Flanking sequence determination and event-specific detection of genetically modified wheat B73-6-1.

PubMed

Xu, Junyi; Cao, Jijuan; Cao, Dongmei; Zhao, Tongtong; Huang, Xin; Zhang, Piqiao; Luan, Fengxia

2013-05-01

In order to establish a specific identification method for genetically modified (GM) wheat, exogenous insert DNA and flanking sequence between exogenous fragment and recombinant chromosome of GM wheat B73-6-1 were successfully acquired by means of conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and thermal asymmetric interlaced (TAIL)-PCR strategies. Newly acquired exogenous fragment covered the full-length sequence of transformed genes such as transformed plasmid and corresponding functional genes including marker uidA, herbicide-resistant bar, ubiquitin promoter, and high-molecular-weight gluten subunit. The flanking sequence between insert DNA revealed high similarity with Triticum turgidum A gene (GenBank: AY494981.1). A specific PCR detection method for GM wheat B73-6-1 was established on the basis of primers designed according to the flanking sequence. This specific PCR method was validated by GM wheat, GM corn, GM soybean, GM rice, and non-GM wheat. The specifically amplified target band was observed only in GM wheat B73-6-1. This method is of high specificity, high reproducibility, rapid identification, and excellent accuracy for the identification of GM wheat B73-6-1.

Double-Mutated 5-Enol Pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate Synthase Protein Expressed in MZHG0JG Corn (Zea mays L.) Has No Impact on Toxicological Safety and Nutritional Composition.

PubMed

Matthews, Bethany A; Launis, Karen L; Bauman, Patricia A; Juba, Nicole C

2017-09-27

MZHG0JG corn will offer growers the flexibility to alternate between herbicides with two different modes of action in their weed-management programs, helping to mitigate and manage the evolution of herbicide resistance in weed populations. The proteins conferring herbicide tolerence in MZHG0JG corn, double-mutated 5-enol pyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase protein (mEPSPS) and phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (PAT), as well as the MZHG0JG corn event, have been assessed by regulatory authorities globally and have been determined to be safe for humans, animals, and the environment. In addition to the safety data available for these proteins, further studies were conducted on MZHG0JG corn to assess levels of mEPSPS as compared to previously registered genetically modified (GM) corn. The results support the conclusion of no impact on toxicological safety or nutritional composition.

Synergistic effect of two cell recognition systems: glycosphingolipid-glycosphingolipid interaction and integrin receptor interaction with pericellular matrix protein.

PubMed

Kojima, N; Hakomori, S

1991-12-01

GM3-expressing cells adhere, spread and migrate on plastic plates coated with Gg3, LacCer and Gb4, but not with other glycosphingolipids (GSLs). Thus, cell adhesion, spreading and migration through GSL-GSL interaction occur in an analogous fashion to the interaction of cells with adhesive matrix proteins [AP, e.g. fibronectin (FN), laminin (LN)] through their integrin receptors. In this study, the adhesion of two GM3-expressing cell lines (B16 melanoma and HEL299 fibroblast) on plastic plates co-coated with GSL plus AP is compared with adhesion on plates coated with GSL (Gg3 or LacCer) alone, or coated with AP alone. Results show that: (i) cell adhesion on GSL-coated plates takes place earlier in the incubation period than that on AP-coated plates; (ii) cell adhesion, as well as spreading, was greatly enhanced (in terms of strength and rapidity) on plates co-coated with GSL plus AP; (iii) repulsion (negative adhesion) of cells was observed on plates co-coated with AP plus N-acetyl-GM3 (NAcGM3) and was presumably based on repulsive NAcGM3-NAcGM3 interaction; (iv) GM3-dependent cell adhesion on GSL-coated plates, as well as synergistic promotion of cell adhesion (based on the GSL-GSL and AP-integrin systems), was suppressed by incubation of cells with anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody DH2 or sialidase. Synergistic adhesion of cells on GSL/AP co-coated plates was less inhibited by incubation with peptide sequences RGDS or YIGSR than was adhesion on plates coated with AP alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Eco-certification and greening the Brazilian soy and corn supply chains.

PubMed

VanWey, Leah K; Richards, Peter D

2014-01-01

Garrett et al 's recent letter (2013 Environ. Res. Lett. 8 044055) shows the trade value of Brazil's production of non-genetically modified (GM) crops, and argues that production for this niche market laid the foundation for the expansion of a variety of non-GM and eco-certification systems. We argue that the conditions underlying the development and perpetuation of the non-GM certification systems are transient. The expansion of soy production has dampened the conditions that promoted the dominance of non-GM soy in the region. The state at the heart of the production of conventional soy, Mato Grosso, already has transitioned to almost 90% GM soy in the most recent agricultural season. The continued viability of eco-certification systems depends on strengthening institutions on the demand side, and ensuring farm-level costs on the supply side match price premiums reaching the farm level.

Eco-certification and greening the Brazilian soy and corn supply chains

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

VanWey, Leah K.; Richards, Peter D.

2014-03-01

Garrett et al’s recent letter (2013 Environ. Res. Lett. 8 044055) shows the trade value of Brazil’s production of non-genetically modified (GM) crops, and argues that production for this niche market laid the foundation for the expansion of a variety of non-GM and eco-certification systems. We argue that the conditions underlying the development and perpetuation of the non-GM certification systems are transient. The expansion of soy production has dampened the conditions that promoted the dominance of non-GM soy in the region. The state at the heart of the production of conventional soy, Mato Grosso, already has transitioned to almost 90% GM soy in the most recent agricultural season. The continued viability of eco-certification systems depends on strengthening institutions on the demand side, and ensuring farm-level costs on the supply side match price premiums reaching the farm level.

Biogas Production by Co-Digestion of Goat Manure with Three Crop Residues

PubMed Central

Zhang, Tong; Liu, Linlin; Song, Zilin; Ren, Guangxin; Feng, Yongzhong; Han, Xinhui; Yang, Gaihe

2013-01-01

Goat manure (GM) is an excellent raw material for anaerobic digestion because of its high total nitrogen content and fermentation stability. Several comparative assays were conducted on the anaerobic co-digestion of GM with three crop residues (CRs), namely, wheat straw (WS), corn stalks (CS) and rice straw (RS), under different mixing ratios. All digesters were implemented simultaneously under mesophilic temperature at 35±1 °C with a total solid concentration of 8%. Result showed that the combination of GM with CS or RS significantly improved biogas production at all carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios. GM/CS (30:70), GM/CS (70:30), GM/RS (30:70) and GM/RS (50:50) produced the highest biogas yields from different co-substrates (14840, 16023, 15608 and 15698 mL, respectively) after 55 d of fermentation. Biogas yields of GM/WS 30:70 (C/N 35.61), GM/CS 70:30 (C/N 21.19) and GM/RS 50:50 (C/N 26.23) were 1.62, 2.11 and 1.83 times higher than that of CRs, respectively. These values were determined to be the optimal C/N ratios for co-digestion. However, compared with treatments of GM/CS and GM/RS treatments, biogas generated from GM/WS was only slightly higher than the single digestion of GM or WS. This result was caused by the high total carbon content (35.83%) and lignin content (24.34%) in WS, which inhibited biodegradation. PMID:23825574

Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Growing Broilers

PubMed Central

Ullah, Zafar; Ahmed, Gulraiz; Nisa, Mehr un; Sarwar, Muhammad

2016-01-01

This experiment was conducted to determine standardized ileal amino acid digestibility (SIAAD) of commonly used feed ingredients in poultry diets in Pakistan. These feed ingredients included corn, rice broken (RB), rice polishings (RP), wheat bran (WB), sunflower meal (SFM), cottonseed meal (CSM), guar meal (GM), soybean meal (SBM) from India and Argentine and fish meal (FM). The SIAAD of each ingredient was determined in triplicate using 21-days-old broilers. Day-old male broiler chicks (Hubbard× Hubbard) were reared on corn-SBM based diet from 1 to 13 days and thereafter birds were fed experimental diets from day 14 to 21. Each diet was fed to 36 birds kept in six replicate cages, each cage had six birds. In cereals, the SIAAD of corn’s amino acid (AA) (90.1%) was similar (p>0.05) to RB (89.0%). Isoleucine (97.8%) and lysine (96.9%) were highly digestible AA in corn and RB, respectively. Among cereal-by products, WB’s SIAAD (76.9%) was same (p>0.05) as RP (71.9%). Arginine from WB (82.5%) and RP (83.2%) was highly digestible. However, threonine in WB (72.7%) and leucine in RP (69.6%) were the lowest digestible AAs. In plant protein meals, AAs from Argentine-SBM (85.1%) and Indian-SBM (83.4%) had higher (p<0.5) SIAAD than other protein meals. However, SIAAD of SFM (77.1%) and CSM (71.7%) was intermediate while GM (60.3%) exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among all ingredients. Arginine from GM (76.9%), CSM (85.8%), SBM-India (89.5%) and SBM-Argentine (91.5%) was highly digestible from indispensable AAs. In SFM, methionine (91.4%) SIAAD was the greatest. The average SIAAD of FM was 77.6%. Alanine from FM had the highest (84.0%) but cysteine (62.8%) had the lowest SIAAD. In conclusion, cereals i.e. corn and RB had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD of the cereals by-products. The SIAAD of RP and WB was same (p>0.05). The SBM from plant protein meals had higher (p<0.05) SIAAD than other studied feed ingredients. However, the GM had the lowest (p<0.05) SIAAD among protein meals. PMID:26954227

Safety assessment of GM plants: An updated review of the scientific literature.

PubMed

Domingo, José L

2016-09-01

In a wide revision of the literature conducted in 2000, I noted that the information in scientific journals on the safety of genetically modified (GM) foods in general, and GM plants in particular, was scarce. Of course, it was not sufficient to guarantee that the consumption of these products should not mean risks for the health of the consumers. Because of the scientific interest in GM organisms (GMOs), as well as the great concern that the consumption of GM foods/plants has raised in a number of countries, I conducted two subsequent revisions (2007 and 2011) on the adverse/toxic effects of GM plants. In the present review, I have updated the information on the potential adverse health effects of GM plants consumed as food and/or feed. With only a few exceptions, the reported studies in the last six years show rather similar conclusions; that is to say, the assessed GM soybeans, rice, corn/maize and wheat would be as safe as the parental species of these plants. However, in spite of the notable increase in the available information, studies on the long-term health effects of GM plants, including tests of mutagenicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity seem to be still clearly necessary. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Comparative studies of the quantification of genetically modified organisms in foods processed from maize and soy using trial producing.

PubMed

Yoshimura, Tomoaki; Kuribara, Hideo; Kodama, Takashi; Yamata, Seiko; Futo, Satoshi; Watanabe, Satoshi; Aoki, Nobutaro; Iizuka, Tayoshi; Akiyama, Hiroshi; Maitani, Tamio; Naito, Shigehiro; Hino, Akihiro

2005-03-23

Seven types of processed foods, namely, cornstarch, cornmeal, corn puffs, corn chips, tofu, soy milk, and boiled beans, were trial produced from 1 and 5% (w/w) genetically modified (GM) mixed raw materials. In this report, insect resistant maize (MON810) and herbicide tolerant soy (Roundup Ready soy, 40-3-2) were used as representatives of GM maize and soy, respectively. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the raw materials and the trial-produced processed food using two types of methods, i.e., the silica membrane method and the anion exchange method. The GM% values of these samples were quantified, and the significant differences between the raw materials and the trial-produced processed foods were statistically confirmed. There were some significant differences in the comparisons of all processed foods. However, our quantitative methods could be applied as a screening assay to tofu and soy milk because the differences in GM% between the trial-produced processed foods and their raw materials were lower than 13 and 23%, respectively. In addition, when quantitating with two primer pairs (SSIIb 3, 114 bp; SSIIb 4, 83 bp for maize and Le1n02, 118 bp; Le1n03, 89 bp for soy), which were targeted within the same taxon specific DNA sequence with different amplicon sizes, the ratios of the copy numbers of the two primer pairs (SSIIb 3/4 and Le1n02/03) decreased with time in a heat-treated processing model using an autoclave. In this report, we suggest that the degradation level of DNA in processed foods could be estimated from these ratios, and the probability of GM quantification could be experimentally predicted from the results of the trial producing.

Genetically modified organisms in the United States: implementation, concerns, and public perception.

PubMed

Oeschger, Max P; Silva, Catherine E

2007-01-01

We examine the state of biotechnology with respect to genetically modified (GM) organisms in agriculture. Our focus is on the USA, where there has been significant progress and implementation but where, to date, the matter has drawn little attention. GM organisms are the result of lateral gene transfers, the transfer of genes from one species to another, or sometimes, from one kingdom to another. The introduction of foreign genes makes some people very uncomfortable, and a small group of activists have grave concerns about the technology. Attempts by activists to build concern in the general public have garnered little attention; however, the producers of GM organisms have responded to their concerns and established extensive testing programs to be applied to each candidate organism that is produced. In the meantime, GM varieties of corn, cotton, soybean and rapeseed have been put into agricultural production and are now extensively planted. These crops, and the other, newer GM crops, have produced no problems and have pioneered a silent agricultural revolution in the USA.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on calcium and magnesium absorption.

PubMed

Tantibhedhyangkul, P; Hashim, S A

1978-04-01

The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the absorption of calcium and magnesium in premature infants was studied in 34 infants with birth weights lower than 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas similar in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas absorbed significantly more calcium than the control group. Magnesium absorption was significantly increased in the 80% MCT group.

Corn rootworm-active RNA DvSnf7: Repeat dose oral toxicology assessment in support of human and mammalian safety.

PubMed

Petrick, Jay S; Frierdich, Gregory E; Carleton, Stephanie M; Kessenich, Colton R; Silvanovich, Andre; Zhang, Yuanji; Koch, Michael S

2016-11-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been developed and commercialized that utilize double stranded RNAs (dsRNA) to suppress a target gene(s), producing virus resistance, nutritional and quality traits. MON 87411 is a GM maize variety that leverages dsRNAs to selectively control corn rootworm through production of a 240 base pair (bp) dsRNA fragment targeting for suppression the western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) Snf7 gene (DvSnf7). A bioinformatics assessment found that endogenous corn small RNAs matched ∼450 to 2300 unique RNA transcripts that likely code for proteins in rat, mouse, and human, demonstrating safe dsRNA consumption by mammals. Mice were administered DvSnf7 RNA (968 nucleotides, including the 240 bp DvSnf7 dsRNA) at 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg by oral gavage in a 28-day repeat dose toxicity study. No treatment-related effects were observed in body weights, food consumption, clinical observations, clinical chemistry, hematology, gross pathology, or histopathology endpoints. Therefore, the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for DvSnf7 RNA was 100 mg/kg, the highest dose tested. These results demonstrate that dsRNA for insect control does not produce adverse health effects in mammals at oral doses millions to billions of times higher than anticipated human exposures and therefore poses negligible risk to mammals. Copyright © 2016 Monsanto Company. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Results of the 1971 Corn Blight Watch experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Macdonald, R. B.; Allen, R. D.; Bauer, M. E.; Clifton, J. W.; Frickson, J. D.; Landgrebe, D. A.

1972-01-01

Advanced remote sensing techniques are used to: (1)Detect development and spread of corn leaf blight during the growing season; (2) assess the extent and severity of blight infection; (3) assess the impact of blight on corn production; and (4) estimate the applicability of these techniques to similar situations occurring in the future.

Genetically Modified (GM) Foods & Teaching Critical Thinking.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flores, Vanessa S.; Tobin, Allan J.

2003-01-01

Describes instructional materials developed to address two major needs in biology education--how to form scientific opinions and providing a link between students and literature. Presents two essays, rats and potatoes and butterflies and corn, introduces students to article searching, reading peer-reviewed scientific studies, writing, critical…

Resistance to Degradation and Cellular Distribution are Important Features for the Antitumor Activity of Gomesin

PubMed Central

Buri, Marcus V.; Domingues, Tatiana M.; Paredes-Gamero, Edgar J.; Casaes-Rodrigues, Rafael L.; Rodrigues, Elaine Guadelupe; Miranda, Antonio

2013-01-01

Many reports have shown that antimicrobial peptides exhibit anticancer abilities. Gomesin (Gm) exhibits potent cytotoxic activity against cancer cells by a membrane pore formation induced after well-orchestrated intracellular mechanisms. In this report, the replacements of the Cys by Ser or Thr, and the use D-amino acids in the Gm structure were done to investigate the importance of the resistance to degradation of the molecule with its cytotoxicity. [Thr2,6,11,15]-Gm, and [Ser2,6,11,15]-Gm exhibits low cytotoxicity, and low resistance to degradation, and after 24 h are present in localized area near to the membrane. Conversely, the use of D-amino acids in the analogue [D-Thr2,6,11,15]-D-Gm confers resistance to degradation, increases its potency, and maintained this peptide spread in the cytosol similarly to what happens with Gm. Replacements of Cys by Thr and Gln by L- or D-Pro ([D-Thr2,6,11,15, Pro9]-D-Gm, and [Thr2,6,11,15, D-Pro9]-Gm), which induced a similar β-hairpin conformation, also increase their resistance to degradation, and cytotoxicity, but after 24 h they are not present spread in the cytosol, exhibiting lower cytotoxicity in comparison to Gm. Additionally, chloroquine, a lysosomal enzyme inhibitor potentiated the effect of the peptides. Furthermore, the binding and internalization of peptides was determined, but a direct correlation among these factors was not observed. However, cholesterol ablation, which increase fluidity of cellular membrane, also increase cytotoxicity and internalization of peptides. β-hairpin spatial conformation, and intracellular localization/target, and the capability of entry are important properties of gomesin cytotoxicity. PMID:24312251

Development of estimation method for crop yield using MODIS satellite imagery data and process-based model for corn and soybean in US Corn-Belt region

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lee, J.; Kang, S.; Jang, K.; Ko, J.; Hong, S.

2012-12-01

Crop productivity is associated with the food security and hence, several models have been developed to estimate crop yield by combining remote sensing data with carbon cycle processes. In present study, we attempted to estimate crop GPP and NPP using algorithm based on the LUE model and a simplified respiration model. The state of Iowa and Illinois was chosen as the study site for estimating the crop yield for a period covering the 5 years (2006-2010), as it is the main Corn-Belt area in US. Present study focuses on developing crop-specific parameters for corn and soybean to estimate crop productivity and yield mapping using satellite remote sensing data. We utilized a 10 km spatial resolution daily meteorological data from WRF to provide cloudy-day meteorological variables but in clear-say days, MODIS-based meteorological data were utilized to estimate daily GPP, NPP, and biomass. County-level statistics on yield, area harvested, and productions were used to test model predicted crop yield. The estimated input meteorological variables from MODIS and WRF showed with good agreements with the ground observations from 6 Ameriflux tower sites in 2006. For examples, correlation coefficients ranged from 0.93 to 0.98 for Tmin and Tavg ; from 0.68 to 0.85 for daytime mean VPD; from 0.85 to 0.96 for daily shortwave radiation, respectively. We developed county-specific crop conversion coefficient, i.e. ratio of yield to biomass on 260 DOY and then, validated the estimated county-level crop yield with the statistical yield data. The estimated corn and soybean yields at the county level ranged from 671 gm-2 y-1 to 1393 gm-2 y-1 and from 213 gm-2 y-1 to 421 gm-2 y-1, respectively. The county-specific yield estimation mostly showed errors less than 10%. Furthermore, we estimated crop yields at the state level which were validated against the statistics data and showed errors less than 1%. Further analysis for crop conversion coefficient was conducted for 200 DOY and 280 DOY. For the case of 280 DOY, Crop yield estimation showed better accuracy for soybean at county level. Though the case of 200 DOY resulted in less accuracy (i.e. 20% mean bias), it provides a useful tool for early forecasting of crop yield. We improved the spatial accuracy of estimated crop yield at county level by developing county-specific crop conversion coefficient. Our results indicate that the aboveground crop biomass can be estimated successfully with the simple LUE and respiration models combined with MODIS data and then, county-specific conversion coefficient can be different with each other across different counties. Hence, applying region-specific conversion coefficient is necessary to estimate crop yield with better accuracy.

Single-Event Transgene Product Levels Predict Levels in Genetically Modified Breeding Stacks.

PubMed

Gampala, Satyalinga Srinivas; Fast, Brandon J; Richey, Kimberly A; Gao, Zhifang; Hill, Ryan; Wulfkuhle, Bryant; Shan, Guomin; Bradfisch, Greg A; Herman, Rod A

2017-09-13

The concentration of transgene products (proteins and double-stranded RNA) in genetically modified (GM) crop tissues is measured to support food, feed, and environmental risk assessments. Measurement of transgene product concentrations in breeding stacks of previously assessed and approved GM events is required by many regulatory authorities to evaluate unexpected transgene interactions that might affect expression. Research was conducted to determine how well concentrations of transgene products in single GM events predict levels in breeding stacks composed of these events. The concentrations of transgene products were compared between GM maize, soybean, and cotton breeding stacks (MON-87427 × MON-89034 × DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 × MON-87411 × DAS-59122-7 × DAS-40278-9 corn, DAS-81419-2 × DAS-44406-6 soybean, and DAS-21023-5 × DAS-24236-5 × SYN-IR102-7 × MON-88913-8 × DAS-81910-7 cotton) and their component single events (MON-87427, MON-89034, DAS-Ø15Ø7-1, MON-87411, DAS-59122-7, and DAS-40278-9 corn, DAS-81419-2, and DAS-44406-6 soybean, and DAS-21023-5, DAS-24236-5, SYN-IR102-7, MON-88913-8, and DAS-81910-7 cotton). Comparisons were made within a crop and transgene product across plant tissue types and were also made across transgene products in each breeding stack for grain/seed. Scatter plots were generated comparing expression in the stacks to their component events, and the percent of variability accounted for by the line of identity (y = x) was calculated (coefficient of identity, I 2 ). Results support transgene concentrations in single events predicting similar concentrations in breeding stacks containing the single events. Therefore, food, feed, and environmental risk assessments based on concentrations of transgene products in single GM events are generally applicable to breeding stacks composed of these events.

Recommended Dietary Menus for Use in Operational and Research Saturation Diving

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-05-01

GMS MARGARINE-CORN-REG 1.0 TBSP 14.1 GMS CAKE-POUND 1.0 SLICE 33.0 GMS SNACK RAISINS-SEEDLESS 0.7 CUP 108.8 GMS NUTS - CASHEWS -DRY ROASTED 0.2 CUP 34.3...CUP 250.0 GMS TEA-INSTANT-PREP-UNSWEET 2.0 CUPS 474.0 GMS MARGARINE-CORN-REG 1.0 TBSP 14.1 GMS SNACK NUTS - CASHEWS -OIL ROASTED 0.3 CUP 39.0 GMS...GMS SNACK RAISINS-SEEDLESS 0.7 CUP 108.8 GMS NUTS - CASHEWS -DRY ROASTED 0.3 CUP 41.1 GMS NUTRIENT VALUES Kcalories 3694 Kc Carbohydrate 545.0 Gm Protein

Asymmetric Spread of SRBSDV between Rice and Corn Plants by the Vector Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae).

PubMed

Li, Pei; Li, Fei; Han, Yongqiang; Yang, Lang; Liao, Xiaolan; Hou, Maolin

2016-01-01

Plant viruses are mostly transmitted by sucking insects via their piercing behaviors, which may differ due to host plant species and their developmental stages. We characterized the transmission of a fijivirus, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), by the planthopper vector Sogatella furcifera Horváth (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), between rice and corn plants of varying developmental stages. SRBSDV was transmitted from infected rice to uninfected corn plants as efficiently as its transmission between rice plants, while was acquired by S. furcifera nymphs at a much lower rate from infected corn plants than from infected rice plants. We also recorded a high mortality of S. furcifera nymphs on corn plants. It is evident that young stages of both the virus donor and recipient plants added to the transmission efficiency of SRBSDV from rice to corn plants. Feeding behaviors of the vector recorded by electrical penetration graph showed that phloem sap ingestion, the behavioral event that is linked with plant virus acquisition, was impaired on corn plants, which accounts for the high mortality of and low virus acquisition by S. furcifera nymphs on corn plants. Our results reveal an asymmetric spread of SRBSDV between its two host plants and the underlying behavioral mechanism, which is of significance for assessing SRBSDV transmission risks and field epidemiology, and for developing integrated management approaches for SRBSDV disease.

Safety assessments and public concern for genetically modified food products: the American view.

PubMed

Harlander, Susan K

2002-01-01

In the relatively short time since their commercial introduction in 1996, genetically modified (GM) crops have been rapidly adopted in the United States GM crops are regulated through a coordinated framework developed in 1992 and administered by three agencies-the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) that ensures the products are safe to grow, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that ensures the products are safe for the environment, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that ensures the products are safe to eat. Rigorous food and environmental safety assessments must be completed before GM crops can be commercialized. Fifty-one products have been reviewed by the FDA, including several varieties of corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, rice, sugar beets, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, papaya, and flax. Because FDA considers these crops "substantially equivalent" to their conventional counterparts, no special labeling is required for GM crops in the United States and they are managed as commodities with no segregation or identity preservation. GM crops have thus made their way through commodity distribution channels into thousands of ingredients used in processed foods. It has been estimated that 70% to 85% of processed foods on supermarket shelves in the United States today contain one or more ingredients potentially derived from GM crops. The food industry and retail industry have been monitoring the opinions of their consumers on the GM issue for the past several years. Numerous independent groups have also surveyed consumer concerns about GM foods. The results of these surveys are shared and discussed here.

Targeting the GM-CSF receptor for the treatment of CNS autoimmunity

PubMed Central

Ifergan, Igal; Davidson, Todd S.; Kebir, Hania; Xu, Dan; Palacios-Macapagal, Daphne; Cann, Jennifer; Rodgers, Jane M.; Hunter, Zoe N.; Pittet, Camille L.; Beddow, Sara; Jones, Clare A.; Prat, Alexandre; Sleeman, Matthew A.; Miller, Stephen D.

2017-01-01

In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a growing interest in inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of GM-CSF receptor alpha (Rα) blockade in animal models of MS. We show that GM-CSF signaling inhibition at peak of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) results in amelioration of disease progression. Similarly, GM-CSF Rα blockade in relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE model prevented disease relapses and inhibited T cell responses specific for both the inducing and spread myelin peptides, while reducing activation of mDCs and inflammatory monocytes. In situ immunostaining of lesions from human secondary progressive MS (SPMS), but not primary progressive MS patients shows extensive recruitment of GM-CSF Rα+ myeloid cells. Collectively, this study reveals a pivotal role of GM-CSF in disease relapses and the benefit of GM-CSF Rα blockade as a potential novel therapeutic approach for treatment of RRMS and SPMS. PMID:28641926

Targeting the GM-CSF receptor for the treatment of CNS autoimmunity.

PubMed

Ifergan, Igal; Davidson, Todd S; Kebir, Hania; Xu, Dan; Palacios-Macapagal, Daphne; Cann, Jennifer; Rodgers, Jane M; Hunter, Zoe N; Pittet, Camille L; Beddow, Sara; Jones, Clare A; Prat, Alexandre; Sleeman, Matthew A; Miller, Stephen D

2017-11-01

In multiple sclerosis (MS), there is a growing interest in inhibiting the pro-inflammatory effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). We sought to evaluate the therapeutic potential and underlying mechanisms of GM-CSF receptor alpha (Rα) blockade in animal models of MS. We show that GM-CSF signaling inhibition at peak of chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) results in amelioration of disease progression. Similarly, GM-CSF Rα blockade in relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE model prevented disease relapses and inhibited T cell responses specific for both the inducing and spread myelin peptides, while reducing activation of mDCs and inflammatory monocytes. In situ immunostaining of lesions from human secondary progressive MS (SPMS), but not primary progressive MS patients shows extensive recruitment of GM-CSF Rα + myeloid cells. Collectively, this study reveals a pivotal role of GM-CSF in disease relapses and the benefit of GM-CSF Rα blockade as a potential novel therapeutic approach for treatment of RRMS and SPMS. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Monitoring of Bt11 and Bt176 genetically modified maize in food sold commercially in Brazil from 2005 to 2007.

PubMed

Dinon, Andréia Z; Bosco, Kenia T; Arisi, Ana Carolina M

2010-07-01

The first genetically modified (GM) maize lines were approved for trading in Brazil after December 2007 and they were T25, MON810, Bt11, NK603 and GA21. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was employed to monitor the presence of Bt11 and nested PCR was used to detect the presence of Bt176 in 81 maize-derived products (maize flour, corn meal, maize flour flakes and polenta) that were sold in Brazilian market from 2005 to 2007, before the release of GM maize in Brazil. The PCR detection limit for Bt11 was 10 g kg(-1) and for nested PCR of Bt176 it was 1 g kg(-1). All Brazilian samples analyzed showed no positive signal for these GM maize events. Bt11 and Bt176 GM maize lines were not detected by specific PCR in 81 maize-derived food samples sold in Brazil from 2005 to 2007, before the commercial release of GM maize in Brazil. These Brazilian food industries were in compliance with the rules stipulated by the current legislation with respect to consumer requirements about GMO labeling.

Medium-chain triglyceride feeding in premature infants: effects on fat and nitrogen absorption.

PubMed

Tantibhedhyangkul, P; Hashim, S A

1975-03-01

The effect of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on the "physiological" steatorrhea of prematurity was studied in 34 infants with birthweights below 2,000 gm. The infants were divided into three groups and fed three formulas identical in nutrient content except for the type of fat, as follows: group 1 (control): corn oil, oleo, and coconut oil (39:41:20); group 2: MCT, corn oil, and coconut oil (40:40:20); group 3: MCT and corn oil (80:20). The infants fed MCT-containing formulas had striking diminution in stool volume and frequency. Their total fat absorption was significantly improved when compared with controls; nitrogen absorption was slightly but significantly improved in the 80% MCT group. The results also suggest that nitrogen sparing may be enhanced in premature infants fed MCT-containing formulas.

Genetically modified crops: Brazilian law and overview.

PubMed

Marinho, C D; Martins, F J O; Amaral Júnior, A T; Gonçalves, L S A; dos Santos, O J A P; Alves, D P; Brasileiro, B P; Peternelli, L A

2014-07-07

In Brazil, the first genetically modified (GM) crop was released in 1998, and it is estimated that 84, 78, and 50% of crop areas containing soybean, corn, and cotton, respectively, were transgenic in 2012. This intense and rapid adoption rate confirms that the choice to use technology has been the main factor in developing national agriculture. Thus, this review focuses on understanding these dynamics in the context of farmers, trade relations, and legislation. To accomplish this goal, a survey was conducted using the database of the National Cultivar Registry and the National Service for Plant Variety Protection of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply [Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA)] between 1998 and October 13, 2013. To date, 36 events have been released: five for soybeans, 18 for corn, 12 for cotton, and one for beans. From these events, 1395 cultivars have been developed and registered: 582 for soybean, 783 for corn and 30 for cotton. Monsanto owns 73.05% of the technologies used to develop these cultivars, while the Dow AgroScience - DuPont partnership and Syngenta have 16.34 and 4.37% ownership, respectively. Thus, the provision of transgenic seeds by these companies is an oligopoly supported by legislation. Moreover, there has been a rapid replacement of conventional crops by GM crops, whose technologies belong almost exclusively to four multinational companies, with the major ownership by Monsanto. These results reflect a warning to the government of the increased dependence on multinational corporations for key agricultural commodities.

Attitudes in China about Crops and Foods Developed by Biotechnology

PubMed Central

Liu, Xiaoxia; Cheng, Jie; Zhang, Qingwen; Shelton, Anthony M.

2015-01-01

Transgenic Bt cotton has been planted in China since 1997 and, in 2009, biosafety certificates for the commercial production of Bt rice and phytase corn were issued by the Chinese government. The public attitude in China toward agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops and foods has received considerable attention worldwide. We investigated the attitudes of consumers, Bt cotton farmers and scientists in China regarding GM crops and foods and the factors influencing their attitudes. Data were collected using interview surveys of consumer households, farmer households and scientists. A discrete choice approach was used to elicit the purchase intentions of the respondents. Two separate probit models were developed to examine the effect of various factors on the choices of the respondents. Bt cotton farmers had a very positive attitude because Bt cotton provided them with significant economic benefits. Chinese consumers from developed regions had a higher acceptance and willingness to pay for GM foods than consumers in other regions. The positive attitude toward GM foods by the scientific community will help to promote biotechnology in China in the future. Our survey emphasized that educational efforts made by government officials, the media and scientists can facilitate the acceptance of GM technology in China. Further educational efforts will be critical for influencing consumer attitudes and decisions of government agencies in the future. More effective educational efforts by government agencies and public media concerning the scientific facts and safety of GM foods would enhance the acceptance of GM crops in China. PMID:26418161

Attitudes in China about Crops and Foods Developed by Biotechnology.

PubMed

Han, Fei; Zhou, Dingyang; Liu, Xiaoxia; Cheng, Jie; Zhang, Qingwen; Shelton, Anthony M

2015-01-01

Transgenic Bt cotton has been planted in China since 1997 and, in 2009, biosafety certificates for the commercial production of Bt rice and phytase corn were issued by the Chinese government. The public attitude in China toward agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops and foods has received considerable attention worldwide. We investigated the attitudes of consumers, Bt cotton farmers and scientists in China regarding GM crops and foods and the factors influencing their attitudes. Data were collected using interview surveys of consumer households, farmer households and scientists. A discrete choice approach was used to elicit the purchase intentions of the respondents. Two separate probit models were developed to examine the effect of various factors on the choices of the respondents. Bt cotton farmers had a very positive attitude because Bt cotton provided them with significant economic benefits. Chinese consumers from developed regions had a higher acceptance and willingness to pay for GM foods than consumers in other regions. The positive attitude toward GM foods by the scientific community will help to promote biotechnology in China in the future. Our survey emphasized that educational efforts made by government officials, the media and scientists can facilitate the acceptance of GM technology in China. Further educational efforts will be critical for influencing consumer attitudes and decisions of government agencies in the future. More effective educational efforts by government agencies and public media concerning the scientific facts and safety of GM foods would enhance the acceptance of GM crops in China.

Transgenic, transplastomic and other genetically modified plants: a Canadian perspective.

PubMed

Belzile, François J

2002-11-01

Since the mid 1990s, genetically modified (GM) crops have been grown commercially in Canada on a scale that has increased steadily over the years. An intense debate ensued, as elsewhere, and many fears were expressed regarding not only the technology itself but some of the main GM crops being grown. It would seem appropriate at this time to examine how these novel crops compare to crops bred by more traditional means and what impacts these GM crops have had based on experience and not merely on conjecture. To begin, we will put things in a historical perspective and recall how domestication and conventional plant breeding have shaped the crops of today. Then, we will describe briefly the distinctive features of GM plants (obtained so far mainly by nuclear transgenesis) and how these novel crops are regulated in Canada. We will then give two examples of widely grown GM crops in Canada (insect-resistant corn and herbicide-tolerant canola) and examine the main questions that were raised as well as the actual impacts these crops have had on the farm. These examples will help us outline some of the limitations of the current generation of GM plants and, finally, we will try to get a glimpse of the future by examining some recent technical developments in the field of recombinant DNA technologies applied to plant breeding.

Biotechnology Industry

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-01-01

application. BIODEFENSE Bioterrorism Bioterrorism is defined as “the use of pathogens or toxins against human, animal or plant populations by a... Plants Research and Commercialization” (Plunkett Research, 2007) was established by the Chinese government to oversee foreign research organizations...Business Information Center, 2007, ¶ 1). Ag Biotech is growing in Europe; the number of acres of GM corn planted in France increased ten-fold from 2005

Biased perception about gene technology: How perceived naturalness and affect distort benefit perception.

PubMed

Siegrist, Michael; Hartmann, Christina; Sütterlin, Bernadette

2016-01-01

In two experiments, the participants showed biased responses when asked to evaluate the benefits of gene technology. They evaluated the importance of additional yields in corn fields due to a newly introduced variety, which would increase a farmer's revenues. In one condition, the newly introduced variety was described as a product of traditional breeding; in the other, it was identified as genetically modified (GM). The two experiments' findings showed that the same benefits were perceived as less important for a farmer when these were the result of GM crops compared with traditionally bred crops. Mediation analyses suggest that perceived naturalness and the affect associated with the technology per se influence the interpretation of the new information. The lack of perceived naturalness of gene technology seems to be the reason for the participants' perceived lower benefits of a new corn variety in the gene technology condition compared with the perceptions of the participants assigned to the traditional breeding condition. The strategy to increase the acceptance of gene technology by introducing plant varieties that better address consumer and producer needs may not work because people discount its associated benefits. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

BTX-A has notable effects contradicting some treatment aims in the rat triceps surae compartment, which are not confined to the muscles injected.

PubMed

Yucesoy, Can A; Ateş, Filiz

2018-01-03

Botulinum toxin type-A (BTX-A) is widely used in treating gastrocnemius medial (GM) and lateral (GL) muscles in cerebral palsy to improve joint motion. However, recent animal experiments indicate inferior BTX-A effects beyond the injected muscle. The goal was to test the following hypotheses in a rat model. (1) BTX-A injected into the GM and GL does not spread into the soleus (SOL), and muscles exposed show (2) a wider length range of force exertion (L range ), (3) reduced passive forces and (4) no intermuscular interaction effects. Confirming them was considered to indicate BTX-A effects in agreement with the treatment aims and confined to the target muscles. Two groups of Wistar rats were tested: Control (no BTX-A injected) and BTX (0.1 units of BTX-A were injected to the GM and GL, each). GM-GL and SOL muscle distal isometric forces were measured after GM-GL lengthening (condition-1, in which SOL length was kept constant) and with added SOL lengthening (condition-2). Five-days post, BTX-A injection caused significant effects: (1) all muscles showed force drops (minimally by 45%) indicating spread into the SOL. (2) L range of GM-GL (conditions-1 and 2) and SOL (condition-2) decreased (up to 25%). (3) Passive forces showed no change (condition-1) or opposite-coupled changes for the GM-GL (decrease by 26.6%) and SOL (increase by 25.4%) (condition-2). Intramuscular connective tissues of all muscles increased. (4) Intermuscular interactions affected BTX-A effects (e.g., GM-GL force drop increased by 48.7% in condition-2 vs. 1). Rejected hypotheses indicate complex widespread BTX-A effects contradicting some treatment aims, hence clinical testing. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

An Asian perspective on GMO and biotechnology issues.

PubMed

Teng, Paul P S

2008-01-01

Of the 102 million hectares that made up the global area of biotech crops in 2006, less than 8% (7.6 million ha) were in Asia. Three biotech crops are currently planted in significant areas in four Asian countries with government regulatory approval; namely, cotton, corn (maize), and canola. However, the amount of GM crop material imported into the Asian region for processing into food and animal feed is very substantial, and almost every country imports GM food. The issues which concern Asian scientists, regulators, and the lay public resemble those of other regions - biosafety, food safety, ethics and social justice, competitiveness, and the "EU" trade question. Most Asian countries now have regulatory systems for approving the commercialization of GM crops, and for approving food safety of GM crops. In Asia, because of the varied cultures, issues concerning the use of genes derived from animals arouse much emotion for religious and diet choice reasons. Because many Asian producers and farmers are small-scale, there is also concern about technology dependency and to whom the benefits accrue. All consumers surveyed have expressed concern about potential allergenic and long-term toxic effects, neither of which is grounded on scientific facts. Because of Asia's growing demand for high volumes of quality food, it is likely that GM crops will become an increasing feature of our diet.

Agriculture sows pests: how crop domestication, host shifts, and agricultural intensification can create insect pests from herbivores.

PubMed

Bernal, Julio S; Medina, Raul F

2018-04-01

We argue that agriculture as practiced creates pests. We use three examples (Corn leafhopper, Dalbulus maidis; Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera; Cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus) to illustrate: firstly, how since its origins, agriculture has proven conducive to transforming selected herbivores into pests, particularly through crop domestication and spread, and agricultural intensification, and; secondly, that the herbivores that became pests were among those hosted by crop wild relatives or associates, and were pre-adapted either as whole species or component subpopulations. Two of our examples, Corn leafhopper and Western corn rootworm, illustrate how following a host shift to a domesticated host, emergent pests 'hopped' onto crops and rode expansion waves to spread far beyond the geographic ranges of their wild hosts. Western corn rootworm exemplifies how an herbivore-tolerant crop was left vulnerable when it was bred for yield and protected with insecticides. Cotton fleahopper illustrates how removing preferred wild host plants from landscapes and replacing them with crops, allows herbivores with flexible host preferences to reach pest-level populations. We conclude by arguing that in the new geological epoch we face, the Anthropocene, we can improve agriculture by looking to our past to identify and avoid missteps of early and recent farmers. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Monitoring the agricultural landscape for insect resistance

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Casas, Joseph; Glaser, J. A.; Copenhaver, Ken

Farmers in 25 countries on six continents are using plant biotechnology to solve difficult crop production challenges and conserve the environment. In fact, 13.3 million farmers, which include 90 percent of the farming in developing countries, choose to plant biotech crops. Over the past decade, farmers increased area planted in genetically modified (GM) crops by more than 10 percent each year, thus increasing their farm income by more than 44 billion US dollars (1996-2007), and achieved economic, environmental and social benefits in crops such as soybeans, canola, corn and cotton. To date, total acres of biotech crops harvested exceed more than 2 billion with a proven 13-year history of safe use. Over the next decade, expanded adoption combined with current research on 57 crops in 63 countries will broaden the advantages of genetically modified foods for growers, consumers and the environment. Genetically modified (GM) crops with the ability to produce toxins lethal to specific insect pests are covering a larger percentage of the agricultural landscape every year. The United States department of Agriculture (USDA) estimated that 63 percent of corn and 65 percent of cotton contained these specific genetic traits in 2009. The toxins could protect billions of dollars of loss from insect damage for crops valued at greater than 165 billion US dollars in 2008. The stable and efficient production of these crops has taken on even more importance in recent years with their use, not only as a food source, but now also a source of fuel. It is in the best interest of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to ensure the continued efficacy of toxin producing GM crops as their use reduces pesticides harmful to humans and animals. However, population genetics models have indicated the risk of insect pests developing resistance to these toxins if a high percentage of acreage is grown in these crops. The USEPA is developing methods to monitor the agricultural landscape to ensure resistance is not developing. USEPA is teaming with NASA to perform this monitoring using models and NASA earth observation imagery from airborne and satellite platforms. Using multiple spatial, temporal and spectral resolutions, the project is monitoring the entire Midwestern "Corn Belt". By applying these methods, the project has successfully delineated insect infestations in genetically modified corn fields. Insect resistance development is expected to present itself as infestations thus indicating potential identification of resistance if it develops in genetically modified crops. The USEPA and NASA are currently considering the development of plans to potentially extend this aircraft research to other crops and develop a micro-satellite application.

Role of a gamma-aminobutryic acid (GABA) receptor mutation in the evolution and spread of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera resistance to cyclodiene insecticides

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

An alanine to serine amino acid substitution within the Rdl subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor confers resistance to cyclodiene insecticides in many species. The corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, is a damaging pest of cultivated corn that was partially controlled by ...

7 CFR 305.25 - Dry heat treatment schedules.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... minutes. Spread soil in layers 0.5 inches in depth to ensure uniform heat penetration. T412-a 248 15... Spread the ears of corn in single layers on slats or wire shelves. T303-c-1 212 1 hour. T303-d-1 180-200...

The myth of natural barriers. Is transgene introgression by genetically modified crops an environmental risk?

PubMed

Guarnieri, Vincenzo; Benessia, Alice; Camino, Elena; Barbiero, Giuseppe

2008-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops under open field conditions are a complex and controversial issue. Ecologists are discussing about the possibility that a transgene belonging to GM plants could spread to native populations through a process known as introgression the stable incorporation of a gene in the host genome able to generate a differentiated population. The ecological consequences of a transgene introgression in plants or bacteria are not yet well understood, but could be significant. In this critical review we consider vertical and horizontal introgression. We analyse the biochemical and genetic constraints, and environmental factors that limit the possibility of transgene spread; meanwhile we show cases in which the natural barriers are overcome. Then we discuss the overall management of GM crops, noting the shortcomings and approximations of risk assessment based on linear thinking typical of the biomolecular approach. Finally we suggest to explicitly weight facts together with values and we encourage the undertaking of an ecological perspective, encompassing the complexity of (non-linear) relations between organisms and the environment.

Retrograde spread of 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas in patients with active ulcerative colitis

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Campieri, M.; Lanfranchi, G.A.; Brignola, C.

1986-02-01

In an attempt to know the exact retrograde spread of high-dosage 5-aminosalicylic acid enemas, we have studied eight patients with active left-sided colitis, by adding a small amount of barium sulfate to the enemas and by checking the spread radiologically after 15 minutes, 1 hour, and 6 hours. Four grams of 5-aminosalicylic acid in 100-ml enemas and 4 gm in 200-ml enemas were used. The same experiment was repeated in a subsequent attack, with enemas labeled with technetium-99m and checked by scintiscans in five of these patients. We always have observed a volume-dependent spread of enemas but, interestingly, in themore » patients studied with technetium-99m there was always a wider spread than that which was detected with barium enemas. In all five patients, 100-ml enemas reached the splenic flexure. In two patients with total colitis, a progression of 100-ml technetium-99m enemas was performed in the transverse colon, but the maximum opacity remained in the left side. We can conclude that 4 gm of 5-aminosalicylic acid in 100-ml enemas can be suitable for treating patients with left-sided colitis, and will represent a valid addition for patients with more extensive colitis.« less

Physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber made from hot pre-pressed long strand oil palm trunk waste

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fridiyanti, Inayah; Massijaya, M. Y.

2018-03-01

This research was focused on the utilization of oil palm trunk waste as a Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL) raw material. This research aimed to analyze the effect of adhesive types and glue spreads to the physical and mechanical properties of PSL. The adhesive types used were isocyanate and urea formaldehyde adhesives. The glue spreads used were 150 g/m2 and 300 g/m2. The research results showed that the moisture content of PSL ranged from 9.30% to 11.80%. The PSL density ranged from 0.64 to 0.78 g/cm3. The volume shrinkage ranged from 5.69 to 7.17%. Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) parallel to the grain and edge side ranged from 51.6 × 103 to 98.3 × 103 kg/cm2, and 62.1 × 103 to 99.9 × 103 kg/cm2, respectively. The Modulus of Rupture (MOR) parallel to the grain and edge side ranged from 269 to 724 kg/cm2 and 342 to 728 kg/cm2, respectively. The PSL hardness perpendicular to the grain, parallel to the grain and the edge side ranged from 135 to 300 kg/cm2, 87 to 321 kg/cm2, and 128 to 251 kg/cm2, respectively. The compressive strength ranged from 181 to 231 kg/cm2. The best adhesive and glue spreads of PSL was isocyanate with glue spread 300 g/m2. PSL made from hot pre-pressed long strand of oil palm trunk waste bonded by isocyanate fulfill JAS 1152: 2007. However, those of bonded by urea formaldehyde failed to fulfill the standard. The physical and mechanical properties of PSL made from oil palm trunk were better compared to those of solid oil palm trunk.

Effects of whole-plant corn silage hybrid type on intake, digestion, ruminal fermentation, and lactation performance by dairy cows through a meta-analysis.

PubMed

Ferraretto, L F; Shaver, R D

2015-04-01

Understanding the effect of whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) hybrids in dairy cattle diets may allow for better decisions on hybrid selection by dairy producers, as well as indicate potential strategies for the seed corn industry with regard to WPCS hybrids. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform a meta-analysis using literature data on the effects of WPCS hybrid type on intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and lactation performance by dairy cows. The meta-analysis was performed using a data set of 162 treatment means from 48 peer-reviewed articles published between 1995 and 2014. Hybrids were divided into 3 categories before analysis. Comparative analysis of WPCS hybrid types differing in stalk characteristics were in 4 categories: conventional, dual-purpose, isogenic, or low-normal fiber digestibility (CONS), brown midrib (BMR), hybrids with greater NDF but lower lignin (%NDF) contents or high in vitro NDF digestibility (HFD), and leafy (LFY). Hybrid types differing in kernel characteristics were in 4 categories: conventional or yellow dent (CONG), NutriDense (ND), high oil (HO), and waxy. Genetically modified (GM) hybrids were compared with their genetically similar non-biotech counterpart (ISO). Except for lower lignin content for BMR and lower starch content for HFD than CONS and LFY, silage nutrient composition was similar among hybrids of different stalk types. A 1.1 kg/d greater intake of DM and 1.5 and 0.05 kg/d greater milk and protein yields, respectively, were observed for BMR compared with CONS and LFY. Likewise, DMI and milk yield were greater for HFD than CONS, but the magnitude of the difference was smaller. Total-tract NDF digestibility was greater, but starch digestibility was reduced, for BMR and HFD compared with CONS or LFY. Silage nutrient composition was similar for hybrids of varied kernel characteristics, except for lower CP and EE content for CONG than ND and HO. Feeding HO WPCS to dairy cows decreased milk fat content and yield and protein content compared with the other kernel-type hybrids. Hybrids varying in kernel characteristics did not affect intake, milk production, or total-tract nutrient digestibilities by lactating dairy cows. Nutrient composition and lactation performance were similar between GM and ISO. Positive effects of BMR and HFD on intake and milk yield were observed for lactating dairy cows, but the reduced total-tract starch digestibility for these hybrids merits further study. Except for negative effects of HO on milk components, differences were minimal among corn silage hybrids differing in kernel type. Feeding GM WPCS did not affect lactation performance by dairy cows. Copyright © 2015 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Safety assessment and public concerns for genetically modified food products: the Japanese experience.

PubMed

Hino, Akihiro

2002-01-01

The recombinant DNA (rDNA) technique is expected to bring about great progress in the improvement of breeding technology and the development of new plant varieties showing high quality and high yield, such as those with excellent pest and disease resistance, those with environmental stress tolerance, and so forth. In the United States and Canada, many genetically modified (GM) crop plants were commercialized as early as 1994. In Japan, 35 transgenic crop plants, such as herbicide tolerant soybean, cotton, and canola, and insect-resistant corn, cotton, and potatos, were authorized and considered marketable until April 2001. The general public, however, is not familiar with rDNA technology, and some people seem to feel uncomfortable with biotechnology, frequently because of the difficulty of the technology and lacking of sufficient information. New labeling systems were initiated in April 2001 in Japan to provide information regarding the use of GM crops as raw material.

Landscape-scale distribution and persistence of genetically modified oilseed rape (Brassica napus) in Manitoba, Canada.

PubMed

Knispel, Alexis L; McLachlan, Stéphane M

2010-01-01

Genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) oilseed rape (OSR; Brassica napus L.) was approved for commercial cultivation in Canada in 1995 and currently represents over 95% of the OSR grown in western Canada. After a decade of widespread cultivation, GMHT volunteers represent an increasing management problem in cultivated fields and are ubiquitous in adjacent ruderal habitats, where they contribute to the spread of transgenes. However, few studies have considered escaped GMHT OSR populations in North America, and even fewer have been conducted at large spatial scales (i.e. landscape scales). In particular, the contribution of landscape structure and large-scale anthropogenic dispersal processes to the persistence and spread of escaped GMHT OSR remains poorly understood. We conducted a multi-year survey of the landscape-scale distribution of escaped OSR plants adjacent to roads and cultivated fields. Our objective was to examine the long-term dynamics of escaped OSR at large spatial scales and to assess the relative importance of landscape and localised factors to the persistence and spread of these plants outside of cultivation. From 2005 to 2007, we surveyed escaped OSR plants along roadsides and field edges at 12 locations in three agricultural landscapes in southern Manitoba where GMHT OSR is widely grown. Data were analysed to examine temporal changes at large spatial scales and to determine factors affecting the distribution of escaped OSR plants in roadside and field edge habitats within agricultural landscapes. Additionally, we assessed the potential for seed dispersal between escaped populations by comparing the relative spatial distribution of roadside and field edge OSR. Densities of escaped OSR fluctuated over space and time in both roadside and field edge habitats, though the proportion of GMHT plants was high (93-100%). Escaped OSR was positively affected by agricultural landscape (indicative of cropping intensity) and by the presence of an adjacent field planted to OSR. Within roadside habitats, escaped OSR was also strongly associated with large-scale variables, including road surface (indicative of traffic intensity) and distance to the nearest grain elevator. Conversely, within field edges, OSR density was affected by localised crop management practices such as mowing, soil disturbance and herbicide application. Despite the proximity of roadsides and field edges, there was little evidence of spatial aggregation among escaped OSR populations in these two habitats, especially at very fine spatial scales (i.e. <100 m), suggesting that natural propagule exchange is infrequent. Escaped OSR populations were persistent at large spatial and temporal scales, and low density in a given landscape or year was not indicative of overall extinction. As a result of ongoing cultivation and transport of OSR crops, escaped GMHT traits will likely remain predominant in agricultural landscapes. While escaped OSR in field edge habitats generally results from local seeding and management activities occurring at the field-scale, distribution patterns within roadside habitats are determined in large part by seed transport occurring at the landscape scale and at even larger regional scales. Our findings suggest that these large-scale anthropogenic dispersal processes are sufficient to enable persistence despite limited natural seed dispersal. This widespread dispersal is likely to undermine field-scale management practices aimed at eliminating escaped and in-field GMHT OSR populations. Agricultural transport and landscape-scale cropping patterns are important determinants of the distribution of escaped GM crops. At the regional level, these factors ensure ongoing establishment and spread of escaped GMHT OSR despite limited local seed dispersal. Escaped populations thus play an important role in the spread of transgenes and have substantial implications for the coexistence of GM and non-GM production systems. Given the large-scale factors driving the spread of escaped transgenes, localised co-existence measures may be impracticable where they are not commensurate with regional dispersal mechanisms. To be effective, strategies aimed at reducing contamination from GM crops should be multi-scale in approach and be developed and implemented at both farm and landscape levels of organisation. Multiple stakeholders should thus be consulted, including both GM and non-GM farmers, as well as seed developers, processors, transporters and suppliers. Decisions to adopt GM crops require thoughtful and inclusive consideration of the risks and responsibilities inherent in this new technology.

The evaluation of GM6-based ELISA and ICT as diagnostic methods on a Mongolian farm with an outbreak of non-tsetse transmitted horse trypanosomosis.

PubMed

Davaasuren, Batdorj; Amgalanbaatar, Tovuu; Musinguzi, Simon Peter; Suganuma, Keisuke; Otgonsuren, Davaajav; Mossaad, Ehab; Narantsatsral, Sandagdorj; Battur, Banzragch; Battsetseg, Badgar; Xuan, Xuenan; Inoue, Noboru

2017-09-15

Trypanosoma equiperdum, which is the etiological agent of dourine, spreads through sexual intercourse in equines. Dourine (T. equiperdum) has been reported in Mongolia, where it is considered an economically important disease of horses. T. evansi has also been reported in Mongolian domestic animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential application of recombinant T. evansi GM6 (rTeGM6-4r)-based diagnostic methods on a farm with an outbreak of non-tsetse transmitted horse trypanosomosis. Ninety-seven percent homology was found between the amino acid sequences of T. equiperdum GM6 and the GM6 of another Trypanozoon, which also shared the same cellular localization. This finding suggests the utility of rTeGM6-4r-based serodiagnostic methods for epidemiological studies and the diagnosis of both surra and dourine in Equidae. Fifty blood samples were examined from a herd of horses. The diagnostic value of an rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA and an rTeGM6-4r-based immunochromatographic test (ICT) were measured in comparison to a T. evansi crude antigen-based ELISA, which is a diagnostic method recommended by the OIE. However, this is not a perfect diagnostic method for trypanosomosis. Positive serum samples were detected in 46%, 42% and 28% of the tested horses using an rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA, crude antigen-based ELISA and rTeGM6-4r-based ICT, respectively. The sensitivity of rTeGM6-based ELISA was 81%, the specificity was 79%, and the agreement was moderate. We conclude that rTeGM6-4r-based ELISA and ICT represent alternative options for baseline epidemiological studies and the on-site diagnosis of horse trypanosomoses in the field, respectively. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Economic impact of GM crops

PubMed Central

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2014-01-01

A key part of any assessment of the global value of crop biotechnology in agriculture is an examination of its economic impact at the farm level. This paper follows earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the four main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2012. This annual updated analysis shows that there have been very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $18.8 billion in 2012 and $116.6 billion for the 17-year period (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. GM technology have also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the four main crops, having added 122 million tonnes and 230 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid-1990s. PMID:24637520

Economic impact of GM crops: the global income and production effects 1996-2012.

PubMed

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2014-01-01

A key part of any assessment of the global value of crop biotechnology in agriculture is an examination of its economic impact at the farm level. This paper follows earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the four main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialization of genetically modified (GM) crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2012. This annual updated analysis shows that there have been very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $18.8 billion in 2012 and $116.6 billion for the 17-year period (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. GM technology have also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the four main crops, having added 122 million tonnes and 230 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid-1990s.

Evaluation of the gastrointestinal tolerability of corn starch fiber, a novel dietary fiber, in two independent randomized, double-blind, crossover studies in healthy men and women.

PubMed

Crincoli, Christine M; Garcia-Campayo, Vicenta; Rihner, Marisa O; Nikiforov, Andrey I; Liska, DeAnn; van de Ligt, Jennifer L G

2016-11-01

Two independent clinical studies were conducted to compare the gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability of corn starch fiber, a novel dietary fiber, at up to 50 g/day (single-dose study) or 90 g/day (multiple-serving study) with a negative control (no fiber) and a positive control (50 or 90 g polydextrose, for single- and multiple-serving studies, respectively) in generally healthy study volunteers. Flatulence and borborygmus were the primary symptoms reported at the higher doses of corn starch fiber and for the positive control interventions. Bowel movements were increased over 48 h with corn starch fiber at 90 g. Thresholds for mild GI effects were established at 30 g as a single dose and 60 g as multiple servings spread over the day. Other than moderate abdominal pain and mild increased appetite in one subject at 90-g corn starch fiber, no test article-related adverse events were reported.

Quality characteristics of gluten-free cookies made of buckwheat, corn, and rice flour with/without transglutaminase.

PubMed

Altındağ, Gülçin; Certel, Muharrem; Erem, Fundagül; İlknur Konak, Ülgen

2015-04-01

Buckwheat is one of the most valuable pseudo-cereals in terms of its nutritional composition, and it is suitable for celiac patients because of its gluten-free characteristic. However, gluten is the main structure-forming protein responsible for the development of structure in baked products. Therefore, it is a challenge to produce high-quality gluten-free products. Transglutaminase addition is a relatively common application used in the production of gluten-free baked goods. The objective of this study was to investigate the combination of buckwheat flour with rice and corn flour at different levels in gluten-free cookie formulations and the impact of transglutaminase on the quality of cookies. Quality parameters evaluated were proximal chemical composition, spread ratio, color, and textural parameters (hardness and fracturability). Spread ratio, protein, crude fiber, ash content, and also b* and hardness values were significantly (p < 0.05) affected by flour combinations. Further, addition of transglutaminase resulted in increased moisture content, spread ratio, and fracturability but decreased hardness values. © The Author(s) 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

Effects of biotechnology on biodiversity: herbicide-tolerant and insect-resistant GM crops.

PubMed

Ammann, Klaus

2005-08-01

Biodiversity is threatened by agriculture as a whole, and particularly also by traditional methods of agriculture. Knowledge-based agriculture, including GM crops, can reduce this threat in the future. The introduction of no-tillage practices, which are beneficial for soil fertility, has been encouraged by the rapid spread of herbicide-tolerant soybeans in the USA. The replacement of pesticides through Bt crops is advantageous for the non-target insect fauna in test-fields. The results of the British Farm Scale experiment are discussed. Biodiversity differences can mainly be referred to as differences in herbicide application management.

Aflatoxin contamination of developing corn kernels.

PubMed

Amer, M A

2005-01-01

Preharvest of corn and its contamination with aflatoxin is a serious problem. Some environmental and cultural factors responsible for infection and subsequent aflatoxin production were investigated in this study. Stage of growth and location of kernels on corn ears were found to be one of the important factors in the process of kernel infection with A. flavus & A. parasiticus. The results showed positive correlation between the stage of growth and kernel infection. Treatment of corn with aflatoxin reduced germination, protein and total nitrogen contents. Total and reducing soluble sugar was increase in corn kernels as response to infection. Sucrose and protein content were reduced in case of both pathogens. Shoot system length, seeding fresh weigh and seedling dry weigh was also affected. Both pathogens induced reduction of starch content. Healthy corn seedlings treated with aflatoxin solution were badly affected. Their leaves became yellow then, turned brown with further incubation. Moreover, their total chlorophyll and protein contents showed pronounced decrease. On the other hand, total phenolic compounds were increased. Histopathological studies indicated that A. flavus & A. parasiticus could colonize corn silks and invade developing kernels. Germination of A. flavus spores was occurred and hyphae spread rapidly across the silk, producing extensive growth and lateral branching. Conidiophores and conidia had formed in and on the corn silk. Temperature and relative humidity greatly influenced the growth of A. flavus & A. parasiticus and aflatoxin production.

The fate of the recombinant DNA in corn during composting.

PubMed

Guan, Jiewen; Spencer, J Lloyd; Ma, Bao-Luo

2005-01-01

In order to make regulations that safeguard food and the environment, an understanding of the fate oftransgenes from genetically modified (GM) plants is of crucial importance. A compost experiment including mature transgenic corn plants and seeds of event Bt 176 (Zea mays L.) was conducted to trace the fate of the transgene cryIA(b) during the period of composting. In bin 1, shredded corn plants including seeds were composted above a layer of cow manure and samples from the corn layer were collected at intervals during a 12-month period. The samples were tested for the transgene persistence and microbial counts and also the compost was monitored for temperature. In bin 2, piles of corn seeds, surrounded by sheep manure and straw, were composted for 12 months. A method combining nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and southern hybridization was developed for detection of the transgene in compost. The detection sensitivity was 200 copies of the transgene per gram of dry composted corn material. Composting commenced on day 0, and the transgene was detected in specimens from bin 1 on days 0 and 7 but not on day 14 or thereafter. The transgene in corn seeds was not detectable after 12 months of composting in bin 2. Temperatures in both bins rose to about 50 degrees C within 2 weeks and remained above that temperature for about 3 months, even when the ambient temperature dropped below -20 degrees C. Extracts from compost were inoculated onto culture plates and then were incubated at 23 to 55 degrees C. Within the first 2 weeks of composting in bin 1, the counts of bacteria incubated at 55 degrees C increased from 3.5 to 7.5 log10, whereas those incubated at 23 degrees C remained at about 7.5 log10. The counts of fungi incubated at 45 degrees C increased slightly from 2.5 to 3.1 log10, but those incubated at 23 degrees C decreased from 6.3 to 3.0 log10. The rapid degradation of the transgene during composting of Bt corn plants suggested that the composting process could be used for safe disposal of transgenic plant wastes.

Linked Tumor-Selective Virus Replication and Transgene Expression from E3-Containing Oncolytic Adenoviruses†

PubMed Central

Zhu, Mingzhu; Bristol, J. Andrew; Xie, Yuefeng; Mina, Mervat; Ji, Hong; Forry-Schaudies, Suzanne; Ennist, David L.

2005-01-01

Historically, the adenoviral E3 region was found to be nonessential for viral replication in vitro. In addition, adenoviruses whose genome was more than approximately 105% the size of the native genome were inefficiently packaged. These profound observations were used experimentally to insert transgenes into the adenoviral backbone. More recently, however, the reintroduction of the E3 region into oncolytic adenoviruses has been found to positively influence antitumor efficacy in preclinical models and clinical trials. In the studies reported here, the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cDNA sequence has been substituted for the E3-gp19 gene in oncolytic adenoviruses that otherwise retained the E3 region. Five viruses that differed slightly in the method of transgene insertion were generated and compared to Ar6pAE2fGmF (E2F/GM/ΔE3), a previously described E3-deleted oncolytic adenovirus encoding GM-CSF. In all of the viruses, the human E2F-1 promoter regulated E1A expression and GM-CSF expression was under the control of the adenoviral E3 promoter and the packaging signal was relocated immediately upstream from the right terminal repeat. The E3-gp19-deleted viruses had similar cytolytic properties, as measured in vitro by cytotoxicity assays, but differed markedly in their capacity to express and secrete GM-CSF. Ar15pAE2fGmF (E2F/GM/E3b), the virus that produced the highest levels of GM-CSF and retained the native GM-CSF leader sequence, was selected for further analysis. The E2F/GM/E3b and E2F/GM/ΔE3 viruses exhibited similar cytotoxic activity and GM-CSF production in several tumor cell lines in vitro. However, when compared in vivo in nude mouse xenograft tumor models, E2F/GM/E3b spread through tumors to a greater extent, resulted in higher peak GM-CSF and total exposure levels in both tumor and serum, and was more efficacious than the E3-deleted virus. Using the matched WI-38 (parental) and WI-38-VA13 (simian virus 40 large T antigen transformed) cell pair, GM-CSF was shown to be selectively produced in cells expressing high levels of E2F, indicating that the tumor-selective E2F promoter controlled E1A and GM-CSF expression. PMID:15827160

Coadministration of Recombinant Adenovirus Expressing GM-CSF with Inactivated H5N1 Avian Influenza Vaccine Increased the Immune Responses and Protective Efficacy Against a Wild Bird Source of H5N1 Challenge.

PubMed

Wang, Xiangwei; Wang, Xinglong; Jia, Yanqing; Wang, Chongyang; Tang, Qiuxia; Han, Qingsong; Xiao, Sa; Yang, Zengqi

2017-10-01

Wild birds play a key role in the spread of avian influenza virus (AIV). There is a continual urgent requirement for AIV vaccines to address the ongoing genetic changes of AIV. In the current study, we trialed a novel AIV vaccine against the wild bird source of H5N1 type AIV with recombinant adenovirus expressing granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) as an adjuvant. A total of 150-day-old commercial chicks, with AIV-maternal-derived antibody, were divided into 6 groups. The primary vaccination was performed at day 14 followed by a subsequent boosting and intramuscular challenge on day 28 and 42, respectively. Recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF) expressed by adenovirus, named as rAd-GM-CSF, raised the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers (log 2 ) against AIV from 7.0 (vaccinate with inactivated vaccine alone) to 8.4 after booster immunization. Moreover, the rGM-CSF addition markedly increased the expression of interferon-γ, interleukin-4, and major histocompatibility complex-II in the lungs, compared with those immunized with inactivated vaccine alone on day 29, that is, 18 h post booster immunization. Following challenge, chicks inoculated with the inactivated AIV vaccine and rAd-GM-CSF together exhibited mild clinical signs and 62% survivals compared to 33% in the group immunized with inactivated AIV vaccine alone. Higher level of HI titers, immune related molecule expressions, and protection ratio demonstrates a good potential of rGM-CSF in improving humoral and cell mediated immune responses of inactivated AIV vaccines.

Global income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2013

PubMed Central

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2015-01-01

abstract This paper provides an economic assessment of the value of using genetically modified (GM) crop technology in agriculture at the farm level. It follows and updates earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the 4 main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialisation of GM crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate since the mid 1990s, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2013. This annual updated analysis shows that there continues to be very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $20.5 billion in 2013 and $133.4 billion for the 18 years period (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. About 70% of the gains have derived from yield and production gains with the remaining 30% coming from cost savings. The technology have also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the 4 main crops, having added 138 million tonnes and 273 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid 1990s. PMID:25738324

Global income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996-2013.

PubMed

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2015-01-01

This paper provides an economic assessment of the value of using genetically modified (GM) crop technology in agriculture at the farm level. It follows and updates earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the 4 main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialisation of GM crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate since the mid 1990s, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2013. This annual updated analysis shows that there continues to be very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $20.5 billion in 2013 and $133.4 billion for the 18 years period (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. About 70% of the gains have derived from yield and production gains with the remaining 30% coming from cost savings. The technology have also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the 4 main crops, having added 138 million tonnes and 273 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid 1990s.

Alternative feeding strategies and potential disease transmission in Wisconsin white-tailed deer

USGS Publications Warehouse

Thompson, A.K.; Samuel, M.D.; VanDeelen, T.R.

2008-01-01

We conducted experimental feeding using 3 feeding methods (pile, spread, trough) and 2 quantities (rationed, ad libitum) of shelled corn to compare deer activity and behavior with control sites and evaluate potential direct and indirect transmission of infectious disease in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in central Wisconsin, USA. Deer use was higher at 2 of the feeding sites than at natural feeding areas (P ??? 0.02). Deer spent a higher proportion of time (P < 0.01) feeding at pile (49%) and spread (61%) treatments than at natural feeding areas (36%). We found higher deer use for rationed than ad libitum feeding quantities and feeding intensity was greatest at rationed piles and lowest at ad libitum spreads. We also observed closer pairwise distances (???0.3 m) among deer when corn was provided in a trough relative to spread (P=0.03). Supplemental feeding poses risks for both direct and indirect disease transmission due to higher deer concentration and more intensive use relative to control areas. Concentrated feeding and contact among deer at feeding sites can also increase risk for disease transmission. Our results indicated that restrictions on feeding quantity would not mitigate the potential for disease transmission None of the feeding strategies we evaluated substantially reduced the potential risk for disease transmission and banning supplemental feeding to reduce transmission is warranted.

Worldwide Emerging Environmental Issues Affecting the U.S. Military. April 2010

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-04-01

the Marine Environment…………………………...…7 8.3 Genetic Patenting and GMO Face New Challenges………………………………….8 8.4 India Further Loosens Already Lax Rules on...News/Press-Release/tabid/427/language/en-US/ Default.aspx?DocumentID=620&ArticleID=6521&Lang=en 8.3 Genetic Patenting and GMO Face New Challenges...economic and environmental benefits of GMOs use. In the U.S., GM crops account for more than 80% of soybeans, corn, and cotton. The first U.S

Long-Term Storage Studies on Dehydrated Ration Items and Food Packets

DTIC Science & Technology

1976-06-01

and onions, bacon, corn, fruit salad, steamed fruitcake, chocolate nut bread, plums, rolled oats, raspberry and strawberry Jams , and one brand of... strawberry jam , biscuit spread, and canned peachsa ware unacceptable; scores for chocolate bera, beef and apaghetti, chicksn soup, canned plums

Processing traits and digestibility of extruded dog foods with soy protein concentrate.

PubMed

Venturini, K S; Sarcinelli, M F; Baller, M A; Putarov, T C; Malheiros, E B; Carciofi, A C

2018-04-11

Soya bean protein concentrate (SPC) with two particle sizes were evaluated on extrusion parameters, kibble formation, digestibility and palatability of dog foods. Eight diets were extruded: PBM-control diet based on poultry by-product meal (PBM); GM-a diet in which corn gluten meal (GM) replaced 45% of the diet protein; cSPC15%, cSPC30% and cSPC45%-diets in which SPC of coarse particle size (600 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein; and sSPC15%, sSPC30% and sSPC45%-diets in which SPC of small particle size (200 μm) replaced 15%, 30% and 45% of the diet protein. The digestibility of nutrients was evaluated for the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, using six dogs per food. The PBM, GM and cSPC45% diets were compared for palatability. Data were submitted for analysis of variance, and the means were compared by polynomial contrasts or Tukey's test (p < .05). The cSPC increased the specific mechanical energy (SME) application, extrusion temperature and pressure linearly, resulting in lower kibble density and higher expansion and starch gelatinization (SG) (p < .01). When comparing the PBM, GM, cSPC45% and sSPC45% diets, higher SME, extrusion temperature and pressure, SG and kibble expansion were verified for the cSPC45% diet (p < .05). The DM, fat and crude protein digestibility were similar among diets. Faecal pH, ammonia and lactate did not differ, demonstrating that the removal of oligosaccharides and soluble non-starch polysaccharides of SPC produces an ingredient with mostly non-fermentable fibre. Dogs preferred the PBM to the GM diet (p < .05), but consumed the PBM and cSPC45% foods equally. In conclusion, SPC exhibited good extrusion functionality, favouring kibble expansion and SG, with high digestibility, similar to that of PBM. The removal of soluble compounds from soya beans resulted in an ingredient with low fermentable fibre content, which did not alter faecal formation or characteristics. © 2018 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

Napping-Ultra Flash Profile as a Tool for Category Identification and Subsequent Model System Formulation of Caramel Corn Products.

PubMed

Mayhew, Emily; Schmidt, Shelly; Lee, Soo-Yeun

2016-07-01

In a novel approach to formulation, the flash descriptive profiling technique Napping-Ultra Flash Profile (Napping-UFP) was used to characterize a wide range of commercial caramel corn products. The objectives were to identify product categories, develop model systems based on product categories, and correlate analytical parameters with sensory terms generated through the Napping-UFP exercise. In one 2 h session, 12 panelists participated in 4 Napping-UFP exercises, describing and grouping, on a 43×56 cm paper sheet, 12 commercial caramel corn samples by degree of similarity, globally and in terms of aroma-by-mouth, texture, and taste. The coordinates of each sample's placement on the paper sheet and descriptive terms generated by the panelists were used to conduct Multiple Factor Analysis (MFA) and hierarchical clustering of the samples. Strong trends in the clustering of samples across the 4 Napping-UFP exercises resulted in the determination of 3 overarching types of commercial caramel corn: "small-scale dark" (typified by burnt, rich caramel corn), "large-scale light" (typified by light and buttery caramel corn), and "large-scale dark" (typified by sweet and molasses-like caramel corn). Representative samples that best exemplified the properties of each category were used as guides in the formulation of 3 model systems that represent the spread of commercial caramel corn products. Analytical testing of the commercial products, including aw measurement, moisture content determination, and thermal characterization via differential scanning calorimetry, were conducted and results related to sensory descriptors using Spearman's correlation. © 2016 Institute of Food Technologists®

Evaluation of the nutritional equivalency of soybean meal with the genetically modified trait DP-3O5423-1 when fed to laying hens.

PubMed

Mejia, L; Jacobs, C M; Utterback, P L; Parsons, C M; Rice, D; Sanders, C; Smith, B; Iiams, C; Sauber, T

2010-12-01

An experiment using 336 Hy-Line W-36 Single Comb White Leghorn hens was conducted to evaluate transgenic soybeans containing the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment and the gm-hra gene. Transcription of the gm-fad2-1 gene fragment results in an increased level of oleic acid (18:1) in the seed, and expression of the soybean acetolactate synthase protein (GM-HRA) encoded by the modified gm-hra gene, is used as a selectable marker during transformation. Pullets (20 wk of age) were placed in cage lots (7 hens/cage, 2 cages/lot) and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 corn-soybean meal dietary treatments (6 lots/treatment) formulated with the following soybean meals: nontransgenic near-isoline control (control), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal A (92M72), nontransgenic commercial reference soybean meal B (93B15), or transgenic soybean meal produced from soybeans containing event DP-3Ø5423-1 (305423). Weeks 20 to 24 were a preconditioning period, and the 4 experimental diets were then fed from 25 to 36 wk of age. Differences between the 305423 and control group means were evaluated, with statistical significance at P < 0.05. Body weight, hen-day egg production, egg mass, feed consumption, and feed efficiency for hens fed the 305423 soybean meal were not significantly different from the respective values for hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline soybean meal. Likewise, egg component weights, Haugh unit measures, and egg weights were similar regardless of the soybean meal source. This research indicates that performance of hens fed diets containing 305423 soybean meal, as measured by egg production and egg quality, was similar to that of hens fed diets formulated with the near-isoline control and commercial soybean meals.

Descriptive and hedonic analyses of low-Phe food formulations containing corn (Zea mays) seedling roots: toward development of a dietary supplement for individuals with phenylketonuria.

PubMed

Cliff, Margaret A; Law, Jessica R; Lücker, Joost; Scaman, Christine H; Kermode, Allison R

2016-01-15

Seedling roots of anthocyanin-rich corn (Zea mays) cultivars contain high levels of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. The development of a natural dietary supplement containing corn roots could provide the means to improve the restrictive diet of phenylketonuria (PKU) patients by increasing their tolerance to dietary phenylalanine (Phe). Therefore this research was undertaken to explore the sensory characteristics of roots of four corn cultivars as well as to develop and evaluate food products (cereal bar, beverage, jam-like spread) to which roots had been added. Sensory profiles of corn roots were investigated using ten trained judges. Roots of Japanese Striped corn seedlings were more bitter, pungent and astringent than those of white and yellow cultivars, while roots from the Blue Jade cultivar had a more pronounced earthy/mushroom aroma. Consumer research using 24 untrained panelists provided hedonic (degree-of-liking) assessments for products with and without roots (controls). The former had lower mean scores than the controls; however, the cereal bar had scores above 5 on the nine-point scale for all hedonic assessments compared with the other treated products. By evaluating low-Phe food products containing corn roots, this research ascertained that the root-containing low-Phe cereal bar was an acceptable 'natural' dietary supplement for PKU-affected individuals. © 2015 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

Nutritive value of selected variety breads and pastas.

PubMed

Ranhotra, G S; Gelroth, J A; Novak, F A; Bock, M A; Winterringer, G L; Matthews, R H

1984-03-01

Nine types of commercially produced variety breads, plain bagels, corn tortillas, and three types of pasta products were obtained from each of four cities, New York, San Francisco, Atlanta, and Kansas City. Proximate components and 12 minerals and vitamins were determined in these and in cooked pasta products. Available carbohydrate and energy values were calculated. On the average, French, Italian, and pita breads were lower in moisture than other breads. Protein in bread products averaged between 7.6% and 10.4% and in cooked pastas and tortillas between 4.4% and 5.3%. Bagels averaged 10.2% protein. Insoluble dietary fiber in whole wheat bread averaged 5.6%; for most products, dietary fiber values were five- to eightfold higher than crude fiber values. Pasta products and tortillas were virtually free of sodium. Sodium in bread products averaged between 379 and 689 mg/100 gm. Although all pasta products and most bread products were enriched, calcium was often not included. Iron averaged from 2.16 to 3.29 mg/100 gm in bread products and 3.10 to 4.24 mg/100 gm in dry pasta products. Products made with unrefined or less-refined flours and/or containing germ and bran tended to be high in phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, and manganese, and, to a lesser extent, in copper. A good portion of potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin in pasta products was lost during cooking.

Global income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2014

PubMed Central

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT This paper provides an economic assessment of the value of using genetically modified (GM) crop technology in agriculture at the farm level. It follows and updates earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the 4 main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialisation of GM crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate since the mid 1990s, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2014. This annual updated analysis shows that there continues to be very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $17.7 billion in 2014 and $150.3 billion for the 19-year period 1996–2014 (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. About 65% of the gains have derived from yield and production gains with the remaining 35% coming from cost savings. The technology has also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the 4 main crops, having, for example, added 158 million tonnes and 322 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid 1990s. PMID:27116697

Farm income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996–2015

PubMed Central

Brookes, Graham

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT This paper provides an assessment of the value of using genetically modified (GM) crop technology in agriculture at the farm level. It follows and updates earlier annual studies which examined impacts on yields, key variable costs of production, direct farm (gross) income and impacts on the production base of the 4 main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialisation of GM crops has occurred at a rapid rate since the mid 1990s, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2015. This annual updated analysis shows that there continues to be very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $15.4 billion in 2015 and $167.8 billion for the 20 year period 1996–2015 (in nominal terms). These gains have been divided 49% to farmers in developed countries and 51% to farmers in developing countries. About 72% of the gains have derived from yield and production gains with the remaining 28% coming from cost savings. The technology has also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the 4 main crops, having, for example, added 180 million tonnes and 358 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid 1990s. PMID:28481684

Global income and production impacts of using GM crop technology 1996-2014.

PubMed

Brookes, Graham; Barfoot, Peter

2016-01-02

This paper provides an economic assessment of the value of using genetically modified (GM) crop technology in agriculture at the farm level. It follows and updates earlier annual studies which examined economic impacts on yields, key costs of production, direct farm income and effects, and impacts on the production base of the 4 main crops of soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. The commercialisation of GM crops has continued to occur at a rapid rate since the mid 1990s, with important changes in both the overall level of adoption and impact occurring in 2014. This annual updated analysis shows that there continues to be very significant net economic benefits at the farm level amounting to $17.7 billion in 2014 and $150.3 billion for the 19-year period 1996-2014 (in nominal terms). These economic gains have been divided roughly 50% each to farmers in developed and developing countries. About 65% of the gains have derived from yield and production gains with the remaining 35% coming from cost savings. The technology has also made important contributions to increasing global production levels of the 4 main crops, having, for example, added 158 million tonnes and 322 million tonnes respectively, to the global production of soybeans and maize since the introduction of the technology in the mid 1990s.

Using a spatially explicit analysis model to evaluate spatial variation of corn yield

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Spatial irrigation of agricultural crops using site-specific variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems is beginning to have wide-spread acceptance. However, optimizing the management of these VRI systems to conserve natural resources and increase profitability requires an understanding of the spatial ...

Assessing spatial variation of corn response to irrigation using a bayesian semiparametric model

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Spatial irrigation of agricultural crops using site-specific variable-rate irrigation (VRI) systems is beginning to have wide-spread acceptance. However, optimizing the management of these VRI systems to conserve natural resources and increase profitability requires an understanding of the spatial ...

Horizontal transfer of GM DNA - why is almost no one looking? Open letter to Kaare Nielsen in his capacity as a member of the European Food Safety Authority GMO panel.

PubMed

Ho, Mae-Wan

2014-01-01

A culture of denial over the horizontal spread of genetically modified nucleic acids prevails in the face of direct evidence that it has occurred widely when appropriate methods and molecular probes are used for detection.

Phau Xyaum Nyeem Zaj Lus = Beginning Hmong Reader.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Xiong, Ge

A collection of lessons for beginning reading instruction in Hmong includes 22 lessons on (1) natural resources (soil, water, rock and stone, trees, non-flowering fruit trees, and flowering fruit trees); (2) Hmong agricultural practices (planting vegetable gardens, choosing seeds, seed development, corn, cuttings, and spreading and standing…

Petroselinum crispum extract attenuates hepatic steatosis in rats fed with fructose enriched diet.

PubMed

Nair, V Yuneesha; Balakrishanan, N; Antony Santiago, J Victor

2015-01-01

Non alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and ongoing research efforts are focused on understanding the underlying pathophysiology of hepatic steatosis with the anticipation that these efforts will identify novel therapeutic targets. This study investigated the Petroselinum crispum extract in hepatic steatosis in rats fed with fructose enriched diet. Rats were divided into the 4 groups: Group 1 rats received standard pellet diet with corn starch for the entire experimental period of 8 weeks. Group 2 rats received standard pellet diet and 2 gm/kg body weight crude Parsley leaf ethanol extract for the entire experimental period of 8 weeks. Group 3 rats received modified fructose diet. Group 4 rats received modified fructose diet and 2gm/kg crude Parsley leaf ethanol extract. Hepatic function and structure was evaluated in these rats. Modified fructose diet produced dyslipidemia, hepatic steatosis and infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver and higher plasma hepatic markers. Petroselinum crispum extract reversed metabolic changes such as abnormal crispum extract attenuated chronic changes in modified fructose diet induced NAFLD (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 43).

THE USE OF MODELED ATMOSPHERIC WIND TRAJECTORIES TO DETERMINE POTENTIAL DOWNWIND GENE FLOW; A CASE STUDY USING GM-BENTGRASS

EPA Science Inventory

The down-wind dispersal of pollen and the airborne spread of seed are affected by the size, shape and weight of the particles and by the strength, buoyancy and direction of surface winds. An atmospheric model (HYSPLIT model: www.arl.noaa.gov\\ready.html) was used to reconstruct w...

Increase in gray matter volume and white matter fractional anisotropy in the motor pathways of patients with secondarily generalized neocortical seizures.

PubMed

Hsin, Yue-Loong; Harnod, Tomor; Chang, Cheng-Siu; Peng, Syu-Jyun

2017-11-01

Convulsive motor activity is a clinical manifestation of secondarily generalized seizures evolving from different focal regions. The way in which the motor seizures present themselves is not very different from most of the generalized seizures in and between epilepsy patients. This might point towards the involvement of motor-related cortices and corticospinal pathway for wide spread propagation of epileptic activity. Our aim was to identify changes in the cerebral structures and to correlate clinical variables with structural changes particularly in the motor-related cortices and pathway of patients with generalized convulsions from different seizure foci. Sixteen patients with focal onset and secondarily generalized seizures were included, along with sixteen healthy volunteers. Structural differences were analysed by measuring grey matter (GM) volume and thickness via T1-weighted MRI, and white matter (WM) fractional anisotropy (FA) via diffusion tensor imaging. GM and WM microstructural properties were compared between patients and controls by voxel- and surface- based analyses. Next, morphometric findings were correlated with seizure severity and disease duration to identify the pathologic process. In addition to widely reduced GM and WM properties, increased GM volume in the bilateral precentral gyri and paracentral lobules, and elevated regional FA in the bilateral corticospinal tracts adjacent to these motor -related GM were observed in patients and with higher statistical difference in the sub-patient group with drug-resistance. The increment of GM volume and WM FA in the motor pathway positively correlated with severity and duration of epilepsy. The demonstrated microstructural changes of motor pathways imply a plastic process of motor networks in the patients with frequent generalization of focal seizures. Copyright © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Assessment of the nutritional values of genetically modified wheat, corn, and tomato crops.

PubMed

Venneria, Eugenia; Fanasca, Simone; Monastra, Giovanni; Finotti, Enrico; Ambra, Roberto; Azzini, Elena; Durazzo, Alessandra; Foddai, Maria Stella; Maiani, Giuseppe

2008-10-08

The genetic modification in fruit and vegetables could lead to changes in metabolic pathways and, therefore, to the variation of the molecular pattern, with particular attention to antioxidant compounds not well-described in the literature. The aim of the present study was to compare the quality composition of transgenic wheat ( Triticum durum L.), corn ( Zea mays L.), and tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) to the nontransgenic control with a similar genetic background. In the first experiment, Ofanto wheat cultivar containing the tobacco rab1 gene and nontransgenic Ofanto were used. The second experiment compared two transgenic lines of corn containing Bacillus thuringiensis "Cry toxin" gene (PR33P67 and Pegaso Bt) to their nontransgenic forms. The third experiment was conducted on transgenic tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) containing the Agrobacterium rhizogenes rolD gene and its nontransgenic control (cv. Tondino). Conventional and genetically modified crops were compared in terms of fatty acids content, unsaponifiable fraction of antioxidants, total phenols, polyphenols, carotenoids, vitamin C, total antioxidant activity, and mineral composition. No significant differences were observed for qualitative traits analyzed in wheat and corn samples. In tomato samples, the total antioxidant activity (TAA), measured by FRAP assay, and the naringenin content showed a lower value in genetically modified organism (GMO) samples (0.35 mmol of Fe (2+) 100 g (-1) and 2.82 mg 100 g (-1), respectively), in comparison to its nontransgenic control (0.41 mmol of Fe (2+) 100 g (-1) and 4.17 mg 100 g (-1), respectively). On the basis of the principle of substantial equivalence, as articulated by the World Health Organization, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, these data support the conclusion that GM events are nutritionally similar to conventional varieties of wheat, corn, and tomato on the market today.

Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis cells are surprisingly resistant to ensiling process.

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Silage is a valuable source of nutrients for dairy and beef cattle in non-forage months. The most commonly ensiled crops include corn and grass forage, both of which are often fertilized with livestock manure spread by broadcasting onto the soil or by spray irrigation. Pathogen contamination may res...

First report of Maize chlorotic mottle virus and maize (corn) lethal necrosis in Kenya

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

In September 2011, high incidence of a new maize (Zea mays L.) disease was reported at lower elevations (1900 masl) in the Longisa division of Bomet County, Southern Rift Valley of Kenya. Later the disease was noted in Bomet Central division, spreading into the neighboring Chepalungu and Narok South...

Does nitrogen fertilizer application rate to corn affect nitrous oxide emissions from the rotated soybean crop?

PubMed

Iqbal, Javed; Mitchell, David C; Barker, Daniel W; Miguez, Fernando; Sawyer, John E; Pantoja, Jose; Castellano, Michael J

2015-05-01

Little information exists on the potential for N fertilizer application to corn ( L.) to affect NO emissions during subsequent unfertilized crops in a rotation. To determine if N fertilizer application to corn affects NO emissions during subsequent crops in rotation, we measured NO emissions for 3 yr (2011-2013) in an Iowa, corn-soybean [ (L.) Merr.] rotation with three N fertilizer rates applied to corn (0 kg N ha, the recommended rate of 135 kg N ha, and a high rate of 225 kg N ha); soybean received no N fertilizer. We further investigated the potential for a winter cereal rye ( L.) cover crop to interact with N fertilizer rate to affect NO emissions from both crops. The cover crop did not consistently affect NO emissions. Across all years and irrespective of cover crop, N fertilizer application above the recommended rate resulted in a 16% increase in mean NO flux rate during the corn phase of the rotation. In 2 of the 3 yr, N fertilizer application to corn (0-225 kg N ha) did not affect mean NO flux rates from the subsequent unfertilized soybean crop. However, in 1 yr after a drought, mean NO flux rates from the soybean crops that received 135 and 225 kg N ha N application in the corn year were 35 and 70% higher than those from the soybean crop that received no N application in the corn year. Our results are consistent with previous studies demonstrating that cover crop effects on NO emissions are not easily generalizable. When N fertilizer affects NO emissions during a subsequent unfertilized crop, it will be important to determine if total fertilizer-induced NO emissions are altered or only spread across a greater period of time. Copyright © by the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America, Inc.

Risks from GMOs due to horizontal gene transfer.

PubMed

Keese, Paul

2008-01-01

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the stable transfer of genetic material from one organism to another without reproduction or human intervention. Transfer occurs by the passage of donor genetic material across cellular boundaries, followed by heritable incorporation to the genome of the recipient organism. In addition to conjugation, transformation and transduction, other diverse mechanisms of DNA and RNA uptake occur in nature. The genome of almost every organism reveals the footprint of many ancient HGT events. Most commonly, HGT involves the transmission of genes on viruses or mobile genetic elements. HGT first became an issue of public concern in the 1970s through the natural spread of antibiotic resistance genes amongst pathogenic bacteria, and more recently with commercial production of genetically modified (GM) crops. However, the frequency of HGT from plants to other eukaryotes or prokaryotes is extremely low. The frequency of HGT to viruses is potentially greater, but is restricted by stringent selection pressures. In most cases the occurrence of HGT from GM crops to other organisms is expected to be lower than background rates. Therefore, HGT from GM plants poses negligible risks to human health or the environment.

Early-life house dust mite allergens, childhood mite sensitization, and respiratory outcomes.

PubMed

Casas, L; Sunyer, J; Tischer, C; Gehring, U; Wickman, M; Garcia-Esteban, R; Lehmann, I; Kull, I; Reich, A; Lau, S; Wijga, A; Antó, J M; Nawrot, T S; Heinrich, J; Keil, T; Torrent, M

2015-07-01

Exposure to indoor allergens during early life may play a role in the development of the immune system and inception of asthma. To describe the house dust mite (HDM) allergen concentrations in bedroom dust during early life and to evaluate its associations with HDM sensitization, wheezing, and asthma, from birth to school age, in 5 geographically spread European birth cohorts. We included 4334 children from INMA-Menorca (Spain), BAMSE (Sweden), LISAplus and MAS (Germany), and PIAMA-NHS (the Netherlands). Dust samples were collected from bedrooms during early life and analyzed for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Der p1) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f1). HDM concentrations were divided into four categories. Sensitization was determined by specific IgE. Wheezing and asthma information up to 8/10 years was collected through questionnaires. We performed mixed-effects logistic regression models and expressed associations as odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. House dust mite concentrations varied across cohorts. Mean allergen concentrations were highest in INMA-Menorca (geometric mean (GM) Der p1 = 3.3 μg/g) and LISAplus (GM Der f1 = 2.1 μg/g) and lowest in BAMSE (GM Der p1 = 0.1 μg/g, Der f1 = 0.3 μg/g). Moderate and high HDM concentrations were significantly (P-values < 0.05) associated with 50-90% higher prevalence of HDM sensitization. No significant associations were observed with respiratory outcomes. Our study based on geographically spread regions, a large sample size, and a wide range of allergen concentration shows that HDM allergen concentrations vary across regions and that exposure during early life plays a role in the development of allergic sensitization but not in the development of respiratory outcomes. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Identification of canine papillomavirus by PCR in Greyhound dogs.

PubMed

Anis, Eman A; Frank, Linda A; Francisco, Raquel; Kania, Stephen A

2016-01-01

Corns are hard protuberances that occur on the digital footpads of Greyhound dogs. The cause of these lesions is unknown and there is little information about them in the veterinary literature. We received anecdotal examples of dog to dog spread of corns suggesting an infectious cause. The aim of this study was to determine if papillomavirus (PV) is associated with Greyhound corns. We examined four corns from two unrelated adult Greyhound dogs that resided in Florida and Washington, respectively, for PV by PCR. The samples were obtained by owner coring of two lesions from one dog and laser removal of two lesions from the other dog. Total nucleic acid was extracted and DNA was amplified using two PCR primer sets that have been shown to amplify a broad range of PVs from humans and animals: FAP59/ FAP64 and MY11/ MY09. The DNA sequences were compared with all sequences in GenBank. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from the footpads of four dogs with other inflammatory dermatoses were also examined. PV DNA was amplified from all four corn lesions, while no PV DNA was amplified from other tissues. Comparison of the 444-bp sequences amplified by the MY11/ MY09 primers identified two different PVs. One showed 96% nucleotide sequence similarity with the L1 gene of canine PV type 12. The other showed 78% similarity to canine PV type 16 and, therefore, represents a novel PV. In one of the corns, infection by two of the identified PVs was found. These results suggest PV infection could be involved in the pathogenesis of corns in Greyhound dogs.

Identification of canine papillomavirus by PCR in Greyhound dogs

PubMed Central

Anis, Eman A.; Frank, Linda A.; Francisco, Raquel

2016-01-01

Background Corns are hard protuberances that occur on the digital footpads of Greyhound dogs. The cause of these lesions is unknown and there is little information about them in the veterinary literature. We received anecdotal examples of dog to dog spread of corns suggesting an infectious cause. The aim of this study was to determine if papillomavirus (PV) is associated with Greyhound corns. Methods We examined four corns from two unrelated adult Greyhound dogs that resided in Florida and Washington, respectively, for PV by PCR. The samples were obtained by owner coring of two lesions from one dog and laser removal of two lesions from the other dog. Total nucleic acid was extracted and DNA was amplified using two PCR primer sets that have been shown to amplify a broad range of PVs from humans and animals: FAP59/ FAP64 and MY11/ MY09. The DNA sequences were compared with all sequences in GenBank. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue from the footpads of four dogs with other inflammatory dermatoses were also examined. Results PV DNA was amplified from all four corn lesions, while no PV DNA was amplified from other tissues. Comparison of the 444-bp sequences amplified by the MY11/ MY09 primers identified two different PVs. One showed 96% nucleotide sequence similarity with the L1 gene of canine PV type 12. The other showed 78% similarity to canine PV type 16 and, therefore, represents a novel PV. In one of the corns, infection by two of the identified PVs was found. Discussion These results suggest PV infection could be involved in the pathogenesis of corns in Greyhound dogs. PMID:27957392

IPM Use With the Deployment of a Non-High Dose Bt Pyramid and Mitigation of Resistance for Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera).

PubMed

Martinez, J C; Caprio, M A

2016-03-27

Recent detection of western corn rootworm resistance to Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) corn prompted recommendations for the use of integrated pest management (IPM) with planting refuges to prolong the durability of Bt technologies. We conducted a simulation experiment exploring the effectiveness of various IPM tools at extending durability of pyramided Bt traits. Results indicate that some IPM practices have greater merits than others. Crop rotation was the most effective strategy, followed by increasing the non-Bt refuge size from 5 to 20%. Soil-applied insecticide use for Bt corn did not increase the durability compared with planting Bt with refuges alone, and both projected lower durabilities. When IPM participation with randomly selected management tools was increased at the time of Bt commercialization, durability of pyramided traits increased as well. When non-corn rootworm expressing corn was incorporated as an IPM option, the durability further increased.For corn rootworm, a local resistance phenomenon appeared immediately surrounding the resistant field (hotspot) and spread throughout the local neighborhood in six generations in absence of mitigation. Hotspot mitigation with random selection of strategies was ineffective at slowing resistance, unless crop rotation occurred immediately; regional mitigation was superior to random mitigation in the hotspot and reduced observed resistance allele frequencies in the neighborhood. As resistance alleles of mobile pests can escape hotspots, the scope of mitigation should extend beyond resistant sites. In the case of widespread resistance, regional mitigation was less effective at prolonging the life of the pyramid than IPM with Bt deployment at the time of commercialization. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Entomological Society of America 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the United States.

Evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin contamination in kernels of maize genotypes using a GFP-expressing Aspergillus flavus strain

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Evaluation of resistance or susceptibility of corn inbreds to infection by Aspergillus flavus was evaluated by a kernel screening assay. A GFP-expressing strain of A. flavus was used to accomplish this study to measure fungal spread and aflatoxin levels in real time. Among the four inbreds tested, ...

[Review of transgenic crop breeding in China].

PubMed

Huang, Dafang

2015-06-01

The development history and fundamental experience of transgenic crops (Genetically modified crops) breeding in China for near 30 years were reviewed. It was illustrated that a scientific research, development and industrialization system of transgenic crops including gene discovery, transformation, variety breeding, commercialization, application and biosafety assessment has been initially established which was few in number in the world. The research innovative capacity of transgenic cotton, rice and corn has been lifted. The research features as well as relative advantages have been initially formed. The problems and challenges of transgenic crop development were discussed. In addition, three suggestions of promoting commercialization, speeding up implementation of the Major National Project of GM Crops, and enhancing science communication were made.

The ecological risks of transgenic plants.

PubMed

Giovannetti, Manuela

2003-01-01

Biotechnologies have been utilized "ante litteram" for thousands of years to produce food and drink and genetic engineering techniques have been widely applied to produce many compounds for human use, from insulin to other medicines. The debate on genetically modified (GM) organisms broke out all over the world only when GM crops were released into the field. Plant ecologists, microbiologists and population geneticists carried out experiments aimed at evaluating the environmental impact of GM crops. The most significant findings concern: the spread of transgenes through GM pollen diffusion and its environmental impact after hybridisation with closely related wild species or subspecies; horizontal gene transfer from transgenic plants to soil microbes; the impact of insecticide proteins released into the soil by transformed plants on non-target microbial soil communities. Recent developments in genetic engineering produced a technology, dubbed "Terminator", which protects patented genes introduced in transgenic plants by killing the seeds in the second generation. This genetic construct, which interferes so heavily with fundamental life processes, is considered dangerous and should be ex-ante evaluated taking into account the data on "unexpected events", as here discussed, instead of relying on the "safe until proven otherwise" claim. Awareness that scientists, biotechnologists and genetic engineers cannot answer the fundamental question "how likely is that transgenes will be transferred from cultivated plants into the natural environment?" should foster long-term studies on the ecological risks and benefits of transgenic crops.

Establishment of Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) as a Primary Pest of Corn in the Great Lakes Region.

PubMed

Smith, J L; Baute, T S; Sebright, M M; Schaafsma, A W; DiFonzo, C D

2018-05-30

Western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a pest of corn, Zea maize L., and dry edible beans, Phaseolus sp. L., native to the western United States. Following the range expansion into the U.S. Corn Belt, pheromone trap monitoring began in the Great Lakes region in 2006. The first S. albicosta was captured in Michigan in 2006 and in Ontario, Canada in 2008. Pheromone traps were used to document spread and increasing captures of S. albicosta across Michigan and Ontario until 2012. Trapping confirmed the univoltine life cycle of S. albicosta in this region and identified peak flight, typically occurring in late July. Overwintering of S. albicosta in this region was confirmed by emergence from infested fields and overwintering experiments. Multiple soil textures were infested with prepupae, and recovery was assessed throughout the winter. Overwintering success was not affected by soil texture; however, prepupae were found at greater depths in coarse-textured soils. Soil temperatures at overwintering depths did not reach the supercooling point. Injury to corn by S. albicosta increased in incidence, severity and geographic range from 2010 to 2014 in field plots. Decreasing control of injury by Cry1F corn hybrids was observed over time. These findings show that S. albicosta has established as a perennial corn pest in the Great Lakes region due to observations of overwintering success and unmanaged injury. We recommend S. albicosta obtain primary pest status in this region within regulatory framework and a resistance management plan be required for traits targeting this pest.

Is Judgement of Biotechnological Ethical Aspects Related to High School Students' Knowledge?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Črne-Hladnik, Helena; Hladnik, Aleš; Javornik, Branka; Košmelj, Katarina; Peklaj, Cirila

2012-05-01

Quantitative and qualitative studies of various aspects of the perception of biotechnology were conducted among 469 Slovenian high school students of average age 17 years. Our research aimed to explore relationships among students' pre-knowledge of molecular and human genetics, and their attitudes to four specific biotechnological applications. These applications-Bt corn, genetically modified (GM) salmon, somatic and germ line gene therapy (GT)-were investigated from the viewpoints of usefulness, moral acceptance and risk perception. In addition, patterns and quality of moral reasoning related to the biotechnological applications from the aspect of moral acceptability were examined. Clear gender differences were found regarding the relationship between our students' pre-knowledge of genetics and their attitudes to biotechnological applications. While females with a better genetics background expressed a higher risk perception in the case of GM salmon, their similarly well-educated male colleagues emphasized the risk associated with the use of germ line GT. With all four biotechnological applications, patterns of both rationalistic-deontological and teleological-and intuitive moral reasoning were identified. Students with poorer genetics pre-knowledge applied an intuitive pattern of moral reasoning more frequently than their peers with better pre-knowledge. A pattern of emotive reasoning was detected only in the case of GM salmon. A relatively low quality of students' moral reasoning, as demonstrated by their brief and small number of supporting justifications (explanations), show that there is a strong need for practising skills of argumentation about socio-scientific issues in Slovenian high schools on a much larger scale. The implications for future research and classroom applications are discussed.

Single-photon semiconductor photodiodes for distributed optical fiber sensors: state of the art and perspectives

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ripamonti, Giancarlo; Lacaita, Andrea L.

1993-03-01

The extreme sensitivity and time resolution of Geiger-mode avalanche photodiodes (GM- APDs) have already been exploited for optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR). Better than 1 cm spatial resolution in Rayleigh scattering detection was demonstrated. Distributed and quasi-distributed optical fiber sensors can take advantage of the capabilities of GM-APDs. Extensive studies have recently disclosed the main characteristics and limitations of silicon devices, both commercially available and developmental. In this paper we report an analysis of the performance of these detectors. The main characteristics of GM-APDs of interest for distributed optical fiber sensors are briefly reviewed. Command electronics (active quenching) is then introduced. The detector timing performance sets the maximum spatial resolution in experiments employing OTDR techniques. We highlight that the achievable time resolution depends on the physics of the avalanche spreading over the device area. On the basis of these results, trade-off between the important parameters (quantum efficiency, time resolution, background noise, and afterpulsing effects) is considered. Finally, we show first results on Germanium devices, capable of single photon sensitivity at 1.3 and 1.5 micrometers with sub- nanosecond time resolution.

Climate change, transgenic corn adoption and field-evolved resistance in corn earworm.

PubMed

Venugopal, P Dilip; Dively, Galen P

2017-06-01

Increased temperature anomaly during the twenty-first century coincides with the proliferation of transgenic crops containing the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (Bt) to express insecticidal Cry proteins. Increasing temperatures profoundly affect insect life histories and agricultural pest management. However, the implications of climate change on Bt crop-pest interactions and insect resistance to Bt crops remains unexamined. We analysed the relationship of temperature anomaly and Bt adoption with field-evolved resistance to Cry1Ab Bt sweet corn in a major pest, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Increased Bt adoption during 1996-2016 suppressed H. zea populations, but increased temperature anomaly buffers population reduction. Temperature anomaly and its interaction with elevated selection pressure from high Bt acreage probably accelerated the Bt-resistance development. Helicoverpa zea damage to corn ears, kernel area consumed, mean instars and proportion of late instars in Bt varieties increased with Bt adoption and temperature anomaly, through additive or interactive effects. Risk of Bt-resistant H. zea spreading is high given extensive Bt adoption, and the expected increase in overwintering and migration. Our study highlights the challenges posed by climate change for Bt biotechnology-based agricultural pest management, and the need to incorporate evolutionary processes affected by climate change into Bt-resistance management programmes.

An energy-dense complementary food is associated with a modest increase in weight gain when compared with a fortified porridge in Malawian children aged 6-18 months

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Poor complementary feeding practices are associated with stunting and growth faltering throughout the developing world. The objective was to compare the effect of using peanut-/soy-based fortified spread (FS) and corn porridge fortified with fish powder (FP) as complementary foods on growth in rural...

DIETARY FAT AND HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA IN THE CEBUS MONKEY

PubMed Central

Portman, Oscar W.; Sinisterra, Leonardo

1957-01-01

A series of studies of cholesterol metabolism in the Cebus monkey were carried out in an attempt to understand the mechanisms responsible for the great differences in serum cholesterol levels when different dietary fats were used. Three groups of monkeys, one fed diets including 45 per cent of calories as corn oil, a second corn oil plus cholesterol (0.1 gm./100 calories), and a third lard plus cholesterol for 5 months (mean serum cholesterol values were 237, 268, and 601 mg. per cent, respectively) were injected with emulsions of cholesterol-4-C14. The mean biological half-lives for the disappearance of serum radiocholesterol were 8.8, 8.4, and 6.6 days respectively. Esterification of radiocholesterol as measured by equilibration of specific activities of serum-free cholesterol and total cholesterol was delayed in the monkeys fed lard plus cholesterol. When cholesterol-4-C-14-stearate was given intravenously to a series of monkeys, an erratic non-exponential biological decay curve resulted. Specific activity for free serum cholesterol was greater than that for total cholesterol within 1 hour after the injection. After 7 months on experimental diets including corn oil with added cholesterol and lard with added cholesterol the levels of lipides in most tissues were not different for the two dietary groups, nor were they appreciably elevated above previous control figures for monkeys not fed cholesterol. Total lipide levels in the adrenals of monkeys fed corn oil were twice those of monkeys fed lard. Monkeys were fasted before and after intragastric administration of cholesterol-4-C14 in small formula meals including various fats and fatty acids. The disappearance of total cholesterol from the serum consisted of a rapid followed by a slow exponential function. The type of fat and fatty acid appeared to influence the rate of disappearance of radiocholesterol. There was a broad range of apparent activity of the different fats and fatty acids in promoting cholesterol absorption. PMID:13475627

A Lévy-flight diffusion model to predict transgenic pollen dispersal.

PubMed

Vallaeys, Valentin; Tyson, Rebecca C; Lane, W David; Deleersnijder, Eric; Hanert, Emmanuel

2017-01-01

The containment of genetically modified (GM) pollen is an issue of significant concern for many countries. For crops that are bee-pollinated, model predictions of outcrossing rates depend on the movement hypothesis used for the pollinators. Previous work studying pollen spread by honeybees, the most important pollinator worldwide, was based on the assumption that honeybee movement can be well approximated by Brownian motion. A number of recent studies, however, suggest that pollinating insects such as bees perform Lévy flights in their search for food. Such flight patterns yield much larger rates of spread, and so the Brownian motion assumption might significantly underestimate the risk associated with GM pollen outcrossing in conventional crops. In this work, we propose a mechanistic model for pollen dispersal in which the bees perform truncated Lévy flights. This assumption leads to a fractional-order diffusion model for pollen that can be tuned to model motion ranging from pure Brownian to pure Lévy. We parametrize our new model by taking the same pollen dispersal dataset used in Brownian motion modelling studies. By numerically solving the model equations, we show that the isolation distances required to keep outcrossing levels below a certain threshold are substantially increased by comparison with the original predictions, suggesting that isolation distances may need to be much larger than originally thought. © 2017 The Author(s).

Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Crops, Weeds, and Herbicides: Overview and Impact.

PubMed

Bonny, Sylvie

2016-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been and continue to be a subject of controversy despite their rapid adoption by farmers where approved. For the last two decades, an important matter of debate has been their impact on pesticide use, particularly for herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. Some claim that these crops bring about a decrease in herbicide use, while others claim the opposite. In fact, since 1996, most cultivated GMOs have been GMHT crops, which involve the use of an associated herbicide, generally glyphosate. In their very first years of adoption, HT crops often led to some decrease in herbicide use. However, the repetition of glyphosate-tolerant crops and of glyphosate only applications in the same fields without sufficient alternation and herbicide diversity has contributed to the appearance of glyphosate-resistant weeds. These weeds have resulted in a rise in the use of glyphosate and other herbicides. This article explores this situation and the impacts of herbicide-resistant weeds, using an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on recent data. The paper analyzes the spread of GMHT crops worldwide and their consequences on herbicide use in the USA in particular. It then addresses the global development of glyphosate-resistant weeds and their impact, particularly focusing on the USA. Finally, the last section explores how industry, farmers, and weed scientists are coping with the spread of resistant weeds. The concluding comments deal more widely with trends in GM crops.

Genetically Modified Herbicide-Tolerant Crops, Weeds, and Herbicides: Overview and Impact

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bonny, Sylvie

2016-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been and continue to be a subject of controversy despite their rapid adoption by farmers where approved. For the last two decades, an important matter of debate has been their impact on pesticide use, particularly for herbicide-tolerant (HT) crops. Some claim that these crops bring about a decrease in herbicide use, while others claim the opposite. In fact, since 1996, most cultivated GMOs have been GMHT crops, which involve the use of an associated herbicide, generally glyphosate. In their very first years of adoption, HT crops often led to some decrease in herbicide use. However, the repetition of glyphosate-tolerant crops and of glyphosate only applications in the same fields without sufficient alternation and herbicide diversity has contributed to the appearance of glyphosate-resistant weeds. These weeds have resulted in a rise in the use of glyphosate and other herbicides. This article explores this situation and the impacts of herbicide-resistant weeds, using an interdisciplinary approach and drawing on recent data. The paper analyzes the spread of GMHT crops worldwide and their consequences on herbicide use in the USA in particular. It then addresses the global development of glyphosate-resistant weeds and their impact, particularly focusing on the USA. Finally, the last section explores how industry, farmers, and weed scientists are coping with the spread of resistant weeds. The concluding comments deal more widely with trends in GM crops.

A Lévy-flight diffusion model to predict transgenic pollen dispersal

PubMed Central

Vallaeys, Valentin; Tyson, Rebecca C.; Lane, W. David; Deleersnijder, Eric

2017-01-01

The containment of genetically modified (GM) pollen is an issue of significant concern for many countries. For crops that are bee-pollinated, model predictions of outcrossing rates depend on the movement hypothesis used for the pollinators. Previous work studying pollen spread by honeybees, the most important pollinator worldwide, was based on the assumption that honeybee movement can be well approximated by Brownian motion. A number of recent studies, however, suggest that pollinating insects such as bees perform Lévy flights in their search for food. Such flight patterns yield much larger rates of spread, and so the Brownian motion assumption might significantly underestimate the risk associated with GM pollen outcrossing in conventional crops. In this work, we propose a mechanistic model for pollen dispersal in which the bees perform truncated Lévy flights. This assumption leads to a fractional-order diffusion model for pollen that can be tuned to model motion ranging from pure Brownian to pure Lévy. We parametrize our new model by taking the same pollen dispersal dataset used in Brownian motion modelling studies. By numerically solving the model equations, we show that the isolation distances required to keep outcrossing levels below a certain threshold are substantially increased by comparison with the original predictions, suggesting that isolation distances may need to be much larger than originally thought. PMID:28123097

Detection of Transgenes in Local Maize Varieties of Small-Scale Farmers in Eastern Cape, South Africa

PubMed Central

Iversen, Marianne; Grønsberg, Idun M.; van den Berg, Johnnie; Fischer, Klara; Aheto, Denis Worlanyo; Bøhn, Thomas

2014-01-01

Small-scale subsistence farmers in South Africa have been introduced to genetically modified (GM) crops for more than a decade. Little is known about i) the extent of transgene introgression into locally recycled seed, ii) what short and long-term ecological and socioeconomic impacts such mixing of seeds might have, iii) how the farmers perceive GM crops, and iv) to what degree approval conditions are followed and controlled. This study conducted in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, aims primarily at addressing the first of these issues. We analysed for transgenes in 796 individual maize plants (leaves) and 20 seed batches collected in a village where GM insect resistant maize was previously promoted and grown as part of an governmental agricultural development program over a seven year period (2001–2008). Additionally, we surveyed the varieties of maize grown and the farmers’ practices of recycling and sharing of seed in the same community (26 farmers were interviewed). Recycling and sharing of seeds were common in the community and may contribute to spread and persistence of transgenes in maize on a local or regional level. By analysing DNA we found that the commonly used transgene promoter p35s occurred in one of the 796 leaf samples (0.0013%) and in five of the 20 seed samples (25%). Three of the 20 seed samples (15%) included herbicide tolerant maize (NK603) intentionally grown by the farmers from seed bought from local seed retailers or acquired through a currently running agricultural development program. The two remaining positive seed samples (10%) included genes for insect resistance (from MON810). In both cases the farmers were unaware of the transgenes present. In conclusion, we demonstrate that transgenes are mixed into seed storages of small-scale farming communities where recycling and sharing of seeds are common, i.e. spread beyond the control of the formal seed system. PMID:25551616

Genetically modified foods: safety, risks and public concerns-a review.

PubMed

Bawa, A S; Anilakumar, K R

2013-12-01

Genetic modification is a special set of gene technology that alters the genetic machinery of such living organisms as animals, plants or microorganisms. Combining genes from different organisms is known as recombinant DNA technology and the resulting organism is said to be 'Genetically modified (GM)', 'Genetically engineered' or 'Transgenic'. The principal transgenic crops grown commercially in field are herbicide and insecticide resistant soybeans, corn, cotton and canola. Other crops grown commercially and/or field-tested are sweet potato resistant to a virus that could destroy most of the African harvest, rice with increased iron and vitamins that may alleviate chronic malnutrition in Asian countries and a variety of plants that are able to survive weather extremes. There are bananas that produce human vaccines against infectious diseases such as hepatitis B, fish that mature more quickly, fruit and nut trees that yield years earlier and plants that produce new plastics with unique properties. Technologies for genetically modifying foods offer dramatic promise for meeting some areas of greatest challenge for the 21st century. Like all new technologies, they also pose some risks, both known and unknown. Controversies and public concern surrounding GM foods and crops commonly focus on human and environmental safety, labelling and consumer choice, intellectual property rights, ethics, food security, poverty reduction and environmental conservation. With this new technology on gene manipulation what are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"?, what effects will this have on the environment?, what are the health concerns that consumers should be aware of? and is recombinant technology really beneficial? This review will also address some major concerns about the safety, environmental and ecological risks and health hazards involved with GM foods and recombinant technology.

Fate of Escherichia coli O26 in Corn Silage Experimentally Contaminated at Ensiling, at Silo Opening, or after Aerobic Exposure, and Protective Effect of Various Bacterial Inoculants▿

PubMed Central

Dunière, Lysiane; Gleizal, Audrey; Chaucheyras-Durand, Frédérique; Chevallier, Isabelle; Thévenot-Sergentet, Delphine

2011-01-01

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains are responsible for human illness. Ruminants are recognized as a major reservoir of STEC, and animal feeds, such as silages, have been pointed out as a possible vehicle for the spread of STEC. The present study aimed to monitor the fate of pathogenic E. coli O26 strains in corn material experimentally inoculated (105 CFU/g) during ensiling, just after silo opening, and after several days of aerobic exposure. The addition of 3 bacterial inoculants, Propionibacterium sp., Lactobacillus buchneri, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (106 CFU/g), was evaluated for their abilities to control these pathogens. The results showed that E. coli O26 could not survive in corn silage 5 days postensiling, and the 3 inoculants tested did not modify the fate of pathogen survival during ensiling. In the case of direct contamination at silo opening, E. coli O26 could be totally eradicated from corn silage previously inoculated with Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The combination of proper ensiling techniques and the utilization of selected bacterial inoculants appears to represent a good strategy to guarantee nutritional qualities of cattle feed while at the same time limiting the entry of pathogenic E. coli into the epidemiological cycle to improve the microbial safety of the food chain. PMID:21984243

Post-processing through linear regression

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

van Schaeybroeck, B.; Vannitsem, S.

2011-03-01

Various post-processing techniques are compared for both deterministic and ensemble forecasts, all based on linear regression between forecast data and observations. In order to evaluate the quality of the regression methods, three criteria are proposed, related to the effective correction of forecast error, the optimal variability of the corrected forecast and multicollinearity. The regression schemes under consideration include the ordinary least-square (OLS) method, a new time-dependent Tikhonov regularization (TDTR) method, the total least-square method, a new geometric-mean regression (GM), a recently introduced error-in-variables (EVMOS) method and, finally, a "best member" OLS method. The advantages and drawbacks of each method are clarified. These techniques are applied in the context of the 63 Lorenz system, whose model version is affected by both initial condition and model errors. For short forecast lead times, the number and choice of predictors plays an important role. Contrarily to the other techniques, GM degrades when the number of predictors increases. At intermediate lead times, linear regression is unable to provide corrections to the forecast and can sometimes degrade the performance (GM and the best member OLS with noise). At long lead times the regression schemes (EVMOS, TDTR) which yield the correct variability and the largest correlation between ensemble error and spread, should be preferred.

Goat's milk allergy without cow's milk allergy: suppression of non-cross-reactive epitopes on caprine β-casein.

PubMed

Hazebrouck, S; Ah-Leung, S; Bidat, E; Paty, E; Drumare, M-F; Tilleul, S; Adel-Patient, K; Wal, J-M; Bernard, H

2014-04-01

Goat's milk (GM) allergy associated with tolerance to cow's milk (CM) has been reported in patients without history of CM allergy and in CM-allergic children successfully treated with oral immunotherapy. The IgE antibodies from GM-allergic/CM-tolerant patients recognize caprine β-casein (βcap) without cross-reacting with bovine β-casein (βbov) despite a sequence identity of 91%. In this study, we investigated the non-cross-reactive IgE-binding epitopes of βcap. Recombinant βcap was genetically modified by substituting caprine domains with the bovine counterparts and by performing site-directed mutagenesis. We then evaluated the recognition of modified βcap by IgE antibodies from 11 GM-allergic/CM-tolerant patients and 11 CM-allergic patients or by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) raised against caprine caseins. The allergenic potency of modified βcap was finally assessed by degranulation tests of humanized rat basophil leukaemia (RBL)-SX38 cells. Non-cross-reactive epitopes of βcap were found in domains 44-88 and 130-178. The substitutions A55T/T63P/L75P and P148H/S152P induced the greatest decrease in IgE reactivity of GM-allergic/CM-tolerant patients towards βcap. The pivotal role of threonine 63 was particularly revealed as its substitution also impaired the recognition of βcap by specific mAb, which could discriminate between βcap and βbov. The modified βcap containing the five substitutions was then unable to trigger the degranulation of RBL-SX38 cells passively sensitized with IgE antibodies from GM-allergic/CM-tolerant patients. Although IgE-binding epitopes are spread all over βcap, a non-cross-linking version of βcap was generated with only five amino acid substitutions and could thus provide new insight for the design of hypoallergenic variants. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Digital Watermarking of Autonomous Vehicles Imagery and Video Communication

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-10-01

world’s recent events, the increasing need in different domains, those being: spatial, spectral and corn- homeland security and defense is a critical topic...watermarking schemes benefit in that security and analysis is also vital, especially when using there is no need for full or partial decompression, which...are embedded Arguably, the most widely used technique is spread spec- change with each application. Whether it is secure covert trum watermarking (SS

Characterizing model uncertainties in the life cycle of lignocellulose-based ethanol fuels.

PubMed

Spatari, Sabrina; MacLean, Heather L

2010-11-15

Renewable and low carbon fuel standards being developed at federal and state levels require an estimation of the life cycle carbon intensity (LCCI) of candidate fuels that can substitute for gasoline, such as second generation bioethanol. Estimating the LCCI of such fuels with a high degree of confidence requires the use of probabilistic methods to account for known sources of uncertainty. We construct life cycle models for the bioconversion of agricultural residue (corn stover) and energy crops (switchgrass) and explicitly examine uncertainty using Monte Carlo simulation. Using statistical methods to identify significant model variables from public data sets and Aspen Plus chemical process models,we estimate stochastic life cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for the two feedstocks combined with two promising fuel conversion technologies. The approach can be generalized to other biofuel systems. Our results show potentially high and uncertain GHG emissions for switchgrass-ethanol due to uncertain CO₂ flux from land use change and N₂O flux from N fertilizer. However, corn stover-ethanol,with its low-in-magnitude, tight-in-spread LCCI distribution, shows considerable promise for reducing life cycle GHG emissions relative to gasoline and corn-ethanol. Coproducts are important for reducing the LCCI of all ethanol fuels we examine.

Longitudinal Loading and Nutrient Compositional Gradients in an Agriculturally Managed Watershed in West-Central Wisconsin

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-09-01

i.e., fertilizer and manure subsidies ). Nitrogen. Similar to total P, flow-weighted mean total N concentrations were not significantly different at...often used as a soil nutrient subsidy on corn and is also spread on hayfields after cutting, partly as a means of reducing manure surplus...James, W. F., Kennedy, R. H., and Gaugush, R F. (1990). “ Effects of large-scale metalimnetic migration events of phosphorus dynamics in a north

Distinct neuroanatomical bases of episodic and semantic memory performance in Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Hirni, Daniela I; Kivisaari, Sasa L; Monsch, Andreas U; Taylor, Kirsten I

2013-04-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurofibrillary pathology begins in the medial perirhinal cortex (mPRC) before spreading to the entorhinal cortex (ERC) and hippocampus (HP) in anterior medial temporal lobe (aMTL). While the role of the ERC/HP complex in episodic memory formation is well-established, recent research suggests that the PRC is required to form semantic memories of individual objects. We aimed to test whether commonly used clinical measures of episodic and semantic memory are distinctly associated with ERC/HP and mPRC integrity, respectively, in healthy mature individuals and very early AD patients. One hundred thirty normal controls, 32 amnestic mild cognitive impairment patients, some of whom are in the earliest (i.e., preclinical) stages of AD, and ten early-stage AD patients received neuropsychological testing and high-resolution anatomic and diffusion MRI. Voxel-based regression analyses tested for regions where episodic memory (delayed recall scores on the California Verbal Learning and Rey Osterrieth Complex Figure Tests) and semantic memory (Boston Naming Test, category fluency) performance correlated with gray matter (GM) regions of interest and whole-brain fractional anisotropy (FA) voxel values. When controlling for the opposing memory performance, poorer episodic memory performance was associated with reduced bilateral ERC/HP GM volume and related white matter integrity, but not with mPRC GM volume. Poor semantic memory performance was associated with both reduced left mPRC and ERC/HP GM volume, as well as reduced FA values in white matter tracts leading to the PRC. These results indicate a partial division of labor within the aMTL and suggest that mPRC damage in very early AD may be detectable with common clinical tests of semantic memory if episodic memory performance is controlled. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Detection of sister-species in invasive populations of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Uganda

PubMed Central

Tay, Wee Tek; Walsh, Thomas K.; Kanyesigye, Dalton; Adumo, Stella; Abongosi, Joseph; Ochen, Stephen; Sserumaga, Julius; Alibu, Simon; Abalo, Grace; Asea, Godfrey; Agona, Ambrose

2018-01-01

The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a species native to the Americas. This polyphagous lepidopteran pest was first reported in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe in 2016, but its presence in eastern Africa has not been confirmed via molecular characterisation. In this study, FAW specimens from western and central Uganda were identified based on the partial mtDNA COI gene sequences, with mtDNA COI haplotypes matching those identified in Nigeria and São Tomé. In this study, we sequence an additional partial mtDNA Cyt b gene and also the partial mtDNA COIII gene in Ugandan FAW samples. We detected identical mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for both the mtDNA Cyt b and COI partial genes, while combining the mtDNA COI/Cyt b haplotypes and mtDNA COIII haplotypes enabled a new maternal lineage in the Ugandan corn-preferred FAW samples to be identified. Our results suggested that the African incursions of S. frugiperda involved at least three maternal lineages. Recent full genome, phylogenetic and microsatellite analyses provided evidence to support S. frugiperda as likely consisted of two sympatric sister species known as the corn-preferred and rice-preferred strains. In our Ugandan FAW populations, we identified the presence of mtDNA haplotypes representative of both sister species. It is not known if both FAW sister species were originally introduced together or separately, and whether they have since spread as a single population. Further analyses of additional specimens originally collected from São Tomé, Nigeria and throughout Africa would be required to clarify this issue. Importantly, our finding showed that the genetic diversity of the African corn-preferred FAW species is higher than previously reported. This potentially contributed to the success of FAW establishment in Africa. Furthermore, with the additional maternal lineages detected, there is likely an increase in paternal lineages, thereby increasing the diversity of the African FAW population. Knowledge of the FAW genetic diversity will be needed to assess the risks of introducing Bt-resistance traits and to understand the FAW incursion pathways into the Old World and its potential onward spread. The agricultural implications of the presence of two evolutionary divergent FAW lineages (the corn and the rice lineage) in the African continent are further considered and discussed. PMID:29614067

Detection of sister-species in invasive populations of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from Uganda.

PubMed

Otim, Michael H; Tay, Wee Tek; Walsh, Thomas K; Kanyesigye, Dalton; Adumo, Stella; Abongosi, Joseph; Ochen, Stephen; Sserumaga, Julius; Alibu, Simon; Abalo, Grace; Asea, Godfrey; Agona, Ambrose

2018-01-01

The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) is a species native to the Americas. This polyphagous lepidopteran pest was first reported in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Principe in 2016, but its presence in eastern Africa has not been confirmed via molecular characterisation. In this study, FAW specimens from western and central Uganda were identified based on the partial mtDNA COI gene sequences, with mtDNA COI haplotypes matching those identified in Nigeria and São Tomé. In this study, we sequence an additional partial mtDNA Cyt b gene and also the partial mtDNA COIII gene in Ugandan FAW samples. We detected identical mitochondrial DNA haplotypes for both the mtDNA Cyt b and COI partial genes, while combining the mtDNA COI/Cyt b haplotypes and mtDNA COIII haplotypes enabled a new maternal lineage in the Ugandan corn-preferred FAW samples to be identified. Our results suggested that the African incursions of S. frugiperda involved at least three maternal lineages. Recent full genome, phylogenetic and microsatellite analyses provided evidence to support S. frugiperda as likely consisted of two sympatric sister species known as the corn-preferred and rice-preferred strains. In our Ugandan FAW populations, we identified the presence of mtDNA haplotypes representative of both sister species. It is not known if both FAW sister species were originally introduced together or separately, and whether they have since spread as a single population. Further analyses of additional specimens originally collected from São Tomé, Nigeria and throughout Africa would be required to clarify this issue. Importantly, our finding showed that the genetic diversity of the African corn-preferred FAW species is higher than previously reported. This potentially contributed to the success of FAW establishment in Africa. Furthermore, with the additional maternal lineages detected, there is likely an increase in paternal lineages, thereby increasing the diversity of the African FAW population. Knowledge of the FAW genetic diversity will be needed to assess the risks of introducing Bt-resistance traits and to understand the FAW incursion pathways into the Old World and its potential onward spread. The agricultural implications of the presence of two evolutionary divergent FAW lineages (the corn and the rice lineage) in the African continent are further considered and discussed.

Historical Investigations of the Richard B. Russell Multiple Resource Area.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-01

for shipment; fields were cleaned, plowed, and prepared for spring planting. Planters who used fertilizer had it spread at this time. Wood was cut...lined mounds of earth called ’banks,’ corn was gathered and shucked, fodder was stored, ditches cleaned and repaired, wood cut and hauled, and new ground...a hint of what once was there. 0. F. W. 44 Demography FOOTNOTES 1Peter H. Wood , Black MajitN: Neroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the

Monitoring presence and advance of the alien invasive western corn rootworm beetle in eastern Slovenia with highly sensitive Metcalf traps.

PubMed

Hummel, H E; Urek, G; Modic, S; Hein, D F

2005-01-01

The American Chrysomelid beetle Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (D.v.v.), also called the western corn rootworm, spread from the location of its original introduction into Europe, Belgrade airport (BACA 1993), in all directions. Within a decade it occupied almost all countries of South-eastern and Central Europe. However, it reached Slovenia as late as 2003: Only 19 specimen were found in maize fields of the eastern and also western provinces. Already in the summer of 2004, their number had risen to 386 which were mainly found in the eastern provinces near the borders to Croatia, Austria and Hungary. For their monitoring, a simple trap is being described which can be acquired in high numbers at a very low price and can guaranty a most sensitive detection of beetles. The Metcalf cup trap which in Slovenia so far has been unknown performed the task of monitoring quite well at five locations. It will also facilitate the future search for new and increasing infestations. Comparing 2004 with the year 2003, D.v.v. expanded its range in eastern Slovenia by about 15 km. These new infestations will include territories in which fields of the regionally Important oil seed pumpkin Cucurbita pepo are located. With important traffic connections between South-eastern and Central Europe, Slovenia will occupy a bridgehead function in the preventive protection of maize from D.v.v. spreading into more northerly European regions including western Austria and southern Germany.

Large Reduction of Hot Spot Temperature in Graphene Electronic Devices with Heat-Spreading Hexagonal Boron Nitride.

PubMed

Choi, David; Poudel, Nirakar; Park, Saungeun; Akinwande, Deji; Cronin, Stephen B; Watanabe, Kenji; Taniguchi, Takashi; Yao, Zhen; Shi, Li

2018-04-04

Scanning thermal microscopy measurements reveal a significant thermal benefit of including a high thermal conductivity hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) heat-spreading layer between graphene and either a SiO 2 /Si substrate or a 100 μm thick Corning flexible Willow glass (WG) substrate. At the same power density, an 80 nm thick h-BN layer on the silicon substrate can yield a factor of 2.2 reduction of the hot spot temperature, whereas a 35 nm thick h-BN layer on the WG substrate is sufficient to obtain a factor of 4.1 reduction. The larger effect of the h-BN heat spreader on WG than on SiO 2 /Si is attributed to a smaller effective heat transfer coefficient per unit area for three-dimensional heat conduction into the thick, low-thermal conductivity WG substrate than for one-dimensional heat conduction through the thin oxide layer on silicon. Consequently, the h-BN lateral heat-spreading length is much larger on WG than on SiO 2 /Si, resulting in a larger degree of temperature reduction.

Impact of health education on the prevalence of enterobiasis in Korean preschool students.

PubMed

Kang, In-Soon; Kim, Dong-Hee; An, Hye-Gyung; Son, Hyun-Mi; Cho, Min Kyoung; Park, Mi-Kyung; Kang, Shin Ae; Kim, Bo Young; Yu, Hak Sun

2012-04-01

Health education has been shown to be effective in slowing the spread of the disease, infectious disease in particular. To evaluate the impact of health education on the prevalence and pattern of new infection of enterobiasis, children from 6 kindergartens in Ulsan city, South Korea, were recruited after undergoing a screening for enterobiasis, and then divided into three groups, including group medication (GM), education (Edu), and control group. All children in GM group received medical treatment with 500 mg albendazole twice, with 15 days interval. In the Edu group, only children diagnosed positive for Enterobius vermicularis eggs received medical treatment with 500 mg albendazole twice, with 15 days interval and all parents in the group received brochures providing information about enterobiasis. In the control group, only children diagnosed positive for E. vermicularis eggs received medical treatment with 500 mg albendazole twice, with 15 days interval, and no information about enterobiasis was provided to parents. Two post-treatment examinations were performed at three and six months after treatment. The infection rate in the GM group was dramatically decreased at 3 months, and this rate was almost the same as at 6 months after treatment. Infection rate of children in the Edu group was shown to drop from 9.9% to 3.0% at 3 months, and to 2.7% at 6 months after treatment; however, the infection rate in the control group continued to be higher than in the other two groups at both 3 and 6 months, with smaller change at 3 months compared to the other two groups. In addition, both new infection and re-infection cases in the Edu group were fewer, compared to those in the control group. In conclusion, although GM is the best method for eradication of enterobiasis, providing health information about enterobiasis to parents could reduce the prevalence, as well as the rate of new infection or re-infection with E. vermicularis in their children. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of Crop Canopies on Rain Splash Detachment

PubMed Central

Ma, Bo; Yu, Xiaoling; Ma, Fan; Li, Zhanbin; Wu, Faqi

2014-01-01

Crops are one of the main factors affecting soil erosion in sloping fields. To determine the characteristics of splash erosion under crop canopies, corn, soybean, millet, and winter wheat were collected, and the relationship among splash erosion, rainfall intensity, and throughfall intensity under different crop canopies was analyzed through artificial rainfall experiments. The results showed that, the mean splash detachment rate on the ground surface was 390.12 g/m2·h, which was lower by 67.81% than that on bare land. The inhibiting effects of crops on splash erosion increased as the crops grew, and the ability of the four crops to inhibit splash erosion was in the order of winter wheat>corn>soybeans>millet. An increase in rainfall intensity could significantly enhance the occurrence of splash erosion, but the ability of crops to inhibit splash erosion was 13% greater in cases of higher rainfall intensity. The throughfall intensity under crop canopies was positively related to the splash detachment rate, and this relationship was more significant when the rainfall intensity was 40 mm/h. Splash erosion tended to occur intensively in the central row of croplands as the crop grew, and the non-uniformity of splash erosion was substantial, with splash erosion occurring mainly between the rows and in the region directly under the leaf margin. This study has provided a theoretical basis for describing the erosion mechanisms of cropland and for assisting soil erosion prediction as well as irrigation and fertilizer management in cultivated fields. PMID:24992386

Effects of crop canopies on rain splash detachment.

PubMed

Ma, Bo; Yu, Xiaoling; Ma, Fan; Li, Zhanbin; Wu, Faqi

2014-01-01

Crops are one of the main factors affecting soil erosion in sloping fields. To determine the characteristics of splash erosion under crop canopies, corn, soybean, millet, and winter wheat were collected, and the relationship among splash erosion, rainfall intensity, and throughfall intensity under different crop canopies was analyzed through artificial rainfall experiments. The results showed that, the mean splash detachment rate on the ground surface was 390.12 g/m2 · h, which was lower by 67.81% than that on bare land. The inhibiting effects of crops on splash erosion increased as the crops grew, and the ability of the four crops to inhibit splash erosion was in the order of winter wheat>corn>soybeans>millet. An increase in rainfall intensity could significantly enhance the occurrence of splash erosion, but the ability of crops to inhibit splash erosion was 13% greater in cases of higher rainfall intensity. The throughfall intensity under crop canopies was positively related to the splash detachment rate, and this relationship was more significant when the rainfall intensity was 40 mm/h. Splash erosion tended to occur intensively in the central row of croplands as the crop grew, and the non-uniformity of splash erosion was substantial, with splash erosion occurring mainly between the rows and in the region directly under the leaf margin. This study has provided a theoretical basis for describing the erosion mechanisms of cropland and for assisting soil erosion prediction as well as irrigation and fertilizer management in cultivated fields.

Sequence-Based Analysis of the Intestinal Microbiota of Sows and Their Offspring Fed Genetically Modified Maize Expressing a Truncated Form of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab Protein (Bt Maize)

PubMed Central

Buzoianu, Stefan G.; Walsh, Maria C.; Rea, Mary C.; Quigley, Lisa; O'Sullivan, Orla; Cotter, Paul D.; Ross, R. Paul; Lawlor, Peadar G.

2013-01-01

The aim was to investigate transgenerational effects of feeding genetically modified (GM) maize expressing a truncated form of Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab protein (Bt maize) to sows and their offspring on maternal and offspring intestinal microbiota. Sows were assigned to either non-GM or GM maize dietary treatments during gestation and lactation. At weaning, offspring were assigned within sow treatment to non-GM or GM maize diets for 115 days, as follows: (i) non-GM maize-fed sow/non-GM maize-fed offspring (non-GM/non-GM), (ii) non-GM maize-fed sow/GM maize-fed offspring (non-GM/GM), (iii) GM maize-fed sow/non-GM maize-fed offspring (GM/non-GM), and (iv) GM maize-fed sow/GM maize-fed offspring (GM/GM). Offspring of GM maize-fed sows had higher counts of fecal total anaerobes and Enterobacteriaceae at days 70 and 100 postweaning, respectively. At day 115 postweaning, GM/non-GM offspring had lower ileal Enterobacteriaceae counts than non-GM/non-GM or GM/GM offspring and lower ileal total anaerobes than pigs on the other treatments. GM maize-fed offspring also had higher ileal total anaerobe counts than non-GM maize-fed offspring, and cecal total anaerobes were lower in non-GM/GM and GM/non-GM offspring than in those from the non-GM/non-GM treatment. The only differences observed for major bacterial phyla using 16S rRNA gene sequencing were that fecal Proteobacteria were less abundant in GM maize-fed sows prior to farrowing and in offspring at weaning, with fecal Firmicutes more abundant in offspring. While other differences occurred, they were not observed consistently in offspring, were mostly encountered for low-abundance, low-frequency bacterial taxa, and were not associated with pathology. Therefore, their biological relevance is questionable. This confirms the lack of adverse effects of GM maize on the intestinal microbiota of pigs, even following transgenerational consumption. PMID:24096421

PETPVC: a toolbox for performing partial volume correction techniques in positron emission tomography

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, Benjamin A.; Cuplov, Vesna; Bousse, Alexandre; Mendes, Adriana; Thielemans, Kris; Hutton, Brian F.; Erlandsson, Kjell

2016-11-01

Positron emission tomography (PET) images are degraded by a phenomenon known as the partial volume effect (PVE). Approaches have been developed to reduce PVEs, typically through the utilisation of structural information provided by other imaging modalities such as MRI or CT. These methods, known as partial volume correction (PVC) techniques, reduce PVEs by compensating for the effects of the scanner resolution, thereby improving the quantitative accuracy. The PETPVC toolbox described in this paper comprises a suite of methods, both classic and more recent approaches, for the purposes of applying PVC to PET data. Eight core PVC techniques are available. These core methods can be combined to create a total of 22 different PVC techniques. Simulated brain PET data are used to demonstrate the utility of toolbox in idealised conditions, the effects of applying PVC with mismatched point-spread function (PSF) estimates and the potential of novel hybrid PVC methods to improve the quantification of lesions. All anatomy-based PVC techniques achieve complete recovery of the PET signal in cortical grey matter (GM) when performed in idealised conditions. Applying deconvolution-based approaches results in incomplete recovery due to premature termination of the iterative process. PVC techniques are sensitive to PSF mismatch, causing a bias of up to 16.7% in GM recovery when over-estimating the PSF by 3 mm. The recovery of both GM and a simulated lesion was improved by combining two PVC techniques together. The PETPVC toolbox has been written in C++, supports Windows, Mac and Linux operating systems, is open-source and publicly available.

Segmentation of tumor and edema along with healthy tissues of brain using wavelets and neural networks.

PubMed

Demirhan, Ayşe; Toru, Mustafa; Guler, Inan

2015-07-01

Robust brain magnetic resonance (MR) segmentation algorithms are critical to analyze tissues and diagnose tumor and edema in a quantitative way. In this study, we present a new tissue segmentation algorithm that segments brain MR images into tumor, edema, white matter (WM), gray matter (GM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The detection of the healthy tissues is performed simultaneously with the diseased tissues because examining the change caused by the spread of tumor and edema on healthy tissues is very important for treatment planning. We used T1, T2, and FLAIR MR images of 20 subjects suffering from glial tumor. We developed an algorithm for stripping the skull before the segmentation process. The segmentation is performed using self-organizing map (SOM) that is trained with unsupervised learning algorithm and fine-tuned with learning vector quantization (LVQ). Unlike other studies, we developed an algorithm for clustering the SOM instead of using an additional network. Input feature vector is constructed with the features obtained from stationary wavelet transform (SWT) coefficients. The results showed that average dice similarity indexes are 91% for WM, 87% for GM, 96% for CSF, 61% for tumor, and 77% for edema.

Transportable data from non-target arthropod field studies for the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified maize expressing an insecticidal double-stranded RNA.

PubMed

Ahmad, Aqeel; Negri, Ignacio; Oliveira, Wladecir; Brown, Christopher; Asiimwe, Peter; Sammons, Bernard; Horak, Michael; Jiang, Changjian; Carson, David

2016-02-01

As part of an environmental risk assessment, the potential impact of genetically modified (GM) maize MON 87411 on non-target arthropods (NTAs) was evaluated in the field. MON 87411 confers resistance to corn rootworm (CRW; Diabrotica spp.) by expressing an insecticidal double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) transcript and the Cry3Bb1 protein and tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate by producing the CP4 EPSPS protein. Field trials were conducted at 14 sites providing high geographic and environmental diversity within maize production areas from three geographic regions including the U.S., Argentina, and Brazil. MON 87411, the conventional control, and four commercial conventional reference hybrids were evaluated for NTA abundance and damage. Twenty arthropod taxa met minimum abundance criteria for valid statistical analysis. Nine of these taxa occurred in at least two of the three regions and in at least four sites across regions. These nine taxa included: aphid, predatory earwig, lacewing, ladybird beetle, leafhopper, minute pirate bug, parasitic wasp, sap beetle, and spider. In addition to wide regional distribution, these taxa encompass the ecological functions of herbivores, predators and parasitoids in maize agro-ecosystems. Thus, the nine arthropods may serve as representative taxa of maize agro-ecosystems, and thereby support that analysis of relevant data generated in one region can be transportable for the risk assessment of the same or similar GM crop products in another region. Across the 20 taxa analyzed, no statistically significant differences in abundance were detected between MON 87411 and the conventional control for 123 of the 128 individual-site comparisons (96.1%). For the nine widely distributed taxa, no statistically significant differences in abundance were detected between MON 87411 and the conventional control. Furthermore, no statistically significant differences were detected between MON 87411 and the conventional control for 53 out of 56 individual-site comparisons (94.6 %) of NTA pest damage to the crop. In each case where a significant difference was observed in arthropod abundance or damage, the mean value for MON 87411 was within the reference range and/or the difference was not consistently observed across collection methods and/or sites. Thus, the differences were not representative of an adverse effect unfamiliar to maize and/or were not indicative of a consistent plant response associated with the GM traits. Results from this study support a conclusion of no adverse environmental impact of MON 87411 on NTAs compared to conventional maize and demonstrate the utility of relevant transportable data across regions for the ERA of GM crops.

GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora sojae by Regulating Defense-Related Gene Expression in Soybean.

PubMed

Fan, Sujie; Dong, Lidong; Han, Dan; Zhang, Feng; Wu, Junjiang; Jiang, Liangyu; Cheng, Qun; Li, Rongpeng; Lu, Wencheng; Meng, Fanshan; Zhang, Shuzhen; Xu, Pengfei

2017-01-01

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae , is a destructive disease worldwide. The molecular mechanism of the soybean response to P. sojae is largely unclear. We report a novel WRKY transcription factor (TF) in soybean, GmWRKY31, in the host response to P. sojae . Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrated that GmWRKY31 enhanced resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. GmWRKY31 was targeted to the nucleus, where it bound to the W-box and acted as an activator of gene transcription. Moreover, we determined that GmWRKY31 physically interacted with GmHDL56, which improved resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean roots. GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 shared a common target GmNPR1 which was induced by P. sojae . Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrated that GmNPR1 enhanced resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. Several pathogenesis-related ( PR ) genes were constitutively activated, including GmPR1a , GmPR2 , GmPR3 , GmPR4 , GmPR5a , and GmPR10 , in soybean plants overexpressing GmNPR1 transcripts. By contrast, the induction of PR genes was compromised in transgenic GmNPR1 -RNAi lines. Taken together, these findings suggested that the interaction between GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 enhances resistance to P. sojae by regulating defense-related gene expression in soybean.

Functional and evolutionary characterization of the CONSTANS gene family in short-day photoperiodic flowering in soybean.

PubMed

Wu, Faqiang; Price, Brian William; Haider, Waseem; Seufferheld, Gabriela; Nelson, Randall; Hanzawa, Yoshie

2014-01-01

CONSTANS (CO) plays a central role in photoperiodic flowering control of plants. However, much remains unknown about the function of the CO gene family in soybean and the molecular mechanisms underlying short-day photoperiodic flowering of soybean. We identified 26 CO homologs (GmCOLs) in the soybean genome, many of them previously unreported. Phylogenic analysis classified GmCOLs into three clades conserved among flowering plants. Two homeologous pairs in Clade I, GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b, showed the highest sequence similarity to Arabidopsis CO. The mRNA abundance of GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b exhibited a strong diurnal rhythm under flowering-inductive short days and peaked at dawn, which coincided with the rise of GmFT5a expression. In contrast, the mRNA abundance of GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b was extremely low. Our transgenic study demonstrated that GmCOL1a, GmCOL1b, GmCOL2a and GmCOL2b fully complemented the late flowering effect of the co-1 mutant in Arabidopsis. Together, these results indicate that GmCOL1a and GmCOL1b are potential inducers of flowering in soybean. Our data also indicate rapid regulatory divergence between GmCOL1a/GmCOL1b and GmCOL2a/GmCOL2b but conservation of their protein function. Dynamic evolution of GmCOL regulatory mechanisms may underlie the evolution of photoperiodic signaling in soybean.

GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 Enhances Resistance to Phytophthora sojae by Regulating Defense-Related Gene Expression in Soybean

PubMed Central

Fan, Sujie; Dong, Lidong; Han, Dan; Zhang, Feng; Wu, Junjiang; Jiang, Liangyu; Cheng, Qun; Li, Rongpeng; Lu, Wencheng; Meng, Fanshan; Zhang, Shuzhen; Xu, Pengfei

2017-01-01

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is a destructive disease worldwide. The molecular mechanism of the soybean response to P. sojae is largely unclear. We report a novel WRKY transcription factor (TF) in soybean, GmWRKY31, in the host response to P. sojae. Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrated that GmWRKY31 enhanced resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. GmWRKY31 was targeted to the nucleus, where it bound to the W-box and acted as an activator of gene transcription. Moreover, we determined that GmWRKY31 physically interacted with GmHDL56, which improved resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean roots. GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 shared a common target GmNPR1 which was induced by P. sojae. Overexpression and RNA interference analysis demonstrated that GmNPR1 enhanced resistance to P. sojae in transgenic soybean plants. Several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes were constitutively activated, including GmPR1a, GmPR2, GmPR3, GmPR4, GmPR5a, and GmPR10, in soybean plants overexpressing GmNPR1 transcripts. By contrast, the induction of PR genes was compromised in transgenic GmNPR1-RNAi lines. Taken together, these findings suggested that the interaction between GmWRKY31 and GmHDL56 enhances resistance to P. sojae by regulating defense-related gene expression in soybean. PMID:28553307

Identification of New Serum Biomarkers for Early Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Lipid Microarrays

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-09-01

specific for asialo-GM1 bound specifically to GM1, but not to the closely related gangliosides GM1 or GM2 (Fig. 2). Monoclonal antibodies raised...against GD3 specifically bound GD3, but not to asialo-GM1, GM1 and GM2 (Fig. 2). The secondary antibodies did not show reactivity against lipids (data not...fluorescent intensity on different membranes. Asialo GM1 GM1 GM2 GD3 Fig 2. Lipids on the PVDF membrane can be detected by specific

Identification of New Serum Biomarkers for Early Breast Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis Using Lipid Microarrays

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-09-01

specific for asialo-GM1 bound specifically to GM1, but not to the closely related gangliosides GM1 or GM2 (Fig. 2). Monoclonal antibodies raised against...GD3 specifically bound GD3, but not to asialo-GM1, GM1 and GM2 (Fig. 2). The secondary antibodies did not show reactivity against lipids (data not...fluorescent intensity on different membranes. Asialo GM1 GM1 GM2 GD3 Fig 2. Lipids on the PVDF membrane can be detected by specific antibodies

HETEROCLITIC POLYCLONAL AND MONOCLONAL ANTI-Gm(a) AND ANTI-Gm(g) HUMAN RHEUMATOID FACTORS REACT WITH EPITOPES INDUCED IN Gm(a−) Gm(g−) IgG BY INTERACTION WITH ANTIGEN OR BY NONSPECIFIC AGGREGATION

PubMed Central

WILLIAMS, RALPH C.; MALONE, CHRISTINE C.; CASALI, PAOLO

2015-01-01

Heteroclitic rheumatoid factors (RF) are specific for allotypic determinants, e.g., Gm(a) or Gm(g) on allogeneic, but not autologous IgG. All polyclonal RF we isolated from nine rheumatoid arthritis patients with circulating Gm(a−), (b+), (g−), (f+) IgG displayed dual heteroclitic activity for the Gm(a) and Gm(g) allotypes, as shown by using appropriate RBC agglutination assays and affinity columns bearing Gm(a+) or Gm(g+) IgG. To investigate possible mechanisms underlying the in vivo generation of heteroclitic RF, we tested the ability of non-specifically and immune-specifically aggregated Gm(a−), (g−) IgG to function as targets for RF from Gm(a−), (g−) patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Heat aggregation (63°C for 20 min) or binding to Ag (as in tetanus toxoid-antitetanus toxoid complexes) induced a “functional” Gm(a+) and/or (g+) phenotype in Gm(a−), (g−) IgG from five healthy subjects and five rheumatoid patients, as suggested by the ability of these altered IgG to function as efficient targets for six heteroclitic RF in direct binding and competitive inhibition experiments. That heterocliticity and dual Gm(a), Gm(g) specificity can be features of a single antibody molecule was formally demonstrated by analysis of a monoclonal RF (IgM mAb 61) generated from a Gm(a−), (g−) rheumatoid patient. RF mAb 61 displayed a high affinity (Kd, 10−7 M) for IgG Fc fragment of Gm(a+) and (g+) IgG or aggregated autologous Gm(a−), (g−) IgG but did not bind to native autologous IgG. To investigate the molecular basis of the acquired Gm(a) phenotype, PBMC from five Gm(a−) patients with rheumatoid arthritis and two Gm(a−) normal subjects were cultured in vitro after activation with PWM. In most instances, these PBMC produced IgG that behaved as Gm(a+) in sensitive ELISA. Application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using probes specific for the nucleotide sequence coding for the Gm(a) tetrapeptide, to the amplification of DNA from the in vitro-stimulated Gm(a−) normals or rheumatoid patients’ PBMC provided no evidence for Gm(a) nucleotide sequences. The present data suggest that acquisition of the Gm(a) determinant by Gm(a−) IgG may result from subtle changes in the CH2-CH3 RF-binding region. Such changes would occur when Gm(a) IgG are complexed with Ag or nonspecifically altered, thereby providing a possible explanation for the induction of heteroclitic RF in Gm(a−) rheumatoid arthritis patients. PMID:1380541

Ganglioside GM2/GM3 complex affixed on silica nanospheres strongly inhibits cell motility through CD82/cMet-mediated pathway

PubMed Central

Todeschini, Adriane Regina; Dos Santos, Jose Nilson; Handa, Kazuko; Hakomori, Sen-itiroh

2008-01-01

Ganglioside GM2 complexed with tetraspanin CD82 in glycosynaptic microdomain of HCV29 and other epithelial cells inhibits hepatocyte growth factor-induced cMet tyrosine kinase. In addition, adhesion of HCV29 cells to extracellular matrix proteins also activates cMet kinase through “cross-talk” of integrins with cMet, leading to inhibition of cell motility and growth. Present studies indicate that cell motility and growth are greatly influenced by expression of GM2, GM3, or GM2/GM3 complexes, which affect cMet kinase activity of various types of cells, based on the following series of observations: (i) Cells expressing CD82, cultured with GM2 and GM3 cocoated on silica nanospheres, displayed stronger and more consistent motility inhibition than those cultured with GM2 or GM3 alone or with other glycosphingolipids. (ii) GM2-GM3, in the presence of Ca2+ form a heterodimer, as evidenced by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and by specific reactivity with mAb 8E11, directed to GM2/GM3 dimer structure. (iii) Cells expressing cMet and CD82 were characterized by enhanced motility associated with HGF-induced cMet activation. Both cMet and motility were strongly inhibited by culturing cells with GM2/GM3 dimer coated on nanospheres. (iv) Adhesion of HCV29 or YTS-1/CD82 cells to laminin-5-coated plate activated cMet kinase in the absence of HGF, whereas GM2/GM3 dimer inhibited adhesion-induced cMet kinase activity and inhibited cell motility. (v) Inhibited cell motility as in i, iii, and iv was restored to normal level by addition of mAb 8E11, which blocks interaction of GM2/GM3 dimer with CD82. Signaling through Src and MAP kinases is activated or inhibited in close association with cMet kinase, in response to GM2/GM3 dimer interaction with CD82. Thus, a previously uncharacterized GM2/GM3 heterodimer complexed with CD82 inhibits cell motility through CD82-cMet or integrin-cMet pathway. PMID:18272501

Ganglioside GM2/GM3 complex affixed on silica nanospheres strongly inhibits cell motility through CD82/cMet-mediated pathway.

PubMed

Todeschini, Adriane Regina; Dos Santos, Jose Nilson; Handa, Kazuko; Hakomori, Sen-itiroh

2008-02-12

Ganglioside GM2 complexed with tetraspanin CD82 in glycosynaptic microdomain of HCV29 and other epithelial cells inhibits hepatocyte growth factor-induced cMet tyrosine kinase. In addition, adhesion of HCV29 cells to extracellular matrix proteins also activates cMet kinase through "cross-talk" of integrins with cMet, leading to inhibition of cell motility and growth. Present studies indicate that cell motility and growth are greatly influenced by expression of GM2, GM3, or GM2/GM3 complexes, which affect cMet kinase activity of various types of cells, based on the following series of observations: (i) Cells expressing CD82, cultured with GM2 and GM3 cocoated on silica nanospheres, displayed stronger and more consistent motility inhibition than those cultured with GM2 or GM3 alone or with other glycosphingolipids. (ii) GM2-GM3, in the presence of Ca2+ form a heterodimer, as evidenced by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and by specific reactivity with mAb 8E11, directed to GM2/GM3 dimer structure. (iii) Cells expressing cMet and CD82 were characterized by enhanced motility associated with HGF-induced cMet activation. Both cMet and motility were strongly inhibited by culturing cells with GM2/GM3 dimer coated on nanospheres. (iv) Adhesion of HCV29 or YTS-1/CD82 cells to laminin-5-coated plate activated cMet kinase in the absence of HGF, whereas GM2/GM3 dimer inhibited adhesion-induced cMet kinase activity and inhibited cell motility. (v) Inhibited cell motility as in i, iii, and iv was restored to normal level by addition of mAb 8E11, which blocks interaction of GM2/GM3 dimer with CD82. Signaling through Src and MAP kinases is activated or inhibited in close association with cMet kinase, in response to GM2/GM3 dimer interaction with CD82. Thus, a previously uncharacterized GM2/GM3 heterodimer complexed with CD82 inhibits cell motility through CD82-cMet or integrin-cMet pathway.

First hydrothermal active vent discovered on the Galapagos Microplate

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tao, C.; Li, H.; Wu, G.; Su, X.; Zhang, G.; Chinese DY115-21 Leg 3 Scientific Party

2011-12-01

The Galapagos Microplate (GM) lies on the western Gaplapagos Spreading Center (GSC), representing one of the classic Ridge-Ridge-Ridge (R-R-R) plate boundaries of the Nazca, Cocos, and Pacific plates. The presence of the 'black smoke' and hydrothermal vent community were firstly confirmed on the GSC. Lots of hydrothermal fields were discovered on the center and eastern GSC, while the western GSC has not been well investigated. During 17th Oct. to 9th Nov. 2009, the 3rd leg of Chinese DY115-21 cruise with R/V Dayangyihao has been launched along 2°N-5°S near equatorial East Pacific Rise (EPR). Two new hydrothermal fields were confirmed. One is named 'Precious Stone Mountain', which is the first hydrothermal field on the GM. The other is found at 101.47°W, 0.84°S EPR. The 'Precious Stone Mountain' hydrothermal field (at 101.49°W, 1.22°N) is located at an off-axial seamount on the southern GM boundary, with a depth from 1,450 to 1,700m. Hydrothermal fluids emitting from the fissures and hydrothermal fauna were captured by deep-tow video. Few mineral clasts of pyrite and chalcopyrite were separated from one sediment sample, but no sulfide chimney was found yet. Hydrothermal fauna such as alive mussels, crabs, shrimps, tubeworms, giant clams, as well as rock samples were collected by TV-Grab. The study of the seafloor classification with Simrad EM120 multi-beam echosounder has been conducted on the 'Precious Stone Mountain' hydrothermal field. The result indicates that seafloor materials around the hydrothermal field can be characterized into three types, such as the fresh lava, hydrothermal sediment, and altered rock.

Exploring public perceptions of solutions to tree diseases in the UK: Implications for policy-makers.

PubMed

Jepson, Paul; Arakelyan, Irina

2017-10-01

Tree diseases are on the increase in many countries and the implications of their appearance can be political, as well as ecological and economic. Preventative policy approaches to tree diseases are difficult to formulate because dispersal pathways for pest and pathogens are numerous, poorly known and likely to be beyond human management control. Genomic techniques could offer the quickest and most predictable approach to developing a disease tolerant native ash. The population of European Ash ( Fraxinus Excelsi or) has suffered major losses in the last decade, due to the onset of Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (previously called Chalara Fraxinea ) commonly known in the UK as ash dieback. This study presents evidence on the public acceptability of tree-breed solutions to the spread of Chalara , with the main aim to provide science and policy with an up-stream 'steer' on the likely public acceptability of different tree breeding solutions. The findings showed that whilst there was a firm anti-GM and ' we shouldn't tamper with nature ' attitude among UK publics, there was an equally firm and perhaps slightly larger pragmatic attitude that GM (science and technology) should be used if there is a good reason to do so, for example if it can help protect trees from disease and help feed the world. The latter view was significantly stronger among younger age groups (Millennials), those living in urban areas and when the (GM)modified trees were destined for urban and plantation, rather than countryside settings. Overall, our findings suggest that the UK government could consider genomic solutions to tree breeding with more confidence in the future, as large and influential publics appear to be relaxed about the use of genomic techniques to increase tolerance of trees to disease.

Botulinum toxin type-A affects mechanics of non-injected antagonistic rat muscles.

PubMed

Ateş, Filiz; Yucesoy, Can A

2018-08-01

Botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) effects on the mechanics of non-injected antagonistic muscles are unknown. The aim was to test the following hypotheses in a rat model: BTX-A injected into gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and lateralis (GL) (1) decreases forces of the antagonistic tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL), (2) reduces length range of force exertion and (3) increases passive forces of the TA, and (4) changes inter-antagonistic and inter-synergistic epimuscular myofascial force transmission (EMFT). Two groups of Wistar rats were tested: BTX (0.1 units of BTX-A were injected to the GM and GL, each) and Control (saline injected). Five-days post, TA, EDL, GM-GL, and soleus distal and EDL proximal isometric forces were measured after TA lengthening. BTX-A exposure caused forces of all muscles to decrease significantly. TA and EDL active force drops (maximally by 37.3%) show inter-compartmental spread. Length range of force exertion of the TA did not change, but its passive force increased significantly (by 25%). The percentages of intramuscular connective tissue content of the TA and EDL was higher (BTX: 20.0 ± 4.9% and 19.3 ± 4.1% vs. control: 13.1 ± 5.4% and 14.5 ± 4.0%, respectively). Calf muscles' forces were not affected by TA length changes for both groups indicating lacking inter-antagonistic EMFT. However, BTX-A altered EDL proximo-distal force differences hence, inter-synergistic EMFT. A major novel finding is that BTX-A affects mechanics of non-injected antagonistic muscles in test conditions involving only limited EMFT. The effects indicating a stiffer muscle with no length range increase contradict some treatment aims, which require clinical testing. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Sequential stages and distribution patterns of aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) in the human brain.

PubMed

Kovacs, Gabor G; Xie, Sharon X; Robinson, John L; Lee, Edward B; Smith, Douglas H; Schuck, Theresa; Lee, Virginia M-Y; Trojanowski, John Q

2018-06-11

Aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) describes tau pathology in astrocytes in different locations and anatomical regions. In the present study we addressed the question of whether sequential distribution patterns can be recognized for ARTAG or astroglial tau pathologies in both primary FTLD-tauopathies and non-FTLD-tauopathy cases. By evaluating 687 postmortem brains with diverse disorders we identified ARTAG in 455. We evaluated frequencies and hierarchical clustering of anatomical involvement and used conditional probability and logistic regression to model the sequential distribution of ARTAG and astroglial tau pathologies across different brain regions. For subpial and white matter ARTAG we recognize three and two patterns, respectively, each with three stages initiated or ending in the amygdala. Subependymal ARTAG does not show a clear sequential pattern. For grey matter (GM) ARTAG we recognize four stages including a striatal pathway of spreading towards the cortex and/or amygdala, and the brainstem, and an amygdala pathway, which precedes the involvement of the striatum and/or cortex and proceeds towards the brainstem. GM ARTAG and astrocytic plaque pathology in corticobasal degeneration follows a predominantly frontal-parietal cortical to temporal-occipital cortical, to subcortical, to brainstem pathway (four stages). GM ARTAG and tufted astrocyte pathology in progressive supranuclear palsy shows a striatum to frontal-parietal cortical to temporal to occipital, to amygdala, and to brainstem sequence (four stages). In Pick's disease cases with astroglial tau pathology an overlapping pattern with PSP can be appreciated. We conclude that tau-astrogliopathy type-specific sequential patterns cannot be simplified as neuron-based staging systems. The proposed cytopathological and hierarchical stages provide a conceptual approach to identify the initial steps of the pathogenesis of tau pathologies in ARTAG and primary FTLD-tauopathies.

Therapeutic evaluation of GM2 gangliosidoses by ELISA using anti-GM2 ganglioside antibodies.

PubMed

Tsuji, Daisuke; Higashine, Yukari; Matsuoka, Kazuhiko; Sakuraba, Hitoshi; Itoh, Kohji

2007-03-01

GM2 gangliosidoses, including Tay-Sachs disease, Sandhoff disease and the AB variant, comprise deficiencies of beta-hexosaminidase isozymes and GM2 ganglioside activator protein associated with accumulation of GM2 ganglioside (GM2) in lysosomes and neurosomatic clinical manifestations. A simple assay system for intracellular quantification of GM2 is required to evaluate the therapeutic effects on GM2-gangliosidoses. We newly established a cell-ELISA system involving anti-GM2 monoclonal antibodies for measuring GM2 storage in fibroblasts from Tay-Sachs and Sandhoff disease patients. We succeeded in detecting the corrective effect of enzyme replacement on elimination of GM2 in the cells with this ELISA system. This simple and sensitive system should be useful as additional diagnosis tool as well as therapeutic evaluation of GM2 gangliosidoses.

A suite of models to support the quantitative assessment of spread in pest risk analysis.

PubMed

Robinet, Christelle; Kehlenbeck, Hella; Kriticos, Darren J; Baker, Richard H A; Battisti, Andrea; Brunel, Sarah; Dupin, Maxime; Eyre, Dominic; Faccoli, Massimo; Ilieva, Zhenya; Kenis, Marc; Knight, Jon; Reynaud, Philippe; Yart, Annie; van der Werf, Wopke

2012-01-01

Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs) are conducted worldwide to decide whether and how exotic plant pests should be regulated to prevent invasion. There is an increasing demand for science-based risk mapping in PRA. Spread plays a key role in determining the potential distribution of pests, but there is no suitable spread modelling tool available for pest risk analysts. Existing models are species specific, biologically and technically complex, and data hungry. Here we present a set of four simple and generic spread models that can be parameterised with limited data. Simulations with these models generate maps of the potential expansion of an invasive species at continental scale. The models have one to three biological parameters. They differ in whether they treat spatial processes implicitly or explicitly, and in whether they consider pest density or pest presence/absence only. The four models represent four complementary perspectives on the process of invasion and, because they have different initial conditions, they can be considered as alternative scenarios. All models take into account habitat distribution and climate. We present an application of each of the four models to the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, using historic data on its spread in Europe. Further tests as proof of concept were conducted with a broad range of taxa (insects, nematodes, plants, and plant pathogens). Pest risk analysts, the intended model users, found the model outputs to be generally credible and useful. The estimation of parameters from data requires insights into population dynamics theory, and this requires guidance. If used appropriately, these generic spread models provide a transparent and objective tool for evaluating the potential spread of pests in PRAs. Further work is needed to validate models, build familiarity in the user community and create a database of species parameters to help realize their potential in PRA practice.

A Suite of Models to Support the Quantitative Assessment of Spread in Pest Risk Analysis

PubMed Central

Robinet, Christelle; Kehlenbeck, Hella; Kriticos, Darren J.; Baker, Richard H. A.; Battisti, Andrea; Brunel, Sarah; Dupin, Maxime; Eyre, Dominic; Faccoli, Massimo; Ilieva, Zhenya; Kenis, Marc; Knight, Jon; Reynaud, Philippe; Yart, Annie; van der Werf, Wopke

2012-01-01

Pest Risk Analyses (PRAs) are conducted worldwide to decide whether and how exotic plant pests should be regulated to prevent invasion. There is an increasing demand for science-based risk mapping in PRA. Spread plays a key role in determining the potential distribution of pests, but there is no suitable spread modelling tool available for pest risk analysts. Existing models are species specific, biologically and technically complex, and data hungry. Here we present a set of four simple and generic spread models that can be parameterised with limited data. Simulations with these models generate maps of the potential expansion of an invasive species at continental scale. The models have one to three biological parameters. They differ in whether they treat spatial processes implicitly or explicitly, and in whether they consider pest density or pest presence/absence only. The four models represent four complementary perspectives on the process of invasion and, because they have different initial conditions, they can be considered as alternative scenarios. All models take into account habitat distribution and climate. We present an application of each of the four models to the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, using historic data on its spread in Europe. Further tests as proof of concept were conducted with a broad range of taxa (insects, nematodes, plants, and plant pathogens). Pest risk analysts, the intended model users, found the model outputs to be generally credible and useful. The estimation of parameters from data requires insights into population dynamics theory, and this requires guidance. If used appropriately, these generic spread models provide a transparent and objective tool for evaluating the potential spread of pests in PRAs. Further work is needed to validate models, build familiarity in the user community and create a database of species parameters to help realize their potential in PRA practice. PMID:23056174

Membrane lipids regulate ganglioside GM2 catabolism and GM2 activator protein activity.

PubMed

Anheuser, Susi; Breiden, Bernadette; Schwarzmann, Günter; Sandhoff, Konrad

2015-09-01

Ganglioside GM2 is the major lysosomal storage compound of Tay-Sachs disease. It also accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease types A and B with primary storage of SM and with cholesterol in type C. Reconstitution of GM2 catabolism with β-hexosaminidase A and GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) at uncharged liposomal surfaces carrying GM2 as substrate generated only a physiologically irrelevant catabolic rate, even at pH 4.2. However, incorporation of anionic phospholipids into the GM2 carrying liposomes stimulated GM2 hydrolysis more than 10-fold, while the incorporation of plasma membrane stabilizing lipids (SM and cholesterol) generated a strong inhibition of GM2 hydrolysis, even in the presence of anionic phospholipids. Mobilization of membrane lipids by GM2AP was also inhibited in the presence of cholesterol or SM, as revealed by surface plasmon resonance studies. These lipids also reduced the interliposomal transfer rate of 2-NBD-GM1 by GM2AP, as observed in assays using Förster resonance energy transfer. Our data raise major concerns about the usage of recombinant His-tagged GM2AP compared with untagged protein. The former binds more strongly to anionic GM2-carrying liposomal surfaces, increases GM2 hydrolysis, and accelerates intermembrane transfer of 2-NBD-GM1, but does not mobilize membrane lipids. Copyright © 2015 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

Membrane lipids regulate ganglioside GM2 catabolism and GM2 activator protein activity[S

PubMed Central

Anheuser, Susi; Breiden, Bernadette; Schwarzmann, Günter; Sandhoff, Konrad

2015-01-01

Ganglioside GM2 is the major lysosomal storage compound of Tay-Sachs disease. It also accumulates in Niemann-Pick disease types A and B with primary storage of SM and with cholesterol in type C. Reconstitution of GM2 catabolism with β-hexosaminidase A and GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) at uncharged liposomal surfaces carrying GM2 as substrate generated only a physiologically irrelevant catabolic rate, even at pH 4.2. However, incorporation of anionic phospholipids into the GM2 carrying liposomes stimulated GM2 hydrolysis more than 10-fold, while the incorporation of plasma membrane stabilizing lipids (SM and cholesterol) generated a strong inhibition of GM2 hydrolysis, even in the presence of anionic phospholipids. Mobilization of membrane lipids by GM2AP was also inhibited in the presence of cholesterol or SM, as revealed by surface plasmon resonance studies. These lipids also reduced the interliposomal transfer rate of 2-NBD-GM1 by GM2AP, as observed in assays using Förster resonance energy transfer. Our data raise major concerns about the usage of recombinant His-tagged GM2AP compared with untagged protein. The former binds more strongly to anionic GM2-carrying liposomal surfaces, increases GM2 hydrolysis, and accelerates intermembrane transfer of 2-NBD-GM1, but does not mobilize membrane lipids. PMID:26175473

Recent progress in GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.

PubMed

Yan, Wan-Lun; Shen, Kuan-Yin; Tien, Chun-Yuan; Chen, Yu-An; Liu, Shih-Jen

2017-03-01

Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field. GM-CSF, a potent cytokine promoting the differentiation of myeloid cells, can also be used as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to elicit antitumor immunity. Additionally, GM-CSF is essential for the differentiation of dendritic cells, which are responsible for processing and presenting tumor antigens for the priming of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Some strategies have been developed for GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice: GM-CSF monotherapy, GM-CSF-secreting cancer cell vaccines, GM-CSF-fused tumor-associated antigen protein-based vaccines, GM-CSF-based DNA vaccines and GM-CSF combination therapy. GM-CSF also contributes to the regulation of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. This review provides recommendations regarding GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.

GmDREB1 overexpression affects the expression of microRNAs in GM wheat seeds

PubMed Central

Niu, Fengjuan; Hu, Zheng; Chen, Rui; Zhang, Hui

2017-01-01

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulators of gene expression that act on many different molecular and biochemical processes in eukaryotes. To date, miRNAs have not been considered in the current evaluation system for GM crops. In this study, small RNAs from the dry seeds of a GM wheat line overexpressing GmDREB1 and non-GM wheat cultivars were investigated using deep sequencing technology and bioinformatic approaches. As a result, 23 differentially expressed miRNAs in dry seeds were identified and confirmed between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor. Notably, more differentially expressed tae-miRNAs between non-GM wheat varieties were found, indicating that the degree of variance between non-GM cultivars was considerably higher than that induced by the transgenic event. Most of the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor were associated with abiotic stress, in accordance with the product concept of GM wheat in improving drought and salt tolerance. Our data provided useful information and insights into the evaluation of miRNA expression in edible GM crops. PMID:28459812

GmDREB1 overexpression affects the expression of microRNAs in GM wheat seeds.

PubMed

Jiang, Qiyan; Sun, Xianjun; Niu, Fengjuan; Hu, Zheng; Chen, Rui; Zhang, Hui

2017-01-01

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulators of gene expression that act on many different molecular and biochemical processes in eukaryotes. To date, miRNAs have not been considered in the current evaluation system for GM crops. In this study, small RNAs from the dry seeds of a GM wheat line overexpressing GmDREB1 and non-GM wheat cultivars were investigated using deep sequencing technology and bioinformatic approaches. As a result, 23 differentially expressed miRNAs in dry seeds were identified and confirmed between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor. Notably, more differentially expressed tae-miRNAs between non-GM wheat varieties were found, indicating that the degree of variance between non-GM cultivars was considerably higher than that induced by the transgenic event. Most of the target genes of these differentially expressed miRNAs between GM wheat and a non-GM acceptor were associated with abiotic stress, in accordance with the product concept of GM wheat in improving drought and salt tolerance. Our data provided useful information and insights into the evaluation of miRNA expression in edible GM crops.

Combined replacement effects of human modified β-hexosaminidase B and GM2 activator protein on GM2 gangliosidoses fibroblasts.

PubMed

Kitakaze, Keisuke; Tasaki, Chikako; Tajima, Youichi; Hirokawa, Takatsugu; Tsuji, Daisuke; Sakuraba, Hitoshi; Itoh, Kohji

2016-09-01

GM2 gangliosidoses are autosomal recessive lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) caused by mutations in the HEXA , HEXB and GM2A genes, which encode the human lysosomal β-hexosaminidase (Hex) α- and β-subunits, and GM2 activator protein (GM2A), respectively. These diseases are associated with excessive accumulation of GM2 ganglioside (GM2) in the brains of patients with neurological symptoms. Here we established a CHO cell line overexpressing human GM2A, and purified GM2A from the conditioned medium, which was taken up by fibroblasts derived from a patient with GM2A deficiency, and had the therapeutic effects of reducing the GM2 accumulated in fibroblasts when added to the culture medium. We also demonstrated for the first time that recombinant GM2A could enhance the replacement effect of human modified HexB (modB) with GM2-degrading activity, which is composed of homodimeric altered β-subunits containing a partial amino acid sequence of the α-subunit, including the GSEP loop necessary for binding to GM2A, on reduction of the GM2 accumulated in fibroblasts derived from a patient with Tay-Sachs disease, a HexA (αβ heterodimer) deficiency, caused by HEXA mutations. We predicted the same manner of binding of GM2A to the GSEP loop located in the modified HexB β-subunit to that in the native HexA α-subunit on the basis of the x-ray crystal structures. These findings suggest the effectiveness of combinational replacement therapy involving the human modified HexB and GM2A for GM2 gangliosidoses.

Overexpression of GmHsp90s, a Heat Shock Protein 90 (Hsp90) Gene Family Cloning from Soybean, Decrease Damage of Abiotic Stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana

PubMed Central

Xue, Dong; Zhao, Jinming; Gai, Junyi; Guo, Na; Xing, Han

2013-01-01

Hsp90 is one of the most conserved and abundant molecular chaperones and is an essential component of the protective stress response; however, its roles in abiotic stress responses in soybean (Glycine max) remain obscure. Here, 12 GmHsp90 genes from soybean were identified and found to be expressed and to function differentially under abiotic stresses. The 12 GmHsp90 genes were isolated and named GmHsp90A1–GmHsp90A6, GmHsp90B1, GmHsp90B2, GmHsp90C1.1, GmHsp90C1.2, GmHsp90C2.1 and GmHsp90C2.2 based on their characteristics and high homology to other Hsp90s according to a new nomenclature system. Quantitative real-time PCR expression data revealed that all the genes exhibited higher transcript levels in leaves and could be strongly induced under heat, osmotic and salt stress but not cold stress. Overexpression of five typical genes (GmHsp90A2, GmHsp90A4, GmHsp90B1, GmHsp90C1.1 and GmHsp90C2.1) in Arabidopsis thaliana provided useful evidences that GmHsp90 genes can decrease damage of abiotic stresses. In addition, an abnormal accumulation of proline was detected in some transgenic Arabidopsis plants suggested overexpressing GmHsp90s may affect the synthesis and response system of proline. Our work represents a systematic determination of soybean genes encoding Hsp90s, and provides useful evidence that GmHsp90 genes function differently in response to abiotic stresses and may affect the synthesis and response system of proline. PMID:23936107

Isoflavone Malonyltransferases GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 Differently Modify Isoflavone Glucosides in Soybean (Glycine max) under Various Stresses

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Muhammad Z.; Li, Penghui; Wang, Junjie; Rehman, Naveed Ur; Zhao, Jian

2017-01-01

Malonylated isoflavones are the major forms of isoflavonoids in soybean plants, the genes responsible for their biosyntheses are not well understood, nor their physiological functions. Here we report a new benzylalcohol O-acetyltransferase, anthocyanin O-hydroxycinnamoyltransferase, anthranilate N-hydroxycinnamoyl/benzoyltransferase, deacetylvindoline 4-O-acetyltransferase (BAHD) family isoflavone glucoside malonyltransferase GmIMaT1, and GmIMaT3, which is allelic to the previously characterized GmMT7 and GmIF7MaT. Biochemical studies showed that recombinant GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 enzymes used malonyl-CoA and several isoflavone 7-O-glucosides as substrates. The Km values of GmIMaT1 for glycitin, genistin, and daidzin were 13.11, 23.04, and 36.28 μM, respectively, while these of GmIMaT3 were 12.94, 26.67, and 30.12 μM, respectively. Transgenic hairy roots overexpressing both GmIMaTs had increased levels of malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin, and contents of daidzin and glycitin increased only in GmIMaT1-overexpression lines. The increased daidzein and genistein contents were detected only in GmIMaT3-overexpression lines. Knockdown of GmIMaT1 and GmIMaT3 reduced malonyldaidzin and malonylgenistin contents, and affected other isoflavonoids differently. GmIMaT1 is primarily localized to the endoplasmic reticulum while GmIMaT3 is primarily in the cytosol. By examining their transcript changes corresponding to the altered isoflavone metabolic profiles under various environmental and hormonal stresses, we probed the possible functions of GmIMaTs. Two GmIMaTs displayed distinct tissue expression patterns and respond differently to various factors in modifying isoflavone 7-O-glucosides under various stresses. PMID:28559900

Corn and culture in central andean prehistory.

PubMed

Johannessen, S; Hastorf, C A

1989-05-12

The prehistoric development and spread of domesticated maize varieties in the highlands of Peru, unlike the drier coastal deserts, is little known because ancient maize remains in this area survive mainly as fragments, kernels, and cob parts. An analysis of fragmented charred maize from prehistoric households (A.D.450 to 1500) in the Mantaro Valley reveals a developmental sequence of maize varieties for Highland Peru. The evidence indicates an adoption of large-kernelled maize varieties beginning in the Late Intermediate (A.D. 1000). This is centuries later than a similar change in maize, associated with the Wari expansion, that occurred in coastal areas, and indicates minimal Wari impact in the Mantaro Valley.

A novel human model of the neurodegenerative disease GM1 gangliosidosis using induced pluripotent stem cells demonstrates inflammasome activation.

PubMed

Son, Mi-Young; Kwak, Jae Eun; Seol, Binna; Lee, Da Yong; Jeon, Hyejin; Cho, Yee Sook

2015-09-01

GM1 gangliosidosis (GM1) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by mutations in the lysosomal β-galactosidase (β-gal) gene. Insufficient β-gal activity leads to abnormal accumulation of GM1 gangliosides in tissues, particularly in the central nervous system, resulting in progressive neurodegeneration. Here, we report an in vitro human GM1 model, based on induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology. Neural progenitor cells differentiated from GM1 patient-derived iPSCs (GM1-NPCs) recapitulated the biochemical and molecular phenotypes of GM1, including defective β-gal activity and increased lysosomes. Importantly, the characterization of GM1-NPCs established that GM1 is significantly associated with the activation of inflammasomes, which play a critical role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Specific inflammasome inhibitors potently alleviated the disease-related phenotypes of GM1-NPCs in vitro and in vivo. Our data demonstrate that GM1-NPCs are a valuable in vitro human GM1 model and suggest that inflammasome activation is a novel target pathway for GM1 drug development. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Non-invasive Imaging of Sendai Virus Infection in Pharmacologically Immunocompromised Mice: NK and T Cells, but not Neutrophils, Promote Viral Clearance after Therapy with Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone

PubMed Central

Mostafa, Heba H.; Vogel, Peter; Srinivasan, Ashok; Russell, Charles J.

2016-01-01

In immunocompromised patients, parainfluenza virus (PIV) infections have an increased potential to spread to the lower respiratory tract (LRT), resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Understanding the immunologic defects that facilitate viral spread to the LRT will help in developing better management protocols. In this study, we immunosuppressed mice with dexamethasone and/or cyclophosphamide then monitored the spread of viral infection into the LRT by using a noninvasive bioluminescence imaging system and a reporter Sendai virus (murine PIV type 1). Our results show that immunosuppression led to delayed viral clearance and increased viral loads in the lungs. After cessation of cyclophosphamide treatment, viral clearance occurred before the generation of Sendai-specific antibody responses and coincided with rebounds in neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells. Neutrophil suppression using anti-Ly6G antibody had no effect on infection clearance, NK-cell suppression using anti-NK antibody delayed clearance, and T-cell suppression using anti-CD3 antibody resulted in no clearance (chronic infection). Therapeutic use of hematopoietic growth factors G-CSF and GM-CSF had no effect on clearance of infection. In contrast, treatment with Sendai virus—specific polysera or a monoclonal antibody limited viral spread into the lungs and accelerated clearance. Overall, noninvasive bioluminescence was shown to be a useful tool to study respiratory viral progression, revealing roles for NK and T cells, but not neutrophils, in Sendai virus clearance after treatment with dexamethasone and cyclophosphamide. Virus-specific antibodies appear to have therapeutic potential. PMID:27589232

Comparison of Three Different New Bipolar Energy Modalities and Classic Bipolar in Vivo for Tissue Thermal Spread.

PubMed

Çaltekin, Melike Demir; Aydoğmuş, Serpil; Yalçin, Serenat Eriş; Demirel, Emine; Unay, Fulya Cakalağaoğlu; Özbay, Pelin Özün; Özdemir, Aslı; Yalçin, Yakup; Kelekçi, Sefa

2017-01-01

The aim of this study was to compare three different new bipolar energy modalities and classic bipolar in vivo for tissue thermal spread. This prospective, randomized, single-blind study was conducted between Septemsber 2012 and July 2013. Eighteen patients aged 40-65 years undergoing hysterectomy and bilateral salpingectomy for benign etiology were included in the study. Before the hysterectomy operation began, it was marked nearly distal third cm started from uterine corn and proximal close third cm started from fimbrial bottoms by visualizing both fallopian tubes. The surgery was performed using one 5 mm applicator of PlasmaKinetics™, EnSeal®, LigaSure™ or classic bipolar energy modality. The time each device was used was standardized as the minimum time of the audible warning of the device for tissue impedance and as tissue vaporization on classic bipolar. Tissues were dyed by both H&E and Masson's Trichrome in the pathology laboratory. Thermal spread was compared. Evaluation of the damage on the uterine tubes by each device used revealed that LigaSure™ was associated with increased thermal injury compared to PlasmaKinetics™ (p=0.007). Apart from PlasmaKineticsTM (p=0.022), there was no statistically significant difference between the three devices in terms of thermal damage spread in the distal and proximal fallopian tubes. To reduce lateral thermal damage, Plasmakinetics™ may be preferable to Ligasure™ among the three different new bipolar energy modalities.

Multimodal detection of GM2 and GM3 lipid species in the brain of mucopolysaccharidosis type II mouse by serial imaging mass spectrometry and immunohistochemistry.

PubMed

Dufresne, Martin; Guneysu, Daniel; Patterson, Nathan Heath; Marcinkiewicz, Mieczyslaw Martin; Regina, Anthony; Demeule, Michel; Chaurand, Pierre

2017-02-01

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's disease) mouse model (IdS-KO) was investigated by both imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) performed on the same tissue sections. For this purpose, IdS-KO mice brain sections were coated with sublimated 1,5-diaminonaphtalene and analyzed by high spatial resolution IMS (5 μm) and anti-GM3 IHC on the same tissue sections to characterize the ganglioside monosialated ganglioside (GM) deposits found in Hunter's disease. IMS analysis have found that two species of GM3 and GM2 that are only different due to the length of their fatty acid residue (stearic or arachidic residue) were overexpressed in the IdS-KO mice compared to a control mouse. GM3 and GM2 were characterized by on-tissue exact mass and MS/MS compared to a GM3 standard. Realignment of both IMS and IHC data sets further confirmed the observed regioselective signal previously detected by providing direct correlation of the IMS image for the two GM3 overly expressed MS signals with the anti-GM3 IHC image. Furthermore, these regioselective GM MS signals were also found to have highly heterogeneous distributions within the GM3-IHC staining. Some deposits showed high content in GM3 and GM2 stearic species (r = 0.74) and others had more abundant GM3 and GM2 arachidic species (r = 0.76). Same-section analysis of Hunter's disease mouse model by both high spatial resolution IMS and IHC provides a more in-depth analysis of the composition of the GM aggregates while providing spatial distribution of the observed molecular species. Graphical Abstract Ganglioside imaging mass spectrometry followed by immunohistochemistry performed on the same tissue section.

Disability and self-rated health among older women and men in rural Guatemala: The role of obesity and chronic conditions

PubMed Central

Hoddinott, John; Stein, Aryeh D.

2013-01-01

Unprecedented population aging in poorer settings is coinciding with the rapid spread of obesity and other chronic conditions. These conditions predict disability and poor self-rated health and often are more prevalent in women than men. Thus, gender gaps in obesity and other chronic conditions may account for older women's greater disability and worse self-rated health in poor, rural populations, where aging, obesity, and chronic conditions are rapidly emerging. In a survey of 604 adults 50 years and older in rural Guatemala, we assessed whether gender gaps in obesity and other chronic conditions accounted for gender gaps in disability and self-rated health. Obesity strongly predicted gross-mobility (GM) disability, and the number of chronic conditions strongly predicted all outcomes, especially in women. Controlling for gender gaps in body mass index (BMI) and especially the number of chronic conditions eliminated gender gaps in GM disability, and controlling for gender gaps in the number of chronic conditions eliminated gender gaps in self-rated health. We recommend conducting longitudinal cohort studies to explore interventions that may mitigate adult obesity and chronic conditions among poor, rural older adults. Such interventions also may reduce gender gaps in later-life disability and self-rated health. PMID:20813446

Modeling gene flow distribution within conventional fields and development of a simplified sampling method to quantify adventitious GM contents in maize

PubMed Central

Melé, Enric; Nadal, Anna; Messeguer, Joaquima; Melé-Messeguer, Marina; Palaudelmàs, Montserrat; Peñas, Gisela; Piferrer, Xavier; Capellades, Gemma; Serra, Joan; Pla, Maria

2015-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops have been commercially grown for two decades. GM maize is one of 3 species with the highest acreage and specific events. Many countries established a mandatory labeling of products containing GM material, with thresholds for adventitious presence, to support consumers’ freedom of choice. In consequence, coexistence systems need to be introduced to facilitate commercial culture of GM and non-GM crops in the same agricultural area. On modeling adventitious GM cross-pollination distribution within maize fields, we deduced a simple equation to estimate overall GM contents (%GM) of conventional fields, irrespective of its shape and size, and with no previous information on possible GM pollen donor fields. A sampling strategy was designed and experimentally validated in 19 agricultural fields. With 9 samples, %GM quantification requires just one analytical GM determination while identification of the pollen source needs 9 additional analyses. A decision support tool is provided. PMID:26596213

Effect of different fibers on dough properties and biscuit quality.

PubMed

Blanco Canalis, María S; Steffolani, María E; León, Alberto E; Ribotta, Pablo D

2017-03-01

This study forms part of a broader project aimed at understanding the role of fibers from different sources in high-fat, high-sugar biscuits and at selecting the best fibers for biscuit quality. The main purpose of this work was to understand the rheological and structural properties involved in fiber-enriched biscuit dough. High-amylose corn starch (RSII), chemically modified starch (RSIV), oat fiber (OF) and inulin (IN) were used at two different levels of incorporation (6 and 12 g) in dough formulation. The influence of fiber on the properties of biscuit dough was studied via dynamic rheological tests, confocal microscopy and spreading behavior. Biscuit quality was assessed by width/thickness factor, texture and surface characteristics, total dietary fiber and sensory evaluation. Main results indicated that IN incorporation increased the capacity of dough spreading during baking and thus improved biscuit quality. OF reduced dough spreading during baking and strongly increased its resistance to deformation. RSII and RSIV slightly affected the quality of the biscuits. Sensory evaluation revealed that the panel liked IN-incorporated biscuits as much as control biscuits. The increase in total dietary fiber modified dough behavior and biscuit properties, and the extent of these effects depended on the type of fiber incorporated. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Paediatric Crohn disease patients with stricturing behaviour exhibit ileal granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibody production and reduced neutrophil bacterial killing and GM-CSF bioactivity

PubMed Central

Jurickova, I; Collins, M H; Chalk, C; Seese, A; Bezold, R; Lake, K; Allmen, D; Frischer, J S; Falcone, R A; Trapnell, B C; Denson, L A

2013-01-01

Granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) autoantibodies are associated with stricturing behaviour in Crohn disease (CD). We hypothesized that CD ileal lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) would produce GM-CSF autoantibodies and peripheral blood (PB) samples would contain GM-CSF neutralizing capacity (NC). Paediatric CD and control PBMC and ileal biopsies or LPMC were isolated and cultured and GM-CSF, immunoglobulin (Ig)G and GM-CSF autoantibodies production were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Basal and GM-CSF-primed neutrophil bacterial killing and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) tyrosine phosphorylation (pSTAT5) were measured by flow cytometry. GM-CSF autoantibodies were enriched within total IgG for LPMC isolated from CD ileal strictures and proximal margins compared to control ileum. Neutrophil bacterial killing was reduced in CD patients compared to controls. Within CD, neutrophil GM-CSF-dependent STAT5 activation and bacterial killing were reduced as GM-CSF autoantibodies increased. GM-CSF stimulation of pSTAT5 did not vary between controls and CD patients in washed PB granulocytes in which serum was removed. However, GM-CSF stimulation of pSTAT5 was reduced in whole PB samples from CD patients. These data were used to calculate the GM-CSF NC. CD patients with GM-CSF NC greater than 25% exhibited a fourfold higher rate of stricturing behaviour and surgery. The likelihood ratio (95% confidence interval) for stricturing behaviour for patients with elevation in both GM-CSF autoantibodies and GM-CSF NC was equal to 5 (2, 11). GM-CSF autoantibodies are produced by LPMC isolated from CD ileal resection specimens and are associated with reduced neutrophil bacterial killing. CD peripheral blood contains GM-CSF NC, which is associated with increased rates of stricturing behaviour. PMID:23600834

Stakeholders' attitude to genetically modified foods and medicine.

PubMed

Amin, Latifah; Jahi, Jamaluddin Md; Nor, Abd Rahim Md

2013-01-01

Public acceptance of genetically modified (GM) foods has to be adequately addressed in order for their potential economic and social benefits to be realized. The objective of this paper is to assess the attitude of the Malaysian public toward GM foods (GM soybean and GM palm oil) and GM medicine (GM insulin). A survey was carried out using self-constructed multidimensional instrument measuring attitudes towards GM products. The respondents (n = 1017) were stratified according to stakeholders' groups in the Klang Valley region. Results of the survey show that the overall attitude of the Malaysian stakeholders towards GM products was cautious. Although they acknowledged the presence of moderate perceived benefits associated with GM products surveyed and were moderately encouraging of them, they were also moderately concerned about the risks and moral aspects of the three GM products as well as moderately accepting the risks. Attitudes towards GM products among the stakeholders were found to vary not according to the type of all GM applications but rather depend on the intricate relationships between the attitudinal factors and the type of gene transfers involved. Analyses of variance showed significant differences in the six dimensions of attitude towards GM products across stakeholders' groups.

Stakeholders' Attitude to Genetically Modified Foods and Medicine

PubMed Central

Md Jahi, Jamaluddin; Md Nor, Abd Rahim

2013-01-01

Public acceptance of genetically modified (GM) foods has to be adequately addressed in order for their potential economic and social benefits to be realized. The objective of this paper is to assess the attitude of the Malaysian public toward GM foods (GM soybean and GM palm oil) and GM medicine (GM insulin). A survey was carried out using self-constructed multidimensional instrument measuring attitudes towards GM products. The respondents (n = 1017) were stratified according to stakeholders' groups in the Klang Valley region. Results of the survey show that the overall attitude of the Malaysian stakeholders towards GM products was cautious. Although they acknowledged the presence of moderate perceived benefits associated with GM products surveyed and were moderately encouraging of them, they were also moderately concerned about the risks and moral aspects of the three GM products as well as moderately accepting the risks. Attitudes towards GM products among the stakeholders were found to vary not according to the type of all GM applications but rather depend on the intricate relationships between the attitudinal factors and the type of gene transfers involved. Analyses of variance showed significant differences in the six dimensions of attitude towards GM products across stakeholders' groups. PMID:24381520

Functional analysis of structurally related soybean GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 in plant growth and development.

PubMed

Yang, Yan; Chi, Yingjun; Wang, Ze; Zhou, Yuan; Fan, Baofang; Chen, Zhixiang

2016-08-01

WRKY transcription factors constitute a large protein superfamily with a predominant role in plant stress responses. In this study we report that two structurally related soybean WRKY proteins, GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76, play a critical role in plant growth and flowering. GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 are both Group III WRKY proteins with a C2HC zinc finger domain and are close homologs of AtWRKY70 and AtWRKY54, two well-characterized Arabidopsis WRKY proteins with an important role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 are both localized to the nucleus, recognize the TTGACC W-box sequence with a high specificity, and function as transcriptional activators in both yeast and plant cells. Expression of GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 was detected at low levels in roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and pods. Expression of the two genes in leaves increased substantially during the first 4 weeks after germination but steadily declined thereafter with increased age. To determine their biological functions, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated overexpressing GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76 Unlike AtWRKY70 and AtWRKY54, overexpression of GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76 had no effect on disease resistance and only small effects on abiotic stress tolerance of the transgenic plants. Significantly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76 flowered substantially earlier than control plants and this early flowering phenotype was associated with increased expression of several flowering-promoting genes, some of which are enriched in W-box sequences in their promoters recognized by GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76. In addition, virus-induced silencing of GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 in soybean resulted in stunted plants with reduced leaf expansion and terminated stem growth. These results provide strong evidence for functional divergence among close structural homologs of WRKY proteins from different plant species. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.

Functional analysis of structurally related soybean GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 in plant growth and development

PubMed Central

Yang, Yan; Chi, Yingjun; Wang, Ze; Zhou, Yuan; Fan, Baofang; Chen, Zhixiang

2016-01-01

WRKY transcription factors constitute a large protein superfamily with a predominant role in plant stress responses. In this study we report that two structurally related soybean WRKY proteins, GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76, play a critical role in plant growth and flowering. GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 are both Group III WRKY proteins with a C2HC zinc finger domain and are close homologs of AtWRKY70 and AtWRKY54, two well-characterized Arabidopsis WRKY proteins with an important role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 are both localized to the nucleus, recognize the TTGACC W-box sequence with a high specificity, and function as transcriptional activators in both yeast and plant cells. Expression of GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 was detected at low levels in roots, stem, leaves, flowers, and pods. Expression of the two genes in leaves increased substantially during the first 4 weeks after germination but steadily declined thereafter with increased age. To determine their biological functions, transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated overexpressing GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76. Unlike AtWRKY70 and AtWRKY54, overexpression of GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76 had no effect on disease resistance and only small effects on abiotic stress tolerance of the transgenic plants. Significantly, transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing GmWRKY58 or GmWRKY76 flowered substantially earlier than control plants and this early flowering phenotype was associated with increased expression of several flowering-promoting genes, some of which are enriched in W-box sequences in their promoters recognized by GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76. In addition, virus-induced silencing of GmWRKY58 and GmWRKY76 in soybean resulted in stunted plants with reduced leaf expansion and terminated stem growth. These results provide strong evidence for functional divergence among close structural homologs of WRKY proteins from different plant species. PMID:27335454

Efficacy of three drugs for protecting against gentamicin-induced hair cell and hearing losses

PubMed Central

Bas, E; Van De Water, TR; Gupta, C; Dinh, J; Vu, L; Martínez-Soriano, F; Láinez, JM; Marco, J

2012-01-01

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Exposure to an ototoxic level of an aminoglycoside can result in hearing loss. In this we study investigated the otoprotective efficacy of dexamethasone (DXM), melatonin (MLT) and tacrolimus (TCR) in gentamicin (GM)-treated animals and cultures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Wistar rats were divided into controls (treated with saline); exposed to GM only (GM); and three GM-exposed groups treated with either DXM, MLT or TCR. Auditory function and cochlear surface preparations were studied. In vitro studies of oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels, the MAPK pathway and caspase-3 activation were performed in organ of Corti explants from 3-day-old rats. KEY RESULTS DXM, MLT and TCR decreased levels of reactive oxygen species in GM-exposed explants. The mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and TNF-receptor type 1 were significantly reduced in GM + DXM and GM + MLT groups. Phospho-p38 MAPK levels decreased in GM + MLT and GM + TCR groups, while JNK phosphorylation was reduced in GM + DXM and GM + MLT groups. Caspase-3 activation decreased in GM + DXM, GM + MLT and GM + TCR groups. These results were consistent with in vivo results. Local treatment of GM-exposed rat cochleae with either DXM, MLT or TCR preserved auditory function and prevented auditory hair cell loss. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In organ of Corti explants, GM increased oxidative stress and initiated an inflammatory response that led to the activation of MAPKs and apoptosis of hair cells. The three compounds tested demonstrated otoprotective properties that could be beneficial in the treatment of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss. PMID:22320124

Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 Mediates Pathogen Resistance and Virulence Function of a Bacterial Effector in Soybean1[C][W][OPEN

PubMed Central

Wang, Jialin; Shine, M.B.; Gao, Qing-Ming; Navarre, Duroy; Jiang, Wei; Liu, Chunyan; Chen, Qingshan; Hu, Guohua; Kachroo, Aardra

2014-01-01

Enhanced disease susceptibility1 (EDS1) and phytoalexin deficient4 (PAD4) are well-known regulators of both basal and resistance (R) protein-mediated plant defense. We identified two EDS1-like (GmEDS1a/GmEDS1b) proteins and one PAD4-like (GmPAD4) protein that are required for resistance signaling in soybean (Glycine max). Consistent with their significant structural conservation to Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) counterparts, constitutive expression of GmEDS1 or GmPAD4 complemented the pathogen resistance defects of Arabidopsis eds1 and pad4 mutants, respectively. Interestingly, however, the GmEDS1 and GmPAD4 did not complement pathogen-inducible salicylic acid accumulation in the eds1/pad4 mutants. Furthermore, the GmEDS1a/GmEDS1b proteins were unable to complement the turnip crinkle virus coat protein-mediated activation of the Arabidopsis R protein Hypersensitive reaction to Turnip crinkle virus (HRT), even though both interacted with HRT. Silencing GmEDS1a/GmEDS1b or GmPAD4 reduced basal and pathogen-inducible salicylic acid accumulation and enhanced soybean susceptibility to virulent pathogens. The GmEDS1a/GmEDS1b and GmPAD4 genes were also required for Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv glycinea2 (Rpg2)-mediated resistance to Pseudomonas syringae. Notably, the GmEDS1a/GmEDS1b proteins interacted with the cognate bacterial effector AvrA1 and were required for its virulence function in rpg2 plants. Together, these results show that despite significant structural similarities, conserved defense signaling components from diverse plants can differ in their functionalities. In addition, we demonstrate a role for GmEDS1 in regulating the virulence function of a bacterial effector. PMID:24872380

Altered distribution of the gangliosides GM1 and GM2 in Alzheimer's disease.

PubMed

Pernber, Z; Blennow, K; Bogdanovic, N; Månsson, J-E; Blomqvist, M

2012-01-01

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where β-amyloid tends to aggregate and form plaques. Lipid raft-associated ganglioside GM1 has been suggested to facilitate β-amyloid aggregation; furthermore, GM1 and GM2 are increased in lipid rafts isolated from cerebral cortex of AD cases. The distribution of GM1 and GM2 was studied by immunohistochemistry in the frontal and temporal cortex of AD cases. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) was included as a contrast group. The distribution of GM1 and GM2 changes during the process of AD (n = 5) and FTD (n = 3) compared to controls (n = 5). Altered location of the GM1-positive small circular structures seems to be associated with myelin degradation. In the grey matter, the staining of GM1-positive plasma membranes might reflect neuronal loss in the AD/FTD tissue. The GM1-positive compact bundles were only visible in cells located in the AD frontal grey matter, possibly reflecting raft formation of GM1 and thus a pathological connection. Furthermore, our results suggest GM2 to be enriched within vesicles of pyramidal neurons of the AD/FTD brain. Our study supports the biochemical finding of ganglioside accumulation in cellular membranes of AD patients and shows a redistribution of these molecules. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Approaches in the study of ganglioside metabolism

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Tettamanti, G.; Ghidoni, R.; Sonnino, S.

1984-01-01

Ganglioside GM1, /sup 3/H-labeled in the sphingosine or terminal galactose moiety was injected into mice and its metabolic fate in the liver was followed. After administration of sphingosine-labeled GM1 all major liver gangliosides (GM3, GM2, GM1, GD1a-NeuAc, NeuG1) became radioactive, the radioactivity residing in all cases on the sphingosine moiety. The specific radioactivity was highest on GM1, followed by GM2, GM3 and GD1a-NeuAc, NeuG1. Several neutral glycosphingolipids and sphingomyelin were also formed. After administration of galactose-labelled GM1 the only radioactive gangliosides present in the liver were GM1 and GD1a-NeuAc, NeuG1, both carrying the radioactivity on the terminal galactose residue, withmore » no formation of labelled neutral glycosphingolipids. Subcellular studies gave clear evidence that GM1, after being taken up by the liver, was mainly degraded to GM2, GM3 and neutral glycosphingolipids at the level of lysosomes. A part of it was sialylated to more complex gangliosides and some of its metabolic by-products were used for the biosynthesis of other sphingolipid species, likely at the level of the Golgi apparatus. All this suggests that exogenous GM1 is introduced in the metabolic routes of endogenous gangliosides and of other sphingolipids, which are operating in the liver.« less

Application of Ganghwa Mugwort in Combination with Ascorbic Acid for the Reduction of Residual Nitrite in Pork Sausage during Refrigerated Storage

PubMed Central

Hwang, Ko-Eun; Kim, Hyun-Wook; Song, Dong-Heon; Kim, Yong-Jae; Ham, Youn-Kyung; Lee, Choong-Hee; Choi, Yun-Sang; Kim, Cheon-Jei

2014-01-01

The application of ganghwa mugwort (GM), ascorbic acid (AC), and their combinations for reduction of residual nitrite contents was analyzed in pork sausages during storage of 28 d. Six treatments of pork sausages contained the following: Control (no antioxidant added), AC (0.05% AC), GM 0.1 (0.1% GM), GM 0.2 (0.2% GM), AC+GM 0.1 (0.05% AC + 0.1% GM) and AC+GM 0.2 (0.05% AC + 0.2% GM). Results showed that the mixture of 0.05% AC and 0.2% GM was most effective for reducing thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and residual nitrite contents than the control and GM added sausages alone (p<0.05). The color values of all treatments were significantly affected by adding GM (either alone or with AC). Additionally, the total color difference (ΔE) and hue angle (H°) values of treatments added with GM were higher than those of the control as the amount of GM increased (p<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the pH values between the control and all treatments during the storage period (p>0.05). Our results showed possible applications of antioxidant combination, for preventing the lipid oxidation and decreasing the residual nitrite levels of meat products. PMID:26760936

Acceptability of GM foods among Pakistani consumers.

PubMed

Ali, Akhter; Rahut, Dil Bahadur; Imtiaz, Muhammad

2016-04-02

In Pakistan majority of the consumers do not have information about genetically modified (GM) foods. In developing countries particularly in Pakistan few studies have focused on consumers' acceptability about GM foods. Using comprehensive primary dataset collected from 320 consumers in 2013 from Pakistan, this study analyzes the determinants of consumers' acceptability of GM foods. The data was analyzed by employing the bivariate probit model and censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) models. The empirical results indicated that urban consumers are more aware of GM foods compared to rural consumers. The acceptance of GM foods was more among females' consumers as compared to male consumers. In addition, the older consumers were more willing to accept GM food compared to young consumers. The acceptability of GM foods was also higher among wealthier households. Low price is the key factor leading to the acceptability of GM foods. The acceptability of the GM foods also reduces the risks among Pakistani consumers.

Acceptability of GM foods among Pakistani consumers

PubMed Central

Ali, Akhter; Rahut, Dil Bahadur; Imtiaz, Muhammad

2016-01-01

ABSTRACT In Pakistan majority of the consumers do not have information about genetically modified (GM) foods. In developing countries particularly in Pakistan few studies have focused on consumers' acceptability about GM foods. Using comprehensive primary dataset collected from 320 consumers in 2013 from Pakistan, this study analyzes the determinants of consumers' acceptability of GM foods. The data was analyzed by employing the bivariate probit model and censored least absolute deviation (CLAD) models. The empirical results indicated that urban consumers are more aware of GM foods compared to rural consumers. The acceptance of GM foods was more among females' consumers as compared to male consumers. In addition, the older consumers were more willing to accept GM food compared to young consumers. The acceptability of GM foods was also higher among wealthier households. Low price is the key factor leading to the acceptability of GM foods. The acceptability of the GM foods also reduces the risks among Pakistani consumers. PMID:27494790

Will GM animals follow the GM plant fate?

PubMed

Vàzquez-Salat, Núria; Houdebine, Louis-Marie

2013-02-01

Despite being both Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), GM plants and GM animals share few similarities outside the laboratory premises. Whilst GM plants were soon embraced by industry and became a commercial success, only recently have GM animals reached the market. However, an area where GM animals are likely to follow the GM plant path is on their potential to cause social unrest. One of the major flaws of the 90s GMO crisis was the underestimation of the influence that different players can have in the adoption of new biotechnological applications. In this article we describe the unique evolution of GM animals in two of the most important fields: the pharmaceutical and the breeding sectors. For our analysis, we have subdivided the production chain into three governance domains: Science, Market and Public. We describe the influence and interaction of each of these domains as a vehicle for predicting the future adoptability of GM animals and to highlight conflicting areas.

Molecular analysis of a GM2-activator deficiency in two patients with GM2-gangliosidosis AB variant.

PubMed Central

Schepers, U.; Glombitza, G.; Lemm, T.; Hoffmann, A.; Chabas, A.; Ozand, P.; Sandhoff, K.

1996-01-01

Lysosomal degradation of ganglioside GM2 by beta-hexosaminidase A (hex A) requires the presence of the GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) as an essential cofactor. A deficiency of the GM2 activator causes the AB variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, a recessively inherited disorder characterized by excessive neuronal accumulation of GM2 and related glycolipids. Two novel mutations in the GM2 activator gene (GM2A) have been identified by the reverse-transcriptase-PCR method--a three-base deletion, AAG262-264, resulting in a deletion of Lys88, and a single-base deletion, A410, that causes a frameshift. The latter results in substitution of 33 amino acids and the loss of another 24 amino acid residues. Both patients are homoallelic for their respective mutations inherited from their parents, who are heteroallelic at the GM2A locus. Although the cultured fibroblasts of both patients produce normal levels of activator mRNA, they lack a lysosomal form of GM2AP. Pulse/chase labeling of cultured fibroblasts of the patients, in presence and absence of brefeldin A, indicates a premature degradation of both--mutant and truncated--GM2APs in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. These results were supported by in vitro translation experiments and expression of the mutated proteins. When the mutated GM2APs were expressed in Escherichia coli, both mature GM2AP forms turned proved to exhibit only residual activities in an in vitro assay. Images Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 PMID:8900233

Molecular analysis of a GM2-activator deficiency in two patients with GM2-gangliosidosis AB variant

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Schepers, U.; Glombitza, G.; Lemm, T.

1996-11-01

Lysosomal degradation of ganglioside GM2 by {beta}-hexosaminidase A (hex A) requires the presence of the GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) as an essential cofactor. A deficiency of the GM2 activator causes the AB variant of GM2 gangliosidosis, a recessively inherited disorder characterized by excessive neuronal accumulation of GM2 and related glycolipids. Two novel mutations in the GM2 activator gene (GM2A) have been identified by the reverse-transcriptase-PCR method - a three-base deletion, AAG{sup 262-264}, resulting in a deletion of Lys{sup 88}, and a single-base deletion, A{sup 410}, that causes a frameshift. The latter results in substitution of 33 amino acids and themore » loss of another 24 amino acid residues. Both patients are homoallelic for their respective mutations inherited from their parents, who are heteroallelic at the GM2A locus. Although the cultured fibroblasts of both patients produce normal levels of activator mRNA, they lack a lysosomal form of GM2AP. Pulse/chase labeling of cultured fibroblasts of the patients, in presence and absence of brefeldin A, indicates a premature degradation of both-mutant and truncated-GM2APs in the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi. These results were supported by in vitro translation experiments and expression of the mutated proteins. When the mutated GM2APs were expressed in Escherichia coli, both mature GM2AP forms turned proved to exhibit only residual activities in an in vitro assay. 26 refs., 7 figs.« less

Chimeric HIV-1 Envelope Glycoproteins with Potent Intrinsic Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Activity*

PubMed Central

Boot, Maikel; Cobos Jiménez, Viviana; Kootstra, Neeltje A.; Sanders, Rogier W.

2013-01-01

HIV-1 acquisition can be prevented by broadly neutralizing antibodies (BrNAbs) that target the envelope glycoprotein complex (Env). An ideal vaccine should therefore be able to induce BrNAbs that can provide immunity over a prolonged period of time, but the low intrinsic immunogenicity of HIV-1 Env makes the elicitation of such BrNAbs challenging. Co-stimulatory molecules can increase the immunogenicity of Env and we have engineered a soluble chimeric Env trimer with an embedded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) domain. This chimeric molecule induced enhanced B and helper T cell responses in mice compared to Env without GM-CSF. We studied whether we could optimize the activity of the embedded GM-CSF as well as the antigenic structure of the Env component of the chimeric molecule. We assessed the effect of truncating GM-CSF, removing glycosylation-sites in GM-CSF, and adjusting the linker length between GM-CSF and Env. One of our designed EnvGM-CSF chimeras improved GM-CSF-dependent cell proliferation by 6-fold, reaching the same activity as soluble recombinant GM-CSF. In addition, we incorporated GM-CSF into a cleavable Env trimer and found that insertion of GM-CSF did not compromise Env cleavage, while Env cleavage did not compromise GM-CSF activity. Importantly, these optimized EnvGM-CSF proteins were able to differentiate human monocytes into cells with a macrophage-like phenotype. Chimeric EnvGM-CSF should be useful for improving humoral immunity against HIV-1 and these studies should inform the design of other chimeric proteins. PMID:23565193

In situ detection of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques for auxiliary diagnosis of canine and feline gangliosidoses.

PubMed

Kohyama, Moeko; Yabuki, Akira; Ochiai, Kenji; Nakamoto, Yuya; Uchida, Kazuyuki; Hasegawa, Daisuke; Takahashi, Kimimasa; Kawaguchi, Hiroaki; Tsuboi, Masaya; Yamato, Osamu

2016-03-31

GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses are progressive neurodegenerative lysosomal storage diseases resulting from the excessive accumulation of GM1 and GM2 gangliosides in the lysosomes, respectively. The diagnosis of gangliosidosis is carried out based on comprehensive findings using various types of specimens for histological, ultrastructural, biochemical and genetic analyses. Therefore, the partial absence or lack of specimens might have resulted in many undiagnosed cases. The aim of the present study was to establish immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques for the auxiliary diagnosis of canine and feline gangliosidoses, using paraffin-embedded brain specimens stored for a long period. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining, cytoplasmic accumulation of pale to eosinophilic granular materials in swollen neurons was observed in animals previously diagnosed with GM1 or GM2 gangliosidosis. The immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques developed in this study clearly demonstrated the accumulated material to be either GM1 or GM2 ganglioside. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescent techniques using stored paraffin-embedded brain specimens are useful for the retrospective diagnosis of GM1 and GM2 gangliosidoses in dogs and cats.

Ganglioside GM2 mediates migration of tumor cells by interacting with integrin and modulating the downstream signaling pathway.

PubMed

Kundu, Manjari; Mahata, Barun; Banerjee, Avisek; Chakraborty, Sohini; Debnath, Shibjyoti; Ray, Sougata Sinha; Ghosh, Zhumur; Biswas, Kaushik

2016-07-01

The definitive role of ganglioside GM2 in mediating tumor-induced growth and progression is still unknown. Here we report a novel role of ganglioside GM2 in mediating tumor cell migration and uncovered its mechanism. Data shows differential expression levels of GM2-synthase as well as GM2 in different human cancer cells. siRNA mediated knockdown of GM2-synthase in CCF52, A549 and SK-RC-26B cells resulted in significant inhibition of tumor cell migration as well as invasion in vitro without affecting cellular proliferation. Over-expression of GM2-synthase in low-GM2 expressing SK-RC-45 cells resulted in a consequent increase in migration thus confirming the potential role GM2 and its downstream partners play in tumor cell migration and motility. Further, treatment of SK-RC-45 cells with exogenous GM2 resulted in a dramatic increase in migratory and invasive capacity with no change in proliferative capacity, thereby confirming the role of GM2 in tumorigenesis specifically by mediating tumor migration and invasion. Gene expression profiling of GM2-synthase silenced cells revealed altered expression of several genes involved in cell migration primarily those controlling the integrin mediated signaling. GM2-synthase knockdown resulted in decreased phosphorylation of FAK, Src as well as Erk, while over-expression and/or exogenous GM2 treatment caused increased FAK and Erk phosphorylation respectively. Again, GM2 mediated invasion and Erk phosphorylation is blocked in integrin knockdown SK-RC-45 cells, thus confirming that GM2 mediated migration and phosphorylation of Erk is integrin dependent. Finally, confocal microscopy suggested co-localization while co-immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) confirmed direct interaction of membrane bound ganglioside, GM2 with the integrin receptor. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 174.502 - Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 protein; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... or on the food and feed commodities of corn; corn, field, flour; corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, grits; corn, field, meal; corn, field, refined oil; corn, field, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, stover; and corn, pop, grain and...

40 CFR 174.502 - Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 protein; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... or on the food and feed commodities of corn; corn, field, flour; corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, grits; corn, field, meal; corn, field, refined oil; corn, field, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, stover; and corn, pop, grain and...

40 CFR 174.502 - Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1A.105 protein; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... or on the food and feed commodities of corn; corn, field, flour; corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, grits; corn, field, meal; corn, field, refined oil; corn, field, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, stover; and corn, pop, grain and...

Structure impact of two galactomannan fractions on their viscosity properties in dilute solution, unperturbed state and gel state.

PubMed

Gillet, Sébastien; Aguedo, Mario; Petrut, Raul; Olive, Gilles; Anastas, Paul; Blecker, Christophe; Richel, Aurore

2017-03-01

Two fractions of carob galactomannans (GM25 and GM80) were extracted at respectively 25°C and 80°C from crude locust bean gum. Those fractions having slightly different chemical structures, previously characterized, were studied for their viscosity properties over a wide range of concentrations: diluted solution, unperturbed state and gel state. For each of the physical properties, links to the chemical fine structure could be established, expanding knowledge on the topic: in dilute solution, GM25 is more soluble in water while GM80 seems to tend to self-association due to its structure as highlighted by intrinsic viscosity measurements ([η] GM25 =9.96dLg -1 and [η] GM80 =4.04dLg -1 ). In unperturbed state, initial viscosities η 0 were more important for GM80 fractions at 1% and 2% due to greater hyperentanglements (η 0(GM80,1%) =9.9Pas; η 0(GM80,2%) =832.0; Pa.s η 0(GM25,1%) =3.1Pas; η 0(GM25,2%) =45.1Pas). In gel state, hydrogels obtained from GM80 were also stronger (hardness GM80 (2%)=0.51N and hardness GM25 (2%)=0.11N), suggesting a much more important number of junction areas within the gel network. The findings discussed herein demonstrate the potential for new applications. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

GM-CSF modulates autoantibody production and skin blistering in experimental epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.

PubMed

Samavedam, Unni Krishna S R L; Iwata, Hiroaki; Müller, Susen; Schulze, Franziska S; Recke, Andreas; Schmidt, Enno; Zillikens, Detlef; Ludwig, Ralf J

2014-01-15

GM-CSF activates hematopoietic cells and recruits neutrophils and macrophages to sites of inflammation. Inhibition of GM-CSF attenuates disease activity in models of chronic inflammatory disease. Effects of GM-CSF blockade were linked to modulation of the effector phase, whereas effects on early pathogenic events, for example, Ab production, have not been identified. To evaluate yet uncharacterized effects of GM-CSF on early pathogenic events in chronic inflammation, we employed immunization-induced epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA), an autoimmune bullous disease caused by autoantibodies to type VII collagen. Compared to wild-type mice, upon immunization, GM-CSF(-/-) mice produced lower serum autoantibody titers, which were associated with reduced neutrophil numbers in draining lymph nodes. The same effect was observed in neutrophil-depleted wild-type mice. Neutrophil depletion in GM-CSF(-/-) mice led to a stronger inhibition, indicating that GM-CSF and neutrophils have additive functions. To characterize the contribution of GM-CSF specifically in the effector phase of EBA, disease was induced by transfer of anti-type VII collagen IgG into mice. We observed an increased GM-CSF expression, and GM-CSF blockade reduced skin blistering. Additionally, GM-CSF enhanced reactive oxygen species release and neutrophil migration in vitro. In immunization-induced murine EBA, treatment with anti-GM-CSF had a beneficial effect on established disease. We demonstrate that GM-CSF modulates both autoantibody production and skin blistering in a prototypical organ-specific autoimmune disease.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is released by female mouse bladder urothelial cells and expressed by the urothelium as an early response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS).

PubMed

Li, Yan; Lu, Ming; Alvarez-Lugo, Lery; Chen, Gang; Chai, Toby C

2017-04-01

We studied in vitro and in vivo response of primary mouse bladder urothelial cells (mBUC) and bladder urothelium to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), focusing on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. Female C57BL/6 mBUC were exposed for 12 hr to differing concentrations of LPS (100 ng/ml to 10 µg/ml). mBUC were also exposed to a single dose of LPS (1 µg/ml) for 3, 6, 12 hr. Neutralizing GM-CSF antibody (0.1 μg/ml) was used block GM-CSF activity in vitro. In vivo experiments were performed, whereby, LPS (1 mg/ml) was instilled intravesically and left to dwell for 30 min followed by harvest of bladder urothelium 3 to 18 hr later. ELISA measured GM-CSF. qPCR quantitated mRNA for GM-CSF, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). RT-PCR was used to detect mRNA for GM-CSF, GM-CSFRα, and β in bladder tissues. Immunohistofluorescence and Western blots for GM-CSFRα were performed on bladder tissues. LPS induced a dose-dependent release of GM-CSF by mBUC. Mouse bladder urothelium did not express GM-CSF mRNA at baseline, but expressed GM-CSF mRNA 3 hr after in vivo LPS exposure, with GM-CSF mRNA expression disappearing 18 hr later. GM-CSFRα expression was confirmed in bladder urothelium. GM-CSF neutralizing antibody significantly diminished LPS-induced increases of VEGF and COX-2 mRNA expression. Urothelium and mBUC secreted GM-CSF as an early response to LPS. GM-CSF mediated downstream expression of VEGF and COX-2. Urothelial GM-CSF may function as a signaling mediator for both inflammation and pain transduction. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:1020-1025, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

GM-CSF in murine psoriasiform dermatitis: Redundant and pathogenic roles uncovered by antibody-induced neutralization and genetic deficiency

PubMed Central

Scholz, Tatjana; Weigert, Andreas; Brüne, Bernhard; Sadik, Christian D.; Böhm, Beate

2017-01-01

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic, Th17-derived cytokine thought to critically contribute to the pathogenesis of diverse autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies that block GM-CSF activity is associated with favorable therapeutic effects in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We evaluated the role of GM-CSF as a potential target for therapeutic interference in psoriasis using a combined pharmacologic and genetic approach and the mouse model of imiquimod-induced psoriasiform dermatitis (IMQPD). Neutralization of murine GM-CSF by an anti-GM-CSF antibody ameliorated IMQPD. In contrast, genetic deficiency in GM-CSF did not alter the course of IMQPD, suggesting the existence of mechanisms compensating for chronic, but not acute, absence of GM-CSF. Further investigation uncovered an alternative pathogenic pathway for IMQPD in the absence of GM-CSF characterized by an expanded plasmacytoid dendritic cell population and release of IFNα and IL-22. This pathway was not activated in wild-type mice during short-term anti-GM-CSF treatment. Our investigations support the potential value of GM-CSF as a therapeutic target in psoriatic disease. The discovery of an alternative pathogenic pathway for psoriasiform dermatitis in the permanent absence of GM-CSF, however, suggests the need for monitoring during therapeutic use of long-term GM-CSF blockade. PMID:28777803

The Diagnostic Utility of Determining Anti-GM1: GalC Complex Antibodies in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: A Validation Study

PubMed Central

Galban-Horcajo, Francesc; Vlam, Lotte; Delmont, Emilien; Halstead, Susan K.; van den Berg, Leonard; van der Pol, W-Ludo; Willison, Hugh J.

2015-01-01

Abstract Background: Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is associated with IgM antibodies to GM1 ganglioside. The importance of the lipid milieu that might facilitate or inhibit antibody binding to GM1 in immunoassays is well recognised. Existing studies, using a range of different approaches, generally concur that anti-GM1 IgM antibody detection rates are improved by the addition of galactocerebroside (GalC) to the GM1 assay. Objective: The current study sought to formally evaluate the clinical utility of the GM1:GalC complex assay in the diagnosis of MMN. Methods: Anti-GM1 and -GM1:GalC antibodies were examined using ELISA and glycoarray (dot blot) in a fully blinded study design, consisting of 100 MMN patients, 100 ALS cases and 100 healthy controls. Results: The detection of anti-GM1 Abs using glycoarray was 67% sensitive and 85% specific. The addition of GalC to GM1, (1:1 weight to weight ratio), increased the sensitivity to 81% , whilst dropping specificity to 80% . Increasing the GalC content to a 1:5 ratio (or higher) further decreased specificity, and in doing so limited the usefulness of the GM1:GalC assay to the level of GM1 alone. The addition of GalC to the ELISA method also significantly increased sensitivity compared with GM1 alone, albeit with a significant decrease in specificity. Conclusions: This study indicates that the GM1:GalC assay is an advantageous assay adaptation for detecting anti-GM1 antibodies in MMN, using either glycoarray or ELISA, and warrants introduction into clinical diagnostic practice. PMID:27858734

Cooperative Protein Folding by Two Protein Thiol Disulfide Oxidoreductases and ERO1 in Soybean1[OPEN

PubMed Central

Okuda, Aya; Masuda, Taro; Koishihara, Katsunori; Mita, Ryuta; Iwasaki, Kensuke; Hara, Kumiko; Naruo, Yurika; Hirose, Akiho; Tsuchi, Yuichiro

2016-01-01

Most proteins produced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells fold via disulfide formation (oxidative folding). Oxidative folding is catalyzed by protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and PDI-related ER protein thiol disulfide oxidoreductases (ER oxidoreductases). In yeast and mammals, ER oxidoreductin-1s (Ero1s) supply oxidizing equivalent to the active centers of PDI. In this study, we expressed recombinant soybean Ero1 (GmERO1a) and found that GmERO1a oxidized multiple soybean ER oxidoreductases, in contrast to mammalian Ero1s having a high specificity for PDI. One of these ER oxidoreductases, GmPDIM, associated in vivo and in vitro with GmPDIL-2, was unable to be oxidized by GmERO1a. We therefore pursued the possible cooperative oxidative folding by GmPDIM, GmERO1a, and GmPDIL-2 in vitro and found that GmPDIL-2 synergistically accelerated oxidative refolding. In this process, GmERO1a preferentially oxidized the active center in the a′ domain among the a, a′, and b domains of GmPDIM. A disulfide bond introduced into the active center of the a′ domain of GmPDIM was shown to be transferred to the active center of the a domain of GmPDIM and the a domain of GmPDIM directly oxidized the active centers of both the a or a′ domain of GmPDIL-2. Therefore, we propose that the relay of an oxidizing equivalent from one ER oxidoreductase to another may play an essential role in cooperative oxidative folding by multiple ER oxidoreductases in plants. PMID:26645455

Functional Implication of β-Carotene Hydroxylases in Soybean Nodulation1[C][W][OA

PubMed Central

Kim, Yun-Kyoung; Kim, Sunghan; Um, Ji-Hyun; Kim, Kyunga; Choi, Sun-Kang; Um, Byung-Hun; Kang, Suk-Woo; Kim, Jee-Woong; Takaichi, Shinichi; Song, Seok-Bo; Lee, Choon-Hwan; Kim, Ho-Seung; Kim, Ki Woo; Nam, Kyoung Hee; Lee, Suk-Ha; Kim, Yul-Ho; Park, Hyang-Mi; Ha, Sun-Hwa; Verma, Desh Pal S.; Cheon, Choong-Ill

2013-01-01

Legume-Rhizobium spp. symbiosis requires signaling between the symbiotic partners and differential expression of plant genes during nodule development. Previously, we cloned a gene encoding a putative β-carotene hydroxylase (GmBCH1) from soybean (Glycine max) whose expression increased during nodulation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum. In this work, we extended our study to three GmBCHs to examine their possible role(s) in nodule development, as they were additionally identified as nodule specific, along with the completion of the soybean genome. In situ hybridization revealed the expression of three GmBCHs (GmBCH1, GmBCH2, and GmBCH3) in the infected cells of root nodules, and their enzymatic activities were confirmed by functional assays in Escherichia coli. Localization of GmBCHs by transfecting Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) protoplasts with green fluorescent protein fusions and by electron microscopic immunogold detection in soybean nodules indicated that GmBCH2 and GmBCH3 were present in plastids, while GmBCH1 appeared to be cytosolic. RNA interference of the GmBCHs severely impaired nitrogen fixation as well as nodule development. Surprisingly, we failed to detect zeaxanthin, a product of GmBCH, or any other carotenoids in nodules. Therefore, we examined the possibility that most of the carotenoids in nodules are converted or cleaved to other compounds. We detected the expression of some carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (GmCCDs) in wild-type nodules and also a reduced amount of zeaxanthin in GmCCD8-expressing E. coli, suggesting cleavage of the carotenoid. In view of these findings, we propose that carotenoids such as zeaxanthin synthesized in root nodules are cleaved by GmCCDs, and we discuss the possible roles of the carotenoid cleavage products in nodulation. PMID:23700351

Lack of Detectable Allergenicity in Genetically Modified Maize Containing “Cry” Proteins as Compared to Native Maize Based on In Silico & In Vitro Analysis

PubMed Central

Mathur, Chandni; Kathuria, Pooran C.; Dahiya, Pushpa; Singh, Anand B.

2015-01-01

Background Genetically modified, (GM) crops with potential allergens must be evaluated for safety and endogenous IgE binding pattern compared to native variety, prior to market release. Objective To compare endogenous IgE binding proteins of three GM maize seeds containing Cry 1Ab,1Ac,1C transgenic proteins with non GM maize. Methods An integrated approach of in silico & in vitro methods was employed. Cry proteins were tested for presence of allergen sequence by FASTA in allergen databases. Biochemical assays for maize extracts were performed. Specific IgE (sIgE) and Immunoblot using food sensitized patients sera (n = 39) to non GM and GM maize antigens was performed. Results In silico approaches, confirmed for non sequence similarity of stated transgenic proteins in allergen databases. An insignificant (p> 0.05) variation in protein content between GM and non GM maize was observed. Simulated Gastric Fluid (SGF) revealed reduced number of stable protein fractions in GM then non GM maize which might be due to shift of constituent protein expression. Specific IgE values from patients showed insignificant difference in non GM and GM maize extracts. Five maize sensitized cases, recognized same 7 protein fractions of 88-28 kD as IgE bindng in both GM and non-GM maize, signifying absence of variation. Four of the reported IgE binding proteins were also found to be stable by SGF. Conclusion Cry proteins did not indicate any significant similarity of >35% in allergen databases. Immunoassays also did not identify appreciable differences in endogenous IgE binding in GM and non GM maize. PMID:25706412

Design and efficient synthesis of novel GM2 analogues with respect to the elucidation of the function of GM2 activator.

PubMed

Komori, Tatsuya; Ando, Takayuki; Imamura, Akihiro; Li, Yu-Teh; Ishida, Hideharu; Kiso, Makoto

2008-10-01

To elucidate the mechanism underlying the hydrolysis of the GalNAcbeta1-->4Gal linkage in ganglioside GM2 [GalNAcbeta1-->4(NeuAcalpha2-->3)Galbeta1-->4Glcbeta1-->1' Cer] by beta-hexosaminidase A (Hex A) with GM2 activator protein, we designed and synthesized two kinds of GM2 linkage analogues-6'-NeuAc-GM2 and alpha-GalNAc-GM2. In this paper, the efficient and systematic synthesis of these GM2 analogues was described. The highlight of our synthesis process is that the key intermediates, newly developed sialyllactose derivatives, were efficiently prepared in sufficient quantities; these derivatives directly served as highly reactive glycosyl acceptors and coupled with GalNTroc donors to furnish the assembly of GM2 tetrasaccharides in large quantities.

Extensive Analysis of GmFTL and GmCOL Expression in Northern Soybean Cultivars in Field Conditions.

PubMed

Guo, Guangyu; Xu, Kun; Zhang, Xiaomei; Zhu, Jinlong; Lu, Mingyang; Chen, Fulu; Liu, Linpo; Xi, Zhang-Ying; Bachmair, Andreas; Chen, Qingshan; Fu, Yong-Fu

2015-01-01

The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene is a highly conserved florigen gene among flowering plants. Soybean genome encodes six homologs of FT, which display flowering activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, their contributions to flowering time in different soybean cultivars, especially in field conditions, are unclear. We employed six soybean cultivars with different maturities to extensively investigate expression patterns of GmFTLs (Glycine max FT-like) and GmCOLs (Glycine max CO-like) in the field conditions. The results show that GmFTL3 is an FT homolog with the highest transcript abundance in soybean, but other GmFTLs may also contribute to flower induction with different extents, because they have more or less similar expression patterns in developmental-, leaf-, and circadian-specific modes. And four GmCOL genes (GmCOL1/2/5/13) may confer to the expression of GmFTL genes. Artificial manipulation of GmFTL expression by transgenic strategy (overexpression and RNAi) results in a distinct change in soybean flowering time, indicating that GmFTLs not only impact on the control of flowering time, but have potential applications in the manipulation of photoperiodic adaptation in soybean. Additionally, transgenic plants show that GmFTLs play a role in formation of the first flowers and in vegetative growth.

Extensive Analysis of GmFTL and GmCOL Expression in Northern Soybean Cultivars in Field Conditions

PubMed Central

Zhu, Jinlong; Lu, Mingyang; Chen, Fulu; Liu, Linpo; Xi, Zhang-Ying; Bachmair, Andreas; Chen, Qingshan; Fu, Yong-Fu

2015-01-01

The FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene is a highly conserved florigen gene among flowering plants. Soybean genome encodes six homologs of FT, which display flowering activity in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, their contributions to flowering time in different soybean cultivars, especially in field conditions, are unclear. We employed six soybean cultivars with different maturities to extensively investigate expression patterns of GmFTLs (Glycine max FT-like) and GmCOLs (Glycine max CO-like) in the field conditions. The results show that GmFTL3 is an FT homolog with the highest transcript abundance in soybean, but other GmFTLs may also contribute to flower induction with different extents, because they have more or less similar expression patterns in developmental-, leaf-, and circadian-specific modes. And four GmCOL genes (GmCOL1/2/5/13) may confer to the expression of GmFTL genes. Artificial manipulation of GmFTL expression by transgenic strategy (overexpression and RNAi) results in a distinct change in soybean flowering time, indicating that GmFTLs not only impact on the control of flowering time, but have potential applications in the manipulation of photoperiodic adaptation in soybean. Additionally, transgenic plants show that GmFTLs play a role in formation of the first flowers and in vegetative growth. PMID:26371882

Functional characterization of GmBZL2 (AtBZR1 like gene) reveals the conserved BR signaling regulation in Glycine max

PubMed Central

Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Yan-Jie; Yang, Bao-Jun; Yu, Xian-Xian; Wang, Dun; Zu, Song-Hao; Xue, Hong-Wei; Lin, Wen-Hui

2016-01-01

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in plant growth and development, and regulate various agricultural traits. Enhanced BR signaling leads to increased seed number and yield in Arabidopsis bzr1-1D (AtBZR1P234L, gain-of-function mutant of the important transcription factor in BR signaling/effects). BR signal transduction pathway is well elucidated in Arabidopsis but less known in other species. Soybean is an important dicot crop producing edible oil and protein. Phylogenetic analysis reveals AtBZR1-like genes are highly conserved in angiosperm and there are 4 orthologues in soybean (GmBZL1-4). We here report the functional characterization of GmBZL2 (relatively highly expresses in flowers). The P234 site in AtBZR1 is conserved in GmBZL2 (P216) and mutation of GmBZL2P216L leads to GmBZL2 accumulation. GmBZL2P216L (GmBZL2*) in Arabidopsis results in enhanced BR signaling; including increased seed number per silique. GmBZL2* partially rescued the defects of bri1-5, further demonstrating the conserved function of GmBZL2 with AtBZR1. BR treatment promotes the accumulation, nuclear localization and dephosphorylation/phosphorylation ratio of GmBZL2, revealing that GmBZL2 activity is regulated conservatively by BR signaling. Our studies not only indicate the conserved regulatory mechanism of GmBZL2 and BR signaling pathway in soybean, but also suggest the potential application of GmBZL2 in soybean seed yield. PMID:27498784

Functional characterization of GmBZL2 (AtBZR1 like gene) reveals the conserved BR signaling regulation in Glycine max.

PubMed

Zhang, Yu; Zhang, Yan-Jie; Yang, Bao-Jun; Yu, Xian-Xian; Wang, Dun; Zu, Song-Hao; Xue, Hong-Wei; Lin, Wen-Hui

2016-08-08

Brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in plant growth and development, and regulate various agricultural traits. Enhanced BR signaling leads to increased seed number and yield in Arabidopsis bzr1-1D (AtBZR1(P234L), gain-of-function mutant of the important transcription factor in BR signaling/effects). BR signal transduction pathway is well elucidated in Arabidopsis but less known in other species. Soybean is an important dicot crop producing edible oil and protein. Phylogenetic analysis reveals AtBZR1-like genes are highly conserved in angiosperm and there are 4 orthologues in soybean (GmBZL1-4). We here report the functional characterization of GmBZL2 (relatively highly expresses in flowers). The P234 site in AtBZR1 is conserved in GmBZL2 (P216) and mutation of GmBZL2(P216L) leads to GmBZL2 accumulation. GmBZL2(P216L) (GmBZL2*) in Arabidopsis results in enhanced BR signaling; including increased seed number per silique. GmBZL2* partially rescued the defects of bri1-5, further demonstrating the conserved function of GmBZL2 with AtBZR1. BR treatment promotes the accumulation, nuclear localization and dephosphorylation/phosphorylation ratio of GmBZL2, revealing that GmBZL2 activity is regulated conservatively by BR signaling. Our studies not only indicate the conserved regulatory mechanism of GmBZL2 and BR signaling pathway in soybean, but also suggest the potential application of GmBZL2 in soybean seed yield.

Codiversification of gastrointestinal microbiota and phylogeny in passerines is not explained by ecological divergence.

PubMed

Kropáčková, Lucie; Těšický, Martin; Albrecht, Tomáš; Kubovčiak, Jan; Čížková, Dagmar; Tomášek, Oldřich; Martin, Jean-François; Bobek, Lukáš; Králová, Tereza; Procházka, Petr; Kreisinger, Jakub

2017-10-01

Vertebrate gut microbiota (GM) is comprised of a taxonomically diverse consortium of symbiotic and commensal microorganisms that have a pronounced effect on host physiology, immune system function and health status. Despite much research on interactions between hosts and their GM, the factors affecting inter- and intraspecific GM variation in wild populations are still poorly known. We analysed data on faecal microbiota composition in 51 passerine species (319 individuals) using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA (V3-V4 variable region). Despite pronounced interindividual variation, GM composition exhibited significant differences at the interspecific level, accounting for approximately 20%-30% of total GM variation. We also observed a significant correlation between GM composition divergence and host's phylogenetic divergence, with strength of correlation higher than that of GM vs. ecological or life history traits and geographic variation. The effect of host's phylogeny on GM composition was significant, even after statistical control for these confounding factors. Hence, our data do not support codiversification of GM and passerine phylogeny solely as a by-product of their ecological divergence. Furthermore, our findings do not support that GM vs. host's phylogeny codiversification is driven primarily through trans-generational GM transfer as the GM vs. phylogeny correlation does not increase with higher sequence similarity used when delimiting operational taxonomic units. Instead, we hypothesize that the GM vs. phylogeny correlation may arise as a consequence of interspecific divergence of genes that directly or indirectly modulate composition of GM. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Numerical Simulation on Smoke Spread and Temperature Distribution in a Corn Starch Explosion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, CherngShing; Hsu, JuiPei

2018-01-01

It is discovered from dust explosion accidents in recent years that deep causes of the accidents lies in insufficient cognition of dust explosion danger, and no understanding on danger and information of the dust explosion. In the study, Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) evaluation tool is used aiming at Taiwan Formosa Fun Coast explosion accidents. The calculator is used for rebuilding the explosion situation. The factors affecting casualties under explosion are studied. The injured personnel participating in the party are evaluated according to smoke diffusion and temperature distribution for numerical simulation results. Some problems noted in the fire disaster after actual explosion are proposed, rational site analysis is given, thereby reducing dust explosion risk grade.

Chitosan solution enhances the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF

PubMed Central

Zaharoff, David A.; Rogers, Connie J.; Hance, Kenneth W.; Schlom, Jeffrey; Greiner, John W.

2008-01-01

Sustained, local delivery of immunomodulatory cytokines is under investigation for its ability to enhance vaccine and anti-tumor responses both clinically and preclinically. This study evaluates the ability of chitosan, a biocompatible polysaccharide, to (1) control the dissemination of a cytokine, GM-CSF, and (2) enhance the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. While cytokines have previously been delivered in lipid-based adjuvants and other vehicles, these do not have the clinical safety profile or unique properties of chitosan. We found that chitosan solution maintained a measurable depot of recombinant GM-CSF (rGM-CSF) at a subcutaneous injection site for up to 9 days. In contrast, when delivered in a saline vehicle, rGM-CSF was undetectable in 12 to 24 hours. Furthermore, a single s.c. injection of 20μg rGM-CSF in chitosan solution (chitosan/rGM-CSF(20μg)) transiently expanded lymph nodes up to 4.6-fold and increased the number of MHC class II expressing cells and dendritic cells by 7.4-fold and 6.8-fold, respectively. These increases were significantly greater than those measured when rGM-CSF was administered in saline at the standard preclinical dose and schedule, i.e. 4 daily s.c. injections of 20μg. Furthermore, lymph node cells from mice injected with chitosan/rGM-CSF(20μg) induced greater allogeneic T cell proliferation, indicating enhanced antigen presenting capability, than lymph node cells from mice injected with rGM-CSF alone. Finally, in vaccination experiments, chitosan/rGM-CSF was superior to either chitosan or rGM-CSF alone in enhancing the induction of antigen-specific CD4+ proliferation, peptide-specific CD8+ pentamer staining and cytotoxic T cell lysis. Altogether, chitosan/rGM-CSF outperformed standard rGM-CSF administrations in dendritic cell recruitment, antigen presentation and vaccine enhancement. We conclude that chitosan solution is a promising delivery platform for the sustained, local delivery of rGM-CSF. PMID:18037196

Definition and feasibility of isolation distances for transgenic maize cultivation.

PubMed

Sanvido, Olivier; Widmer, Franco; Winzeler, Michael; Streit, Bernhard; Szerencsits, Erich; Bigler, Franz

2008-06-01

A major concern related to the adoption of genetically modified (GM) crops in agricultural systems is the possibility of unwanted GM inputs into non-GM crop production systems. Given the increasing commercial cultivation of GM crops in the European Union (EU), there is an urgent need to define measures to prevent mixing of GM with non-GM products during crop production. Cross-fertilization is one of the various mechanisms that could lead to GM-inputs into non-GM crop systems. Isolation distances between GM and non-GM fields are widely accepted to be an effective measure to reduce these inputs. However, the question of adequate isolation distances between GM and non-GM maize is still subject of controversy both amongst scientists and regulators. As several European countries have proposed largely differing isolation distances for maize ranging from 25 to 800 m, there is a need for scientific criteria when using cross-fertilization data of maize to define isolation distances between GM and non-GM maize. We have reviewed existing cross-fertilization studies in maize, established relevant criteria for the evaluation of these studies and applied these criteria to define science-based isolation distances. To keep GM-inputs in the final product well below the 0.9% threshold defined by the EU, isolation distances of 20 m for silage and 50 m for grain maize, respectively, are proposed. An evaluation using statistical data on maize acreage and an aerial photographs assessment of a typical agricultural landscape by means of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) showed that spatial resources would allow applying the defined isolation distances for the cultivation of GM maize in the majority of the cases under actual Swiss agricultural conditions. The here developed approach, using defined criteria to consider the agricultural context of maize cultivation, may be of assistance for the analysis of cross-fertilization data in other countries.

Key Role of MicroRNA in the Regulation of Granulocyte Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor Expression in Murine Alveolar Epithelial Cells during Oxidative Stress*

PubMed Central

Sturrock, Anne; Mir-Kasimov, Mustafa; Baker, Jessica; Rowley, Jesse; Paine, Robert

2014-01-01

GM-CSF is an endogenous pulmonary cytokine produced by normal alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) that is a key defender of the alveolar space. AEC GM-CSF expression is suppressed by oxidative stress through alternations in mRNA turnover, an effect that is reversed by treatment with recombinant GM-CSF. We hypothesized that specific microRNA (miRNA) would play a key role in AEC GM-CSF regulation. A genome-wide miRNA microarray identified 19 candidate miRNA altered in primary AEC during oxidative stress with reversal by treatment with GM-CSF. Three of these miRNA (miR 133a, miR 133a*, and miR 133b) are also predicted to bind the GM-CSF 3′-untranslated region (UTR). PCR for the mature miRNA confirmed induction during oxidative stress that was reversed by treatment with GM-CSF. Experiments using a GM-CSF 3′-UTR reporter construct demonstrated that miR133a and miR133b effects on GM-CSF expression are through interactions with the GM-CSF 3′-UTR. Using lentiviral transduction of specific mimics and inhibitors in primary murine AEC, we determined that miR133a and miR133b suppress GM-CSF expression and that their inhibition both reverses oxidant-induced suppression of GM-CSF expression and increases basal expression of GM-CSF in cells in normoxia. In contrast, these miRNAs are not active in regulation of GM-CSF expression in murine EL4 T cells. Thus, members of the miR133 family play key roles in regulation of GM-CSF expression through effects on mRNA turnover in AEC during oxidative stress. Increased understanding of GM-CSF gene regulation may provide novel miRNA-based interventions to augment pulmonary innate immune defense in lung injury. PMID:24371146

Effect of volunteers on maize gene flow.

PubMed

Palaudelmàs, Montserrat; Peñas, Gisela; Melé, Enric; Serra, Joan; Salvia, Jordi; Pla, Maria; Nadal, Anna; Messeguer, Joaquima

2009-08-01

Regulatory approvals for deliberate release of GM maize events into the environment have lead to real situations of coexistence between GM and non-GM, with some fields being cultivated with GM and conventional varieties in successive seasons. Given the common presence of volunteer plants in maize fields in temperate areas, we investigated the real impact of GM volunteers on the yield of 12 non-GM agricultural fields. Volunteer density varied from residual to around 10% of plants in the field and was largely reduced using certain cultural practices. Plant vigour was low, they rarely had cobs and produced pollen that cross-fertilized neighbour plants only at low--but variable--levels. In the worst-case scenario, the estimated content of GMO was 0.16%. The influence of GM volunteers was not enough to reach the 0.9% adventitious GM threshold but it could potentially contribute to adventitious GM levels, especially at high initial densities (i.e. above 1,000 volunteers/ha).

Gray Matter Increase in Motor Cortex in Pediatric ADHD: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study.

PubMed

Sutcubasi Kaya, Bernis; Metin, Baris; Tas, Zeynep Cubukcuoglu; Buyukaslan, Ayse; Soysal, Aysegul; Hatiloglu, Deniz; Tarhan, Nevzat

2018-05-01

Several studies report that ADHD is associated with reduced gray matter (GM), whereas others report no differences in GM volume between ADHD patients and controls, and some even report more GM volume in individuals with ADHD. These conflicting findings suggest that reduced GM is not a universal finding in ADHD, and that more research is needed to delineate with greater accuracy the range of GM alterations. The present study aimed to identify GM alterations in ADHD using pediatric templates. 19 drug-naïve ADHD patients and 18 controls, all aged 7 to 14 years, were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. Relative to the controls, the ADHD patients had more GM, predominantly in the precentral and supplementary motor areas. Moreover, there were positive correlations between GM volume in these areas and ADHD scale scores. The clinical and pathophysiological significance of increased GM in the motor areas remains to be elucidated by additional research.

Perspectives on genetically modified crops and food detection.

PubMed

Lin, Chih-Hui; Pan, Tzu-Ming

2016-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) crops are a major product of the global food industry. From 1996 to 2014, 357 GM crops were approved and the global value of the GM crop market reached 35% of the global commercial seed market in 2014. However, the rapid growth of the GM crop-based industry has also created controversies in many regions, including the European Union, Egypt, and Taiwan. The effective detection and regulation of GM crops/foods are necessary to reduce the impact of these controversies. In this review, the status of GM crops and the technology for their detection are discussed. As the primary gap in GM crop regulation exists in the application of detection technology to field regulation, efforts should be made to develop an integrated, standardized, and high-throughput GM crop detection system. We propose the development of an integrated GM crop detection system, to be used in combination with a standardized international database, a decision support system, high-throughput DNA analysis, and automated sample processing. By integrating these technologies, we hope that the proposed GM crop detection system will provide a method to facilitate comprehensive GM crop regulation. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier B.V.

Comparative impact of genetically modified and non modified maize (Zea mays L.) on succeeding crop and associated weed.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Muhammad; Ahmed, Naseer; Ullah, Faizan; Shinwari, Zabta Khan; Bano, Asghari

2016-04-01

This research work documents the comparative impact of genetically modified (GM) (insect resistance) and non modified maize (Zea mays L.) on growth and germination of succeeding crop wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and associated weed (Avena fatua L.). The aqueous extracts of both the GM and non-GM maize exhibited higher phenolic content than that of methanolic extracts. Germination percentage and germination index of wheat was significantly decreased by GM methanolic extract (10%) as well as that of non-GM maize at 3% aqueous extract. Similarly germination percentage of weed (Avena fatua L.) was significantly reduced by application of 3% and 5% methanolic GM extracts. All extracts of GM maize showed non-significant effect on the number of roots, root length and shoot length per plant but 5% and 10% methanolic extracts of non-GM maize significantly increased the number of roots per plant of wheat seedling. Similarly, 10% methanolic extract of GM maize significantly increased the number of roots per plant of weed seedling. Methanolic extracts of GM and non-GM maize (3% and 5%) significantly decreased the protease activity in wheat as compared to untreated control. © The Author(s) 2013.

Genome sequences of two closely related strains of Escherichia coli K-12 GM4792.

PubMed

Zhang, Yan-Cong; Zhang, Yan; Zhu, Bi-Ru; Zhang, Bo-Wen; Ni, Chuan; Zhang, Da-Yong; Huang, Ying; Pang, Erli; Lin, Kui

2015-01-01

Escherichia coli lab strains K-12 GM4792 Lac(+) and GM4792 Lac(-) carry opposite lactose markers, which are useful for distinguishing evolved lines as they produce different colored colonies. The two closely related strains are chosen as ancestors for our ongoing studies of experimental evolution. Here, we describe the genome sequences, annotation, and features of GM4792 Lac(+) and GM4792 Lac(-). GM4792 Lac(+) has a 4,622,342-bp long chromosome with 4,061 protein-coding genes and 83 RNA genes. Similarly, the genome of GM4792 Lac(-) consists of a 4,621,656-bp chromosome containing 4,043 protein-coding genes and 74 RNA genes. Genome comparison analysis reveals that the differences between GM4792 Lac(+) and GM4792 Lac(-) are minimal and limited to only the targeted lac region. Moreover, a previous study on competitive experimentation indicates the two strains are identical or nearly identical in survivability except for lactose utilization in a nitrogen-limited environment. Therefore, at both a genetic and a phenotypic level, GM4792 Lac(+) and GM4792 Lac(-), with opposite neutral markers, are ideal systems for future experimental evolution studies.

Stacking transgenic event DAS-Ø15Ø7-1 alters maize composition less than traditional breeding.

PubMed

Herman, Rod A; Fast, Brandon J; Scherer, Peter N; Brune, Alyssa M; de Cerqueira, Denise T; Schafer, Barry W; Ekmay, Ricardo D; Harrigan, George G; Bradfisch, Greg A

2017-10-01

The impact of crossing ('stacking') genetically modified (GM) events on maize-grain biochemical composition was compared with the impact of generating nonGM hybrids. The compositional similarity of seven GM stacks containing event DAS-Ø15Ø7-1, and their matched nonGM near-isogenic hybrids (iso-hybrids) was compared with the compositional similarity of concurrently grown nonGM hybrids and these same iso-hybrids. Scatter plots were used to visualize comparisons among hybrids and a coefficient of identity (per cent of variation explained by line of identity) was calculated to quantify the relationships within analyte profiles. The composition of GM breeding stacks was more similar to the composition of iso-hybrids than was the composition of nonGM hybrids. NonGM breeding more strongly influenced crop composition than did transgenesis or stacking of GM events. These findings call into question the value of uniquely requiring composition studies for GM crops, especially for breeding stacks composed of GM events previously found to be compositionally normal. © 2017 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Temperature-Dependent Gentamicin Resistance of Francisella tularensis is Mediated by Uptake Modulation

PubMed Central

Loughman, Kathleen; Hall, Jesse; Knowlton, Samantha; Sindeldecker, Devin; Gilson, Tricia; Schmitt, Deanna M.; Birch, James W.-M.; Gajtka, Tara; Kobe, Brianna N.; Florjanczyk, Aleksandr; Ingram, Jenna; Bakshi, Chandra S.; Horzempa, Joseph

2016-01-01

Gentamicin (Gm) is an aminoglycoside commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as tularemia – the disease caused by Francisella tularensis. In addition to being pathogenic, F. tularensis is found in environmental niches such as soil where this bacterium likely encounters Gm producers (Micromonospora sp.). Here we show that F. tularensis exhibits increased resistance to Gm at ambient temperature (26°C) compared to mammalian body temperature (37°C). To evaluate whether F. tularensis was less permeable to Gm at 26°C, a fluorescent marker [Texas Red (Tr)] was conjugated with Gm, yielding Tr-Gm. Bacteria incubated at 26°C showed reduced fluorescence compared to those at 37°C when exposed to Tr-Gm suggesting that uptake of Gm was reduced at 26°C. Unconjugated Gm competitively inhibited uptake of Tr-Gm, demonstrating that this fluorescent compound was taken up similarly to unconjugated Gm. Lysates of F. tularensis bacteria incubated with Gm at 37°C inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli significantly more than lysates from bacteria incubated at 26°C, further indicating reduced uptake at this lower temperature. Other facultative pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae) exhibited increased resistance to Gm at 26°C suggesting that the results generated using F. tularensis may be generalizable to diverse bacteria. Regulation of the uptake of antibiotics provides a mechanism by which facultative pathogens survive alongside antibiotic-producing microbes in nature. PMID:26858709

Characterization of the soybean GmALMT family genes and the function of GmALMT5 in response to phosphate starvation.

PubMed

Peng, Wenting; Wu, Weiwei; Peng, Junchu; Li, Jiaojiao; Lin, Yan; Wang, Yanan; Tian, Jiang; Sun, Lili; Liang, Cuiyue; Liao, Hong

2018-03-01

A potential mechanism to enhance utilization of sparingly soluble forms of phosphorus (P) is the root secretion of malate, which is mainly mediated by the ALMT gene family in plants. In this study, a total of 34 GmALMT genes were identified in the soybean genome. Expression patterns diverged considerably among GmALMTs in response to phosphate (Pi) starvation in leaves, roots and flowers, with expression altered by P availability in 26 of the 34 GmALMTs. One root-specific GmALMT whose expression was significantly enhanced by Pi-starvation, GmALMT5, was studied in more detail to determine its possible role in soybean P nutrition. Analysis of GmALMT5 tissue expression patterns, subcellular localization, and malate exudation from transgenic soybean hairy roots overexpressing GmALMT5, demonstrated that GmALMT5 is a plasma membrane protein that mediates malate efflux from roots. Furthermore, both growth and P content of transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing GmALMT5 were significantly increased when sparingly soluble Ca-P was used as the external P source. Taken together, these results indicate that members of the soybean GmALMT gene family exhibit diverse responses to Pi starvation. One member of this family, GmALMT5, might contribute to soybean P efficiency by enhancing utilization of sparingly soluble P sources under P limited conditions. © 2017 Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

Temperature-Dependent Gentamicin Resistance of Francisella tularensis is Mediated by Uptake Modulation.

PubMed

Loughman, Kathleen; Hall, Jesse; Knowlton, Samantha; Sindeldecker, Devin; Gilson, Tricia; Schmitt, Deanna M; Birch, James W-M; Gajtka, Tara; Kobe, Brianna N; Florjanczyk, Aleksandr; Ingram, Jenna; Bakshi, Chandra S; Horzempa, Joseph

2016-01-01

Gentamicin (Gm) is an aminoglycoside commonly used to treat bacterial infections such as tularemia - the disease caused by Francisella tularensis. In addition to being pathogenic, F. tularensis is found in environmental niches such as soil where this bacterium likely encounters Gm producers (Micromonospora sp.). Here we show that F. tularensis exhibits increased resistance to Gm at ambient temperature (26°C) compared to mammalian body temperature (37°C). To evaluate whether F. tularensis was less permeable to Gm at 26°C, a fluorescent marker [Texas Red (Tr)] was conjugated with Gm, yielding Tr-Gm. Bacteria incubated at 26°C showed reduced fluorescence compared to those at 37°C when exposed to Tr-Gm suggesting that uptake of Gm was reduced at 26°C. Unconjugated Gm competitively inhibited uptake of Tr-Gm, demonstrating that this fluorescent compound was taken up similarly to unconjugated Gm. Lysates of F. tularensis bacteria incubated with Gm at 37°C inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli significantly more than lysates from bacteria incubated at 26°C, further indicating reduced uptake at this lower temperature. Other facultative pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes and Klebsiella pneumoniae) exhibited increased resistance to Gm at 26°C suggesting that the results generated using F. tularensis may be generalizable to diverse bacteria. Regulation of the uptake of antibiotics provides a mechanism by which facultative pathogens survive alongside antibiotic-producing microbes in nature.

FURTHER STUDIES ON THE γG-HEAVY CHAIN GENE COMPLEXES, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE GENETIC MARKERS Gm(g) AND Gm(n)

PubMed Central

Natvig, J. B.; Kunkel, H. G.; Yount, W. J.; Nielsen, J. C.

1968-01-01

The recently described Gm (g) and Gm (n) genetic markers of the γG3- and γG2-subgroups of γ-globulin were characterized in detail primarily through studies of myeloma proteins, their polypeptide chains and fragments. Antisera derived from rabbits, non-human primates and rheumatoid arthritis patients gave identical results. This contrasted with the Gm (b) system where the rabbit antisera react with a different genetic determinant (b0) than the sera from rheumatoid arthritis patients (b). The Gm (g) and Gm (n) antigens were detected both by precipitin analysis and by hemagglutination inhibition. The Gm (g) antigen was not associated with any of the other genetic antigens of the γG3-proteins which all belonged in the Gm (b) class. The genes for the latter were always allelic to the gene coding for Gm (g), with that for Gm (b0) constantly present when that for Gm (g) was absent. The Gm (g) and Gm (n) markers were of particular value in tracing the various gene complexes made up of the closely linked subgroup genes. Further support was gained for the concept that the different gene complexes of various population groups arose primarily through crossing-over. The Gm g and Gm b genes for the γG3-subgroup were extremely closely linked to those for the γG1-subgroup. However the Gm (n) marker indicated that the γG2-subgroup genes were probably further separated on the chromosome. Additional evidence was obtained for the γG2-γG3-γG1-order of the subgroup cistrons. Among the wide range of gene complexes a new type (γG2,—,γ/G1) was described. This complex appeared to have a deletion of the γG3-cistron. Lower levels of γG3-globulin were found in the sera of the individuals with this gene in the heterozygous state. The possibility that this unusual complex arose through an unequal nonhomologous crossing-over is discussed. PMID:19867305

Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Production by T Cells during Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection.

PubMed

Rothchild, Alissa C; Stowell, Britni; Goyal, Girija; Nunes-Alves, Cláudio; Yang, Qianting; Papavinasasundaram, Kadamba; Sassetti, Christopher M; Dranoff, Glenn; Chen, Xinchun; Lee, Jinhee; Behar, Samuel M

2017-10-24

Mice deficient for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF -/- ) are highly susceptible to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and clinical data have shown that anti-GM-CSF neutralizing antibodies can lead to increased susceptibility to tuberculosis in otherwise healthy people. GM-CSF activates human and murine macrophages to inhibit intracellular M. tuberculosis growth. We have previously shown that GM-CSF produced by iNKT cells inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis However, the more general role of T cell-derived GM-CSF during infection has not been defined and how GM-CSF activates macrophages to inhibit bacterial growth is unknown. Here we demonstrate that, in addition to nonconventional T cells, conventional T cells also produce GM-CSF during M. tuberculosis infection. Early during infection, nonconventional iNKT cells and γδ T cells are the main source of GM-CSF, a role subsequently assumed by conventional CD4 + T cells as the infection progresses. M. tuberculosis -specific T cells producing GM-CSF are also detected in the peripheral blood of infected people. Under conditions where nonhematopoietic production of GM-CSF is deficient, T cell production of GM-CSF is protective and required for control of M. tuberculosis infection. However, GM-CSF is not required for T cell-mediated protection in settings where GM-CSF is produced by other cell types. Finally, using an in vitro macrophage infection model, we demonstrate that GM-CSF inhibition of M. tuberculosis growth requires the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Thus, we identified GM-CSF production as a novel T cell effector function. These findings suggest that a strategy augmenting T cell production of GM-CSF could enhance host resistance against M. tuberculosis IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, the leading cause of death by any infection worldwide. T cells are critical components of the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis While gamma interferon (IFN-γ) is a key effector function of T cells during infection, a failed phase IIb clinical trial and other studies have revealed that IFN-γ production alone is not sufficient to control M. tuberculosis In this study, we demonstrate that CD4 + , CD8 + , and nonconventional T cells produce GM-CSF during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in mice and in the peripheral blood of infected humans. Under conditions where other sources of GM-CSF are absent, T cell production of GM-CSF is protective and is required for control of infection. GM-CSF activation of macrophages to limit bacterial growth requires host expression of the transcription factor PPARγ. The identification of GM-CSF production as a T cell effector function may inform future host-directed therapy or vaccine designs. Copyright © 2017 Rothchild et al.

Bee moth (Galleria mellonella) allergic reactions are caused by several thermolabile antigens.

PubMed

Villalta, D; Martelli, P; Mistrello, G; Roncarolo, D; Zanoni, D

2004-09-01

Exposure and contact with bee moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae (Gm) can cause an allergic reaction both in anglers and breeders. We described the case of an amateur fisherman who experienced an allergic reaction using Gm but not using heat-treated Gm (h-Gm) (mummies). The aim of this study was to demonstrate by immunoblotting and radioallergosorbent test (RAST)-inhibition experiments the loss of allergenic epitopes in h-Gm extracts. Galleria mellonella larvae and h-Gm were homogenized and extracted at 10% (w/v) in 0.5 M phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4 containing 0.5% NaN(3) for 16 h at 4 degrees C. Gm and h-Gm extracts were electrophoresed in a 10% polyacrylamide precast Nupage Bis-Tris gel at 180 mA for 1 h and the resolved proteins stained with 0.1% Coomassie brilliant blue and the molecular weight calculated. For the immunoblotting detection of allergenic components the resolved extracts were transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane and incubated with the patient's serum. Bound specific-IgE was detected by peroxidase-conjugated anti-human IgE. RAST inhibition experiments were performed according to the Ceska method. The protein profile of Gm and h-Gm extracts resulted markedly different in number, intensity and the position of bands, indicating that heat-treatment modifies the chemical-physical characteristics of the protein contents. The Gm extract showed a strong-coloured band at 73 kDa and more than 20 components ranging from 12 to 133 kDa; h-Gm showed two main band at 77 and 38 kDa and about 15 faint bands between 20 and 133 kDa apparently without any correspondence to the bands present in the Gm extract. Immunoblotting with the patient's serum demonstrated several bands of reactivity with the Gm extract ranging from 20 to 100 kDa and no recognizable bands, but only a diffuse smear with h-Gm. When used in a RAST inhibition experiment the h-Gm extract demonstrated an inability to compete with the Gm one for the binding to patient's IgE serum. The h-Gm seems to lose the allergenic epitopes and has two advantages for anglers: to avoid new possible sensitizations as well as allergic symptoms in sensitized people, without interfering with their skills and satisfaction in their fishing performance.

A photoreactive derivative of radiolabeled GM1 ganglioside: Preparation and use to establish the involvement of specific proteins in GM1 uptake by human fibroblasts in culture

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sonnino, S.; Chigorno, V.; Acquotti, D.

1989-01-10

A new procedure was used to synthesize a derivative of ganglioside GM1 containing a photoreactive nitrophenyl azide group at the end of the fatty acyl moiety, using deAc-deAcyl-GM1 obtained by deacetylation of the sialic acid and deacylation of the ceramide portion of GM1. This deAc-deAcyl-GM1 was first acylated at the long chain base amino group with 12-aminododecanoic acid, which has the amino group protected by a fluorenyl residue, and tritium labeled at the sialic acid amino group with ({sup 3}H)acetic anhydride of very high specific radioactivity. Cultured human fibroblasts were exposed to mixtures of radioactive photolabeled GM1 for different timesmore » and then illuminated and the radioactive protein patterns studied by SDS-PAGE. After 2 h of exposure, the photolabeled GM1 was stably associated to the cells and underwent almost no metabolic processing, behaving exactly as the underivatized natural GM1. Under these conditions very few proteins became radioactive. Thus, it is evident that the ganglioside binding to fibroblasts and insertion into the outer layer of the plasma membrane involve few individual proteins. When the incubation was prolonged to 24 h, photolabeled GM1 underwent extensive metabolic processing and gave origins to the corresponding ganglioside derivatives of GM2, GM3, and GD1a. Under these conditions many proteins became radioactive, a consequence of GM1 transfer from the surface to the interior or the cell and of the ready availability of interaction of GM1 and its metabolites.« less

GmFT2a, a soybean homolog of FLOWERING LOCUS T, is involved in flowering transition and maintenance.

PubMed

Sun, Hongbo; Jia, Zhen; Cao, Dong; Jiang, Bingjun; Wu, Cunxiang; Hou, Wensheng; Liu, Yike; Fei, Zhihong; Zhao, Dazhong; Han, Tianfu

2011-01-01

Flowering reversion can be induced in soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), a typical short-day (SD) dicot, by switching from SD to long-day (LD) photoperiods. This process may involve florigen, putatively encoded by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about the potential function of soybean FT homologs in flowering reversion. A photoperiod-responsive FT homologue GmFT (renamed as GmFT2a hereafter) was cloned from the photoperiod-sensitive cultivar Zigongdongdou. GmFT2a gene expression under different photoperiods was analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR. In situ hybridization showed direct evidence for its expression during flowering-related processes. GmFT2a was shown to promote flowering using transgenic studies in Arabidopsis and soybean. The effects of photoperiod and temperature on GmFT2a expression were also analyzed in two cultivars with different photoperiod-sensitivities. GmFT2a expression is regulated by photoperiod. Analyses of GmFT2a transcripts revealed a strong correlation between GmFT2a expression and flowering maintenance. GmFT2a transcripts were observed continuously within the vascular tissue up to the shoot apex during flowering. By contrast, transcripts decreased to undetectable levels during flowering reversion. In grafting experiments, the early-flowering, photoperiod-insensitive stock Heihe27 promotes the appearance of GmFT2a transcripts in the shoot apex of scion Zigongdongdou under noninductive LD conditions. The photothermal effects of GmFT2a expression diversity in cultivars with different photoperiod-sensitivities and a hypothesis is proposed. GmFT2a expression is associated with flowering induction and maintenance. Therefore, GmFT2a is a potential target gene for soybean breeding, with the aim of increasing geographic adaptation of this crop.

The world of "GM-free".

PubMed

Moses, Vivian; Brookes, Graham

2013-01-01

The rapid global development of agricultural production systems using seeds derived from genetic modification (GM) has been paralleled by the growth of attempts to keep at least a part of the world's agriculture and food as free from GM-crops and their products as possible. The ideal for some proponents of such "GM-free" activity would be a total absence, usually styled "zero content"; others, perhaps more realistically, opt for a definition usually not precisely defined that allows for minimal trace levels of GM material. The reasons for wanting "GM-free" agriculture and its products are varied; they include philosophical and religious beliefs, concern for human (and animal) health--and for "the environment"-as well as commercial and political interests. With such a variety of motivations, and in the absence of legal rulings, the definitions of "GM-free" vary according to inclination and circumstances. Whatever the precise meaning, the maintenance of a "GM-free" product stream in a world where GM crop production is widespread requires the establishment of identity preservation and segregation systems in which traceability and testing are cornerstones. Inevitably these have cost implications for the supply chain and/or the ultimate consumer. In a number of countries different forms of "GM-free" labels exist for some products; the style of such labels is variable with schemes and labels typically voluntary or privately organized. In more recent years, some governments have begun to regularize the definition and meaning of "GM-free." We conclude our analysis by exploring consumer reactions both to "GM-free" and to "GM-free" labels, and ask who ultimately benefits from preserving a product stream substantially or entirely devoid of GM-content.

Effect of LLLT on the level of ATP and ROS from organ of corti cells

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rhee, ChungKu; Chang, So-Young; Ahn, Jin-Chul; Suh, Myung-Whan; Jung, Jae Yun

2014-03-01

It is well established that ototoxic antibiotics and acoustic trauma can damage cochlear hair cells and cause hearing loss. Previous studies using transcanal LLLT (Low level laser therapy) showed that LLLT can promote recovery of hearing thresholds and cochlear hair cells. However, its mechanism has not been studied. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanism of hearing recovery from gentamicin induced ototoxic hearing loss by LLLT. Methods: HEI- OC1 (House ear institute organ of Corti) cells were cultured for 18 hours and ototoxicity was induced by gentamicin (GM) treatment to the cells. Cultured cells were divided into 6 groups, No treatment control, LLLT only, GM 6.6 mM and GM 13.1 mM, GM 6.6 mM+LLLT and GM 13.1 mM+LLLT cells. LD laser 808 nm, 15 mW, was irradiated to the cultured cells for 15 min, at 4 hours after GM treatment to the cells. ATP was assayed using the ATP assay Kit. ROS was measured using confocal microscope after application of H2DCFDA dye. Results: ATP was decreased in GM 13.1 mM cells and increased in LLLT only cells and GM 13.1 mM+LLLT cells compared to control and 13.1 mM cells. ROS was increased in GM 6.6 mM and GM 13.1 mM cells, and decreased in GM 6.6 mM+LLLT and GM 13.1 mM+LLLT cells compared to GM 6.6 and 13.1 mM cells immediately after laser irradiation. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that LLLT on GM treated HEI-OC1 cells increased ATP and decreased ROS that may contribute to the recovery of hearing.

Ganglioside accumulation in activated glia in the developing brain: comparison between WT and GalNAcT KO mice

PubMed Central

Saito, Mariko; Wu, Gusheng; Hui, Maria; Masiello, Kurt; Dobrenis, Kostantin; Ledeen, Robert W.; Saito, Mitsuo

2015-01-01

Our previous studies have shown accumulation of GM2 ganglioside during ethanol-induced neurodegeneration in the developing brain, and GM2 elevation has also been reported in other brain injuries and neurodegenerative diseases. Using GM2/GD2 synthase KO mice lacking GM2/GD2 and downstream gangliosides, the current study explored the significance of GM2 elevation in WT mice. Immunohistochemical studies indicated that ethanol-induced acute neurodegeneration in postnatal day 7 (P7) WT mice was associated with GM2 accumulation in the late endosomes/lysosomes of both phagocytic microglia and increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive astrocytes. However, in KO mice, although ethanol induced robust neurodegeneration and accumulation of GD3 and GM3 in the late endosomes/lysosomes of phagocytic microglia, it did not increase the number of GFAP-positive astrocytes, and the accumulation of GD3/GM3 in astrocytes was minimal. Not only ethanol, but also DMSO, induced GM2 elevation in activated microglia and astrocytes along with neurodegeneration in P7 WT mice, while lipopolysaccharide, which did not induce significant neurodegeneration, caused GM2 accumulation mainly in lysosomes of activated astrocytes. Thus, GM2 elevation is associated with activation of microglia and astrocytes in the injured developing brain, and GM2, GD2, or other downstream gangliosides may regulate astroglial responses in ethanol-induced neurodegeneration. PMID:26063460

Monitoring the prevalence of genetically modified maize in commercial animal feeds and food products in Turkey.

PubMed

Turkec, Aydin; Lucas, Stuart J; Karlık, Elif

2016-07-01

EU legislation strictly controls use of genetically modified (GM) crops in food and feed products, and requires them to be labelled if the total GM content is greater than 9 g kg(-1) (for approved GM crops). We screened maize-containing food and feed products from Turkey to assess the prevalence of GM material. With this aim, 83 food and feed products - none labelled as containing GM material - were screened using multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for four common GM elements (35S/NOS/bar/FMV). Of these, 18.2% of feeds and 6% of food samples tested positive for one or more of these elements, and were subjected to event-specific PCR to identify which GM organisms they contained. Most samples were negative for the approved GM events tested, suggesting that they may contain adventitious GM contaminants. One sample was shown to contain an unapproved GM event (MON810, along with GA21) at a concentration well above the statutory labelling requirement. Current legislation has restricted the penetration of GM maize into the Turkish food industry but not eliminated it, and the proliferation of different GM events is making monitoring increasingly complex. Our results indicate that labelling requirements are not being followed in some cases. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.

40 CFR 180.1254 - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover. [75 FR 6576, Feb. 10, 2010] ...

40 CFR 180.1254 - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover. [75 FR 6576, Feb. 10, 2010] ...

40 CFR 180.1254 - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover. [75 FR 6576, Feb. 10, 2010] ...

40 CFR 180.1254 - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover. [75 FR 6576, Feb. 10, 2010] ...

40 CFR 180.1254 - Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover. [75 FR 6576, Feb. 10, 2010] ...

Epithelial GM-CSF induction by Candida glabrata.

PubMed

Li, L; Dongari-Bagtzoglou, A

2009-08-01

The main cytokine induced by the interaction of oral epithelial cells with C. glabrata is granulocyte monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); however, the mechanisms regulating this response are unknown. Based on previously published information on the interactions of C. albicans with oral epithelial cells, we hypothesized that interaction with viable C. glabrata triggers GM-CSF synthesis via NF-kappaB activation. We found that C. glabrata-induced GM-CSF synthesis was adhesion-dependent, enhanced by endocytosis, and required fungal viability. NF-kappaB activation was noted during interaction of epithelial cells with C. glabrata, and pre-treatment with an NF-kappaB inhibitor partly inhibited GM-CSF synthesis. Blocking TLR4 with anti-TLR4 antibody did not inhibit GM-CSF production. In contrast, an anti-CDw17 antibody triggered significant inhibition of NF-kappaB activation and GM-CSF synthesis. beta-glucans did not stimulate GM-CSF synthesis, suggesting that the CDw17/NF-kappaB/GM-CSF pathway may be beta-glucan-independent. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of GM-CSF induction by C. glabrata.

Can we stop transgenes from taking a walk on the wild side?

PubMed

Dlugosch, Katrina M; Whitton, Jeannette

2008-03-01

Whether the potential costs associated with broad-scale use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) outweigh possible benefits is highly contentious, including within the scientific community. Even among those generally in favour of commercialization of GM crops, there is nonetheless broad recognition that transgene escape into the wild should be minimized. But is it possible to achieve containment of engineered genetic elements in the context of large scale agricultural production? In a previous study, Warwick et al. (2003) documented transgene escape via gene flow from herbicide resistant (HR) canola (Brassica napus) into neighbouring weedy B. rapa populations (Fig. 1) in two agricultural fields in Quebec, Canada. In a follow-up study in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Warwick et al. (2008) show that the transgene has persisted and spread within the weedy population in the absence of selection for herbicide resistance. Certainly a trait like herbicide resistance is expected to spread when selected through the use of the herbicide, despite potentially negative epistatic effects on fitness. However, Warwick et al.'s findings suggest that direct selection favouring the transgene is not required for its persistence. So is there any hope of preventing transgene escape into the wild?

Synthesis and enzymatic susceptibility of a series of novel GM2 analogs.

PubMed

Fuse, Tomoaki; Ando, Hiromune; Imamura, Akihiro; Sawada, Naoki; Ishida, Hideharu; Kiso, Makoto; Ando, Takayuki; Li, Su-Chen; Li, Yu-Teh

2006-07-01

A series of GM2 analogs in which GM2 epitope was coupled to a variety of glycosyl lipids were designed and synthesized to investigate the mechanism of enzymatic hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside. The coupling of N-Troc-protected sialic acid and p-methoxyphenyl galactoside acceptor gave the crystalline disaccharide, which was further coupled with galactosamine donor to give the desired GM2 epitope trisaccharide. After conversion into the corresponding glycosyl donor, the trisaccharide was coupled with galactose, glucose and artificial ceramide (B30) to give the final compounds. The result on hydrolysis of GM2 analogs indicates that GM2 activator protein requires one spacer sugar between GM2 epitope and the lipid moiety to assist the hydrolysis of the terminal GalNAc residue.

40 CFR 180.555 - Trifloxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pulp 1.0 Citrus, oil 38 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 7 Corn, field, refined oil 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 7 Corn, sweet, cannery waste 0.6 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 4.0 Egg 0.04...

40 CFR 180.555 - Trifloxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... pulp 1.0 Citrus, oil 38 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 7 Corn, field, refined oil 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 7 Corn, sweet, cannery waste 0.6 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 4.0 Egg 0.04...

40 CFR 180.555 - Trifloxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 7 Corn, field, refined oil 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 7 Corn, sweet, cannery waste 0.6 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 4.0 Egg 0.04 Fruit, citrus, group 10 0.6...

40 CFR 180.555 - Trifloxystrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 7 Corn, field, refined oil 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 7 Corn, sweet, cannery waste 0.6 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 4.0 Egg 0.04 Fruit, citrus, group 10 0.6...

Overexpression of a GmGBP1 ortholog of soybean enhances the responses to flowering, stem elongation and heat tolerance in transgenic tobaccos.

PubMed

Zhao, Lin; Wang, Zhixin; Lu, Qingyao; Wang, Pengpeng; Li, Yongguang; Lv, Qingxue; Song, Xianping; Li, Dongmei; Gu, Yuejiao; Liu, Lixue; Li, Wenbin

2013-06-01

Soybean is a typical short-day crop, and its photoperiodic and gibberellin (GA) responses for the control of flowering are critical to seed yield. The GmGBP1 mRNA abundance in leaves was dramatically increased in short-days (SDs) compared to that in long-days in which it was consistently low at all time points from 0 to 6 days (days after transfer to SDs). GmGBP1 was highly expressed in leaves and exhibited a circadian rhythm in SDs. Ectopic overexpression of GmGBP1 in tobaccos caused photoperiod-insensitive early flowering by increasing NtCO mRNA levels. GmGBP1 mRNA abundance was also increased by GAs. Transgenic GmGBP1 overexpressing (-ox) tobacco plants exhibited increased GA signaling-related phenotypes including flowering and plant height promotion. Furthermore, the hypocotyl elongation, early-flowering and longer internode phenotypes were largely accelerated by GA3 application in the GmGBP1-ox tobacco seedlings. Being consistent, overexpression of GmGBP1 resulted in significantly enhanced GA signaling (evidenced suppressed expression of NtGA20ox) both with and without GA treatments. GmGBP1 was a positive regulator of both photoperiod and GA-mediated flowering responses. In addition, GmGBP1-ox tobaccos were hypersensitive to ABA, salt and osmotic stresses during seed germination. Heat-inducible GmGBP1 also enhanced thermotolerance in transgenic GmGBP1-ox tobaccos during seed germination and growth. GmGBP1 protein was localized in the nucleus. Analyses of a series of 5'-deletions of the GmGBP1 promoter suggested that several cis-acting elements, including P-BOX, TCA-motif and three HSE elements necessary to induce gene expression by GA, salicic acid and heat stress, were specifically localized in the GmGBP1 promoter region.

Impact of Corn Earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Field Corn (Poales: Poaceae) Yield and Grain Quality.

PubMed

Bibb, Jenny L; Cook, Donald; Catchot, Angus; Musser, Fred; Stewart, Scott D; Leonard, Billy Rogers; Buntin, G David; Kerns, David; Allen, Tom W; Gore, Jeffrey

2018-05-28

Corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), commonly infests field corn, Zea mays (L.). The combination of corn plant biology, corn earworm behavior in corn ecosystems, and field corn value renders corn earworm management with foliar insecticides noneconomical. Corn technologies containing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Berliner (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) were introduced that exhibit substantial efficacy against corn earworm and may reduce mycotoxin contamination in grain. The first generation Bt traits in field corn demonstrated limited activity on corn earworm feeding on grain. The pyramided corn technologies have greater cumulative protein concentrations and higher expression throughout the plant, so these corn traits should provide effective management of this pest. Additionally, reduced kernel injury may affect physical grain quality. Experiments were conducted during 2011-2012 to investigate corn earworm impact on field corn yield and grain quality. Treatments included field corn hybrids expressing the Herculex, YieldGard, and Genuity VT Triple Pro technologies. Supplemental insecticide treatments were applied every 1-2 d from silk emergence until silk senescence to create a range of injured kernels for each technology. No significant relationship between the number of corn earworm damaged kernels and yield was observed for any technology/hybrid. In these studies, corn earworm larvae did not cause enough damage to impact yield. Additionally, no consistent relationship between corn earworm damage and aflatoxin contamination was observed. Based on these data, the economic value of pyramided Bt corn traits to corn producers, in the southern United States, appears to be from management of other lepidopteran insect pests including European and southwestern corn borer.

GM1 and GM2 gangliosides: recent developments.

PubMed

Bisel, Blaine; Pavone, Francesco S; Calamai, Martino

2014-03-01

GM1 and GM2 gangliosides are important components of the cell membrane and play an integral role in cell signaling and metabolism. In this conceptual overview, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of the basic biological functions of GM1 and GM2 and their involvement in several diseases. In addition to a well-established spectrum of disorders known as gangliosidoses, such as Tay-Sachs disease, more and more evidence points at an involvement of GM1 in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. New emerging methodologies spanning from single-molecule imaging in vivo to simulations in silico have complemented standard studies based on ganglioside extraction.

40 CFR 180.1219 - Foramsulfuron; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... pesticide foramsulfuron is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in corn, field, grain/corn, field, forage/ corn, field, stover/corn, pop, grain/corn, pop, forage/corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when applied as a herbicide in...

40 CFR 180.1219 - Foramsulfuron; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... pesticide foramsulfuron is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in corn, field, grain/corn, field, forage/ corn, field, stover/corn, pop, grain/corn, pop, forage/corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when applied as a herbicide in...

40 CFR 180.1219 - Foramsulfuron; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... pesticide foramsulfuron is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in corn, field, grain/corn, field, forage/ corn, field, stover/corn, pop, grain/corn, pop, forage/corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when applied as a herbicide in...

40 CFR 180.1219 - Foramsulfuron; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... pesticide foramsulfuron is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in corn, field, grain/corn, field, forage/ corn, field, stover/corn, pop, grain/corn, pop, forage/corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when applied as a herbicide in...

40 CFR 180.1206 - Aspergillus flavus AF36; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover, when applied/used as an antifungal agent. [68 FR 41541, July 14...

40 CFR 180.1219 - Foramsulfuron; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... pesticide foramsulfuron is exempted from the requirement of a tolerance in corn, field, grain/corn, field, forage/ corn, field, stover/corn, pop, grain/corn, pop, forage/corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when applied as a herbicide in...

Attitudes of agricultural scientists in Indonesia towards genetically modified foods.

PubMed

Februhartanty, Judhiastuty; Widyastuti, Tri Nisa; Iswarawanti, Dwi Nastiti

2007-01-01

Conflicting arguments and partial truths on genetically modified (GM) foods have left confusion. Although studies of consumer acceptance of GM foods are numerous, the study of scientists is limited. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the attitudes of scientists towards GM foods. The study was a cross sectional study. A total of 400 scientists (involved in at least one of teaching, research and consultancy) in the Bogor Agricultural Institute, Indonesia were selected randomly from its faculties of agriculture, veterinary, fishery, animal husbandry, forestry, agricultural technology, mathematics and science, and the post graduate department. Data collection was done by face-to-face interview using a structured questionnaire and self-administered questionnaire. The result showed that the majority (72.8%) of the respondents were favorably disposed towards GM foods, 14.8% were neutral, and only 12.5% were against them. The majority (78.3%) stated that they would try GM food if offered. Most (71%) reported that they were aware of the term "GM foods". Only half of the respondents felt that they had a basic understanding about GM foods. However, based on a knowledge test, 69.8% had a good knowledge score. Nearly 50% indicated that they were more exposed to news which supported GM foods. Over 90% said that there should be some form of labeling to distinguish food containing GM ingredients from non-GM foods. Attitudes were significantly associated with willingness to try GM foods if offered, restrictions on GM foods, and exposure to media reports about the pros and cons of GM foods.

Effect of probiotic-fermented, genetically modified soy milk on hypercholesterolemia in hamsters.

PubMed

Tsai, Tsung-Yu; Chen, Li-Ying; Pan, Tzu-Ming

2014-02-01

The rapid progress of biotechnology and molecular biology has led to genetically modified (GM) crops becoming a part of agricultural production. There are concerns that the issues of the functional ingredients in GM products have not been addressed, such as the bioactivities of soy proteins and isoflavones. This study aimed to investigate the effects of probiotic-fermented GM soy milk on hypercholesterolemia, and atherosclerotic risks in hamsters. One hundred and twelve male Golden Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were randomly assigned into 14 groups of 8 animals each. Normal- and high-cholesterol experimental diets were supplemented with GM or non-GM soy milk with or without probiotic-fermentation for 8 weeks. Serum and fecal lipid levels were measured. Moreover, aortic plaque in artery were stained, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance content, super oxide dismutase activity and caralase activity were determined. GM or non-GM soy milk with or without probiotic-fermentation significantly decreased (p < 0.05) serum TC levels, compared with a high-cholesterol diet group. TC levels in hamsters fed GM soy milk were not significantly different from TC levels in the non-GM soy milk group (p > 0.05). GM soy milk groups can reduce risk of developing atherosclerosis through lowered oxidative stress and reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta, and are thus at least equivalent to non-GM soy milk. GM soy milk with or without probiotic-fermentation can improve hypercholesterolemia and reduce the risk of atherosclerosis, and is considered substantially equivalent to non-GM soy milk in terms of these bioactive functions. Copyright © 2012. Published by Elsevier B.V.

When is genetic modification socially acceptable? When used to advance human health through avenues other than food.

PubMed

Olynk Widmar, Nicole J; Dominick, S R; Tyner, Wallace E; Ruple, Audrey

2017-01-01

Given the potential for genetic modification (GM) to impact human health, via food and health mechanisms, a greater understanding of the social acceptance of GM is necessary to facilitate improved health outcomes. This analysis sought to quantify U.S. residents' acceptance of GM across five potential uses (grain production, fruit or vegetable production, livestock production, human medicine, and human health, i.e. disease vector control) and provides an in-depth analysis of a timely case study-the Zika virus (ZIKV). The two categories with the highest levels of acceptance for GM use were human medicine (62% acceptance) and human health (68% acceptance); the proportions agreeing with the use of GM for these two categories were statistically different from all other categories. Acceptance of GM in food uses revealed 44% of the sample accepted the use of GM in livestock production while grain production and fruit and vegetable production showed similar levels of agreement with 49% and 48% of responses, respectively. Two variables were significant in all five models predicting GM acceptance; namely, being male and GM awareness. Being male was significant and positive for all models; respondents who reported being male were more likely (than those who reported female) to agree with all five of the uses of GM studied. Those who were reportedly aware of GM mosquito technology were also more likely to agree with all uses of GM technology investigated. The potential relationship between awareness of GM technology uses and acceptance of other uses could help inform rates of acceptance of new technologies by various population segments.

When is genetic modification socially acceptable? When used to advance human health through avenues other than food

PubMed Central

Olynk Widmar, Nicole J.; Tyner, Wallace E.; Ruple, Audrey

2017-01-01

Given the potential for genetic modification (GM) to impact human health, via food and health mechanisms, a greater understanding of the social acceptance of GM is necessary to facilitate improved health outcomes. This analysis sought to quantify U.S. residents’ acceptance of GM across five potential uses (grain production, fruit or vegetable production, livestock production, human medicine, and human health, i.e. disease vector control) and provides an in-depth analysis of a timely case study–the Zika virus (ZIKV). The two categories with the highest levels of acceptance for GM use were human medicine (62% acceptance) and human health (68% acceptance); the proportions agreeing with the use of GM for these two categories were statistically different from all other categories. Acceptance of GM in food uses revealed 44% of the sample accepted the use of GM in livestock production while grain production and fruit and vegetable production showed similar levels of agreement with 49% and 48% of responses, respectively. Two variables were significant in all five models predicting GM acceptance; namely, being male and GM awareness. Being male was significant and positive for all models; respondents who reported being male were more likely (than those who reported female) to agree with all five of the uses of GM studied. Those who were reportedly aware of GM mosquito technology were also more likely to agree with all uses of GM technology investigated. The potential relationship between awareness of GM technology uses and acceptance of other uses could help inform rates of acceptance of new technologies by various population segments. PMID:28591218

40 CFR 180.438 - Lambda-cyhalothrin and an isomer gamma-cyhalothrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with..., seed 1.0 Cattle, fat 3.0 Cattle, meat 0.2 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, flour 0.15 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, grain...

40 CFR 180.438 - Lambda-cyhalothrin and an isomer gamma-cyhalothrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with..., seed 1.0 Cattle, fat 3.0 Cattle, meat 0.2 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, flour 0.15 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, grain...

40 CFR 180.438 - Lambda-cyhalothrin and an isomer gamma-cyhalothrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with..., seed 1.0 Cattle, fat 3.0 Cattle, meat 0.2 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, flour 0.15 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, grain...

IL-3 specifically inhibits GM-CSF binding to the higher affinity receptor

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Taketazu, F.; Chiba, S.; Shibuya, K.

1991-02-01

The inhibition of binding between human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and its receptor by human interleukin-3 (IL-3) was observed in myelogenous leukemia cell line KG-1 which bore the receptors both for GM-CSF and IL-3. In contrast, this phenomenon was not observed in histiocytic lymphoma cell line U-937 or in gastric carcinoma cell line KATO III, both of which have apparent GM-CSF receptor but an undetectable IL-3 receptor. In KG-1 cells, the cross-inhibition was preferentially observed when the binding of GM-CSF was performed under the high-affinity binding condition; i.e., a low concentration of 125I-GM-CSF was incubated. Scatchard analysis of 125I-GM-CSF bindingmore » to KG-1 cells in the absence and in the presence of unlabeled IL-3 demonstrated that IL-3 inhibited GM-CSF binding to the higher-affinity component of GM-CSF receptor on KG-1 cells. Moreover, a chemical cross-linking study has revealed that the cross-inhibition of the GM-CSF binding observed in KG-1 cells is specific for the beta-chain, Mr 135,000 binding protein which has been identified as a component forming the high-affinity GM-CSF receptor existing specifically on hemopoietic cells.« less

Ligand Extraction Properties of the GM2 Activator Protein and Its Interactions with Lipid Vesicles

PubMed Central

Ran, Yong; Fanucci, Gail E.

2009-01-01

Abstract The GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) is an accessory protein required for the enzymatic conversion of GM2 to GM3 by hydrolases in the lysosomal compartments of cells. Here, GM2AP interactions with lipid vesicles are investigated by sucrose-loaded vesicle sedimentation and gel filtration assays, and the effects of pH and lipid composition on membrane binding and lipid extraction are characterized. The sedimentation experiments allow for facile quantification of the percentage of protein in solution and on the bilayer surface, with detailed analysis of the protein:lipid complex that remains in solution. Optimum binding and ligand extraction is found for pH 4.8 where <15% of the protein remains surface associated regardless of the lipid composition. In addition to extracting GM2, we find that GM2AP readily extracts dansyl-headgroup-labeled lipids as well as other phospholipids from vesicles. The ability of GM2AP to extract dansyl-DHPE from vesicles is altered by pH and the specific ligand GM2. Although the unique endosomal lipid, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, is not required for ligand extraction, it does enhance the extraction efficiency of GM2 when cholesterol is present in the vesicles. PMID:19580763

GM2-ganglioside metabolism in hexosaminidase A deficiency states: determination in situ using labeled GM2 added to fibroblast cultures

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Raghavan, S.S.; Krusell, A.; Krusell, J.

1985-11-01

To clarify the relationship between hexosaminidase A (HEX A) activity and GM2-ganglioside hydrolysis in atypical clinical situations of HEX A deficiency, we have developed a simple method to assess GM2-ganglioside metabolism in cultured fibroblasts utilizing GM2 labeled with tritium in the sphingosine portion of the molecule. The radioactive lipid is added to the media of cultured skin fibroblasts, and after 10 days the cells are thoroughly washed, then harvested, and their lipid composition analyzed by HPLC. The degree of hydrolysis of the ingested GM2 is determined by comparing the amount of radioactive counts recovered in undegraded substrate with total cellularmore » radioactivity. A deficiency in GM2-ganglioside hydrolysis was demonstrated in seven HEX A-deficient adults with neurological signs and in two healthy-appearing adolescents with older affected siblings. In each case, an analysis of endogenous monosialoganglioside composition revealed an increase in GM2-ganglioside, confirming the presence of a block in the metabolism of GM2. No defect in GM2-catabolism was found in four other healthy individuals with HEX A deficiency. This method of assay is especially helpful in the evaluation of atypical cases of HEX A deficiency for the definitive diagnosis of GM2-gangliosidosis.« less

Ligand extraction properties of the GM2 activator protein and its interactions with lipid vesicles.

PubMed

Ran, Yong; Fanucci, Gail E

2009-07-08

The GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) is an accessory protein required for the enzymatic conversion of GM2 to GM3 by hydrolases in the lysosomal compartments of cells. Here, GM2AP interactions with lipid vesicles are investigated by sucrose-loaded vesicle sedimentation and gel filtration assays, and the effects of pH and lipid composition on membrane binding and lipid extraction are characterized. The sedimentation experiments allow for facile quantification of the percentage of protein in solution and on the bilayer surface, with detailed analysis of the protein:lipid complex that remains in solution. Optimum binding and ligand extraction is found for pH 4.8 where <15% of the protein remains surface associated regardless of the lipid composition. In addition to extracting GM2, we find that GM2AP readily extracts dansyl-headgroup-labeled lipids as well as other phospholipids from vesicles. The ability of GM2AP to extract dansyl-DHPE from vesicles is altered by pH and the specific ligand GM2. Although the unique endosomal lipid, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, is not required for ligand extraction, it does enhance the extraction efficiency of GM2 when cholesterol is present in the vesicles.

Interactions of the GM2 activator protein with phosphatidylcholine bilayers: a site-directed spin-labeling power saturation study.

PubMed

Mathias, Jordan D; Ran, Yong; Carter, Jeffery D; Fanucci, Gail E

2009-09-02

The GM2 activator protein (GM2AP) is an accessory protein that is an essential component in the catabolism of the ganglioside GM2. A function of GM2AP is to bind and extract GM2 from intralysosomal vesicles, forming a soluble protein-lipid complex, which interacts with the hydrolase Hexosaminidase A, the enzyme that cleaves the terminal sugar group of GM2. Here, we used site-directed spin labeling with power saturation electron paramagnetic resonance to determine the surface-bound orientation of GM2AP upon phosphatidylcholine vesicles. Because GM2AP extracts lipid ligands from the vesicle and is undergoing exchange on and off the vesicle surface, we utilized a nickel-chelating lipid to localize the paramagnetic metal collider to the lipid bilayer-aqueous interface. Spin-labeled sites that collide with the lipid-bound metal relaxing agent provide a means for mapping sites of the protein that interact with the lipid bilayer interface. Results show that GM2AP binds to lipid bilayers such that the residues lining the lipid-binding cavity lie on the vesicle surface. This orientation creates a favorable microenvironment that can allow for the lipid tails to flip out of the bilayer directly into the hydrophobic pocket of GM2AP.

Nonadverse effects on allergenicity of isopentenyltransferase-transformed broccoli.

PubMed

Liao, E C; Chen, J T; Chao, M L; Yu, S C; Chang, C Y; Chu, W S; Tsai, J J

2013-01-01

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) provide modern agriculture with improvements in efficiency and the benefits of enhanced food production; however, the potential impact of GMOs on human health has not yet been clarified. To investigate the allergenicity of isopentenyltransferase (ipt)-transformed broccoli compared with non-GM broccoli. Sera from allergic individuals were used to identify the allergenicity of GM and non-GM broccoli. Immunoglobulin (Ig) binding of different lines of GM and non-GM broccoli was identified using immunoblotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the histamin release assay. Positive reactions to broccoli (Brassica Oleracea) were observed in 7.02% of individuals. Specific IgE to broccoli and total IgE fro allergic individuals were well correlated. The different tests performed showed no significant differences in the allergenicity of conventionally raised and GM broccoli, indicating the absence of unexpected effects on allergenicity in ipt-transformed plants. Using Western blot analysis we detected heterogeneous IgE-reactive allergenic components in broccoli-allergic sera, but no significant differences between GM an non-GM broccoli were observed in serum from the same patients. Our study demonstrates that there are no differences between GM (ipt-transformed) broccoli and non-GM broccoli, as determined by specific IgE in sera from broccoli-allergic patients. This indicates that there were no unexpected effects on allergenicity in this GM broccoli.

Allelopathic effect of methanolic extracts of genetically modified and non-genetically modified canola on soybean.

PubMed

Syed, Kashmala; Shinwari, Zabta Khan

2016-03-01

This study on the effect of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM canola on soybean was carried out for physiological and biochemical biosafety assessment of GM canola. Methanolic extracts of GM and non-GM canola were assessed on seed germination and growth of soybean (Glycine max L.) under sterilized conditions. The extracts applied were of 3, 5, and 10% concentrations. The results showed that methanolic extracts of both GM and non-GM canola improved the germination percentage. However, germination rate index was significantly decreased with concomitant increase in mean germination time of soybean. A significant rate of decrease was observed in root fresh weight while increase in shoot length took place; when treatment of GM canola extracts were applied, however, no effect was observed in shoot fresh weight. A significant increase in protein contents, as well as phenolic, carotenoids, proline, and chlorophyll a content, was observed when different GM canola treatments (3, 5, and 10%) were applied to soybean; however, a significant rate of reduction in chlorophyll b content was observed by the application of GM canola treatment. Similar results were observed for superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase activities. A significant increase in the sugar content levels was observed when GM canola treatments (3, 5, and 10%) were applied to soybean. © The Author(s) 2013.

In cellulo examination of a beta-alpha hybrid construct of beta-hexosaminidase A subunits, reported to interact with the GM2 activator protein and hydrolyze GM2 ganglioside.

PubMed

Sinici, Incilay; Yonekawa, Sayuri; Tkachyova, Ilona; Gray, Steven J; Samulski, R Jude; Wakarchuk, Warren; Mark, Brian L; Mahuran, Don J

2013-01-01

The hydrolysis in lysosomes of GM2 ganglioside to GM3 ganglioside requires the correct synthesis, intracellular assembly and transport of three separate gene products; i.e., the alpha and beta subunits of heterodimeric beta-hexosaminidase A, E.C. # 3.2.1.52 (encoded by the HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively), and the GM2-activator protein (GM2AP, encoded by the GM2A gene). Mutations in any one of these genes can result in one of three neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as GM2 gangliosidosis (HEXA, Tay-Sachs disease, MIM # 272800; HEXB, Sandhoff disease, MIM # 268800; and GM2A, AB-variant form, MIM # 272750). Elements of both of the hexosaminidase A subunits are needed to productively interact with the GM2 ganglioside-GM2AP complex in the lysosome. Some of these elements have been predicted from the crystal structures of hexosaminidase and the activator. Recently a hybrid of the two subunits has been constructed and reported to be capable of forming homodimers that can perform this reaction in vivo, which could greatly simplify vector-mediated gene transfer approaches for Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff diseases. A cDNA encoding a hybrid hexosaminidase subunit capable of dimerizing and hydrolyzing GM2 ganglioside could be incorporated into a single vector, whereas packaging both subunits of hexosaminidase A into vectors, such as adeno-associated virus, would be impractical due to size constraints. In this report we examine the previously published hybrid construct (H1) and a new more extensive hybrid (H2), with our documented in cellulo (live cell- based) assay utilizing a fluorescent GM2 ganglioside derivative. Unfortunately when Tay-Sachs cells were transfected with either the H1 or H2 hybrid construct and then were fed the GM2 derivative, no significant increase in its turnover was detected. In vitro assays with the isolated H1 or H2 homodimers confirmed that neither was capable of human GM2AP-dependent hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside.

Enhanced expression of unique gangliosides with GM2-determinant in human uterine cervical carcinoma-derived cell lines.

PubMed

Tanaka, Kyoko; Miyazawa, Masaki; Mikami, Mikio; Aoki, Daisuke; Kiguchi, Kazushige; Iwamori, Masao

2016-10-01

Monoclonal antibody YHD-06 generated by immunization with GM2 reacted with gangliosides with GM2-determinant, i.e., GM2, GalNAc-GM1b and GalNAc-GD1a, among which GalNAc-GD1a was characterized as an antigen of autoimmune peripheral neuropathies including Guillain-Barré syndrome. When glycolipids were examined by TLC-immunostaining with YHD-06 in seven human cervical carcinoma-derived cell lines, GM2 was found in all cell lines, amounting to 15.5 % to 57.5 % of total gangliosides. Whereas GalNAc-GD1a was present in three cell lines, amounting to 5.4-17.5 % of total gangliosides, and GalNAc-GM1b in four cell lines in amounts of less than 2 %. The elevated amounts of gangliosides with GM2 determinant were closely correlated with the relative intensities of gene expression of GalNAc transferase, this being characteristic of cervical carcinoma-derived cells. However, in tissues from patients with several histological types of cervical carcinomas, GM3 was ubiquitously expressed in amounts of more than 66 % of total gangliosides, GM2 was expressed in only five of 15 tissues, and both GalNAc-GM1b and GalNAc-GD1a were not even detected in trace amounts. Since GM1 was detected in all tissues in amounts of less than 0.06 μg/mg dried tissue, all cervical carcinoma tissues were revealed to exhibit GM2 synthesis, indicating that enhanced synthesis of gangliosides with GM2 determinant is a characteristic of cultivated cells in vitro. Similarly, although I(3)SO3-GalCer was not present in the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) tissues, SCC-derived cells selectively expressed II(3)SO3-LacCer. Since enhanced synthesis of GM2 has been reported in SV-40 virus-transfected fibroblasts, papilloma virus might be involved in the expression of GM2 in cervical carcinoma-derived cells.

In Cellulo Examination of a Beta-Alpha Hybrid Construct of Beta-Hexosaminidase A Subunits, Reported to Interact with the GM2 Activator Protein and Hydrolyze GM2 Ganglioside

PubMed Central

Sinici, Incilay; Yonekawa, Sayuri; Tkachyova, Ilona; Gray, Steven J.; Samulski, R. Jude; Wakarchuk, Warren; Mark, Brian L.; Mahuran, Don J.

2013-01-01

The hydrolysis in lysosomes of GM2 ganglioside to GM3 ganglioside requires the correct synthesis, intracellular assembly and transport of three separate gene products; i.e., the alpha and beta subunits of heterodimeric beta-hexosaminidase A, E.C. # 3.2.1.52 (encoded by the HEXA and HEXB genes, respectively), and the GM2-activator protein (GM2AP, encoded by the GM2A gene). Mutations in any one of these genes can result in one of three neurodegenerative diseases collectively known as GM2 gangliosidosis (HEXA, Tay-Sachs disease, MIM # 272800; HEXB, Sandhoff disease, MIM # 268800; and GM2A, AB-variant form, MIM # 272750). Elements of both of the hexosaminidase A subunits are needed to productively interact with the GM2 ganglioside-GM2AP complex in the lysosome. Some of these elements have been predicted from the crystal structures of hexosaminidase and the activator. Recently a hybrid of the two subunits has been constructed and reported to be capable of forming homodimers that can perform this reaction in vivo, which could greatly simplify vector-mediated gene transfer approaches for Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff diseases. A cDNA encoding a hybrid hexosaminidase subunit capable of dimerizing and hydrolyzing GM2 ganglioside could be incorporated into a single vector, whereas packaging both subunits of hexosaminidase A into vectors, such as adeno-associated virus, would be impractical due to size constraints. In this report we examine the previously published hybrid construct (H1) and a new more extensive hybrid (H2), with our documented in cellulo (live cell- based) assay utilizing a fluorescent GM2 ganglioside derivative. Unfortunately when Tay-Sachs cells were transfected with either the H1 or H2 hybrid construct and then were fed the GM2 derivative, no significant increase in its turnover was detected. In vitro assays with the isolated H1 or H2 homodimers confirmed that neither was capable of human GM2AP-dependent hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside. PMID:23483939

5 CFR 531.243 - Promotion of a GM employee.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 5 Administrative Personnel 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Promotion of a GM employee. 531.243... Promotion of a GM employee. (a) Upon promotion, an employee's status as a GM employee ends, as provided in § 531.241(b). (b) When an employee loses status as a GM employee because of a temporary promotion and is...

40 CFR 180.570 - Isoxadifen-ethyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... (safener) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.40 Corn, oil 0.50 Corn, pop, grain 0.04 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.04 Corn...

40 CFR 180.1206 - Aspergillus flavus AF36; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... tolerance is established for residues of Aspergillus flavus AF36 in or on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover, when...

40 CFR 180.1206 - Aspergillus flavus AF36; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... tolerance is established for residues of Aspergillus flavus AF36 in or on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover, when...

40 CFR 180.570 - Isoxadifen-ethyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... (safener) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.40 Corn, oil 0.50 Corn, pop, grain 0.04 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.04 Corn...

40 CFR 180.570 - Isoxadifen-ethyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... (safener) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.40 Corn, oil 0.50 Corn, pop, grain 0.04 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.04 Corn...

40 CFR 180.570 - Isoxadifen-ethyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... (safener) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.40 Corn, oil 0.50 Corn, pop, grain 0.04 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.04 Corn...

40 CFR 180.570 - Isoxadifen-ethyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... (safener) in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.40 Corn, oil 0.50 Corn, pop, grain 0.04 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.04 Corn...

40 CFR 180.1206 - Aspergillus flavus AF36; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... tolerance is established for residues of Aspergillus flavus AF36 in or on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain; and corn, pop, stover, when...

40 CFR 180.617 - Metconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

....04 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 4.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 4.5 Corn, sweet, forage 3.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn...

40 CFR 180.617 - Metconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

....04 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 4.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 4.5 Corn, sweet, forage 3.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn...

Production and purification of staphylococcal nuclease in Lactococcus lactis using a new expression-secretion system and a pH-regulated mini-reactor

PubMed Central

2010-01-01

Background Staphylococcal (or micrococcal) nuclease or thermonuclease (SNase or Nuc) is a naturally-secreted nucleic acid degrading enzyme that participates in Staphylococcus aureus spread in the infected host. Purified Nuc protein can be used as an exogenous reagent to clear cellular extracts and improve protein purification. Here, a recombinant form of Nuc was produced and secreted in a Gram-positive host, Lactococcus lactis, and purified from the culture medium. Results The gene segment corresponding to the S. aureus nuclease without its signal peptide was cloned in an expression-secretion vector. It was then fused to a lactococcal sequence encoding a signal peptide, and expressed under the control of a lactococcal promoter that is inducible by zinc starvation. An L. lactis subsp cremoris model strain (MG1363) transformed with the resulting plasmid was grown in either of two media (GM17v and CDM) that are free of animal compounds, allowing GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) production. Induction conditions (concentration of the metal chelator EDTA and timing of addition) in small-scale pH-regulated fermentors were optimized using LacMF (Lactis Multi-Fermentor), a home-made parallel fermentation control system able to monitor 12 reactors simultaneously. Large amounts of recombinant Nuc (rNuc) were produced and secreted in both media, and rNuc was purified from GM17v medium in a single-step procedure. Conclusions In L. lactis, rNuc production and secretion were optimal after induction by 0.5 mM EDTA in small scale (200 mL) GM17v exponential phase cultures (at an OD600 of 2), leading to a maximal protein yield of 210 mg per L of culture medium. Purified rNuc was highly active, displaying a specific activity of 2000 U/mg. PMID:20492646

Developing publicly acceptable tree health policy: public perceptions of tree-breeding solutions to ash dieback among interested publics in the UK.

PubMed

Jepson, Paul R; Arakelyan, Irina

2017-07-01

The UK needs to develop effective policy responses to the spread of tree pathogens and pests. This has been given the political urgency following the media and other commentary associated with the arrival of a disease that causes 'dieback' of European Ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) - a tree species with deep cultural associations. In 2014 the UK government published a plant biosecurity strategy and linked to this invested in research to inform policy. This paper reports the findings of a survey of informed UK publics on the acceptability of various potential strategies to deal with ash dieback, including "no action". During the summer of 2015, we conducted a face-to-face survey of 1152 respondents attending three major countryside events that attract distinct publics interested in the countryside: landowners & land managers; naturalists and gardeners. We found that UK publics who are likely to engage discursively and politically (through letter writing, petitions etc.) with the issue of ash dieback a) care about the issue, b) want an active response, c) do not really distinguish between ash trees in forestry or ecological settings, and d) prefer traditional breeding solutions. Further that e) younger people and gardeners are open to GM breeding techniques, but f) the more policy-empowered naturalists are more likely to be anti-GM. We suggest that these findings provide three 'steers' for science and policy: 1) policy needs to include an active intervention component involving the breeding of disease-tolerant trees, 2) that the development of disease tolerance using GM-technologies could be part of a tree-breeding policy, and 3) there is a need for an active dialogue with publics to manage expectations on the extent to which science and policy can control tree disease or, put another way, to build acceptability for the prospect that tree diseases may have to run their course.

Levels of Urine Cotinine from Hookah Smoking and Exposure to Hookah Tobacco Secondhand Smoke in Hookah Lounges and Homes.

PubMed

Kassem, Nada O F; Kassem, Noura O; Liles, Sandy; Jackson, Sheila R; Posis, Alexander Ivan B; Chatfield, Dale A; Hovell, Melbourne F

2018-03-01

Nicotine, an addictive drug, is present in all forms of tobacco products, including hookah tobacco, which is not yet regulated in the United States. This study aimed to investigate the uptake of nicotine in hookah smokers and non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke (SHS) at indoor hookah social events in natural settings where hookah tobacco was smoked exclusively. We quantified cotinine, a metabolite of nicotine, in the urine of 105 hookah smokers and 103 non-smokers. Participants provided spot urine samples the morning of and the morning after attending an indoor hookah-only smoking social event at a hookah lounge or in a private home. Following a social event where exclusively hookah tobacco was smoked, urinary cotinine levels increased significantly 8.5 times (geometric mean (GM): 16.0 ng/mg to 136.1 ng/mg) among hookah smokers, and 2.5 times (GM: 0.4 ng/mg to 1.0 ng/mg) among non-smokers exposed exclusively to hookah tobacco SHS. Among hookah smokers, the highest increase in urinary cotinine levels post a hookah event was found in occasional hookah smokers in which GM levels increased significantly 31.2 times post smoking (from 2.0 ng/mg to 62.3 ng/mg). Reported reasons for preference to smoke hookah at home by hookah smokers who attended a hookah social event in a private home included recreational purposes, socializing with friends and family, 'Me' time and relaxing at home, more comfortable to smoke hookah at home, owning a hookah and hookah tobacco, eating and drinking while smoking hookah, and saving money by smoking at home and not going to hookah lounges. Hookah tobacco smoke is a source of substantial nicotine exposure. Our results call for protecting hookah smokers' and non-smokers' health by requiring accurate hookah tobacco labels, raising taxes on hookah tobacco, reducing the spread of hookah lounges, and encouraging voluntary bans on smoking hookah tobacco in private homes.

Consumer choice: Linking consumer intentions to actual purchase of GM labeled food products.

PubMed

Sleenhoff, Susanne; Osseweijer, Patricia

2013-01-01

With a mandatory labeling scheme for GM food in Europe since 2004 measuring actual consumer choice in practice has become possible. Anticipating Europeans negative attitude toward GM food, the labeling was enforced to allow consumers to make an informed choice. We studied consumers actual purchase behavior of GM food products and compared this with their attitude and behavioral intention for buying GM food. We found that despite a majority of consumers voicing a negative attitude toward GM food over 50% of our European respondents stated that they did not actively avoid the purchase of GM food and 6% actually purchased one of the few available GM labeled food products in the period between September 2006 and October 2007. Our results imply that a voiced negative attitude of consumers in responses to questionnaires about their intentions is not a reliable guide for what they actually do in supermarkets. We conclude that the assumption of a negative attitude with regard to GM food is at least in part construed.

Synthesis and Evaluation of GM2-Monophosphoryl Lipid A Conjugate as a Fully Synthetic Self-Adjuvant Cancer Vaccine.

PubMed

Zhou, Zhifang; Mandal, Satadru S; Liao, Guochao; Guo, Jiatong; Guo, Zhongwu

2017-09-12

An efficient method was developed for the synthesis of a GM2 derivative suitable for the conjugation with various biomolecules. This GM2 derivative was covalently linked to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) to form novel therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunological evaluations of the resultant conjugates in mice revealed that they elicited robust GM2-specific overall and IgG antibody responses. Moreover, the GM2-MPLA conjugate was disclosed to elicit strong immune responses without the use of an adjuvant, proving its self-adjuvant property. The antisera of both conjugates showed strong binding and mediated similarly effective complement-dependent cytotoxicity to GM2-expressing cancer cell line MCF-7. Based on these results, it was concluded that both GM2-MPLA and GM2-KLH are promising candidates as therapeutic cancer vaccines, whereas fully synthetic GM2-MPLA, which has homogeneous and well-defined structure and self-adjuvant property, deserves more attention and studies.

Genetically engineered humanized anti-ganglioside GM2 antibody against multiple organ metastasis produced by GM2-expressing small-cell lung cancer cells.

PubMed

Yamada, Tadaaki; Bando, Hideaki; Takeuchi, Shinji; Kita, Kenji; Li, Qi; Wang, Wei; Akinaga, Shiro; Nishioka, Yasuhiko; Sone, Saburo; Yano, Seiji

2011-12-01

Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) grows rapidly and metastasizes to multiple organs. We examined the antimetastatic effects of the humanized anti-ganglioside GM2 (GM2) antibodies, BIW-8962 and KM8927, compared with the chimeric antibody KM966, in a SCID mouse model of multiple organ metastases induced by GM2-expressing SCLC cells. BIW-8962 and KM8927 induced higher antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity than KM966 against the GM2-expressing SCLC cell line SBC-3 in vitro. These humanized antibodies inhibited the production of multiple organ metastases, increased the number of apoptotic cells, and prolonged the survival of the SCID mice. Histological analyses using clinical specimens showed that SCLC cells expressed GM2. These findings suggest that humanized anti-GM2 antibodies could be therapeutically useful for controlling multiple organ metastases of GM2-expressing SCLC. © 2011 Japanese Cancer Association.

Neutralization and clearance of GM-CSF by autoantibodies in pulmonary alveolar proteinosis

PubMed Central

Piccoli, Luca; Campo, Ilaria; Fregni, Chiara Silacci; Rodriguez, Blanca Maria Fernandez; Minola, Andrea; Sallusto, Federica; Luisetti, Maurizio; Corti, Davide; Lanzavecchia, Antonio

2015-01-01

Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a severe autoimmune disease caused by autoantibodies that neutralize GM-CSF resulting in impaired function of alveolar macrophages. In this study, we characterize 21 GM-CSF autoantibodies from PAP patients and find that somatic mutations critically determine their specificity for the self-antigen. Individual antibodies only partially neutralize GM-CSF activity using an in vitro bioassay, depending on the experimental conditions, while, when injected in mice together with human GM-CSF, they lead to the accumulation of a large pool of circulating GM-CSF that remains partially bioavailable. In contrast, a combination of three non-cross-competing antibodies completely neutralizes GM-CSF activity in vitro by sequestering the cytokine in high-molecular-weight complexes, and in vivo promotes the rapid degradation of GM-CSF-containing immune complexes in an Fc-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings provide a plausible explanation for the severe phenotype of PAP patients and for the safety of treatments based on single anti-GM-CSF monoclonal antibodies. PMID:26077231

A comparative study of human IgE binding to proteins of a genetically modified (GM) soybean and six non-GM soybeans grown in multiple locations.

PubMed

Lu, Mei; Jin, Yuan; Ballmer-Weber, Barbara; Goodman, Richard E

2018-02-01

Prior to commercialization, genetically modified (GM) crops are evaluated to determine the allergenicity of the newly expressed protein. Some regulators require an evaluation of endogenous allergens in commonly allergenic crops including soybean to determine if genetic transformation increased endogenous allergen concentrations, even asking for IgE testing using sera from individual sensitized subjects. Little is known about the variability of the expression of endogenous allergens among non-GM varieties or under different environmental conditions. We tested IgE binding to endogenous allergenic proteins in an experimental non-commercial GM line, a non-GM near-isoline control, and five non-GM commercial soybean lines replicated at three geographically separated locations. One-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) immunoblotting and ELISA were performed using serum or plasma from eleven soybean allergic patients. The results of immunoblots and ELISA showed no significant differences in IgE binding between the GM line and its non-GM near-isoline control. However, some distinct differences in IgE binding patterns were observed among the non-GM commercial soybean lines and between different locations, highlighting the inherent variability in endogenous allergenic proteins. Understanding the potential variability in the levels of endogenous allergens is necessary to establish a standard of acceptance for GM soybeans compared to non-GM soybean events and lines. Copyright © 2018. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of CaMSRB2-Expressing Transgenic Rice Cultivation on Soil Microbial Communities.

PubMed

Sohn, Soo-In; Oh, Young-Ju; Kim, Byung-Yong; Cho, Hyun-Suk

2016-07-28

Although many studies on the effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on soil microorganisms have been carried out over the past decades, they have provided contradictory information, even for the same GM crop, owing to the diversity of the soil environments in which they were conducted. This inconsistency in results suggests that the effects of GM crops on soil microorganisms should be considered from many aspects. In this study, we investigated the effects of the GM drought-tolerant rice MSRB2-Bar-8, which expresses the CaMSRB2 gene, on soil microorganisms based on the culture-dependent and culture-independent methods. To this end, rhizosphere soils of GM and non-GM (IM) rice were analyzed for soil chemistry, population densities of soil microorganisms, and microbial community structure (using pyrosequencing technology) at three growth stages (seedling, tillering, and maturity). There was no significant difference in the soil chemistry between GM and non-GM rice. The microbial densities of the GM soils were found to be within the range of those of the non-GM rice. In the pyrosequencing analyses, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi were dominant at the seedling stage, while Chloroflexi showed dominance over Proteobacteria at the maturity stage in both the GM and non-GM soils. An UPGMA dendrogram showed that the soil microbial communities were clustered by growth stage. Taken together, the results from this study suggest that the effects of MSRB2-Bar-8 cultivation on soil microorganisms are not significant.

STAT3-Activated GM-CSFRα Translocates to the Nucleus and Protects CLL Cells from Apoptosis

PubMed Central

Li, Ping; Harris, David; Liu, Zhiming; Rozovski, Uri; Ferrajoli, Alessandra; Wang, Yongtao; Bueso-Ramos, Carlos; Hazan-Halevy, Inbal; Grgurevic, Srdana; Wierda, William; Burger, Jan; O'Brien, Susan; Faderl, Stefan; Keating, Michael; Estrov, Zeev

2014-01-01

Here it was determined that Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) cells express the α-subunit but not the β-subunit of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (GM-CSFR/CSF3R). GM-CSFRα was detected on the surface, in the cytosol, and the nucleus of CLL cells via confocal microscopy, cell fractionation, and GM-CSFRα antibody epitope mapping. Because STAT3 is frequently activated in CLL and the GM-CSFRα promoter harbors putative STAT3 consensus binding sites, MM1 cells were transfected with truncated forms of the GM-CSFRα promoter, then stimulated with IL-6 to activate STAT3 to identify STAT3 binding sites. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and an electoromobility shift assay (EMSA) confirmed STAT3 occupancy to those promoter regions in both IL-6 stimulated MM1 and CLL cells. Transfection of MM1 cells with STAT3 siRNA or CLL cells with STAT3 shRNA significantly down-regulated GM-CSFRα mRNA and protein levels. RNA transcripts, involved in regulating cell-survival pathways, and the proteins KAP1 (TRIM28) and ISG15 co-immunoprecipitated with GM-CSFRα. GM-CSFRα-bound KAP1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of STAT3, whereas ISG15 inhibited the NF-κB pathway. Nevertheless, overexpression of GM-CSFRα protected MM1 cells from dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, and GM-CSFRα knockdown induced apoptosis in CLL cells, suggesting that GM-CSFRα provides a ligand-independent survival advantage. PMID:24836891

Utilisation of corn (Zea mays) bran and corn fiber in the production of food components.

PubMed

Rose, Devin J; Inglett, George E; Liu, Sean X

2010-04-30

The milling of corn for the production of food constituents results in a number of low-value co-products. Two of the major co-products produced by this operation are corn bran and corn fiber, which currently have low commercial value. This review focuses on current and prospective research surrounding the utilization of corn fiber and corn bran in the production of potentially higher-value food components. Corn bran and corn fiber contain potentially useful components that may be harvested through physical, chemical or enzymatic means for the production of food ingredients or additives, including corn fiber oil, corn fiber gum, cellulosic fiber gels, xylo-oligosaccharides and ferulic acid. Components of corn bran and corn fiber may also be converted to food chemicals such as vanillin and xylitol. Commercialization of processes for the isolation or production of food products from corn bran or corn fiber has been met with numerous technical challenges, therefore further research that improves the production of these components from corn bran or corn fiber is needed.

40 CFR 180.431 - Clopyralid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 36.0 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 1.0 Corn, field, milled byproducts 1.5 Corn, field, stover 10.0 Corn, pop, grain 1.0 Corn, pop, stover 10.0 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 1.0 Corn, sweet, stover 10.0 Cranberry 4.0 Egg...

40 CFR 180.544 - Methoxyfenozide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Canistel 0.6 Cattle, fat 0.50 Cattle, meat 0.02 Coriander, leaves 30 Corn, field, forage 15 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.20 Corn, field, stover 125 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 125 Corn, sweet, forage 30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 60...

40 CFR 180.544 - Methoxyfenozide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.6 Cattle, fat 0.50 Cattle, meat 0.02 Cherimoya 0.60 Citrus, oil 100 Corn, field, forage 15 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.20 Corn, field, stover 125 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 125 Corn, sweet, forage 30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.220 - Atrazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cattle, meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.02 Corn, field, forage 1.5 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, forage 1.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, forage 15 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.20 Corn, sweet, stover 2.0 Goat, fat 0.02 Goat...

40 CFR 180.220 - Atrazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cattle, meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.02 Corn, field, forage 1.5 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, forage 1.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, forage 15 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.20 Corn, sweet, stover 2.0 Goat, fat 0.02 Goat...

40 CFR 180.220 - Atrazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cattle, meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.02 Corn, field, forage 1.5 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, forage 1.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, forage 15 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.20 Corn, sweet, stover 2.0 Goat, fat 0.02 Goat...

40 CFR 180.431 - Clopyralid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 36.0 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 1.0 Corn, field, milled byproducts 1.5 Corn, field, stover 10.0 Corn, pop, grain 1.0 Corn, pop, stover 10.0 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 1.0 Corn, sweet, stover 10.0 Cranberry 4.0 Egg...

40 CFR 180.617 - Metconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... byproducts 0.04 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 3.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn... Soybean, hay 6.0 Soybean, hulls 0.08 Soybean, seed 0.05 Sugarcane, cane 0.06 Vegetable, tuberous and corn...

Showing the Way: Oncolytic Adenoviruses as Chaperones of Immunostimulatory Adjuncts.

PubMed

Huang, Jing Li; LaRocca, Christopher J; Yamamoto, Masato

2016-09-19

Oncolytic adenoviruses (OAds) are increasingly recognized as vectors for immunotherapy in the treatment of various solid tumors. The myriads of advantages of using adenovirus include targeted specificity upon infection and selective replication, which lead to localized viral burst, exponential spread of OAds, and antitumor effect. OAds can also induce a strong immune reaction due to the massive release of tumor antigens upon cytolysis and the presence of viral antigens. This review will highlight recent advances in adenoviral vectors expressing immunostimulatory effectors, such as GM-CSF (granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor), interferon-α, interleukin-12, and CD40L. We will also discuss the combination of OAds with other immunotherapeutic strategies and describe the current understanding of how adenoviral vectors interact with the immune system to eliminate cancer cells.

Systematics of melt stagnation in peridotites from the Godzilla Megamullion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loocke, M.; Snow, J. E.; Ohara, Y.

2010-12-01

The Godzilla Megamullion (GM) Massif is the largest known example of an Oceanic Core Complex (OCC) or the exhumed footwall of a low angle-large offset oceanic detachment fault. It lies on the extinct Parece Vela Rift spreading center within the Parece Vela Back-arc Basin of the Philippine Sea. This has thus allowed for sampling of a young back-arc mantle section. Sampling of the massif has returned a dominantly ultramafic lithology, divided petrographically into depleted, fertile, and melt-percolated groups (1). Petrographic analysis of the extant peridotite thin section collection found that 44% of all GM peridotites (71 out of 161) exhibit evidence of plagioclase impregnation compared to the worldwide abyssal peridotite average of ~20% (2). The mullion is divided up into three regions, the proximal region ( closest to termination of spreading), the medial region, and the distal region (furthest from the termination of spreading)(3).Observations by region provide that 53% ( 62 out of 116 samples) in the proximal region (15 dredges), 12% ( 2 out of 17 samples) in the medial mullion (3 dredges), and 25% (7 out of 28) in the distal mullion (5 dredges) show of evidence of plagioclase impregnation (4). Major element analyses of spinels were completed using the Cameca SX-50 Electron Microprobe facility at the University of Houston. The Cr# [100 x Cr/(Cr + Al)] ranges from 10 to 65 with TiO2 concentrations ranging from less than 0.01 up to 1.6 wt%. When the Cr#s of the samples are plotted along the massif, a pattern of melt depletion exists that is consistent with the degree of plagioclase impregnation. In the distal region, Cr#s start at around an average of 35 and range up to 65 for melt percolated samples. In the medial region, a drop off in Cr# of about 1 Cr# per kilometer is observed with the trend bottoming out at around a Cr# of 10. In the proximal region, Cr#s closer to the medial region are observed as having more fertile values of around 20 but are found amongst melt-impregnated samples with values ranging up to 50. This range is seen as having increasing minimum and maximum values with distance away from the medial section until it reaches its peak at a base Cr# of 30 with a maximum of 65. From this trend, a general model for the secular evolution of the GM mantle section can be established (5). The ridge segment experienced normal mid-oceanic ridge growth with robust mantle melting during the time period represented by the distal region. At the boundary to the medial region, a steep drop-off in melt productivity was experienced, leading to minimal mantle melting during the time period represented by the medial region. Soon thereafter, melting began again, but was trapped in a thickened and cooling lithosphere, causing the melt to pool and react with its host peridotite. (1) Ohara, et al., (2003) G3. 4 (7), 8611, 10.1029/2002GC000469. (2) Dick (1989) Geol Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub. 42:71-105. (3) Ohara, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T33D-06 (4) Loocke, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T21A-1776 (5) Snow, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T33D-07

Death of a back-arc magmatic system: Temporal variations of melt-stagnation in peridotites from the Godzilla Megamullion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Loocke, M.; Snow, J. E.; Ohara, Y.

2011-12-01

Sampling of the Godzilla Megamullion (GM) Oceanic Core Complex located on the extinct Parece Vela Rift within the Philippine Sea has returned a dominantly ultramafic lithology comprised of distinct petrographically depleted, fertile, and melt-percolated groups of samples (1). Petrographic observations of the ultramafic rocks from GM coupled with major element geochemistry of spinels have exhibited systematic, temporal trends in the degree of melt-stagnation along the length of the OCC (2,3,4,5). Notable trends in the percentage of peridotite samples containing evidence of plagioclase impregnation as well as trends in spinel Cr# (Cr / Cr + Al), Mg# (Mg / Mg + Fe), and TiO2 are exhibited along the length of the structure. The distal portion of the mullion (the region closest to the breakaway) exhibits characteristics attributed to normal mid-ocean ridge spreading. The percentage of plagioclase impregnation is ˜25% (7 out of 28 samples), which compares to the roughly 20% average for abyssal peridotites (6). The average Cr# is 0.35 with variation from 0.3 to 0.6 in melt-reacted samples and the TiO2 follows suit with values lower than 0.12 wt. % with the exception of 1.6 wt. % for a single reacted sample. The Medial region exhibits a decrease in plagioclase percentage to 12% (2 out of 17 samples) and fertile Cr#s as low as 0.12 with low TiO2 (values <0.1 wt. %). The proximal region (the region closest to the termination of spreading) exhibits a large increase in the degree of plagioclase impregnation to 53% (62 out of 116 samples). Cr#s in the proximal region range from very fertile (0.12) to depleted (0.65) with an overall increase in the variation and maximum TiO2 content (0 to 0.8 wt. %). These length scale variations are interpreted to indicate a change in overall character for the magmatic system of the GM ridge segment with time. The distal region may represent a robust mantle section related to normal mid-oceanic ridge spreading that rapidly gives way to the fertile medial region. The medial region may then represent a portion of mantle rock which was present in the zone of melting beneath the ridge during the formation of the breakaway. The proximal region exhibits a large increase in melt-stagnation which can be attributed to the runaway process of entrapment of transient melt within the thickening lithosphere beneath the ridge. (1) Ohara, et al., (2003) G3. 4 (7), 8611, 10.1029/2002GC000469. (2) Ohara, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T33D-06 (3) Loocke, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T21A-1776 (4) Snow, et al., (2009), Eos Trans. AGU, 90(52), Fall Meet. Suppl. Abst.Num. T33D-07 (5)Loocke, M., Snow, J.E., and Ohara, Y. (2010), Systematics of melt stagnation in peridotites from the Godzilla Megamullion, Abstract T23A-2227 presented at 2010 Fall Meeting, AGU, San Francisco, Calif., 13-17 Dec. (6) Dick (1989) Geol Soc. Lond. Spec. Pub. 42:71-105.

Rare Variant of GM2 Gangliosidosis through Activator-Protein Deficiency.

PubMed

Brackmann, Florian; Kehrer, Christiane; Kustermann, Wibke; Böhringer, Judith; Krägeloh-Mann, Ingeborg; Trollmann, Regina

2017-04-01

GM2 gangliosidosis, AB variant, is a very rare form of GM2 gangliosidosis due to a deficiency of GM2 activator protein. We report on two patients with typical clinical features suggestive of GM2 gangliosidosis, but normal results for hexosaminidase A and hexosaminidase B as well as their corresponding genes. Genetic analysis of the gene encoding the activator protein, the GM2A gene, elucidated the cause of the disease, adding a novel mutation to the spectrum of GM2 AB variant. This report points out that in typical clinical constellations with normal enzyme results, genetic diagnostic for activator protein defects should be performed. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

Investigating GM Risk Perceptions: A Survey of Anti-GM and Environmental Campaign Group Members

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hall, Clare; Moran, Dominic

2006-01-01

This study investigates how members of anti-GM campaign groups and environment groups perceive the risks and benefits of genetically modified (GM) technology in food and agriculture. The study targeted these groups as the most risk-averse sector of society when considering GM technology. Survey respondents were asked to rank the current and future…

An overview of genetically modified crop governance, issues and challenges in Malaysia.

PubMed

Andrew, Johnny; Ismail, Normaz Wana; Djama, Marcel

2018-01-01

The application of agricultural biotechnology attracts the interest of many stakeholders. Genetically modified (GM) crops, for example, have been rapidly increasing in production for the last 20 years. Despite their known benefits, GM crops also pose many concerns not only to human and animal health but also to the environment. Malaysia, in general, allows the use of GM technology applications but it has to come with precautionary and safety measures consistent with the international obligations and domestic legal frameworks. This paper provides an overview of GM crop technology from international and national context and explores the governance and issues surrounding this technology application in Malaysia. Basically, GM research activities in Malaysia are still at an early stage of research and development and most of the GM crops approved for release are limited for food, feed and processing purposes. Even though Malaysia has not planted any GM crops commercially, actions toward such a direction seem promising. Several issues concerning GM crops as discussed in this paper will become more complex as the number of GM crops and varieties commercialised globally increase and Malaysia starts to plant GM crops. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

The soybean R2R3 MYB transcription factor GmMYB100 negatively regulates plant flavonoid biosynthesis.

PubMed

Yan, Junhui; Wang, Biao; Zhong, Yunpeng; Yao, Luming; Cheng, Linjing; Wu, Tianlong

2015-09-01

Soybean flavonoids, a group of important signaling molecules in plant-environment interaction, ubiquitously exist in soybean and are tightly regulated by many genes. Here we reported that GmMYB100, a gene encoding a R2R3 MYB transcription factor, is involved in soybean flavonoid biosynthesis. GmMYB100 is mainly expressed in flowers, leaves and immature embryo, and its level is decreased after pod ripening. Subcellular localization assay indicates that GmMYB100 is a nuclear protein. GmMYB100 has transactivation ability revealed by a yeast functional assay; whereas bioinformatic analysis suggests that GmMYB100 has a negative function in flavonoid biosynthesis. GmMYB100-overexpression represses the transcript levels of flavonoid-related genes in transgenic soybean hairy roots and Arabidopsis, and inhibits isoflavonoid (soybean) and flavonol (Arabidopsis) production in transgenic plants. Furthermore, the transcript levels of six flavonoid-related genes and flavonoid (isoflavonoid and flavone aglycones) accumulation are elevated in the GmMYB100-RNAi transgenic hairy roots. We also demonstrate that GmMYB100 protein depresses the promoter activities of soybean chalcone synthase and chalcone isomerase. These findings indicate that GmMYB100 is a negative regulator in soybean flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

Unique transcriptome signatures and GM-CSF expression in lymphocytes from patients with spondyloarthritis.

PubMed

Al-Mossawi, M H; Chen, L; Fang, H; Ridley, A; de Wit, J; Yager, N; Hammitzsch, A; Pulyakhina, I; Fairfax, B P; Simone, D; Yi, Yao; Bandyopadhyay, S; Doig, K; Gundle, R; Kendrick, B; Powrie, F; Knight, J C; Bowness, P

2017-11-15

Spondyloarthritis encompasses a group of common inflammatory diseases thought to be driven by IL-17A-secreting type-17 lymphocytes. Here we show increased numbers of GM-CSF-producing CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes in the blood and joints of patients with spondyloarthritis, and increased numbers of IL-17A + GM-CSF + double-producing CD4, CD8, γδ and NK cells. GM-CSF production in CD4 T cells occurs both independently and in combination with classical Th1 and Th17 cytokines. Type 3 innate lymphoid cells producing predominantly GM-CSF are expanded in synovial tissues from patients with spondyloarthritis. GM-CSF + CD4 + cells, isolated using a triple cytokine capture approach, have a specific transcriptional signature. Both GM-CSF + and IL-17A + GM-CSF + double-producing CD4 T cells express increased levels of GPR65, a proton-sensing receptor associated with spondyloarthritis in genome-wide association studies and pathogenicity in murine inflammatory disease models. Silencing GPR65 in primary CD4 T cells reduces GM-CSF production. GM-CSF and GPR65 may thus serve as targets for therapeutic intervention of spondyloarthritis.

Identification of transcriptional regulatory nodes in soybean defense networks using transient co-transactivation assays

PubMed Central

Wang, Yongli; Wang, Hui; Ma, Yujie; Du, Haiping; Yang, Qing; Yu, Deyue

2015-01-01

Plant responses to major environmental stressors, such as insect feeding, not only occur via the functions of defense genes but also involve a series of regulatory factors. Our previous transcriptome studies proposed that, in addition to two defense-related genes, GmVSPβ and GmN:IFR, a high proportion of transcription factors (TFs) participate in the incompatible soybean-common cutworm interaction networks. However, the regulatory mechanisms and effects of these TFs on those induced defense-related genes remain unknown. In the present work, we isolated and identified 12 genes encoding MYB, WRKY, NAC, bZIP, and DREB TFs from a common cutworm-induced cDNA library of a resistant soybean line. Sequence analysis of the promoters of three co-expressed genes, including GmVSPα, GmVSPβ, and GmN:IFR, revealed the enrichment of various TF-binding sites for defense and stress responses. To further identify the regulatory nodes composed of these TFs and defense gene promoters, we performed extensive transient co-transactivation assays to directly test the transcriptional activity of the 12 TFs binding at different levels to the three co-expressed gene promoters. The results showed that all 12 TFs were able to transactivate the GmVSPβ and GmN:IFR promoters. GmbZIP110 and GmMYB75 functioned as distinct regulators of GmVSPα/β and GmN:IFR expression, respectively, while GmWRKY39 acted as a common central regulator of GmVSPα/β and GmN:IFR expression. These corresponding TFs play crucial roles in coordinated plant defense regulation, which provides valuable information for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in insect-induced transcriptional regulation in soybean. More importantly, the identified TFs and suitable promoters can be used to engineer insect-resistant plants in molecular breeding studies. PMID:26579162

GM-CSF produced by non-hematopoietic cells is required for early epithelial cell proliferation and repair of injured colonic mucosa1,2

PubMed Central

Egea, Laia; McAllister, Christopher S.; Lakhdari, Omar; Minev, Ivelina; Shenouda, Steve; Kagnoff, Martin F.

2012-01-01

GM-CSF is a growth factor that promotes the survival and activation of macrophages and granulocytes, and dendritic cell (DC) differentiation and survival in vitro. The mechanism by which exogenous GM-CSF ameliorates the severity of Crohn’s disease in humans and colitis in murine models has been considered mainly to reflect its activity on myeloid cells. We used GM-CSF deficient (GM-CSF−/−) mice to probe the functional role of endogenous host-produced GM-CSF in a colitis model induced after injury to the colon epithelium. Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) at doses that resulted in little epithelial damage and mucosal ulceration in wild type (WT) mice resulted in marked colon ulceration and delayed ulcer healing in GM-CSF−/− mice. Colon crypt epithelial cell proliferation in vivo was significantly decreased in GM-CSF−/− mice at early times after DSS injury. This was paralleled by decreased expression of crypt epithelial cell genes involved in cell cycle, proliferation, and wound healing. Decreased crypt cell proliferation and delayed ulcer healing in GM-CSF−/− mice were rescued by exogenous GM-CSF, indicating the lack of a developmental abnormality in the epithelial cell proliferative response in those mice. Non-hematopoietic cells and not myeloid cells produced the GM-CSF important for colon epithelial proliferation after DSS-induced injury as revealed by bone marrow chimera and DC depletion experiments, with colon epithelial cells being the cellular source of GM-CSF. Endogenous epithelial cell produced GM-CSF has a novel non-redundant role in facilitating epithelial cell proliferation and ulcer healing in response to injury of the colon crypt epithelium. PMID:23325885

Effects of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating (GM-CSF) Factor on Corneal Epithelial Cells in Corneal Wound Healing Model

PubMed Central

Rho, Chang Rae; Park, Mi-young; Kang, Seungbum

2015-01-01

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that activates granulocyte and macrophage cell lineages. It is also known to have an important function in wound healing. This study investigated the effect of GM-CSF in wound healing of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). We used human GM-CSF derived from rice cells (rice cell-derived recombinant human GM-CSF; rhGM-CSF). An in vitro migration assay was performed to investigate the migration rate of HCECs treated with various concentrations of rhGM-CSF (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg/ml). MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were used to evaluate the proliferative effect of rhGM-CSF. The protein level of p38MAPK was analyzed by western blotting. For in vivo analysis, 100 golden Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups, and their corneas were de-epithelialized with alcohol and a blade. The experimental groups were treated with 10, 20, or 50 μg/ml rhGM-CSF four times daily, and the control group was treated with phosphate-buffered saline. The corneal wound-healing rate was evaluated by fluorescein staining at the initial wounding and 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after epithelial debridement. rhGM-CSF accelerated corneal epithelial wound healing both in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that rhGM-CSF treatment had no effects on HCEC proliferation. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression level of phosphorylated p38MAPK increased with rhGM-CSF treatment. These findings indicate that rhGM-CSF enhances corneal wound healing by accelerating cell migration. PMID:26376304

The GmFAD7 gene family from soybean: identification of novel genes and tissue-specific conformations of the FAD7 enzyme involved in desaturase activity.

PubMed

Andreu, Vanesa; Lagunas, Beatriz; Collados, Raquel; Picorel, Rafael; Alfonso, Miguel

2010-07-01

The FAD7 gene encodes a omega3 fatty acid desaturase which catalyses the production of trienoic fatty acids (TAs) in plant chloroplasts. A novel GmFAD7 gene (named GmFAD7-2) has been identified in soybean, with high homology to the previously annotated GmFAD7 gene. Genomic sequencing analysis together with searches at the soybean genome database further confirmed that both GmFAD7 genes were located in two different loci within the soybean genome, suggesting that the soybean omega3 plastidial desaturase FAD7 is encoded by two different paralogous genes. Both GmFAD7-1 and GmFAD7-2 genes were expressed in all soybean tissues examined, displaying their highest mRNA accumulation in leaves. This expression profile contrasted with GmFAD3A and GmFAD3B mRNA accumulation, which was very low in this tissue. These results suggested a concerted control of plastidial and reticular omega3 desaturase gene expression in soybean mature leaves. Analysis of GmFAD7 protein distribution in different soybean tissues showed that, in mature leaves, two bands were detected, coincident with the higher expression level of both GmFAD7 genes and the highest 18:3 fatty acid accumulation. By contrast, in seeds, where FAD7 activity is low, specific GmFAD7 protein conformations were observed. These GmFAD7 protein conformations were affected in vitro by changes in the redox conditions of thiol groups and iron availability. These results suggest the existence of tissue-specific post-translational regulatory mechanisms affecting the distribution and conformation of the FAD7 enzymes related with the control of its activity.

Roles of Soybean Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Protein GmPIP2;9 in Drought Tolerance and Seed Development.

PubMed

Lu, Linghong; Dong, Changhe; Liu, Ruifang; Zhou, Bin; Wang, Chuang; Shou, Huixia

2018-01-01

Aquaporins play an essential role in water uptake and transport in vascular plants. The soybean genome contains a total of 22 plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) genes. To identify candidate PIPs important for soybean yield and stress tolerance, we studied the transcript levels of all 22 soybean PIPs. We found that a GmPIP2 subfamily member, GmPIP2;9, was predominately expressed in roots and developing seeds. Here, we show that GmPIP2;9 localized to the plasma membrane and had high water channel activity when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Using transgenic soybean plants expressing a native GmPIP2;9 promoter driving a GUS-reporter gene, it was found high GUS expression in the roots, in particular, in the endoderm, pericycle, and vascular tissues of the roots of transgenic plants. In addition, GmPIP2;9 was also highly expressed in developing pods. GmPIP2;9 expression significantly increased in short term of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated drought stress treatment. GmPIP2;9 overexpression increased tolerance to drought stress in both solution cultures and soil plots. Drought stress in combination with GmPIP2;9 overexpression increased net CO 2 assimilation of photosynthesis, stomata conductance, and transpiration rate, suggesting that GmPIP2;9- overexpressing transgenic plants were less stressed than wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, field experiments showed that GmPIP2;9 -overexpressing plants had significantly more pod numbers and larger seed sizes than WT plants. In summary, the study demonstrated that GmPIP2;9 has water transport activity. Its relative high expression levels in roots and developing pods are in agreement with the phenotypes of GmPIP2;9 -overexpressing plants in drought stress tolerance and seed development.

Roles of Soybean Plasma Membrane Intrinsic Protein GmPIP2;9 in Drought Tolerance and Seed Development

PubMed Central

Lu, Linghong; Dong, Changhe; Liu, Ruifang; Zhou, Bin; Wang, Chuang; Shou, Huixia

2018-01-01

Aquaporins play an essential role in water uptake and transport in vascular plants. The soybean genome contains a total of 22 plasma membrane intrinsic protein (PIP) genes. To identify candidate PIPs important for soybean yield and stress tolerance, we studied the transcript levels of all 22 soybean PIPs. We found that a GmPIP2 subfamily member, GmPIP2;9, was predominately expressed in roots and developing seeds. Here, we show that GmPIP2;9 localized to the plasma membrane and had high water channel activity when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Using transgenic soybean plants expressing a native GmPIP2;9 promoter driving a GUS-reporter gene, it was found high GUS expression in the roots, in particular, in the endoderm, pericycle, and vascular tissues of the roots of transgenic plants. In addition, GmPIP2;9 was also highly expressed in developing pods. GmPIP2;9 expression significantly increased in short term of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-mediated drought stress treatment. GmPIP2;9 overexpression increased tolerance to drought stress in both solution cultures and soil plots. Drought stress in combination with GmPIP2;9 overexpression increased net CO2 assimilation of photosynthesis, stomata conductance, and transpiration rate, suggesting that GmPIP2;9-overexpressing transgenic plants were less stressed than wild-type (WT) plants. Furthermore, field experiments showed that GmPIP2;9-overexpressing plants had significantly more pod numbers and larger seed sizes than WT plants. In summary, the study demonstrated that GmPIP2;9 has water transport activity. Its relative high expression levels in roots and developing pods are in agreement with the phenotypes of GmPIP2;9-overexpressing plants in drought stress tolerance and seed development. PMID:29755491

Effects of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating (GM-CSF) Factor on Corneal Epithelial Cells in Corneal Wound Healing Model.

PubMed

Rho, Chang Rae; Park, Mi-young; Kang, Seungbum

2015-01-01

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a pleiotropic cytokine that activates granulocyte and macrophage cell lineages. It is also known to have an important function in wound healing. This study investigated the effect of GM-CSF in wound healing of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). We used human GM-CSF derived from rice cells (rice cell-derived recombinant human GM-CSF; rhGM-CSF). An in vitro migration assay was performed to investigate the migration rate of HCECs treated with various concentrations of rhGM-CSF (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 μg/ml). MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis were used to evaluate the proliferative effect of rhGM-CSF. The protein level of p38MAPK was analyzed by western blotting. For in vivo analysis, 100 golden Syrian hamsters were divided into four groups, and their corneas were de-epithelialized with alcohol and a blade. The experimental groups were treated with 10, 20, or 50 μg/ml rhGM-CSF four times daily, and the control group was treated with phosphate-buffered saline. The corneal wound-healing rate was evaluated by fluorescein staining at the initial wounding and 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after epithelial debridement. rhGM-CSF accelerated corneal epithelial wound healing both in vitro and in vivo. MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis revealed that rhGM-CSF treatment had no effects on HCEC proliferation. Western blot analysis demonstrated that the expression level of phosphorylated p38MAPK increased with rhGM-CSF treatment. These findings indicate that rhGM-CSF enhances corneal wound healing by accelerating cell migration.

75 FR 6576 - Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance; Technical Amendment

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-02-10

... the requirement of a tolerance is established for residues of Aspergillus flavus NRRL 21882 on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, field, aspirated grain fractions; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, stover; corn, pop, grain...

40 CFR 180.582 - Pyraclostrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 12.5 Citrus, oil 9.0 Coffee, bean, green 0.31 Corn, field, forage 5.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, refined oil 0.2 Corn, field, stover 17.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 17.0 Corn, sweet, forage 5.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 23.0 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.617 - Metconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... byproducts 0.04 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 4.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 4.5 Corn, sweet, forage 3.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn... Soybean, hay 6.0 Soybean, hulls 0.08 Soybean, seed 0.05 Sugarcane, cane 0.06 Vegetable, tuberous and corn...

40 CFR 180.220 - Atrazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Cattle, meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.02 Corn, field, forage 15 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, forage 1.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, forage 15 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.20 Corn, sweet, stover 2.0 Goat, fat 0.02 Goat, meat 0.02...

40 CFR 180.582 - Pyraclostrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 12.5 Citrus, oil 9.0 Coffee, bean, green 0.31 Corn, field, forage 5.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, refined oil 0.2 Corn, field, stover 17.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 17.0 Corn, sweet, forage 5.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.04 Corn, sweet, stover 23.0 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.220 - Atrazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cattle, meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.02 Corn, field, forage 15 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, forage 1.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, forage 15 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.20 Corn, sweet, stover 2.0 Goat, fat 0.02 Goat, meat 0.02...

40 CFR 180.617 - Metconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... byproducts 0.04 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 4.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 4.5 Corn, sweet, forage 3.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn... Soybean, hay 6.0 Soybean, hulls 0.08 Soybean, seed 0.05 Sugarcane, cane 0.06 Vegetable, tuberous and corn...

Edge effects, not connectivity, determine the incidence and development of a foliar fungal plant disease.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Johnson, Brenda, L.; Haddad, Nick, M.

2011-08-01

Using a model plant-pathogen system in a large-scale habitat corridor experiment, we found that corridors do not facilitate the movement of wind-dispersed plant pathogens, that connectivity of patches does not enhance levels of foliar fungal plant disease, and that edge effects are the key drivers of plant disease dynamics. Increased spread of infectious disease is often cited as a potential negative effect of habitat corridors used in conservation, but the impacts of corridors on pathogen movement have never been tested empirically. Using sweet corn (Zea mays) and southern corn leaf blight (Cochliobolus heterostrophus) as a model plant-pathogen system, we testedmore » the impacts of connectivity and habitat fragmentation on pathogen movement and disease development at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina, USA. Over time, less edgy patches had higher proportions of diseased plants, and distance of host plants to habitat edges was the greatest determinant of disease development. Variation in average daytime temperatures provided a possible mechanism for these disease patterns. Our results show that worries over the potentially harmful effects of conservation corridors on disease dynamics are misplaced, and that, in a conservation context, many diseases can be better managed by mitigating edge effects.« less

Japanese Consumer Perceptions of Genetically Modified Food: Findings From an International Comparative Study.

PubMed

Komoto, Keiko; Okamoto, Sawako; Hamada, Miki; Obana, Naoya; Samori, Mami; Imamura, Tomoaki

2016-08-29

Reports of food-related incidents, such as cows infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (2001) and the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011), engendered significant fear among Japanese consumers and led to multiple farmer suicides, even when no actual health damage occurred. The growing availability of genetically modified (GM) food is occurring against this backdrop of concern about food safety. Consumers need information to assess risk and make informed purchasing decisions. However, we lack a clear picture of Japanese consumer perceptions of GM food. This study aims to understand Japanese consumer perceptions of GM food for risk communication. Consumer perceptions of GM food were compared among 4 nations. A Web-based survey was conducted in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Participants were asked about demographics, fear of health hazards, resistance to GM and breeding-improved products, perception of GM technology and products, and willingness to pay. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted, as were t tests on dichotomous variables, and 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests. Of 1812 individuals who agreed to participate, 1705 (94%) responded: 457 from Japan and 416 each from France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The male/female and age group ratios were all about even. Some resistance to GM food was seen in all countries in this study. France showed the strongest resistance (P<.001), followed by Japan, which had stronger resistance than the United States and the United Kingdom (P<.001). Overall, females, people in their 60s and older, and those without higher education showed the greatest resistance to GM food. Japan showed stronger fear of food hazards than other nations (P<.001, odds ratio=2.408, CI: 1.614-3.594); Japanese and French respondents showed the strongest fear of hazards from GM food (P<.001). Regarding perceptions of GM technology and products, consumers in nations other than Japan would accept GM food if it were appropriately explained, they were provided with scientific data supporting its safety, and they understood that all food carries some risk. However, Japanese consumers tended to accept GM technology but rejected its application to food (P<.001). Of those willing to purchase GM food, consumers in Japan required a discount of 30% compared with about 20% in other nations. All consumers in our study showed resistance to GM food. Although no health hazards are known, respondents in Japan and France strongly recognized GM food as a health risk. Price discounts of 30% and GM technology may be communication cues to start discussions about GM food among Japanese consumers. Although education-only risk communication generally is not effective, such an approach may work in Japan to help consumers better understand GM technology and, eventually, GM food. The gap between accepting GM technology and rejecting its application to food should be explored further.

Japanese Consumer Perceptions of Genetically Modified Food: Findings From an International Comparative Study

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Background Reports of food-related incidents, such as cows infected with bovine spongiform encephalopathy (2001) and the Fukushima nuclear accident (2011), engendered significant fear among Japanese consumers and led to multiple farmer suicides, even when no actual health damage occurred. The growing availability of genetically modified (GM) food is occurring against this backdrop of concern about food safety. Consumers need information to assess risk and make informed purchasing decisions. However, we lack a clear picture of Japanese consumer perceptions of GM food. Objective This study aims to understand Japanese consumer perceptions of GM food for risk communication. Consumer perceptions of GM food were compared among 4 nations. Methods A Web-based survey was conducted in Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. Participants were asked about demographics, fear of health hazards, resistance to GM and breeding-improved products, perception of GM technology and products, and willingness to pay. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted, as were t tests on dichotomous variables, and 1-way analysis of variance and post hoc tests. Results Of 1812 individuals who agreed to participate, 1705 (94%) responded: 457 from Japan and 416 each from France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The male/female and age group ratios were all about even. Some resistance to GM food was seen in all countries in this study. France showed the strongest resistance (P<.001), followed by Japan, which had stronger resistance than the United States and the United Kingdom (P<.001). Overall, females, people in their 60s and older, and those without higher education showed the greatest resistance to GM food. Japan showed stronger fear of food hazards than other nations (P<.001, odds ratio=2.408, CI: 1.614-3.594); Japanese and French respondents showed the strongest fear of hazards from GM food (P<.001). Regarding perceptions of GM technology and products, consumers in nations other than Japan would accept GM food if it were appropriately explained, they were provided with scientific data supporting its safety, and they understood that all food carries some risk. However, Japanese consumers tended to accept GM technology but rejected its application to food (P<.001). Of those willing to purchase GM food, consumers in Japan required a discount of 30% compared with about 20% in other nations. Conclusion All consumers in our study showed resistance to GM food. Although no health hazards are known, respondents in Japan and France strongly recognized GM food as a health risk. Price discounts of 30% and GM technology may be communication cues to start discussions about GM food among Japanese consumers. Although education-only risk communication generally is not effective, such an approach may work in Japan to help consumers better understand GM technology and, eventually, GM food. The gap between accepting GM technology and rejecting its application to food should be explored further. PMID:27573588

GM2-activator protein: a new biomarker for lung cancer.

PubMed

Potprommanee, Laddawan; Ma, Haou-Tzong; Shank, Lalida; Juan, Yi-Hsiu; Liao, Wei-Yu; Chen, Shui-Tein; Yu, Chong-Jen

2015-01-01

Effective biomarkers for early diagnosis of lung cancer are needed. A recent study demonstrated that urinary GM2-activator protein (GM2AP) level was increased in lung cancer patients. This study aims to validate the potential application of GM2AP as a biomarker for diagnosis of lung cancer. Serum and urine samples were obtained from 189 participants (133 patients for treatment naive lung cancer, 26 healthy volunteers for urine, and 30 healthy volunteers for serum). GM2AP level was detected by Western blotting and quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The GM2AP expression in tumors and nontumor parts of lung tissues from 143 nonsmall cell lung cancers was detected by immunohistochemical stains. There was an 8.11 ± 1.36 folds increase in urine and a 5.41 ± 0.73 folds increase in serum level of GM2AP in lung cancer patients compared with healthy volunteers (p < 0.0001), achieving a 0.89 AUC value in urine and 0.90 AUC value in serum for the receiver-operating characteristic curves. Both serum and urine levels of GM2AP correlated significantly with pathology stages (urine, p = 0.009; serum, p < 0.0001). Using immunohistochemical, positive expression of GM2AP was found at 83.9% of nonsmall cell lung cancers patients and none in normal tissue. The GM2AP expression was significantly correlated with pathology stage (p = 0.0001). Patients with higher GM2AP expression had shorter overall survival (p = 0.045) and disease-free survival (p = 0.049) than lower GM2AP expression. Moreover, the multivariate analysis suggested GM2AP as an independent predictors of disease-free survival and overall survival. Our study demonstrates that GM2AP might serve as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with lung cancer.

Seaweed extract improve drought tolerance of soybean by regulating stress-response genes.

PubMed

Shukla, Pushp S; Shotton, Katy; Norman, Erin; Neily, Will; Critchley, Alan T; Prithiviraj, Balakrishnan

2018-02-01

There is an increasing global concern about the availability of water for agricultural use. Drought stress negatively impacts plant physiology and crop productivity. Soybean ( Glycine max ) is one of the important oilseed crops, and its productivity is often reduced by drought. In this study, a commercial extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) was evaluated for its potential to alleviate drought stress in soybean. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ANE on the response of soybean plants to drought stress by monitoring stomatal conductance, relative leaf water content, antioxidant activity and expression of stress-responsive genes. Plants treated with ANE had higher relative water content and higher stomatal conductance under drought stress. During early recovery in the post-drought phase, ANE treated plants had significantly higher stomatal conductance. The antioxidant activity was also found higher in the plants treated with ANE. In addition, ANE-treatment led to changes in the expression of stress-responsive genes: GmCYP707A1a , GmCYP707A3b , GmRD22 , GmRD20 , GmDREB1B , GmERD1 , GmNFYA3 , FIB1a , GmPIP1b , GmGST , GmBIP and GmTp55 . Taken together, these results suggest that applications of ANE improve the drought tolerance of soybean by changing physiology and gene expression.

[Application of DNA extraction kit, 'GM quicker' for detection of genetically modified soybeans].

PubMed

Sato, Noriko; Sugiura, Yoshitsugu; Tanaka, Toshitsugu

2012-01-01

Several DNA extraction methods have been officially introduced to detect genetically modified soybeans, but the choice of DNA extraction kits depend on the nature of the samples, such as grains or processed foods. To overcome this disadvantage, we examined whether the GM quicker kit is available for both grains and processed foods. We compared GM quicker with four approved DNA extraction kits in respect of DNA purity, copy numbers of lectin gene, and working time. We found that the DNA quality of GM quicker was superior to that of the other kits for grains, and the procedure was faster. However, in the case of processed foods, GM quicker was not superior to the other kits. We therefore investigated an unapproved GM quicker 3 kit, which is available for DNA extraction from processed foods, such as tofu and boiled soybeans. The GM quicker 3 kit provided good DNA quality from both grains and processed foods, so we made a minor modification of the GM quicker-based protocol that was suitable for processed foods, using GM quicker and its reagents. The modified method enhanced the performance of GM quicker with processed foods. We believe that GM quicker with the modified protocol is an excellent tool to obtain high-quality DNA from grains and processed foods for detection of genetically modified soybeans.

Effects of genetically modified cotton stalks on antibiotic resistance genes, intI1, and intI2 during pig manure composting.

PubMed

Duan, Manli; Gu, Jie; Wang, Xiaojuan; Li, Yang; Zhang, Sheqi; Yin, Yanan; Zhang, Ranran

2018-01-01

Genetically modified (GM) cotton production generates a large yield of stalks and their disposal is difficult. In order to study the feasibility of using GM cotton stalks for composting and the changes that occur in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during composting, we supplemented pig manure with GM or non-GM cotton stalks during composting and we compared their effects on the absolute abundances (AA) of intI1, intI2, and ARGs under the two treatments. The compost was mature after processing based on the germination index and C/N ratio. After composting, the AAs of ARGs, intI1, and intI2 were reduced by 41.7% and 45.0% in the non-GM and GM treatments, respectively. The ARG profiles were affected significantly by temperature and ammonia nitrogen. In addition, excluding tetC, GM cotton stalks had no significant effects on ARGs, intI1, and intI2 compared with the non-GM treatment (p < 0.05). Thus, similar to non-GM cotton stalks, GM cotton stalks can be used for aerobic composting with livestock manure, and the AAs of ARGs can be reduced. Furthermore, the results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the harmless utilization of GM cotton stalks. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry quantification of GM2 gangliosides in human peripheral cells and plasma.

PubMed

Fuller, Maria; Duplock, Stephen; Hein, Leanne K; Rigat, Brigitte A; Mahuran, Don J

2014-08-01

GM2 gangliosidosis is a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders resulting primarily from the excessive accumulation of GM2 gangliosides (GM2) in neuronal cells. As biomarkers for categorising patients and monitoring the effectiveness of developing therapies are lacking for this group of disorders, we sought to develop methodology to quantify GM2 levels in more readily attainable patient samples such as plasma, leukocytes, and cultured skin fibroblasts. Following organic extraction, gangliosides were partitioned into the aqueous phase and isolated using C18 solid-phase extraction columns. Relative quantification of three species of GM2 was achieved using LC/ESI-MS/MS with d35GM1 18:1/18:0 as an internal standard. The assay was linear over the biological range, and all GM2 gangliosidosis patients were demarcated from controls by elevated GM2 in cultured skin fibroblast extracts. However, in leukocytes only some molecular species could be used for differentiation and in plasma only one was informative. A reduction in GM2 was easily detected in patient skin fibroblasts after a short treatment with media from normal cells enriched in secreted β-hexosaminidase. This method may show promise for measuring the effectiveness of experimental therapies for GM2 gangliosidosis by allowing quantification of a reduction in the primary storage burden. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A novel subset of helper T cells promotes immune responses by secreting GM-CSF

PubMed Central

Zhang, J; Roberts, A I; Liu, C; Ren, G; Xu, G; Zhang, L; Devadas, S; Shi, Yufang

2013-01-01

Helper T cells are crucial for maintaining proper immune responses. Yet, they have an undefined relationship with one of the most potent immune stimulatory cytokines, granulocyte macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). By depleting major cytokines during the differentiation of CD4+ T cells in vitro, we derived cells that were found to produce large amounts of GM-CSF, but little of the cytokines produced by other helper T subsets. By their secretion of GM-CSF, this novel subset of helper T cells (which we have termed ThGM cells) promoted the production of cytokines by other T-cell subtypes, including type 1 helper T cell (Th1), type 2 helper T cell (Th2), type 1 cytotoxic T cell (Tc1), type 2 cytotoxic T cell (Tc2), and naive T cells, as evidenced by the fact that antibody neutralization of GM-CSF abolished this effect. ThGM cells were found to be highly prone to activation-induced cell death (AICD). Inhibitors of TRAIL or granzymes could not block AICD in ThGM cells, whereas inhibition of FasL/Fas interaction partially rescued ThGM cells from AICD. Thus, ThGM cells are a novel subpopulation of T helper cells that produce abundant GM-CSF, exhibit exquisite susceptibility to apoptosis, and therefore play a pivotal role in the regulation of the early stages of immune responses. PMID:24076588

Seaweed extract improve drought tolerance of soybean by regulating stress-response genes

PubMed Central

Shukla, Pushp S; Shotton, Katy; Norman, Erin; Neily, Will; Critchley, Alan T

2018-01-01

Abstract There is an increasing global concern about the availability of water for agricultural use. Drought stress negatively impacts plant physiology and crop productivity. Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the important oilseed crops, and its productivity is often reduced by drought. In this study, a commercial extract of Ascophyllum nodosum (ANE) was evaluated for its potential to alleviate drought stress in soybean. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of ANE on the response of soybean plants to drought stress by monitoring stomatal conductance, relative leaf water content, antioxidant activity and expression of stress-responsive genes. Plants treated with ANE had higher relative water content and higher stomatal conductance under drought stress. During early recovery in the post-drought phase, ANE treated plants had significantly higher stomatal conductance. The antioxidant activity was also found higher in the plants treated with ANE. In addition, ANE-treatment led to changes in the expression of stress-responsive genes: GmCYP707A1a, GmCYP707A3b, GmRD22, GmRD20, GmDREB1B, GmERD1, GmNFYA3, FIB1a, GmPIP1b, GmGST, GmBIP and GmTp55. Taken together, these results suggest that applications of ANE improve the drought tolerance of soybean by changing physiology and gene expression. PMID:29308122

Chemical Synthesis of GM2 Glycans, Bioconjugation with Bacteriophage Qβ, and the Induction of Anticancer Antibodies

PubMed Central

Yin, Zhaojun; Dulaney, Steven; McKay, Craig S.; Baniel, Claire; Kaczanowska, Katarzyna; Ramadan, Sherif; Finn, M. G.

2016-01-01

The development of carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines is an attractive approach towards tumor prevention and treatment. Herein, we focused on the ganglioside GM2 tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA), which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cells. GM2 was synthesized chemically and conjugated with a virus-like particle derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Although the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cyclo-addition reaction efficiently introduced 237 copies of GM2 per Qβ, this construct failed to induce significant amounts of anti-GM2 antibodies compared to the Qβ control. In contrast, GM2 immobilized on Qβ through a thiourea linker elicited high titers of IgG antibodies that recognized GM2-positive tumor cells and effectively induced cell lysis through complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, bacteriophage Qβ is a suitable platform to boost antibody responses towards GM2, a representative member of an important class of TACA: the ganglioside. PMID:26538065

Lyso-GM2 ganglioside: a possible biomarker of Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.

PubMed

Kodama, Takashi; Togawa, Tadayasu; Tsukimura, Takahiro; Kawashima, Ikuo; Matsuoka, Kazuhiko; Kitakaze, Keisuke; Tsuji, Daisuke; Itoh, Kohji; Ishida, Yo-Ichi; Suzuki, Minoru; Suzuki, Toshihiro; Sakuraba, Hitoshi

2011-01-01

To find a new biomarker of Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease. The lyso-GM2 ganglioside (lyso-GM2) levels in the brain and plasma in Sandhoff mice were measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography and the effect of a modified hexosaminidase (Hex) B exhibiting Hex A-like activity was examined. Then, the lyso-GM2 concentrations in human plasma samples were determined. The lyso-GM2 levels in the brain and plasma in Sandhoff mice were apparently increased compared with those in wild-type mice, and they decreased on intracerebroventricular administration of the modified Hex B. The lyso-GM2 levels in plasma of patients with Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease were increased, and the increase in lyso-GM2 was associated with a decrease in Hex A activity. Lyso-GM2 is expected to be a potential biomarker of Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease.

Lyso-GM2 Ganglioside: A Possible Biomarker of Tay-Sachs Disease and Sandhoff Disease

PubMed Central

Kodama, Takashi; Togawa, Tadayasu; Tsukimura, Takahiro; Kawashima, Ikuo; Matsuoka, Kazuhiko; Kitakaze, Keisuke; Tsuji, Daisuke; Itoh, Kohji; Ishida, Yo-ichi; Suzuki, Minoru; Suzuki, Toshihiro; Sakuraba, Hitoshi

2011-01-01

To find a new biomarker of Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease. The lyso-GM2 ganglioside (lyso-GM2) levels in the brain and plasma in Sandhoff mice were measured by means of high performance liquid chromatography and the effect of a modified hexosaminidase (Hex) B exhibiting Hex A-like activity was examined. Then, the lyso-GM2 concentrations in human plasma samples were determined. The lyso-GM2 levels in the brain and plasma in Sandhoff mice were apparently increased compared with those in wild-type mice, and they decreased on intracerebroventricular administration of the modified Hex B. The lyso-GM2 levels in plasma of patients with Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease were increased, and the increase in lyso-GM2 was associated with a decrease in Hex A activity. Lyso-GM2 is expected to be a potential biomarker of Tay-Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease. PMID:22205997

Potential subchronic food safety of the stacked trait transgenic maize GH5112E-117C in Sprague-Dawley rats.

PubMed

Han, Shiwen; Zou, Shiying; He, Xiaoyun; Huang, Kunlun; Mei, Xiaohong

2016-08-01

The food safety of stacked trait genetically modified (GM) maize GH5112E-117C containing insect-resistance gene Cry1Ah and glyphosate-resistant gene G2-aroA was evaluated in comparison to non-GM Hi-II maize fed to Sprague-Dawley rats during a 90-day subchronic feeding study. Three different dietary concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 %, w/w) of the GM maize were used or its corresponding non-GM maize. No biologically significant differences in the animals' clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, hematology, clinical chemistry, organ weights and histopathology were found between the stacked trait GM maize groups, and the non-GM maize groups. The results of the 90-day subchronic feeding study demonstrated that the stacked trait GM maize GH5112E-117C is as safe as the conventional non-GM maize Hi-II.

Discrimination of genetically modified sugar beets based on terahertz spectroscopy

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chen, Tao; Li, Zhi; Yin, Xianhua; Hu, Fangrong; Hu, Cong

2016-01-01

The objective of this paper was to apply terahertz (THz) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics techniques for discrimination of genetically modified (GM) and non-GM sugar beets. In this paper, the THz spectra of 84 sugar beet samples (36 GM sugar beets and 48 non-GM ones) were obtained by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system in the frequency range from 0.2 to 1.2 THz. Three chemometrics methods, principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant analysis (DA) and discriminant partial least squares (DPLS), were employed to classify sugar beet samples into two groups: genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and non-GMOs. The DPLS method yielded the best classification result, and the percentages of successful classification for GM and non-GM sugar beets were both 100%. Results of the present study demonstrate the usefulness of THz spectroscopy together with chemometrics methods as a powerful tool to distinguish GM and non-GM sugar beets.

Biological and biomedical aspects of genetically modified food.

PubMed

Celec, Peter; Kukucková, Martina; Renczésová, Veronika; Natarajan, Satheesh; Pálffy, Roland; Gardlík, Roman; Hodosy, Július; Behuliak, Michal; Vlková, Barbora; Minárik, Gabriel; Szemes, Tomás; Stuchlík, Stanislav; Turna, Ján

2005-12-01

Genetically modified (GM) foods are the product of one of the most progressive fields of science-biotechnology. There are major concerns about GM foods in the public; some of them are reasonable, some of them are not. Biomedical risks of GM foods include problems regarding the potential allergenicity, horizontal gene transfer, but environmental side effects on biodiversity must also be recognized. Numerous methods have been developed to assess the potential risk of every GM food type. Benefits of the first generation of GM foods were oriented towards the production process and companies, the second generation of GM foods offers, on contrary, various advantages and added value for the consumer. This includes improved nutritional composition or even therapeutic effects. Recombinant probiotics and the principle of alternative gene therapy represent the latest approach of using GM organisms for biomedical applications. This article tries to summarize and to explain the problematic topic of GM food.

Heterogeneity in the distribution of genetically modified and conventional oilseed rape within fields and seed lots.

PubMed

Begg, Graham S; Elliott, Martin J; Cullen, Danny W; Iannetta, Pietro P M; Squire, Geoff R

2008-10-01

The implementation of co-existence in the commercialisation of GM crops requires GM and non-GM products to be segregated in production and supply. However, maintaining segregation in oilseed rape will be made difficult by the highly persistent nature of this species. An understanding of its population dynamics is needed to predict persistence and develop potential strategies for control, while to ensure segregation is being achieved, the production of GM oilseed rape must be accompanied by the monitoring of GM levels in crop or seed populations. Heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of oilseed rape has the potential to affect both control and monitoring and, although a universal phenomenon in arable weeds and harvested seed lots, spatial heterogeneity in oilseed rape populations remains to be demonstrated and quantified. Here we investigate the distribution of crop and volunteer populations in a commercial field before and during the cultivation of the first conventional oilseed rape (winter) crop since the cultivation of a GM glufosinate-tolerant oilseed rape crop (spring) three years previously. GM presence was detected by ELISA for the PAT protein in each of three morphologically distinguishable phenotypes: autumn germinating crop-type plants (3% GM), autumn-germinating 'regrowths' (72% GM) and spring germinating 'small-type' plants (17% GM). Statistical models (Poisson log-normal and binomial logit-normal) were used to describe the spatial distribution of these populations at multiple spatial scales in the field and of GM presence in the harvested seed lot. Heterogeneity was a consistent feature in the distribution of GM and conventional oilseed rape. Large trends across the field (50 x 400 m) and seed lot (4 x 1.5 x 1.5 m) were observed in addition to small-scale heterogeneity, less than 20 m in the field and 20 cm in the seed lot. The heterogeneity was greater for the 'regrowth' and 'small' phenotypes, which were likely to be volunteers and included most of the GM plants detected, than for the largely non-GM 'crop' phenotype. The implications of the volunteer heterogeneity for field management and GM-sampling are discussed.

The Activin A-Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Axis Contributes to the Transcriptome of GM-CSF-Conditioned Human Macrophages.

PubMed

Nieto, Concha; Bragado, Rafael; Municio, Cristina; Sierra-Filardi, Elena; Alonso, Bárbara; Escribese, María M; Domínguez-Andrés, Jorge; Ardavín, Carlos; Castrillo, Antonio; Vega, Miguel A; Puig-Kröger, Amaya; Corbí, Angel L

2018-01-01

GM-CSF promotes the functional maturation of lung alveolar macrophages (A-MØ), whose differentiation is dependent on the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) transcription factor. In fact, blockade of GM-CSF-initiated signaling or deletion of the PPARγ-encoding gene PPARG leads to functionally defective A-MØ and the onset of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. In vitro , macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF display potent proinflammatory, immunogenic and tumor growth-limiting activities. Since GM-CSF upregulates PPARγ expression, we hypothesized that PPARγ might contribute to the gene signature and functional profile of human GM-CSF-conditioned macrophages. To verify this hypothesis, PPARγ expression and activity was assessed in human monocyte-derived macrophages generated in the presence of GM-CSF [proinflammatory GM-CSF-conditioned human monocyte-derived macrophages (GM-MØ)] or M-CSF (anti-inflammatory M-MØ), as well as in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ. GM-MØ showed higher PPARγ expression than M-MØ, and the expression of PPARγ in GM-MØ was found to largely depend on activin A. Ligand-induced activation of PPARγ also resulted in distinct transcriptional and functional outcomes in GM-MØ and M-MØ. Moreover, and in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, PPARγ knockdown significantly altered the GM-MØ transcriptome, causing a global upregulation of proinflammatory genes and significantly modulating the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation and migration. Similar effects were observed in ex vivo isolated human A-MØ, where PPARγ silencing led to enhanced expression of genes coding for growth factors and chemokines and downregulation of cell surface pathogen receptors. Therefore, PPARγ shapes the transcriptome of GM-CSF-dependent human macrophages ( in vitro derived GM-MØ and ex vivo isolated A-MØ) in the absence of exogenous activating ligands, and its expression is primarily regulated by activin A. These results suggest that activin A, through enhancement of PPARγ expression, help macrophages to switch from a proinflammatory to an anti-inflammatory polarization state, thus contributing to limit tissue damage and restore homeostasis.

Association between Immunoglobulin GM and KM Genotypes and Placental Malaria in HIV-1 Negative and Positive Women in Western Kenya

PubMed Central

Iriemenam, Nnaemeka C.; Pandey, Janardan P.; Williamson, John; Blackstock, Anna J.; Yesupriya, Ajay; Namboodiri, Aryan M.; Rocca, Keith M.; van Eijk, Anna Maria; Ayisi, John; Oteino, Juliana; Lal, Renu B.; ter Kuile, Feiko O.; Steketee, Richard; Nahlen, Bernard; Slutsker, Laurence; Shi, Ya Ping

2013-01-01

Immunoglobulin (Ig) GM and KM allotypes, genetic markers of γ and κ chains, are associated with humoral immune responsiveness. Previous studies have shown the relationships between GM6-carrying haplotypes and susceptibility to malaria infection in children and adults; however, the role of the genetic markers in placental malaria (PM) infection and PM with HIV co-infection during pregnancy has not been investigated. We examined the relationship between the gene polymorphisms of Ig GM6 and KM allotypes and the risk of PM infection in pregnant women with known HIV status. DNA samples from 728 pregnant women were genotyped for GM6 and KM alleles using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Individual GM6 and KM genotypes and the combined GM6 and KM genotypes were assessed in relation to PM in HIV-1 negative and positive women, respectively. There was no significant effect of individual GM6 and KM genotypes on the risk of PM infection in HIV-1 negative and positive women. However, the combination of homozygosity for GM6(+) and KM3 was associated with decreased risk of PM (adjusted OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.08–0.8; P = 0.019) in HIV-1 negative women while in HIV-1 positive women the combination of GM6(+/−) with either KM1-3 or KM1 was associated with increased risk of PM infection (adjusted OR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.18–3.73; P = 0.011). Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) tests further showed an overall significant positive F(is) (indication of deficit in heterozygotes) for GM6 while there was no deviation for KM genotype frequency from HWE in the same population. These findings suggest that the combination of homozygous GM6(+) and KM3 may protect against PM in HIV-1 negative women while the HIV-1 positive women with heterozygous GM6(+/−) combined with KM1-3 or KM1 may be more susceptible to PM infection. The deficit in heterozygotes for GM6 further suggests that GM6 could be under selection likely by malaria infection. PMID:23326546

Twin- or single-screw extrusion of raw soybeans and preconditioned soybean meal and corn as individual ingredients or as corn-soybean product blends in diets for weanling swine.

PubMed

Veum, T L; Serrano, X; Hsieh, F H

2017-03-01

Two 28-d experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of extrusion of ground yellow corn, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM), and cracked whole soybeans (CWS) individually or as corn-soybean product blends on growth performance of weanling pigs. For Exp. 1, ground corn, SBM, and the corn-SBM blend were extruded at 137.5°C, 131.5°C, and 135.0°C, respectively, in a twin-screw extruder. Transit time was 60 s. Water was injected at 125 gmin during extrusion. The 5 treatments were the corn-SBM control diet and the diets with extruded (EX) corn + SBM, EX-SBM + corn, EX-corn + EX-SBM, and the EX-blend of corn-SBM. Ninety crossbred pigs with an initial average BW of 5.98 kg were allotted to 9 treatment replications with a barrow and gilt per pen. For Exp. 2, ground corn was preconditioned with water (10.0% of corn weight), and SBM was preconditioned with water and soybean oil (each at 20.0% of SBM weight) before extrusion. Raw CWS were not preconditioned. The corn, SBM, CWS, corn-SBM blend, and corn-CWS blend were extruded at 113.0°C, 132.0°C, 132.0°C, 88.0°C, and 102°C, respectively, with a single-screw extruder. Transit time was 30 s. The 8 isocaloric treatments were the corn-SBM control diet and the diets with EX-corn + SBM, EX-SBM + corn, EX-corn + EX-SBM, the EX-blend of corn-SBM, EX-CWS + corn, EX-CWS + EX-corn, and the EX-blend of corn-CWS. A total of 296 crossbred pigs with an initial average BW of 6.56 kg were allotted to 10 treatment replications. Sex and pigs per pen (3 or 4) were equalized within replication. Results for both experiments indicate that single- or twin-screw extrusion of ground corn or SBM as individual ingredients or as corn-SBM blends in diets for weanling pigs did not improve 28-d growth performance. However, for Exp. 2 weanling pigs fed the diets with EX-CWS + corn and EX-CWS + EX-corn had greater ( < 0.01) ADG and G:F, respectively, than pigs fed the corn-SBM control diet. The extrusion temperature of 102°C for the corn-CWS blend did not inactivate adequate protease inhibitors in CWS, and pigs fed that diet had poor growth performance. In conclusion, single-screw extrusion of CWS (132°C for 30 s) in diets for weanling pigs improved growth performance compared with pigs fed the corn-SBM control diet. However, twin- or single-screw extrusion of ground yellow corn or solvent-extracted SBM as individual ingredients or as corn-SBM blends in diets for weanling pigs did not improve growth performance compared with pigs fed the corn-SBM control diets.

Overexpression of the Transcription Factors GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 Differentially Regulates Wax and Cutin Biosynthesis, Alters Cuticle Properties, and Changes Leaf Phenotypes in Arabidopsis.

PubMed

Xu, Yangyang; Wu, Hanying; Zhao, Mingming; Wu, Wang; Xu, Yinong; Gu, Dan

2016-04-21

SHINE (SHN/WIN) clade proteins, transcription factors of the plant-specific APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) family, have been proven to be involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis. Glycine max is an important economic crop, but its molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis is rarely characterized. In this study, 10 homologs of Arabidopsis SHN genes were identified from soybean. These homologs were different in gene structures and organ expression patterns. Constitutive expression of each of the soybean SHN genes in Arabidopsis led to different leaf phenotypes, as well as different levels of glossiness on leaf surfaces. Overexpression of GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 in Arabidopsis exhibited 7.8-fold and 9.9-fold up-regulation of leaf cuticle wax productions, respectively. C31 and C29 alkanes contributed most to the increased wax contents. Total cutin contents of leaves were increased 11.4-fold in GmSHN1 overexpressors and 5.7-fold in GmSHN9 overexpressors, mainly through increasing C16:0 di-OH and dioic acids. GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 also altered leaf cuticle membrane ultrastructure and increased water loss rate in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Transcript levels of many wax and cutin biosynthesis and leaf development related genes were altered in GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 overexpressors. Overall, these results suggest that GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 may differentially regulate the leaf development process as well as wax and cutin biosynthesis.

Overexpression of the Transcription Factors GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 Differentially Regulates Wax and Cutin Biosynthesis, Alters Cuticle Properties, and Changes Leaf Phenotypes in Arabidopsis

PubMed Central

Xu, Yangyang; Wu, Hanying; Zhao, Mingming; Wu, Wang; Xu, Yinong; Gu, Dan

2016-01-01

SHINE (SHN/WIN) clade proteins, transcription factors of the plant-specific APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) family, have been proven to be involved in wax and cutin biosynthesis. Glycine max is an important economic crop, but its molecular mechanism of wax biosynthesis is rarely characterized. In this study, 10 homologs of Arabidopsis SHN genes were identified from soybean. These homologs were different in gene structures and organ expression patterns. Constitutive expression of each of the soybean SHN genes in Arabidopsis led to different leaf phenotypes, as well as different levels of glossiness on leaf surfaces. Overexpression of GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 in Arabidopsis exhibited 7.8-fold and 9.9-fold up-regulation of leaf cuticle wax productions, respectively. C31 and C29 alkanes contributed most to the increased wax contents. Total cutin contents of leaves were increased 11.4-fold in GmSHN1 overexpressors and 5.7-fold in GmSHN9 overexpressors, mainly through increasing C16:0 di-OH and dioic acids. GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 also altered leaf cuticle membrane ultrastructure and increased water loss rate in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. Transcript levels of many wax and cutin biosynthesis and leaf development related genes were altered in GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 overexpressors. Overall, these results suggest that GmSHN1 and GmSHN9 may differentially regulate the leaf development process as well as wax and cutin biosynthesis. PMID:27110768

Economic modelling of grazing management against gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy cattle.

PubMed

van der Voort, M; Van Meensel, J; Lauwers, L; de Haan, M H A; Evers, A G; Van Huylenbroeck, G; Charlier, J

2017-03-15

Grazing management (GM) interventions, such as reducing the grazing time or mowing pasture before grazing, have been proposed to limit the exposure to gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infections in grazed livestock. However, the farm-level economic effects of these interventions have not yet been assessed. In this paper, the economic effects of three GM interventions in adult dairy cattle were modelled for a set of Flemish farms: later turnout on pasture (GM1), earlier housing near the end of the grazing season (GM2), and reducing the daily grazing time (GM3). Farm accountancy data were linked to Ostertagia ostertagi bulk tank milk ELISA results and GM data for 137 farms. The economic effects of the GM interventions were investigated through a combination of efficiency analysis and a whole-farm simulation model. Modelling of GM1, GM2 and GM3 resulted in a marginal economic effect of € 8.36, € -9.05 and € -53.37 per cow per year, respectively. The results suggest that the dairy farms can improve their economic performance by postponing the turnout date, but that advancing the housing date or reducing daily grazing time mostly leads to a lower net economic farm performance. Overall, the GM interventions resulted in a higher technical efficiency and milk production but these benefits were offset by increased feed costs as a result of higher maintenance and cultivation costs. Because the results differed highly between farms, GM interventions need to be evaluated at the individual level for appropriate decision support. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 180.342 - Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., oil 20 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.25 Corn, field, stover 8.0 Corn, sweet, forage 8.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.342 - Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., oil 20 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.25 Corn, field, stover 8.0 Corn, sweet, forage 8.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.565 - Thiamethoxam; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....20 Corn, field, forage 0.10 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, forage 0.10 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.02 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.342 - Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., oil 20 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.25 Corn, field, stover 8.0 Corn, sweet, forage 8.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.342 - Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., oil 20 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.25 Corn, field, stover 8.0 Corn, sweet, forage 8.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.565 - Thiamethoxam; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....20 Corn, field, forage 0.10 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, forage 0.10 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.02 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.342 - Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

..., oil 20 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.25 Corn, field, stover 8.0 Corn, sweet, forage 8.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.565 - Thiamethoxam; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....05 Corn, field, forage 0.10 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, forage 0.10 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.02 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.549 - Diflufenzopyr; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... diflufenzopyr, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.440 - Tefluthrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.06 Corn, field, grain 0.06 Corn, field, stover 0.06 Corn, pop, grain 0.06 Corn, pop, stover 0.06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.06 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved...

40 CFR 180.470 - Acetochlor; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... stoichiometric equivalents of acetochlor, in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 4.5 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 2.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 2.5 Corn, sweet, forage 1.5 Corn, sweet, kernels plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.350 - Nitrapyrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...-chloropicolinic acid in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 1.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, milled byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 1.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.350 - Nitrapyrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...-chloropicolinic acid in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 1.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, milled byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 1.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.549 - Diflufenzopyr; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... diflufenzopyr, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.350 - Nitrapyrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...-chloropicolinic acid in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 1.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, milled byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 1.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.469 - Dichlormid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved] (c) Tolerances with...

40 CFR 180.486 - Chlorethoxyfos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) phosphorothioate, in or on the commodity. Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 (b) Section 18 emergency...

40 CFR 180.253 - Methomyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cabbage, Chinese, bok choy 5 Cabbage, Chinese, napa 5 Cauliflower 2 Celery 3 Collards 6 Corn, field, forage 10 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, stover 10 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 10 Corn, sweet, forage 10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1(N) Corn, sweet, stover 10 Cotton...

40 CFR 180.440 - Tefluthrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.06 Corn, field, grain 0.06 Corn, field, stover 0.06 Corn, pop, grain 0.06 Corn, pop, stover 0.06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.06 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved...

40 CFR 180.639 - Flubendiamide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... million Almond, hulls 9.0 Apple, wet pomace 5.0 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.03 Corn, field, stover 15 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15 Corn, sweet, forage 9.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 25 Cotton gin byproducts 60 Cotton, undelinted...

40 CFR 180.549 - Diflufenzopyr; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... diflufenzopyr, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.486 - Chlorethoxyfos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) phosphorothioate, in or on the commodity. Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 (b) Section 18 emergency...

40 CFR 180.434 - Propiconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....05 Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver and kidney 0.05 Cilantro, leaves 13 Citrus, oil 1000 Corn, field, forage 12 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 30...

40 CFR 180.470 - Acetochlor; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... stoichiometric equivalents of acetochlor, in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 4.5 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 2.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 2.5 Corn, sweet, forage 1.5 Corn, sweet, kernels plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.549 - Diflufenzopyr; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... diflufenzopyr, in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05...

40 CFR 180.544 - Methoxyfenozide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....0 Canistel 0.6 Cattle, fat 0.50 Cattle, meat 0.02 Citrus, oil 100 Coriander, leaves 30 Corn, field, forage 15 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, refined oil 0.20 Corn, field, stover 125 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 125 Corn, sweet, forage 30 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0...

40 CFR 180.440 - Tefluthrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.06 Corn, field, grain 0.06 Corn, field, stover 0.06 Corn, pop, grain 0.06 Corn, pop, stover 0.06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.06 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved...

40 CFR 180.440 - Tefluthrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.06 Corn, field, grain 0.06 Corn, field, stover 0.06 Corn, pop, grain 0.06 Corn, pop, stover 0.06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.06 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved...

40 CFR 180.470 - Acetochlor; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... stoichiometric equivalents of acetochlor, in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 4.5 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 2.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 2.5 Corn, sweet, forage 1.5 Corn, sweet, kernels plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.486 - Chlorethoxyfos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) phosphorothioate, in or on the commodity. Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 (b) Section 18 emergency...

40 CFR 180.440 - Tefluthrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.06 Corn, field, grain 0.06 Corn, field, stover 0.06 Corn, pop, grain 0.06 Corn, pop, stover 0.06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.06 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved...

40 CFR 180.169 - Carbaryl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 70 None Corn, field, forage 30 None Corn, field, grain 0.02 None Corn, field, stover 20 None Corn, pop, grain 0.02 None Corn, pop, stover 20 None Corn, sweet, forage 185 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 None Corn, sweet, stover 215 None Cotton, undelinted seed 5.0 10/31/09...

40 CFR 180.639 - Flubendiamide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Almond, hulls 9.0 Apple, wet pomace 2.0 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.03 Corn, field, stover 15 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15 Corn, sweet, forage 9.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 25 Cotton gin...

40 CFR 180.253 - Methomyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cabbage, Chinese, bok choy 5 Cabbage, Chinese, napa 5 Cauliflower 2 Celery 3 Collards 6 Corn, field, forage 10 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, stover 10 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 10 Corn, sweet, forage 10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1(N) Corn, sweet, stover 10 Cotton...

40 CFR 180.169 - Carbaryl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 70 None Corn, field, forage 30 None Corn, field, grain 0.02 None Corn, field, stover 20 None Corn, pop, grain 0.02 None Corn, pop, stover 20 None Corn, sweet, forage 185 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 None Corn, sweet, stover 215 None Cotton, undelinted seed 5.0 10/31/09...

40 CFR 180.1206 - Aspergillus flavus AF36; exemption from the requirement of a tolerance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... flavis AF 36 is temporarily exempt from the requirement of a tolerance on corn, field, forage; corn, field, grain; corn, field, stover; corn, pop, grain; corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; corn, sweet, stover when used in accordance with the Experimental Use...

40 CFR 180.639 - Flubendiamide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... million Almond, hulls 9.0 Apple, wet pomace 5.0 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.03 Corn, field, stover 15 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15 Corn, sweet, forage 9.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 25 Cotton gin byproducts 60 Cotton, undelinted...

40 CFR 180.469 - Dichlormid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved] (c) Tolerances with...

40 CFR 180.639 - Flubendiamide; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Almond, hulls 9.0 Apple, wet pomace 2.0 Corn, field, forage 8.0 Corn, field, grain 0.03 Corn, field, stover 15 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15 Corn, sweet, forage 9.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 25 Cotton gin...

40 CFR 180.469 - Dichlormid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved] (c) Tolerances with...

40 CFR 180.612 - Topramezone; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...)methanone) in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts permillion Cattle, meat byproducts 0.80 Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.469 - Dichlormid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 (b) Section 18 emergency exemptions. [Reserved] (c) Tolerances with...

40 CFR 180.486 - Chlorethoxyfos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) phosphorothioate, in or on the commodity. Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 (b) Section 18 emergency...

40 CFR 180.470 - Acetochlor; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... stoichiometric equivalents of acetochlor, in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 4.5 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 2.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 2.5 Corn, sweet, forage 1.5 Corn, sweet, kernels plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.350 - Nitrapyrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...-chloropicolinic acid in or on the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 1.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, milled byproducts 0.2 Corn, field, stover 1.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 1.0 Corn, sweet, forage 1.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.169 - Carbaryl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 70 None Corn, field, forage 30 None Corn, field, grain 0.02 None Corn, field, stover 20 None Corn, pop, grain 0.02 None Corn, pop, stover 20 None Corn, sweet, forage 185 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 None Corn, sweet, stover 215 None Cotton, undelinted seed 5.0 10/31/09...

Enhanced performance of microbial fuel cell with in situ preparing dual graphene modified bioelectrode.

PubMed

Chen, Junfeng; Hu, Yongyou; Tan, Xiaojun; Zhang, Lihua; Huang, Wantang; Sun, Jian

2017-10-01

This study proposed a three-step method to prepare dual graphene modified bioelectrode (D-GM-BE) by in situ microbial-induced reduction of GO and polarity reversion in microbial fuel cell (MFC). Both graphene modified bioanode (GM-BA) and biocathode (GM-BC) were of 3D graphene/biofilm architectures; the viability and thickness of microbial biofilm decreased compared with control bioelectrode (C-BE). The coulombic efficiency (CE) of GM-BA was 2.1 times of the control bioanode (C-BA), which demonstrated higher rate of substrates oxidation; the relationship between peak current and scan rates data meant that GM-BC was of higher efficiency of catalyzing oxygen reduction than the control biocathode (C-BC). The maximum power density obtained in D-GM-BE MFC was 122.4±6.9mWm -2 , the interfacial charge transfer resistance of GM-BA and GM-BC were decreased by 79% and 75.7%. The excellent electrochemical performance of D-GM-BE MFC was attributed to the enhanced extracellular electron transfer (EET) process and catalyzing oxygen reduction. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Partial synthesis of ganglioside and lysoganglioside lipoforms as internal standards for MS quantification.

PubMed

Gantner, Martin; Schwarzmann, Günter; Sandhoff, Konrad; Kolter, Thomas

2014-12-01

Within recent years, ganglioside patterns have been increasingly analyzed by MS. However, internal standards for calibration are only available for gangliosides GM1, GM2, and GM3. For this reason, we prepared homologous internal standards bearing nonnatural fatty acids of the major mammalian brain gangliosides GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1b, and GQ1b, and of the tumor-associated gangliosides GM2 and GD2. The fatty acid moieties were incorporated after selective chemical or enzymatic deacylation of bovine brain gangliosides. For modification of the sphingoid bases, we developed a new synthetic method based on olefin cross metathesis. This method was used for the preparation of a lyso-GM1 and a lyso-GM2 standard. The total yield of this method was 8.7% for the synthesis of d17:1-lyso-GM1 from d20:1/18:0-GM1 in four steps. The title compounds are currently used as calibration substances for MS quantification and are also suitable for functional studies. Copyright © 2014 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.

40 CFR 180.361 - Pendimethalin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., oil 0.5 Corn, field, forage 0.1 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, stover 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 0.1...

40 CFR 180.232 - Butylate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Corn, field, forage 0.1 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, stover 0.1 Corn, pop, forage 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 (b) Section 18...

40 CFR 180.232 - Butylate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Corn, field, forage 0.1 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, stover 0.1 Corn, pop, forage 0.1 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 (b) Section 18...

Cross-reactive antibodies against GM2 and CMV-infected fibroblasts in Guillain-Barré syndrome.

PubMed

Ang, C W; Jacobs, B C; Brandenburg, A H; Laman, J D; van der Meché, F G; Osterhaus, A D; van Doorn, P A

2000-04-11

To investigate whether anti-GM2 antibodies in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) are induced by molecular mimicry with cytomegalovirus (CMV). Antibodies against ganglioside GM2 are frequently present in the serum from GBS patients with an antecedent infection with CMV. The authors detected inhibition of anti-GM2 reactivity after incubation of GM2-reactive serum samples with fibroblasts infected with a GBS-associated CMV strain. Control sera consisted of GQ1b-reactive samples, and control antigens included uninfected fibroblasts and fibroblasts that were infected with other herpes viruses. Serum immunoglobulin M reactivity with GM2 was decreased in a dose-dependent manner after incubation with CMV-infected fibroblasts. Incubation of anti-GM2-positive serum samples with uninfected fibroblasts and fibroblasts infected with varicella zoster virus did not inhibit anti-GM2 reactivity, whereas this reactivity was slightly decreased after incubation with herpes simplex virus type 1 in one patient. Antibodies against ganglioside GQ1b did not react with CMV-infected fibroblasts. CMV-infected fibroblasts express gangliosidelike epitopes that recognize specifically anti-GM2 antibodies. These results support the hypothesis that antiganglioside antibodies in CMV-infected GBS patients are induced by molecular mimicry between GM2 and antigens that are induced by a CMV infection.

Ganglioside GM1 mimicry in Campylobacter strains from sporadic infections in the United States.

PubMed

Nachamkin, I; Ung, H; Moran, A P; Yoo, D; Prendergast, M M; Nicholson, M A; Sheikh, K; Ho, T; Asbury, A K; McKhann, G M; Griffin, J W

1999-05-01

To determine whether GM1-like epitopes in Campylobacter species are specific to O serotypes associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) or whether they are frequent among random Campylobacter isolates causing enteritis, 275 random enteritis-associated isolates of Campylobacter jejuni were analyzed. To determine whether GM1-like epitopes in Campylobacter species are specific to O serotypes associated with Guillan-Barre syndrome (GBS) or whether they are frequent among random Campylobacter isolates causing enteritis, 275 enteritis-associated isolates, randomly collected in the United States, were analyzed using a cholera-toxin binding assay [corrected]. Overall, 26.2% of the isolates were positive for the GM1-like epitope. Of the 36 different O serotypes in the sample, 21 (58.3%) contained no strains positive for GM1, whereas in 6 serotypes (16.7%), >50% of isolates were positive for GM1. GBS-associated serotypes were more likely to contain strains positive for GM1 than were non-GBS-associated serotypes (37.8% vs. 15.1%, P=.0116). The results suggest that humans are frequently exposed to strains exhibiting GM1-like mimicry and, while certain serotypes may be more likely to possess GM1-like epitopes, the presence of GM1-like epitopes on Campylobacter strains does not itself trigger GBS.

TGF-β Affects the Differentiation of Human GM-CSF+ CD4+ T Cells in an Activation- and Sodium-Dependent Manner.

PubMed

Éliás, Szabolcs; Schmidt, Angelika; Kannan, Venkateshan; Andersson, John; Tegnér, Jesper

2016-01-01

The cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, the environmental cues promoting differentiation of GM-CSF producing T cells are unclear. Herein, we performed a broad experimental screening of cytokines and data-driven analysis assessing their ability to induce human GM-CSF + CD4 + T cells and their subpopulations. TGF-β was discovered to induce GM-CSF production independently of proliferation and IL-2 signaling including STAT5. In contrast, IL-6 and IL-23 decreased GM-CSF production. On the population level, GM-CSF induction was highly correlated with expression of FOXP3 across cytokine stimulations but not with that of IL-17. However, on single-cell level GM-CSF and IFN-γ expression were most correlated, independently of the cytokine environment. Importantly, under low sodium conditions in the medium or upon stimulation with plate-bound instead of bead-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, the effects of TGF-β on GM-CSF, but not on FOXP3, were reversed. Our analysis indicates a novel role for TGF-β in generating GM-CSF + subsets of human CD4 + T cells. These results are important for understanding of autoimmune disease and therapeutic considerations.

40 CFR 180.645 - Thiencarbazone-methyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... food and feed commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.04 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.02 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Wheat, forage 0.10 Wheat, grain...

40 CFR 180.612 - Topramezone; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Parts per million Cattle, kidney 0.05 Cattle, liver 0.15 Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Goat, kidney 0.05 Goat...

40 CFR 180.378 - Permethrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... byproducts 0.10 Cauliflower 0.5 Cherry, sweet 4.0 Cherry, tart 4.0 Corn, field, forage 50 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 50 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.10 Corn, sweet, stover 30 Egg 0.10 Eggplant 0.50 Fruit, pome...

40 CFR 180.464 - Dimethenamid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., sugar, dried pulp 0.01 Beet, sugar, molasses 0.01 Beet, sugar, roots 0.01 Beet, sugar, tops 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, forage 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks...

40 CFR 180.571 - Mesotrione; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Asparagus 0.01 Berry, group 13 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 1.5 Cranberry...

40 CFR 180.213 - Simazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cherry 0.25 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.25 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.20 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.25 Corn, sweet, stover 0.25 Cranberry 0.25 Currant 0.25 Egg 0.03 Goat, meat 0.03 Goat, meat...

40 CFR 180.571 - Mesotrione; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Asparagus 0.01 Berry, group 13 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 1.5 Cranberry...

40 CFR 180.470 - Acetochlor; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., sugar, dried pulp 0.50 Beet, sugar, molasses 0.80 Beet, sugar, roots 0.30 Beet, sugar, tops 0.70 Corn, field, forage 4.5 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 2.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 2.5 Corn, sweet, forage 1.5 Corn, sweet, kernels plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet...

40 CFR 180.378 - Permethrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... byproducts 0.10 Cauliflower 0.5 Cherry, sweet 4.0 Cherry, tart 4.0 Corn, field, forage 50 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 50 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.10 Corn, sweet, stover 30 Egg 0.10 Eggplant 0.50 Fruit, pome...

40 CFR 180.612 - Topramezone; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Parts per million Cattle, kidney 0.05 Cattle, liver 0.15 Corn, field, forage 0.05 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Goat, kidney 0.05 Goat...

40 CFR 180.645 - Thiencarbazone-methyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... food and feed commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.04 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.02 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Wheat, forage 0.10 Wheat, grain...

40 CFR 180.645 - Thiencarbazone-methyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... food and feed commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.04 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.02 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Wheat, forage 0.10 Wheat, grain...

40 CFR 180.142 - 2,4-D; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

....3 Cattle, meat byproducts, except kidney 0.3 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 50 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 50 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 50 Cranberry 0.5 Fish 0.1 Fruit, citrus, group 10...

40 CFR 180.565 - Thiamethoxam; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

..., meat 0.02 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.04 Citrus, dried pulp 0.60 ppm Coffee, bean, green 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.10 Corn, field, grain 0.020 Corn, field, stover 0.05 Corn, pop, forage 0.10 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.10 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks...

40 CFR 180.262 - Ethoprop; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Cabbage 0.02 Corn, field, forage 0.02 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 0.02 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 0.02 Corn, sweet, forage 0.02 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.02 Corn, sweet, stover 0.02 Cucumber 0.02 Hop, dried cones 0.02 Peppermint, tops 0.02 Pineapple 0.02...

40 CFR 180.629 - Flutriafol; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, sweet, forage 0.09 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk... Cattle, meat byproducts 0.07 Corn, field, forage 0.75 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, refined oil 0.02 Corn, field, stover 1.5 Corn, pop 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 1.5 Fruit, pome, group 11-09 0.40 Fruit...

40 CFR 180.431 - Clopyralid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Cattle, fat 1.0 Cattle, liver 3.0 Cattle, meat 1.0 Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 36.0 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 1.0 Corn, field, milled byproducts 1.5 Corn, field, stover 10.0 Corn, pop, grain 1.0 Corn, pop, stover 10.0 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.378 - Permethrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... byproducts 0.10 Cauliflower 0.5 Cherry, sweet 4.0 Cherry, tart 4.0 Corn, field, forage 50 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 50 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.10 Corn, sweet, stover 30 Egg 0.10 Eggplant 0.50 Fruit, pome...

40 CFR 180.629 - Flutriafol; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol) in or on the following commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.09 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, refined oil 0.02 Corn, field, stover 0.07 Corn, pop 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.07 Corn, sweet, forage 0.09 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husk...

40 CFR 180.434 - Propiconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., leaves 13 Citrus, oil 1000 Corn, field, forage 12 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 30 Fruit, citrus, group 10-10 8.0 Fruit, stone, group 12, except plum 4.0 Goat...

40 CFR 180.464 - Dimethenamid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

..., sugar, dried pulp 0.01 Beet, sugar, molasses 0.01 Beet, sugar, roots 0.01 Beet, sugar, tops 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, forage 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks...

40 CFR 180.213 - Simazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cherry 0.25 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.25 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.20 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.25 Corn, sweet, stover 0.25 Cranberry 0.25 Currant 0.25 Egg 0.03 Goat, meat 0.03 Goat, meat...

40 CFR 180.434 - Propiconazole; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., leaves 13 Citrus, oil 1000 Corn, field, forage 12 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 30 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 30 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 30 Fruit, citrus, group 10-10 8.0 Fruit, stone, group 12, except plum 4.0 Goat...

40 CFR 180.142 - 2,4-D; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

....3 Cattle, meat byproducts, except kidney 0.3 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 50 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 50 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 50 Cranberry 0.5 Fish 0.1 Fruit, citrus, group 10...

40 CFR 180.645 - Thiencarbazone-methyl; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... food and feed commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.04 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.02 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 Wheat, forage 0.10 Wheat, grain...

40 CFR 180.464 - Dimethenamid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., sugar, dried pulp 0.01 Beet, sugar, molasses 0.01 Beet, sugar, roots 0.01 Beet, sugar, tops 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, forage 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks...

40 CFR 180.571 - Mesotrione; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Asparagus 0.01 Berry, group 13 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 1.5 Cranberry...

40 CFR 180.571 - Mesotrione; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Asparagus 0.01 Berry, group 13 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 1.5 Cranberry...

40 CFR 180.142 - 2,4-D; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

....3 Cattle, meat byproducts, except kidney 0.3 Corn, field, forage 6.0 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 50 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 50 Corn, sweet, forage 6.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 50 Cranberry 0.5 Fish 0.1 Fruit, citrus, group 10...

40 CFR 180.431 - Clopyralid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cattle, fat 1.0 Cattle, liver 3.0 Cattle, meat 1.0 Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 36.0 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 1.0 Corn, field, milled byproducts 1.5 Corn, field, stover 10.0 Corn, pop, grain 1.0 Corn, pop, stover 10.0 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.431 - Clopyralid; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cattle, fat 1.0 Cattle, liver 3.0 Cattle, meat 1.0 Cattle, meat byproducts, except liver 36.0 Corn, field, forage 3.0 Corn, field, grain 1.0 Corn, field, milled byproducts 1.5 Corn, field, stover 10.0 Corn, pop, grain 1.0 Corn, pop, stover 10.0 Corn, sweet, forage 7.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed...

40 CFR 180.213 - Simazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cherry 0.25 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.25 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.20 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.25 Corn, sweet, stover 0.25 Cranberry 0.25 Currant 0.25 Egg 0.03 Goat, meat 0.03 Goat, meat...

40 CFR 180.213 - Simazine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cherry 0.25 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.20 Corn, field, stover 0.25 Corn, pop, grain 0.20 Corn, pop, stover 0.25 Corn, sweet, forage 0.20 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.25 Corn, sweet, stover 0.25 Cranberry 0.25 Currant 0.25 Egg 0.03 Goat, meat 0.03 Goat, meat...

Positive and negative roles for soybean MPK6 in regulating defense responses.

PubMed

Liu, Jian-Zhong; Braun, Edward; Qiu, Wen-Li; Shi, Ya-Fei; Marcelino-Guimarães, Francismar C; Navarre, Duroy; Hill, John H; Whitham, Steven A

2014-08-01

It has been well established that MPK6 is a positive regulator of defense responses in model plants such as Arabidopsis and tobacco. However, the functional importance of soybean MPK6 in disease resistance has not been investigated. Here, we showed that silencing of GmMPK6 in soybean using virus-induced gene silencing mediated by Bean pod mottle virus (BPMV) caused stunted growth and spontaneous cell death on the leaves, a typical phenotype of activated defense responses. Consistent with this phenotype, expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes and the conjugated form of salicylic acid were significantly increased in GmMPK6-silenced plants. As expected, GmMPK6-silenced plants were more resistant to downy mildew and Soybean mosaic virus compared with vector control plants, indicating a negative role of GmMPK6 in disease resistance. Interestingly, overexpression of GmMPK6, either transiently in Nicotiana benthamiana or stably in Arabidopsis, resulted in hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death. The HR-like cell death was accompanied by increased PR gene expression, suggesting that GmMPK6, like its counterpart in other plant species, also plays a positive role in cell death induction and defense response. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we determined that GmMKK4 might function upstream of GmMPK6 and GmMKK4 could interact with GmMPK6 independent of its phosphorylation status. Taken together, our results indicate that GmMPK6 functions as both repressor and activator in defense responses of soybean.

Genetically Modified (GM) Foods and Ethical Eating.

PubMed

Dizon, Francis; Costa, Sarah; Rock, Cheryl; Harris, Amanda; Husk, Cierra; Mei, Jenny

2016-02-01

The ability to manipulate and customize the genetic code of living organisms has brought forth the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods. The potential for GM foods to improve the efficiency of food production, increase customer satisfaction, and provide potential health benefits has contributed to the rapid incorporation of GM foods into the American diet. However, GM foods and GMOs are also a topic of ethical debate. The use of GM foods and GM technology is surrounded by ethical concerns and situational judgment, and should ideally adhere to the ethical standards placed upon food and nutrition professionals, such as: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. The future of GM foods involves many aspects and trends, including enhanced nutritional value in foods, strict labeling laws, and potential beneficial economic conditions in developing nations. This paper briefly reviews the origin and background of GM foods, while delving thoroughly into 3 areas: (1) GMO labeling, (2) ethical concerns, and (3) health and industry applications. This paper also examines the relationship between the various applications of GM foods and their corresponding ethical issues. Ethical concerns were evaluated in the context of the code of ethics developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) that govern the work of food and nutrition professionals. Overall, there is a need to stay vigilant about the many ethical implications of producing and consuming GM foods and GMOs. © 2015 Institute of Food Technologists®

Relationship between hamstring length and gluteus maximus strength with and without normalization.

PubMed

Lee, Dong-Kyu; Oh, Jae-Seop

2018-01-01

[Purpose] This study assessed the relationship between hamstring length and gluteus maximus (GM) strength with and without normalization by body weight and height. [Subjects and Methods] In total, 34 healthy male subjects volunteered for this study. To measure GM strength, subjects performed maximal hip joint extension with the knee joints flexed to 90° in the prone position. GM strength was normalized for body weight and height. [Results] GM strength with normalization was positively correlated with hamstring length, whereas GM strength without normalization was negatively correlated with hamstring length. [Conclusion] The normalization of GM strength by body weight and height has the potential to lead to more appropriate conclusions and interpretations about its correlation with hamstring length. Hamstring length may be related to GM strength.

40 CFR 180.301 - Carboxin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cattle, fat 0.05 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.1 Cattle, meat 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.2 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 0.2 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 0.2 Corn, sweet, forage 0.2 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.2 Corn, sweet, stover 0.2 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Egg 0...

40 CFR 180.418 - Cypermethrin and an isomer zeta-cypermethrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 10 Citrus, dried pulp 1.8 Citrus, oil 4.0 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 3.00 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 3.00 Corn, sweet, forage 15.00 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 15.00 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.5 Crambe...

40 CFR 180.418 - Cypermethrin and an isomer zeta-cypermethrin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 10 Citrus, dried pulp 1.8 Citrus, oil 4.0 Corn, field, forage 0.20 Corn, field, grain 0.05 Corn, field, stover 3.00 Corn, pop, grain 0.05 Corn, pop, stover 3.00 Corn, sweet, forage 15.00 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, stover 15.00 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.5 Crambe...

40 CFR 180.352 - Terbufos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million Banana 0.025 Beet, sugar, roots 0.05 Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Coffee, green bean 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.5 Corn, field, grain 0.5 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.5 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, stover 0.5 Sorghum...

40 CFR 180.352 - Terbufos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... million Banana 0.025 Beet, sugar, roots 0.05 Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Coffee, green bean 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.5 Corn, field, grain 0.5 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.5 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, stover 0.5 Sorghum...

40 CFR 180.352 - Terbufos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... million Banana 0.025 Beet, sugar, roots 0.05 Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Coffee, green bean 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.5 Corn, field, grain 0.5 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.5 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, stover 0.5 Sorghum...

40 CFR 180.352 - Terbufos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... million Banana 0.025 Beet, sugar, roots 0.05 Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Coffee, green bean 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.5 Corn, field, grain 0.5 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.5 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, stover 0.5 Sorghum...

40 CFR 180.301 - Carboxin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cattle, fat 0.05 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.1 Cattle, meat 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.2 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 0.2 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 0.2 Corn, sweet, forage 0.2 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.2 Corn, sweet, stover 0.2 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Egg 0...

40 CFR 180.533 - Esfenvalerate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cauliflower 0.5 Collards 3.0 Corn, field, forage 15.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 15.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15.0 Corn, sweet, forage 15.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 15.0 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Cucumber 0.5 Egg 0.03 Eggplant 0...

40 CFR 180.533 - Esfenvalerate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Cauliflower 0.5 Collards 3.0 Corn, field, forage 15.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 15.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15.0 Corn, sweet, forage 15.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 15.0 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Cucumber 0.5 Egg 0.03 Eggplant 0...

40 CFR 180.533 - Esfenvalerate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Cauliflower 0.5 Collards 3.0 Corn, field, forage 15.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 15.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15.0 Corn, sweet, forage 15.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 15.0 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Cucumber 0.5 Egg 0.03 Eggplant 0...

40 CFR 180.117 - S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 0.4 Beet, sugar, tops 0.5 Clover, forage 0.1 Clover, hay 0.1 Corn, field, forage 0.08 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.08 Corn, pop, grain 0.08 Corn, pop, stover 0.08 Corn, sweet, forage 0.08 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.08 Corn, sweet, stover 0.08 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.301 - Carboxin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Cattle, fat 0.05 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.1 Cattle, meat 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.2 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 0.2 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 0.2 Corn, sweet, forage 0.2 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.2 Corn, sweet, stover 0.2 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Egg 0...

40 CFR 180.533 - Esfenvalerate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cauliflower 0.5 Collards 3.0 Corn, field, forage 15.0 Corn, field, grain 0.02 Corn, field, stover 15.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.02 Corn, pop, stover 15.0 Corn, sweet, forage 15.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Corn, sweet, stover 15.0 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Cucumber 0.5 Egg 0.03 Eggplant 0...

40 CFR 180.352 - Terbufos; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... million Banana 0.025 Beet, sugar, roots 0.05 Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Coffee, green bean 1 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.5 Corn, field, grain 0.5 Corn, field, stover 0.5 Corn, pop, grain 0.5 Corn, pop, stover 0.5 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 Corn, sweet, forage 0.5 Corn, sweet, stover 0.5 Sorghum...

40 CFR 180.665 - Sedaxane; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

..., grain 0.01 Barley, hay 0.04 Barley, straw 0.01 Canola, seed 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 Oat, forage 0.015...

40 CFR 180.117 - S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 0.4 Beet, sugar, tops 0.5 Clover, forage 0.1 Clover, hay 0.1 Corn, field, forage 0.08 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.08 Corn, pop, grain 0.08 Corn, pop, stover 0.08 Corn, sweet, forage 0.08 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.08 Corn, sweet, stover 0.08 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.301 - Carboxin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Cattle, fat 0.05 Cattle, meat byproducts 0.1 Cattle, meat 0.05 Corn, field, forage 0.2 Corn, field, grain 0.2 Corn, field, stover 0.2 Corn, pop, grain 0.2 Corn, pop, stover 0.2 Corn, sweet, forage 0.2 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.2 Corn, sweet, stover 0.2 Cotton, undelinted seed 0.2 Egg 0...

40 CFR 180.117 - S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 0.4 Beet, sugar, tops 0.5 Clover, forage 0.1 Clover, hay 0.1 Corn, field, forage 0.08 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.08 Corn, pop, grain 0.08 Corn, pop, stover 0.08 Corn, sweet, forage 0.08 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.08 Corn, sweet, stover 0.08 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.117 - S-Ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 0.4 Beet, sugar, tops 0.5 Clover, forage 0.1 Clover, hay 0.1 Corn, field, forage 0.08 Corn, field, grain 0.08 Corn, field, stover 0.08 Corn, pop, grain 0.08 Corn, pop, stover 0.08 Corn, sweet, forage 0.08 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.08 Corn, sweet, stover 0.08 Cotton, gin...

40 CFR 180.665 - Sedaxane; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

..., grain 0.01 Barley, hay 0.04 Barley, straw 0.01 Canola, seed 0.01 Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 Oat, forage 0.015...

Ex-Ante Economic Impact Assessment of Genetically Modified Banana Resistant to Xanthomonas Wilt in the Great Lakes Region of Africa.

PubMed

Ainembabazi, John Herbert; Tripathi, Leena; Rusike, Joseph; Abdoulaye, Tahirou; Manyong, Victor

2015-01-01

Credible empirical evidence is scanty on the social implications of genetically modified (GM) crops in Africa, especially on vegetatively propagated crops. Little is known about the future success of introducing GM technologies into staple crops such as bananas, which are widely produced and consumed in the Great Lakes Region of Africa (GLA). GM banana has a potential to control the destructive banana Xanthomonas wilt disease. To gain a better understanding of future adoption and consumption of GM banana in the GLA countries which are yet to permit the production of GM crops; specifically, to evaluate the potential economic impacts of GM cultivars resistant to banana Xanthomonas wilt disease. The paper uses data collected from farmers, traders, agricultural extension agents and key informants in the GLA. We analyze the perceptions of the respondents about the adoption and consumption of GM crop. Economic surplus model is used to determine future economic benefits and costs of producing GM banana. On the release of GM banana for commercialization, the expected initial adoption rate ranges from 21 to 70%, while the ceiling adoption rate is up to 100%. Investment in the development of GM banana is economically viable. However, aggregate benefits vary substantially across the target countries ranging from US$ 20 million to 953 million, highest in countries where disease incidence and production losses are high, ranging from 51 to 83% of production. The findings support investment in the development of GM banana resistant to Xanthomonas wilt disease. The main beneficiaries of this technology development are farmers and consumers, although the latter benefit more than the former from reduced prices. Designing a participatory breeding program involving farmers and consumers signifies the successful adoption and consumption of GM banana in the target countries.

Differential Expression Analysis of a Subset of Drought-Responsive GmNAC Genes in Two Soybean Cultivars Differing in Drought Tolerance

PubMed Central

Thao, Nguyen Phuong; Thu, Nguyen Binh Anh; Hoang, Xuan Lan Thi; Van Ha, Chien; Tran, Lam-Son Phan

2013-01-01

The plant-specific NAC transcription factors play important roles in plant response to drought stress. Here, we have compared the expression levels of a subset of GmNAC genes in drought-tolerant DT51 and drought-sensitive MTD720 under both normal and drought stress conditions aimed at identifying correlation between GmNAC expression levels and drought tolerance degree, as well as potential GmNAC candidates for genetic engineering. The expression of 23 selected dehydration-responsive GmNACs was assessed in both stressed and unstressed root tissues of DT51 and MTD720 using real-time quantitative PCR. The results indicated that expression of GmNACs was genotype-dependent. Seven and 13 of 23 tested GmNACs showed higher expression levels in roots of DT51 in comparison with MTD720 under normal and drought stress conditions, respectively, whereas none of them displayed lower transcript levels under any conditions. This finding suggests that the higher drought tolerance of DT51 might be positively correlated with the higher induction of the GmNAC genes during water deficit. The drought-inducible GmNAC011 needs to be mentioned as its transcript accumulation was more than 76-fold higher in drought-stressed DT51 roots relative to MTD720 roots. Additionally, among the GmNAC genes examined, GmNAC085, 092, 095, 101 and 109 were not only drought-inducible but also more highly up-regulated in DT51 roots than in that of MTD720 under both treatment conditions. These data together suggest that GmNAC011, 085, 092, 095, 101 and 109 might be promising candidates for improvement of drought tolerance in soybean by biotechnological approaches. PMID:24322442

Selective Intracellular Delivery of Ganglioside GM3-Binding Peptide through Caveolae/Raft-Mediated Endocytosis.

PubMed

Matsubara, Teruhiko; Otani, Ryohei; Yamashita, Miki; Maeno, Haruka; Nodono, Hanae; Sato, Toshinori

2017-02-13

Glycosphingolipids are major components of the membrane raft, and several kinds of viruses and bacterial toxins are known to bind to glycosphingolipids in the membrane raft. Since the viral genes and pathogenic proteins that are taken into cells are directly delivered to their target organelles, caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis represents a promising pathway for specific delivery. In the present study, we demonstrated the ability of an artificial pentadecapeptide, which binds to ganglioside GM3, to deliver protein into cells by caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis. The cellular uptake of a biotinylated GM3-binding peptide (GM3BP)-avidin complex into HeLa cells was observed, and the cellular uptake of this complex was inhibited by an incubation with sialic acid or endocytic inhibitors such as methyl-ß-cyclodextrin, and also by an incubation at 4 °C. These results indicate that the GM3BP-avidin complex bind to GM3 in membrane raft, and are taken into cell through caveolae/raft-mediated endocytosis. The GM3BP-avidin complex was transported into cells and localized around the nucleus more slowly than a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAT peptide. Furthermore, the uptake of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) linked with GM3BP into HeLa cells was similar to that of the GM3BP-avidin complex, and the localization of the GM3BP-GFP fusion protein was markedly different with that of the TAT-GFP fusion protein. The uptake and trafficking of GM3BP were distinguished from conventional cell-penetrating peptides. GM3BP has potential as a novel peptide for the selective delivery of therapeutic proteins and materials into cells in addition to being a cell-penetrating peptide.

Individual detection of genetically modified maize varieties in non-identity-preserved maize samples.

PubMed

Akiyama, Hiroshi; Sakata, Kozue; Kondo, Kazunari; Tanaka, Asako; Liu, Ming S; Oguchi, Taichi; Furui, Satoshi; Kitta, Kazumi; Hino, Akihiro; Teshima, Reiko

2008-03-26

In many countries, the labeling of grains and feed- and foodstuffs is mandatory if the genetically modified organism (GMO) content exceeds a certain level of approved GM varieties. The GMO content in a maize sample containing the combined-trait (stacked) GM maize as determined by the currently available methodology is likely to be overestimated. However, there has been little information in the literature on the mixing level and varieties of stacked GM maize in real sample grains. For the first time, the GMO content of non-identity-preserved (non-IP) maize samples imported from the United States has been successfully determined by using a previously developed individual kernel detection system coupled to a multiplex qualitative PCR method followed by multichannel capillary gel electrophoresis system analysis. To clarify the GMO content in the maize samples imported from the United States, determine how many stacked GM traits are contained therein, and which GM trait varieties frequently appeared in 2005, the GMO content (percent) on a kernel basis and the varieties of the GM kernels in the non-IP maize samples imported from the United States were investigated using the individual kernel analysis system. The average (+/-standard deviation) of the GMO contents on a kernel basis in five non-IP sample lots was determined to be 51.0+/-21.6%, the percentage of a single GM trait grains was 39%, and the percentage of the stacked GM trait grains was 12%. The MON810 grains and NK603 grains were the most frequent varieties in the single GM traits. The most frequent stacked GM traits were the MON810xNK603 grains. In addition, the present study would provide the answer and impact for the quantification of GM maize content in the GM maize kernels on labeling regulation.

7 CFR 718.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... sterile high-sugar corn that follows the standard planting and harvesting practices for corn for the area in which the corn is grown. Popcorn, corn nuts, blue corn, sweet corn, and corn varieties grown for.... Sweet sorghum is not considered a grain sorghum. Ground measurement means the distance between 2 points...

7 CFR 718.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... sterile high-sugar corn that follows the standard planting and harvesting practices for corn for the area in which the corn is grown. Popcorn, corn nuts, blue corn, sweet corn, and corn varieties grown for.... Sweet sorghum is not considered a grain sorghum. Ground measurement means the distance between 2 points...

7 CFR 718.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... sterile high-sugar corn that follows the standard planting and harvesting practices for corn for the area in which the corn is grown. Popcorn, corn nuts, blue corn, sweet corn, and corn varieties grown for.... Sweet sorghum is not considered a grain sorghum. Ground measurement means the distance between 2 points...

7 CFR 718.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... sterile high-sugar corn that follows the standard planting and harvesting practices for corn for the area in which the corn is grown. Popcorn, corn nuts, blue corn, sweet corn, and corn varieties grown for.... Sweet sorghum is not considered a grain sorghum. Ground measurement means the distance between 2 points...

Screening for corn rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) resistance to transgenic Bt corn in North Dakota

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Western (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern corn rootworms (NCR), D. barberi Smith & Lawrence, are major economic pests of corn in much of the U.S. Corn Belt. Western corn rootworm resistance to transgenic corn expressing Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) endotoxins has been confi...

Gene flow in genetically modified wheat.

PubMed

Rieben, Silvan; Kalinina, Olena; Schmid, Bernhard; Zeller, Simon L

2011-01-01

Understanding gene flow in genetically modified (GM) crops is critical to answering questions regarding risk-assessment and the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. In two field experiments, we tested whether rates of cross-pollination differed between GM and non-GM lines of the predominantly self-pollinating wheat Triticum aestivum. In the first experiment, outcrossing was studied within the field by planting "phytometers" of one line into stands of another line. In the second experiment, outcrossing was studied over distances of 0.5-2.5 m from a central patch of pollen donors to adjacent patches of pollen recipients. Cross-pollination and outcrossing was detected when offspring of a pollen recipient without a particular transgene contained this transgene in heterozygous condition. The GM lines had been produced from the varieties Bobwhite or Frisal and contained Pm3b or chitinase/glucanase transgenes, respectively, in homozygous condition. These transgenes increase plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. Although the overall outcrossing rate in the first experiment was only 3.4%, Bobwhite GM lines containing the Pm3b transgene were six times more likely than non-GM control lines to produce outcrossed offspring. There was additional variation in outcrossing rate among the four GM-lines, presumably due to the different transgene insertion events. Among the pollen donors, the Frisal GM line expressing a chitinase transgene caused more outcrossing than the GM line expressing both a chitinase and a glucanase transgene. In the second experiment, outcrossing after cross-pollination declined from 0.7-0.03% over the test distances of 0.5-2.5 m. Our results suggest that pollen-mediated gene flow between GM and non-GM wheat might only be a concern if it occurs within fields, e.g. due to seed contamination. Methodologically our study demonstrates that outcrossing rates between transgenic and other lines within crops can be assessed using a phytometer approach and that gene-flow distances can be efficiently estimated with population-level PCR analyses. © 2011 Rieben et al.

Gene Flow in Genetically Modified Wheat

PubMed Central

Rieben, Silvan; Kalinina, Olena; Schmid, Bernhard; Zeller, Simon L.

2011-01-01

Understanding gene flow in genetically modified (GM) crops is critical to answering questions regarding risk-assessment and the coexistence of GM and non-GM crops. In two field experiments, we tested whether rates of cross-pollination differed between GM and non-GM lines of the predominantly self-pollinating wheat Triticum aestivum. In the first experiment, outcrossing was studied within the field by planting “phytometers” of one line into stands of another line. In the second experiment, outcrossing was studied over distances of 0.5–2.5 m from a central patch of pollen donors to adjacent patches of pollen recipients. Cross-pollination and outcrossing was detected when offspring of a pollen recipient without a particular transgene contained this transgene in heterozygous condition. The GM lines had been produced from the varieties Bobwhite or Frisal and contained Pm3b or chitinase/glucanase transgenes, respectively, in homozygous condition. These transgenes increase plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. Although the overall outcrossing rate in the first experiment was only 3.4%, Bobwhite GM lines containing the Pm3b transgene were six times more likely than non-GM control lines to produce outcrossed offspring. There was additional variation in outcrossing rate among the four GM-lines, presumably due to the different transgene insertion events. Among the pollen donors, the Frisal GM line expressing a chitinase transgene caused more outcrossing than the GM line expressing both a chitinase and a glucanase transgene. In the second experiment, outcrossing after cross-pollination declined from 0.7–0.03% over the test distances of 0.5–2.5 m. Our results suggest that pollen-mediated gene flow between GM and non-GM wheat might only be a concern if it occurs within fields, e.g. due to seed contamination. Methodologically our study demonstrates that outcrossing rates between transgenic and other lines within crops can be assessed using a phytometer approach and that gene-flow distances can be efficiently estimated with population-level PCR analyses. PMID:22216349

Immunotoxicological Evaluation of Genetically Modified Rice Expressing Cry1Ab/Ac Protein (TT51-1) by a 6-Month Feeding Study on Cynomolgus Monkeys

PubMed Central

Tan, Xiaoyan; Zhou, Xiaobing; Tang, Yao; Lv, Jianjun; Zhang, Lin; Sun, Li; Yang, Yanwei; Miao, Yufa; Jiang, Hua; Chen, Gaofeng; Huang, Zhiying; Wang, Xue

2016-01-01

The present study was performed to evaluate the food safety of TT51-1, a new type of genetically modified rice that expresses the Cry1Ab/Ac protein (Bt toxin) and is highly resistant to most lepidopteran pests. Sixteen male and 16 female cynomolgus monkeys were randomly divided into four groups: conventional rice (non-genetically modified rice, non-GM rice), positive control, 17.5% genetically modified rice (GM rice) and 70% GM rice. Monkeys in the non-GM rice, positive control, and GM rice groups were fed on diets containing 70% non-GM rice, 17.5% GM rice or 70% GM rice, respectively, for 182 days, whereas animals in the positive group were intravenously injected with cyclophosphamide every other day for a total of four injections before the last treatment. Six months of treatment did not yield abnormal observations. Specifically, the following parameters did not significantly differ between the non-GM rice group and GM rice groups: body weight, food consumption, electrocardiogram, hematology, immuno-phenotyping of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, mitogen-induced peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation, splenocyte proliferation, KLH-T cell-dependent antibody response, organ weights and ratios, and histological appearance (p>0.05). Animals from the GM rice group differed from animals in the non-GM rice group (p<0.05) in several parameters: specifically, their body temperatures and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were higher, whereas their levels of serum K+, Cl- and cytokines (IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5) were lower. Because dose- or time-dependent changes were not observed in this study and animals appeared histologically normal, the aforementioned differences were not considered to be adverse or related to the treatment with GM rice. In conclusion, a 6-month feeding study of TT51-1 did not show adverse immunotoxicological effects on cynomolgus monkeys. PMID:27684490

Standardization of the CFU-GM assay: Advantages of plating a fixed number of CD34+ cells in collagen gels.

PubMed

Dobo, Irène; Pineau, Danielle; Robillard, Nelly; Geneviève, Frank; Piard, Nicole; Zandecki, Marc; Hermouet, Sylvie

2003-10-01

We investigated whether plating a stable amount of CD34(+) cells improves the CFU-GM assay. Data of CFU-GM assays performed with leukaphereses products in two transplant centers using a commercial collagen-based medium and unified CFU-GM scoring criteria were pooled and analyzed according to the numbers of CD34(+) cells plated. A first series of 113 CFU-GM assays was performed with a fixed number of mononuclear cells (i.e., a variable number of CD34(+) cells). In these cultures the CFU-GM/CD34 ratio varied according to the number of CD34(+) cells plated: median CFUGM/CD34 ratios were 1/6.2 to 1/6.6 for grafts containing <2% CD34(+) cells, vs. 1/10.2 for grafts containing > or =2% CD34(+) cells. The median CFU-GM/CD34 ratio also varied depending on pathology: 1/9.3 for multiple myeloma (MM), 1/6.8 for Hodgkin's disease (HD), 1/6.5 for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), and 1/4.5 for solid tumors (ST). A second series of 95 CFU-GM assays was performed with a fixed number of CD34(+) cells (220/ml). The range of median CFU-GM/CD34 ratios was narrowed to 1/7.0 to 1/5.2, and coefficients of variation for CFU-GM counts decreased by half to 38.1% (NHL), 36.1% (MM), 49.9% (HD), and 22.4% (ST). In addition, CFU-GM scoring was facilitated as the percentages of cultures with >50 CFU/GM/ml decreased from 6.7% to 43.8% when a variable number of CD34(+) cells was plated, to 4.5% to 16.7% when 220 CD34(+) cells/ml were plated. Hence, plating a fixed number of CD34(+) cells in collagen gels improves the CFU-GM assay by eliminating cell number-related variability and reducing pathology-related variability in colony growth.

Spatiotemporal patterns of non-genetically modified crops in the era of expansion of genetically modified food

PubMed Central

Sun, Jing; Wu, Wenbin; Tang, Huajun; Liu, Jianguo

2015-01-01

Despite heated debates over the safety of genetically modified (GM) food, GM crops have been expanding rapidly. Much research has focused on the expansion of GM crops. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of non-genetically modified (non-GM) crops are not clear, although they may have significant environmental and agronomic impacts and important policy implications. To understand the dynamics of non-GM crops and to inform the debates among relevant stakeholders, we conducted spatiotemporal analyses of China’s major non-GM soybean production region, the Heilongjiang Province. Even though the total soybean planting area decreased from 2005 to 2010, surprisingly, there were hotspots of increase. The results also showed hotspots of loss as well as a large decline in the number and continuity of soybean plots. Since China is the largest non-GM soybean producer in the world, the decline of its major production region may signal the continual decline of global non-GM soybeans. PMID:26380899

Social representations of genetically modified foods and public willingness to consume such foods in Taiwan.

PubMed

Chen, Mei-Fang

2018-04-20

This study highlighted the relevance of how social representations of genetically modified (GM) foods influence the Taiwanese public's willingness to consume GM foods. Moderated regression analysis results revealed that the social representation dimensions of adherence to technology and food as a necessity positively influenced the public's willingness to consume GM foods; however, the dimension of resistance to and suspicion of novelties had a negative influence. Food technology neophobia played a role in predicting people's willingness to consume GM foods and exerted moderating effects to enhance the negative relationship between the respondents' resistance to and suspicion of novelties and their willingness to consume GM foods. This neophobia also changed the positive relationship between food as a necessity and willingness to consume GM foods into negative. One-way ANOVA results revealed that food technology neophobia influences the public's specific social representations of GM foods, personal domain-specific innovativeness, and willingness to consume GM foods. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Chemical Synthesis of GM2 Glycans, Bioconjugation with Bacteriophage Qβ, and the Induction of Anticancer Antibodies.

PubMed

Yin, Zhaojun; Dulaney, Steven; McKay, Craig S; Baniel, Claire; Kaczanowska, Katarzyna; Ramadan, Sherif; Finn, M G; Huang, Xuefei

2016-01-01

The development of carbohydrate-based antitumor vaccines is an attractive approach towards tumor prevention and treatment. Herein, we focused on the ganglioside GM2 tumor-associated carbohydrate antigen (TACA), which is overexpressed in a wide range of tumor cells. GM2 was synthesized chemically and conjugated with a virus-like particle derived from bacteriophage Qβ. Although the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction efficiently introduced 237 copies of GM2 per Qβ, this construct failed to induce significant amounts of anti-GM2 antibodies compared to the Qβ control. In contrast, GM2 immobilized on Qβ through a thiourea linker elicited high titers of IgG antibodies that recognized GM2-positive tumor cells and effectively induced cell lysis through complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Thus, bacteriophage Qβ is a suitable platform to boost antibody responses towards GM2, a representative member of an important class of TACA: the ganglioside. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Spatiotemporal patterns of non-genetically modified crops in the era of expansion of genetically modified food.

PubMed

Sun, Jing; Wu, Wenbin; Tang, Huajun; Liu, Jianguo

2015-09-18

Despite heated debates over the safety of genetically modified (GM) food, GM crops have been expanding rapidly. Much research has focused on the expansion of GM crops. However, the spatiotemporal dynamics of non-genetically modified (non-GM) crops are not clear, although they may have significant environmental and agronomic impacts and important policy implications. To understand the dynamics of non-GM crops and to inform the debates among relevant stakeholders, we conducted spatiotemporal analyses of China's major non-GM soybean production region, the Heilongjiang Province. Even though the total soybean planting area decreased from 2005 to 2010, surprisingly, there were hotspots of increase. The results also showed hotspots of loss as well as a large decline in the number and continuity of soybean plots. Since China is the largest non-GM soybean producer in the world, the decline of its major production region may signal the continual decline of global non-GM soybeans.

Optimization of GM(1,1) power model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Dang; Sun, Yu-ling; Song, Bo

2013-10-01

GM (1,1) power model is the expansion of traditional GM (1,1) model and Grey Verhulst model. Compared with the traditional models, GM (1,1) power model has the following advantage: The power exponent in the model which best matches the actual data values can be found by certain technology. So, GM (1,1) power model can reflect nonlinear features of the data, simulate and forecast with high accuracy. It's very important to determine the best power exponent during the modeling process. In this paper, according to the GM(1,1) power model of albino equation is Bernoulli equation, through variable substitution, turning it into the GM(1,1) model of the linear albino equation form, and then through the grey differential equation properly built, established GM(1,1) power model, and parameters with pattern search method solution. Finally, we illustrate the effectiveness of the new methods with the example of simulating and forecasting the promotion rates from senior secondary schools to higher education in China.

40 CFR 180.486 - Phosphorothioic acid, 0,0-diethyl 0-(1,2,2,2-tetrachloroethyl) ester; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... the following raw agricultural commodities: Commodity Parts per million Corn, field, forage 0.01 Corn, field, grain 0.01 Corn, field, stover 0.01 Corn, pop, grain 0.01 Corn, pop, stover 0.01 Corn, sweet, forage 0.01 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.01 Corn, sweet, stover 0.01 [60 FR 49792...

40 CFR 180.582 - Pyraclostrobin; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 13-07A 4.0 Canistel 0.6 Citrus, dried pulp 12.5 Citrus, oil 9.0 Coffee, green bean 1 0.3 Corn, field, forage 5.0 Corn, field, grain 0.1 Corn, field, refined oil 0.2 Corn, field, stover 17.0 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Corn, pop, stover 17.0 Corn, sweet, forage 5.0 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0...

Macrophage-stimulating protein attenuates gentamicin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lee, Ko Eun; Kim, Eun Young; Kim, Chang Seong

2013-05-10

Highlights: •MSP/RON system is activated in rat kidney damaged by gentamicin. •MSP inhibits GM-induced cellular apoptosis and inflammation in HK-2 cells. •MSP attenuates GM-induced activation of MAPKs and NF-κB pathways in HK-2 cells. -- Abstract: The present study aimed to investigate whether macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP) treatment attenuates renal apoptosis and inflammation in gentamicin (GM)-induced tubule injury and its underlying molecular mechanisms. To examine changes in MSP and its receptor, recepteur d’origine nantais (RON) in GM-induced nephropathy, rats were injected with GM for 7 days. Human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were incubated with GM for 24 h in themore » presence of different concentrations of MSP and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry of cells stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated annexin V protein and propidium iodide. Expression of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), IκB-α, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) was analyzed by semiquantitative immunoblotting. MSP and RON expression was significantly greater in GM-treated rats, than in untreated controls. GM-treatment reduced HK-2 cell viability, an effect that was counteracted by MSP. Flow cytometry and DAPI staining revealed GM-induced apoptosis was prevented by MSP. GM reduced expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and induced expression of Bax and cleaved caspase 3; these effects and GM-induced expression of COX-2 and iNOS were also attenuated by MSP. GM caused MSP-reversible induction of phospho-ERK, phospho-JNK, and phospho-p38. GM induced NF-κB activation and degradation of IκB-α; the increase in nuclear NF-κB was blocked by inhibitors of ERK, JNK, p-38, or MSP pretreatment. These findings suggest that MSP attenuates GM-induced inflammation and apoptosis by inhibition of the MAPKs/NF-κB signaling pathways.« less

76 FR 16308 - Dichlormid; Pesticide Tolerances

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-23

..., stover; corn, pop, grain; corn, pop, stover; corn, sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks... sweet corn forage, kernel plus cob with husks removed, and stover at 0.05 ppm. EPA has extended the..., sweet, forage; corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed; and corn, sweet, stover at 0.05 ppm...

[Corn.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Iowa History for Young People, 1993

1993-01-01

This theme issue focuses on corn. Iowa is the number one corn producing state in the United States. The featured articles in the issue concern, among other topics, Iowa children who live on farms, facts and statistics about corn, the Mesquakie Indians and corn shelling, corn hybrids, a short story, and the corn palaces of Sioux City. Activities,…

Can GM sorghum impact Africa?

PubMed

Botha, Gerda M; Viljoen, Christopher D

2008-02-01

It is said that genetic modification (GM) of grain sorghum has the potential to alleviate hunger in Africa. To this end, millions of dollars have been committed to developing GM sorghum. Current developments in the genetic engineering of sorghum are similar to efforts to improve cassava and other traditional African crops, as well as rice in Asia. On closer analysis, GM sorghum is faced with the same limitations as 'Golden Rice' (GM rice) in the context of combating vitamin A deficiency (VAD) efficiently and sustainably. Thus, it is questionable whether the cost of developing GM sorghum can be justified when compared to the cost of investing in sustainable agricultural practice in Africa.

Utility of galactomannan antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in immunocompromised patients.

PubMed

Brownback, Kyle R; Pitts, Lucas R; Simpson, Steven Q

2013-09-01

Diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a challenging process in immunocompromised patients. Galactomannan (GM) antigen detection in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid is a method to detect IPA with improved sensitivity over conventional studies. We sought to determine the diagnostic yield of BAL GM assay in a diverse population of immunocompromised patients. A retrospective review of 150 fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB) with BAL for newly diagnosed pulmonary infiltrate in immunocompromised patients was performed. Patient information, procedural details and laboratory studies were collected. BAL and serum samples were evaluated for GM using enzyme-linked immunoassay. Of 150 separate FOB with BAL, BAL GM was obtained in 143 samples. There were 31 positive BAL GM assays. In those 31 positive tests, 13 were confirmed as IPA, giving a positive predictive value of 41.9%. There was one false negative BAL GM. Of the 18 false positive BAL GM, 4 were receiving piperacillin-tazobactam and 11 were receiving an alternative beta-lactam antibiotic. BAL GM assay shows excellent sensitivity for diagnosing IPA. There was a significant number of false positive BAL GM assays and several of those patients were receiving beta-lactam antibiotics at the time of bronchoscopy. © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

GmSBH1, a homeobox transcription factor gene, relates to growth and development and involves in response to high temperature and humidity stress in soybean.

PubMed

Shu, Yingjie; Tao, Yuan; Wang, Shuang; Huang, Liyan; Yu, Xingwang; Wang, Zhankui; Chen, Ming; Gu, Weihong; Ma, Hao

2015-11-01

GmSBH1 involves in response to high temperature and humidity stress. Homeobox transcription factors are key switches that control plant development processes. Glycine max H1 Sbh1 (GmSBH1) was the first homeobox gene isolated from soybean. In the present study, the full ORF of GmSBH1 was isolated, and the encoded protein was found to be a typical class I KNOX homeobox transcription factor. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation assays showed that GmSBH1 is a nuclear protein and possesses transcriptional activation activity in the homeodomain. The KNOX1 domain was found to play a clear role in suppressing the transcriptional activation activity of GmSBH1. GmSBH1 showed different expression levels among different soybean tissues and was involved in response to high temperature and humidity (HTH) stress in developing soybean seeds. The overexpression of GmSBH1 in Arabidopsis altered leaf and stoma phenotypes and enhanced seed tolerance to HTH stress. Overall, our results indicated that GmSBH1 is involved in growth, development, and enhances tolerance to pre-harvest seed deterioration caused by HTH stress in soybean.

GM-CSF-Induced Regulatory T cells Selectively Inhibit Anti-Acetylcholine Receptor-Specific Immune Responses in Experimental Myasthenia Gravis

PubMed Central

Sheng, Jian Rong; Muthusamy, Thiruppathi; Prabahakar, Bellur S.; Meriggioli, Matthew N.

2011-01-01

We and others have demonstrated the ability of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to suppress autoimmunity by increasing the number of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs). In the current study, we have explored the critical role of induced antigen specific Tregs in the therapeutic effects of GM-CSF in murine experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG). Specifically, we show that Tregs from GM-CSF treated EAMG mice (GM-CSF/AChR-induced-Tregs) adoptively transferred into animals with EAMG suppressed clinical disease more potently than equal numbers of Tregs from either GM-CSF untreated EAMG mice or healthy mice treated with GM-CSF. In addition, GM-CSF/AChR-induced-Tregs selectively suppressed antigen specific T cell proliferation induced by AChR relative to that induced by an irrelevant self antigen, (thyroglobulin) and failed to significantly alter T cell proliferation in response to an exogenous antigen (ovalbumin). These results are consistent with the hypothesized mechanism of action of GM-CSF involving the mobilization of tolerogenic dendritic cell precursors which, upon antigen (AChR) capture, suppress the anti-AChR immune response through the induction/expansion of AChR-specific Tregs. PMID:22099723

What consumers don't know about genetically modified food, and how that affects beliefs.

PubMed

McFadden, Brandon R; Lusk, Jayson L

2016-09-01

In the debates surrounding biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) food, data from consumer polls are often presented as evidence for precaution and labeling. But how much do consumers actually know about the issue? New data collected from a nationwide U.S. survey reveal low levels of knowledge and numerous misperceptions about GM food. Nearly equal numbers of consumers prefer mandatory labeling of foods containing DNA as do those preferring mandatory labeling of GM foods. When given the option, the majority of consumers prefer that decisions about GM food be taken out of their hands and be made by experts. After answering a list of questions testing objective knowledge of GM food, subjective, self-reported knowledge declines somewhat, and beliefs about GM food safety increase slightly. Results suggest that consumers think they know more than they actually do about GM food, and queries about GM facts cause respondents to reassess how much they know. The findings question the usefulness of results from opinion polls as a motivation for creating public policy surrounding GM food.-McFadden, B. R., Lusk, J. L. What consumers don't know about genetically modified food, and how that affects beliefs. © FASEB.

MDSCs are involved in the protumorigenic potentials of GM-CSF in colitis-associated cancer.

PubMed

Ma, Ning; Liu, Qilin; Hou, Lin; Wang, Yalin; Liu, Ziling

2017-06-01

Chronic inflammation is thought to be a major driving force for the development of colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). As one member of proinflammatory cytokine family, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been identified to play a key role in CAC pathogenesis recently. The underlying mechanisms, however, remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulated increasingly in the lesions during the progression from colitis to cancer, which was critical for CAC formation. Importantly, this MDSC accumulation was controlled by GM-CSF. MDSC number decreased significantly in GM-CSF-deficient mice suffering from CAC induction, and transfusion of MDSCs from wild-type CAC-bearing mice into GM-CSF-deficient counterparts led to recurrence of CAC. Furthermore, the supernatants of CAC lesions or GM-CSF alone was sufficient to differentiate hematopoietic precursors into MDSCs. Addition of neutralizing anti-GM-CSF antibody impaired the MDSC-differentiating effects of the supernatants of CAC lesions. Overall, these findings shed new insights into the mechanisms of GM-CSF underlying CAC development, by inducing/recruiting CAC-promoting MDSCs. Blocking GM-CSF activity or MDSC function may represent new therapeutic strategies for CAC in clinic.

Genetically modified crops and small-scale farmers: main opportunities and challenges.

PubMed

Azadi, Hossein; Samiee, Atry; Mahmoudi, Hossein; Jouzi, Zeynab; Khachak, Parisa Rafiaani; De Maeyer, Philippe; Witlox, Frank

2016-01-01

Although some important features of genetically modified (GM) crops such as insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, and drought tolerance might seem to be beneficial for small-scale farmers, the adoption of GM technology by smallholders is still slight. Identifying pros and cons of using this technology is important to understand the impacts of GM crops on these farmers. This article reviews the main opportunities and challenges of GM crops for small-scale farmers in developing countries. The most significant advantages of GM crops include being independent to farm size, environment protection, improvement of occupational health issues, and the potential of bio-fortified crops to reduce malnutrition. Challenges faced by small-scale farmers for adoption of GM crops comprise availability and accessibility of GM crop seeds, seed dissemination and price, and the lack of adequate information. In addition, R&D and production costs in using GM crops make it difficult for these farmers to adopt the use of these crops. Moreover, intellectual property right regulations may deprive resource poor farmers from the advantages of GM technology. Finally, concerns on socio-economic and environment safety issues are also addressed in this paper.

Functional analysis of the GmESR1 gene associated with soybean regeneration

PubMed Central

Chen, Qingshan; Liu, Ming; Xin, Dawei; Qi, Zhaoming; Li, Sinan; Ma, Yanlong; Wang, Lingshuang; Jin, Yangmei; Li, Wenbin; Wu, Xiaoxia; Su, An-yu

2017-01-01

Plant regeneration can occur via in vitro tissue culture through somatic embryogenesis or de novo shoot organogenesis. Transformation of soybean (Glycine max) is difficult, hence optimization of the transformation system for soybean regeneration is required. This study investigated ENHANCER OF SHOOT REGENERATION 1 (GmESR1), a soybean transcription factor that targets regeneration-associated genes. Sequence analysis showed that GmESR1 contained a conserved 57 amino acid APETALA 2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) DNA-binding domain. The relative expression level of GmESR1 was highest in young embryos, flowers and stems in the soybean cultivar ‘Dongnong 50’. To examine the function of GmESR1, transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and soybean plants overexpressing GmESR1 were generated. In Arabidopsis, overexpression of GmESR1 resulted in accelerated seed germination, and seedling shoot and root elongation. In soybean overexpression of GmESR1 also led to faster seed germination, and shoot and root elongation. GmESR1 specifically bound to the GCC-box. The results provide a foundation for the establishment of an efficient and stable transformation system for soybean. PMID:28403182

Systemic acquired resistance in soybean is regulated by two proteins, Orthologous to Arabidopsis NPR1.

PubMed

Sandhu, Devinder; Tasma, I Made; Frasch, Ryan; Bhattacharyya, Madan K

2009-08-05

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced in non-inoculated leaves following infection with certain pathogenic strains. SAR is effective against many pathogens. Salicylic acid (SA) is a signaling molecule of the SAR pathway. The development of SAR is associated with the induction of pathogenesis related (PR) genes. Arabidopsis non-expressor of PR1 (NPR1) is a regulatory gene of the SA signal pathway 123. SAR in soybean was first reported following infection with Colletotrichum trancatum that causes anthracnose disease. We investigated if SAR in soybean is regulated by a pathway, similar to the one characterized in Arabidopsis. Pathogenesis-related gene GmPR1 is induced following treatment of soybean plants with the SAR inducer, 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (INA) or infection with the oomycete pathogen, Phytophthora sojae. In P. sojae-infected plants, SAR was induced against the bacterial pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea. Soybean GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2 genes showed high identities to Arabidopsis NPR1. They showed similar expression patterns among the organs, studied in this investigation. GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2 are the only soybean homologues of NPR1and are located in homoeologous regions. In GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2 transformed Arabidopsis npr1-1 mutant plants, SAR markers: (i) PR-1 was induced following INA treatment and (ii) BGL2 following infection with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst), and SAR was induced following Pst infection. Of the five cysteine residues, Cys82, Cys150, Cys155, Cys160, and Cys216 involved in oligomer-monomer transition in NPR1, Cys216 in GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2 proteins was substituted to Ser and Leu, respectively. Complementation analyses in Arabidopsis npr1-1 mutants revealed that homoeologous GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2 genes are orthologous to Arabidopsis NPR1. Therefore, SAR pathway in soybean is most likely regulated by GmNPR1 genes. Substitution of Cys216 residue, essential for oligomer-monomer transition of Arabidopsis NPR1, with Ser and Leu residues in GmNPR1-1 and GmNPR1-2, respectively, suggested that there may be differences between the regulatory mechanisms of GmNPR1 and Arabidopsis NPR proteins.

Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) enhances cumulus cell expansion in bovine oocytes

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background The objectives of the study were to characterize the expression of the α- and β-subunits of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptor in bovine cumulus cells and oocytes and to determine the effect of exogenous GM-CSF on cumulus cells expansion, oocyte maturation, IGF-2 transcript expression and subsequent competence for embryonic development. Methods Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) were obtained by aspirating follicles 3- to 8-mm in diameter with an 18 G needle connected to a vacuum pump at −50 mmHg. Samples of cumulus cells and oocytes were used to detect GM- CSF receptor by immunofluorescence. A dose–response experiment was performed to estimate the effect of GM-CSF on cumulus cell expansion and nuclear/cytoplasmic maturation. Also, the effect of GM-CSF on IGF-2 expression was evaluated in oocytes and cumulus cells after in vitro maturation by Q-PCR. Finally, a batch of COC was randomly assigned to in vitro maturation media consisting of: 1) synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF, n = 212); 2) synthetic oviductal fluid supplemented with 100 ng/ml of GM-CSF (SOF + GM-CSF, n = 224) or 3) tissue culture medium (TCM 199, n = 216) and then subsequently in vitro fertilized and cultured for 9 days. Results Immunoreactivity for both α and β GM-CSF receptors was localized in the cytoplasm of both cumulus cells and oocytes. Oocytes in vitro matured either with 10 or 100 ng/ml of GM-CSF presented a higher (P < 0.05) cumulus cells expansion than that of the control group (0 ng/ml of GM-CSF). GM-CSF did not affect the proportion of oocytes in metaphase II, cortical granules dispersion and IGF-2 expression. COC exposed to 100 ng/ml of GM-CSF during maturation did not display significant differences in terms of embryo cleavage rate (50.4% vs. 57.5%), blastocyst development at day 7 (31.9% vs. 28.7%) and at day 9 (17.4% vs. 17.9%) compared to untreated control (SOF alone, P = 0.2). Conclusions GM-CSF enhanced cumulus cell expansion of in vitro matured bovine COC. However, GM-CSF did not increase oocyte nuclear or cytoplasmic maturation rates, IGF-2 expression or subsequent embryonic development. PMID:23799974

[The therapeutic effect of HSV1-hGM-CSF combined with doxorubicin on the mouse breast cancer model].

PubMed

Zhuang, X F; Zhang, S R; Liu, B L; Wu, J L; Li, X Q; Gu, H G; Shu, Y

2018-03-23

Objective: To evaluate the oncolytic effect of herpes simplex virus type 1 which carried recombined human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (HSV1-hGM-CSF) on the mouse breast cancer cell line 4T1 and compare the anticancer effects of HSV1-hGM-CSF, doxorubicin alone or combination on the breast cancer in mice. Methods: We investigated the cytotoxic effect on 4T1 cells in vitro, the cell growth, cell apoptosis and cell cycle of 4T1 cells treated with oncolytic HSV1-hGM-CSF at different MOIs (0, 0.5, 1 and 2) and doxorubicin at different concentrations (0, 2, 4 and 8 μg/ml). The effects of oncolytic HSV1-hGM-CSF and doxorubicin on the tumor growth, survival time and their side effects on the mouse breast cancer model were observed. Results: Both oncolytic HSV1-hGM-CSF and doxorubicin significantly inhibited the proliferation of 4T1 cells in vitro . Doxorubicin induced the G(2)/M phase arrest of 4T1 cells, while the cytotoxicity of oncolytic HSV1-hGM-CSF was no cell cycle-dependent.At day 16 after treatment with doxorubicin and HSV1-hGM-CSF, the tumor volume of 4T1 tumor bearing mice were (144.40±27.68)mm(3,) (216.80±57.18)mm(3,) (246.10±21.90)mm(3,) (327.50±44.24)mm(3,) (213.30±32.31)mm(3) and (495.80±75.87)mm(3) in the groups of doxorubicin combined with high dose HSV1-hGM-CSF, doxorubicin combined with low dose HSV1-hGM-CSF, doxorubicin alone, high dose HSV1-hGM-CSF alone, low dose HSV1-hGM-CSF alone and control, respectively.Compared with the control group, both doxorubicin and HSV1-hGM-CSF treatment exhibited significant reduction of primary tumor volume in vivo ( P <0.001). The median survival times were 48, 50, 40, 42, 43 and 37 days in the six groups mentioned above, respectively. The median survival period of doxorubicin alone, high dose HSV1-hGM-CSF alone and low dose HSV1-hGM-CSF alone were significantly longer than that of control ( P <0.05). Conclusion: Synergistic effect of sequential treatment with doxorubicin and oncolytic HSV1-hGM-CSF is observed in 4T1 mouse breast cancer.

The impact of genetic modification of human foods in the 21st century: a review.

PubMed

Uzogara, S G

2000-05-01

Genetic engineering of food is the science which involves deliberate modification of the genetic material of plants or animals. It is an old agricultural practice carried on by farmers since early historical times, but recently it has been improved by technology. Many foods consumed today are either genetically modified (GM) whole foods, or contain ingredients derived from gene modification technology. Billions of dollars in U.S. food exports are realized from sales of GM seeds and crops. Despite the potential benefits of genetic engineering of foods, the technology is surrounded by controversy. Critics of GM technology include consumer and health groups, grain importers from European Union (EU) countries, organic farmers, environmentalists, concerned scientists, ethicists, religious rights groups, food advocacy groups, some politicians and trade protectionists. Some of the specific fears expressed by opponents of GM technology include alteration in nutritional quality of foods, potential toxicity, possible antibiotic resistance from GM crops, potential allergenicity and carcinogenicity from consuming GM foods. In addition, some more general concerns include environmental pollution, unintentional gene transfer to wild plants, possible creation of new viruses and toxins, limited access to seeds due to patenting of GM food plants, threat to crop genetic diversity, religious, cultural and ethical concerns, as well as fear of the unknown. Supporters of GM technology include private industries, research scientists, some consumers, U.S. farmers and regulatory agencies. Benefits presented by proponents of GM technology include improvement in fruit and vegetable shelf-life and organoleptic quality, improved nutritional quality and health benefits in foods, improved protein and carbohydrate content of foods, improved fat quality, improved quality and quantity of meat, milk and livestock. Other potential benefits are: the use of GM livestock to grow organs for transplant into humans, increased crop yield, improvement in agriculture through breeding insect, pest, disease, and weather resistant crops and herbicide tolerant crops, use of GM plants as bio-factories to yield raw materials for industrial uses, use of GM organisms in drug manufacture, in recycling and/or removal of toxic industrial wastes. The potential risks and benefits of the new technology to man and the environment are reviewed. Ways of minimizing potential risks and maximizing the benefits of GM foods are suggested. Because the benefits of GM foods apparently far outweigh the risks, regulatory agencies and industries involved in GM food business should increase public awareness in this technology to enhance worldwide acceptability of GM foods. This can be achieved through openness, education, and research.

Status of market, regulation and research of genetically modified crops in Chile.

PubMed

Sánchez, Miguel A; León, Gabriel

2016-12-25

Agricultural biotechnology and genetically modified (GM) crops are effective tools to substantially increase productivity, quality, and environmental sustainability in agricultural farming. Furthermore, they may contribute to improving the nutritional content of crops, addressing needs related to public health. Chile has become one of the most important global players for GM seed production for counter-season markets and research purposes. It has a comprehensive regulatory framework to carry out this activity, while at the same time there are numerous regulations from different agencies addressing several aspects related to GM crops. Despite imports of GM food/feed or ingredients for the food industry being allowed without restrictions, Chilean farmers are not using GM seeds for farming purposes because of a lack of clear guidelines. Chile is in a rather contradictory situation about GM crops. The country has invested considerable resources to fund research and development on GM crops, but the lack of clarity in the current regulatory situation precludes the use of such research to develop new products for Chilean farmers. Meanwhile, a larger scientific capacity regarding GM crop research continues to build up in the country. The present study maps and analyses the current regulatory environment for research and production of GM crops in Chile, providing an updated overview of the current status of GM seeds production, research and regulatory issues. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Immune-enhancing effect of nano-DNA vaccine encoding a gene of the prME protein of Japanese encephalitis virus and BALB/c mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

PubMed Central

ZHAI, YONGZHEN; ZHOU, YAN; LI, XIMEI; FENG, GUOHE

2015-01-01

Plasmid-encoded granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is an adjuvant for genetic vaccines; however, how GM-CSF enhances immunogenicity remains to be elucidated. In the present study, it was demonstrated that injection of a plasmid encoding the premembrane (prM) and envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus and mouse GM-CSF (pJME/GM-CSF) into mouse muscle recruited large and multifocal conglomerates of macrophages and granulocytes, predominantly neutrophils. During the peak of the infiltration, an appreciable number of immature dendritic cells (DCs) appeared, although no T and B-cells was detected. pJME/GM-CSF increased the number of splenic DCs and the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) on splenic DC, and enhanced the antigenic capture, processing and presentation functions of splenic DCs, and the cell-mediated immunity induced by the vaccine. These findings suggested that the immune-enhancing effect by pJME/GM-CSF was associated with infiltrate size and the appearance of integrin αx (CD11c)+cells. Chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles, prepared by coacervation via intramuscular injection, outperformed standard pJME/GM-CSF administrations in DC recruitment, antigen processing and presentation, and vaccine enhancement. This revealed that muscular injection of chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles may enhance the immunoadjuvant properties of GM-CSF. PMID:25738258

[Effects of cell-mediated immunity induced by intramuscular chitosan-pJME/ GM-CSF nano-DNA vaccine in BAlb/c mice].

PubMed

Zhai, Yong-Zhen; Zhou, Yan; Ma, Li; Feng, Guo-He

2014-07-01

This study aimed to investigate the immune adjuvant effect and mechanism induced by chitosan nanoparticles carrying pJME/GM-CSF. In this study, plasmid DNA (pJME/GM-CSF) was encapsulated in chitosan to prepare chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles using a complex coacervation process. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the type of infiltrating cells at the site of intramuscular injection. The phenotype and functional changes of splenic DCs were measured by flow cytometry after different immunogens were injected intramuscularly. The killing activity of CTLs was assessed using the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay. The preparation of chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles matched the expected theoretical results. Our results also found that, after pJME/GM-CSF injection, the incoming cells were a mixture of macrophages, neutrophils, and immature DCs. Meanwhile, pJME/GM-CSF increased the expression of MHC class II molecules on splenic DCs, and enhanced their Ag capture and presentation functions. Cell-mediated immunity was induced by the vaccine. Furthermore, chitosan-pJME/GM-CSF nanoparticles outperformed the administration of standard pJME/GM-CSF in terms of DC recruitment, antigen processing and presentation, and vaccine enhancement. These findings reveal that chitosan could be used as delivery vector for DNA vaccine intramuscular immunizations, and enhance pJME/GM-CSF-induced cellular immune responses.

TGF-β Affects the Differentiation of Human GM-CSF+ CD4+ T Cells in an Activation- and Sodium-Dependent Manner

PubMed Central

Éliás, Szabolcs; Schmidt, Angelika; Kannan, Venkateshan; Andersson, John; Tegnér, Jesper

2016-01-01

The cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. However, the environmental cues promoting differentiation of GM-CSF producing T cells are unclear. Herein, we performed a broad experimental screening of cytokines and data-driven analysis assessing their ability to induce human GM-CSF+ CD4+ T cells and their subpopulations. TGF-β was discovered to induce GM-CSF production independently of proliferation and IL-2 signaling including STAT5. In contrast, IL-6 and IL-23 decreased GM-CSF production. On the population level, GM-CSF induction was highly correlated with expression of FOXP3 across cytokine stimulations but not with that of IL-17. However, on single-cell level GM-CSF and IFN-γ expression were most correlated, independently of the cytokine environment. Importantly, under low sodium conditions in the medium or upon stimulation with plate-bound instead of bead-bound anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies, the effects of TGF-β on GM-CSF, but not on FOXP3, were reversed. Our analysis indicates a novel role for TGF-β in generating GM-CSF+ subsets of human CD4+ T cells. These results are important for understanding of autoimmune disease and therapeutic considerations. PMID:28066414

Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Pathogenesis-Related Protein Gene (GmPRP) with Induced Expression in Soybean (Glycine max) during Infection with Phytophthora sojae

PubMed Central

Jiang, Liangyu; Wu, Junjiang; Fan, Sujie; Li, Wenbin; Dong, Lidong; Cheng, Qun; Xu, Pengfei; Zhang, Shuzhen

2015-01-01

Pathogenesis-related proteins (PR proteins) play crucial roles in the plant defense system. A novel PRP gene was isolated from highly resistant soybean infected with Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) and was named GmPRP (GenBank accession number: KM506762). The amino acid sequences of GmPRP showed identities of 74%, 73%, 72% and 69% with PRP proteins from Vitis vinifera, Populus trichocarpa, Citrus sinensis and Theobroma cacao, respectively. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) data showed that the expression of GmPRP was highest in roots, followed by the stems and leaves. GmPRP expression was upregulated in soybean leaves infected with P. sojae. Similarly, GmPRP expression also responded to defense/stress signaling molecules, including salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA). GmPRP was localized in the cell plasma membrane and cytoplasm. Recombinant GmPRP protein exhibited ribonuclease activity and significant inhibition of hyphal growth of P. sojae 1 in vitro. Overexpression of the GmPRP gene in T2 transgenic tobacco and T2 soybean plants resulted in enhanced resistance to Phytophthora nicotianae (P. nicotianae) and P. sojae race 1, respectively. These results indicated that the GmPRP protein played an important role in the defense of soybean against P. sojae infection. PMID:26114301

A Novel Soybean ERF Transcription Factor, GmERF113, Increases Resistance to Phytophthora sojae Infection in Soybean

PubMed Central

Zhao, Yuanling; Chang, Xin; Qi, Dongyue; Dong, Lidong; Wang, Guangjin; Fan, Sujie; Jiang, Liangyu; Cheng, Qun; Chen, Xi; Han, Dan; Xu, Pengfei; Zhang, Shuzhen

2017-01-01

Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae, is a destructive disease worldwide. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) play important roles in regulating plant biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. In this study, a new ERF gene, GmERF113, was isolated from the highly resistant soybean ‘Suinong 10.’ Sequence analysis suggested that the protein encoded by GmERF113 contained a conserved AP2/ERF domain of 58 amino acid and belonged to the B-4 subgroup of the ERF subfamily. Expression of GmERF113 was significantly induced by P. sojae, ethylene, and methyl jasmonate. GmERF113 protein localized to the nucleus when transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts, could bind to the GCC-box, and acted as a transcription activator. In addition, a region of the full-length GmERF113, GmERF113-II, interacted with a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor (GmbHLH) in yeast cells. Full-length GmERF113 also interacted with GmbHLH in planta. GmERF113-overexpressing transgenic plants in susceptible cultivar ‘Dongnong 50’ soybean exhibited increased resistance to P. sojae and positively regulated the expression of the pathogenesis-related genes, PR1 and PR10-1. These results indicate that GmERF113 may play a crucial role in the defense of soybean against P. sojae infection. PMID:28326092

The bHLH transcription factor GmPIB1 facilitates resistance to Phytophthora sojae in Glycine max

PubMed Central

Cheng, Qun; Dong, Lidong; Gao, Tianjiao; Liu, Tengfei; Li, Ninghui; Wang, Le; Chang, Xin; Wu, Junjiang; Xu, Pengfei

2018-01-01

Abstract Phytophthora sojae Kaufmann and Gerdemann causes Phytophthora root rot, a destructive soybean disease worldwide. A basic helix–loop–helix (bHLH) transcription factor is thought to be involved in the response to P. sojae infection in soybean, as revealed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). However, the molecular mechanism underlying this response is currently unclear. Here, we explored the function and underlying mechanisms of a bHLH transcription factor in soybean, designated GmPIB1 (P. sojae-inducible bHLH transcription factor), during host responses to P. sojae. GmPIB1 was significantly induced by P. sojae in the resistant soybean cultivar ‘L77-1863’. Analysis of transgenic soybean hairy roots with elevated or reduced expression of GmPIB1 demonstrated that GmPIB1 enhances resistance to P. sojae and reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation–quantitative PCR assays revealed that GmPIB1 binds directly to the promoter of GmSPOD1 and represses its expression; this gene encodes a key enzyme in ROS production. Moreover, transgenic soybean hairy roots with GmSPOD1 silencing through RNA interference exhibited improved resistance to P. sojae and reduced ROS generation. These findings suggest that GmPIB1 enhances resistance to P. sojae by repressing the expression of GmSPOD1. PMID:29579245

40 CFR 180.221 - O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphos-phonodithioate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Do. Corn, field, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, field, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, field, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, stover 0.1 Do. Peanut 0.1 Do. Peanut, hay 0.1 Do...

40 CFR 180.450 - Beta-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol; tolerances for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... None Corn, field, forage 0.05 None Corn, field, grain 0.05 None Corn, field, stover 0.05 None Corn, pop, grain 0.05 None Corn, pop, stover 0.05 None Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 None Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 None Cotton, undelinted seed 0.02 None Oat...

40 CFR 180.221 - O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphos-phonodithioate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Do. Corn, field, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, field, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, field, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, stover 0.1 Do. Peanut 0.1 Do. Peanut, hay 0.1 Do...

40 CFR 180.221 - O-Ethyl S-phenyl ethylphos-phonodithioate; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

.... Beet, sugar, tops 0.1 Do. Corn, field, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, field, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, field, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, grain 0.1 Do. Corn, pop, stover 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 Do. Corn, sweet, stover 0.1 Do. Peanut 0.1 Do. Peanut, hay 0.1 Do...

40 CFR 180.450 - Beta-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol; tolerances for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... None Corn, field, forage 0.05 None Corn, field, grain 0.05 None Corn, field, stover 0.05 None Corn, pop, grain 0.05 None Corn, pop, stover 0.05 None Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 None Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 None Cotton, undelinted seed 0.02 None Oat...

40 CFR 180.450 - Beta-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol; tolerances for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... None Corn, field, forage 0.05 None Corn, field, grain 0.05 None Corn, field, stover 0.05 None Corn, pop, grain 0.05 None Corn, pop, stover 0.05 None Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 None Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 None Cotton, undelinted seed 0.02 None Oat...

40 CFR 180.450 - Beta-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol; tolerances for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... None Corn, field, forage 0.05 None Corn, field, grain 0.05 None Corn, field, stover 0.05 None Corn, pop, grain 0.05 None Corn, pop, stover 0.05 None Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 None Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 None Cotton, undelinted seed 0.02 None Oat...

40 CFR 180.312 - 4-Aminopyridine; tolerances for residues.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... million Expiration/Revocation Date Corn, field, forage 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, field, grain 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, field, stover 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, pop, grain 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, pop, stover 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, sweet, forage 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.1 1/15/06 Corn, sweet, stover 0.1 1/15...

40 CFR 180.450 - Beta-(4-Chlorophenoxy)-alpha-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol; tolerances for...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... None Corn, field, forage 0.05 None Corn, field, grain 0.05 None Corn, field, stover 0.05 None Corn, pop, grain 0.05 None Corn, pop, stover 0.05 None Corn, sweet, forage 0.05 None Corn, sweet, kernel plus cob with husks removed 0.05 None Corn, sweet, stover 0.05 None Cotton, undelinted seed 0.02 None Oat...

Compositional variability of nutrients and phytochemicals in corn after processing.

PubMed

Prasanthi, P S; Naveena, N; Vishnuvardhana Rao, M; Bhaskarachary, K

2017-04-01

The result of various process strategies on the nutrient and phytochemical composition of corn samples were studied. Fresh and cooked baby corn, sweet corn, dent corn and industrially processed and cooked popcorn, corn grits, corn flour and corn flakes were analysed for the determination of proximate, minerals, xanthophylls and phenolic acids content. This study revealed that the proximate composition of popcorn is high compared to the other corn products analyzed while the mineral composition of these maize products showed higher concentration of magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and low concentration of calcium, manganese, zinc, iron, copper, and sodium. Popcorn was high in iron, zinc, copper, manganese, sodium, magnesium and phosphorus. The xanthophylls lutein and zeaxanthin were predominant in the dent corn and the total polyphenolic content was highest in dent corn while the phenolic acids distribution was variable in different corn products. This study showed preparation and processing brought significant reduction of xanthophylls and polyphenols.

Oriented 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine/ganglioside membranes: a Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopic study. Band assignments; orientational, hydrational, and phase behavior; and effects of Ca2+ binding.

PubMed

Müller, E; Giehl, A; Schwarzmann, G; Sandhoff, K; Blume, A

1996-09-01

Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy was used to elucidate the hydration behavior and molecular order of phospholipid/ganglioside bilayers. We examined dry and hydrated films of the gangliosides GM1, deacetyl-GM1, lyso-GM1, deacetyllyso-GM1, and GM3 and oriented mixed films of these gangliosides with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine (DMPC) using polarized light. Analysis of the amide I frequencies reveals that the amide groups are involved in intermolecular interactions via hydrogen bonds of varying strengths. The tilt angle of the acyl chains of the lipids in mixed films was determined as a function of ganglioside structure. Deacetylation of the sialic acid in the headgroup has a stronger influence on the tilt angle than the removal of the ganglioside fatty acid. The phase behavior was examined by FTIR ATR spectroscopy and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements on lipid suspensions. At the same molar concentration, lyso-gangliosides have less effect on changes of transition temperature compared to the double-chain analogs. Distinct differences in the amide band shapes were observed between mixtures with lyso-gangliosides and normal double-chain gangliosides. Determined from the dicroic ratio RATR, the orientation of the COO- group in all DMPC/ganglioside mixtures was found to be relatively fixed with respect to the membrane normal. In 4:1 mixtures of DMPC with GM1 and deacetyl-GM1, the binding of Ca2+ leads to a slight decrease in chain tilt in the gel phase, probably caused by a dehydration of the membrane-water interface. In mixtures of DMPC with GM3 and deacetyl-lyso-GM1, a slight increase in chain tilt is observed. The chain tilt in DMPC/lyso-GM1 mixtures is unchanged. Analysis of the COO- band reveals that Ca2+ does not bind to the carboxylate group of the sialic acid of GM1 and deacetyl-GM1, the mixtures in which a decrease in chain tilt was observed. Binding to the sialic acid was only observed for mixtures of DMPC with GM3, lyso-GM1, and deacetyl-lyso-GM1. Ca2+ obviously accumulates at the bilayer-water interface and leads to partial dehydration of the headgroup region in the gel as well as in the liquid-crystalline phase. This can be concluded from the changes in the amide I band shapes. With the exception of DMPC/deacetyl-GM1, the effects on the ester C==O bands are small. The addition of Ca2+ has minor effects on the phase behavior, with the exception of the DMPC/GM1 mixture.