD) tested the High Frequency Excitation Active Flow Control for Supersonic Weapons Release (HIFEX) generic weapons bay model in the Boeing's Polysonic windtunnel facility. The 10% scaled weapons bay with an L/D of 5 was tested at Mach 1.82. Several flow control devices were tested, including: the goalpost, a wedge and pin configuration, and the splash jet, to determine their effectiveness at reducing the sound pressure levels inside the weapons bay. The results show the wedge and splash jet are equally effective at reducing the peak Rossiter tone by 20 dB. The main objective of this test was to visualize the shear layer over the weapons bay cavity. By examining the cavity shear layer with a 10 kHz Focused Schlieren system the effects from the flow control devices can be understood to produce a more effective flow control device in the future.

Growth and instability of the liquid rim in the crown splash regime

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Agbaglah, G.; Deegan, R. D.

2014-08-01

We study the formation, growth, and disintegration of jets following impact of a drop on a thin film of the same liquid for We < 1000 and Re < 2000 using a combination of numerical simulations and linear stability theory (Agbaglah et al. 2013). Our simulations faithfully capture this phenomena and are in good agreement with experimental profiles obtained from high-speed X-ray imaging.We obtain scaling relations from our simulations and use these as inputs to our stability analysis. The resulting prediction for the most unstable wavelength are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Our calculations show that the dominant destabilizing mechanism is a competition between capillarity and inertia but that deceleration of the rim provides an additional boost to growth. We also predict over the entire parameter range of our study the number and timescale for formation of secondary droplets formed during a splash, based on the assumption that the most unstable mode sets the droplet number.

Terrestrial lidar measurement of an ongoing calving event on Lange Glacier.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pętlicki, Michał

2017-04-01

Increased tourist and scientific marine traffic along the fronts of tidewater glaciers face a security risk due to possible calving-related hazards. A series of serious accidents involving the falling ice block, calving-generated tsunami wave and the ice projectile impacts were reported. Despite the large interest in calving mechanics, still little is known about the impact range of calving events. Three ongoing calving events on Lange Glacier, King George Island, South Shetland Islands were measured with a terrestrial lidar, giving an insight to the mechanics of the calving processes including the subsequent splash of sea water and the range of ice projectiles released from the front. During the acquisition of the point cloud of the ice front, three calving events of different size occurred. The volume of the calved ice, its potential energy and free-fall velocity was computed and compared with the range of the water splash and ice projectiles. Such measurements can be used in future to mitigate the risk of calving-related marine accidents.

Assessment of the performance of several roadway mixes under rain, snow, and winter maintenance activities.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2004-01-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the relative functional performance, including skid resistance and splash and spray, of five hot-mix-asphalt (HMA) surfaces and a tinned portland cement concrete highway surface during controlled wet and wintry...

46 CFR 120.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b) Each distribution panel or switchboard... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

46 CFR 120.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b) Each distribution panel or switchboard... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

Estimated splash and training wall height requirements for stepped chutes applied to embankment dams

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Aging embankment dams are commonly plagued with insufficient spillway capacity. To provide increased spillway capacity, stepped chutes are frequently applied as an overtopping protection system for embankment dams. Stepped chutes with sufficient length develops aerated flow. The aeration and flow...

Air-atomizing splash-cone fuel nozzle reduces pollutant emissions from turbojet engines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ingebo, R. D.; Norgren, C. T.

1973-01-01

Advantages of fuel nozzle over conventional pressure-atomizing fuel nozzles: simplicity of construction, ability to distribute fuel-air mixture uniformly across full height of combustor without using auxiliary air supply, reliability when using contaminated fuels, and durability of nozzle at high operating temperatures.

Rainfall and sheet power equation for interrill erosion on steep hillslope

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Splash and sheet erosion processes dominate on most undisturbed hillslopes of rangeland. Interrill soil erosion should consider the influence of both raindrop and sheet flow to work of soil particles detached by raindrop impact and transported by rainfall-disturbed sheet flow. Interrill erosion equa...

Splash! Water Resource Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Southwest Florida Water Management District, Brooksville.

This set of activities is designed to bring water resource education into the middle school classroom using an interdisciplinary approach. The packet contains timely, localized information about the water resources of west central Florida. Each activity is aligned to middle-school Sunshine State Standards. These hands-on, minds-on activities can…

Impact. The southwest end is down, as the buckled middle ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Impact. The southwest end is down, as the buckled middle section splashes into the river. View is to southeast from confluence of Trinity and South Fork Trinity Rivers - South Fork Trinity River Bridge, State Highway 299 spanning South Fork Trinity River, Salyer, Trinity County, CA

DIY.edu

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Demski, Jennifer

2012-01-01

The publication of Anya Kamenetz's "DIY U: Edupunks, Edupreneurs, and the Coming Transformation of Higher Education" (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2010) caused quite a splash in the higher ed community. If, as she advocates, highly motivated students can access quality online coursework for free--if they can create their own learning paths based on…

46 CFR 120.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b) Each distribution panel or switchboard... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

46 CFR 120.330 - Distribution panels and switchboards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... protected from falling debris and dripping or splashing water. (b) Each distribution panel or switchboard... energized parts. (f) Working space must be provided around all main distribution panels and switchboards of... inches) behind the switchboard. Rear access is prohibited when the working space behind the switchboard...

Geochemistry of impact glasses and target rocks from the Zhamanshin impact structure, Kazakhstan: Implications for mixing of target and impactor matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jonášová, Šárka; Ackerman, Lukáš; Žák, Karel; Skála, Roman; Ďurišová, Jana; Deutsch, Alexander; Magna, Tomáš

2016-10-01

Internal structure and element chemistry including contents of highly siderophile elements (HSE) and Os isotope ratios have been studied in target rocks and several groups of impact glasses of the Zhamanshin impact structure, Kazakhstan. These include larger irregularly-shaped fragments and blocks of impact glass (zhamanshinites), and three types of tektite-like splash-form glasses, part of fallback ejecta. These glassy objects typically are up to 30 mm large and are shaped as teardrops, irregularly bent and curved glass rods and fibers. They can be subdivided into acidic types (irghizites; typically 69-76 wt.% SiO2), basic splash-forms (typically 53-56 wt.% SiO2), and rarely occurring highly inhomogeneous composites with abundant mineral inclusions. A comparison with the target rocks shows that zhamanshinites and basic splash-forms usually have no detectable admixture of the projectile matter, indicated by major and trace elements as well as highly siderophile element contents, with the exception of one sample containing Fe-, Cr-, Ni- and Ti-enriched particles and elevated HSE contents. In contrast, irghizites exhibit clear admixture of the projectile matter, which was incorporated by complex processes accompanied by strong element fractionations. Microscopic investigations confirm that irghizites were formed mainly by coalescence of smaller molten glass droplets sized typically below 1 mm. Irghizites exhibit significant enrichments in Ni, Co and Cr, whose concentrations are locally elevated in the rims of the original small droplets. A portion of these elements and also part of Fe and Mn and other elements were derived from the impactor, most likely a Ni-rich carbonaceous chondrite. The contents of HSE are low and strongly fractionated, with moderate depletions of Pt and Pd and strong depletions of other HSE with respect to chondritic element ratios. Osmium shows the strongest depletion, likely related to the presence of oxygen in the post-impact atmosphere causing strong Os loss through volatilization. One composite splash-form contains Fe-Ni-S inclusions and exhibits a less fractionated HSE pattern suggesting the lowest degree of melting, volatilization and condensation. The observed structural and microchemical features of irghizites are interpreted to reflect variable proportions of the uppermost target sediments and the projectile matter, with HSE element ratios influenced by evaporation and condensation processes, and differences in volatility of individual HSE elements and/or their compounds. Two possible pathways of incorporation of the projectile matter into the irghizites include either re-condensation of evaporated projectile matter on the surface of glass droplets, or incorporation of less chemically fractionated microparticles dispersed by the explosion.

Physics-based animation of large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic solids, and model-reduced flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gerszewski, Daniel James

Physical simulation has become an essential tool in computer animation. As the use of visual effects increases, the need for simulating real-world materials increases. In this dissertation, we consider three problems in physics-based animation: large-scale splashing liquids, elastoplastic material simulation, and dimensionality reduction techniques for fluid simulation. Fluid simulation has been one of the greatest successes of physics-based animation, generating hundreds of research papers and a great many special effects over the last fifteen years. However, the animation of large-scale, splashing liquids remains challenging. We show that a novel combination of unilateral incompressibility, mass-full FLIP, and blurred boundaries is extremely well-suited to the animation of large-scale, violent, splashing liquids. Materials that incorporate both plastic and elastic deformations, also referred to as elastioplastic materials, are frequently encountered in everyday life. Methods for animating such common real-world materials are useful for effects practitioners and have been successfully employed in films. We describe a point-based method for animating elastoplastic materials. Our primary contribution is a simple method for computing the deformation gradient for each particle in the simulation. Given the deformation gradient, we can apply arbitrary constitutive models and compute the resulting elastic forces. Our method has two primary advantages: we do not store or compare to an initial rest configuration and we work directly with the deformation gradient. The first advantage avoids poor numerical conditioning and the second naturally leads to a multiplicative model of deformation appropriate for finite deformations. One of the most significant drawbacks of physics-based animation is that ever-higher fidelity leads to an explosion in the number of degrees of freedom. This problem leads us to the consideration of dimensionality reduction techniques. We present several enhancements to model-reduced fluid simulation that allow improved simulation bases and two-way solid-fluid coupling. Specifically, we present a basis enrichment scheme that allows us to combine data-driven or artistically derived bases with more general analytic bases derived from Laplacian Eigenfunctions. Additionally, we handle two-way solid-fluid coupling in a time-splitting fashion---we alternately timestep the fluid and rigid body simulators, while taking into account the effects of the fluid on the rigid bodies and vice versa. We employ the vortex panel method to handle solid-fluid coupling and use dynamic pressure to compute the effect of the fluid on rigid bodies. Taken together, these contributions have advanced the state-of-the art in physics-based animation and are practical enough to be used in production pipelines.

33 CFR Appendix E to Part 273 - Preventive Safety Measures in Handling of Herbicides

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... with detergent and water. 7. Protective clothing is used in conjunction with respiratory protective... are rubber aprons, coveralls, chemical splash goggles, safety shoes and hard hats. A lightweight water... reducing physical stress to applicators. Additional protection is afforded by protective skin cream. 8...

33 CFR Appendix E to Part 273 - Preventive Safety Measures in Handling of Herbicides

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... with detergent and water. 7. Protective clothing is used in conjunction with respiratory protective... are rubber aprons, coveralls, chemical splash goggles, safety shoes and hard hats. A lightweight water... reducing physical stress to applicators. Additional protection is afforded by protective skin cream. 8...

Does Economic Research in Education Work? For Which Studies?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Makel, Matthew C.; Wai, Jonathan

2016-01-01

In their National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) working paper, "Does Gifted Education Work? For Which Students?" Card and Giuliano (C & G) made an enormous splash in not just gifted education but also the world (e.g., "The Washington Post," "The Atlantic," Five Thirty Eight). In this commentary, we highlight…

Make a Splash Day

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coverdale, Greg; Rust, April; Jensen, Belinda

2004-01-01

At the annual, all-day events-sponsored by Project WET (Water Education for Teachers) and held in nearly every state across the country each September--students participate in interactive activities and exhibits to learn about water resources and explore how human behaviors, such as development and recreation, can affect the quality of the…

Distribution of canker lesions on the surface of diseased grapefruit

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Citrus canker (caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri) can cause direct yield loss of citrus, and infection of fruit can result in trade restriction being imposed on canker endemic areas. Developing fruit become infected through splash dispersed inoculum. The objective of this study was to describ...

Use of RHEM to assess runoff and erosion following disturbance on rangelands

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Landscape disturbance such as fire or woody plant encroachment on rangelands can have major impacts on the hydrological and erosion responses. As canopy and ground cover are reduced, soil sediments become available and can be detached by rain splash and overland flow. Disturbance can also increase t...

Making a splash!

PubMed

Weston, David

2012-05-01

The installation of a birthing pool can be a costly and time consuming process. This article provides some practical tips for making the installation run as smoothly as possible, saving work--and money--in the process. This article gives some advice as to what needs to be considered before you go ahead with installing a pool.

Evaluation of Interrill Erosion Under Wind-Driven Rain Events in Northern Burkina Faso

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Wind changes the velocity, frequency and angle of raindrop impact and hence affects rain splash detachment rates. Many soil erosion models underpredict interrill erosion because the contribution of the wind to raindrop detachment and wind-driven transport processes are not taken into account. In thi...

1. VIEW OF DOWNSTREAM SIDE OF DIVERSION DAM ON THE ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. VIEW OF DOWNSTREAM SIDE OF DIVERSION DAM ON THE SNAKE RIVER, LOOKING NORTHEAST. NOTE HEADGATE STRUCTURE ON NORTH BANK, SPILLWAY ON LEFT SIDE OF DAM, AND SPLASH LOGS ON DOWNSTREAM SIDE OF DAM. - Snake River Ditch, Headgate on north bank of Snake River, Dillon, Summit County, CO

Earth observation taken by the Expedition 46 crew

NASA Image and Video Library

2016-01-16

ISS046e009103 (01/16/2016) --- In orbit around the Earth on board the International Space Station NASA astronaut Scott Kelly captured this blue water image in his "Earth Art" series and tweeted it out with this message: " A splash of #EarthArt over the #Bahamas! #YearInSpace ".

40 CFR 721.555 - Alkyl amino nitriles (generic).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (c). A full face shield is required if splashing or spraying occurs. (ii) Hazard communication... to reporting. (1) The chemical substances identified generically as alkyl amino nitriles (PMNs P-96-1674 and P-96-1675) are subject to reporting under this section for the significant new uses described...

Insight into sediment transport processes on saline rangeland hillslopes using three-dimensional soil microtopography changes

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In arid and semi-arid rangeland environments, an accurate understanding of runoff generation and sediment transport processes is key to developing effective management actions and addressing ecosystem response to changes. Yet, many primary processes (namely sheet and splash and concentrated flow ero...

Chip-Scale Magnetic Source of Cold Atoms

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

the desert, the roof of the physics building, no air conditioning, shooting stars, coconut and coconuts , hacienda, and margarita. v Acknowledgments I...toner paper was folded around the chip and run through a laminator. The laminator’s heat transferred the toner to the chip. By splashing water on the

A review of concentrated flow erosion processes on rangelands: fundamental understanding and knowledge gaps

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Concentrated flow erosion processes are distinguished from splash and sheetflow processes in their enhanced ability to mobilize and transport large amounts of soil, water and dissolved elements. On rangelands, soil, nutrients and water are scarce and only narrow margins of resource losses are tolera...

Parabolas under Pressure

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Madden, Sean P.

2009-01-01

The author and his first-year algebra students explored the quadratic behavior behind the parabolic shape of fountains at the local family splash park. This hands-on discovery project has three main parts: (1) gathering data by experimenting with and photographing the fountains; (2) analyzing the photographs to obtain numerical data; and (3)…

When Your Child Needs a Cast

MedlinePlus

... a waterproof plastic cast protector instead of plastic bags. You can buy this at a drugstore. Keep the cast completely out of the water by propping it up on the side of the tub. If the cast or liner gets splashed, gently blow air into it from a hair dryer on the ...

High-Speed Photography with Computer Control.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Winters, Loren M.

1991-01-01

Describes the use of a microcomputer as an intervalometer for the control and timing of several flash units to photograph high-speed events. Applies this technology to study the oscillations of a stretched rubber band, the deceleration of high-speed projectiles in water, the splashes of milk drops, and the bursts of popcorn kernels. (MDH)

Pollock without Paint?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sutley, Jane

2011-01-01

This article describes how the author exposes her students to the world of Jackson Pollock, the artist who brings to mind dripping, meandering, splashing puddles of paint. Pollock's action paintings of the late 1940s-'50s call out for unfettered movement, fluidity, and freedom of application. Is it even possible to capture the action, rhythm and…

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 6 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-22

During Underway Recovery Test 6, Kennedy Space Center's NASA Recovery Team spent a week aboard the USS Anchorage where they and the U.S. Navy tested procedures and ground support equipment to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Moon Watch: A Parental-Involvement Homework Activity.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rillero, Peter; Gonzalez-Jensen, Margarita; Moy, Tracy

2000-01-01

Presents the goals, philosophy, and methods of the SPLASH (Student-Parent Laboratories Achieving Science at Home) program. Describes an at-home, parental-involvement activity called Moon Watch in which students and their parents observe how the phases of the moon and the moon's position in the sky change over a two-week period. (WRM)

The distribution of peach scab lesions on the surface of diseased peaches

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Peach canker (Fusicladium effusum) can cause yield loss of peach and results in rejection of fruit for fresh sale. Developing peach fruit become infected through splash dispersed inoculum. The aim of this study was to describe and quantify the distribution of lesions on the fruit surface, and prov...

"Sports Splash" 1980. A Librarian's Planning Handbook.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, James L.; Thomas, Carol H.

This handbook has been developed as an aid for librarians in planning summer 1980 reading programs on a sports theme for children from preschool through the elementary years. The program encourages children to visit the library, become familiar with its resources, and promote reading and enjoyment of books. The handbook is complemented by…

Connecting Adolescent Girls of Color and Math/Science Interventions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Murphy, Diane S.; Sullivan, Kathleen

This paper describes a study of Project SPLASH!, a program for minority adolescent girls with high potential in mathematics and science. This paper aims to contribute to the knowledge base on characteristics of program interventions which may increase the representation of women and minorities in the fields of mathematics and science. Findings on…

Constructing Learning: Using Technology to Support Teaching for Understanding

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sherman,Thomas M.; Kurshan, Barbara L.

2005-01-01

A frequent criticism of technology applications in classrooms is that they are little more than extraneous bells and whistles pointlessly tacked onto routine instruction. The flash and splash of a PowerPoint presentation may look good, but many question the value added to student learning. This leads to the question, how can technologies genuinely…

Sports Splash: A Handbook of Reading Activities for Use with Children. A Fun with Reading Book.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Carol H.

Intended for individuals involved in teaching children to read--parents, teachers, librarians, and reading specialists--this handbook provides activities and resources to supplement programs designed to encourage children's enjoyment of books. The reading activities presented in this handbook have been developed around a sports theme. The…

33 CFR Appendix A to Part 274 - Preventive Safety Measures in Handling of Pesticides

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CIVIL WORKS PROJECTS Pt. 274, App. A... your control, causing accidental poisoning to the public or domestic animals. 3. Smoking is not... protective clothing are rubber aprons, coveralls, chemical splash goggles, safety shoes, and hard hats. A...

33 CFR Appendix A to Part 274 - Preventive Safety Measures in Handling of Pesticides

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CIVIL WORKS PROJECTS Pt. 274, App. A... your control, causing accidental poisoning to the public or domestic animals. 3. Smoking is not... protective clothing are rubber aprons, coveralls, chemical splash goggles, safety shoes, and hard hats. A...

33 CFR Appendix A to Part 274 - Preventive Safety Measures in Handling of Pesticides

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY, DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PEST CONTROL PROGRAM FOR CIVIL WORKS PROJECTS Pt. 274, App. A... your control, causing accidental poisoning to the public or domestic animals. 3. Smoking is not... protective clothing are rubber aprons, coveralls, chemical splash goggles, safety shoes, and hard hats. A...

33 CFR 165.1315 - Safety Zones: Fireworks displays in the Captain of the Port Portland Zone.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... One day in early May. (2) Portland Rose Festival Fireworks Display, Portland, OR: (i) Location. Waters...) Oregon Food Bank Blues Festival Fireworks, Portland, OR (i) Location. Waters on the Willamette River...) Splash Aberdeen Waterfront Festival, Aberdeen, WA (i) Location. All water of the Chehalis River extending...

Influence of temperature and humidity on the viability of Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum Conidia

Treesearch

M.J. Moore; M.E. Ostry

2015-01-01

Butternut canker, caused by the fungus Ophiognomonia clavigignenti-juglandacearum, primarily kills butternut (Juglans cinerea). Rain splash and local air currents are the primary means of conidia dispersal but that does not explain its long-distance spread and infection of isolated trees. Dispersal by insect or animal vectors...

46 CFR 120.320 - Generators and motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and Distribution Systems § 120.320 Generators and motors. (a) Each generator and motor must be: (1) In... above the bilges to avoid damage by splash and to avoid contact with low lying vapors. (b) Each... ammeter, which can be used for measuring voltage and current of a generator that is in operation, must be...

46 CFR 120.320 - Generators and motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and Distribution Systems § 120.320 Generators and motors. (a) Each generator and motor must be: (1) In... above the bilges to avoid damage by splash and to avoid contact with low lying vapors. (b) Each... ammeter, which can be used for measuring voltage and current of a generator that is in operation, must be...

46 CFR 120.320 - Generators and motors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and Distribution Systems § 120.320 Generators and motors. (a) Each generator and motor must be: (1) In... above the bilges to avoid damage by splash and to avoid contact with low lying vapors. (b) Each... ammeter, which can be used for measuring voltage and current of a generator that is in operation, must be...

The Big Fish

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeLisle, Rebecca; Hargis, Jace

2005-01-01

The Killer Whale, Shamu jumps through hoops and splashes tourists in hopes for the big fish, not because of passion, desire or simply the enjoyment of doing so. What would happen if those fish were obsolete? Would this killer whale be able to find the passion to continue to entertain people? Or would Shamu find other exciting activities to do…

KSC-69PC-466

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TEXAS - A recovery helicopter hovers above the Apollo 11 spacecraft seconds after it splashed down in the Pacific Ocean July 24, 1969, at 12:50 p.m. EDT 900 miles southwest of Hawaii. The spacecraft turned apex down after impact, as shown here, but inflatable bags repositioned it shortly after this view was taken.

29 CFR Appendix A to Subpart I of... - Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Hazard Assessment, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Selection...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... conjunction with engineering controls, guards, and safe work practices and procedures. 2. Assessment and... example, splash protection, and impact protection; (b) compare the hazards associated with the environment... contact lenses must also wear appropriate eye and face protection devices in a hazardous environment. It...

The Meaning of Time. An Introduction into Philosophical, Biological and Physical Aspects of Time

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-15

they could. We are used to accept complicated coordinated patterns of motion like the splashed water and glass pieces, or the scrambled egg mixture or...water, the scrambled egg , the dissolved sugar cube? The second law stated that the entropy increases for "irreversible" systems. What does this

A Must-Sea & Hear Event

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Freifeld, Lorri

2012-01-01

This article describes Training 2012 Conference & Expo which began with a bang and finished with a splash--literally. The Drum Cafe got participants' blood pumping with rhythmic tribal music early in the morning on the first day of the conference, February 13, at the Georgia World Congress Center in Atlanta. The drum leader established the…

LDSD Test Vehicle Attached to Launch Tower

NASA Image and Video Library

2015-06-09

NASA's Low-Density Supersonic Decelerator test vehicle attached to launch tower just prior to take off. LDSD completed its second flight test when the saucer-shaped craft splashed down safely Monday, June 8, 2015, in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of the Hawaiian island of Kauai. http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA19683

Parallel Splash Belief Propagation

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-08-01

s/ ROGER J. DZIEGIEL, Jr. MICHAEL J. WESSING, Deputy Chief Work Unit Manager For... Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington, DC 20503. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE...Propagation algorithm outperforms synchronous, round-robin, wild-fire ( Ranganathan et al., 2007), and residual (Elidan et al., 2006) belief propagation

Member of Apollo 7 crew hoisted to helicopter during recovery operations

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-10-22

S68-49661 (22 Oct. 1968) --- A member of the Apollo 7 crew is hoisted up to a recovery helicopter from the USS Essex during recovery operations. The Apollo 7 spacecraft splashed down at 7:11 a.m., Oct. 22, 1968, approximately 200 nautical miles south-southwest of Bermuda. Photo credit: NASA

Astronaut Walter Schirra egresses spacecraft during recovery operations

NASA Image and Video Library

1968-10-22

Astronaut Walter M. Schirra, Jr., Apollo 7 commander, egresses the spacecraft during recovery operations in the Atlantic. He is assisted by a member of the U.S. Navy frogman team. The Apollo 7 spacecraft splashed down at 7:11 a.m., October 22, 1968, approximately 200 nautical miles south-southwest of Bermuda.

Apollo XIII Spacecraft - Splashdown - South Pacific Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1970-04-17

S70-35652 (17 April 1970) --- The Apollo 13 spacecraft heads toward a splashdown in the South Pacific Ocean. The Apollo 13 Command Module splashed down in the South Pacific at 12:07:44 p.m., April 17, 1970. Note the capsule and its parachutes just visible against a gap in the dark clouds.

Readiness of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter for LHC collisions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; Abdelalim, A. A.; Abdesselam, A.; Abdinov, O.; Abi, B.; Abolins, M.; Abramowicz, H.; Abreu, H.; Acharya, B. S.; Adams, D. L.; Addy, T. N.; Adelman, J.; Adorisio, C.; Adragna, P.; Adye, T.; Aefsky, S.; Aguilar-Saavedra, J. A.; Aharrouche, M.; Ahlen, S. P.; Ahles, F.; Ahmad, A.; Ahmed, H.; Ahsan, M.; Aielli, G.; Akdogan, T.; Åkesson, T. P. A.; Akimoto, G.; Akimov, A. V.; Aktas, A.; Alam, M. S.; Alam, M. A.; Albert, J.; Albrand, S.; Aleksa, M.; Aleksandrov, I. N.; Alessandria, F.; Alexa, C.; Alexander, G.; Alexandre, G.; Alexopoulos, T.; Alhroob, M.; Aliev, M.; Alimonti, G.; Alison, J.; Aliyev, M.; Allport, P. P.; Allwood-Spiers, S. E.; Almond, J.; Aloisio, A.; Alon, R.; Alonso, A.; Alviggi, M. G.; Amako, K.; Amelung, C.; Ammosov, V. V.; Amorim, A.; Amorós, G.; Amram, N.; Anastopoulos, C.; Andeen, T.; Anders, C. F.; Anderson, K. J.; Andreazza, A.; Andrei, V.; Anduaga, X. S.; Angerami, A.; Anghinolfi, F.; Anjos, N.; Antonaki, A.; Antonelli, M.; Antonelli, S.; Antunovic, B.; Anulli, F.; Aoun, S.; Arabidze, G.; Aracena, I.; Arai, Y.; Arce, A. T. H.; Archambault, J. P.; Arfaoui, S.; Arguin, J.-F.; Argyropoulos, T.; Arik, E.; Arik, M.; Armbruster, A. J.; Arnaez, O.; Arnault, C.; Artamonov, A.; Arutinov, D.; Asai, M.; Asai, S.; Asfandiyarov, R.; Ask, S.; Åsman, B.; Asner, D.; Asquith, L.; Assamagan, K.; Astbury, A.; Astvatsatourov, A.; Atoian, G.; Auerbach, B.; Auge, E.; Augsten, K.; Aurousseau, M.; Austin, N.; Avolio, G.; Avramidou, R.; Axen, D.; Ay, C.; Azuelos, G.; Azuma, Y.; Baak, M. A.; Baccaglioni, G.; Bacci, C.; Bach, A.; Bachacou, H.; Bachas, K.; Backes, M.; Badescu, E.; Bagnaia, P.; Bai, Y.; Bailey, D. C.; Bain, T.; Baines, J. T.; Baker, O. K.; Baker, M. D.; Dos Santos Pedrosa, F. Baltasar; Banas, E.; Banerjee, P.; Banerjee, S.; Banfi, D.; Bangert, A.; Bansal, V.; Baranov, S. P.; Baranov, S.; Barashkou, A.; Barber, T.; Barberio, E. L.; Barberis, D.; Barbero, M.; Bardin, D. Y.; Barillari, T.; Barisonzi, M.; Barklow, T.; Barlow, N.; Barnett, B. M.; Barnett, R. M.; Baron, S.; Baroncelli, A.; Barr, A. J.; Barreiro, F.; Barreiro Guimarães da Costa, J.; Barrillon, P.; Barros, N.; Bartoldus, R.; Bartsch, D.; Bastos, J.; Bates, R. L.; Bathe, S.; Batkova, L.; Batley, J. R.; Battaglia, A.; Battistin, M.; Bauer, F.; Bawa, H. S.; Bazalova, M.; Beare, B.; Beau, T.; Beauchemin, P. H.; Beccherle, R.; Becerici, N.; Bechtle, P.; Beck, G. A.; Beck, H. P.; Beckingham, M.; Becks, K. H.; Bedajanek, I.; Beddall, A. J.; Beddall, A.; Bednár, P.; Bednyakov, V. A.; Bee, C.; Begel, M.; Behar Harpaz, S.; Behera, P. K.; Beimforde, M.; Belanger-Champagne, C.; Bell, P. J.; Bell, W. H.; Bella, G.; Bellagamba, L.; Bellina, F.; Bellomo, M.; Belloni, A.; Belotskiy, K.; Beltramello, O.; Ben Ami, S.; Benary, O.; Benchekroun, D.; Bendel, M.; Benedict, B. H.; Benekos, N.; Benhammou, Y.; Benincasa, G. P.; Benjamin, D. P.; Benoit, M.; Bensinger, J. R.; Benslama, K.; Bentvelsen, S.; Beretta, M.; Berge, D.; Bergeaas Kuutmann, E.; Berger, N.; Berghaus, F.; Berglund, E.; Beringer, J.; Bernardet, K.; Bernat, P.; Bernhard, R.; Bernius, C.; Berry, T.; Bertin, A.; Besson, N.; Bethke, S.; Bianchi, R. M.; Bianco, M.; Biebel, O.; Biesiada, J.; Biglietti, M.; Bilokon, H.; Bindi, M.; Binet, S.; Bingul, A.; Bini, C.; Biscarat, C.; Bitenc, U.; Black, K. M.; Blair, R. E.; Blanchard, J.-B.; Blanchot, G.; Blocker, C.; Blocki, J.; Blondel, A.; Blum, W.; Blumenschein, U.; Bobbink, G. J.; Bocci, A.; Boehler, M.; Boek, J.; Boelaert, N.; Böser, S.; Bogaerts, J. A.; Bogouch, A.; Bohm, C.; Bohm, J.; Boisvert, V.; Bold, T.; Boldea, V.; Boldyrev, A.; Bondarenko, V. G.; Bondioli, M.; Boonekamp, M.; Booth, J. R. A.; Bordoni, S.; Borer, C.; Borisov, A.; Borissov, G.; Borjanovic, I.; Borroni, S.; Bos, K.; Boscherini, D.; Bosman, M.; Bosteels, M.; Boterenbrood, H.; Bouchami, J.; Boudreau, J.; Bouhova-Thacker, E. V.; Boulahouache, C.; Bourdarios, C.; Boyd, J.; Boyko, I. R.; Bozovic-Jelisavcic, I.; Bracinik, J.; Braem, A.; Branchini, P.; Brandenburg, G. W.; Brandt, A.; Brandt, G.; Brandt, O.; Bratzler, U.; Brau, B.; Brau, J. E.; Braun, H. M.; Brelier, B.; Bremer, J.; Brenner, R.; Bressler, S.; Breton, D.; Brett, N. D.; Britton, D.; Brochu, F. M.; Brock, I.; Brock, R.; Brodbeck, T. J.; Brodet, E.; Broggi, F.; Bromberg, C.; Brooijmans, G.; Brooks, W. K.; Brown, G.; Brubaker, E.; Bruckman de Renstrom, P. A.; Bruncko, D.; Bruneliere, R.; Brunet, S.; Bruni, A.; Bruni, G.; Bruschi, M.; Buanes, T.; Bucci, F.; Buchanan, J.; Buchholz, P.; Buckley, A. G.; Budagov, I. A.; Budick, B.; Büscher, V.; Bugge, L.; Bulekov, O.; Bunse, M.; Buran, T.; Burckhart, H.; Burdin, S.; Burgess, T.; Burke, S.; Busato, E.; Bussey, P.; Buszello, C. P.; Butin, F.; Butler, B.; Butler, J. M.; Buttar, C. M.; Butterworth, J. M.; Byatt, T.; Caballero, J.; Cabrera Urbán, S.; Caforio, D.; Cakir, O.; Calafiura, P.; Calderini, G.; Calfayan, P.; Calkins, R.; Caloba, L. P.; Caloi, R.; Calvet, D.; Camarri, P.; Cambiaghi, M.; Cameron, D.; Campabadal Segura, F.; Campana, S.; Campanelli, M.; Canale, V.; Canelli, F.; Canepa, A.; Cantero, J.; Capasso, L.; Capeans Garrido, M. D. M.; Caprini, I.; Caprini, M.; Capua, M.; Caputo, R.; Caracinha, D.; Caramarcu, C.; Cardarelli, R.; Carli, T.; Carlino, G.; Carminati, L.; Caron, B.; Caron, S.; Carrillo Montoya, G. D.; Carron Montero, S.; Carter, A. A.; Carter, J. R.; Carvalho, J.; Casadei, D.; Casado, M. P.; Cascella, M.; Caso, C.; Castaneda Hernadez, A. M.; Castaneda-Miranda, E.; Castillo Gimenez, V.; Castro, N.; Cataldi, G.; Catinaccio, A.; Catmore, J. R.; Cattai, A.; Cattani, G.; Caughron, S.; Cauz, D.; Cavalleri, P.; Cavalli, D.; Cavalli-Sforza, M.; Cavasinni, V.; Ceradini, F.; Cerqueira, A. S.; Cerri, A.; Cerrito, L.; Cerutti, F.; Cetin, S. A.; Cevenini, F.; Chafaq, A.; Chakraborty, D.; Chan, K.; Chapman, J. D.; Chapman, J. W.; Chareyre, E.; Charlton, D. G.; Chavda, V.; Cheatham, S.; Chekanov, S.; Chekulaev, S. V.; Chelkov, G. A.; Chen, H.; Chen, S.; Chen, T.; Chen, X.; Cheng, S.; Cheplakov, A.; Chepurnov, V. F.; Cherkaoui El Moursli, R.; Tcherniatine, V.; Chesneanu, D.; Cheu, E.; Cheung, S. L.; Chevalier, L.; Chevallier, F.; Chiarella, V.; Chiefari, G.; Chikovani, L.; Childers, J. T.; Chilingarov, A.; Chiodini, G.; Chizhov, M.; Choudalakis, G.; Chouridou, S.; Chren, D.; Christidi, I. A.; Christov, A.; Chromek-Burckhart, D.; Chu, M. L.; Chudoba, J.; Ciapetti, G.; Ciftci, A. K.; Ciftci, R.; Cinca, D.; Cindro, V.; Ciobotaru, M. D.; Ciocca, C.; Ciocio, A.; Cirilli, M.; Citterio, M.; Clark, A.; Cleland, W.; Clemens, J. C.; Clement, B.; Clement, C.; Clements, D.; Coadou, Y.; Cobal, M.; Coccaro, A.; Cochran, J.; Coelli, S.; Coggeshall, J.; Cogneras, E.; Cojocaru, C. D.; Colas, J.; Cole, B.; Colijn, A. P.; Collard, C.; Collins, N. J.; Collins-Tooth, C.; Collot, J.; Colon, G.; Coluccia, R.; Conde Muiño, P.; Coniavitis, E.; Consonni, M.; Constantinescu, S.; Conta, C.; Conventi, F.; Cook, J.; Cooke, M.; Cooper, B. D.; Cooper-Sarkar, A. M.; Cooper-Smith, N. J.; Copic, K.; Cornelissen, T.; Corradi, M.; Corriveau, F.; Corso-Radu, A.; Cortes-Gonzalez, A.; Cortiana, G.; Costa, G.; Costa, M. J.; Costanzo, D.; Costin, T.; Côté, D.; Coura Torres, R.; Courneyea, L.; Cowan, G.; Cowden, C.; Cox, B. E.; Cranmer, K.; Cranshaw, J.; Cristinziani, M.; Crosetti, G.; Crupi, R.; Crépé-Renaudin, S.; Cuenca Almenar, C.; Cuhadar Donszelmann, T.; Curatolo, M.; Curtis, C. J.; Cwetanski, P.; Czyczula, Z.; D'Auria, S.; D'Onofrio, M.; D'Orazio, A.; da Silva, P. V. M.; da Via, C.; Dabrowski, W.; Dai, T.; Dallapiccola, C.; Dallison, S. J.; Daly, C. H.; Dam, M.; Danielsson, H. O.; Dannheim, D.; Dao, V.; Darbo, G.; Darlea, G. L.; Davey, W.; Davidek, T.; Davidson, N.; Davidson, R.; Davison, A. R.; Dawson, I.; Dawson, J. W.; Daya, R. K.; de, K.; de Asmundis, R.; de Castro, S.; de Castro Faria Salgado, P. E.; de Cecco, S.; de Graat, J.; de Groot, N.; de Jong, P.; de La Cruz-Burelo, E.; de La Taille, C.; de Mora, L.; de Oliveira Branco, M.; de Pedis, D.; de Salvo, A.; de Sanctis, U.; de Santo, A.; de Vivie de Regie, J. B.; de Zorzi, G.; Dean, S.; Deberg, H.; Dedes, G.; Dedovich, D. V.; Defay, P. O.; Degenhardt, J.; Dehchar, M.; Del Papa, C.; Del Peso, J.; Del Prete, T.; Dell'Acqua, A.; Dell'Asta, L.; Della Pietra, M.; Della Volpe, D.; Delmastro, M.; Delruelle, N.; Delsart, P. A.; Deluca, C.; Demers, S.; Demichev, M.; Demirkoz, B.; Deng, J.; Deng, W.; Denisov, S. P.; Dennis, C.; Derkaoui, J. E.; Derue, F.; Dervan, P.; Desch, K.; Deviveiros, P. O.; Dewhurst, A.; Dewilde, B.; Dhaliwal, S.; Dhullipudi, R.; di Ciaccio, A.; di Ciaccio, L.; di Domenico, A.; di Girolamo, A.; di Girolamo, B.; di Luise, S.; di Mattia, A.; di Nardo, R.; di Simone, A.; di Sipio, R.; Diaz, M. A.; Diblen, F.; Diehl, E. B.; Dietrich, J.; Diglio, S.; Dindar Yagci, K.; Dingfelder, D. J.; Dionisi, C.; Dita, P.; Dita, S.; Dittus, F.; Djama, F.; Djilkibaev, R.; Djobava, T.; Do Vale, M. A. B.; Do Valle Wemans, A.; Dobbs, M.; Dobos, D.; Dobson, E.; Dobson, M.; Dodd, J.; Dogan, O. B.; Doherty, T.; Doi, Y.; Dolejsi, J.; Dolenc, I.; Dolezal, Z.; Dolgoshein, B. A.; Dohmae, T.; Donega, M.; Donini, J.; Dopke, J.; Doria, A.; Dos Anjos, A.; Dotti, A.; Dova, M. T.; Doxiadis, A.; Doyle, A. T.; Drasal, Z.; Driouichi, C.; Dris, M.; Dubbert, J.; Duchovni, E.; Duckeck, G.; Dudarev, A.; Dudziak, F.; Dührssen, M.; Duflot, L.; Dufour, M.-A.; Dunford, M.; Duperrin, A.; Duran Yildiz, H.; Dushkin, A.; Duxfield, R.; Dwuznik, M.; Düren, M.; Ebenstein, W. L.; Ebke, J.; Eckert, S.; Eckweiler, S.; Edmonds, K.; Edwards, C. A.; Eerola, P.; Egorov, K.; Ehrenfeld, W.; Ehrich, T.; Eifert, T.; Eigen, G.; Einsweiler, K.; Eisenhandler, E.; Ekelof, T.; El Kacimi, M.; Ellert, M.; Elles, S.; Ellinghaus, F.; Ellis, K.; Ellis, N.; Elmsheuser, J.; Elsing, M.; Ely, R.; Emeliyanov, D.; Engelmann, R.; Engl, A.; Epp, B.; Eppig, A.; Epshteyn, V. S.; Ereditato, A.; Eriksson, D.; Ermoline, I.; Ernst, J.; Ernst, M.; Ernwein, J.; Errede, D.; Errede, S.; Ertel, E.; Escalier, M.; Escobar, C.; Espinal Curull, X.; Esposito, B.; Etienne, F.; Etienvre, A. I.; Etzion, E.; Evans, H.; Fabbri, L.; Fabre, C.; Faccioli, P.; Facius, K.; Fakhrutdinov, R. M.; Falciano, S.; Falou, A. C.; Fang, Y.; Fanti, M.; Farbin, A.; Farilla, A.; Farley, J.; Farooque, T.; Farrington, S. M.; Farthouat, P.; Fassi, F.; Fassnacht, P.; Fassouliotis, D.; Fatholahzadeh, B.; Fayard, L.; Fayette, F.; Febbraro, R.; Federic, P.; Fedin, O. L.; Fedorko, I.; Fedorko, W.; Feligioni, L.; Felzmann, C. U.; Feng, C.; Feng, E. J.; Fenyuk, A. B.; Ferencei, J.; Ferland, J.; Fernandes, B.; Fernando, W.; Ferrag, S.; Ferrando, J.; Ferrari, A.; Ferrari, P.; Ferrari, R.; Ferrer, A.; Ferrer, M. L.; Ferrere, D.; Ferretti, C.; Fiascaris, M.; Fiedler, F.; Filipčič, A.; Filippas, A.; Filthaut, F.; Fincke-Keeler, M.; Fiolhais, M. C. N.; Fiorini, L.; Firan, A.; Fischer, G.; Fisher, M. J.; Flechl, M.; Fleck, I.; Fleckner, J.; Fleischmann, P.; Fleischmann, S.; Flick, T.; Flores Castillo, L. R.; Flowerdew, M. J.; Föhlisch, F.; Fokitis, M.; Fonseca Martin, T.; Forbush, D. A.; Formica, A.; Forti, A.; Fortin, D.; Foster, J. M.; Fournier, D.; Foussat, A.; Fowler, A. J.; Fowler, K.; Fox, H.; Francavilla, P.; Franchino, S.; Francis, D.; Franklin, M.; Franz, S.; Fraternali, M.; Fratina, S.; Freestone, J.; French, S. T.; Froeschl, R.; Froidevaux, D.; Frost, J. A.; Fukunaga, C.; Fullana Torregrosa, E.; Fuster, J.; Gabaldon, C.; Gabizon, O.; Gadfort, T.; Gadomski, S.; Gagliardi, G.; Gagnon, P.; Galea, C.; Gallas, E. J.; Gallas, M. V.; Gallop, B. J.; Gallus, P.; Galyaev, E.; Gan, K. K.; Gao, Y. S.; Gaponenko, A.; Garcia-Sciveres, M.; García, C.; García Navarro, J. E.; Gardner, R. W.; Garelli, N.; Garitaonandia, H.; Garonne, V.; Gatti, C.; Gaudio, G.; Gaumer, O.; Gauzzi, P.; Gavrilenko, I. L.; Gay, C.; Gaycken, G.; Gayde, J.-C.; Gazis, E. N.; Ge, P.; Gee, C. N. P.; Geich-Gimbel, Ch.; Gellerstedt, K.; Gemme, C.; Genest, M. H.; Gentile, S.; Georgatos, F.; George, S.; Gerlach, P.; Gershon, A.; Geweniger, C.; Ghazlane, H.; Ghez, P.; Ghodbane, N.; Giacobbe, B.; Giagu, S.; Giakoumopoulou, V.; Giangiobbe, V.; Gianotti, F.; Gibbard, B.; Gibson, A.; Gibson, S. M.; Gilbert, L. M.; Gilchriese, M.; Gilewsky, V.; Gillberg, D.; Gillman, A. R.; Gingrich, D. M.; Ginzburg, J.; Giokaris, N.; Giordani, M. P.; Giordano, R.; Giovannini, P.; Giraud, P. F.; Girtler, P.; Giugni, D.; Giusti, P.; Gjelsten, B. K.; Gladilin, L. K.; Glasman, C.; Glazov, A.; Glitza, K. W.; Glonti, G. L.; Godfrey, J.; Godlewski, J.; Goebel, M.; Göpfert, T.; Goeringer, C.; Gössling, C.; Göttfert, T.; Goggi, V.; Goldfarb, S.; Goldin, D.; Golling, T.; Gollub, N. P.; Gomes, A.; Gomez Fajardo, L. S.; Gonçalo, R.; Gonella, L.; Gong, C.; González de La Hoz, S.; Gonzalez Silva, M. L.; Gonzalez-Sevilla, S.; Goodson, J. J.; Goossens, L.; Gorbounov, P. A.; Gordon, H. A.; Gorelov, I.; Gorfine, G.; Gorini, B.; Gorini, E.; Gorišek, A.; Gornicki, E.; Goryachev, S. V.; Goryachev, V. N.; Gosdzik, B.; Gosselink, M.; Gostkin, M. I.; Gough Eschrich, I.; Gouighri, M.; Goujdami, D.; Goulette, M. P.; Goussiou, A. G.; Goy, C.; Grabowska-Bold, I.; Grafström, P.; Grahn, K.-J.; Granado Cardoso, L.; Grancagnolo, F.; Grancagnolo, S.; Grassi, V.; Gratchev, V.; Grau, N.; Gray, H. M.; Gray, J. A.; Graziani, E.; Green, B.; Greenshaw, T.; Greenwood, Z. D.; Gregor, I. M.; Grenier, P.; Griesmayer, E.; Griffiths, J.; Grigalashvili, N.; Grillo, A. A.; Grimm, K.; Grinstein, S.; Grishkevich, Y. V.; Groer, L. S.; Grognuz, J.; Groh, M.; Groll, M.; Gross, E.; Grosse-Knetter, J.; Groth-Jensen, J.; Grybel, K.; Guarino, V. J.; Guicheney, C.; Guida, A.; Guillemin, T.; Guler, H.; Gunther, J.; Guo, B.; Gupta, A.; Gusakov, Y.; Gutierrez, A.; Gutierrez, P.; Guttman, N.; Gutzwiller, O.; Guyot, C.; Gwenlan, C.; Gwilliam, C. B.; Haas, A.; Haas, S.; Haber, C.; Hackenburg, R.; Hadavand, H. K.; Hadley, D. R.; Haefner, P.; Härtel, R.; Hajduk, Z.; Hakobyan, H.; Haller, J.; Hamacher, K.; Hamilton, A.; Hamilton, S.; Han, H.; Han, L.; Hanagaki, K.; Hance, M.; Handel, C.; Hanke, P.; Hansen, J. R.; Hansen, J. B.; Hansen, J. D.; Hansen, P. H.; Hansl-Kozanecka, T.; Hansson, P.; Hara, K.; Hare, G. A.; Harenberg, T.; Harrington, R. D.; Harris, O. B.; Harris, O. M.; Harrison, K.; Hartert, J.; Hartjes, F.; Haruyama, T.; Harvey, A.; Hasegawa, S.; Hasegawa, Y.; Hashemi, K.; Hassani, S.; Hatch, M.; Haug, F.; Haug, S.; Hauschild, M.; Hauser, R.; Havranek, M.; Hawkes, C. M.; Hawkings, R. J.; Hawkins, D.; Hayakawa, T.; Hayward, H. S.; Haywood, S. J.; He, M.; Head, S. J.; Hedberg, V.; Heelan, L.; Heim, S.; Heinemann, B.; Heisterkamp, S.; Helary, L.; Heller, M.; Hellman, S.; Helsens, C.; Hemperek, T.; Henderson, R. C. W.; Henke, M.; Henrichs, A.; Correia, A. M. Henriques; Henrot-Versille, S.; Hensel, C.; Henß, T.; Hershenhorn, A. D.; Herten, G.; Hertenberger, R.; Hervas, L.; Hessey, N. P.; Hidvegi, A.; Higón-Rodriguez, E.; Hill, D.; Hill, J. C.; Hiller, K. H.; Hillier, S. J.; Hinchliffe, I.; Hirose, M.; Hirsch, F.; Hobbs, J.; Hod, N.; Hodgkinson, M. C.; Hodgson, P.; Hoecker, A.; Hoeferkamp, M. R.; Hoffman, J.; Hoffmann, D.; Hohlfeld, M.; Holmgren, S. O.; Holy, T.; Holzbauer, J. L.; Homma, Y.; Homola, P.; Horazdovsky, T.; Hori, T.; Horn, C.; Horner, S.; Horvat, S.; Hostachy, J.-Y.; Hou, S.; Houlden, M. A.; Hoummada, A.; Howe, T.; Hrivnac, J.; Hryn'ova, T.; Hsu, P. J.; Hsu, S.-C.; Huang, G. S.; Hubacek, Z.; Hubaut, F.; Huegging, F.; Hughes, E. W.; Hughes, G.; Hughes-Jones, R. E.; Hurst, P.; Hurwitz, M.; Husemann, U.; Huseynov, N.; Huston, J.; Huth, J.; Iacobucci, G.; Iakovidis, G.; Ibragimov, I.; Iconomidou-Fayard, L.; Idarraga, J.; Iengo, P.; Igonkina, O.; Ikegami, Y.; Ikeno, M.; Ilchenko, Y.; Iliadis, D.; Ilyushenka, Y.; Imori, M.; Ince, T.; Ioannou, P.; Iodice, M.; Irles Quiles, A.; Ishikawa, A.; Ishino, M.; Ishmukhametov, R.; Isobe, T.; Issakov, V.; Issever, C.; Istin, S.; Itoh, Y.; Ivashin, A. V.; Iwanski, W.; Iwasaki, H.; Izen, J. M.; Izzo, V.; Jackson, J. N.; Jackson, P.; Jaekel, M.; Jahoda, M.; Jain, V.; Jakobs, K.; Jakobsen, S.; Jakubek, J.; Jana, D.; Jansen, E.; Jantsch, A.; Janus, M.; Jared, R. C.; Jarlskog, G.; Jarron, P.; Jeanty, L.; Jelen, K.; Jen-La Plante, I.; Jenni, P.; Jez, P.; Jézéquel, S.; Ji, W.; Jia, J.; Jiang, Y.; Jimenez Belenguer, M.; Jin, G.; Jin, S.; Jinnouchi, O.; Joffe, D.; Johansen, M.; Johansson, K. E.; Johansson, P.; Johnert, S.; Johns, K. A.; Jon-And, K.; Jones, G.; Jones, R. W. L.; Jones, T. W.; Jones, T. J.; Jonsson, O.; Joos, D.; Joram, C.; Jorge, P. M.; Juranek, V.; Jussel, P.; Kabachenko, V. V.; Kabana, S.; Kaci, M.; Kaczmarska, A.; Kado, M.; Kagan, H.; Kagan, M.; Kaiser, S.; Kajomovitz, E.; Kalinovskaya, L. V.; Kalinowski, A.; Kama, S.; Kanaya, N.; Kaneda, M.; Kantserov, V. A.; Kanzaki, J.; Kaplan, B.; Kapliy, A.; Kaplon, J.; Karagounis, M.; Karagoz Unel, M.; Kartvelishvili, V.; Karyukhin, A. N.; Kashif, L.; Kasmi, A.; Kass, R. D.; Kastanas, A.; Kastoryano, M.; Kataoka, M.; Kataoka, Y.; Katsoufis, E.; Katzy, J.; Kaushik, V.; Kawagoe, K.; Kawamoto, T.; Kawamura, G.; Kayl, M. S.; Kayumov, F.; Kazanin, V. A.; Kazarinov, M. Y.; Kazi, S. I.; Keates, J. R.; Keeler, R.; Keener, P. T.; Kehoe, R.; Keil, M.; Kekelidze, G. D.; Kelly, M.; Kennedy, J.; Kenyon, M.; Kepka, O.; Kerschen, N.; Kerševan, B. P.; Kersten, S.; Kessoku, K.; Khakzad, M.; Khalil-Zada, F.; Khandanyan, H.; Khanov, A.; Kharchenko, D.; Khodinov, A.; Kholodenko, A. G.; Khomich, A.; Khoriauli, G.; Khovanskiy, N.; Khovanskiy, V.; Khramov, E.; Khubua, J.; Kilvington, G.; Kim, H.; Kim, M. S.; Kim, P. C.; Kim, S. H.; Kind, O.; Kind, P.; King, B. T.; Kirk, J.; Kirsch, G. P.; Kirsch, L. E.; Kiryunin, A. E.; Kisielewska, D.; Kittelmann, T.; Kiyamura, H.; Kladiva, E.; Klein, M.; Klein, U.; Kleinknecht, K.; Klemetti, M.; Klier, A.; Klimentov, A.; Klingenberg, R.; Klinkby, E. B.; Klioutchnikova, T.; Klok, P. F.; Klous, S.; Kluge, E.-E.; Kluge, T.; Kluit, P.; Klute, M.; Kluth, S.; Knecht, N. S.; Kneringer, E.; Ko, B. R.; Kobayashi, T.; Kobel, M.; Koblitz, B.; Kocian, M.; Kocnar, A.; Kodys, P.; Köneke, K.; König, A. C.; Köpke, L.; Koetsveld, F.; Koevesarki, P.; Koffas, T.; Koffeman, E.; Kohn, F.; Kohout, Z.; Kohriki, T.; Kokott, T.; Kolanoski, H.; Kolesnikov, V.; Koletsou, I.; Koll, J.; Kollar, D.; Kolos, S.; Kolya, S. D.; Komar, A. A.; Komaragiri, J. R.; Kondo, T.; Kono, T.; Kononov, A. I.; Konoplich, R.; Konovalov, S. 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C.; Lenz, T.; Lenzen, G.; Lenzi, B.; Leonhardt, K.; Leroy, C.; Lessard, J.-R.; Lester, C. G.; Leung Fook Cheong, A.; Levêque, J.; Levin, D.; Levinson, L. J.; Levitski, M. S.; Levonian, S.; Lewandowska, M.; Leyton, M.; Li, H.; Li, J.; Li, S.; Li, X.; Liang, Z.; Liang, Z.; Liberti, B.; Lichard, P.; Lichtnecker, M.; Lie, K.; Liebig, W.; Liko, D.; Lilley, J. N.; Lim, H.; Limosani, A.; Limper, M.; Lin, S. C.; Lindsay, S. W.; Linhart, V.; Linnemann, J. T.; Liolios, A.; Lipeles, E.; Lipinsky, L.; Lipniacka, A.; Liss, T. M.; Lissauer, D.; Litke, A. M.; Liu, C.; Liu, D.; Liu, H.; Liu, J. B.; Liu, M.; Liu, S.; Liu, T.; Liu, Y.; Livan, M.; Lleres, A.; Lloyd, S. L.; Lobodzinska, E.; Loch, P.; Lockman, W. S.; Lockwitz, S.; Loddenkoetter, T.; Loebinger, F. K.; Loginov, A.; Loh, C. W.; Lohse, T.; Lohwasser, K.; Lokajicek, M.; Loken, J.; Lopes, L.; Lopez Mateos, D.; Losada, M.; Loscutoff, P.; Losty, M. J.; Lou, X.; Lounis, A.; Loureiro, K. F.; Lovas, L.; Love, J.; Love, P.; Lowe, A. J.; Lu, F.; Lu, J.; Lubatti, H. J.; Luci, C.; Lucotte, A.; Ludwig, A.; Ludwig, D.; Ludwig, I.; Ludwig, J.; Luehring, F.; Luisa, L.; Lumb, D.; Luminari, L.; Lund, E.; Lund-Jensen, B.; Lundberg, B.; Lundberg, J.; Lundquist, J.; Lutz, G.; Lynn, D.; Lys, J.; Lytken, E.; Ma, H.; Ma, L. L.; Maccarrone, G.; Macchiolo, A.; Maček, B.; Miguens, J. Machado; Mackeprang, R.; Madaras, R. J.; Mader, W. F.; Maenner, R.; Maeno, T.; Mättig, P.; Mättig, S.; Magalhaes Martins, P. J.; Magradze, E.; Magrath, C. A.; Mahalalel, Y.; Mahboubi, K.; Mahmood, A.; Mahout, G.; Maiani, C.; Maidantchik, C.; Maio, A.; Majewski, S.; Makida, Y.; Makouski, M.; Makovec, N.; Malecki, Pa.; Malecki, P.; Maleev, V. P.; Malek, F.; Mallik, U.; Malon, D.; Maltezos, S.; Malyshev, V.; Malyukov, S.; Mambelli, M.; Mameghani, R.; Mamuzic, J.; Manabe, A.; Mandelli, L.; Mandić, I.; Mandrysch, R.; Maneira, J.; Mangeard, P. S.; Manjavidze, I. D.; Manousakis-Katsikakis, A.; Mansoulie, B.; Mapelli, A.; Mapelli, L.; March, L.; Marchand, J. F.; Marchese, F.; Marcisovsky, M.; Marino, C. P.; Marques, C. N.; Marroquim, F.; Marshall, R.; Marshall, Z.; Martens, F. K.; Marti I Garcia, S.; Martin, A. J.; Martin, A. J.; Martin, B.; Martin, B.; Martin, F. F.; Martin, J. P.; Martin, T. A.; Martin Dit Latour, B.; Martinez, M.; Martinez Outschoorn, V.; Martini, A.; Martynenko, V.; Martyniuk, A. C.; Maruyama, T.; Marzano, F.; Marzin, A.; Masetti, L.; Mashimo, T.; Mashinistov, R.; Masik, J.; Maslennikov, A. L.; Massaro, G.; Massol, N.; Mastroberardino, A.; Masubuchi, T.; Mathes, M.; Matricon, P.; Matsumoto, H.; Matsunaga, H.; Matsushita, T.; Mattravers, C.; Maxfield, S. J.; May, E. N.; Mayne, A.; Mazini, R.; Mazur, M.; Mazzanti, M.; Mazzanti, P.; Mc Donald, J.; Mc Kee, S. P.; McCarn, A.; McCarthy, R. L.; McCubbin, N. A.; McFarlane, K. W.; McGlone, H.; McHedlidze, G.; McLaren, R. A.; McMahon, S. J.; McMahon, T. R.; McPherson, R. A.; Meade, A.; Mechnich, J.; Mechtel, M.; Medinnis, M.; Meera-Lebbai, R.; Meguro, T. M.; Mehdiyev, R.; Mehlhase, S.; Mehta, A.; Meier, K.; Meirose, B.; Melamed-Katz, A.; Mellado Garcia, B. R.; Meng, Z.; Menke, S.; Meoni, E.; Merkl, D.; Mermod, P.; Merola, L.; Meroni, C.; Merritt, F. S.; Messina, A. M.; Messmer, I.; Metcalfe, J.; Mete, A. S.; Meyer, J.-P.; Meyer, J.; Meyer, T. C.; Meyer, W. T.; Miao, J.; Micu, L.; Middleton, R. P.; Migas, S.; Mijović, L.; Mikenberg, G.; Mikuž, M.; Miller, D. W.; Mills, W. J.; Mills, C. M.; Milov, A.; Milstead, D. A.; Minaenko, A. A.; Miñano, M.; Minashvili, I. A.; Mincer, A. I.; Mindur, B.; Mineev, M.; Mir, L. M.; Mirabelli, G.; Misawa, S.; Miscetti, S.; Misiejuk, A.; Mitrevski, J.; Mitsou, V. A.; Miyagawa, P. S.; Mjörnmark, J. U.; Mladenov, D.; Moa, T.; Mockett, P.; Moed, S.; Moeller, V.; Mönig, K.; Möser, N.; Mohn, B.; Mohr, W.; Mohrdieck-Möck, S.; Moles-Valls, R.; Molina-Perez, J.; Moloney, G.; Monk, J.; Monnier, E.; Montesano, S.; Monticelli, F.; Moore, R. W.; Herrera, C. 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B.; Nicolaidou, R.; Nicolas, L.; Nicoletti, G.; Niedercorn, F.; Nielsen, J.; Nikiforov, A.; Nikolaev, K.; Nikolic-Audit, I.; Nikolopoulos, K.; Nilsen, H.; Nilsson, P.; Nisati, A.; Nishiyama, T.; Nisius, R.; Nodulman, L.; Nomachi, M.; Nomidis, I.; Nomoto, H.; Nordberg, M.; Nordkvist, B.; Notz, D.; Novakova, J.; Nozaki, M.; Nožička, M.; Nugent, I. M.; Nuncio-Quiroz, A.-E.; Nunes Hanninger, G.; Nunnemann, T.; Nurse, E.; O'Neil, D. C.; O'Shea, V.; Oakham, F. G.; Oberlack, H.; Ochi, A.; Oda, S.; Odaka, S.; Odier, J.; Odino, G. A.; Ogren, H.; Oh, S. H.; Ohm, C. C.; Ohshima, T.; Ohshita, H.; Ohsugi, T.; Okada, S.; Okawa, H.; Okumura, Y.; Olcese, M.; Olchevski, A. G.; Oliveira, M.; Oliveira Damazio, D.; Oliver, J.; Oliver Garcia, E.; Olivito, D.; Olszewski, A.; Olszowska, J.; Omachi, C.; Onofre, A.; Onyisi, P. U. E.; Oram, C. J.; Ordonez, G.; Oreglia, M. J.; Oren, Y.; Orestano, D.; Orlov, I.; Oropeza Barrera, C.; Orr, R. S.; Ortega, E. O.; Osculati, B.; Osuna, C.; Otec, R.; P Ottersbach, J.; Ould-Saada, F.; Ouraou, A.; Ouyang, Q.; Owen, M.; Owen, S.; Ozcan, V. E.; Ozone, K.; Ozturk, N.; Pacheco Pages, A.; Padhi, S.; Padilla Aranda, C.; Paganis, E.; Pahl, C.; Paige, F.; Pajchel, K.; Pal, A.; Palestini, S.; Pallin, D.; Palma, A.; Palmer, J. D.; Pan, Y. B.; Panagiotopoulou, E.; Panes, B.; Panikashvili, N.; Panitkin, S.; Pantea, D.; Panuskova, M.; Paolone, V.; Papadopoulou, Th. D.; Park, S. J.; Park, W.; Parker, M. A.; Parker, S. I.; Parodi, F.; Parsons, J. A.; Parzefall, U.; Pasqualucci, E.; Passardi, G.; Passeri, A.; Pastore, F.; Pastore, Fr.; Pásztor, G.; Pataraia, S.; Pater, J. R.; Patricelli, S.; Patwa, A.; Pauly, T.; Peak, L. S.; Pecsy, M.; Pedraza Morales, M. I.; Peleganchuk, S. V.; Peng, H.; Penson, A.; Penwell, J.; Perantoni, M.; Perez, K.; Perez Codina, E.; Pérez García-Estañ, M. T.; Perez Reale, V.; Perini, L.; Pernegger, H.; Perrino, R.; Perrodo, P.; Persembe, S.; Perus, P.; Peshekhonov, V. D.; Petersen, B. A.; Petersen, J.; Petersen, T. C.; Petit, E.; Petridou, C.; Petrolo, E.; Petrucci, F.; Petschull, D.; Petteni, M.; Pezoa, R.; Pfeifer, B.; Phan, A.; Phillips, A. W.; Piacquadio, G.; Piccinini, M.; Piegaia, R.; Pilcher, J. E.; Pilkington, A. D.; Pina, J.; Pinamonti, M.; Pinfold, J. L.; Ping, J.; Pinto, B.; Pirotte, O.; Pizio, C.; Placakyte, R.; Plamondon, M.; Plano, W. G.; Pleier, M.-A.; Poblaguev, A.; Poddar, S.; Podlyski, F.; Poffenberger, P.; Poggioli, L.; Pohl, M.; Polci, F.; Polesello, G.; Policicchio, A.; Polini, A.; Poll, J.; Polychronakos, V.; Pomarede, D. M.; Pomeroy, D.; Pommès, K.; Pontecorvo, L.; Pope, B. G.; Popovic, D. S.; Poppleton, A.; Popule, J.; Portell Bueso, X.; Porter, R.; Pospelov, G. E.; Pospichal, P.; Pospisil, S.; Potekhin, M.; Potrap, I. N.; Potter, C. J.; Potter, C. T.; Potter, K. P.; Poulard, G.; Poveda, J.; Prabhu, R.; Pralavorio, P.; Prasad, S.; Pravahan, R.; Preda, T.; Pretzl, K.; Pribyl, L.; Price, D.; Price, L. E.; Prichard, P. M.; Prieur, D.; Primavera, M.; Prokofiev, K.; Prokoshin, F.; Protopopescu, S.; Proudfoot, J.; Prudent, X.; Przysiezniak, H.; Psoroulas, S.; Ptacek, E.; Puigdengoles, C.; Purdham, J.; Purohit, M.; Puzo, P.; Pylypchenko, Y.; Qi, M.; Qian, J.; Qian, W.; Qian, Z.; Qin, Z.; Qing, D.; Quadt, A.; Quarrie, D. R.; Quayle, W. B.; Quinonez, F.; Raas, M.; Radeka, V.; Radescu, V.; Radics, B.; Rador, T.; Ragusa, F.; Rahal, G.; Rahimi, A. M.; Rahm, D.; Rajagopalan, S.; Rammes, M.; Ratoff, P. N.; Rauscher, F.; Rauter, E.; Raymond, M.; Read, A. L.; Rebuzzi, D. M.; Redelbach, A.; Redlinger, G.; Reece, R.; Reeves, K.; Reinherz-Aronis, E.; Reinsch, A.; Reisinger, I.; Reljic, D.; Rembser, C.; Ren, Z. L.; Renkel, P.; Rescia, S.; Rescigno, M.; Resconi, S.; Resende, B.; Reznicek, P.; Rezvani, R.; Richards, A.; Richards, R. A.; Richter, D.; Richter, R.; Richter-Was, E.; Ridel, M.; Rieke, S.; Rijpstra, M.; Rijssenbeek, M.; Rimoldi, A.; Rinaldi, L.; Rios, R. R.; Riu, I.; Rivoltella, G.; Rizatdinova, F.; Rizvi, E. R.; Roa Romero, D. A.; Robertson, S. H.; Robichaud-Veronneau, A.; Robinson, D.; Robinson, M.; Robson, A.; Rocha de Lima, J. G.; Roda, C.; Rodriguez, D.; Rodriguez Garcia, Y.; Roe, S.; Røhne, O.; Rojo, V.; Rolli, S.; Romaniouk, A.; Romanov, V. M.; Romeo, G.; Romero Maltrana, D.; Roos, L.; Ros, E.; Rosati, S.; Rosenbaum, G. A.; Rosenberg, E. I.; Rosselet, L.; Rossi, L. P.; Rotaru, M.; Rothberg, J.; Rottländer, I.; Rousseau, D.; Royon, C. R.; Rozanov, A.; Rozen, Y.; Ruan, X.; Ruckert, B.; Ruckstuhl, N.; Rud, V. I.; Rudolph, G.; Rühr, F.; Ruggieri, F.; Ruiz-Martinez, A.; Rumyantsev, L.; Rusakovich, N. A.; Rutherfoord, J. P.; Ruwiedel, C.; Ruzicka, P.; Ryabov, Y. F.; Ryadovikov, V.; Ryan, P.; Rybkin, G.; Rzaeva, S.; Saavedra, A. F.; Sadrozinski, H. F.-W.; Sadykov, R.; Sakamoto, H.; Salamanna, G.; Salamon, A.; Saleem, M.; Salihagic, D.; Salnikov, A.; Salt, J.; Salvachua Ferrando, B. M.; Salvatore, D.; Salvatore, F.; Salvucci, A.; Salzburger, A.; Sampsonidis, D.; Samset, B. H.; Sanchis Lozano, M. A.; Sandaker, H.; Sander, H. G.; Sanders, M. P.; Sandhoff, M.; Sandstroem, R.; Sandvoss, S.; Sankey, D. P. C.; Sanny, B.; Sansoni, A.; Santamarina Rios, C.; Santi, L.; Santoni, C.; Santonico, R.; Santos, D.; Santos, J.; Saraiva, J. G.; Sarangi, T.; Sarkisyan-Grinbaum, E.; Sarri, F.; Sasaki, O.; Sasaki, T.; Sasao, N.; Satsounkevitch, I.; Sauvage, G.; Savard, P.; Savine, A. Y.; Savinov, V.; Sawyer, L.; Saxon, D. H.; Says, L. P.; Sbarra, C.; Sbrizzi, A.; Scannicchio, D. A.; Schaarschmidt, J.; Schacht, P.; Schäfer, U.; Schaetzel, S.; Schaffer, A. C.; Schaile, D.; Schamberger, R. D.; Schamov, A. G.; Schegelsky, V. A.; Scheirich, D.; Schernau, M.; Scherzer, M. I.; Schiavi, C.; Schieck, J.; Schioppa, M.; Schlenker, S.; Schlereth, J. L.; Schmid, P.; Schmidt, M. P.; Schmieden, K.; Schmitt, C.; Schmitz, M.; Schott, M.; Schouten, D.; Schovancova, J.; Schram, M.; Schreiner, A.; Schroeder, C.; Schroer, N.; Schroers, M.; Schuler, G.; Schultes, J.; Schultz-Coulon, H.-C.; Schumacher, J.; Schumacher, M.; Schumm, B. A.; Schune, Ph.; Schwanenberger, C.; Schwartzman, A.; Schwemling, Ph.; Schwienhorst, R.; Schwierz, R.; Schwindling, J.; Scott, W. G.; Searcy, J.; Sedykh, E.; Segura, E.; Seidel, S. C.; Seiden, A.; Seifert, F.; Seixas, J. M.; Sekhniaidze, G.; Seliverstov, D. M.; Sellden, B.; Seman, M.; Semprini-Cesari, N.; Serfon, C.; Serin, L.; Seuster, R.; Severini, H.; Sevior, M. E.; Sfyrla, A.; Shamim, M.; Shan, L. Y.; Shank, J. T.; Shao, Q. T.; Shapiro, M.; Shatalov, P. B.; Shaver, L.; Shaw, C.; Shaw, K.; Sherman, D.; Sherwood, P.; Shibata, A.; Shimojima, M.; Shin, T.; Shmeleva, A.; Shochet, M. J.; Shupe, M. A.; Sicho, P.; Sidoti, A.; Siebel, A.; Siegert, F.; Siegrist, J.; Sijacki, Dj.; Silbert, O.; Silva, J.; Silver, Y.; Silverstein, D.; Silverstein, S. B.; Simak, V.; Simic, Lj.; Simion, S.; Simmons, B.; Simonyan, M.; Sinervo, P.; Sinev, N. B.; Sipica, V.; Siragusa, G.; Sisakyan, A. N.; Sivoklokov, S. Yu.; Sjoelin, J.; Sjursen, T. B.; Skubic, P.; Skvorodnev, N.; Slater, M.; Slavicek, T.; Sliwa, K.; Sloper, J.; Sluka, T.; Smakhtin, V.; Smirnov, S. Yu.; Smirnov, Y.; Smirnova, L. N.; Smirnova, O.; Smith, B. C.; Smith, D.; Smith, K. M.; Smizanska, M.; Smolek, K.; Snesarev, A. A.; Snow, S. W.; Snow, J.; Snuverink, J.; Snyder, S.; Soares, M.; Sobie, R.; Sodomka, J.; Soffer, A.; Solans, C. A.; Solar, M.; Solfaroli Camillocci, E.; Solodkov, A. A.; Solovyanov, O. V.; Soluk, R.; Sondericker, J.; Sopko, V.; Sopko, B.; Sosebee, M.; Sosnovtsev, V. V.; Sospedra Suay, L.; Soukharev, A.; Spagnolo, S.; Spanò, F.; Speckmayer, P.; Spencer, E.; Spighi, R.; Spigo, G.; Spila, F.; Spiwoks, R.; Spousta, M.; Spreitzer, T.; Spurlock, B.; Denis, R. D. St.; Stahl, T.; Stamen, R.; Stancu, S. N.; Stanecka, E.; Stanek, R. W.; Stanescu, C.; Stapnes, S.; Starchenko, E. A.; Stark, J.; Staroba, P.; Starovoitov, P.; Stastny, J.; Staude, A.; Stavina, P.; Stavropoulos, G.; Steinbach, P.; Steinberg, P.; Stekl, I.; Stelzer, B.; Stelzer, H. J.; Stelzer-Chilton, O.; Stenzel, H.; Stevenson, K.; Stewart, G.; Stockton, M. C.; Stoerig, K.; Stoicea, G.; Stonjek, S.; Strachota, P.; Stradling, A.; Straessner, A.; Strandberg, J.; Strandberg, S.; Strandlie, A.; Strauss, M.; Strizenec, P.; Ströhmer, R.; Strom, D. M.; Strong, J. A.; Stroynowski, R.; Strube, J.; Stugu, B.; Stumer, I.; Soh, D. A.; Su, D.; Suchkov, S. I.; Sugaya, Y.; Sugimoto, T.; Suhr, C.; Suk, M.; Sulin, V. V.; Sultansoy, S.; Sumida, T.; Sun, X.; Sundermann, J. E.; Suruliz, K.; Sushkov, S.; Susinno, G.; Sutton, M. R.; Suzuki, T.; Suzuki, Y.; Sviridov, Yu. M.; Sykora, I.; Sykora, T.; Szymocha, T.; Sánchez, J.; Ta, D.; Tackmann, K.; Taffard, A.; Tafirout, R.; Taga, A.; Takahashi, Y.; Takai, H.; Takashima, R.; Takeda, H.; Takeshita, T.; Talby, M.; Talyshev, A.; Tamsett, M. C.; Tanaka, J.; Tanaka, R.; Tanaka, S.; Tanaka, S.; Tappern, G. P.; Tapprogge, S.; Tardif, D.; Tarem, S.; Tarrade, F.; Tartarelli, G. F.; Tas, P.; Tasevsky, M.; Tassi, E.; Taylor, C.; Taylor, F. E.; Taylor, G. N.; Taylor, R. P.; Taylor, W.; Teixeira-Dias, P.; Ten Kate, H.; Teng, P. K.; Terada, S.; Terashi, K.; Terron, J.; Terwort, M.; Testa, M.; Teuscher, R. J.; Tevlin, C. M.; Thadome, J.; Thananuwong, R.; Thioye, M.; Thoma, S.; Thomas, J. P.; Thomas, T. L.; Thompson, E. N.; Thompson, P. D.; Thompson, P. D.; Thompson, R. J.; Thompson, A. S.; Thomson, E.; Thun, R. P.; Tic, T.; Tikhomirov, V. O.; Tikhonov, Y. A.; Timmermans, C. J. W. P.; Tipton, P.; Tique Aires Viegas, F. J.; Tisserant, S.; Tobias, J.; Toczek, B.; Todorov, T.; Todorova-Nova, S.; Toggerson, B.; Tojo, J.; Tokár, S.; Tokushuku, K.; Tollefson, K.; Tomasek, L.; Tomasek, M.; Tomasz, F.; Tomoto, M.; Tompkins, D.; Tompkins, L.; Toms, K.; Tong, G.; Tonoyan, A.; Topfel, C.; Topilin, N. D.; Torrence, E.; Torró Pastor, E.; Toth, J.; Touchard, F.; Tovey, D. R.; Tovey, S. N.; Trefzger, T.; Tremblet, L.; Tricoli, A.; Trigger, I. M.; Trincaz-Duvoid, S.; Trinh, T. N.; Tripiana, M. F.; Triplett, N.; Trivedi, A.; Trocmé, B.; Troncon, C.; Trzupek, A.; Tsarouchas, C.; Tseng, J. C.-L.; Tsiafis, I.; Tsiakiris, M.; Tsiareshka, P. V.; Tsionou, D.; Tsipolitis, G.; Tsiskaridze, V.; Tskhadadze, E. G.; Tsukerman, I. I.; Tsulaia, V.; Tsung, J.-W.; Tsuno, S.; Tsybychev, D.; Turala, M.; Turecek, D.; Turk Cakir, I.; Turlay, E.; Tuts, P. M.; Twomey, M. S.; Tylmad, M.; Tyndel, M.; Tzanakos, G.; Uchida, K.; Ueda, I.; Uhlenbrock, M.; Uhrmacher, M.; Ukegawa, F.; Unal, G.; Underwood, D. G.; Undrus, A.; Unel, G.; Unno, Y.; Urbaniec, D.; Urkovsky, E.; Urquijo, P.; Urrejola, P.; Usai, G.; Uslenghi, M.; Vacavant, L.; Vacek, V.; Vachon, B.; Vahsen, S.; Valenta, J.; Valente, P.; Valentinetti, S.; Valkar, S.; Valladolid Gallego, E.; Vallecorsa, S.; Valls Ferrer, J. A.; van Berg, R.; van der Graaf, H.; van der Kraaij, E.; van der Poel, E.; van der Ster, D.; van Eldik, N.; van Gemmeren, P.; van Kesteren, Z.; van Vulpen, I.; Vandelli, W.; Vandoni, G.; Vaniachine, A.; Vankov, P.; Vannucci, F.; Varela Rodriguez, F.; Vari, R.; Varnes, E. W.; Varouchas, D.; Vartapetian, A.; Varvell, K. E.; Vasilyeva, L.; Vassilakopoulos, V. I.; Vazeille, F.; Vegni, G.; Veillet, J. J.; Vellidis, C.; Veloso, F.; Veness, R.; Veneziano, S.; Ventura, A.; Ventura, D.; Venturi, M.; Venturi, N.; Vercesi, V.; Verducci, M.; Verkerke, W.; Vermeulen, J. C.; Vetterli, M. C.; Vichou, I.; Vickey, T.; Viehhauser, G. H. A.; Villa, M.; Villani, E. G.; Villaplana Perez, M.; Villate, J.; Vilucchi, E.; Vincter, M. G.; Vinek, E.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Viret, S.; Virzi, J.; Vitale, A.; Vitells, O. V.; Vivarelli, I.; Vives Vaques, F.; Vlachos, S.; Vlasak, M.; Vlasov, N.; Vogt, H.; Vokac, P.; Volpi, M.; Volpini, G.; von der Schmitt, H.; von Loeben, J.; von Radziewski, H.; von Toerne, E.; Vorobel, V.; Vorobiev, A. P.; Vorwerk, V.; Vos, M.; Voss, R.; Voss, T. T.; Vossebeld, J. H.; Vranjes, N.; Vranjes Milosavljevic, M.; Vrba, V.; Vreeswijk, M.; Vu Anh, T.; Vudragovic, D.; Vuillermet, R.; Vukotic, I.; Wagner, P.; Wahlen, H.; Walbersloh, J.; Walder, J.; Walker, R.; Walkowiak, W.; Wall, R.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Wang, J.; Wang, J. C.; Wang, S. M.; Ward, C. P.; Warsinsky, M.; Wastie, R.; Watkins, P. M.; Watson, A. T.; Watson, M. F.; Watts, G.; Watts, S.; Waugh, A. T.; Waugh, B. M.; Webel, M.; Weber, J.; Weber, M. D.; Weber, M.; Weber, M. S.; Weber, P.; Weidberg, A. R.; Weingarten, J.; Weiser, C.; Wellenstein, H.; Wells, P. S.; Wen, M.; Wenaus, T.; Wendler, S.; Wengler, T.; Wenig, S.; Wermes, N.; Werner, M.; Werner, P.; Werth, M.; Werthenbach, U.; Wessels, M.; Whalen, K.; Wheeler-Ellis, S. J.; Whitaker, S. P.; White, A.; White, M. J.; White, S.; Whiteson, D.; Whittington, D.; Wicek, F.; Wicke, D.; Wickens, F. J.; Wiedenmann, W.; Wielers, M.; Wienemann, P.; Wiglesworth, C.; Wiik, L. A. M.; Wildauer, A.; Wildt, M. A.; Wilhelm, I.; Wilkens, H. G.; Williams, E.; Williams, H. H.; Willis, W.; Willocq, S.; Wilson, J. A.; Wilson, M. G.; Wilson, A.; Wingerter-Seez, I.; Winklmeier, F.; Wittgen, M.; Wolter, M. W.; Wolters, H.; Wosiek, B. K.; Wotschack, J.; Woudstra, M. J.; Wraight, K.; Wright, C.; Wright, D.; Wrona, B.; Wu, S. L.; Wu, X.; Wulf, E.; Xella, S.; Xie, S.; Xie, Y.; Xu, D.; Xu, N.; Yamada, M.; Yamamoto, A.; Yamamoto, S.; Yamamura, T.; Yamanaka, K.; Yamaoka, J.; Yamazaki, T.; Yamazaki, Y.; Yan, Z.; Yang, H.; Yang, U. K.; Yang, Y.; Yang, Z.; Yao, W.-M.; Yao, Y.; Yasu, Y.; Ye, J.; Ye, S.; Yilmaz, M.; Yoosoofmiya, R.; Yorita, K.; Yoshida, R.; Young, C.; Youssef, S. P.; Yu, D.; Yu, J.; Yu, M.; Yu, X.; Yuan, J.; Yuan, L.; Yurkewicz, A.; Zaidan, R.; Zaitsev, A. M.; Zajacova, Z.; Zambrano, V.; Zanello, L.; Zarzhitsky, P.; Zaytsev, A.; Zeitnitz, C.; Zeller, M.; Zema, P. F.; Zemla, A.; Zendler, C.; Zenin, O.; Zenis, T.; Zenonos, Z.; Zenz, S.; Zerwas, D.; Zevi Della Porta, G.; Zhan, Z.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, L.; Zhao, T.; Zhao, Z.; Zhemchugov, A.; Zheng, S.; Zhong, J.; Zhou, B.; Zhou, N.; Zhou, Y.; Zhu, C. G.; Zhu, H.; Zhu, Y.; Zhuang, X.; Zhuravlov, V.; Zilka, B.; Zimmermann, R.; Zimmermann, S.; Zimmermann, S.; Ziolkowski, M.; Zitoun, R.; Živković, L.; Zmouchko, V. V.; Zobernig, G.; Zoccoli, A.; Zur Nedden, M.; Zutshi, V.

2010-12-01

The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter has been operating continuously since August 2006. At this time, only part of the calorimeter was readout, but since the beginning of 2008, all calorimeter cells have been connected to the ATLAS readout system in preparation for LHC collisions. This paper gives an overview of the liquid argon calorimeter performance measured in situ with random triggers, calibration data, cosmic muons, and LHC beam splash events. Results on the detector operation, timing performance, electronics noise, and gain stability are presented. High energy deposits from radiative cosmic muons and beam splash events allow to check the intrinsic constant term of the energy resolution. The uniformity of the electromagnetic barrel calorimeter response along η (averaged over φ) is measured at the percent level using minimum ionizing cosmic muons. Finally, studies of electromagnetic showers from radiative muons have been used to cross-check the Monte Carlo simulation. The performance results obtained using the ATLAS readout, data acquisition, and reconstruction software indicate that the liquid argon calorimeter is well-prepared for collisions at the dawn of the LHC era.

Splash and grab: biomechanics of peridiole ejection and function of the funicular cord in bird's nest fungi.

PubMed

Hassett, Maribeth O; Fischer, Mark W F; Sugawara, Zachary T; Stolze-Rybczynski, Jessica; Money, Nicholas P

2013-10-01

The bird's nest fungi (Basidiomycota, Agaricales) package millions of spores into peridioles that are splashed from their basidiomata by the impact of raindrops. In this study we report new information on the discharge mechanism in Crucibulum and Cyathus species revealed with high-speed video. Peridioles were ejected at speeds of 1-5 m per second utilizing less than 2 % of the kinetic energy in falling raindrops. Raindrops that hit the rim of the basidiome were most effective at ejecting peridioles. The mean angle of ejection varied from 67 to 73° and the peridioles travelled over an estimated maximum horizontal distance of 1 m. Each peridiole carried a cord or funiculus that remained in a condensed form during flight. The cord unravelled when its adhesive surface stuck to a surrounding obstacle and acted as a brake that quickly reduced the velocity of the projectile. In nature, this elaborate mechanism tethers peridioles to vegetation in a perfect location for browsing by herbivores. Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.

Detecting Reddening by Dust for Star Clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cohn, Amy; Dorman, C.; Guhathakurta, P.; PHAT Collaboration

2014-01-01

We have developed a technique to detect reddening by interstellar dust of star clusters in the Andromeda Galaxy, using Hubble Space Telescope ACS/WFC imaging in B and I and spectroscopic data from Keck II DEIMOS spectrograph. These data are from the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury (PHAT) and Spectroscopic and Panchromatic Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo (SPLASH) surveys. We compared the observed color indices from the PHAT data to the intrinsic color indices quantitatively inferred from a chi-squared goodness of fit comparison between the SPLASH data and a library of template spectra, to detect reddening. The spectral comparison utilizes the strength of the titanium oxide bands. This technique will be applied to an additional 150 star clusters, in Andromeda, to determine the amount of reddening they have experienced. It will also be used as part of the process of correcting for the reddening, developing a reddening law, and learning more about the physical properties of the dust. This research was carried out under the auspices of UCSC's Science Internship Program. We thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the National Science Foundation for funding support.

Effects of Congo red on the drag reduction properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous solution based on drop impact images.

PubMed

Alkschbirs, Melissa I; Bizotto, Vanessa C; de Oliveira, Marcelo G; Sabadini, Edvaldo

2004-12-21

The presence of very small amounts (ppm) of high-MW polymers in solution produces high levels of drag reduction in a turbulent flow. This phenomenon, often termed as the Toms effect, is highly dependent not only on MW, but also on the flexibility of the macromolecular chain. The Toms effect can be studied through the images of the structures produced after the drop impact against shallow solution surfaces. The splash structures composed of crown, cavity, and Rayleigh jet are highly dependent on the elongational properties of the solution. This work presents the effects of Congo red on the drag reduction properties of poly(ethylene oxide) in aqueous solutions through the analysis of splash structures. Results obtained in this analysis indicate that Congo red molecules act as physical cross-linking agents, decreasing the polymer elasticity and its drag reduction capacity. It was observed that the maximum height of the Rayleigh jet can be used as a sensitive parameter to the complexation between the dye and the polymer molecules.

Adhering grains and surface features on two Itokawa particles

DOE PAGES

Dobrica, E.; Ogliore, R. C.

2016-02-13

We investigated the surface texture and chemical compositions of two ~40-μm particles returned from the surface regolith of asteroid Itokawa (RB-DQ04-0062 and RB-DQ04-0091) by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Hayabusa mission. We identified splash melts, surface blistering, and many small adhering particles. Seven focused ion beam sections were extracted from both Itokawa particles, targeting one splash melt and ten adhering particles to investigate their composition and provenance and the role of micrometeoroid impacts on Itokawa’s surface. Based on the particle’s structure, mineralogy, and interface between the adhering particle and host grain, we identified lithic fragments and particles deposited by impact.more » These have morphologies and compositions consistent with impact-generated deposits: two have morphologies and compositions that are consistent with impact-generated silica glass, and one was a Ni-free, metallic Fe, and S-rich assemblage that was likely generated by vapor recondensation during a micrometeoroid impact. Here this study shows that, even though its regolith is young, micrometeoroid impacts have altered the regolith of asteroid Itokawa.« less

On the impact of a concave nosed axisymmetric body on a free surface

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mathai, Varghese; Govardhan, Raghuraman N.; Arakeri, Vijay H.

2015-02-01

We report on an experimental study of the vertical impact of a concave nosed axisymmetric body on a free surface. Previous studies have shown that bodies with a convex nose, like a sphere, produce a well defined splash with a relatively large cavity behind the model. In contrast, we find that with a concave nose, there is hardly a splash and the cavity extent is greatly reduced. This may be explained by the fact that in the concave nosed case, the initial impact is between a confined air pocket and the free surface unlike in the convex nosed case. From measurements of the unsteady pressure in the concave nose portion, we show that in this case, the maximum pressures are significantly lower than the classically expected "water hammer" pressures and also lower than those generally measured on other geometries. Thus, the presence of an air pocket in the case of a concave nosed body adds an interesting dimension to the classical problem of impact of solid bodies on to a free surface.

Readiness of the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter for LHC collisions

DOE PAGES

Aad, G.; Abbott, B.; Abdallah, J.; ...

2010-08-20

The ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter has been operating continuously since August 2006. At this time, only part of the calorimeter was readout, but since the beginning of 2008, all calorimeter cells have been connected to the ATLAS readout system in preparation for LHC collisions. This paper gives an overview of the liquid argon calorimeter performance measured in situ with random triggers, calibration data, cosmic muons, and LHC beam splash events. Results on the detector operation, timing performance, electronics noise, and gain stability are presented. High energy deposits from radiative cosmic muons and beam splash events allow to check the intrinsicmore » constant term of the energy resolution. The uniformity of the electromagnetic barrel calorimeter response along η (averaged over Φ) is measured at the percent level using minimum ionizing cosmic muons. Finally, studies of electromagnetic showers from radiative muons have been used to cross-check the Monte Carlo simulation. The performance results obtained using the ATLAS readout, data acquisition, and reconstruction software indicate that the liquid argon calorimeter is well-prepared for collisions at the dawn of the LHC era.« less

Structural strength deterioration of coastal bridge piers considering non-uniform corrosion in marine environments

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Anxin; Yuan, Wenting; Li, Haitao; Li, Hui

2018-04-01

In the aggressive marine environment over a long-term service period, coastal bridges inevitably sustain corrosion-induced damage due to high sea salt and humidity. This paper investigates the strength reduction of coastal bridges, especially focusing on the effects of non-uniform corrosion along the height of bridge piers. First, the corrosion initiation time and the degradation of reinforcement and concrete are analyzed for bridge piers in marine environments. To investigate the various damage modes of the concrete cover, a discretization method with fiber cells is used for calculating time-dependent interaction diagrams of cross-sections of the bridge piers at the atmospheric zone and the splash and tidal zone under a combination of axial force and bending moment. Second, the shear strength of these aging structures is analyzed. Numerical simulation indicates that the strength of a concrete pier experiences dramatic reduction from corrosion initiation to the spalling of the concrete cover. Strength loss in the splash and tidal zone is more significant than in the atmospheric zone when structures' service time is assumed to be the same.

Life in the Outer Limits: Insight into Hierarchical Merging from the Outermost Structure of the Andromeda Stellar Halo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beaton, Rachael; Majewski, S. R.; Patterson, R. J.; Guhathakurta, P.; Gilbert, K.; Kalirai, J. S.; Tollerud, E. J.; SPLASH Team

2014-01-01

Owing to their large dynamical timescales, the stellar haloes of Milky Way (MW) sized galaxies represent ideal environments to test modern theories of galaxy formation in the Lambda-CDM paradigm. Only in stellar haloes can the remnants of hierarchical accretion be preserved over long timescales as in-tact dwarf satellites or as tidal debris and can be easily distinguished from the underlying smooth structure. Stellar haloes, however, remain some of the most difficult galactic structures to constrain due to their large angular extent and extremely low surface brightness. Thus, the basic properties of stellar haloes -- the overall stellar distribution, substructure fraction, global kinematics and detailed stellar content -- remained relatively unconstrained. In this thesis, we present several projects designed to understand the current structure and the the formation of the Andromeda (M31) stellar halo, the only stellar halo -- besides our own -- that is within reach of current ground based facilities on the large scale required to constrain the basic properties of stellar haloes. First, we describe a seven season imaging campaign comprising the backbone of the Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of the Andromeda Stellar Halo (SPLASH) program. This survey is unique in its application of the Washington + DDO51 filter system to select individual M31 RGB stars without spectroscopic follow up. Second, we use the SPLASH photometric survey to identify sample of halo stars at projected radii of 120 kpc, for which we have obtained spectroscopic follow-up. Third, we add this large radius sample to the existing spectroscopic results from SPLASH, and use this unique sample to explore the stellar kinematics of the halo at large radii with full azimuthal coverage. Lastly, we preview on-going work to constrain the formation of the Andromeda stellar halo, using both in-tact satellites and resolved M31 halo members as tracers of its accretion history.

A Study of Galaxies and Quasars in the Background of the Andromeda Galaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dhara, Atirath; McConnell, Kaela; Guhathakurta, Puragra; Roy, Namrata; Waite, Jurij

2018-01-01

The SPLASH (Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda’s Stellar Halo) survey is based on wide-field ground-based optical images (KPNO 4-m/Mosaic, CFHT 3.6-m/MegaCam imager, and Subaru 8-m/Suprime-Cam), deep Hubble Space Telescope ultraviolet/optical/near infrared images (ACS and WFC3), and medium resolution spectra (Keck II 10-m/DEIMOS). The SPLASH survey data set contains two main categories of (non-M31) contaminants (SPLASH trash, if you will): foreground Milky Way stars and compact background galaxies/quasars. In this poster, we present the discovery and characterization of galaxies and quasars behind M31. Such objects were identified based on the presence of redshifted emission lines and other galaxy/quasar spectral features (e.g., Ca H+K absorption and IGM absorption). The redshift of each galaxy was measured by cross-correlating its spectrum against an emission line galaxy spectral template. The cross-correlation results (spectrum and best-fit template) were visually inspected to identify cases of incorrect matching of emission lines. Many of these incorrect redshift estimates were corrected by using the second or third highest cross-correlation peak. Quasar redshifts were determined based on cross-correlation against a quasar spectral template. Most of the galaxies in our sample are star forming galaxies with strong emission lines. We analyze their emission line flux ratios in a BPT diagram to learn more about the ionization source and metallicity. Finally, the properties of these compact galaxies behind M31 are compared to those of galaxies selected in a more standard way in the DEEP2 redshift survey to explore the effects of morphological pre-selection (compact vs. extended) on the properties of the resulting galaxy sample.This research was supported by NASA/STScI and the National Science Foundation. Most of this work was carried out by high school students working under the auspices of the Science Internship Program (SIP) at UC Santa Cruz.

Quick and Easy Classroom Makeover

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Caralee

2006-01-01

This article offers simple design ideas on classroom transformation that are easy on the pocketbook and will make the biggest difference to teachers and their students. These include: (1) Go with a splash of color; (2) Use bright fabrics; (3) Stick with blues and greens; (4) Use color to create nooks; (5) Buddy up with a shop class; (6) Hide the…

Can "Glee" Make a Splash in Music Class?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Olson, Cathy Applefeld

2011-01-01

At the end of "Glee's" most recent season finale, Will Schuester--show choir director, student role model, and all-around good guy despite an impending midlife crisis--abandons his long-time Broadway dream so he can continue to foster a love of music among his adoring students. In the real world, of course, real music teachers are continually…

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 1 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-17

The USS Anchorage leaves Naval Base San Diego for a multi-day Underway Recovery Test with NASA. The NASA Recovery Team from Kennedy Space Center and the U.S. Navy are working together to hone recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion’s next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 1 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-17

A test article of Orion floats in 6-feet of water in the well deck of the USS Anchorage. The NASA Recovery Team from Kennedy Space Center is working with the U.S. Navy to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion’s next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

KSC-2013-4518

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-20

MORRO BAY, Calif. – An Erickson Sky Crane helicopter refuels following splash down of SpaceX Dragon test article. The test enables SpaceX engineers to evaluate the spacecraft's parachute deployment system as part of a milestone under its Commercial Crew Integrated Capability agreement with NASA's Commercial Crew Program. The parachute test took place at Morro Bay, Calif. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

Genetic diversity and population structure of Fusicladium effusum on pecan in the U.S.A.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Fusicladium effusum causes pecan scab, which is the most destructive disease of pecan in the U.S.A. The disease is known to be spread through asexually produced conidia in rain splash and wind. The fungus has demonstrated pathogenic diversity, yet there is no information on its genetic diversity or ...

Real-time PCR and spore trap-based detection of the downy mildew pathogen, Peronospora effusa

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Peronospora effusa is an obligate pathogen and the causal agent of downy mildew on spinach. The pathogen can be dispersed by splashing rain and wind, and may overwinter as oospores. Outbreaks of downy mildew on spinach are common in the cool climate of central coastal California, including the Sal...

Written Parental Consent and the Use of Incentives in a Youth Smoking Prevention Trial: A Case Study from Project SPLASH

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Leakey, Tricia; Lunde, Kevin B.; Koga, Karin; Glanz, Karen

2004-01-01

More Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are requiring written parental consent in school health intervention trials. Because this requirement presents a formidable challenge in conducting large-scale research, it is vital for investigators to share effective strategies learned from completed trials. Investigators for the recently completed Project…

Rainy Days: Program Ideas That Make a Splash.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Grayson, Randall

1996-01-01

Stresses the importance of planning ahead for rainy day activities at camp. Suggested outdoor activities include learning to build a fire in the rain, dam building, canoe puzzles, and holey garbage-can fill; indoor activities include crafts, pass the present, human game pieces, and opportunities for cabin groups to plan and host a fun activity.…

KSC-2013-4506

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-20

MORRO BAY, Calif. – The SpaceX Dragon test article awaits recovery from the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Morro Bay, Calif following splash down. The test enabled SpaceX engineers to evaluate the spacecraft's parachute deployment system as part of a milestone under its Commercial Crew Integrated Capability agreement with NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-2013-4504

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-20

MORRO BAY, Calif. – The SpaceX Dragon test article splashes down following a test over the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Morro Bay, Calif. The test enabled SpaceX engineers to evaluate the spacecraft's parachute deployment system as part of a milestone under its Commercial Crew Integrated Capability agreement with NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-2013-4505

NASA Image and Video Library

2013-12-20

MORRO BAY, Calif. – The SpaceX Dragon test article splashes down following a test over the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Morro Bay, Calif. The test enabled SpaceX engineers to evaluate the spacecraft's parachute deployment system as part of a milestone under its Commercial Crew Integrated Capability agreement with NASA's Commercial Crew Program. Photo credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett

KSC-as11-40-5877

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-21

JOHNSON SPACE CENTER, HOUSTON, TEXAS -- Armstrong and Aldrin landed on the Moon July 20, 1969, and, after take-off from the Moon July 21, joined Collins in the Command Module circling the Moon. The astronauts splashed down in the Pacific Ocean and recovery was made by the U.S.S. Hornet at 12:50 p.m. EDT, July 24, 1969.

49 CFR 195.581 - Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating material may I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric... Corrosion Control § 195.581 Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating... the prevention of atmospheric corrosion. (c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or...

49 CFR 195.581 - Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating material may I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric... Corrosion Control § 195.581 Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating... the prevention of atmospheric corrosion. (c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or...

49 CFR 195.581 - Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating material may I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 3 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric... Corrosion Control § 195.581 Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating... the prevention of atmospheric corrosion. (c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or...

Splish Splash: A Daily Use of Water. Water in Africa.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franz, Kristi Rennebohm

The Water in Africa Project was realized over a 2-year period by a team of Peace Corps volunteers, World Wise Schools (WWS) classroom teachers, and WWS staff members. As part of an expanded, detailed design, resources were collected from over 90 volunteers serving in African countries, photos and stories were prepared, and standards-based learning…

Scottish Kindergarten, Part 1

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Keeler, Rusty

2011-01-01

What's the best way of connecting children with nature? Let them go outside, of course! Let them dig in dirt and splash in puddles. If children have access to an outdoor space and the proper clothing, there is no better place to discover the wonders and fun of nature than in one's own backyard. Every herb garden, shade tree, and sand pit gives…

Survival, dispersal, and potential soil-mediated suppression of Phytophthora ramorum in a California redwood-tanoak forest

Treesearch

E. J. Fichtner; S. C. Lynch; D. M. Rizzo

2009-01-01

Because the role of soil inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum in the sudden oak death disease cycle is not well understood, this work addresses survival, chlamydospore production, pathogen suppression, and splash dispersal of the pathogen in infested forest soils. Colonized rhododendron and bay laurel leaf disks were placed in mesh sachets before...

Walking the talk

Treesearch

R. C. Kellison

1995-01-01

The perception exists that the forest industry in the United States is the antithesis of the green revolution. For instance, I recently saw the results of a poll that listed three forest products companies among the 10 worst polluters in the United States. That's all there was; their names splashed across the T V screen on the early morning news. That very...

Teachers on Teaching: A Splash of Color

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Michael Wolfe

2006-01-01

This article focuses on a small experiment initiated by two three-year-old preschool children without the instruction or supervision of a teacher, while playing in the yard. During their playtime, they began to color the blacktop with chalk. They thought of a brilliant idea of pouring water over the chalk drawings and after the water dries up,…

Rhetoric and Bullshit

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fredal, James

2011-01-01

The study of bullshit, what the author calls "taurascatics", has been making a splash of late. It was Harry Frankfurt who tossed the stone: his essay "On Bullshit" came out in "Raritan" in 1986, hit the "New York Times" best-seller list as a book in 1995, and has been adopted, adapted, and criticized across the academy since. The ripples spread…

Mercury-Atlas (MA)-9 - "Faith 7" Spacecraft Splashdown - Pacific Ocean

NASA Image and Video Library

1971-03-26

S71-24944 (16 May 1963) --- The Mercury-Atlas 9 "Faith 7" spacecraft, with astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr. aboard, splashes down in the Pacific Ocean to conclude a 22-orbit mission lasting 34 hours and 20.5 minutes. The capsule's parachute is fully deployed in this view. A rescue helicopter hovers overhead. Photo credit: NASA

KSC-69PC-429

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

KENNEDY SPACE CENTER, FLA. - The Apollo 11 astronauts, left to right, Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin Jr. share jokes with well-wishers on the other side of the window of their Mobile Quarantine Facility aboard the USS Hornet. The astronauts splashed down at 12:50 p.m. EDT at the completion of their historical eight-day first manned lunar landing.

Making a SPLASH in Aquatic Safety | Navy Live

Science.gov Websites

. However, as much as it is fun, it needs to be safe. Water games are acceptable, but games that include die using breath holding techniques and games. Stay safe, swim safe. Hang it up. No tweet, status Navy for 2018 DoD Warrior Games Civilian, Navy Military Leaders Engage at Leadership Symposium Pacific

Stanley Fish, as a College Dean, Makes a Big Splash and Spares No Expense.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schneider, Alison

2000-01-01

Since Stanley Fish became dean a year ago of the University of Illinois (Chicago) College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, his activist style has stimulated the institution, lured prominent scholars to positions there, but also produced criticism that he is ignoring faculty in individual departments and has made some missteps, such as supporting a…

PBF Cooling Tower (PER720). Camera faces east to show west ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

PBF Cooling Tower (PER-720). Camera faces east to show west facade. Sloped (louvered) panels in this and opposite facade allow air to enter tower and cool water falling on splash bars within. Date: August 2003. INEEL negative no. HD-35-10-2 - Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, SPERT-I & Power Burst Facility Area, Scoville, Butte County, ID

In Academe, Once a Star, Always a Star

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

David, Lennard J.

2009-01-01

Academic fame is an even stranger goddess than her nonacademic counterpart. In this article, the author contends that academic fame is not easily lost, compared with other kinds of fame. In the world of films or novels, one's fame is fleeting--one is often only as good as his last production. Films that splashed across marquees in the summer are…

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 5 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-21

Lead Instrumentation Engineer Kevin Taylor keeps an eye on the load levels during Underway Recovery Test 6 operations off the coast of San Diego. Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team works with the U.S. Navy to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Making a Difference: TPSR, a New Wave of Youth Development Changing Lives One Stroke at a Time

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Beale, Angela

2016-01-01

This article was inspired by a belief in the need to connect physical education with community-based physical activity programming in minority communities. The initial steps of this reflective narrative were described in a previous article. This article describes a program called Project Guard: Make A Splash E.N.D. (End Needless Drowning), a…

29 CFR Appendix B to Subpart I to... - Non-mandatory Compliance Guidelines for Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the foot, head, eye and face, and hand hazard situations that exist in an occupational or educational...) sources of high temperatures that could result in burns, eye injury or ignition of protective equipment... devices for eye protection against dust and chemical splash to ensure that the devices are sealed to the...

Closure to "Estimated Splash and Training Wall Height Requirements for Stepped Chutes Applied to Embankment Dams" by Sherry L. Hunt and Kem C. Kadavy

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Researchers from Hohai University in Nanjing, China compared stepped chute research conducted in physical models of narrow stepped chutes to research conducted by scientists at the USDA-ARS Hydraulic Engineering Research Unit (HERU) in a physical model of a wide stepped chute. Researchers from Hoha...

Making Test Anxiety a Laughing Matter: A Quantitative Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Repass, Jim T.

2017-01-01

Relieving test anxiety actions range from relaxation exercises to prescription medication. Humor can be a simple method of test anxiety relief. The current study was used to determine if humor, in the form of a cartoon, placed on the splash page of an online exam improved the test scores of students who have high test anxiety. In the current…

Marine Corrosion.

DTIC Science & Technology

1985-04-24

cor- rosion resistant alloys such as molybdenum -containing stainless steels. For the latter the high degree of aeration in the splashing water...imposed by marine technology, such as elevated temperatures , tensile stresses, cyclic stresses, severe (tight) crevices, galvanic coupling and high ...corrosion in seawater in tight metal-to-non-metal crevices are titanium alloys 4, the high molybdenum nickel base alloys Hastelloy alloy C-276 and

Negligence: What Principals Need to Know about Avoiding Liability

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeMitchell, Todd A.

2006-01-01

A science teacher forgets to remind her students to wear their safety goggles during a chemistry experiment and one student is injured when the caustic chemicals he is working with splash into his eyes. A teacher is late for recess duty and a student falls from the swings and is injured. A principal sends one teacher and one student teacher on a…

Relative heat sensitivities of certain Phytophthora spp. and the potential for soil solarization to disinfest nursery beds in West Coast states

Treesearch

Jennifer L. Parke; Fumiaki Funahashi; Clara Weidman; Ebba K. Peterson

2017-01-01

Soilborne Phytophthora spp. can be important for initiating disease through movement of inoculum with surface water to roots or splashing onto foliage. Nursery beds infested with Phytophthora spp. can contaminate container plants set on them, causing disease year after year and posing a risk of additional spread....

Multi-Phase Modeling of Rainbird Water Injection

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vu, Bruce T.; Moss, Nicholas; Sampson, Zoe

2014-01-01

This paper describes the use of a Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase model to simulate the water injected from a rainbird nozzle used in the sound suppression system during launch. The simulations help determine the projectile motion for different water flow rates employed at the pad, as it is critical to know if water will splash on the first-stage rocket engine during liftoff.

Processess involved in the dispersal of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri from canker-infected citrus canopies, and in the infection of citrus foliage

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) is now considered endemic in Florida, and epidemics result in yield loss and market penalties both in Florida and elsewhere, where the pathogen occurs and susceptible citrus is cultivated. The bacterium is dispersed in rain splash, and storms with...

Processes involved in the dispersal of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri from canker-infectd citrus canopies, and in the infection of citrus foliage

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Citrus canker (Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri, Xcc) is now considered endemic in Florida, and epidemics result in yield loss and market penalties both in Florida, and elsewhere where the pathogen occurs, and susceptible citrus is cultivated. The bacterium is dispersed in rain splash, and storms wit...

An Approach to the Flammability Testing of Aerospace Materials

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Hirsch, David B.

2012-01-01

Presentation reviews: (1) Current approach to evaluation of spacecraft materials flammability (2) The need for and the approach to alternative routes (3) Examples of applications of the approach recommended a) Crew Module splash down b) Crew Module depressurization c) Applicability of NASA's flammability test data to other sample configurations d) Applicability of NASA's ground flammability test data to spacecraft environments

President Nixon on deck of U.S.S. Hornet awaiting Apollo 11 crew arrival

NASA Image and Video Library

1969-07-24

S69-21736 (24 July 1969) --- President Richard M. Nixon photographed on the deck of the USS Hornet, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, awaiting the Apollo 11 crew arrival. Apollo 11 splashed down at 11:40 a.m. (EDT), July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii.

49 CFR 195.581 - Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating material may I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the prevention of atmospheric corrosion. (c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or... corrosion will— (1) Only be a light surface oxide; or (2) Not affect the safe operation of the pipeline... corrosion and what coating material may I use? 195.581 Section 195.581 Transportation Other Regulations...

49 CFR 195.581 - Which pipelines must I protect against atmospheric corrosion and what coating material may I use?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the prevention of atmospheric corrosion. (c) Except portions of pipelines in offshore splash zones or... corrosion will— (1) Only be a light surface oxide; or (2) Not affect the safe operation of the pipeline... corrosion and what coating material may I use? 195.581 Section 195.581 Transportation Other Regulations...

Numerical study of the impact of a drop containing a bubble

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Yu; Thoraval, Marie-Jean

2017-11-01

The impact of a drop has many applications from inkjet printing to the spreading of crops diseases. This fundamental phenomenon has therefore attracted a lot of interest from different fields. However, they have mostly focused on the simplest case of a drop containing a single fluid. In inkjet printing and in the deposition process of thermal barrier coatings, some bubbles can be present in the drop when it impacts on the solid surface. The presence of the bubble can produce some additional splashing, and affect the quality of the deposited material. Only a few studies have looked at this problem, and many questions still need to be investigated. Generally, there are three possibilities when a drop containing a bubble impacts onto a solid surface, namely the bubble stays in drop, the bubble bursts and a counter jet forms. We have performed axisymmetric numerical simulations with the open source code Gerris to study this vertical jet. We have systematically varied several parameters, including the impact velocity, the bubble size, the vertical position of the bubble, and the liquid properties. We were thus able to characterize under which condition the bubble leads to splashing and the velocity of the produced jet.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Yao, S.C.

The combustion of single coal-water slurry droplet with oil as combustion additive (CWOM) has been studied. In this study, the droplet is suspended on a fine quartz fiber and is exposed to the hot combustion product of propane (C/sub 3/H/sub 8/) and air. The results are documented in a movie series. The combustion of CWOM with various combinations of concentrations are compared with that of coal-water slurry and water-oil mixture droplets. The combustion of coal-water slurry is enhanced significantly due to the presence of emulsified kerosene. The enhancement is also dependent upon the mixing procedure during preparation of CWOM. Themore » presence of emulsified kerosene induces local boil-off and combustion that coal particles are splashed as fire works during the early evaporation stage of droplet heat-up. After particle splashing, blow-holes appear on the droplet surface. The popcorn and swelling phenomena usually occurred in coal-water-slurry combustion is greatly reduced. Significant combustion enhancement occurs with the use of kerosene in an amount of about 15 percent of the overall CWOM. This process of using kerosene as combustion additive may provide obvious advantage for the combustion of bituminous coal-water slurry. 4 references, 6 figures.« less

Collisions of droplets on spherical particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Charalampous, Georgios; Hardalupas, Yannis

2017-10-01

Head-on collisions between droplets and spherical particles are examined for water droplets in the diameter range between 170 μm and 280 μm and spherical particles in the diameter range between 500 μm and 2000 μm. The droplet velocities range between 6 m/s and 11 m/s, while the spherical particles are fixed in space. The Weber and Ohnesorge numbers and ratio of droplet to particle diameter were between 92 < We < 1015, 0.0070 < Oh < 0.0089, and 0.09 < Ω < 0.55, respectively. The droplet-particle collisions are first quantified in terms of the outcome. In addition to the conventional deposition and splashing regimes, a regime is observed in the intermediate region, where the droplet forms a stable crown, which does not breakup but propagates along the particle surface and passes around the particle. This regime is prevalent when the droplets collide on small particles. The characteristics of the collision at the onset of rim instability are also described in terms of the location of the film on the particle surface and the orientation and length of the ejected crown. Proper orthogonal decomposition identified that the first 2 modes are enough to capture the overall morphology of the crown at the splashing threshold.

The PHAT and SPLASH Surveys: Rigorous Structural Decomposition of the Andromeda Galaxy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dorman, Claire; Guhathakurta, P.; Widrow, L.; Foreman-Mackey, D.; Seth, A.; Dalcanton, J.; Gilbert, K.; Lang, D.; Williams, B. F.; SPLASH Team; PHAT Team

2013-01-01

Traditional surface brightness profile (SBP) based structural decompositions of late-type galaxies into Sersic bulge, exponential disk, and power-law halo are often degenerate in the best-fit profiles. The Andromeda galaxy (M31) is the only large spiral close enough that the relative contributions of the subcomponents can be further constrained via their distinct signatures in resolved stellar population surveys. We make use of two such surveys. The SPLASH program has used the Keck/DEIMOS multiobject spectrograph to measure radial velocities of over 10,000 individual red giant branch stars in the inner 20kpc of M31. The PHAT survey, an ongoing Hubble Space Telescope Multicycle Treasury program, has so far obtained six-filter photometry of over 90 million stars in the same region. We use an MCMC algorithm to simultaneously fit a simple bulge/disk/halo structural model to the SBP, the disk fraction as measured from kinematics, and the PHAT luminosity function. We find that the additional constraints favor a larger bulge than expected from a pure SBP fit. Comparison to galaxy formation models will constrain the formation histories of large spiral galaxies such as the Milky Way and Andromeda.

Safety of dermal diphoterine application: an active decontamination solution for chemical splash injuries.

PubMed

Hall, Alan H; Cavallini, Maurizio; Mathieu, Laurence; Maibach, Howard I

2009-01-01

Diphoterine (Laboratoire Prevor, Valmondois, France) is an active, amphoteric, polyvalent, chelating, slightly hypertonic decontamination solution for chemical splashes to the skin and eyes. It chemically binds a large number of chemical substances present on the skin surface without causing a significant release of heat (exothermic reactions). Because of its amphoteric properties, it can bind chemically opposite substances such as acids and bases or oxidizers and reducing agents. No adverse effects have been observed in an ongoing postmarketing surveillance program during many years of use in European industrial facilities. Diphoterine has more recently been used in hospitals for delayed management of chemical burns to the skin and eyes. There is interest in having protocols for both immediate and delayed diphoterine use for skin decontamination. Whereas studies of diphoterine efficacy, clinical and in vitro or ex vivo, have been published or are in the process of being prepared for publication, no review has yet been published focusing solely on the safety of this decontamination solution. Therefore, all available studies on the safety of diphoterine are described here, including recent studies demonstrating no harmful effects on the skin. Diphoterine can be used, even on damaged skin, without toxic, irritant, allergenic, or sensitizing effects.

A Biologically Informed, Mechanistic Model of Desert Shrub Population Dynamics Bearing on Arid Landscape Evolution

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Worman, Stacey; Furbish, David; Fathel, Siobhan

2014-05-01

In arid landscapes, desert shrubs individually and collectively modify how sediment is transported (e.g by wind, overland-flow, and rain-splash). Addressing how desert shrubs modify landscapes on geomorphic timescales therefore necessitates spanning multiple shrub lifetimes and accounting for how processes affecting shrub dynamics on these longer timescales (e.g. fire, grazing, drought, and climate change) may in turn impact sediment transport. To fulfill this need, we present a mechanistic model of the spatiotemporal dynamics of a desert-shrub population that uses a simple accounting framework and tracks individual shrubs as they enter, age, and exit the population (via recruitment, growth, and mortality). Our model is novel insomuch as it (1) features a strong biophysical foundation, (2) mimics well-documented aspects of how shrub populations respond to changes in precipitation, and (3) possesses the process granularity appropriate for use in geomorphic simulations. In a complimentary abstract (Fathel et al. 2014), we demonstrate the potential of this biological model by coupling it to a physical model of rain-splash sediment transport: We mechanistically reproduce the empirical observation that the erosion rate of a hillslope decreases as its vegetation coverage increases and we predict erosion rates under different climate-change scenarios.

TriAnd and its siblings: satellites of satellites in the Milky Way halo

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Deason, A. J.; Belokurov, V.; Hamren, K. M.; Koposov, S. E.; Gilbert, K. M.; Beaton, R. L.; Dorman, C. E.; Guhathakurta, P.; Majewski, S. R.; Cunningham, E. C.

2014-11-01

We explore the Triangulum-Andromeda (TriAnd) overdensity in the SPLASH (Spectroscopic and Photometric Landscape of Andromeda's Stellar Halo) and SEGUE (the Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration) spectroscopic surveys. Milky Way main-sequence turn-off stars in the SPLASH survey reveal that the TriAnd overdensity and the recently discovered Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) stream share a common heliocentric distance (D ˜ 20 kpc), position on the sky, and line-of-sight velocity (VGSR ˜ 50 km s-1). Similarly, A-type, giant, and main-sequence turn-off stars selected from the SEGUE survey in the vicinity of the Segue 2 satellite show that TriAnd is prevalent in these fields, with a velocity and distance similar to Segue 2. The coincidence of the PAndAS stream and Segue 2 satellite in positional and velocity space to TriAnd suggests that these substructures are all associated, and may be a fossil record of group-infall on to the Milky Way halo. In this scenario, the Segue 2 satellite and PAndAS stream are `satellites of satellites', and the large, metal-rich TriAnd overdensity is the remains of the group central.

Composition of the Cayley Formation at Apollo 16 as inferred from impact melt splashes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Morris, Richard V.; Horz, Friedrich; See, Thomas H.

1986-01-01

Abundances of major and trace elements and magnetic properties of 50 impact melt splashes (IMSs) from the Apollo 16 landing site are analzyed to determine the composition of their meteoritic component. MgO-Sc and Ca-Sc variation diagrams and least-squares mixing models are utilized to analyze the IMS, soil, and rock data. Consideration is given to progenitor lithologies of the IMS, the number of impact events represented by the IMS, and the heterogeneity of impact melts from single events. It is observed that the IMSs are composed of either a mixture of anorthosite and low-Sc impact melt rocks or anorthositic norite. It is determined that the surface Cayley layer is composed of TiO2, MgO, Sc, and La concentrations of 0.69, and 7.1 wt pct and 10.5 and 21.2 microg/g, respectively and 0.38 and 5.9 wt pct and 6.1 and 11.8 microg/g, respectively, for the subsurface Cayley layer. The Descartes Formation composition is estimated as TiO2, MgO, Sc, and La concentrations of 0.25, and 3.5 wt pct and 7.7 and 2.2 microg/g, respectively.

Performance of droplet generator and droplet collector in liquid droplet radiator under microgravity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Totani, T.; Itami, M.; Nagata, H.; Kudo, I.; Iwasaki, A.; Hosokawa, S.

2002-06-01

The Liquid Droplet Radiator (LDR) has an advantage over comparable conventional radiators in terms of the rejected heat power-weight ratio. Therefore, the LDR has attracted attention as an advanced radiator for high-power space systems that will be prerequisite for large space structures. The performance of the LDR under microgravity condition has been studied from the viewpoint of operational space use of the LDR in the future. In this study, the performances of a droplet generator and a droplet collector in the LDR are investigated using drop shafts in Japan: MGLAB and JAMIC. As a result, it is considered that (1) the droplet generator can produce uniform droplet streams in the droplet diameter range from 200 to 280 [µm] and the spacing range from 400 to 950 [µm] under microgravity condition, (2) the droplet collector with the incidence angle of 35 degrees can prevent a uniform droplet stream, in which droplet diameter is 250 [µm] and the velocity is 16 [m/s], from splashing under microgravity condition, whereas splashes may occur at the surface of the droplet collector in the event that a nonuniform droplet stream collides against it.

Bug Smash, Bug Splash: A Case Report of an Unusual Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis with a Brief Review of the Literature

PubMed Central

Navarrete-Sandoval, Rafael Hernán; Servín-Rojas, Maximiliano

2016-01-01

Patient: Male, 44 Final Diagnosis: Acute phase Chagas disease Symptoms: Fever • headache • periorbital oedema Medication: — Clinical Procedure: — Specialty: Infectious Diseases Objective: Rare disease Background: Chagas disease is a chronic parasitosis transmitted by the inoculation of infected triatomine feces into wounds or conjunctival sac, transfusion, congenitally, organ transplantation, and ingestion of contaminated food. The disease is classified into an acute and chronic phase; the latter is a life-long infection that can be asymptomatic or progress to cardiac or digestive complications. Case Report: We report a case of acute-phase Chagas disease, transmitted by the splash of gut content from an infected triatomine into the conjunctival mucosa. Conclusions: The diagnosis of Chagas disease is made by the direct visualization of the parasite in blood smears during the acute phase of the disease; during the chronic phase of the disease the diagnosis is made by the detection of IgG antibodies. Parasitological cure can be achieved in up to 80% of the cases in acute phase of the disease, in contrast with less than 30% during the chronic phase. PMID:28031550

The effect of the fires on gypseous soil properties: changes of the hydrology and splash resistance.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

León, J.; Seeger, M.; Echeverría, M.; Badía, D.; Peters, P.

2012-04-01

Mediterranean ecosystems have been severely affected by fires in the last decades. Due to social and economical changes, wildfires have caused hydrological and geomorphologic changes to be more pronounced, resulting in enhanced soil erosion. Soil heating caused by fires affects soil aggregates stability, water infiltration and may generate hydrophobicity. In order to understand how wildfire affects soil hydrological behavior in general, and splash and runoff processes in particular, of gypsum soils,it is advantageous to use a rainfall simulator. In August 2009 a large forest fire affected 6700 ha in Remolinos (NW Zaragoza, Spain). The area is covered by shrubs such as gorse (Genista scorpius L.), broom (Retama sphaerocarpa L.) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), and with small areas occupied by Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill) and Kermes evergreen-oak (Quercus coccifera L.). This region has a semarid Mediterranean climate, with an average annual rainfall ca 560 mm and a mean annual temperature of 12.5°C, resulting in an estimated climatic water deficit of ca. 400mm. The relief consists of stepped slopes (200-748 m), on two different types of soil have developed: Renzic Phaeozem, on limestone, and Haplic Gypsisol, on gypsum (IUSS, 2006). Within this study, we wanted to investigate the differences in affection by fire of the different soil types, as it may be caused by different fire intensities. Therefore, both soil types were sampled after fire. Also, similar locations were sampled which were not affected by the wildfires. With this, we could differentiate 4 treatments: burnt and unburnt pine forest and burnt and unburnt shrub on gypseous soils. We designed a set of lab experiments to elucidate the effect of heat on soil composition, aggregate stability, and splash susceptibility. Samples were taken using cylinders of 5 cm depth. Under laboratory conditions were measured pH, CE, organic matter (OM), soil aggregates stability (SAS), bulk density, porosity and mineralogical changes, using 5 subsamples of each treatment. The samples were heated at different temperatures (105 °C and 205 °C) in an oven for 30 min to simulated different fire intensities, for comparison. A set was only air dried (35 °C). To study the splash effect of the gypsum soils were use small scale rainfall simulator in laboratory, applying a rainfall intensity of 47 mm h-1 during 20 min, resulting in a kinetic energy of 8.94 J m-2 mm-1. The gross loss of material of each of the undisturbed samples was measured after 20 minutes of simulation. The pH is slightly alkaline and oscillates between 7.93-8.32, depending on soil cover type, and is highest under burnt pine forest. The EC (2.08-5.01 mS cm-1) did not change after heating of the unburnt shrub cover, but in the soil under burnt pine forest, the EC was lowered with increasing temperature. The OM content is moderate (3.73-4.85 %), and higher on burnt soils, increasing also with an increase of treatment temperature. The SAS (43.17-75.92 %) is strongly depending on the temperature applied, and was found higher on the burnt surfaces. The gypsum content of the soils is moderate to high (11.30-39.58 %), but decreases with the treatment at 205°C. The soil loss by splash vaied between 0.9 to 2.8 g (per sample) after 20 min of rainfall simulation. Highest losses were found on burnt surfaces. The results show that fire and temperature affects not all characteristics of soils. Acknowledgements: This research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Innovation BES-2008-003056, the CETSUS project (CGL2007-66644-C04-04/HIDCLI) and the Geomorphology and Global Change Research Group (D.G.A., 2011). The Spanish Army has supported this work at the San Gregorio CENAF.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Afternoon Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

During Underway Recovery Test 6, NASA astronaut Stephen Bowen talks with sailors about the correlations between his Navy and NASA experiences. Bowen is aboard USS Anchorage as Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team works with the U.S. Navy to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Splash evaluation of SRB designs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Counter, D. N.

1974-01-01

A technique is developed to optimize the shuttle solid rocket booster (SRB) design for water impact loads. The SRB is dropped by parachute and recovered at sea for reuse. Loads experienced at water impact are design critical. The probability of each water impact load is determined using a Monte Carlo technique and an aerodynamic analysis of the SRB parachute system. Meteorological effects are included and four configurations are evaluated.

PORT II

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Muniz, Beau

2009-01-01

One unique project that the Prototype lab worked on was PORT I (Post-landing Orion Recovery Test). PORT is designed to test and develop the system and components needed to recover the Orion capsule once it splashes down in the ocean. PORT II is designated as a follow up to PORT I that will utilize a mock up pressure vessel that is spatially compar able to the final Orion capsule.

Evaluating SPLASH-2 Applications Using MapReduce

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, Shengkai; Xiao, Zhiwei; Chen, Haibo; Chen, Rong; Zhang, Weihua; Zang, Binyu

MapReduce has been prevalent for running data-parallel applications. By hiding other non-functionality parts such as parallelism, fault tolerance and load balance from programmers, MapReduce significantly simplifies the programming of large clusters. Due to the mentioned features of MapReduce above, researchers have also explored the use of MapReduce on other application domains, such as machine learning, textual retrieval and statistical translation, among others.

5 Best Practices for Building Your Portal in a Web 2.0 World

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Villano, Matt

2008-01-01

Not that many years back, portals were nothing more than splash pages from which users could click on links to navigate a school's web-based resources. Today, however, they are much more: single sign-on gateways that easily enable users to do everything from pay tuition and view transcripts, to purchase parking permits, and sell used books. Still,…

The Killer Genre: New Talent and Publishing Initiatives Build Suspense for Mystery Readers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Wilda W.

2007-01-01

Start-up Colorado publisher Capital Crime Press found rousing success in 2006. According to senior editor Alex Cole, in their first year of business, they had six new authors making a splash. Robert Fate's "Baby Shark", a gritty noir crime novel set in 1950s Texas that is a finalist for "Foreword" magazine's 2006 Book of the Year, got the biggest…

Zero VOC, Coal Tar Free Splash Zone Coating (SZC)

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-12-01

polymer became commercially available in 1943, thirteen years after the Thiokol Corporation developed and marketed a millable gum polysulfide known...overall solvent resistance properties as the millable gum polysulfides. However, the liquid polysulfides have the advantage of being room temperature...amine to form a covalent sulfur-carbon bond. The tertiary amine is regenerated and is then available to react with another oxirane group. These

Zero VOC, Coal Tar Free Splash Zone Coating (SZC)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

marketed a millable gum polysulfide known as the first synthetic rubber commercially made in the United States. Today, there are several liquid...polysulfide polymers have the same excellent overall solvent resistance properties as the millable gum polysulfides. However, the liquid polysulfides...to the epoxide group and displaces the tertiary amine to form a covalent sulfur-carbon bond. The tertiary amine is regenerated and is then available

Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) Emulation for Computer Architecture

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-08-01

Execution with Versatile, Microarchitecture-Independent Snapshots, PhD thesis, MIT, Sep 2006. [10] Bienia, Christian, Kumar , Sanjeev, Singh , Jaswinder Pal...2] Pixie: MIPS Computer Systems, Inc. Assembly Language Programmer’s Guide, 1986. [3] Agarwal, Anant , Bianchini, Ricardo, Chaiken, David, David...pp. 68–79. [49] Woo, Steven Cameron, Ohara, Moriyoshi, Torrie, Evan, Singh , Jaswinder Pal, and Gupta, Anoop, “The SPLASH-2 programs

Splashing Our Way to Playfulness! An Aquatic Playgroup for Young Children with Autism, A Repeated Measures Design

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fabrizi, Sarah E.

2015-01-01

This study investigated the effectiveness of an aquatic playgroup on the playfulness of children, ages 2 to 3 with autism spectrum disorder. Using a repeated measures design, we followed 10 children and their caregivers who participated in a 6-week aquatic playgroup in southwest Florida. Four dyads completed the entire 12-week study period. The…

76 FR 34862 - Safety Zones: Fireworks Displays in the Captain of the Port Columbia River Zone

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-15

....1315 will be enforced as follows: (1) Portland Rose Festival Fireworks Display, Portland, OR: From 8:30..., Astoria, OR: From 8:30 p.m. until 11:30 p.m. on July 4, 2011. (5) Oregon Food Bank Blues Festival..., 2011 from 9 p.m. to 11 p.m. (11) Splash Aberdeen Waterfront Festival, Aberdeen, WA: On July 4, 2011...

77 FR 32021 - Safety Zones: Fireworks Displays in the Captain of the Port Columbia River Zone

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-31

... follows: (1) Portland Rose Festival Fireworks Display, Portland, OR: May 25, 2012 from 8:30 p.m. until 11... p.m. until 11:30 p.m. (5) Oregon Food Bank Blues Festival Fireworks, Portland, OR: July 4, 2012 from.... (12) Splash Aberdeen Waterfront Festival, Aberdeen, WA: July 4, 2012 from 9 p.m. until 11 p.m. (13...

Soil and salinity mobilization and transport in the Colorado River Basin

Treesearch

Cole Green Rossi; Mark A. Weitz; Kossi Nouwakpo; Ken McGwire

2016-01-01

Federally, the evaluated potential of soil loss risk in national reports in the past and ways to adapt to be proactive in preventing accelerated soil loss on rangelands has been incomplete. The areas where it is difficult to measure due to the complexities of multiple interactions (splash, sheet and rill formation, landscape dominated by wind and water processes,...

President Nixon on deck of U.S.S. Hornet awaiting Apollo 11 crew arrival

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1969-01-01

President Richard M. Nixon photographed on the deck of the U.S.S. Hornet, prime recovery ship for the Apollo 11 lunar landing mission, awaiting the Apollo 11 crew arrival. swimmer. All four men are wearing biological isolation garments. Apollo 11 splashed down at 11:40 a.m., July 24, 1969, about 812 nautical miles southwest of Hawaii.

The importance of humans in the dispersal and spread of Phytophthora ramorum at local, landscape, and regional scales

Treesearch

J. Hall Cushman; Ross Meentemeyer

2006-01-01

Determining how Phytophthora ramorum is dispersed across the landscape is critical for understanding the ecology and epidemiology of this influential pathogen. To date, researchers have shown that abiotic factors – such as rain-splash, wind-blown rain and down-stream transport of inoculum – are critical mechanisms for the dispersal of this pathogen....

Fin and Feather: Lessons Both Old and New Are Found in the Familiar Splash of the Salmon and the Novel Cluck of the Chicken.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weeds, Denise Jarrett

2002-01-01

Descriptions of students projects raising chickens and studying salmon illustrate how project-based learning engages high-risk Alaska Native students. Projects make learning relevant, involve the community, increase student self-esteem, and help students and teachers bond with each other. A 4-day workshop for teachers emphasized how projects must…

Head-cloaca controlled current stunning: assessment of brain and heart activity and meat quality.

PubMed

Lambooij, E; Reimert, H G M; Workel, L D; Hindle, V A

2012-01-01

1. Behavioural and neural responses of 65 broilers to head-to-cloaca electrical stunning were evaluated and meat quality was assessed on two groups of 25 broilers stunned either head to cloaca, or in a conventional water bath method. 2. On the EEG recordings, a general epileptiform insult was observed when applying a current of 100 mA (100 Hz) or 70 mA (70 Hz) for 1·5 s. This general epileptiform insult shows a tonic, clonic and exhaustion phase followed by spikes of alpha, beta, theta and delta waves with duration of on average 34 ± 12 s and 39 ± 23 s respectively. These birds may have been unconscious for 20 s or longer, according to the correlation dimension analyses. 3. The heart rate decreased significantly (P < 0·05) after stunning and recovered after 60 s. 4. Within a confidence limit of 95%, taking into account the number of animals with a reliable EEG, the chance of an effective stun of all broilers lies between 0·9 and 1·0 with a current of 70 mA (100 Hz for 1·5 s; n = 28) and with 100 mA (100 Hz for 1·5 s; n = 27). 5. The shear force of breast fillets was slightly lower (P < 0·01) 4 d post mortem compared with the conventional water bath stunned group (set at 100 mA, 100 Hz for 10 s). The percentage of fillets and legs without blood splashes was higher, and the percentage with severe blood splashes lower-to-none, for carcases stunned head-cloaca. 6. It can be concluded that broilers are effectively stunned with the head-cloaca method by using a controlled current of 70 mA or 100 mA for 1·5 s. The fillets and legs of bird stunned head-cloaca showed fewer blood splashes in the muscles compared with birds stunned in a conventional water bath.

Multiple remote-sensing assessment of the catastrophic collapse in Langtang Valley induced by the 2015 Gorkha earthquake

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nagai, Hiroto; Watanabe, Manabu; Tomii, Naoya; Tadono, Takeo; Suzuki, Shinichi

2017-11-01

The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha Earthquake in Nepal induced numerous avalanches, rockfalls, and landslides in Himalayan mountain regions. A major village in the Langtang Valley was destroyed and numerous people were victims of a catastrophic avalanche event, which consisted of snow, ice, rock, and blast wind. Understanding the hazard process mainly depends on limited witness accounts, interviews, and an in situ survey after a monsoon season. To record the immediate situation and to understand the deposition process, we performed an assessment by means of satellite-based observations carried out no later than 2 weeks after the event. The avalanche-induced sediment deposition was delineated with the calculation of decreasing coherence and visual interpretation of amplitude images acquired from the Phased Array-type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar-2 (PALSAR-2). These outline areas are highly consistent with that delineated from a high-resolution optical image of WorldView-3 (WV-3). The delineated sediment areas were estimated as 0.63 km2 (PALSAR-2 coherence calculation), 0.73 km2 (PALSAR-2 visual interpretation), and 0.88 km2 (WV-3). In the WV-3 image, surface features were classified into 10 groups. Our analysis suggests that the avalanche event contained a sequence of (1) a fast splashing body with an air blast, (2) a huge, flowing muddy mass, (3) less mass flowing from another source, (4) a smaller amount of splashing and flowing mass, and (5) splashing mass without flowing on the east and west sides. By means of satellite-derived pre- and post-event digital surface models, differences in the surface altitudes of the collapse events estimated the total volume of the sediments as 5.51 ± 0.09 × 106 m3, the largest mass of which are distributed along the river floor and a tributary water stream. These findings contribute to detailed numerical simulation of the avalanche sequences and source identification; furthermore, altitude measurements after ice and snow melting would reveal a contained volume of melting ice and snow.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

The USS Anchorage sails toward sunrise while Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team prepares for another day of testing as part of Underway Recovery Test 6. The testing with the NASA Recovery Team and the U.S. Navy will provide important data that is being used to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

Jamie Peer, part of Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team analyzes data from the previous day’s testing as part of Underway Recovery Test 6. The testing with the NASA Recovery Team and the U.S. Navy will provide important data that is being used to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion's next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 1 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-17

Members of the Wave Monitoring System check their data during the Underway Recovery Test 6, or URT-6, aboard the USS Anchorage. The testing with Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team and the U.S. Navy will provide important data that is being used to improve recovery procedures and hardware ahead of Orion’s next flight, Exploration Mission-1, when it splashes down in the Pacific Ocean.

Underway Recovery Test 6 (URT-6) - Day 4 Activities

NASA Image and Video Library

2018-01-20

Astronaut Stephen Bowen checks out the choppy sea conditions as part of Underway Recovery Test 6 aboard the USS Anchorage. Bowen is an observer of the testing—giving an astronaut’s perspective to Kennedy Space Center’s NASA Recovery Team. The purpose of testing is to perfect recovery efforts to minimize impact to astronauts like Bowen once they have splashed down in the Pacific Ocean inside the Orion capsule.