Relation between diameter and flow in major branches of the arch of the aorta.

PubMed

Zamir, M; Sinclair, P; Wonnacott, T H

1992-11-01

In the analysis of arterial branching the classical "cube law' has provided a working model for the relation between the diameter of a blood vessel and the flow which the vessel carries on a long-term basis. The law has shown good agreement with biological data, but questions remain regarding its applicability to all levels of the arterial tree. The present study tests the hypothesis that the cube law may not be valid in the first few generations of the arterial tree, where vessel capacitance and gross anatomy may play important roles. Biological data have shown some support for this hypothesis in the past but the heterogeneity characteristic of past data has not allowed a conclusive test so far. We present new data which have been obtained from the same location on the arterial tree and in sufficient number to make this test possible for the first time. Also, while past tests have been based primarily on correlation of the measured data with an assumed power law, we show here that this can be misleading. The present data allow a simpler test which does not involve correlation and which leads to more direct conclusions. For the vessels surveyed, the results show unequivocally that the relation between diameter and flow is governed by a 'square law' rather than the classical cube law. Coupled with past findings this suggests that the square law may apply at the first few levels of the arterial tree, while the cube law continues from there to perhaps the precapillary levels.

On the Role of D Orbital Hybridization in the Chemistry Curriculum

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galbraith, John Morrison

2007-01-01

The role of d-orbital hybridization in the chemistry curriculum and a qualitative description of bonding in SF[subscript 6] are described. The sp[cubed]d[squared] hybridization model found to be helpful in understanding the chemical phenomenon of chemical bonding in SF[subscript 6] and are not applicable to all situations.

77 FR 53781 - Safety Standard for Magnet Sets

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-04

... preliminarily that there may be an unreasonable risk of injury associated with children ingesting high-powered... during the eight months after it. A high percentage of the injuries resulted in surgeries or other... exception of the smaller sets, are sold with a container, such as a square plastic cube, a metal tin, and/or...

Swarmathon 2017

NASA Image and Video Library

2017-04-19

A cube identified with an AprilTag, similar to a barcode, is delivered to a "home" square in the middle of a competition arena during the Swarmathon competition. At the Kennedy Space Center Visitor Complex, student teams developed search algorithms for the Swarmies to operate autonomously, communicating and interacting as a collective swarm similar to ants foraging for food.

Chiasmus

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cady, Stephen

2009-02-01

Chiasmus is a responsive and dynamically reflective, two-sided volumetric surface that embodies phenomenological issues such as the formation of images, observer and machine perception and the dynamics of the screen as a space of image reception. It consists of a square grid of 64 individually motorized cube elements engineered to move linearly. Each cube is controlled by custom software that analyzes video imagery for luminance values and sends these values to the motor control mechanisms to coordinate the individual movements. The resolution of the sculptural screen from the individual movements allows its volume to dynamically alter, providing novel and unique perspectives of its mobile form to an observer.

An O(N squared) method for computing the eigensystem of N by N symmetric tridiagonal matrices by the divide and conquer approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gill, Doron; Tadmor, Eitan

1988-01-01

An efficient method is proposed to solve the eigenproblem of N by N Symmetric Tridiagonal (ST) matrices. Unlike the standard eigensolvers which necessitate O(N cubed) operations to compute the eigenvectors of such ST matrices, the proposed method computes both the eigenvalues and eigenvectors with only O(N squared) operations. The method is based on serial implementation of the recently introduced Divide and Conquer (DC) algorithm. It exploits the fact that by O(N squared) of DC operations, one can compute the eigenvalues of N by N ST matrix and a finite number of pairs of successive rows of its eigenvector matrix. The rest of the eigenvectors--all of them or one at a time--are computed by linear three-term recurrence relations. Numerical examples are presented which demonstrate the superiority of the proposed method by saving an order of magnitude in execution time at the expense of sacrificing a few orders of accuracy.

Design and comparative performance analysis of different chirping profiles of tanh apodized fiber Bragg grating and comparison with the dispersion compensation fiber for long-haul transmission system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dar, Aasif Bashir; Jha, Rakesh Kumar

2017-03-01

Various dispersion compensation units are presented and evaluated in this paper. These dispersion compensation units include dispersion compensation fiber (DCF), DCF merged with fiber Bragg grating (FBG) (joint technique), and linear, square root, and cube root chirped tanh apodized FBG. For the performance evaluation 10 Gb/s NRZ transmission system over 100-km-long single-mode fiber is used. The three chirped FBGs are optimized individually to yield pulse width reduction percentage (PWRP) of 86.66, 79.96, 62.42% for linear, square root, and cube root, respectively. The DCF and Joint technique both provide a remarkable PWRP of 94.45 and 96.96%, respectively. The performance of optimized linear chirped tanh apodized FBG and DCF is compared for long-haul transmission system on the basis of quality factor of received signal. For both the systems maximum transmission distance is calculated such that quality factor is ≥ 6 at the receiver and result shows that performance of FBG is comparable to that of DCF with advantages of very low cost, small size and reduced nonlinear effects.

An efficient numerical technique for calculating thermal spreading resistance

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gale, E. H., Jr.

1977-01-01

An efficient numerical technique for solving the equations resulting from finite difference analyses of fields governed by Poisson's equation is presented. The method is direct (noniterative)and the computer work required varies with the square of the order of the coefficient matrix. The computational work required varies with the cube of this order for standard inversion techniques, e.g., Gaussian elimination, Jordan, Doolittle, etc.

Derivative of Area Equals Perimeter--Coincidence or Rule?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zazkis, Rina; Sinitsky, Ilya; Leikin, Roza

2013-01-01

Why is the derivative of the area of a circle equal to its circumference? Why is the derivative of the volume of a sphere equal to its surface area? And why does a similar relationship not hold for a square or a cube? Or does it? In their work in teacher education, these authors have heard at times undesirable responses to these questions:…

Dissolution kinetics of soluble nondisintegrating disks.

PubMed

de Blaey, C J; van der Graaff, H

1977-12-01

An equation describing the isotropical dissolution of soluble nondisintegrating disks was developed. It was equivalent to the cube root law only if the height and diameter of the disk were equal. The dissolution kinetics of sodium chloride disks were examined, using a beaker equipped with a centrifugal stirrer as the dissolution chamber. The fit of the experimental data to the cube root law had a coefficient of variation of about 4-5%. It was demonstrated statistically that a fit to a square root of mass versus time relation was significantly better. With increasing porosity, the dissolution process proceeded faster than predicted on the basis of the diffusion-convection model. An explanation is proposed by assuming an increased effective dissolution surface.

Least Squares Approximation By G1 Piecewise Parametric Cubes

DTIC Science & Technology

1993-12-01

ADDRESS(ES) 10.SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not...CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Parametric piecewise cubic polynomials are used throughout...piecewise parametric cubic polynomial to a sequence of ordered points in the plane. Cubic Bdzier curves are used as a basis. The parameterization, the

Analysis of the Relationship between the "n"th Root Which Is a Whole Number and the "n" Consecutive Odd Numbers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kwenge, Erasmus; Mwewa, Peter; Mulenga, H. M.

2015-01-01

The study was undertaken to establish the relationship between the roots of the perfect numbers and the "n" consecutive odd numbers. Odd numbers were arranged in such a way that their sums were either equal to the perfect square number or equal to a cube. The findings on the patterns and relationships of the numbers showed that there was…

Estimation of inlet flow rates for image-based aneurysm CFD models: where and how to begin?

PubMed

Valen-Sendstad, Kristian; Piccinelli, Marina; KrishnankuttyRema, Resmi; Steinman, David A

2015-06-01

Patient-specific flow rates are rarely available for image-based computational fluid dynamics models. Instead, flow rates are often assumed to scale according to the diameters of the arteries of interest. Our goal was to determine how choice of inlet location and scaling law affect such model-based estimation of inflow rates. We focused on 37 internal carotid artery (ICA) aneurysm cases from the Aneurisk cohort. An average ICA flow rate of 245 mL min(-1) was assumed from the literature, and then rescaled for each case according to its inlet diameter squared (assuming a fixed velocity) or cubed (assuming a fixed wall shear stress). Scaling was based on diameters measured at various consistent anatomical locations along the models. Choice of location introduced a modest 17% average uncertainty in model-based flow rate, but within individual cases estimated flow rates could vary by >100 mL min(-1). A square law was found to be more consistent with physiological flow rates than a cube law. Although impact of parent artery truncation on downstream flow patterns is well studied, our study highlights a more insidious and potentially equal impact of truncation site and scaling law on the uncertainty of assumed inlet flow rates and thus, potentially, downstream flow patterns.

Superconducting gravity gradiometer and a test of inverse square law

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Moody, M. V.; Paik, Ho Jung

1989-01-01

The equivalence principle prohibits the distinction of gravity from acceleration by a local measurement. However, by making a differential measurement of acceleration over a baseline, platform accelerations can be cancelled and gravity gradients detected. In an in-line superconducting gravity gradiometer, this differencing is accomplished with two spring-mass accelerometers in which the proof masses are confined to motion in a single degree of freedom and are coupled together by superconducting circuits. Platform motions appear as common mode accelerations and are cancelled by adjusting the ratio of two persistent currents in the sensing circuit. The sensing circuit is connected to a commercial SQUID amplifier to sense changes in the persistent currents generated by differential accelerations, i.e., gravity gradients. A three-axis gravity gradiometer is formed by mounting six accelerometers on the faces of a precision cube, with the accelerometers on opposite faces of the cube forming one of three in-line gradiometers. A dedicated satellite mission for mapping the earth's gravity field is an important one. Additional scientific goals are a test of the inverse square law to a part in 10(exp 10) at 100 km, and a test of the Lense-Thirring effect by detecting the relativistic gravity magnetic terms in the gravity gradient tensor for the earth.

Neutrino Analysis of the September 2010 Crab Nebula Flare and Time-Integrated Constraints on Neutrino Emission from the Crab Using IceCube

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; Abu-Zayyad, T.; Adams, J.; Aguilar, A.; Ahlers, M.; Altmann; Andeen, K.; Auffenberg, J; Bai, X.;

Neutrino Analysis of the September 2010 Crab Nebula Flare and Time-integrated Constraints on Neutrino Emission From the Crab Using IceCube

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stamatikos, M.; Abbasi, R.; Abdou, Y.; Abu-Zayyad, T.; Adams, J.; Aguliar, J. A.; Ahlers, M.; Altmann, D.; Andeen, K.; Auffenberg, J.;

A novel model for the chaotic dynamics of superdiffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cushman, J. H.; Park, M.; O'Malley, D.

2009-04-01

Previously we've shown that by modeling the convective velocity in a turbulent flow field as Brownian, one obtains Richardson super diffusion where the expected distance between pairs of particles scales with time cubed. By proving generalized central limit type theorems it's possible to show that modeling the velocity or the acceleration as α-stable Levy gives rise to more general scaling laws that can easily explain other super diffusive regimes. The problem with this latter approach is that the mean square displacement of a particle is infinite. Here we provide an alternate approach that gives a power law mean square displacement of any desired order. We do so by constructing compressed and stretched extensions to Brownian motion. The finite size Lyapunov exponent, the underlying stochastic differential equation and its corresponding Fokker-Planck equations are derived. The fractal dimension of these processes turns out to be the same as that of classical Brownian motion.

A multi-channel capacitive probe for electrostatic fluctuation measurement in the Madison Symmetric Torus reversed field pinch.

PubMed

Tan, Mingsheng; Stone, Douglas R; Triana, Joseph C; Almagri, Abdulgader F; Fiksel, Gennady; Ding, Weixing; Sarff, John S; McCollam, Karsten J; Li, Hong; Liu, Wandong

2017-02-01

A 40-channel capacitive probe has been developed to measure the electrostatic fluctuations associated with the tearing modes deep into Madison Symmetric Torus (MST) reversed field pinch plasma. The capacitive probe measures the ac component of the plasma potential via the voltage induced on stainless steel electrodes capacitively coupled with the plasma through a thin annular layer of boron nitride (BN) dielectric (also serves as the particle shield). When bombarded by the plasma electrons, BN provides a sufficiently large secondary electron emission for the induced voltage to be very close to the plasma potential. The probe consists of four stalks each with ten cylindrical capacitors that are radially separated by 1.5 cm. The four stalks are arranged on a 1.3 cm square grid so that at each radial position, there are four electrodes forming a square grid. Every two adjacent radial sets of four electrodes form a cube. The fluctuating electric field can be calculated by the gradient of the plasma potential fluctuations at the eight corners of the cube. The probe can be inserted up to 15 cm (r/a = 0.7) into the plasma. The capacitive probe has a frequency bandwidth from 13 Hz to 100 kHz, amplifier-circuit limit, sufficient for studying the tearing modes (5-30 kHz) in the MST reversed-field pinch.

Two-way and three-way approaches to ultra high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array dataset for the quantitative resolution of a two-component mixture containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole.

PubMed

Dinç, Erdal; Ertekin, Zehra Ceren; Büker, Eda

2016-09-01

Two-way and three-way calibration models were applied to ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array data with coeluted peaks in the same wavelength and time regions for the simultaneous quantitation of ciprofloxacin and ornidazole in tablets. The chromatographic data cube (tensor) was obtained by recording chromatographic spectra of the standard and sample solutions containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole with sulfadiazine as an internal standard as a function of time and wavelength. Parallel factor analysis and trilinear partial least squares were used as three-way calibrations for the decomposition of the tensor, whereas three-way unfolded partial least squares was applied as a two-way calibration to the unfolded dataset obtained from the data array of ultra high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection. The validity and ability of two-way and three-way analysis methods were tested by analyzing validation samples: synthetic mixture, interday and intraday samples, and standard addition samples. Results obtained from two-way and three-way calibrations were compared to those provided by traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography. The proposed methods, parallel factor analysis, trilinear partial least squares, unfolded partial least squares, and traditional ultra high performance liquid chromatography were successfully applied to the quantitative estimation of the solid dosage form containing ciprofloxacin and ornidazole. © 2016 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Solar Torque Management for the Near Earth Asteroid Scout CubeSat Using Center of Mass Position Control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Orphee, Juan; Heaton, Andrew; Diedrich, Ben; Stiltner, Brandon C.

2018-01-01

A novel mechanism, the Active Mass Translator (AMT), has been developed for the NASA Near Earth Asteroid (NEA) Scout mission to autonomously manage the spacecraft momentum. The NEA Scout CubeSat will launch as a secondary payload onboard Exploration Mission 1 of the Space Launch System. To accomplish its mission, the CubeSat will be propelled by an 86 square-meter solar sail during its two-year journey to reach asteroid 1991VG. NEA Scout's primary attitude control system uses reaction wheels for holding attitude and performing slew maneuvers, while a cold gas reaction control system performs the initial detumble and early trajectory correction maneuvers. The AMT control system requirements, feedback architecture, and control performance will be presented. The AMT reduces the amount of reaction control propellant needed for momentum management and allows for smaller capacity reaction wheels suitable for the limited 6U spacecraft volume. The reduced spacecraft mass allows higher in-space solar sail acceleration, thus reducing time-of-flight. The reduced time-of-flight opens the range of possible missions, which is limited by the lifetime of typical non-radiation tolerant CubeSat avionics exposed to the deep-space environment.

Downforce variation dependence of angle of incidence modification for the rear wing of high speed vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tarulescu, R.; Tarulescu, S.; Leahu, C.

2017-10-01

The conventional downforce devices (with fixed geometry) of high speed vehicles have parameters such as area, angle of incidence and head resistance coefficients, all with constant values. The downforce is proportional with the square of movement speed and the power consumed for the neutralization of aerodynamic road resistance is proportional with the cube of speed. The authors carried out an analytical study of downforce, adjustable/monitored by optimum incidence (modification of incidence angle of rear wing for performance improvement).

Effect of contact angle on the orientation, stability, and assembly of dense floating cubes.

PubMed

Daniello, Robert; Khan, Kashan; Donnell, Michael; Rothstein, Jonathan P

2014-02-01

In this paper, the effect of contact angle, density, and size on the orientation, stability, and assembly of floating cubes was investigated. All the cubes tested were more dense than water. Floatation occurred as a result of capillary stresses induced by deformation of the air-water interface. The advancing contact angle of the bare acrylic cubes was measured to be 85°. The contact angle of the cubes was increased by painting the cubes with a commercially available superhydrophobic paint to reach an advancing contact angle of 150°. Depending on their size, density, and contact angle, the cubes were observed to float in one of three primary orientations: edge up, vertex up, and face up. An experimental apparatus was built such that the sum of the gravitational force, buoyancy force, and capillary forces could be measured using a force transducer as a function of cube position as it was lowered through the air-water interface. Measurements showed that the maximum capillary forces were always experienced for the face up orientation. However, when floatation was possible in the vertex up orientation, it was found to be the most stable cube orientation because it had the lowest center of gravity. A series of theoretical predictions were performed for the cubes floating in each of the three primary orientations to calculate the net force on the cube. The theoretical predictions were found to match the experimental measurements well. A cube stability diagram of cube orientation as a function of cube contact angle and size was prepared from the predictions of theory and found to match the experimental observations quite well. The assembly of cubes floating face up and vertex up were also studied for assemblies of two, three, and many cubes. Cubes floating face up were found to assemble face-to-face and form regular square lattice patterns with no free interface between cubes. Cubes floating vertex up were found to assemble in a variety of different arrangements including edge-to-edge, vertex-to-vertex, face-to-face, and vertex-to-face with the most probably assembly being edge-to-edge. Large numbers of vertex up cubes were found to pack with a distribution of orientations and alignments.

Cubes, squares, and books: a simple transition metal/bridging ligand combination can lead to a surprising range of structural types with the same metal/ligand proportions.

PubMed

Najar, Adel M; Tidmarsh, Ian S; Adams, Harry; Ward, Michael D

2009-12-21

Reaction of two structurally related bridging ligands L(26Py) and L(13Ph), in which two bidentate chelating pyrazolyl-pyridine units are connected to either a 2,6-pyridine-diyl or 1,3-benzene-diyl central group via methylene spacers, with first-row transition metal dications, results in a surprising variety of structures. The commonest is that of an octanuclear coordination cage [M(8)L(12)]X(16) [M = Co(II) or Zn(II); X = perchlorate or tetrafluoroborate] in which a metal ion is located at each of the eight vertices of an approximate cube, and one bis-bidentate bridging ligand spans each edge. The arrangement of fac and mer tris-chelate metal centers around the inversion center results in approximate (non-crystallographic) S(6) symmetry. Another structural type observed in the solid state is a hexanuclear complex [Co(6)(L(13Ph))(9)](ClO(4))(12) in which the six metal ions are in a rectangular array (two rows of three), folded about the central Co-Co vector like a partially open book, with each metal-metal edge containing one bridging ligand apart from the two outermost metal-metal edges which are spanned by a pair of bridging ligands in a double helical array. The final structural type we observed is a tetranuclear square [Ni(4)(L(26Py))(6)](BF(4))(8), with the four Ni-Ni edges spanned alternately by one and two bridging ligand such that it effectively consists of two dinuclear double helicates cross-linked by additional bridging ligands. A balance between the "cube" and "book" forms, which varied from compound to compound, was observed in solution in many cases by (1)H NMR and ES mass spectrometry studies.

The vanishing limit of the square-well fluid: The adhesive hard-sphere model as a reference system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Largo, J.; Miller, M. A.; Sciortino, F.

2008-04-01

We report a simulation study of the gas-liquid critical point for the square-well potential, for values of well width δ as small as 0.005 times the particle diameter σ. For small δ, the reduced second virial coefficient at the critical point B2*c is found to depend linearly on δ. The observed weak linear dependence is not sufficient to produce any significant observable effect if the critical temperature Tc is estimated via a constant B2*c assumption, due to the highly nonlinear transformation between B2*c and Tc. This explains the previously observed validity of the law of corresponding states. The critical density ρc is also found to be constant when measured in units of the cube of the average distance between two bonded particles (1+0.5δ)σ. The possibility of describing the δ →0 dependence with precise functional forms provides improved accurate estimates of the critical parameters of the adhesive hard-sphere model.

The vanishing limit of the square-well fluid: the adhesive hard-sphere model as a reference system.

PubMed

Largo, J; Miller, M A; Sciortino, F

2008-04-07

We report a simulation study of the gas-liquid critical point for the square-well potential, for values of well width delta as small as 0.005 times the particle diameter sigma. For small delta, the reduced second virial coefficient at the critical point B2*c is found to depend linearly on delta. The observed weak linear dependence is not sufficient to produce any significant observable effect if the critical temperature Tc is estimated via a constant B2*c assumption, due to the highly nonlinear transformation between B2*c and Tc. This explains the previously observed validity of the law of corresponding states. The critical density rho c is also found to be constant when measured in units of the cube of the average distance between two bonded particles (1+0.5 delta)sigma. The possibility of describing the delta-->0 dependence with precise functional forms provides improved accurate estimates of the critical parameters of the adhesive hard-sphere model.

Charge transport study in bis{2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate} zinc [Zn(hpb)2

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rai, Virendra Kumar; Srivastava, Ritu; Chauhan, Gayatri; Kumar, Arunandan; Kamalasanan, M. N.

2008-10-01

The nature of the electrical transport mechanism for carrier transport in pure bis {2-(2-hydroxyphenyl) benzoxazolate} zinc [Zn(hpb)2] has been studied by current voltage measurements of samples at different thicknesses and at different temperatures. Hole-only devices show ohmic conduction at low voltages and space charge conduction at high voltages. The space charge conduction is clearly identifiable with a square law dependence of current on voltage as well as the scaling of current inversely with the cube of thickness. With a further increase in voltage, the current increases with a Vm dependence with m varying with temperature typical of trap limited conduction with an exponential distribution of trap states. From the square law region the effective charge carrier mobility of holes has been evaluated as 2.5 × 10-11 m2 V-1 s-1. Electron-only devices however show electrode limited conduction, which was found to obey the Scott Malliaras model of charge injection.

Internal process: what is abstraction and distortion process?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fiantika, F. R.; Budayasa, I. K.; Lukito, A.

2018-03-01

Geometry is one of the branch of mathematics that plays a major role in the development of science and technology. Thus, knowing the geometry concept is needed for students from their early basic level of thinking. A preliminary study showed that the elementary students have difficulty in perceiving parallelogram shape in a 2-dimention of a cube drawing as a square shape. This difficulty makes the students can not solve geometrical problems correctly. This problem is related to the internal thinking process in geometry. We conducted the exploration of students’ internal thinking processes in geometry particularly in distinguishing the square and parallelogram shape. How the students process their internal thinking through distortion and abstraction is the main aim of this study. Analysis of the geometrical test and deep interview are used in this study to obtain the data. The result of this study is there are two types of distortion and abstraction respectively in which the student used in their internal thinking processes.

The Design of an Ultra High Capacity Long Range Transport Aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weisshaar, Terrence A.; Bucci, Gregory; Hare, Angela; Szolwinski, Matthew

1993-01-01

This paper examines the design of a 650 passenger aircraft with 8000 nautical mile range to reduce seat mile cost and to reduce airport and airway congestion. This design effort involves the usual issues that require trades between technologies, but must also include consideration of: airport terminal facilities; passenger loading and unloading; and, defeating the 'square-cube' law to design large structures. This paper will review the long range ultra high capacity or megatransport design problem and the variety of solutions developed by senior student design teams at Purdue University.

How Spherical Is a Cube (Gravitationally)?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sanny, Jeff; Smith, David

2015-02-01

An important concept that is presented in the discussion of Newton's law of universal gravitation is that the gravitational effect external to a spherically symmetric mass distribution is the same as if all of the mass of the distribution were concentrated at the center.1,2 By integrating over ring elements of a spherical shell, we show that the gravitational force on a point mass outside the shell is the same as that of a particle with the same mass as the shell at its center. This derivation works for objects with spherical symmetry while depending on the fact that the gravitational force between two point masses varies inversely as the square of their separation.3 If these conditions are not met, then the problem becomes more difficult. In this paper, we remove the condition of spherical symmetry and examine the gravitational force between two uniform cubes.

Analysis of the release process of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from ethylcellulose matrix granules III. Effects of the dissolution condition on the release process.

PubMed

Fukui, Atsuko; Fujii, Ryuta; Yonezawa, Yorinobu; Sunada, Hisakazu

2006-08-01

In the pharmaceutical preparation of a controlled release drug, it is very important and necessary to understand the entire release properties. As the first step, the dissolution test under various conditions is selected for the in vitro test, and usually the results are analyzed following Drug Approval and Licensing Procedures. In this test, 3 time points for each release ratio, such as 0.2-0.4, 0.4-0.6, and over 0.7, respectively, should be selected in advance. These are analyzed as to whether their values are inside or outside the prescribed aims at each time point. This method is very simple and useful but the details of the release properties can not be clarified or confirmed. The validity of the dissolution test in analysis using a combination of the square-root time law and cube-root law equations to understand all the drug release properties was confirmed by comparing the simulated value with that measured in the previous papers. Dissolution tests under various conditions affecting drug release properties in the human body were then examined, and the results were analyzed by both methods to identify their strengths and weaknesses. Hereafter, the control of pharmaceutical preparation, the manufacturing process, and understanding the drug release properties will be more efficient. It is considered that analysis using the combination of the square-root time law and cube-root law equations is very useful and efficient. The accuracy of predicting drug release properties in the human body was improved and clarified.

The design of a long range megatransport aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weisshaar, T. A.; Layton, J. B.; Allen, C. L.

1993-01-01

Megatransport objectives and constraints are briefly reviewed, and certain solutions developed by student design teams at Perdue University are summarized. Particular attention is given to the market needs and the economic risks involved in such a project; and the different approaches taken to solve the problem and difficulties faced by the design teams. A long range megatransport aircraft is aimed at carrying more than 600 passengers at reduced cost, and at the same time, reducing airport and airway congestion. The design effort must take into account airport terminal facilities; passenger loading and unloading; and defeating the 'square-cube' law to design large structures.

Temperature-dependent and optimized thermal emission by spheres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nguyen, K. L.; Merchiers, O.; Chapuis, P.-O.

2018-03-01

We investigate the temperature and size dependencies of thermal emission by homogeneous spheres as a function of their dielectric properties. Different power laws obtained in this work show that the emitted power can depart strongly from the usual fourth power of temperature given by Planck's law and from the square or the cube of the radius. We also show how to optimize the thermal emission by selecting permittivities leading to resonances, which allow for the so-called super-Planckian regime. These results will be useful as spheres, i.e. the simplest finite objects, are often considered as building blocks of more complex objects.

Discovery of polarized light scattered by dust around Alpha Orionis

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mcmillan, R. S.; Tapia, S.

1978-01-01

Following the suggestion by Jura and Jacoby (1976), linearly polarized blue continuum starlight scattered by the dust shell around the M2 Iab star Alpha Orionis (Betelgeuse) has been discovered. The polarization has been traced in the NE, NW, SE, and SW directions and has positive (tangential) orientation. Some asymmetry of the optical depth in the shell exists 15 and 30 arcsec from the star. In the NE direction the polarization was measured as far as 90 arcsec (17,000 AU) from the star. The dependence of the average intensity of the scattered light from the nebula on angular distance from the star is more consistent with an inverse-square density law than with inverse 1.5 or inverse-cube laws. Assuming that the density is proportional to the inverse square of distance from the star, the scattering optical depth in blue light along a radius of 0.03 arcsec is no more than 0.15 + or - 0.05. Future observations of the wavelength dependence of polarization will allow a determination of grain size.

Numerical Simulations for Turbulent Drag Reduction Using Liquid Infused Surfaces

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Arenas-Navarro, Isnardo

Numerical simulations of the turbulent flow over Super Hydrophobic and Liquid Infused Surfaces have been performed in this work. Three different textured surfaces have been considered: longitudinal square bars, transversal square bars and staggered cubes. The numerical code combines an immersed boundary method to mimic the substrate and a level set method to track the interface. Liquid Infused Surfaces reduce the drag by locking a lubricant within structured roughness to facilitate a slip velocity at the surface interface. The conceptual idea is similar to Super Hydrophobic Surfaces, which rely on a lubricant air layer, whereas liquid-infused surfaces use a preferentially wetting liquid lubricant to create a fluid-fluid interface. This slipping interface has been shown to be an effective method of passively reducing skin friction drag in turbulent flows. Details are given on the effect of the viscosity ratio between the two fluids and the dynamics of the interface on drag reduction. An attempt has been made to reconcile Super-Hydrophobic, Liquid Infused and rough wall under the same framework by correlating the drag to the wall normal velocity fluctuations.

An FPGA computing demo core for space charge simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Wu, Jinyuan; Huang, Yifei; /Fermilab

2009-01-01

In accelerator physics, space charge simulation requires large amount of computing power. In a particle system, each calculation requires time/resource consuming operations such as multiplications, divisions, and square roots. Because of the flexibility of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), we implemented this task with efficient use of the available computing resources and completely eliminated non-calculating operations that are indispensable in regular micro-processors (e.g. instruction fetch, instruction decoding, etc.). We designed and tested a 16-bit demo core for computing Coulomb's force in an Altera Cyclone II FPGA device. To save resources, the inverse square-root cube operation in our design is computedmore » using a memory look-up table addressed with nine to ten most significant non-zero bits. At 200 MHz internal clock, our demo core reaches a throughput of 200 M pairs/s/core, faster than a typical 2 GHz micro-processor by about a factor of 10. Temperature and power consumption of FPGAs were also lower than those of micro-processors. Fast and convenient, FPGAs can serve as alternatives to time-consuming micro-processors for space charge simulation.« less

Analysis of the release process of phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride from ethylcellulose matrix granules V. Release properties of ethylcellulose layered matrix granules.

PubMed

Fukui, Atsuko; Fujii, Ryuta; Yonezawa, Yorinobu; Sunada, Hisakazu

2008-04-01

In the pharmaceutical preparation of a controlled release drug, it is very important and necessary to understand the release properties. In previous papers, a combination of the square-root time law and cube-root law equations was confirmed to be a useful equation for qualitative treatment. It was also confirmed that the combination equation could analyze the release properties of layered granules as well as matrix granules. The drug release property from layered granules is different from that of matrix granules. A time lag occurs before release, and the entire release property of layered granules was analyzed using the combination of the square-root time law and cube-root law equations. It is considered that the analysis method is very useful and efficient for both matrix and layered granules. Comparing the granulation methods, it is easier to control the manufacturing process by tumbling granulation (method B) than by tumbling-fluidized bed granulation (method C). Ethylcellulose (EC) layered granulation by a fluidized bed granulator might be convenient for the preparation of controlled release dosage forms as compared with a tumbling granulator, because the layered granules prepared by the fluidized bed granulator can granulate and dry at the same time. The time required for drying by the fluidized bed granulator is shorter than that by the tumbling granulator, so the fluidized bed granulator is convenient for preparation of granules in handling and shorter processing time than the tumbling granulator. It was also suggested that the EC layered granules prepared by the fluidized bed granulator were suitable for a controlled release system as well as the EC matrix granules.

Fast three-dimensional inner volume excitations using parallel transmission and optimized k-space trajectories.

PubMed

Davids, Mathias; Schad, Lothar R; Wald, Lawrence L; Guérin, Bastien

2016-10-01

To design short parallel transmission (pTx) pulses for excitation of arbitrary three-dimensional (3D) magnetization patterns. We propose a joint optimization of the pTx radiofrequency (RF) and gradient waveforms for excitation of arbitrary 3D magnetization patterns. Our optimization of the gradient waveforms is based on the parameterization of k-space trajectories (3D shells, stack-of-spirals, and cross) using a small number of shape parameters that are well-suited for optimization. The resulting trajectories are smooth and sample k-space efficiently with few turns while using the gradient system at maximum performance. Within each iteration of the k-space trajectory optimization, we solve a small tip angle least-squares RF pulse design problem. Our RF pulse optimization framework was evaluated both in Bloch simulations and experiments on a 7T scanner with eight transmit channels. Using an optimized 3D cross (shells) trajectory, we were able to excite a cube shape (brain shape) with 3.4% (6.2%) normalized root-mean-square error in less than 5 ms using eight pTx channels and a clinical gradient system (Gmax  = 40 mT/m, Smax  = 150 T/m/s). This compared with 4.7% (41.2%) error for the unoptimized 3D cross (shells) trajectory. Incorporation of B0 robustness in the pulse design significantly altered the k-space trajectory solutions. Our joint gradient and RF optimization approach yields excellent excitation of 3D cube and brain shapes in less than 5 ms, which can be used for reduced field of view imaging and fat suppression in spectroscopy by excitation of the brain only. Magn Reson Med 76:1170-1182, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In vitro dissolution kinetic study of theophylline from hydrophilic and hydrophobic matrices.

PubMed

Maswadeh, Hamzah M; Semreen, Mohammad H; Abdulhalim, Abdulatif A

2006-01-01

Oral dosage forms containing 300 mg theophylline in matrix type tablets, were prepared by direct compression method using two kinds of matrices, glycerylbehenate (hydrophobic), and (hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (hydrophilic). The in vitro release kinetics of these formulations were studied at pH 6.8 using the USP dissolution apparatus with the paddle assemble. The kinetics of the dissolution process were studied by analyzing the dissolution data using four kinetic equations, the zero-order equation, the first-order equation, the Higuchi square root equation and the Hixson-Crowell cube root law. The analysis of the dissolution kinetic data for the theophylline preparations in this study shows that it follows the first order kinetics and the release process involves erosion / diffusion and an alteration in the surface area and diameter of the matrix system, as well as in the diffusion path length from the matrix drug load during the dissolution process. This relation is best described by the use of both the first-order equation and the Hixson-Crowell cube root law.

Thermophysical properties of Apollo 14 fines

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cremers, C. J.

1974-01-01

The vacuum thermal conductivity of lunar fines sample 14163 was measured for the approximate temperature range of 100 to 400 K. Sample densities of 1500 kg/cu m and 1800 kg/cu m were used. The temperature dependence of the conductivity was found to be well represented by the relation k = A + BT-cubed, which is predicted by elementary theory. The coefficients A and B were obtained by least-squares analysis of the data. The thermal diffusivity was calculated for the various densities using specific heat data from the literature along with the measured conductivities. The results are compared with those obtained for Apollo 11, Apollo 12, and terrestrial basalt samples.

Catálogo de supercáscaras de hidrógeno neutro en la Vía Láctea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Suad, L. A.; Arnal, E. M.; Cichowolski, S.

We present a number of neutral hydrogen supershells (SC-HI) found in the outer part of the Galaxy (80 l 130 and -50 b 50 ). These struc- tures were indentified through visual inspection of the neutral hydrogen data cube and will be part of a catalog, which will complement the existing ones (Heiles 1979, McClure-Griffiths et al. 2002). We have only catalogued those structures whose linear diameters, at the SC-HI's kinematic distance, exceeds 200 pc. Using a least square method we have characterized the ellipse that best fits each structure. FULL TEXT IN SPANISH

High-order central ENO finite-volume scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws on three-dimensional cubed-sphere grids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ivan, L.; De Sterck, H.; Susanto, A.; Groth, C. P. T.

2015-02-01

A fourth-order accurate finite-volume scheme for hyperbolic conservation laws on three-dimensional (3D) cubed-sphere grids is described. The approach is based on a central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO) finite-volume method that was recently introduced for two-dimensional compressible flows and is extended to 3D geometries with structured hexahedral grids. Cubed-sphere grids feature hexahedral cells with nonplanar cell surfaces, which are handled with high-order accuracy using trilinear geometry representations in the proposed approach. Varying stencil sizes and slope discontinuities in grid lines occur at the boundaries and corners of the six sectors of the cubed-sphere grid where the grid topology is unstructured, and these difficulties are handled naturally with high-order accuracy by the multidimensional least-squares based 3D CENO reconstruction with overdetermined stencils. A rotation-based mechanism is introduced to automatically select appropriate smaller stencils at degenerate block boundaries, where fewer ghost cells are available and the grid topology changes, requiring stencils to be modified. Combining these building blocks results in a finite-volume discretization for conservation laws on 3D cubed-sphere grids that is uniformly high-order accurate in all three grid directions. While solution-adaptivity is natural in the multi-block setting of our code, high-order accurate adaptive refinement on cubed-sphere grids is not pursued in this paper. The 3D CENO scheme is an accurate and robust solution method for hyperbolic conservation laws on general hexahedral grids that is attractive because it is inherently multidimensional by employing a K-exact overdetermined reconstruction scheme, and it avoids the complexity of considering multiple non-central stencil configurations that characterizes traditional ENO schemes. Extensive numerical tests demonstrate fourth-order convergence for stationary and time-dependent Euler and magnetohydrodynamic flows on cubed-sphere grids, and robustness against spurious oscillations at 3D shocks. Performance tests illustrate efficiency gains that can be potentially achieved using fourth-order schemes as compared to second-order methods for the same error level. Applications on extended cubed-sphere grids incorporating a seventh root block that discretizes the interior of the inner sphere demonstrate the versatility of the spatial discretization method.

Ultrahigh porosity in metal-organic frameworks.

PubMed

Furukawa, Hiroyasu; Ko, Nakeun; Go, Yong Bok; Aratani, Naoki; Choi, Sang Beom; Choi, Eunwoo; Yazaydin, A Ozgür; Snurr, Randall Q; O'Keeffe, Michael; Kim, Jaheon; Yaghi, Omar M

2010-07-23

Crystalline solids with extended non-interpenetrating three-dimensional crystal structures were synthesized that support well-defined pores with internal diameters of up to 48 angstroms. The Zn4O(CO2)6 unit was joined with either one or two kinds of organic link, 4,4',4''-[benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(ethyne-2,1-diyl)]tribenzoate (BTE), 4,4',44''-[benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tris(benzene-4,1-diyl)]tribenzoate (BBC), 4,4',44''-benzene-1,3,5-triyl-tribenzoate (BTB)/2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate (NDC), and BTE/biphenyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate (BPDC), to give four metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MOF-180, -200, -205, and -210, respectively. Members of this series of MOFs show exceptional porosities and gas (hydrogen, methane, and carbon dioxide) uptake capacities. For example, MOF-210 has Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Langmuir surface areas of 6240 and 10,400 square meters per gram, respectively, and a total carbon dioxide storage capacity of 2870 milligrams per gram. The volume-specific internal surface area of MOF-210 (2060 square meters per cubic centimeter) is equivalent to the outer surface of nanoparticles (3-nanometer cubes) and near the ultimate adsorption limit for solid materials.

Cubic law with aperture-length correlation: implications for network scale fluid flow

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Klimczak, Christian; Schultz, Richard A.; Parashar, Rishi; Reeves, Donald M.

2010-06-01

Previous studies have computed and modeled fluid flow through fractured rock with the parallel plate approach where the volumetric flow per unit width normal to the direction of flow is proportional to the cubed aperture between the plates, referred to as the traditional cubic law. When combined with the square root relationship of displacement to length scaling of opening-mode fractures, total flow rates through natural opening-mode fractures are found to be proportional to apertures to the fifth power. This new relationship was explored by examining a suite of flow simulations through fracture networks using the discrete fracture network model (DFN). Flow was modeled through fracture networks with the same spatial distribution of fractures for both correlated and uncorrelated fracture length-to-aperture relationships. Results indicate that flow rates are significantly higher for correlated DFNs. Furthermore, the length-to-aperture relations lead to power-law distributions of network hydraulic conductivity which greatly influence equivalent permeability tensor values. These results confirm the importance of the correlated square root relationship of displacement to length scaling for total flow through natural opening-mode fractures and, hence, emphasize the role of these correlations for flow modeling.

Ginzburg-Landau theory for the solid-liquid interface of bcc elements. II - Application to the classical one-component plasma, the Wigner crystal, and He-4

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zeng, X. C.; Stroud, D.

1989-01-01

The previously developed Ginzburg-Landau theory for calculating the crystal-melt interfacial tension of bcc elements to treat the classical one-component plasma (OCP), the charged fermion system, and the Bose crystal. For the OCP, a direct application of the theory of Shih et al. (1987) yields for the surface tension 0.0012(Z-squared e-squared/a-cubed), where Ze is the ionic charge and a is the radius of the ionic sphere. Bose crystal-melt interface is treated by a quantum extension of the classical density-functional theory, using the Feynman formalism to estimate the relevant correlation functions. The theory is applied to the metastable He-4 solid-superfluid interface at T = 0, with a resulting surface tension of 0.085 erg/sq cm, in reasonable agreement with the value extrapolated from the measured surface tension of the bcc solid in the range 1.46-1.76 K. These results suggest that the density-functional approach is a satisfactory mean-field theory for estimating the equilibrium properties of liquid-solid interfaces, given knowledge of the uniform phases.

The Copenhagen problem with a quasi-homogeneous potential

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fakis, Demetrios; Kalvouridis, Tilemahos

2017-05-01

The Copenhagen problem is a well-known case of the famous restricted three-body problem. In this work instead of considering Newtonian potentials and forces we assume that the two primaries create a quasi-homogeneous potential, which means that we insert to the inverse square law of gravitation an inverse cube corrective term in order to approximate various phenomena as the radiation pressure of the primaries or the non-sphericity of them. Based on this new consideration we investigate the equilibrium locations of the small body and their parametric dependence, as well as the zero-velocity curves and surfaces for the planar motion, and the evolution of the regions where this motion is permitted when the Jacobian constant varies.

Deterministic Approach to the Kinetic Theory of Gases

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Beck, József

2010-02-01

In the so-called Bernoulli model of the kinetic theory of gases, where (1) the particles are dimensionless points, (2) they are contained in a cube container, (3) no attractive or exterior forces are acting on them, (4) there is no collision between the particles, (5) the collision against the walls of the container are according to the law of elastic reflection, we deduce from Newtonian mechanics two local probabilistic laws: a Poisson limit law and a central limit theorem. We also prove some global law of large numbers, justifying that "density" and "pressure" are constant. Finally, as a byproduct of our research, we prove the surprising super-uniformity of the typical billiard path in a square.

Estimation of Renyi exponents in random cascades

USGS Publications Warehouse

Troutman, Brent M.; Vecchia, Aldo V.

1999-01-01

We consider statistical estimation of the Re??nyi exponent ??(h), which characterizes the scaling behaviour of a singular measure ?? defined on a subset of Rd. The Re??nyi exponent is defined to be lim?????0 [{log M??(h)}/(-log ??)], assuming that this limit exists, where M??(h) = ??i??h(??i) and, for ??>0, {??i} are the cubes of a ??-coordinate mesh that intersect the support of ??. In particular, we demonstrate asymptotic normality of the least-squares estimator of ??(h) when the measure ?? is generated by a particular class of multiplicative random cascades, a result which allows construction of interval estimates and application of hypothesis tests for this scaling exponent. Simulation results illustrating this asymptotic normality are presented. ?? 1999 ISI/BS.

Theory of the high-frequency chiral optical response of a p(x) + ip(y) superconductor.

PubMed

Yakovenko, Victor M

2007-02-23

The optical Hall conductivity and the polar Kerr angle are calculated as functions of temperature for a two-dimensional chiral p(x) + ip(y) superconductor, where the time-reversal symmetry is spontaneously broken. The theoretical estimate for the polar Kerr angle agrees by the order of magnitude with the recent experimental measurement in Sr2RuO4 by Xia et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 167002 (2006)10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.167002]. The theory predicts that the Kerr angle is proportional to the square of the superconducting energy gap and is inversely proportional to the cube of frequency, which can be verified experimentally.

Design of a high capacity long range cargo aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weisshaar, Terrence A.

1994-01-01

This report examines the design of a long range cargo transport to attempt to reduce ton-mile shipping costs and to stimulate the air cargo market. This design effort involves the usual issues but must also include consideration of: airport terminal facilities; cargo loading and unloading; and defeating the 'square-cube' law to design large structures. This report reviews the long range transport design problem and several solutions developed by senior student design teams at Purdue University. The results show that it will be difficult to build large transports unless the infrastructure is changed and unless the basic form of the airplane changes so that aerodynamic and structural efficiencies are employed.

SU-F-T-661: Dependence of Gold Nano Particles Cluster Morphology On Dose Enhancement of Photon Radiation Therapy Apply for Radiation Biology Effect

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahn, S; Chung, K; Han, Y

Purpose: Injected gold nano particles (GNPs) to a body for dose enhancement are known to form in the tumorcell cluster morphology. We investigated the dependence of dose enhancement on the morphology characteristic with an approximated morphology model by using Monte Carlo simulations. Methods: For MC simulation, TOPAS version 2.0P-03 was used. GNP cluster morphology was approximated as a body center cubic(BCC) model by placing 8 GNPs at the corner and one at the center of cube with length from 2.59 µm to 0.25 µm located in a 4 µm length water filled cube phantom. 4 µm length square shaped beamsmore » of poly-energetic 50, 260 kVp photons were irradiated to the water filled cube phantom with 100 nm diameter GNPs in it. Dose enhancement ratio(DER) was computed as a function of distance from the surface of the GNP at the cube center for 18 cubes geometries. For scoring particles, 10 nm width of concentric shell shaped detector was constructed up to 100 nm from the center. Total dose in a sphere of 100 nm radius of detector were normalized to 2.59 µm length cube morphology. To verified biological effect of BCC model applied to cell survival curve fitting. Results: DER increase as the distance of the GNPs reduces. DER was largest for 0.25 µm length cube. Dependence of GNP distance DER increment was 1.73, 1.60 for 50 kVp, 260 kVp photons, respectively. Also, Using BCC model applied to cell survival curve was well prediction. Conclusion: DER with GNPs was larger when they are closely packed in the phantom. Therefore, better therapeutic effects can be expected with close-packed GNPs. This research was supported by the NRF funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (2012M3A9B6055201 and 2012R1A1A2042414), Samsung Medical Center grant[GFO1130081].« less

Creating Magic Squares.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lyon, Betty Clayton

1990-01-01

One method of making magic squares using a prolongated square is illustrated. Discussed are third-order magic squares, fractional magic squares, fifth-order magic squares, decimal magic squares, and even magic squares. (CW)

Surface morphological evolution of epitaxial CrN(001) layers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Frederick, J. R.; Gall, D.

2005-09-01

CrN layers, 57 and 230 nm thick, were grown on MgO(001) at Ts=600-800 °C by ultrahigh-vacuum magnetron sputter deposition in pure N2 discharges from an oblique deposition angle α=80°. Layers grown at 600 °C nucleate as single crystals with a cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship with the substrate. However, rough surfaces with cauliflower-type morphologies cause the nucleation of misoriented CrN grains that develop into cone-shaped grains that protrude out of the epitaxial matrix to form triangular faceted surface mounds. The surface morphology of epitaxial CrN(001) grown at 700 °C is characterized by dendritic ridge patterns extending along the orthogonal <110> directions superposed by square-shaped super mounds with <100> edges. The ridge patterns are attributed to a Bales-Zangwill instability while the supermounds form due to atomic shadowing which leads to the formation of epitaxial inverted pyramids that are separated from the surrounding layer by tilted nanovoids. Growth at 800 °C yields complete single crystals with smooth surfaces. The root-mean-square surface roughness for 230-nm-thick layers decreases from 18.8 to 9.3 to 1.1 nm as Ts is raised from 600 to 700 to 800 °C. This steep decrease is due to a transition in the roughening mechanism from atomic shadowing to kinetic roughening. Atomic shadowing is dominant at 600 and 700 °C, where misoriented grains and supermounds, respectively, capture a larger fraction of the oblique deposition flux in comparison to the surrounding epitaxial matrix, resulting in a high roughening rate that is described by a power law with an exponent β>0.5. In contrast, kinetic roughening controls the surface morphology for Ts=800 °C, as well as the epitaxial fraction of the layers grown at 600 and 700 °C, yielding relatively smooth surfaces and β<=0.27.

Ternary lithium stannides Li xT 3Sn 7-x ( T=Rh, Ir)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sreeraj, Puravankara; Kurowski, Daniel; Hoffmann, Rolf-Dieter; Wu, Zhiyun; Pöttgen, Rainer

2005-11-01

The ternary stannides Li xRh 3Sn 7-x ( x=0.45, 0.64, 0.80) and Li xIr 3Sn 7-x ( x=0.62 and 0.66) were synthesized from the elements in sealed tantalum tubes in a water-cooled sample chamber of an induction furnace. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction on powders and single crystals. The stannides adopt the cubic Ir 3Ge 7-type structure (space group Im3¯m, Z=4). In this structure type the tin atoms occupy the Wyckoff positions 12 d and 16 f and form two interpenetrating frameworks consisting of cubes and square antiprisms. The rhodium and iridium atoms center the square antiprisms and are arranged in pairs. With increasing lithium substitution the lattice parameter of Ir 3Sn 7 (936.7) decreases via 932.2 pm ( x=0.62) to 931.2 pm ( x=0.66), while the Ir-Ir distance remains almost the same (290 pm). A similar trend is observed for the rhodium compounds. The lithium atoms substitute Sn on both framework sites. However, the 16 f site shows a substantially larger preference for Li occupation. This is in contrast to the isotypic magnesium based compounds.

Conformation and Dynamics of a Flexible Sheet in Solvent Media by Monte Carlo Simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pandey, Ras; Anderson, Kelly; Heinz, Hendrik; Farmer, Barry

2005-03-01

Flexibility of the clay sheet is limited even in the ex-foliated state in some solvent media. A coarse grained model is used to investigate dynamics and conformation of a flexible sheet to model such a clay platelet in an effective solvent medium on a cubic lattice of size L^3 with lattice constant a. The undeformed sheet is described by a square lattice of size Ls^2, where, each node of the sheet is represented by the unit cube of the cubic lattice and 2a is the minimum distance between the nearest neighbor nodes to incorporate the excluded volume constraints. Additionally, each node interacts with neighboring nodes and solvent (empty) sites within a range ri. Each node execute their stochastic motion with the Metropolis algorithm subject to bond length fluctuation and excluded volume constraints. Mean square displacements of the center node and that of its center of mass are investigated as a function of time step for a set of these parameters. The radius of gyration (Rg) is also examined concurrently to understand its relaxation. Multi-scale segmental dynamics of the sheet is studied by identifying the power-law dependence in various time regimes. Relaxation of Rg and its dependence of temperature are planned to be discussed.

The design of a long-range megatransport aircraft

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Weisshaar, Terrence A.; Allen, Carl L.

1992-01-01

Aircraft manufacturers are examining the market and feasibility of long-range passenger aircraft carrying more than 600 passengers. These aircraft would carry travelers at reduced cost and, at the same time, reduce congestion around major airports. The design of a large, long-range transport involves broad issues such as: the integration of airport terminal facilities; passenger loading and unloading; trade-offs between aircraft size and the cost to reconfigure these existing facilities; and, defeating the 'square-cube' law. Thirteen Purdue design teams generated RFP's that defined passenger capability and range, based upon team perception of market needs and infrastructure constraints. Turbofan engines were designed by each group to power these aircraft. The design problem and the variety of solutions developed are reviewed.

Systematic study and comparison of photonic nanojets produced by dielectric microparticles in 2D- and 3D-spatial configurations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Geints, Yu E.; Zemlyanov, A. A.; Minin, O. V.; Minin, I. V.

2018-06-01

We present the systematic study of key characteristics (field intensity enhancement, spatial extents) of the 2D- and 3D-photonic nanojets (PNJs) produced by geometrically-regular micron-sized dielectric particles illuminated by a plane laser wave. By means of the finite-difference time-domain calculations, we highlight the differences and similarities between PNJs in these two spatial configurations for curved- (sphere, circular cylinder) and rectangle-shaped scatterers (cube, square bar). Our findings can be useful, for example, for the design of particle-based high-resolution imaging because the spatial resolution by such systems might be further controlled by the optimization of refractive index contrast and geometrical shape of the particle-lens.

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in terms of...

16 CFR 500.8 - Units of weight or mass and measure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... shall be in terms of both square yards, square feet, and square inches and SI metric square meters, square decimeters, square centimeters, or square millimeters. (e) Statements of dry measure shall be in...

Macular edema after uncomplicated cataract surgery: a role for phacoemulsification energy and vitreoretinal interface status?

PubMed

Anastasilakis, Konstantinos; Mourgela, Anna; Symeonidis, Chrysanthos; Dimitrakos, Stavros A; Ekonomidis, Panayiotis; Tsinopoulos, Ioannis

2015-01-01

To study postoperative macular thickness fluctuations measured by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and to investigate a potential correlation among macular edema (ME) incidence, cumulative dissipated energy (CDE) released during phacoemulsification, and vitreoretinal interface status. This is a prospective, cross-sectional study of 106 cataract patients with no macular disorder who underwent phacoemulsification. Best-corrected visual acuity measurement, slit-lamp examination, OCT scans were performed preoperatively and 30 and 90 days postoperatively. The intraoperative parameters measured were CDE and total phacoemulsification time. The SD-OCT parameters assessed were central subfield thickness (CST), cube average thickness (CAT), cube macular volume, vitreoretinal interface status, and presence of cystoid or diffuse ME. Four patients (3.8%) developed subclinical ME. Regarding ME, there was no significant difference between patients with presence or absence of posterior vitreous detachment (chi-square, p = 0.57), although 75% of ME cases were observed in patients with attached posterior vitreous. With regard to comparison between eyes with and without subclinical CME incidence, CDE (p = 0.05), phacoemulsification time (p = 0.001), CST at month 1 (p = 0.002), cube macular volume at month 1 (p = 0.039), and CAT at month 1 (p = 0.050) were significantly higher in the subclinical CME group. This study provides evidence that OCT macular thickness parameters increase significantly at first and third month postoperatively and that the incidence of pseudophakic ME can be affected by CDE.

Aperture excited dielectric antennas

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crosswell, W. F.; Chatterjee, J. S.; Mason, V. B.; Tai, C. T.

1974-01-01

The results of a comprehensive experimental and theoretical study of the effect of placing dielectric objects over the aperture of waveguide antennas are presented. Experimental measurements of the radiation patterns, gain, impedance, near-field amplitude, and pattern and impedance coupling between pairs of antennas are given for various Plexiglas shapes, including the sphere and the cube, excited by rectangular, circular, and square waveguide feed apertures. The waveguide excitation of a dielectric sphere is modeled using the Huygens' source, and expressions for the resulting electric fields, directivity, and efficiency are derived. Calculations using this model show good overall agreement with experimental patterns and directivity measurements. The waveguide under an infinite dielectric slab is used as an impedance model. Calculations using this model agree qualitatively with the measured impedance data. It is concluded that dielectric loaded antennas such as the waveguide excited sphere, cube, or sphere-cylinder can produce directivities in excess of that obtained by a uniformly illuminated aperture of the same cross section, particularly for dielectric objects with dimensions of 2 wavelengths or less. It is also shown that for certain configurations coupling between two antennas of this type is less than that for the same antennas without dielectric loading.

High-resolution electron microscopy observation of a new crystalline approximant W' of Mg-Zn-Y icosahedral quasicrystal

PubMed

Luo; Hashimoto

2000-10-01

A new ordered structure W' with a lattice parameter (a = 2.05 nm) about three times as large as that of the fundamental face-centered cubic W phase (a = 0.6848 nm) has been found in the Mg-Zn-Y system by means of transmission electron microscopy. The W' and W phases have the cube-to-cube orientation relationship. Moreover, the strong electron diffraction spots of the W' phase showed pseudoicosahedral symmetry, implying that it is a crystalline approximant of the Mg-Zn-Y icosahedral quasicrystal. In the high-resolution electron microscopic images of the W' phase, Penrose tiles of pentagons and boats with an edge length of a(p) = 0.481 nm can be identified. A binary tile of crown subunit has also been deduced from such a tiling. Translation domains of the W' phase have also been observed and the translation vectors at the domain boundary are: a(p), tau x a(p) and (1 + tau) x a(p), respectively, where (1 + tau) x a(p) equals to the edge length a(r) of the big obtuse rhombus of the W' phase and tau = (1 + square root of 5)/2, is the golden ratio.

A multifunctional solar panel antenna for cube satellites

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fawole, Olutosin C.

The basic cube satellite (CubeSat) is a modern small satellite that has a standard size of about one liter (the 1U CubeSat). Three 1U CubeSats could be stacked to form a 3U CubeSat. Their low-cost, short development time, and ease of deployment make CubeSats popular for space research, geographical information gathering, and communication applications. An antenna is a key part of the CubeSat communication subsystem. Traditionally, antennas used on CubeSats are wrapped-up wire dipole antennas, which are deployed after satellite launch. Another antenna type used on CubeSats is the patch antenna. In addition to their low gain and efficiency, deployable dipole antennas may also fail to deploy on satellite launch. On the other hand, a solid patch antenna will compete for space with solar cells when placed on a CubeSat face, interfering with satellite power generation. Slot antennas are promising alternatives to dipole and patch antennas on CubeSats. When excited, a thin slot aperture etched on a conductive sheet (ground plane) is an efficient bidirectional radiator. This open slot antenna can be backed by a reflector or cavity for unidirectional radiation, and solar cells can be placed in spaces on the ground plane not occupied by the slot. The large surface areas of 3U CubeSats can be exploited for a multifunctional antenna by integrating multiple thin slot radiators, which are backed by a thin cavity on the CubeSat surfaces. Solar cells can then be integrated on the antenna surface. Polarization diversity and frequency diversity improve the overall performance of a communication system. Having a single radiating structure that could provide these diversities is desired. It has been demonstrated that when a probe excites a square cavity with two unequal length crossed-slots, the differential radiation from the two slots combines in the far-field to yield circular polarization. In addition, it has been shown that two equal-length proximal slots, when both fed with a stripline, resonate at a frequency due to their original lengths, and also resonate at a lower frequency due to mutual coupling between the slots, leading to a dual-band operation. The multifunctional antenna designs presented are harmonizations and extensions of these two independent works. In the multifunctional antenna designs presented, multiple slots were etched on a 83 mm x 340 mm two-layer shallow cavity. The slots were laid out on the cavity such when the cavity was excited by a probe at a particular point, the differential radiation from the slots would combine in the far-field to yield Left-Handed Circular Polarization (LHCP). Furthermore, when the cavity was excited by another probe at an opposite point, the slots would produce Right-Handed Circular Polarization (RHCP). In addition, as forethought, these slots were laid out on the cavity such that some slots were close together enough to give Linearly Polarized (LP) dual-band operation when fed with a stripline. This antenna was designed and optimized via computer simulations, fabricated using Printed Circuit Board (PCB) technology, and characterized using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) and NSI Far Field Systems.

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

16 CFR 500.13 - Measurement of commodities by area measure only, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... declaration of net quantity in terms of square yards, square feet, and square inches shall be expressed in the following manner: (a) If less than 1 square foot (929 cm2), in terms of square inches and fractions thereof. (b) If at least 1 square foot (929 cm2) but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), in terms of square...

Mathematical Construction of Magic Squares Utilizing Base-N Arithmetic

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

O'Brien, Thomas D.

2006-01-01

Magic squares have been of interest as a source of recreation for over 4,500 years. A magic square consists of a square array of n[squared] positive and distinct integers arranged so that the sum of any column, row, or main diagonal is the same. In particular, an array of consecutive integers from 1 to n[squared] forming an nxn magic square is…

Unusual ionospheric variations before the strong Auckland Islands, New Zealand earthquake of 30th September, 2007

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ibanga, J. I.; Akpan, A. E.; George, N. J.; Ekanem, A. M.; George, A. M.

2018-06-01

Using the IAP experiment on board, the DEMETER and TEC from GPS data, unusual ionospheric variations have been observed some days before the 7.4 magnitude New Zealand earthquake. Both sets of data recorded perturbations 10 days before the earthquake at about the same time. The total ion density per centimeter cube (cm-3), recorded a variation of 6.94 while the differential total electron content (DTEC) in total electron content unit 1016 electron per metre square gave a value of 2.93TECU. The observed anomalies were screened for false alarm using the geomagnetic indices of Kernnifzer digit (Kp) and disturbance storm time (Dst.) It was however seen that the state of the ionosphere was geomagnetically quiet during this period; hence the observed variations were seismogenic.

Development of a high-energy distributed energy source electromagnetic railgun with improved energy conversion efficiency

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tower, M. M.; Haight, C. H.

1984-03-01

The development status of a single-pulse distributed-energy-source electromagnetic railgun (ER) based on the design of Tower (1982) is reviewed. The five-stage ER is 3.65 m long, with energy inputs every 30 cm starting at the breech and a 12.7-mm-square bore cross section, and is powered by a 660-kJ 6-kV modular capacitor bank. Lexan cubes weighing 2.5 grams have been accelerated to velocities up to 8.5 km/sec at 500 kA and conversion efficiency up to 20 percent. Design goal for a 20-mm-sq-cross-section ER is acceleration of a 60-g projectile to 3-4 km/sec at 35-percent efficiency. Drawings, photographs, and graphs of performance are provided.

Layer-oriented multigrid wavefront reconstruction algorithms for multi-conjugate adaptive optics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gilles, Luc; Ellerbroek, Brent L.; Vogel, Curtis R.

2003-02-01

Multi-conjugate adaptive optics (MCAO) systems with 104-105 degrees of freedom have been proposed for future giant telescopes. Using standard matrix methods to compute, optimize, and implement wavefront control algorithms for these systems is impractical, since the number of calculations required to compute and apply the reconstruction matrix scales respectively with the cube and the square of the number of AO degrees of freedom. In this paper, we develop an iterative sparse matrix implementation of minimum variance wavefront reconstruction for telescope diameters up to 32m with more than 104 actuators. The basic approach is the preconditioned conjugate gradient method, using a multigrid preconditioner incorporating a layer-oriented (block) symmetric Gauss-Seidel iterative smoothing operator. We present open-loop numerical simulation results to illustrate algorithm convergence.

2D Bayesian automated tilted-ring fitting of disc galaxies in large H I galaxy surveys: 2DBAT

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oh, Se-Heon; Staveley-Smith, Lister; Spekkens, Kristine; Kamphuis, Peter; Koribalski, Bärbel S.

2018-01-01

We present a novel algorithm based on a Bayesian method for 2D tilted-ring analysis of disc galaxy velocity fields. Compared to the conventional algorithms based on a chi-squared minimization procedure, this new Bayesian-based algorithm suffers less from local minima of the model parameters even with highly multimodal posterior distributions. Moreover, the Bayesian analysis, implemented via Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling, only requires broad ranges of posterior distributions of the parameters, which makes the fitting procedure fully automated. This feature will be essential when performing kinematic analysis on the large number of resolved galaxies expected to be detected in neutral hydrogen (H I) surveys with the Square Kilometre Array and its pathfinders. The so-called 2D Bayesian Automated Tilted-ring fitter (2DBAT) implements Bayesian fits of 2D tilted-ring models in order to derive rotation curves of galaxies. We explore 2DBAT performance on (a) artificial H I data cubes built based on representative rotation curves of intermediate-mass and massive spiral galaxies, and (b) Australia Telescope Compact Array H I data from the Local Volume H I Survey. We find that 2DBAT works best for well-resolved galaxies with intermediate inclinations (20° < i < 70°), complementing 3D techniques better suited to modelling inclined galaxies.

Fundamental Flux Equations for Fracture-Matrix Interactions with Linear Diffusion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Oldenburg, C. M.; Zhou, Q.; Rutqvist, J.; Birkholzer, J. T.

2017-12-01

The conventional dual-continuum models are only applicable for late-time behavior of pressure propagation in fractured rock, while discrete-fracture-network models may explicitly deal with matrix blocks at high computational expense. To address these issues, we developed a unified-form diffusive flux equation for 1D isotropic (spheres, cylinders, slabs) and 2D/3D rectangular matrix blocks (squares, cubes, rectangles, and rectangular parallelepipeds) by partitioning the entire dimensionless-time domain (Zhou et al., 2017a, b). For each matrix block, this flux equation consists of the early-time solution up until a switch-over time after which the late-time solution is applied to create continuity from early to late time. The early-time solutions are based on three-term polynomial functions in terms of square root of dimensionless time, with the coefficients dependent on dimensionless area-to-volume ratio and aspect ratios for rectangular blocks. For the late-time solutions, one exponential term is needed for isotropic blocks, while a few additional exponential terms are needed for highly anisotropic blocks. The time-partitioning method was also used for calculating pressure/concentration/temperature distribution within a matrix block. The approximate solution contains an error-function solution for early times and an exponential solution for late times, with relative errors less than 0.003. These solutions form the kernel of multirate and multidimensional hydraulic, solute and thermal diffusion in fractured reservoirs.

All Square Chiliagonal Numbers

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

A?iru, Muniru A.

2016-01-01

A square chiliagonal number is a number which is simultaneously a chiliagonal number and a perfect square (just as the well-known square triangular number is both triangular and square). In this work, we determine which of the chiliagonal numbers are perfect squares and provide the indices of the corresponding chiliagonal numbers and square…

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film... square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. The... square decimeter (0.03 milligrams per square inch). (3) For the purpose of this section, the reverse...

Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh

DTIC Science & Technology

2017-04-01

ARL-TN-0818 ● APR 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh by James U Cazamias...originator. ARL-TN-0818 ● APR 2017 US Army Research Laboratory Overlap Areas of a Square Box on a Square Mesh by James U Cazamias...

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

645.2 square millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square...yards yd2 ha hectares 2.47 acres ac km2 square kilometers 0.386 square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264

46 CFR 178.330 - Simplified stability proof test.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...-meters (foot-pounds); P = wind pressure of: (1) 36.6 kilograms/square meter (7.5 pounds/square foot) for operation on protected waters; (2) 48.8 kilogram/square meter (10.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on partially protected waters; or (3) 73.3 kilograms/square meter (15.0 pounds/square foot) for operation on...

Retrospective cost adaptive Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes k-ω model for data-driven unsteady turbulent simulations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Zhiyong; Hoagg, Jesse B.; Martin, Alexandre; Bailey, Sean C. C.

2018-03-01

This paper presents a data-driven computational model for simulating unsteady turbulent flows, where sparse measurement data is available. The model uses the retrospective cost adaptation (RCA) algorithm to automatically adjust the closure coefficients of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) k- ω turbulence equations to improve agreement between the simulated flow and the measurements. The RCA-RANS k- ω model is verified for steady flow using a pipe-flow test case and for unsteady flow using a surface-mounted-cube test case. Measurements used for adaptation of the verification cases are obtained from baseline simulations with known closure coefficients. These verification test cases demonstrate that the RCA-RANS k- ω model can successfully adapt the closure coefficients to improve agreement between the simulated flow field and a set of sparse flow-field measurements. Furthermore, the RCA-RANS k- ω model improves agreement between the simulated flow and the baseline flow at locations at which measurements do not exist. The RCA-RANS k- ω model is also validated with experimental data from 2 test cases: steady pipe flow, and unsteady flow past a square cylinder. In both test cases, the adaptation improves agreement with experimental data in comparison to the results from a non-adaptive RANS k- ω model that uses the standard values of the k- ω closure coefficients. For the steady pipe flow, adaptation is driven by mean stream-wise velocity measurements at 24 locations along the pipe radius. The RCA-RANS k- ω model reduces the average velocity error at these locations by over 35%. For the unsteady flow over a square cylinder, adaptation is driven by time-varying surface pressure measurements at 2 locations on the square cylinder. The RCA-RANS k- ω model reduces the average surface-pressure error at these locations by 88.8%.

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 116.427 - Fire load of accommodation and service spaces.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. (b) When required under... calculations must not exceed 15.0 kg (3 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area... not exceed 37.5 kg (7.5 pounds) of combustibles per square meter (square foot) of deck area. [CGD 85...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 171.145 - Drainage of a vessel with a cockpit.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... either of the following equations: A=0.1(D) square inches. A=6.94(D) square centimeters. Where— A = the combined area of the scuppers in square inches (square centimeters). D = the area of the cockpit in square feet (square meters). (e) The cockpit deck of a vessel that operates on exposed or partially protected...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

46 CFR 108.489 - Helicopter fueling facilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... the rate of 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot... for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes. (3....87 square meters (300 square feet). (b) If the fire protection system required by § 108.487 of this...

Structural and dynamic characteristics in monolayer square ice.

PubMed

Zhu, YinBo; Wang, FengChao; Wu, HengAn

2017-07-28

When water is constrained between two sheets of graphene, it becomes an intriguing monolayer solid with a square pattern due to the ultrahigh van der Waals pressure. However, the square ice phase has become a matter of debate due to the insufficient experimental interpretation and the slightly rhomboidal feature in simulated monolayer square-like structures. Here, we performed classical molecular dynamics simulations to reveal monolayer square ice in graphene nanocapillaries from the perspective of structure and dynamic characteristics. Monolayer square-like ice (instantaneous snapshot), assembled square-rhombic units with stacking faults, is a long-range ordered structure, in which the square and rhombic units are assembled in an order of alternative distribution, and the other rhombic unit forms stacking faults (polarized water chains). Spontaneous flipping of water molecules in monolayer square-like ice is intrinsic and induces transformations among different elementary units, resulting in the structural evolution of monolayer square ice in dynamics. The existence of stacking faults should be attributed to the spontaneous flipping behavior of water molecules under ambient temperature. Statistical averaging results (thermal average positions) demonstrate the inherent square characteristic of monolayer square ice. The simulated data and insight obtained here might be significant for understanding the topological structure and dynamic behavior of monolayer square ice.

Parameter estimation of Monod model by the Least-Squares method for microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

See, J. J.; Jamaian, S. S.; Salleh, R. M.; Nor, M. E.; Aman, F.

2018-04-01

This research aims to estimate the parameters of Monod model of microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp growth by the Least-Squares method. Monod equation is a non-linear equation which can be transformed into a linear equation form and it is solved by implementing the Least-Squares linear regression method. Meanwhile, Gauss-Newton method is an alternative method to solve the non-linear Least-Squares problem with the aim to obtain the parameters value of Monod model by minimizing the sum of square error ( SSE). As the result, the parameters of the Monod model for microalgae Botryococcus Braunii sp can be estimated by the Least-Squares method. However, the estimated parameters value obtained by the non-linear Least-Squares method are more accurate compared to the linear Least-Squares method since the SSE of the non-linear Least-Squares method is less than the linear Least-Squares method.

Linear and nonlinear properties of numerical methods for the rotating shallow water equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Eldred, Chris

The shallow water equations provide a useful analogue of the fully compressible Euler equations since they have similar conservation laws, many of the same types of waves and a similar (quasi-) balanced state. It is desirable that numerical models posses similar properties, and the prototypical example of such a scheme is the 1981 Arakawa and Lamb (AL81) staggered (C-grid) total energy and potential enstrophy conserving scheme, based on the vector invariant form of the continuous equations. However, this scheme is restricted to a subset of logically square, orthogonal grids. The current work extends the AL81 scheme to arbitrary non-orthogonal polygonal grids, by combining Hamiltonian methods (work done by Salmon, Gassmann, Dubos and others) and Discrete Exterior Calculus (Thuburn, Cotter, Dubos, Ringler, Skamarock, Klemp and others). It is also possible to obtain these properties (along with arguably superior wave dispersion properties) through the use of a collocated (Z-grid) scheme based on the vorticity-divergence form of the continuous equations. Unfortunately, existing examples of these schemes in the literature for general, spherical grids either contain computational modes; or do not conserve total energy and potential enstrophy. This dissertation extends an existing scheme for planar grids to spherical grids, through the use of Nambu brackets (as pioneered by Rick Salmon). To compare these two schemes, the linear modes (balanced states, stationary modes and propagating modes; with and without dissipation) are examined on both uniform planar grids (square, hexagonal) and quasi-uniform spherical grids (geodesic, cubed-sphere). In addition to evaluating the linear modes, the results of the two schemes applied to a set of standard shallow water test cases and a recently developed forced-dissipative turbulence test case from John Thuburn (intended to evaluate the ability the suitability of schemes as the basis for a climate model) on both hexagonal-pentagonal icosahedral grids and cubed-sphere grids are presented. Finally, some remarks and thoughts about the suitability of these two schemes as the basis for atmospheric dynamical development are given.

Counting Primitive Pythagorean Triples

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ayoub, Ayoub B.

2005-01-01

A triple (x,y,z) of natural numbers is called a Primitive Pythagorean Triple (PPT) if it satisfies two conditions: (1) x[squared] + y[squared] = z[squared]; and (2) x, y, and z have no common factor other than one. All the PPT's are given by the parametric equations: (1) x = m[squared] - n[squared]; (2) y = 2mn; and (3) z = m[squared] +…

Magic with Magic Squares.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wills, Herbert III

1989-01-01

Describes ways to make magic squares of 4 by 4 matrices. Presents two handouts: (1) Sets of 4 Numbers from 1 to 16 Whose Sum is 34; and (2) The Durer Square. Shows patterns which appeared in the magic squares, such as squares, chevrons, rhomboids, and trapezoids. (YP)

Discrete square root smoothing.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaminski, P. G.; Bryson, A. E., Jr.

1972-01-01

The basic techniques applied in the square root least squares and square root filtering solutions are applied to the smoothing problem. Both conventional and square root solutions are obtained by computing the filtered solutions, then modifying the results to include the effect of all measurements. A comparison of computation requirements indicates that the square root information smoother (SRIS) is more efficient than conventional solutions in a large class of fixed interval smoothing problems.

Evaluation of the Seat Index Point Tool for Military Seats

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-12-01

millimeters mm2 ft2 squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 yd2 square yard 0.836 square meters m2 Ac acres 0.405 hectares ha mi2 square miles 2.59 square...square miles mi2 VOLUME mL milliliters 0.034 fluid ounces fl oz L liters 0.264 gallons gal m3 cubic meters 35.314 cubic feet ft3 m3 cubic meters

General solution for diffusion-controlled dissolution of spherical particles. 1. Theory.

PubMed

Wang, J; Flanagan, D R

1999-07-01

Three classical particle dissolution rate expressions are commonly used to interpret particle dissolution rate phenomena. Our analysis shows that an assumption used in the derivation of the traditional cube-root law may not be accurate under all conditions for diffusion-controlled particle dissolution. Mathematical analysis shows that the three classical particle dissolution rate expressions are approximate solutions to a general diffusion layer model. The cube-root law is most appropriate when particle size is much larger than the diffusion layer thickness, the two-thirds-root expression applies when the particle size is much smaller than the diffusion layer thickness. The square-root expression is intermediate between these two models. A general solution to the diffusion layer model for monodispersed spherical particles dissolution was derived for sink and nonsink conditions. Constant diffusion layer thickness was assumed in the derivation. Simulated dissolution data showed that the ratio between particle size and diffusion layer thickness (a0/h) is an important factor in controlling the shape of particle dissolution profiles. A new semiempirical general particle dissolution equation is also discussed which encompasses the three classical particle dissolution expressions. The success of the general equation in explaining limitations of traditional particle dissolution expressions demonstrates the usefulness of the general diffusion layer model.

Higgs mechanism in higher-rank symmetric U(1) gauge theories

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bulmash, Daniel; Barkeshli, Maissam

2018-06-01

We use the Higgs mechanism to investigate connections between higher-rank symmetric U(1 ) gauge theories and gapped fracton phases. We define two classes of rank-2 symmetric U(1 ) gauge theories: the (m ,n ) scalar and vector charge theories, for integer m and n , which respect the symmetry of the square (cubic) lattice in two (three) spatial dimensions. We further provide local lattice rotor models whose low-energy dynamics are described by these theories. We then describe in detail the Higgs phases obtained when the U(1 ) gauge symmetry is spontaneously broken to a discrete subgroup. A subset of the scalar charge theories indeed have X-cube fracton order as their Higgs phase, although we find that this can only occur if the continuum higher-rank gauge theory breaks continuous spatial rotational symmetry. However, not all higher-rank gauge theories have fractonic Higgs phases; other Higgs phases possess conventional topological order. Nevertheless, they yield interesting novel exactly solvable models of conventional topological order, somewhat reminiscent of the color code models in both two and three spatial dimensions. We also investigate phase transitions in these models and find a possible direct phase transition between four copies of Z2 gauge theory in three spatial dimensions and X-cube fracton order.

Evaluation of Water Resources in Bolivia, South America

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-01-01

sub-basins: Madre de Dios 31,000 square kilometers Beni 183,000 square kilometers Mamore 216,000 square kilometers Itenez/Cuapore 294,000 square...infrastructure; cumbersome institutional bureaucracies and a viable and growing black market production and retail sector ( de Soto 1989); and the human and...See Figure 3 oi, page 34): The Amazon Basin 724,000 square kilometers The De La Plata Basin 229,500 square kilometers The Altiplano Basin 145,081

Multiplier less high-speed squaring circuit for binary numbers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sethi, Kabiraj; Panda, Rutuparna

2015-03-01

The squaring operation is important in many applications in signal processing, cryptography etc. In general, squaring circuits reported in the literature use fast multipliers. A novel idea of a squaring circuit without using multipliers is proposed in this paper. Ancient Indian method used for squaring decimal numbers is extended here for binary numbers. The key to our success is that no multiplier is used. Instead, one squaring circuit is used. The hardware architecture of the proposed squaring circuit is presented. The design is coded in VHDL and synthesised and simulated in Xilinx ISE Design Suite 10.1 (Xilinx Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). It is implemented in Xilinx Vertex 4vls15sf363-12 device (Xilinx Inc.). The results in terms of time delay and area is compared with both modified Booth's algorithm and squaring circuit using Vedic multipliers. Our proposed squaring circuit seems to have better performance in terms of both speed and area.

Magnetic propulsion of a magnetic device using three square-Helmholtz coils and a square-Maxwell coil.

PubMed

Ha, Yong H; Han, Byung H; Lee, Soo Y

2010-02-01

We introduce a square coil system for remote magnetic navigation of a magnetic device without any physical movements of the coils. We used three square-Helmholtz coils and a square-Maxwell coil for magnetic propulsion of a small magnet along the desired path. All the square coils are mountable on a cubic frame that has an opening to accommodate a living subject. The square-Helmholtz coils control the magnetic propulsion direction by generating uniform magnetic field along the desired direction while the square-Maxwell coil controls the propulsion force by generating magnetic gradient field. We performed magnetic propulsion experiments with a down-scaled coil set and a three-channel coil driver. Experimental results demonstrate that we can use the square coil set for magnetic navigation of a magnetic device without any physical movements of the coils.

Adiabatic approximation with exponential accuracy for many-body systems and quantum computation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lidar, Daniel A.; Rezakhani, Ali T.; Hamma, Alioscia

2009-10-01

We derive a version of the adiabatic theorem that is especially suited for applications in adiabatic quantum computation, where it is reasonable to assume that the adiabatic interpolation between the initial and final Hamiltonians is controllable. Assuming that the Hamiltonian is analytic in a finite strip around the real-time axis, that some number of its time derivatives vanish at the initial and final times, and that the target adiabatic eigenstate is nondegenerate and separated by a gap from the rest of the spectrum, we show that one can obtain an error between the final adiabatic eigenstate and the actual time-evolved state which is exponentially small in the evolution time, where this time itself scales as the square of the norm of the time derivative of the Hamiltonian divided by the cube of the minimal gap.

Nonlinear gas oscillations in pipes. I - Theory.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jimenez, J.

1973-01-01

The problem of forced acoustic oscillations in a pipe is studied theoretically. The oscillations are produced by a moving piston in one end of the pipe, while a variety of boundary conditions ranging from a completely closed to a completely open mouth at the other end are considered. The linear theory predicts large amplitudes near resonance and that nonlinear effects become crucially important. By expanding the equations of motion in a series in the Mach number, both the amplitude and waveform of the oscillation are predicted there. In both the open- and closed-end cases the need for shock waves in some range of parameters is found. The amplitude of the oscillation is different for the two cases, however, being proportional to the square root of the piston amplitude in the closed-end case and to the cube root for the open end.

Shape effects in the turbulent tumbling of large particles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Variano, Evan; Oehmke, Theresa; Pujara, Nimish

2017-11-01

We present laboratory results on rotation of finite-sized, neutrally buoyant, anisotropic particles in isotropic turbulence. The isotropic turbulent flow is generated using a randomly-actuated synthetic jet array that minimizes tank scale circulation and measurements are made with stereoscopic particle image velocimetry. By using particles of different shapes, we explore the effects that symmetries have on particle rotation. We add to previous data collected for spheres cylinders and ellipsoids by performing new measurements on cubes, cuboids and cones. The measurement technique and results on mean-square particle rotation will be presented. Preliminary results, at the time of writing this abstract, indicate that symmetry breaking increases the rate of particle rotation. More complete quantitative results will be presented. This work was partially supported by the NSF award ENG-1604026 and by the Army Research Office Biomathematics Program.

Measurement accuracies in band-limited extrapolation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kritikos, H. N.

1982-01-01

The problem of numerical instability associated with extrapolation algorithms is addressed. An attempt is made to estimate the bounds for the acceptable errors and to place a ceiling on the measurement accuracy and computational accuracy needed for the extrapolation. It is shown that in band limited (or visible angle limited) extrapolation the larger effective aperture L' that can be realized from a finite aperture L by over sampling is a function of the accuracy of measurements. It is shown that for sampling in the interval L/b absolute value of xL, b1 the signal must be known within an error e sub N given by e sub N squared approximately = 1/4(2kL') cubed (e/8b L/L')(2kL') where L is the physical aperture, L' is the extrapolated aperture, and k = 2pi lambda.

A New Class of Pandiagonal Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Loly, P. D.; Steeds, M. J.

2005-01-01

An interesting class of purely pandiagonal, i.e. non-magic, whole number (integer) squares of orders (row/column dimension) of the powers of two which are related to Gray codes and square Karnaugh maps has been identified. Treated as matrices these squares possess just two non-zero eigenvalues. The construction of these squares has been automated…

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

46 CFR 108.449 - Piping tests.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... square centimeter (1000 pounds per square inch), with no additional gas introduced into the system, the... of more than 10.5 kilograms per square centimeter (150 pounds per square inch) per minute for a 2 minute period. (c) When tested with CO2 or other inert gas under a pressure of 42 kilograms per square...

Eta Squared, Partial Eta Squared, and Misreporting of Effect Size in Communication Research.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levine, Timothy R.; Hullett, Craig R.

2002-01-01

Alerts communication researchers to potential errors stemming from the use of SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) to obtain estimates of eta squared in analysis of variance (ANOVA). Strives to clarify issues concerning the development and appropriate use of eta squared and partial eta squared in ANOVA. Discusses the reporting of…

10 CFR 140.84 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Commission finds that: (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma mission 40...

10 CFR 140.84 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... Commission finds that: (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma mission 40...

View of Corto Square Road from Corto Square. Buildings No. ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View of Corto Square Road from Corto Square. Buildings No. 27 at left, Building No. 25 at rear, and Building No. 26 at right. Parking areas on left and right, looking north - Easter Hill Village, Bordered by South Twenty-sixth Street, South Twenty-eighth Street, Hinkley Avenue, Foothill Avenue & Corto Square, Richmond, Contra Costa County, CA

Simulated sawing of squares: a tool to improve wood utilization

Treesearch

R. Bruce Anderson; Hugh W. Reynolds

1981-01-01

Manufacturers of turning squares have had difficulty finding the best combination of bolt and square sizes for producing squares most efficiently. A computer simulation technique has been developed for inexpensively detemining the best combination of bolt and square size. Ranges of bolt dimeters to achieve a stated level of yield are given. The manufacturer can choose...

Orthogonalizing EM: A design-based least squares algorithm.

PubMed

Xiong, Shifeng; Dai, Bin; Huling, Jared; Qian, Peter Z G

We introduce an efficient iterative algorithm, intended for various least squares problems, based on a design of experiments perspective. The algorithm, called orthogonalizing EM (OEM), works for ordinary least squares and can be easily extended to penalized least squares. The main idea of the procedure is to orthogonalize a design matrix by adding new rows and then solve the original problem by embedding the augmented design in a missing data framework. We establish several attractive theoretical properties concerning OEM. For the ordinary least squares with a singular regression matrix, an OEM sequence converges to the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse-based least squares estimator. For ordinary and penalized least squares with various penalties, it converges to a point having grouping coherence for fully aliased regression matrices. Convergence and the convergence rate of the algorithm are examined. Finally, we demonstrate that OEM is highly efficient for large-scale least squares and penalized least squares problems, and is considerably faster than competing methods when n is much larger than p . Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Infant perception of the rotating Kanizsa square.

PubMed

Yoshino, Daisuke; Idesawa, Masanori; Kanazawa, So; Yamaguchi, Masami K

2010-04-01

This study examined the perception of the rotating Kanizsa square by using a fixed-trial familiarization method. If the Kanizsa square is rotated across the pacmen, adult observers perceive not only a rotating illusory square, but also an illusory expansion/contraction motion of this square. The phenomenon is called a "rotational dynamic illusion". In experiments 1 and 2, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion, finding that 3-8-month-old infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a simple rotation of the Kanizsa square. In experiment 3, we investigated whether infants perceived the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square or as a deformation of shape, finding that 3-4-month-old infants did perceive the rotational dynamic illusion as a rotation of the Kanizsa square. Our results show that while 3-8-month-old infants perceive the rotating Kanizsa square, however, it is difficult for the infants to extract expansion/contraction motion from the rotational dynamic illusion. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Extended law of corresponding states for protein solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Platten, Florian; Valadez-Pérez, Néstor E.; Castañeda-Priego, Ramón; Egelhaaf, Stefan U.

2015-05-01

The so-called extended law of corresponding states, as proposed by Noro and Frenkel [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2941 (2000)], involves a mapping of the phase behaviors of systems with short-range attractive interactions. While it has already extensively been applied to various model potentials, here we test its applicability to protein solutions with their complex interactions. We successfully map their experimentally determined metastable gas-liquid binodals, as available in the literature, to the binodals of short-range square-well fluids, as determined by previous as well as new Monte Carlo simulations. This is achieved by representing the binodals as a function of the temperature scaled with the critical temperature (or as a function of the reduced second virial coefficient) and the concentration scaled by the cube of an effective particle diameter, where the scalings take into account the attractive and repulsive contributions to the interaction potential, respectively. The scaled binodals of the protein solutions coincide with simulation data of the adhesive hard-sphere fluid. Furthermore, once the repulsive contributions are taken into account by the effective particle diameter, the temperature dependence of the reduced second virial coefficients follows a master curve that corresponds to a linear temperature dependence of the depth of the square-well potential. We moreover demonstrate that, based on this approach and cloud-point measurements only, second virial coefficients can be estimated, which we show to agree with values determined by light scattering or by Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)-based calculations.

Extended law of corresponding states for protein solutions.

PubMed

Platten, Florian; Valadez-Pérez, Néstor E; Castañeda-Priego, Ramón; Egelhaaf, Stefan U

2015-05-07

The so-called extended law of corresponding states, as proposed by Noro and Frenkel [J. Chem. Phys. 113, 2941 (2000)], involves a mapping of the phase behaviors of systems with short-range attractive interactions. While it has already extensively been applied to various model potentials, here we test its applicability to protein solutions with their complex interactions. We successfully map their experimentally determined metastable gas-liquid binodals, as available in the literature, to the binodals of short-range square-well fluids, as determined by previous as well as new Monte Carlo simulations. This is achieved by representing the binodals as a function of the temperature scaled with the critical temperature (or as a function of the reduced second virial coefficient) and the concentration scaled by the cube of an effective particle diameter, where the scalings take into account the attractive and repulsive contributions to the interaction potential, respectively. The scaled binodals of the protein solutions coincide with simulation data of the adhesive hard-sphere fluid. Furthermore, once the repulsive contributions are taken into account by the effective particle diameter, the temperature dependence of the reduced second virial coefficients follows a master curve that corresponds to a linear temperature dependence of the depth of the square-well potential. We moreover demonstrate that, based on this approach and cloud-point measurements only, second virial coefficients can be estimated, which we show to agree with values determined by light scattering or by Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO)-based calculations.

Wind loading on solar concentrators: some general considerations

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Roschke, E. J.

A survey has been completed to examine the problems and complications arising from wind loading on solar concentrators. Wind loading is site specific and has an important bearing on the design, cost, performance, operation and maintenance, safety, survival, and replacement of solar collecting systems. Emphasis herein is on paraboloidal, two-axis tracking systems. Thermal receiver problems also are discussed. Wind characteristics are discussed from a general point of view; current methods for determining design wind speed are reviewed. Aerodynamic coefficients are defined and illustrative examples are presented. Wind tunnel testing is discussed, and environmental wind tunnels are reviewed; recent results onmore » heliostat arrays are reviewed as well. Aeroelasticity in relation to structural design is discussed briefly. Wind loads, i.e., forces and moments, are proportional to the square of the mean wind velocity. Forces are proportional to the square of concentrator diameter, and moments are proportional to the cube of diameter. Thus, wind loads have an important bearing on size selection from both cost and performance standpoints. It is concluded that sufficient information exists so that reasonably accurate predictions of wind loading are possible for a given paraboloidal concentrator configuration, provided that reliable and relevant wind conditions are specified. Such predictions will be useful to the design engineer and to the systems engineer as well. Information is lacking, however, on wind effects in field arrays of paraboloidal concentrators. Wind tunnel tests have been performed on model heliostat arrays, but there are important aerodynamic differences between heliostats and paraboloidal dishes.« less

An algorithm for propagating the square-root covariance matrix in triangular form

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tapley, B. D.; Choe, C. Y.

1976-01-01

A method for propagating the square root of the state error covariance matrix in lower triangular form is described. The algorithm can be combined with any triangular square-root measurement update algorithm to obtain a triangular square-root sequential estimation algorithm. The triangular square-root algorithm compares favorably with the conventional sequential estimation algorithm with regard to computation time.

10 CFR 840.4 - Criterion I-Substantial discharge of radioactive material or substantial radiation levels offsite.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

.... (b) DOE finds that— (1) Surface contamination of at least a total of any 100 square meters of offsite... microcuries per square meter 0.35 microcuries per square meter. Alpha emission from isotopes other than transuranic isotopes 35 microcuries per square meter 3.5 microcuries per square meter. Beta or gamma emission...

Ion temperature gradient driven transport in tokamaks with square shaping

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Joiner, N.; Dorland, W.

2010-06-15

Advanced tokamak schemes which may offer significant improvement to plasma confinement on the usual large aspect ratio Dee-shaped flux surface configuration are of great interest to the fusion community. One possibility is to introduce square shaping to the flux surfaces. The gyrokinetic code GS2[Kotschenreuther et al., Comput. Phys. Commun. 88, 128 (1996)] is used to study linear stability and the resulting nonlinear thermal transport of the ion temperature gradient driven (ITG) mode in tokamak equilibria with square shaping. The maximum linear growth rate of ITG modes is increased by negative squareness (diamond shaping) and reduced by positive values (square shaping).more » The dependence of thermal transport produced by saturated ITG instabilities on squareness is not as clear. The overall trend follows that of the linear instability, heat and particle fluxes increase with negative squareness and decrease with positive squareness. This is contradictory to recent experimental results [Holcomb et al., Phys. Plasmas 16, 056116 (2009)] which show a reduction in transport with negative squareness. This may be reconciled as a reduction in transport (consistent with the experiment) is observed at small negative values of the squareness parameter.« less

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

25 CFR 91.5 - Tracts reserved from selection by individuals.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Village: (1) Public Squares. (2) Parks, and (3) Cemetery. (b) Hominy Indian Village: (1) Public squares... Iron Square. (d) Those individuals who have summer homes or dance arbors located on the Public Square...

36 CFR § 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

36 CFR 910.56 - Coordinated planning area.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... area means a Square, portion of a Square, or group of Squares that is composed of one or more development parcels and is treated as a unit under Square Guidelines in order to achieve comprehensive...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

16 CFR 500.19 - Conversion of SI metric quantities to inch/pound quantities and inch/pound quantities to SI...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... centimeter=0.393 701 in. 1 yard=0.9144m* 1 meter=3.280 84 ft. Area 1 square inch=6.4516 cm2* 1 square centimeter=0.155 000 in2. 1 square foot=929.0304 cm2* 1 square decimeter=0.107 639 ft2. =9.290 304 dm2 1 square meter=10.763 9 ft2. 1 square yard=0.836 127 m2 Volume or Capacity 1 cubic inch=16.3871 cm3 1 cubic...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

24 CFR 35.1350 - Safe work practices.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... activities do not disturb painted surfaces that total more than: (1) 20 square feet (2 square meters) on exterior surfaces; (2) 2 square feet (0.2 square meters) in any one interior room or space; or (3) 10...

Child- and elder-friendly urban public places in Fatahillah Square Historical District

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srinaga, F.; LKatoppo, M.; Hidayat, J.

2018-03-01

Fatahillah square as an important historical urban square in Jakarta has problems in eye level area integrative processing. Visitors cannot enjoy their time while in the square regarding their visuals, feelings, space, and bodies comfort. These also lead to other problems in which the square is lack of friendly and convenient places for children, the elderly and also the disabled, especially people with limited moving space. The research will attempt in proposing design inception for the Fatahillah Square that is using inclusive user-centered design approach, while in the same time incorporate theoretical studies of children and elderly-design considerations. The first stage of this research was building inclusive design parameter; begin with a context-led research which assesses the quality of Fatahillah square through three basic components of urban space: hardware, software and orgware. The second stage of this research is to propose inclusive design inception for the Fatahillah square.

9 Square in the Air: Not Your Parents' Traditional Four Square Game

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hanson, Amber Hall; Barney, David

2018-01-01

Physical educators are constantly looking for new ideas and activities that will quickly grab the interest of their students. 9 Square in the Air is a game that does just this. The game was developed as a way to integrate students who enjoy volleyball and those who like Four Square. 9 Square in the Air provides the opportunity for students to use…

Large-Scale Physical Separation of Depleted Uranium from Soil

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-09-01

Earth and Environment 285 Davidson Avenue, Suite 100 Somerset, NJ 08873 Catherine Nestler Applied Research Associates, Inc. 119 Monument Place...square meters square miles 2.589998 E+06 square meters square yards 0.8361274 square meters yards 0.9144 meters ERDC/EL TR-12-25 viii...depleted uranium EL Environmental Laboratory ERDC Engineer Research and Development Center ICP-MS Inductively coupled plasma - mass spectroscopy

A logistic regression equation for estimating the probability of a stream flowing perennially in Massachusetts

USGS Publications Warehouse

Bent, Gardner C.; Archfield, Stacey A.

2002-01-01

A logistic regression equation was developed for estimating the probability of a stream flowing perennially at a specific site in Massachusetts. The equation provides city and town conservation commissions and the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection with an additional method for assessing whether streams are perennial or intermittent at a specific site in Massachusetts. This information is needed to assist these environmental agencies, who administer the Commonwealth of Massachusetts Rivers Protection Act of 1996, which establishes a 200-foot-wide protected riverfront area extending along the length of each side of the stream from the mean annual high-water line along each side of perennial streams, with exceptions in some urban areas. The equation was developed by relating the verified perennial or intermittent status of a stream site to selected basin characteristics of naturally flowing streams (no regulation by dams, surface-water withdrawals, ground-water withdrawals, diversion, waste-water discharge, and so forth) in Massachusetts. Stream sites used in the analysis were identified as perennial or intermittent on the basis of review of measured streamflow at sites throughout Massachusetts and on visual observation at sites in the South Coastal Basin, southeastern Massachusetts. Measured or observed zero flow(s) during months of extended drought as defined by the 310 Code of Massachusetts Regulations (CMR) 10.58(2)(a) were not considered when designating the perennial or intermittent status of a stream site. The database used to develop the equation included a total of 305 stream sites (84 intermittent- and 89 perennial-stream sites in the State, and 50 intermittent- and 82 perennial-stream sites in the South Coastal Basin). Stream sites included in the database had drainage areas that ranged from 0.14 to 8.94 square miles in the State and from 0.02 to 7.00 square miles in the South Coastal Basin.Results of the logistic regression analysis indicate that the probability of a stream flowing perennially at a specific site in Massachusetts can be estimated as a function of (1) drainage area (cube root), (2) drainage density, (3) areal percentage of stratified-drift deposits (square root), (4) mean basin slope, and (5) location in the South Coastal Basin or the remainder of the State. Although the equation developed provides an objective means for estimating the probability of a stream flowing perennially at a specific site, the reliability of the equation is constrained by the data used to develop the equation. The equation may not be reliable for (1) drainage areas less than 0.14 square mile in the State or less than 0.02 square mile in the South Coastal Basin, (2) streams with losing reaches, or (3) streams draining the southern part of the South Coastal Basin and the eastern part of the Buzzards Bay Basin and the entire area of Cape Cod and the Islands Basins.

Orthogonalizing EM: A design-based least squares algorithm

PubMed Central

Xiong, Shifeng; Dai, Bin; Huling, Jared; Qian, Peter Z. G.

2016-01-01

We introduce an efficient iterative algorithm, intended for various least squares problems, based on a design of experiments perspective. The algorithm, called orthogonalizing EM (OEM), works for ordinary least squares and can be easily extended to penalized least squares. The main idea of the procedure is to orthogonalize a design matrix by adding new rows and then solve the original problem by embedding the augmented design in a missing data framework. We establish several attractive theoretical properties concerning OEM. For the ordinary least squares with a singular regression matrix, an OEM sequence converges to the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse-based least squares estimator. For ordinary and penalized least squares with various penalties, it converges to a point having grouping coherence for fully aliased regression matrices. Convergence and the convergence rate of the algorithm are examined. Finally, we demonstrate that OEM is highly efficient for large-scale least squares and penalized least squares problems, and is considerably faster than competing methods when n is much larger than p. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. PMID:27499558

Least-Squares Curve-Fitting Program

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kantak, Anil V.

1990-01-01

Least Squares Curve Fitting program, AKLSQF, easily and efficiently computes polynomial providing least-squares best fit to uniformly spaced data. Enables user to specify tolerable least-squares error in fit or degree of polynomial. AKLSQF returns polynomial and actual least-squares-fit error incurred in operation. Data supplied to routine either by direct keyboard entry or via file. Written for an IBM PC X/AT or compatible using Microsoft's Quick Basic compiler.

Square Turing patterns in reaction-diffusion systems with coupled layers

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Li, Jing; Wang, Hongli, E-mail: hlwang@pku.edu.cn, E-mail: qi@pku.edu.cn; Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871

Square Turing patterns are usually unstable in reaction-diffusion systems and are rarely observed in corresponding experiments and simulations. We report here an example of spontaneous formation of square Turing patterns with the Lengyel-Epstein model of two coupled layers. The squares are found to be a result of the resonance between two supercritical Turing modes with an appropriate ratio. Besides, the spatiotemporal resonance of Turing modes resembles to the mode-locking phenomenon. Analysis of the general amplitude equations for square patterns reveals that the fixed point corresponding to square Turing patterns is stationary when the parameters adopt appropriate values.

Complete band gaps of phononic crystal plates with square rods.

PubMed

El-Naggar, Sahar A; Mostafa, Samia I; Rafat, Nadia H

2012-04-01

Much of previous work has been devoted in studying complete band gaps for bulk phononic crystal (PC). In this paper, we theoretically investigate the existence and widths of these gaps for PC plates. We focus our attention on steel rods of square cross sectional area embedded in epoxy matrix. The equations for calculating the dispersion relation for square rods in a square or a triangular lattice have been derived. Our analysis is based on super cell plane wave expansion (SC-PWE) method. The influence of inclusions filling factor and plate thickness on the existence and width of the phononic band gaps has been discussed. Our calculations show that there is a certain filling factor (f=0.55) below which arrangement of square rods in a triangular lattice is superior to the arrangement in a square lattice. A comparison between square and circular cross sectional rods reveals that the former has superior normalized gap width than the latter in case of a square lattice. This situation is switched in case of a triangular lattice. Moreover, a maximum normalized gap width of 0.7 can be achieved for PC plate of square rods embedded in a square lattice and having height 90% of the lattice constant. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Reconfigurable Wideband Circularly Polarized Stacked Square Patch Antenna for Cognitive Radios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barbosa Kortright, Miguel A.; Waldstein, Seth W.; Simons, Rainee N.

2017-01-01

An almost square patch and a square patch with corner truncation for circularly polarized (CP) and a stacked CP square patch are researched and developed at X-band for cognitive devices. A draft set of presentation charts are attached.

Comment Deadlines Established Regarding the LightSquared Technical Working Group Report

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-06-30

On June 30, 2011, LightSquared Subsidiary LLC (LightSquared) submitted a final report of the : technical working group co-chaired by LightSquared and the United States Global Positioning System : (GPS) Industry Council (USGIC)1 and organized in respo...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

29 CFR 1926.54 - Nonionizing radiation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... above: (1) Direct staring: 1 micro-watt per square centimeter; (2) Incidental observing: 1 milliwatt per square centimeter; (3) Diffused reflected light: 21/2 watts per square centimeter. (k) Laser unit in... exposed to microwave power densities in excess of 10 milliwatts per square centimeter. ...

Application of AWE for RCS Frequency Response Calculations Using Method of Moments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reddy, C. J.; Deshpande, M. D.

1996-01-01

An implementation of the Asymptotic Waveform Evaluation (AWE) technique is presented for obtaining the frequency response of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of arbitrarily shaped, three-dimensional perfect electric conductor (PEC) bodies. An Electric Field Integral Equation (EFIE) is solved using the Method of Moments (MoM) to compute the RCS. The electric current, thus obtained, is expanded in a Taylor series around the frequency of interest. The coefficients of the Taylor series (called 'moments') are obtained using the frequency derivatives of the EFIE. Using the moments, the electric current on the PEC body is obtained over a frequency band. Using the electric current at different frequencies, RCS of the PEC body is obtained over a wide frequency band. Numerical results for a square plate, a cube, and a sphere are presented over a bandwidth. A good agreement between AWE and the exact solution over the bandwidth is observed.

Parametric study of variation in cargo-airplane performance related to progression from current to spanloader designs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Toll, T. A.

1980-01-01

A parametric analysis was made to investigate the relationship between current cargo airplanes and possible future designs that may differ greatly in both size and configuration. The method makes use of empirical scaling laws developed from statistical studies of data from current and advanced airplanes and, in addition, accounts for payload density, effects of span distributed load, and variations in tail area ratio. The method is believed to be particularly useful for exploratory studies of design and technology options for large airplanes. The analysis predicts somewhat more favorable variations of the ratios of payload to gross weight and block fuel to payload as the airplane size is increased than has been generally understood from interpretations of the cube-square law. In terms of these same ratios, large all wing (spanloader) designs show an advantage over wing-fuselage designs.

Frictional wave dissipation on a remarkably rough reef

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Monismith, Stephen G.; Rogers, Justin S.; Koweek, David; Dunbar, Robert B.

2015-05-01

We present a week of observations of wave dissipation on the south forereef of Palmyra Atoll. Using wave measurements made in 6.2 m and 11.2 m of water offshore of the surf zone, we computed energy fluxes and near-bottom velocity. Equating the divergence of the shoreward energy flux to its dissipation by bottom friction and parameterizating dissipation in terms of the root-mean-square velocity cubed, we find that the wave friction factor, fw, for this reef is 1.80 ± 0.07, nearly an order of magnitude larger than values previously found for reefs. We attribute this remarkably high value of fw to the complex canopy structure of the reef, which we believe may be characteristic of healthy reefs. This suggests that healthy reefs with high coral cover may provide greater coastal protection than do degraded reefs with low coral cover.

Model for thickness dependence of radiation charging in MOS structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Viswanathan, C. R.; Maserjian, J.

1976-01-01

The model considers charge buildup in MOS structures due to hole trapping in the oxide and the creation of sheet charge at the silicon interface. The contribution of hole trapping causes the flatband voltage to increase with thickness in a manner in which square and cube dependences are limiting cases. Experimental measurements on samples covering a 200 - 1000 A range of oxide thickness are consistent with the model, using independently obtained values of hole-trapping parameters. An important finding of our experimental results is that a negative interface charge contribution due to surface states created during irradiation compensates most of the positive charge in the oxide at flatband. The tendency of the surface states to 'track' the positive charge buildup in the oxide, for all thicknesses, applies both in creation during irradiation and in annihilation during annealing. An explanation is proposed based on the common defect origin of hole traps and potential surface states.

Modeling texture kinetics during thermal processing of potato products.

PubMed

Moyano, P C; Troncoso, E; Pedreschi, F

2007-03-01

A kinetic model based on 2 irreversible serial chemical reactions has been proposed to fit experimental data of texture changes during thermal processing of potato products. The model links dimensionless maximum force F*(MAX) with processing time. Experimental texture changes were obtained during frying of French fries and potato chips at different temperatures, while literature data for blanching/cooking of potato cubes have been considered. A satisfactory agreement between experimental and predicted values was observed, with root mean square values (RMSs) in the range of 4.7% to 16.4% for French fries and 16.7% to 29.3% for potato chips. In the case of blanching/cooking, the proposed model gave RMSs in the range of 1.2% to 17.6%, much better than the 6.2% to 44.0% obtained with the traditional 1st-order kinetics. The model is able to predict likewise the transition from softening to hardening of the tissue during frying.

Application of Model Based Parameter Estimation for RCS Frequency Response Calculations Using Method of Moments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Reddy, C. J.

1998-01-01

An implementation of the Model Based Parameter Estimation (MBPE) technique is presented for obtaining the frequency response of the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of arbitrarily shaped, three-dimensional perfect electric conductor (PEC) bodies. An Electric Field Integral Equation (EFTE) is solved using the Method of Moments (MoM) to compute the RCS. The electric current is expanded in a rational function and the coefficients of the rational function are obtained using the frequency derivatives of the EFIE. Using the rational function, the electric current on the PEC body is obtained over a frequency band. Using the electric current at different frequencies, RCS of the PEC body is obtained over a wide frequency band. Numerical results for a square plate, a cube, and a sphere are presented over a bandwidth. Good agreement between MBPE and the exact solution over the bandwidth is observed.

Objective determination of image end-members in spectral mixture analysis of AVIRIS data

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Tompkins, Stefanie; Mustard, John F.; Pieters, Carle M.; Forsyth, Donald W.

1993-01-01

Spectral mixture analysis has been shown to be a powerful, multifaceted tool for analysis of multi- and hyper-spectral data. Applications of AVIRIS data have ranged from mapping soils and bedrock to ecosystem studies. During the first phase of the approach, a set of end-members are selected from an image cube (image end-members) that best account for its spectral variance within a constrained, linear least squares mixing model. These image end-members are usually selected using a priori knowledge and successive trial and error solutions to refine the total number and physical location of the end-members. However, in many situations a more objective method of determining these essential components is desired. We approach the problem of image end-member determination objectively by using the inherent variance of the data. Unlike purely statistical methods such as factor analysis, this approach derives solutions that conform to a physically realistic model.

Relationships of abscised cotton fruit to boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) feeding, oviposition, and development.

PubMed

Showler, Allan T

2008-02-01

Abscised cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., fruit in field plots planted at different times were examined to assess adult boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), use of squares and bolls during 2002 and 2003 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. Although boll abscission is not necessarily related to infestation, generally more bolls abscised than squares and abundances of fallen bolls were not related to the planting date treatments. During 2003, fallen squares were most abundant in the late-planted treatment. Although large squares (5.5-8-mm-diameter) on the plant are preferred for boll weevil oviposition, diameter of abscised squares is not a reliable measurement because of shrinkage resulting from desiccation and larval feeding. Fallen feeding-punctured squares and bolls were most abundant in late plantings but differences between fallen feeding-punctured squares versus fallen feeding-punctured bolls were found in only one treatment in 2003. During the same year, fallen oviposition-punctured squares were more numerous in the late-planted treatment than in the earlier treatments. Treatment effects were not found on numbers of oviposition-punctured bolls, but fallen oviposition-punctured squares were more common than bolls in the late-planted treatment compared with earlier treatments each year. Dead weevil eggs, larvae, and pupae inside fallen fruit were few and planting date treatment effects were not detected. Living third instars and pupae were more abundant in fallen squares of the late-planted treatment than in the earlier treatments and bolls of all three treatments. This study shows that fallen squares in late-planted cotton contribute more to adult boll weevil populations than bolls, or squares of earlier plantings.

Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis: An Advanced Post Hoc Qualitative and Quantitative Metric for a More In-Depth Examination of the Initial Research Outcomes of the Tri-Square Test

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Osler, James Edward

2013-01-01

This monograph provides an epistemological rational for the design of an advanced novel analysis metric. The metric is designed to analyze the outcomes of the Tri-Squared Test. This methodology is referred to as: "Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis" (given the acronym TSMCCA). Tri-Squared Mean Cross Comparative Analysis involves…

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

40 CFR Table A-2 to Subpart A of... - Units of Measure Conversions

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Meters (m) Feet (ft) 3.28084 Miles (mi) Kilometers (km) 1.60934 Kilometers (km) Miles (mi) 0.62137 Square feet (ft2) Acres 2.29568 × 10−5 Square meters (m2) Acres 2.47105 × 10−4 Square miles (mi2) Square... Mercury (in Hg) 2.95334 × 10−4 Inches of Mercury (inHg) Pounds per square inch (psi) 0.49110 Pounds per...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

36 CFR 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Square guidelines. 910.67 Section 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

Sparse partial least squares regression for simultaneous dimension reduction and variable selection

PubMed Central

Chun, Hyonho; Keleş, Sündüz

2010-01-01

Partial least squares regression has been an alternative to ordinary least squares for handling multicollinearity in several areas of scientific research since the 1960s. It has recently gained much attention in the analysis of high dimensional genomic data. We show that known asymptotic consistency of the partial least squares estimator for a univariate response does not hold with the very large p and small n paradigm. We derive a similar result for a multivariate response regression with partial least squares. We then propose a sparse partial least squares formulation which aims simultaneously to achieve good predictive performance and variable selection by producing sparse linear combinations of the original predictors. We provide an efficient implementation of sparse partial least squares regression and compare it with well-known variable selection and dimension reduction approaches via simulation experiments. We illustrate the practical utility of sparse partial least squares regression in a joint analysis of gene expression and genomewide binding data. PMID:20107611

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., usable square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of usable square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of usable square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: Usable square feet (USF) not...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

48 CFR 552.270-20 - Payment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., ABOA square footage delivered will be confirmed by either: (1) The Government's measurement of plans... of ABOA square footage stated in the lease. (c) If the amount of ABOA square footage delivered is... space delivered and the annual rental will be adjusted as follows: ABOA square feet not delivered...

36 CFR 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... DEVELOPMENT AREA General § 910.3 Program administration. (a) This part 910, together with Square Guidelines... understand and participate in the process of square development within the Development Area. (1) This part... provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square Guidelines. (2) Square...

Further Exploration of Human Neonatal Chromatic-Achromatic Discrimination.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Adams, Russell J.

1995-01-01

Newborns were habituated to white squares of varying size and luminance and retested with colored squares for recovery of habituation. Newborns could discriminate yellow-green from white in large squares, but not in small squares. They could not discriminate blue, blue-green, or purple from white. Results suggest newborns have little…

Square tubing reduces cost of telescoping bridge crane hoist

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bernstein, G.; Graae, J.; Schraidt, J.

1967-01-01

Using standard square tubing in a telescoping arrangement reduces the cost of a bridge crane hoist. Because surface tolerances of square tubing need not be as accurate as the tubing used previously and because no spline is necessary, the square tubing is significantly less expensive than splined telescoping tubes.

A New Take on an Old Square

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richardson, Janessa; Bachman, Rachel M.

2017-01-01

This article describes a preservice teacher's imaginative exploration of completing the square through a process of reasoning and sense making. She recounts historical perspectives and her own discoveries in the process of completing the square. Through this process of sense making, she engaged with the content standard of completing the square to…

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

36 CFR § 910.67 - Square guidelines.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Square guidelines. § 910.67 Section § 910.67 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION GENERAL... DEVELOPMENT AREA Glossary of Terms § 910.67 Square guidelines. Square Guidelines establish the Corporation's...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

46 CFR 108.463 - Foam rate: Protein.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... least 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area... rate at each outlet must be at least 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallon per minute for each square foot) of liquid surface in the tank. ...

Space Guidelines for Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wisconsin Coordinating Committee for Higher Education, Madison.

The following guidelines are recommended: stack space--for each 10 volumes, one square foot of space; reading room--25 square feet per station x 20% of the total undergraduate population; carrel space--25% of the graduate enrollment x 45 square feet; office and auxilliary space--135 square feet x full time equivalent staff. (NI)

Investigating cosmic rays and air shower physics with IceCube/IceTop

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dembinski, Hans

2017-06-01

IceCube is a cubic-kilometer detector in the deep ice at South Pole. Its square-kilometer surface array, IceTop, is located at 2800 m altitude. IceTop is large and dense enough to cover the cosmic-ray energy spectrum from PeV to EeV energies with a remarkably small systematic uncertainty, thanks to being close to the shower maximum. The experiment offers new insights into hadronic physics of air showers by observing three components: the electromagnetic signal at the surface, GeV muons in the periphery of the showers, and TeV muons in the deep ice. The cosmic-ray flux is measured with the surface signal. The mass composition is extracted from the energy loss of TeV muons observed in the deep ice in coincidence with signals at the surface. The muon lateral distribution is obtained from GeV muons identified in surface signals in the periphery of the shower. The energy spectrum of the most energetic TeV muons is also under study, as well as special events with laterally separated TeV muon tracks which originate from high-pT TeV muons. A combination of all these measurements opens the possibility to perform powerful new tests of hadronic interaction models used to simulate air showers. The latest results will be reviewed from this perspective.

Computationally designed lattices with tuned properties for tissue engineering using 3D printing

PubMed Central

Gonella, Veronica C.; Engensperger, Max; Ferguson, Stephen J.; Shea, Kristina

2017-01-01

Tissue scaffolds provide structural support while facilitating tissue growth, but are challenging to design due to diverse property trade-offs. Here, a computational approach was developed for modeling scaffolds with lattice structures of eight different topologies and assessing properties relevant to bone tissue engineering applications. Evaluated properties include porosity, pore size, surface-volume ratio, elastic modulus, shear modulus, and permeability. Lattice topologies were generated by patterning beam-based unit cells, with design parameters for beam diameter and unit cell length. Finite element simulations were conducted for each topology and quantified how elastic modulus and shear modulus scale with porosity, and how permeability scales with porosity cubed over surface-volume ratio squared. Lattices were compared with controlled properties related to porosity and pore size. Relative comparisons suggest that lattice topology leads to specializations in achievable properties. For instance, Cube topologies tend to have high elastic and low shear moduli while Octet topologies have high shear moduli and surface-volume ratios but low permeability. The developed method was utilized to analyze property trade-offs as beam diameter was altered for a given topology, and used to prototype a 3D printed lattice embedded in an interbody cage for spinal fusion treatments. Findings provide a basis for modeling and understanding relative differences among beam-based lattices designed to facilitate bone tissue growth. PMID:28797066

Computationally designed lattices with tuned properties for tissue engineering using 3D printing.

PubMed

Egan, Paul F; Gonella, Veronica C; Engensperger, Max; Ferguson, Stephen J; Shea, Kristina

2017-01-01

Tissue scaffolds provide structural support while facilitating tissue growth, but are challenging to design due to diverse property trade-offs. Here, a computational approach was developed for modeling scaffolds with lattice structures of eight different topologies and assessing properties relevant to bone tissue engineering applications. Evaluated properties include porosity, pore size, surface-volume ratio, elastic modulus, shear modulus, and permeability. Lattice topologies were generated by patterning beam-based unit cells, with design parameters for beam diameter and unit cell length. Finite element simulations were conducted for each topology and quantified how elastic modulus and shear modulus scale with porosity, and how permeability scales with porosity cubed over surface-volume ratio squared. Lattices were compared with controlled properties related to porosity and pore size. Relative comparisons suggest that lattice topology leads to specializations in achievable properties. For instance, Cube topologies tend to have high elastic and low shear moduli while Octet topologies have high shear moduli and surface-volume ratios but low permeability. The developed method was utilized to analyze property trade-offs as beam diameter was altered for a given topology, and used to prototype a 3D printed lattice embedded in an interbody cage for spinal fusion treatments. Findings provide a basis for modeling and understanding relative differences among beam-based lattices designed to facilitate bone tissue growth.

On estimating gravity anomalies: A comparison of least squares collocation with least squares techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Argentiero, P.; Lowrey, B.

1976-01-01

The least squares collocation algorithm for estimating gravity anomalies from geodetic data is shown to be an application of the well known regression equations which provide the mean and covariance of a random vector (gravity anomalies) given a realization of a correlated random vector (geodetic data). It is also shown that the collocation solution for gravity anomalies is equivalent to the conventional least-squares-Stokes' function solution when the conventional solution utilizes properly weighted zero a priori estimates. The mathematical and physical assumptions underlying the least squares collocation estimator are described, and its numerical properties are compared with the numerical properties of the conventional least squares estimator.

Gravitational lensing effects of vacuum strings - Exact solutions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gott, J. R., III

1985-01-01

Exact interior and exterior solutions to Einstein's field equations are derived for vacuum strings. The exterior solution for a uniform density vacuum string corresponds to a conical space while the interior solution is that of a spherical cap. For Mu equals 0-1/4 the external metric is ds-squared = -dt-squared + dr-squared + (1-4 Mu)-squared r-squared dphi-squared + dz-squared, where Mu is the mass per unit length in the string in Planck masses per Planck length. A maximum mass per unit length for a string is 6.73 x 10 to the 27th g/cm. It is shown that strings cause temperature fluctuations in the cosmic microwave background and produce equal brightness double QSO images separated by up to several minutes of arc. Formulae for lensing probabilities, image splittings, and time delays are derived for strings in a realistic cosmological setting. String searches using ST, the VLA, and the COBE satellite are discussed.

Weighted Least Squares Fitting Using Ordinary Least Squares Algorithms.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kiers, Henk A. L.

1997-01-01

A general approach for fitting a model to a data matrix by weighted least squares (WLS) is studied. The approach consists of iteratively performing steps of existing algorithms for ordinary least squares fitting of the same model and is based on maximizing a function that majorizes WLS loss function. (Author/SLD)

Least-Squares Models to Correct for Rater Effects in Performance Assessment.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raymond, Mark R.; Viswesvaran, Chockalingam

This study illustrates the use of three least-squares models to control for rater effects in performance evaluation: (1) ordinary least squares (OLS); (2) weighted least squares (WLS); and (3) OLS subsequent to applying a logistic transformation to observed ratings (LOG-OLS). The three models were applied to ratings obtained from four…

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

21 CFR 177.1315 - Ethylene-1, 4-cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate copolymers.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... specified temperatures and times (expressed in micrograms of the terephthaloyl moletles/square centimeter of... 100 milliliters (1) 0.23 microgram per square centimeter (1.5 micrograms per square inch) of food... °F). No thermal treatment in the container. ......do (2) 0.23 microgram per square centimeter (1.5...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

Visualizing the Sample Standard Deviation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sarkar, Jyotirmoy; Rashid, Mamunur

2017-01-01

The standard deviation (SD) of a random sample is defined as the square-root of the sample variance, which is the "mean" squared deviation of the sample observations from the sample mean. Here, we interpret the sample SD as the square-root of twice the mean square of all pairwise half deviations between any two sample observations. This…

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

Latin and Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Emanouilidis, Emanuel

2005-01-01

Latin squares have existed for hundreds of years but it wasn't until rather recently that Latin squares were used in other areas such as statistics, graph theory, coding theory and the generation of random numbers as well as in the design and analysis of experiments. This note describes Latin and diagonal Latin squares, a method of constructing…

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

46 CFR 28.550 - Icing.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... south of 66° South latitude must be assumed to be at least: (1) 6.14 pounds per square foot (30 Kilograms per square meter) of horizontal projected area which corresponds to a thickness of 1.3 inches (33 millimeters); and (2) 3.07 pounds per square foot (15 Kilograms per square meter) of vertical projected area...

21 CFR 177.2550 - Reverse osmosis membranes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... is on the food-contact surface, and its maximum weight is 62 milligrams per square decimeter (4 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite on a suitable support. (2) A cross-linked polyetheramine... weight is 4.7 milligrams per square decimeter (0.3 milligrams per square inch) as a thin film composite...

40 CFR 761.310 - Collecting the sample.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... standard wipe test as defined in § 761.123 to sample one 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter square (100 cm2) area to represent surface area PCB concentrations of each square meter or fraction of a square meter of... wipe test, only sample the entire area, rather than 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter squares. ...

46 CFR 108.417 - Fire pump components and associated equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... discharge side that is set to relieve at 1.75 kilograms per square centimeter (approximately 25 pounds per square inch) in excess of the pump discharge pressure necessary to meet the pressure required in § 108.415 for the pump or 8.6 kilograms per square centimeters (approximately 125 pounds per square inch...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... accordance with the white square-on-point limited quantity marking as follows: (1) The limited quantity... forming the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm... top and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be...

A survey of various enhancement techniques for square rings antennas

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mumin, Abdul Rashid O.; Alias, Rozlan; Abdullah, Jiwa; Abdulhasan, Raed Abdulkareem; Ali, Jawad; Dahlan, Samsul Haimi; Awaleh, Abdisamad A.

2017-09-01

The square ring shape becomes a famous reconfiguration on antenna design. The researchers have been developed the square ring by different configurations. It has high efficiency and simple calculation method. The performance enhancement for an antenna is the main reason to use this setting. Furthermore, the multi-objectives for the antenna also are considered. In this paper, different studies of square ring shape are discussed. This shape is developed in five different techniques, which are the gain enhancement, dual band antenna, reconfigurable antenna, CSRR, and circularly polarization. Moreover, the validation between these configurations also demonstrates for square ring shapes. In particular, the square ring slot improved the gain by 4.3 dB, provide dual band resonance at 1.4 and 2.6 GHz while circular polarization at 1.54 GHz, and multi-mode antenna. However, square ring strip achieved an excellent band rejection on UWB antenna at 5.5 GHz. The square ring slot length is the most influential factor on the antenna performance, which refers to the free space wavelength. Finally, comparisons between these techniques are presented.

Investigating bias in squared regression structure coefficients

PubMed Central

Nimon, Kim F.; Zientek, Linda R.; Thompson, Bruce

2015-01-01

The importance of structure coefficients and analogs of regression weights for analysis within the general linear model (GLM) has been well-documented. The purpose of this study was to investigate bias in squared structure coefficients in the context of multiple regression and to determine if a formula that had been shown to correct for bias in squared Pearson correlation coefficients and coefficients of determination could be used to correct for bias in squared regression structure coefficients. Using data from a Monte Carlo simulation, this study found that squared regression structure coefficients corrected with Pratt's formula produced less biased estimates and might be more accurate and stable estimates of population squared regression structure coefficients than estimates with no such corrections. While our findings are in line with prior literature that identified multicollinearity as a predictor of bias in squared regression structure coefficients but not coefficients of determination, the findings from this study are unique in that the level of predictive power, number of predictors, and sample size were also observed to contribute bias in squared regression structure coefficients. PMID:26217273

On roots and squares - estimation, intuition and creativity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Patkin, Dorit; Gazit, Avikam

2013-12-01

The paper presents findings of a small scale study of a few items related to problem solving with squares and roots, for different teacher groups (pre-service and in-service mathematics teachers: elementary and junior high school). The research participants were asked to explain what would be the units digit of a natural number to be squared in order to obtain a certain units digit as a result. They were also asked to formulate a rule - an algorithm for calculating the square of a 2-digit number which is a multiple of 5. Based on this knowledge and estimation capability, they were required to find, without using calculators, the square roots of given natural numbers. The findings show that most of the participants had only partial intuition regarding the units' digit of a number which is squared when the units' digit of the square is known. At the same time, the participants manifested some evidence of creativity and flow of ideas in identifying the rule for calculating the square of a natural number whose units digit is 5. However, when asked to identify, by means of estimation and based on knowledge from previous items, the square roots of three natural numbers, only few of them managed to find the three roots by estimation.

Equivalent square formula for determining the surface dose of rectangular field from 6 MV therapeutic photon beam.

PubMed

Apipunyasopon, Lukkana; Srisatit, Somyot; Phaisangittisakul, Nakorn

2013-09-06

The purpose of the study was to investigate the use of the equivalent square formula for determining the surface dose from a rectangular photon beam. A 6 MV therapeutic photon beam delivered from a Varian Clinac 23EX medical linear accelerator was modeled using the EGS4nrc Monte Carlo simulation package. It was then used to calculate the dose in the build-up region from both square and rectangular fields. The field patterns were defined by various settings of the X- and Y-collimator jaw ranging from 5 to 20 cm. Dose measurements were performed using a thermoluminescence dosimeter and a Markus parallel-plate ionization chamber on the four square fields (5 × 5, 10 × 10, 15 × 15, and 20 × 20 cm2). The surface dose was acquired by extrapolating the build-up doses to the surface. An equivalent square for a rectangular field was determined using the area-to-perimeter formula, and the surface dose of the equivalent square was estimated using the square-field data. The surface dose of square field increased linearly from approximately 10% to 28% as the side of the square field increased from 5 to 20 cm. The influence of collimator exchange on the surface dose was found to be not significant. The difference in the percentage surface dose of the rectangular field compared to that of the relevant equivalent square was insignificant and can be clinically neglected. The use of the area-to-perimeter formula for an equivalent square field can provide a clinically acceptable surface dose estimation for a rectangular field from a 6 MV therapy photon beam.

Extrapolation of in situ data from 1-km squares to adjacent squares using remote sensed imagery and airborne lidar data for the assessment of habitat diversity and extent.

PubMed

Lang, M; Vain, A; Bunce, R G H; Jongman, R H G; Raet, J; Sepp, K; Kuusemets, V; Kikas, T; Liba, N

2015-03-01

Habitat surveillance and subsequent monitoring at a national level is usually carried out by recording data from in situ sample sites located according to predefined strata. This paper describes the application of remote sensing to the extension of such field data recorded in 1-km squares to adjacent squares, in order to increase sample number without further field visits. Habitats were mapped in eight central squares in northeast Estonia in 2010 using a standardized recording procedure. Around one of the squares, a special study site was established which consisted of the central square and eight surrounding squares. A Landsat-7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) image was used for correlation with in situ data. An airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) vegetation height map was also included in the classification. A series of tests were carried out by including the lidar data and contrasting analytical techniques, which are described in detail in the paper. Training accuracy in the central square varied from 75 to 100 %. In the extrapolation procedure to the surrounding squares, accuracy varied from 53.1 to 63.1 %, which improved by 10 % with the inclusion of lidar data. The reasons for this relatively low classification accuracy were mainly inherent variability in the spectral signatures of habitats but also differences between the dates of imagery acquisition and field sampling. Improvements could therefore be made by better synchronization of the field survey and image acquisition as well as by dividing general habitat categories (GHCs) into units which are more likely to have similar spectral signatures. However, the increase in the number of sample kilometre squares compensates for the loss of accuracy in the measurements of individual squares. The methodology can be applied in other studies as the procedures used are readily available.

Eta Squared and Partial Eta Squared as Measures of Effect Size in Educational Research

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Richardson, John T. E.

2011-01-01

Eta squared measures the proportion of the total variance in a dependent variable that is associated with the membership of different groups defined by an independent variable. Partial eta squared is a similar measure in which the effects of other independent variables and interactions are partialled out. The development of these measures is…

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

46 CFR 178.340 - Stability standards for pontoon vessels on protected waters.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... = 2.0 feet (0.61 meters); Mw = Wind heeling moment in foot-pounds (kilogram-meters) P = Wind pressure of 7.5 pounds/square foot (36.6 kilograms/square meter); A = Area, in square feet (square meters), of the projected lateral surface of the vessel above the waterline (including each projected area of the...

Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-05-01

Security Quality Requirements Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III Lydia Chung Frank Hung Eric Hough Don Ojoko-Adams Advisor...Engineering (SQUARE): Case Study Phase III CMU/SEI-2006-SR-003 Lydia Chung Frank Hung Eric Hough Don Ojoko-Adams Advisor Nancy R. Mead...1 1.1 The SQUARE Process ............................................................................... 1 1.2 Case Study Clients

A Continuous Square Root in Formation Filter-Swoother with Discrete Data Update

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, J. K.

1994-01-01

A differential equation for the square root information matrix is derived and adapted to the problems of filtering and smoothing. The resulting continuous square root information filter (SRIF) performs the mapping of state and process noise by numerical integration of the SRIF matrix and admits data via a discrete least square update.

Delayed ripple counter simplifies square-root computation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cliff, R.

1965-01-01

Ripple subtract technique simplifies the logic circuitry required in a binary computing device to derive the square root of a number. Successively higher numbers are subtracted from a register containing the number out of which the square root is to be extracted. The last number subtracted will be the closest integer to the square root of the number.

ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF LATIN SQUARES COUNTERBALANCED FOR IMMEDIATE SEQUENTIAL EFFECTS.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

HOUSTON, TOM R., JR.

THIS REPORT IS ONE OF A SERIES DESCRIBING NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA OF RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. IT DEALS WITH LATIN SQUARES AS A CONTROL FOR PROGRESSIVE AND ADJACENCY EFFECTS IN EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS. THE HISTORY OF LATIN SQUARES IS ALSO REVIEWED, AND SEVERAL ALGORITHMS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF LATIN AND GRECO-LATIN SQUARES ARE PROPOSED. THE REPORT…

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 171.052 - Passenger heel requirements for pontoon vessels.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... on exposed or partially protected waters— (i) 10 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 5 square feet per person (2.15 persons per square meter); and (ii) 7 foot-degrees with a crowding density of 2 square feet per person (5.38 persons per square meter); and (2) For operation on protected waters— (i) 5...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

Using Least Squares for Error Propagation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tellinghuisen, Joel

2015-01-01

The method of least-squares (LS) has a built-in procedure for estimating the standard errors (SEs) of the adjustable parameters in the fit model: They are the square roots of the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix. This means that one can use least-squares to obtain numerical values of propagated errors by defining the target quantities as…

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

Using Squares to Sum Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeTemple, Duane

2010-01-01

Purely combinatorial proofs are given for the sum of squares formula, 1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2] + ... + n[superscript 2] = n(n + 1) (2n + 1) / 6, and the sum of sums of squares formula, 1[superscript 2] + (1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2]) + ... + (1[superscript 2] + 2[superscript 2] + ... + n[superscript 2]) = n(n + 1)[superscript 2]…

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

49 CFR 172.315 - Limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... and bottom portions of the square-on-point and the border forming the square-on-point must be black and the center white or of a suitable contrasting background as follows: ER30DE11.004 (2) The square... the square-on-point must be at least 2 mm and the minimum dimension of each side must be 100 mm unless...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

24 CFR 3285.505 - Crawlspace ventilation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... of ventilation openings must not be less than one square foot (ft.2) for every 150 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area. The total area of ventilation openings may be reduced to one square foot (ft.2) for every 1,500 square feet (ft.2) of the home's floor area, where a uniform 6-mil polyethylene...

46 CFR 108.441 - Piping and discharge rates for CO2 systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... in square centimeters is determined by multiplying the factor 0.0313 by the number of kilograms of CO2 required. (The nominal cylinder outlet area in square inches is determined by multiplying the... than 71 square millimeters (0.110 square inches). (e) A CO2 system must discharge at least 85 percent...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

46 CFR 108.487 - Helicopter deck fueling operations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... designed with foam at— (i) If protein foam is used, 6.52 liters per minute for each square meter (.16 gallons per minute for each square foot) of area covered for five minutes; (ii) If aqueous film forming foam is used, 4.07 liters per minute for each square meter (.1 gallons per minute for each square foot...

46 CFR 108.447 - Piping.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., and fitting in a CO2 system must have a bursting pressure of at least 420 kilograms per square centimeter (6,000 pounds per square inch). (b) All piping for a CO2 system of nominal size of 19.05... between 168 and 196 kilograms per square centimeter (2,400 and 2,800 pounds per square inch) in the...

Benefits from Thinning Black Willow

Treesearch

R. L. Johnson; J. S. McKnight

1969-01-01

Black willow stands 18 and 24 years old were cut from about 130 square feet of basal area per acre to near 95, 75, and 55 square feet. Growth was best on plots thinned to 55 square feet in the 24-year-old stand and to 95 square feet in the 18-yearold stand. The stands were along the Mississippi River.

Two Enhancements of the Logarithmic Least-Squares Method for Analyzing Subjective Comparisons

DTIC Science & Technology

1989-03-25

error term. 1 For this model, the total sum of squares ( SSTO ), defined as n 2 SSTO = E (yi y) i=1 can be partitioned into error and regression sums...of the regression line around the mean value. Mathematically, for the model given by equation A.4, SSTO = SSE + SSR (A.6) A-4 where SSTO is the total...sum of squares (i.e., the variance of the yi’s), SSE is error sum of squares, and SSR is the regression sum of squares. SSTO , SSE, and SSR are given

Discrete square root filtering - A survey of current techniques.

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kaminskii, P. G.; Bryson, A. E., Jr.; Schmidt, S. F.

1971-01-01

Current techniques in square root filtering are surveyed and related by applying a duality association. Four efficient square root implementations are suggested, and compared with three common conventional implementations in terms of computational complexity and precision. It is shown that the square root computational burden should not exceed the conventional by more than 50% in most practical problems. An examination of numerical conditioning predicts that the square root approach can yield twice the effective precision of the conventional filter in ill-conditioned problems. This prediction is verified in two examples.

Modulation bandwidth enhancement for coupled twin-square microcavity lasers.

PubMed

Xiao, Zhi-Xiong; Huang, Yong-Zhen; Yang, Yue-De; Tang, Min; Xiao, Jin-Long

2017-08-15

Modulation bandwidth enhancements are investigated for coupled twin-square microcavity lasers due to photon-photon resonance effect. For a coupled twin-square microcavity laser with the square side length of 20 μm, we demonstrate the increase of 3-dB modulation bandwidth from 9.6 GHz to 19.5 GHz, by adjusting the resonance mode wavelength interval between two square microcavities. The enhanced modulation bandwidth is explained by rate equation analysis, and numerical simulations are conducted for large signal modulation with improved eye-diagrams at 40 Gbit/s.

Optimal least-squares finite element method for elliptic problems

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jiang, Bo-Nan; Povinelli, Louis A.

1991-01-01

An optimal least squares finite element method is proposed for two dimensional and three dimensional elliptic problems and its advantages are discussed over the mixed Galerkin method and the usual least squares finite element method. In the usual least squares finite element method, the second order equation (-Delta x (Delta u) + u = f) is recast as a first order system (-Delta x p + u = f, Delta u - p = 0). The error analysis and numerical experiment show that, in this usual least squares finite element method, the rate of convergence for flux p is one order lower than optimal. In order to get an optimal least squares method, the irrotationality Delta x p = 0 should be included in the first order system.

Note: A novel method for generating multichannel quasi-square-wave pulses.

PubMed

Mao, C; Zou, X; Wang, X

2015-08-01

A 21-channel quasi-square-wave nanosecond pulse generator was constructed. The generator consists of a high-voltage square-wave pulser and a channel divider. Using an electromagnetic relay as a switch and a 50-Ω polyethylene cable as a pulse forming line, the high-voltage pulser produces a 10-ns square-wave pulse of 1070 V. With a specially designed resistor-cable network, the channel divider divides the high-voltage square-wave pulse into 21 identical 10-ns quasi-square-wave pulses of 51 V, exactly equal to 1070 V/21. The generator can operate not only in a simultaneous mode but also in a delay mode if the cables in the channel divider are different in length.

Venus, the goddess of fertility, numerologically 15 in Babylon and the origin of the Chinese system of 8 designs, called Pa-Kua.

PubMed

Mahdihassan, S

1987-01-01

In Babylonia, numerology was invented and Venus, as the goddess of fertility, was first depicted as a 6-cornered star. But, numerologically she was designated 15. As a 6-cornered star, its make-up shows two opposite triangles interpenetrated. This was changed to two squares fused into one where geometrically the shape became a square. It created 9 cells which were so numbered that the numbers counted in any row gave the sum 15. Venus thus became a Magic Square of 15. Geometrically it was a Magic Square, but numerologically it was 15. In the make-up the squares were two and opposites. As goddess of fertility she especially helped the pregnant to an easy delivery. Some 8 variants of the Magic Square, with different arrangements of numbers, represented 4 cosmic elements and 4 cosmic qualities. The Magic Squares, which represented elements, had the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8 near one another forming a miniature square by themselves. A Magic Square representing a quality did not have the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, as a consolidated unit. This explains the importance of the numbers 1, 3, 5 and 8, a mystery which had remained unsolved. Venus was also the star of copper. When copper technology migrated from Babylon to China, the occult science associated with Venus also reached China. Here the 8 Magic Squares were translated into a system of whole and broken lines, called Pa-Kua, meaning 8 designs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Square Footage Requirements for Use in Developing the Local Facilities Plans and State Capital Outlay Applications for Funding.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Georgia State Dept. of Education, Atlanta. Facilities Services Unit.

This document presents the space requirements for Georgia's elementary, middle, and high schools. All square footage requirements are computed by using inside dimensions of a room; the square footage of support spaces in suites may be included when computing the square footage of the suite. Examples of support spaces include storage rooms,…

49 CFR 172.315 - Packages containing limited quantities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... applicable, for the entry as shown in the § 172.101 Table, and placed within a square-on-point border in... to the package as to be readily visible. The width of line forming the square-on-point must be at... square-on-points bearing a single ID number, or a single square-on-point large enough to include each...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 32 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... insulation. The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

Going Off-the-Pegs: Revisiting Geoboard Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Canada, Daniel L.; Ciancetta, Matthew A.; Blair, Stephen D.

2014-01-01

How many squares can be found on a typical 5 × 5 geoboard? Teachers who are unfamiliar with this question may wish to stop here and reflect a bit. The question can lead to wonderful student discourse: How can someone tell if something is a square? Should squares be counted that are the same size (but in a different location) or just different…

40 CFR 761.306 - Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by...(b)(3) § 761.306 Sampling 1 meter square surfaces by random selection of halves. (a) Divide each 1 meter square portion where it is necessary to collect a surface wipe test sample into two equal (or as...

46 CFR 32.60-40 - Construction and testing of cargo tanks and bulkheads-TB/ALL.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... cargo tanks vented at gage pressure of 4 pounds per square inch or less shall be constructed and tested... 4 pounds per square inch but not exceeding 10 pounds per square inch gage pressure will be given... square inch are considered to be pressure vessels and shall be of cylindrical or similar design and shall...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

.... The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

.... The method is applicable to all cured board and blanket products. 2. Equipment One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for use in cutting... procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot...

76 FR 17752 - Notice of Intent To Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement for the San Francisco Veterans...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-30

... issues associated with 945,000 square feet of new construction and approximately 500,000 square feet of... an additional 945,000 square feet of medical facility space (in addition to the existing 1.02 million square feet of medical facility space) to meet the needs of San Francisco Bay Area and northern...

40 CFR 761.308 - Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... generation on any two-dimensional square grid. 761.308 Section 761.308 Protection of Environment... § 761.79(b)(3) § 761.308 Sample selection by random number generation on any two-dimensional square grid. (a) Divide the surface area of the non-porous surface into rectangular or square areas having a...

How-To-Do-It: Snails, Pill Bugs, Mealworms, and Chi-Square? Using Invertebrate Behavior to Illustrate Hypothesis Testing with Chi-Square.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Biermann, Carol

1988-01-01

Described is a study designed to introduce students to the behavior of common invertebrate animals, and to use of the chi-square statistical technique. Discusses activities with snails, pill bugs, and mealworms. Provides an abbreviated chi-square table and instructions for performing the experiments and statistical tests. (CW)

Weighted linear least squares estimation of diffusion MRI parameters: strengths, limitations, and pitfalls.

PubMed

Veraart, Jelle; Sijbers, Jan; Sunaert, Stefan; Leemans, Alexander; Jeurissen, Ben

2013-11-01

Linear least squares estimators are widely used in diffusion MRI for the estimation of diffusion parameters. Although adding proper weights is necessary to increase the precision of these linear estimators, there is no consensus on how to practically define them. In this study, the impact of the commonly used weighting strategies on the accuracy and precision of linear diffusion parameter estimators is evaluated and compared with the nonlinear least squares estimation approach. Simulation and real data experiments were done to study the performance of the weighted linear least squares estimators with weights defined by (a) the squares of the respective noisy diffusion-weighted signals; and (b) the squares of the predicted signals, which are reconstructed from a previous estimate of the diffusion model parameters. The negative effect of weighting strategy (a) on the accuracy of the estimator was surprisingly high. Multi-step weighting strategies yield better performance and, in some cases, even outperformed the nonlinear least squares estimator. If proper weighting strategies are applied, the weighted linear least squares approach shows high performance characteristics in terms of accuracy/precision and may even be preferred over nonlinear estimation methods. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

978-nm square-wave in an all-fiber single-mode ytterbium-doped fiber laser

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Shujie; Xu, Lixin; Gu, Chun

2018-01-01

A 978 nm single mode passively mode-locked all-fiber laser delivering square-wave pulses was demonstrated using a figure-8 cavity and a 75 cm commercial double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber. We found the three-level system near 978 nm was able to operate efficiently under clad pumping, simultaneously oscillation around 1030 nm well inhibited. The optimized nonlinear amplifying loop mirror made the mode locking stable and performed the square-pulses shaping. To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time to report the square-wave pulse fiber laser operating at 980 nm. The spectral width of the 978 mode-locked square pulses was about 4 nm, far greater than that of the mode-locked square pulses around 1060 nm reported before, which would be helpful to deeply understand the various square-wave pulses' natures and forming mechanisms. Compared with modulated single-mode or multimode 980 nm LDs, this kind of 980 nm square-wave sources having higher brightness, more steeper rising and falling edge and shorter pulse width, might have potential applications in pumping nanosecond ytterbium or erbium fiber lasers and amplifiers.

Evaluation of data transformations used with the square root and schoolfield models for predicting bacterial growth rate.

PubMed Central

Alber, S A; Schaffner, D W

1992-01-01

A comparison was made between mathematical variations of the square root and Schoolfield models for predicting growth rate as a function of temperature. The statistical consequences of square root and natural logarithm transformations of growth rate use in several variations of the Schoolfield and square root models were examined. Growth rate variances of Yersinia enterocolitica in brain heart infusion broth increased as a function of temperature. The ability of the two data transformations to correct for the heterogeneity of variance was evaluated. A natural logarithm transformation of growth rate was more effective than a square root transformation at correcting for the heterogeneity of variance. The square root model was more accurate than the Schoolfield model when both models used natural logarithm transformation. PMID:1444367

A Stochastic Total Least Squares Solution of Adaptive Filtering Problem

PubMed Central

Ahmad, Noor Atinah

2014-01-01

An efficient and computationally linear algorithm is derived for total least squares solution of adaptive filtering problem, when both input and output signals are contaminated by noise. The proposed total least mean squares (TLMS) algorithm is designed by recursively computing an optimal solution of adaptive TLS problem by minimizing instantaneous value of weighted cost function. Convergence analysis of the algorithm is given to show the global convergence of the proposed algorithm, provided that the stepsize parameter is appropriately chosen. The TLMS algorithm is computationally simpler than the other TLS algorithms and demonstrates a better performance as compared with the least mean square (LMS) and normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithms. It provides minimum mean square deviation by exhibiting better convergence in misalignment for unknown system identification under noisy inputs. PMID:24688412

Fast Algorithms for Structured Least Squares and Total Least Squares Problems

PubMed Central

Kalsi, Anoop; O’Leary, Dianne P.

2006-01-01

We consider the problem of solving least squares problems involving a matrix M of small displacement rank with respect to two matrices Z1 and Z2. We develop formulas for the generators of the matrix M HM in terms of the generators of M and show that the Cholesky factorization of the matrix M HM can be computed quickly if Z1 is close to unitary and Z2 is triangular and nilpotent. These conditions are satisfied for several classes of matrices, including Toeplitz, block Toeplitz, Hankel, and block Hankel, and for matrices whose blocks have such structure. Fast Cholesky factorization enables fast solution of least squares problems, total least squares problems, and regularized total least squares problems involving these classes of matrices. PMID:27274922

Fast Algorithms for Structured Least Squares and Total Least Squares Problems.

PubMed

Kalsi, Anoop; O'Leary, Dianne P

2006-01-01

We consider the problem of solving least squares problems involving a matrix M of small displacement rank with respect to two matrices Z 1 and Z 2. We develop formulas for the generators of the matrix M (H) M in terms of the generators of M and show that the Cholesky factorization of the matrix M (H) M can be computed quickly if Z 1 is close to unitary and Z 2 is triangular and nilpotent. These conditions are satisfied for several classes of matrices, including Toeplitz, block Toeplitz, Hankel, and block Hankel, and for matrices whose blocks have such structure. Fast Cholesky factorization enables fast solution of least squares problems, total least squares problems, and regularized total least squares problems involving these classes of matrices.

BIOMECHANICS. Why the seahorse tail is square.

PubMed

Porter, Michael M; Adriaens, Dominique; Hatton, Ross L; Meyers, Marc A; McKittrick, Joanna

2015-07-03

Whereas the predominant shapes of most animal tails are cylindrical, seahorse tails are square prisms. Seahorses use their tails as flexible grasping appendages, in spite of a rigid bony armor that fully encases their bodies. We explore the mechanics of two three-dimensional-printed models that mimic either the natural (square prism) or hypothetical (cylindrical) architecture of a seahorse tail to uncover whether or not the square geometry provides any functional advantages. Our results show that the square prism is more resilient when crushed and provides a mechanism for preserving articulatory organization upon extensive bending and twisting, as compared with its cylindrical counterpart. Thus, the square architecture is better than the circular one in the context of two integrated functions: grasping ability and crushing resistance. Copyright © 2015, American Association for the Advancement of Science.

On estimating gravity anomalies - A comparison of least squares collocation with conventional least squares techniques

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Argentiero, P.; Lowrey, B.

1977-01-01

The least squares collocation algorithm for estimating gravity anomalies from geodetic data is shown to be an application of the well known regression equations which provide the mean and covariance of a random vector (gravity anomalies) given a realization of a correlated random vector (geodetic data). It is also shown that the collocation solution for gravity anomalies is equivalent to the conventional least-squares-Stokes' function solution when the conventional solution utilizes properly weighted zero a priori estimates. The mathematical and physical assumptions underlying the least squares collocation estimator are described.

The Square Light Clock and Special Relativity

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Galli, J. Ronald; Amiri, Farhang

2012-01-01

A thought experiment that includes a square light clock is similar to the traditional vertical light beam and mirror clock, except it is made up of four mirrors placed at a 45[degree] angle at each corner of a square of length L[subscript 0], shown in Fig. 1. Here we have shown the events as measured in the rest frame of the square light clock. By…

Generalized adjustment by least squares ( GALS).

USGS Publications Warehouse

Elassal, A.A.

1983-01-01

The least-squares principle is universally accepted as the basis for adjustment procedures in the allied fields of geodesy, photogrammetry and surveying. A prototype software package for Generalized Adjustment by Least Squares (GALS) is described. The package is designed to perform all least-squares-related functions in a typical adjustment program. GALS is capable of supporting development of adjustment programs of any size or degree of complexity. -Author

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for... to the plant's written procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot) template. 3.3Weigh product and obtain area weight (lb/ft2). 3.4Measure sample...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

Two-dimensional heat flow analysis applied to heat sterilization of ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir square timbers

Treesearch

William T. Simpson

2004-01-01

Equations for a two-dimensional finite difference heat flow analysis were developed and applied to ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir square timbers to calculate the time required to heat the center of the squares to target temperature. The squares were solid piled, which made their surfaces inaccessible to the heating air, and thus surface temperatures failed to attain...

Sets of Mutually Orthogonal Sudoku Latin Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Vis, Timothy; Petersen, Ryan M.

2009-01-01

A Latin square of order "n" is an "n" x "n" array using n symbols, such that each symbol appears exactly once in each row and column. A set of Latin squares is c ordered pairs of symbols appearing in the cells of the array are distinct. The popular puzzle Sudoku involves Latin squares with n = 9, along with the added condition that each of the 9…

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

76 FR 13580 - Bus Testing; Calculation of Average Passenger Weight and Test Vehicle Weight

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-14

... occupied per standing passenger from 1.5 to 1.75 square feet, and updating the Structural Strength and... standing passenger from 1.5 square feet of free floor space to 1.75 square feet of free floor space to... (assumed to be each 1.75 square foot of free floor space). * * * * * 3. Amend Appendix A to part 665 by...

16 CFR 500.12 - Measurement of commodities by length and width, how expressed.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... square foot (929 cm2) be expressed in terms of length and width in linear measure. The customary inch... of 1 square foot (929 cm2) or more, but less than 4 square feet (37.1 dm2), be expressed in terms of... in square inches with length and width expressed in the largest whole unit (yard or foot) with any...

40 CFR 761.375 - Specific requirements for surfaces coated or covered with dust, dirt, grime, grease, or another...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... square foot) is washed for 1 minute. Wipe smooth surfaces with a cleaning solution-soaked disposable absorbent pad such that each 900 cm2 (1 square foot) is wiped for 1 minute. Wash any surface square foot... solution with 1 gallon of clean water per square foot and capture the rinse water. Mop up the wet surface...

40 CFR Appendix C to Subpart Nnn... - Method for the Determination of Product Density

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... One square foot (12 in. by 12 in.) template, or templates that are multiples of one square foot, for... to the plant's written procedure for the designated product. 3.2Cut samples using one square foot (or multiples of one square foot) template. 3.3Weigh product and obtain area weight (lb/ft2). 3.4Measure sample...

A fast least-squares algorithm for population inference

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Population inference is an important problem in genetics used to remove population stratification in genome-wide association studies and to detect migration patterns or shared ancestry. An individual’s genotype can be modeled as a probabilistic function of ancestral population memberships, Q, and the allele frequencies in those populations, P. The parameters, P and Q, of this binomial likelihood model can be inferred using slow sampling methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods or faster gradient based approaches such as sequential quadratic programming. This paper proposes a least-squares simplification of the binomial likelihood model motivated by a Euclidean interpretation of the genotype feature space. This results in a faster algorithm that easily incorporates the degree of admixture within the sample of individuals and improves estimates without requiring trial-and-error tuning. Results We show that the expected value of the least-squares solution across all possible genotype datasets is equal to the true solution when part of the problem has been solved, and that the variance of the solution approaches zero as its size increases. The Least-squares algorithm performs nearly as well as Admixture for these theoretical scenarios. We compare least-squares, Admixture, and FRAPPE for a variety of problem sizes and difficulties. For particularly hard problems with a large number of populations, small number of samples, or greater degree of admixture, least-squares performs better than the other methods. On simulated mixtures of real population allele frequencies from the HapMap project, Admixture estimates sparsely mixed individuals better than Least-squares. The least-squares approach, however, performs within 1.5% of the Admixture error. On individual genotypes from the HapMap project, Admixture and least-squares perform qualitatively similarly and within 1.2% of each other. Significantly, the least-squares approach nearly always converges 1.5- to 6-times faster. Conclusions The computational advantage of the least-squares approach along with its good estimation performance warrants further research, especially for very large datasets. As problem sizes increase, the difference in estimation performance between all algorithms decreases. In addition, when prior information is known, the least-squares approach easily incorporates the expected degree of admixture to improve the estimate. PMID:23343408

A fast least-squares algorithm for population inference.

PubMed

Parry, R Mitchell; Wang, May D

2013-01-23

Population inference is an important problem in genetics used to remove population stratification in genome-wide association studies and to detect migration patterns or shared ancestry. An individual's genotype can be modeled as a probabilistic function of ancestral population memberships, Q, and the allele frequencies in those populations, P. The parameters, P and Q, of this binomial likelihood model can be inferred using slow sampling methods such as Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods or faster gradient based approaches such as sequential quadratic programming. This paper proposes a least-squares simplification of the binomial likelihood model motivated by a Euclidean interpretation of the genotype feature space. This results in a faster algorithm that easily incorporates the degree of admixture within the sample of individuals and improves estimates without requiring trial-and-error tuning. We show that the expected value of the least-squares solution across all possible genotype datasets is equal to the true solution when part of the problem has been solved, and that the variance of the solution approaches zero as its size increases. The Least-squares algorithm performs nearly as well as Admixture for these theoretical scenarios. We compare least-squares, Admixture, and FRAPPE for a variety of problem sizes and difficulties. For particularly hard problems with a large number of populations, small number of samples, or greater degree of admixture, least-squares performs better than the other methods. On simulated mixtures of real population allele frequencies from the HapMap project, Admixture estimates sparsely mixed individuals better than Least-squares. The least-squares approach, however, performs within 1.5% of the Admixture error. On individual genotypes from the HapMap project, Admixture and least-squares perform qualitatively similarly and within 1.2% of each other. Significantly, the least-squares approach nearly always converges 1.5- to 6-times faster. The computational advantage of the least-squares approach along with its good estimation performance warrants further research, especially for very large datasets. As problem sizes increase, the difference in estimation performance between all algorithms decreases. In addition, when prior information is known, the least-squares approach easily incorporates the expected degree of admixture to improve the estimate.

Assessment of Coronal Spinal Alignment for Adult Spine Deformity Cases After Intraoperative T Square Shaped Use.

PubMed

Kurra, Swamy; Metkar, Umesh; Yirenkyi, Henaku; Tallarico, Richard A; Lavelle, William F

Retrospectively reviewed surgeries between 2011 and 2015 of patients who underwent posterior spinal deformity instrumentation with constructs involving fusions to pelvis and encompassing at least five levels. Measure the radiographic outcomes of coronal malalignment (CM) after use of an intraoperative T square shaped instrument in posterior spinal deformity surgeries with at least five levels of fusion and extension to pelvis. Neuromuscular children found to benefit from intraoperative T square technique to help achieve proper coronal spinal balance with extensive fusions. This intraoperative technique used in our posterior spine deformity instrumentation surgeries with the aforementioned parameters. There were 50 patients: n = 16 with intraoperative T square and n = 34 no-T square shaped device. Subgroups divided based on greater than 20 mm displacement and greater than 40 mm displacement of the C7 plumb line to the central sacral vertical line on either side in preoperative radiographs. We analyzed the demographics and the pre- and postoperative radiographic parameters of standing films: standing CM (displacement of C7 plumb line to central sacral vertical line), and major coronal Cobb angles in total sample and subgroups and compared T square shaped device with no-T square shaped device use by analysis of variance. A p value ≤.05 is statistically significant. In the total sample, though postoperative CM mean was not statistically different, we observed greater CM corrections in patients where a T square shaped device was used (70%) versus no-T square shaped device used (18%). In >20 mm and >40 mm subgroups, the postoperative mean CM values were statistically lower for the patients where a T square shaped device was used, p = .016 and p = .003, respectively. Cobb corrections were statistically higher for T square shaped device use in both >20 mm and >40 mm subgroups, 68%, respectively. The intraoperative T square shaped device technique had a positive effect on the amount of spine coronal malalignment correction after its use and for lumbar and thoracic coronal Cobb angles. Level III. Copyright © 2017 Scoliosis Research Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Spectral L2/L1 norm: A new perspective for spectral kurtosis for characterizing non-stationary signals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wang, Dong

2018-05-01

Thanks to the great efforts made by Antoni (2006), spectral kurtosis has been recognized as a milestone for characterizing non-stationary signals, especially bearing fault signals. The main idea of spectral kurtosis is to use the fourth standardized moment, namely kurtosis, as a function of spectral frequency so as to indicate how repetitive transients caused by a bearing defect vary with frequency. Moreover, spectral kurtosis is defined based on an analytic bearing fault signal constructed from either a complex filter or Hilbert transform. On the other hand, another attractive work was reported by Borghesani et al. (2014) to mathematically reveal the relationship between the kurtosis of an analytical bearing fault signal and the square of the squared envelope spectrum of the analytical bearing fault signal for explaining spectral correlation for quantification of bearing fault signals. More interestingly, it was discovered that the sum of peaks at cyclic frequencies in the square of the squared envelope spectrum corresponds to the raw 4th order moment. Inspired by the aforementioned works, in this paper, we mathematically show that: (1) spectral kurtosis can be decomposed into squared envelope and squared L2/L1 norm so that spectral kurtosis can be explained as spectral squared L2/L1 norm; (2) spectral L2/L1 norm is formally defined for characterizing bearing fault signals and its two geometrical explanations are made; (3) spectral L2/L1 norm is proportional to the square root of the sum of peaks at cyclic frequencies in the square of the squared envelope spectrum; (4) some extensions of spectral L2/L1 norm for characterizing bearing fault signals are pointed out.

Square-lashing technique in segmental spinal instrumentation: a biomechanical study.

PubMed

Arlet, Vincent; Draxinger, Kevin; Beckman, Lorne; Steffen, Thomas

2006-07-01

Sublaminar wires have been used for many years for segmental spinal instrumentation in scoliosis surgery. More recently, stainless steel wires have been replaced by titanium cables. However, in rigid scoliotic curves, sublaminar wires or simple cables can either brake or pull out. The square-lashing technique was devised to avoid complications such as cable breakage or lamina cutout. The purpose of the study was therefore to test biomechanically the pull out and failure mode of simple sublaminar constructs versus the square-lashing technique. Individual vertebrae were subjected to pullout testing having one of two different constructs (single loop and square lashing) using either monofilament wire or multifilament cables. Four different methods of fixation were therefore tested: single wire construct, square-lashing wiring construct, single cable construct, and square-lashing cable construct. Ultimate failure load and failure mechanism were recorded. For the single wire the construct failed 12/16 times by wire breakage with an average ultimate failure load of 793 N. For the square-lashing wire the construct failed with pedicle fracture in 14/16, one bilateral lamina fracture, and one wire breakage. Ultimate failure load average was 1,239 N For the single cable the construct failed 12/16 times due to cable breakage (average force 1,162 N). 10/12 of these breakages were where the cable looped over the rod. For the square-lashing cable all of these constructs (16/16) failed by fracture of the pedicle with an average ultimate failure load of 1,388 N. The square-lashing construct had a higher pullout strength than the single loop and almost no cutting out from the lamina. The square-lashing technique with cables may therefore represent a new advance in segmental spinal instrumentation.

A Note on Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Williams, Horace E.

1974-01-01

A method for generating 3x3 magic squares is developed. A series of questions relating to these magic squares is posed. An invesitgation using matrix methods is suggested with some questions for consideration. (LS)

The Versatile Magic Square.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Watson, Gale A.

2003-01-01

Demonstrates the transformations that are possible to construct a variety of magic squares, including modifications to challenge students from elementary grades through algebra. Presents an example of using magic squares with students who have special needs. (YDS)

Find a Support Group (Brain Tumor)

MedlinePlus

... seek support. Located in the heart of Union Square and easily accessible by the 4,5,6, ... subway lines. Meeting location: Mount Sinai Downtown Union Square, 10 Union Square East, 5th floor, Conference Room ...

SQUARE WAVE AMPLIFIER

DOEpatents

Leavitt, M.A.; Lutz, I.C.

1958-08-01

An amplifier circuit is described for amplifying sigmals having an alternating current component superimposed upon a direct current component, without loss of any segnnent of the alternating current component. The general circuit arrangement includes a vibrator, two square wave amplifiers, and recombination means. The amplifier input is connected to the vibrating element of the vibrator and is thereby alternately applied to the input of each square wave amplifier. The detailed circuitry of the recombination means constitutes the novelty of the annplifier and consists of a separate, dual triode amplifier coupled to the output of each square wave amplifier with a recombination connection from the plate of one amplifier section to a grid of one section of the other amplifier. The recombination circuit has provisions for correcting distortion caused by overlapping of the two square wave voltages from the square wave amplifiers.

AKLSQF - LEAST SQUARES CURVE FITTING

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kantak, A. V.

1994-01-01

The Least Squares Curve Fitting program, AKLSQF, computes the polynomial which will least square fit uniformly spaced data easily and efficiently. The program allows the user to specify the tolerable least squares error in the fitting or allows the user to specify the polynomial degree. In both cases AKLSQF returns the polynomial and the actual least squares fit error incurred in the operation. The data may be supplied to the routine either by direct keyboard entry or via a file. AKLSQF produces the least squares polynomial in two steps. First, the data points are least squares fitted using the orthogonal factorial polynomials. The result is then reduced to a regular polynomial using Sterling numbers of the first kind. If an error tolerance is specified, the program starts with a polynomial of degree 1 and computes the least squares fit error. The degree of the polynomial used for fitting is then increased successively until the error criterion specified by the user is met. At every step the polynomial as well as the least squares fitting error is printed to the screen. In general, the program can produce a curve fitting up to a 100 degree polynomial. All computations in the program are carried out under Double Precision format for real numbers and under long integer format for integers to provide the maximum accuracy possible. AKLSQF was written for an IBM PC X/AT or compatible using Microsoft's Quick Basic compiler. It has been implemented under DOS 3.2.1 using 23K of RAM. AKLSQF was developed in 1989.

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

40 CFR 61.03 - Units and abbreviations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... m=meter m2=square meter m3=cubic meter mg=milligram=10−3gram mm=millimeter=10−3meter Mg=megagram... per minute cc=cubic centimeter Ci=curie d=day °F=degree Fahrenheit ft2=square feet ft3=cubic feet gal... square inch gage °R=degree Rankine µl=microliter=10−6liter v/v=volume per volume yd2=square yards yr=year...

Strawberry Square II: Take Time. Teacher's Guide. 33 Lessons in the Arts to Help Children Take Time with Life.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marcy, Nancy

This teacher's guide accompanies a series of telelessons designed to stimulate arts activities in grades 2 and 3. It follows a story line established in "Strawberry Square" which centers around the revitilization of Strawberry Square by Skipper, the owner of the Tune Shoppe in the square. Each of the 15 lessons has four sections, which contain a…

Reconfigurable Wideband Circularly Polarized Stacked Square Patch Antenna for Cognitive Radios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barbosa Kortright, Miguel A.; Waldstein, Seth W.; Simons, Rainee N.

2017-01-01

An almost square patch, a square patch and a stacked square patch with corner truncation for circular polarization (CP) are researched and developed at X-band for cognitive radios. Experimental results indicate, first, that the impedance bandwidth of a CP almost square patch fed from the edge by a 50 ohm line is 1.70 percent and second, that of a CP square patch fed from the ground plane side by a surface launch connector is 1.87 percent. Third, the impedance bandwidth of a CP stacked square patch fed by a surface launch connector is 2.22 percent. The measured center frequency for the CP square patch fed by a surface launch connector without and with an identical stacked patch is 8.45 and 8.1017 GHz, respectively. By stacking a patch, separated by a fixed air gap of 0.254 mm, the center frequency is observed to shift by as much as 348.3 MHz. The shift in the center frequency can be exploited to reconfigure the operating frequency by mechanically increasing the air gap. The results indicate that a tuning bandwidth of about 100 MHz can be achieved when the distance of separation between the driven patch and the stacked patch is increased from its initial setting of 0.254 to 1.016 mm.

Reconfigurable Wideband Circularly Polarized Stacked Square Patch Antenna for Cognitive Radios

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barbosa Kortright, Miguel A.; Waldstein, Seth W.; Simons, Rainee N.

2017-01-01

An almost square patch, a square patch and a stacked square patch with corner truncation for circular polarization (CP) are researched and developed at X-band for cognitive radios. Experimental results indicate, first, that the impedance bandwidth of a CP almost square patch fed from the edge by a 50 ohm line is 1.70% and second, that of a CP square patch fed from the ground plane side by a surface launch connector is 1.87%. Third, the impedance bandwidth of a CP stacked square patch fed by a surface launch connector is 2.22%. The measured center frequency for the CP square patch fed by a surface launch connector without and with an identical stacked patch is 8.45 and 8.1017 GHz, respectively. By stacking a patch, separated by a fixed air gap of 0.254 mm, the center frequency is observed to shift by as much as 348.3 MHz. The shift in center frequency, brought about by the reconfiguring of the physical layer antenna, can be exploited in a cognitive system since it expands the usable frequency spectrum for software reconfiguration in the presence of interference. In addition, varying the fixed air gap in the stacked antenna geometry by increments of 0.254 mm further expands the usable frequency spectrum.

High Electron Mobility in SiGe/Si n-MODFET Structures on Sapphire Substrates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, Carl H.; Croke, Edward T.; Alterovitz, Samuel A.

2003-01-01

For the first time, SiGe/Si n-Modulation Doped Field Effect Transistors (n-MODFET) structures have been grown on sapphire substrates. Room temperature electron mobility value of 1271 square centimeters N-sec at an electron carrier density (n(sub e) = 1.33x10(exp 12) per square centimeter)) of 1.6 x 10(exp 12) per square centimeter was obtained. At 250 mK, the mobility increases to 13,313 square centimeters/V-sec (n(sub e)=1.33x10(exp 12) per square centimeter)) and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations appear, showing excellent confinement of the two-dimensional electron gas.

36 CFR 910.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

...: public improvements construction and square development. Public improvements construction consists of... configuration, and pedestrian amenities. Square development consists of design and construction of development projects primarily on city blocks, known as squares, within the Development Area. These development...

36 CFR 910.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...: public improvements construction and square development. Public improvements construction consists of... configuration, and pedestrian amenities. Square development consists of design and construction of development projects primarily on city blocks, known as squares, within the Development Area. These development...

36 CFR 910.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...: public improvements construction and square development. Public improvements construction consists of... configuration, and pedestrian amenities. Square development consists of design and construction of development projects primarily on city blocks, known as squares, within the Development Area. These development...

36 CFR 910.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...: public improvements construction and square development. Public improvements construction consists of... configuration, and pedestrian amenities. Square development consists of design and construction of development projects primarily on city blocks, known as squares, within the Development Area. These development...

Helping students mathematical construction on square and rectangle’s area by using Sarong motive chess

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zuliana, Eka; Setyawan, Fariz; Veloo, Arsaythamby

2017-12-01

The aim of this study is developing the learning trajectory to construct students’ understanding of the concept of the area of square and rectangle by using Sarong Motive Chess. This research is a design research which is consists of three stages. The stages are preparing for the experiment, designing experiment, and making a retrospective analysis. The activities started by the activity of using sarong motive chess as the manipulative measurement unit. The Sarong motive chess helps students to understand the concept of area of square and rectangle. In the formal stage of cognitive level, students estimate the area of square and rectangle by determining the square unit at the surface area of sarong through many ways. The result of this study concludes that Sarong motive chess can be used for mathematics learning process. It helps the students to construct the concept of a square and rectangle’s area. This study produces learning trajectory to construct the concept of a square and rectangle’s area by using Sarong motive chess, especially for elementary school students.

Why square lattices are not seen on curved ionic membranes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Thomas, Creighton; Olvera de La Cruz, Monica

2013-03-01

Ionic crystalline membranes on curved surfaces are ubiquitous in nature, appearing for example on the membranes of halophilic organisms. Even when these membranes buckle into polyhedra with square or rectangular sides, the crystalline structure is seen to have hexagonal symmetry. Here, we theoretically and numerically investigate the effects of curvature on square lattices. Our model system consists of both positive and negative ions with a 1:1 charge ratio adsorbed onto the surface of a sphere. In flat space, the lowest-energy configuration of this system can be a square lattice. This bipartite arrangement is favored because there are two types of ions. It leads to a fundamentally different defect structure than what has been seen when triangular lattices are favored. We classify these defects and find that curvature disrupts long-range square symmetry in a crystal. Through numerical simulations, we see that small square regions are possible in some cases, but this phase coexists with other structures, limiting the scale of these square-lattice microstructures. Thus, at large length scales, curvature leads to triangular structures.

Square and Rectangular Arrays from Directed Assembly of Sphere-forming Diblock Copolymers in Thin Films

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ji, Shengxiang; Nagpal, Umang; Liao, Wen; de Pablo, Juan; Nealey, Paul

2010-03-01

Patterns of square and rectangular arrays with nanoscale dimensions are scientifically and technologically important. Fabrication of square array patterns in thin films has been demonstrated by directed assembly of cylinder-forming diblock copolymers on chemically patterned substrates, supramolecular assembly of diblock copolymers, and self-assembly of triblock terpolymers. However, a macroscopic area of square array patterns with long-range order has not been achieved, and the fabrication of rectangular arrays has not been reported so far. Here we report a facile approach for fabricating patterns of square and rectangular arrays by directing the assembly of sphere-forming diblock copolymers on chemically patterned substrates. On stripe patterns, a square arrangement of half spheres, corresponding to the (100) plane of the body-centred cubic (BCC) lattice, formed on film surfaces. When the underlying pattern periods mismatched with the copolymer period, the square pattern could be stretched (up to ˜60%) or compressed (˜15%) to form rectangular arrays. Monte Carlo simulations have been further used to verify the experimental results and the 3-dimensional arrangements of spheres.

1.9 μm square-wave passively Q-witched mode-locked fiber laser.

PubMed

Ma, Wanzhuo; Wang, Tianshu; Su, Qingchao; Wang, Furen; Zhang, Jing; Wang, Chengbo; Jiang, Huilin

2018-05-14

We propose and demonstrate the operation of Q-switched mode-locked square-wave pulses in a thulium-holmium co-doped fiber laser. By using a nonlinear amplifying loop mirror, continuous square-wave dissipative soliton resonance pulse is obtained with 4.4 MHz repetition rate. With the increasing pump power, square-wave pulse duration can be broadened from 1.7 ns to 3.2 ns. On such basis Q-switched mode-locked operation is achieved by properly setting the pump power and the polarization controllers. The internal mode-locked pulses in Q-switched envelope still keep square-wave type. The Q-switched repetition rate can be varied from 41.6 kHz to 74 kHz by increasing pump power. The corresponding average single-pulse energy increases from 2.67 nJ to 5.2 nJ. The average peak power is also improved from 0.6 W to 1.1 W when continuous square-wave operation is changed into Q-switched mode-locked operation. It indicates that Q-switched mode-locked operation is an effective method to increase the square-wave pulse energy and peak power.

Recommendation of LightSquared Subsidiary LLC

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-01-01

After a five-month effort, LightSquared, in cooperation with interested federal agencies and the commercial GPS device industry, has issued a Report on the results of intensive testing of the interaction between LightSquareds planned terrestrial o...

FCC Conditional Waiver for LightSquared

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-01-26

In this Order and Authorization (Order), we grant LightSquared Subsidiary LLC : (LightSquared), a Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)1 licensee in the L-Band,2 a conditional waiver of the : Ancillary Terrestrial Component (ATC) integrated service ru...

Understanding Least Squares through Monte Carlo Calculations

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tellinghuisen, Joel

2005-01-01

The method of least squares (LS) is considered as an important data analysis tool available to physical scientists. The mathematics of linear least squares(LLS) is summarized in a very compact matrix rotation that renders it practically "formulaic".

The Magic of Balanced Groups: Educational Applications of Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bosse, Michael J.; Nandakumar, N. R.; Ore, Melanie L.

2007-01-01

This paper provides students with many interesting observations regarding the nature of magic squares, magic rectangles, and quasi-magic squares and provides tools for teachers to group students into ability-balanced cooperative learning groups.

36 CFR § 910.2 - Purpose.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...: public improvements construction and square development. Public improvements construction consists of... configuration, and pedestrian amenities. Square development consists of design and construction of development projects primarily on city blocks, known as squares, within the Development Area. These development...

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, E.P. MacFarland, Photographer May 4, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, E.P. MacFarland, Photographer May 4, 1934, 8 WASHINGTON SQUARE AT EXTREME LEFT, 7 WASHINGTON SQUARE ADJOINING. - 8 Washington Square North (House), New York County, NY

2-D weighted least-squares phase unwrapping

DOEpatents

Ghiglia, Dennis C.; Romero, Louis A.

1995-01-01

Weighted values of interferometric signals are unwrapped by determining the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for unweighted values of the interferometric signals; and then determining the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for weighted values of the interferometric signals by preconditioned conjugate gradient methods using the unweighted solutions as preconditioning values. An output is provided that is representative of the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for weighted values of the interferometric signals.

25 CFR 256.11 - What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a dwelling provided with Category C...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HOUSING HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM § 256.11 What are the occupancy and square... bedrooms Total dwelling square footage 1 (maximum) 1-3 2 2 900 4-6 2 3 1050 7 or more 2 4 31350 1 Total...

25 CFR 256.11 - What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a dwelling provided with Category C...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HOUSING HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM § 256.11 What are the occupancy and square... bedrooms Total dwelling square footage 1 (maximum) 1-3 2 2 900 4-6 2 3 1050 7 or more 2 4 31350 1 Total...

25 CFR 256.11 - What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a dwelling provided with Category C...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HOUSING HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM § 256.11 What are the occupancy and square... bedrooms Total dwelling square footage 1 (maximum) 1-3 2 2 900 4-6 2 3 1050 7 or more 2 4 31350 1 Total...

25 CFR 256.11 - What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a dwelling provided with Category C...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HOUSING HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM § 256.11 What are the occupancy and square... bedrooms Total dwelling square footage 1 (maximum) 1-3 2 2 900 4-6 2 3 1050 7 or more 2 4 31350 1 Total...

25 CFR 256.11 - What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a dwelling provided with Category C...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true What are the occupancy and square footage standards for a..., DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HOUSING HOUSING IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM § 256.11 What are the occupancy and square... bedrooms Total dwelling square footage 1 (maximum) 1-3 2 2 900 4-6 2 3 1050 7 or more 2 4 31350 1 Total...

2-D weighted least-squares phase unwrapping

DOEpatents

Ghiglia, D.C.; Romero, L.A.

1995-06-13

Weighted values of interferometric signals are unwrapped by determining the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for unweighted values of the interferometric signals; and then determining the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for weighted values of the interferometric signals by preconditioned conjugate gradient methods using the unweighted solutions as preconditioning values. An output is provided that is representative of the least squares solution of phase unwrapping for weighted values of the interferometric signals. 6 figs.

First-Order System Least-Squares for Second-Order Elliptic Problems with Discontinuous Coefficients

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Manteuffel, Thomas A.; McCormick, Stephen F.; Starke, Gerhard

1996-01-01

The first-order system least-squares methodology represents an alternative to standard mixed finite element methods. Among its advantages is the fact that the finite element spaces approximating the pressure and flux variables are not restricted by the inf-sup condition and that the least-squares functional itself serves as an appropriate error measure. This paper studies the first-order system least-squares approach for scalar second-order elliptic boundary value problems with discontinuous coefficients. Ellipticity of an appropriately scaled least-squares bilinear form of the size of the jumps in the coefficients leading to adequate finite element approximation results. The occurrence of singularities at interface corners and cross-points is discussed. and a weighted least-squares functional is introduced to handle such cases. Numerical experiments are presented for two test problems to illustrate the performance of this approach.

Measuring the Hall weighting function for square and cloverleaf geometries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Scherschligt, Julia K.; Koon, Daniel W.

2000-02-01

We have directly measured the Hall weighting function—the sensitivity of a four-wire Hall measurement to the position of macroscopic inhomogeneities in Hall angle—for both a square shaped and a cloverleaf specimen. Comparison with the measured resistivity weighting function for a square geometry [D. W. Koon and W. K. Chan, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 69, 12 (1998)] proves that the two measurements sample the same specimen differently. For Hall measurements on both a square and a cloverleaf, the function is nonnegative with its maximum in the center and its minimum of zero at the edges of the square. Converting a square into a cloverleaf is shown to dramatically focus the measurement process onto a much smaller portion of the specimen. While our results agree qualitatively with theory, details are washed out, owing to the finite size of the magnetic probe used.

From Alpha To Omega

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Castellano, Doc

2002-08-01

Galileo, the Father of Modern Science, put forth the first significant Modern Scientific Era/Philosophy. Best represented per: x' = x (+/-) vt. Locating/defining the dynamic x' in an Euclidean, fixed frame Universe. Einstein, the popularized relativist, utilizing Lorentz's transformation equations: x' = (x - vt)/square root [ 1- (v squared/c squared)], c the velocity of light. Arbitrarily decreed that c must be the ultimate, universal velocity. Thus, Reporters, the general Public and Scientists consider/considered, Einstein's OPINION of our Universe, 'The Omega Concept'. Castellano, since 1954, has PROVEN the "C Transformation Equations": X' = (X - vt)/square root [ 1 - (v squared/C squared)], Capital C = or greater than c; IS THE OMEGA CONCEPT. And "MAPHICS", combining the Philosophy of Mathematics with the Philosophy of Physics is "THE OMEGA PHILOSOPHY". Sufficient PROOFS & details are at: http://hometown.aol.com/phdco/myhomepage/index/html ----- Thank you for your interest. My sincere appreciation for deserved acknowledgements.

Applications of square-related theorems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Srinivasan, V. K.

2014-04-01

The square centre of a given square is the point of intersection of its two diagonals. When two squares of different side lengths share the same square centre, there are in general four diagonals that go through the same square centre. The Two Squares Theorem developed in this paper summarizes some nice theoretical conclusions that can be obtained when two squares of different side lengths share the same square centre. These results provide the theoretical basis for two of the constructions given in the book of H.S. Hall and F.H. Stevens , 'A Shorter School Geometry, Part 1, Metric Edition'. In page 134 of this book, the authors present, in exercise 4, a practical construction which leads to a verification of the Pythagorean theorem. Subsequently in Theorems 29 and 30, the authors present the standard proofs of the Pythagorean theorem and its converse. In page 140, the authors present, in exercise 15, what amounts to a geometric construction, whose verification involves a simple algebraic identity. Both the constructions are of great importance and can be replicated by using the standard equipment provided in a 'geometry toolbox' carried by students in high schools. The author hopes that the results proved in this paper, in conjunction with the two constructions from the above-mentioned book, would provide high school students an appreciation of the celebrated theorem of Pythagoras. The diagrams that accompany this document are based on the free software GeoGebra. The author formally acknowledges his indebtedness to the creators of this free software at the end of this document.

Predicting film dose to aid in cassette placement for radiation therapy portal verification film images.

PubMed

Keys, Richard A; Marks, James E; Haus, Arthur G

2002-12-01

EC film has improved portal localization images with better contrast and improved distinction of bony structures and air-tissue interfaces. A cassette with slower speed screens was used with EC film to image the treatment portal during the entire course of treatment (verification) instead of taking separate films after treatment. Measurements of film density vs source to film distance (SFD) were made using 15 and 25 cm thick water phantoms with both 6 and 18 MV photons from I to 40 cm past the phantom. A characteristic (H & D) curve was measured in air to compare dose to film density. Results show the reduction in radiation between patient and cassette more closely follows an "inverse cube law" rather than an inverse square law. Formulas to calculate radiation exposure to the film, and the desired SFD were based on patient tumor dose, calculation of the exit dose, and the inverse cube relationship. A table of exposure techniques based on the SFD for a given tumor dose was evaluated and compared to conventional techniques. Although the film has a high contrast, there is enough latitude that excellent films can be achieved using a fixed SFD based simply on the tumor dose and beam energy. Patient diameter has a smaller effect. The benefits of imaging portal films during the entire treatment are more reliability in the accuracy of the portal image, ability to detect patient motion, and reduction in the time it takes to take portal images.

An Opportunistic Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) with the Murchison Widefield Array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tingay, S. J.; Tremblay, C.; Walsh, A.; Urquhart, R.

2016-08-01

A spectral line image cube generated from 115 minutes of MWA data that covers a field of view of 400 sq, deg. around the Galactic Center is used to perform the first Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) with the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA). Our work constitutes the first modern SETI experiment at low radio frequencies, here between 103 and 133 MHz, paving the way for large-scale searches with the MWA and, in the future, the low-frequency Square Kilometre Array. Limits of a few hundred mJy beam-1 for narrowband emission (10 kHz) are derived from our data, across our 400 sq. deg. field of view. Within this field, 45 exoplanets in 38 planetary systems are known. We extract spectra at the locations of these systems from our image cube to place limits on the presence of narrow line emission from these systems. We then derive minimum isotropic transmitter powers for these exoplanets; a small handful of the closest objects (10 s of pc) yield our best limits of order 1014 W (Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power). These limits lie above the highest power directional transmitters near these frequencies currently operational on Earth. A SETI experiment with the MWA covering the full accessible sky and its full frequency range would require approximately one month of observing time. The MWA frequency range, its southern hemisphere location on an extraordinarily radio quiet site, its very large field of view, and its high sensitivity make it a unique facility for SETI.

43 CFR 2916.0-8 - Area subject to lease.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... exceed 30 square miles, and provided the need for such entire island is clearly established. Islands so... square miles, will be treated as one island. Islands having an area of more than 30 square miles will be...

43 CFR 2916.0-8 - Area subject to lease.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... exceed 30 square miles, and provided the need for such entire island is clearly established. Islands so... square miles, will be treated as one island. Islands having an area of more than 30 square miles will be...

43 CFR 2916.0-8 - Area subject to lease.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... exceed 30 square miles, and provided the need for such entire island is clearly established. Islands so... square miles, will be treated as one island. Islands having an area of more than 30 square miles will be...

Salt-induced square prism Pd microtubes and their ethanol electrocatalysis properties

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, Kunpeng; Ma, Shenghua; Wang, Yinan; Zhang, Ying; Han, Xiaojun

2017-05-01

The synthesis of square prism tubes are always challenging due to their thermo and dynamical instability. We demonstrated a simple method using Pd2+ doped PoPD oligomers as building blocks to assemble into 1D square prism metal-organic microtubes, which consists of cataphracted nanosheets on the surfaces. After high temperature treatment, the microtubes became square prism Pd tubes with a cross section size of 3 μm. The pure Pd microtubes showed excellent catalyzing activity towards the electro oxidation of ethanol. Their electrochemically active surface area is 48.2 m2 g-1, which indicates the square prism Pd tubes have great potential in the field of fuel cell.

Phasing via pure crystallographic least squares: an unexpected feature.

PubMed

Burla, Maria Cristina; Carrozzini, Benedetta; Cascarano, Giovanni Luca; Giacovazzo, Carmelo; Polidori, Giampiero

2018-03-01

Crystallographic least-squares techniques, the main tool for crystal structure refinement of small and medium-size molecules, are for the first time used for ab initio phasing. It is shown that the chief obstacle to such use, the least-squares severe convergence limits, may be overcome by a multi-solution procedure able to progressively recognize and discard model atoms in false positions and to include in the current model new atoms sufficiently close to correct positions. The applications show that the least-squares procedure is able to solve many small structures without the use of important ancillary tools: e.g. no electron-density map is calculated as a support for the least-squares procedure.

Application of Partial Least Square (PLS) Analysis on Fluorescence Data of 8-Anilinonaphthalene-1-Sulfonic Acid, a Polarity Dye, for Monitoring Water Adulteration in Ethanol Fuel.

PubMed

Kumar, Keshav; Mishra, Ashok Kumar

2015-07-01

Fluorescence characteristic of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) in ethanol-water mixture in combination with partial least square (PLS) analysis was used to propose a simple and sensitive analytical procedure for monitoring the adulteration of ethanol by water. The proposed analytical procedure was found to be capable of detecting even small adulteration level of ethanol by water. The robustness of the procedure is evident from the statistical parameters such as square of correlation coefficient (R(2)), root mean square of calibration (RMSEC) and root mean square of prediction (RMSEP) that were found to be well with in the acceptable limits.

Creating a Business Plan and Projecting Revenue for a Cosmetic Laser Center in a Community Hospital

DTIC Science & Technology

2000-05-01

at $300.00. Expenses for physician faculty were borne by ESC Sharplan. Overhead. Overhead was based upon $2.75 per square foot per month, or...33.00 per square foot per year. Total square footage of the laser center is approximately 300 square foot ($9,900 per year) (Sound Shore Finance...of holistic nursing therapies, including self- hypnosis, guided imagery, reflexology and therapeutic touch, into patient care. Establishing a Laser

Coal-seismic, desktop computer programs in BASIC; Part 5, Perform X-square T-square analysis and plot normal moveout lines on seismogram overlay

USGS Publications Warehouse

Hasbrouck, W.P.

1983-01-01

Processing of data taken with the U.S. Geological Survey's coal-seismic system is done with a desktop, stand-alone computer. Programs for this computer are written in the extended BASIC language used by the Tektronix 4051 Graphic System. This report presents computer programs to perform X-square/T-square analyses and to plot normal moveout lines on a seismogram overlay.

Additive-free size-controlled synthesis of gold square nanoplates using photochemical reaction in dynamic phase-separating media.

PubMed

Kajimoto, Shinji; Shirasawa, Daisuke; Horimoto, Noriko Nishizawa; Fukumura, Hiroshi

2013-05-14

Ultrafast phase separation of water and 2-butoxyethanol mixture was induced by nanosecond IR laser pulse irradiation. After a certain delay time, a UV laser pulse was introduced to induce photoreduction of aurate ions, which led to the formation of gold nanoparticles in dynamic phase-separating media. The structure and size of the nanoparticles varied depending on the delay time between the IR and UV pulses. For a delay time of 5 and 6 μs, gold square plates having edge lengths of 150 and 100 nm were selectively obtained, respectively. With a delay time of 3 μs, on the other hand, the size of the square plates varied widely from 100 nm to a few micrometers. The size of the gold square plates was also varied by varying the total irradiation time of the IR and UV pulses. The size distribution of the square plates obtained under different conditions suggests that the growth process of the square plates was affected by the size of the nanophases during phase separation. Electron diffraction patterns of the synthesized square plates showed that the square plates were highly crystalline with a Au(100) surface. These results showed that the nanophases formed during laser-induced phase separation can provide detergent-free reaction fields for size-controlled nanomaterial synthesis.

WE-G-204-03: Photon-Counting Hexagonal Pixel Array CdTe Detector: Optimal Resampling to Square Pixels

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Shrestha, S; Vedantham, S; Karellas, A

Purpose: Detectors with hexagonal pixels require resampling to square pixels for distortion-free display of acquired images. In this work, the presampling modulation transfer function (MTF) of a hexagonal pixel array photon-counting CdTe detector for region-of-interest fluoroscopy was measured and the optimal square pixel size for resampling was determined. Methods: A 0.65mm thick CdTe Schottky sensor capable of concurrently acquiring up to 3 energy-windowed images was operated in a single energy-window mode to include ≥10 KeV photons. The detector had hexagonal pixels with apothem of 30 microns resulting in pixel spacing of 60 and 51.96 microns along the two orthogonal directions.more » Images of a tungsten edge test device acquired under IEC RQA5 conditions were double Hough transformed to identify the edge and numerically differentiated. The presampling MTF was determined from the finely sampled line spread function that accounted for the hexagonal sampling. The optimal square pixel size was determined in two ways; the square pixel size for which the aperture function evaluated at the Nyquist frequencies along the two orthogonal directions matched that from the hexagonal pixel aperture functions, and the square pixel size for which the mean absolute difference between the square and hexagonal aperture functions was minimized over all frequencies up to the Nyquist limit. Results: Evaluation of the aperture functions over the entire frequency range resulted in square pixel size of 53 microns with less than 2% difference from the hexagonal pixel. Evaluation of the aperture functions at Nyquist frequencies alone resulted in 54 microns square pixels. For the photon-counting CdTe detector and after resampling to 53 microns square pixels using quadratic interpolation, the presampling MTF at Nyquist frequency of 9.434 cycles/mm along the two directions were 0.501 and 0.507. Conclusion: Hexagonal pixel array photon-counting CdTe detector after resampling to square pixels provides high-resolution imaging suitable for fluoroscopy.« less

1. WASHINGTON SQUARE IN CENTER, LOOKING SOUTHWEST. CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. WASHINGTON SQUARE IN CENTER, LOOKING SOUTHWEST. CURTIS PUBLISHING COMPANY IS AT RIGHT. THE BUILDING IN FRONT OF PHOTO IS THE PENN MUTUAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY - Washington Square Area Study, Sixth, Seventh, Walnut & Locust Streets, Philadelphia, Philadelphia County, PA

The covariance matrix for the solution vector of an equality-constrained least-squares problem

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lawson, C. L.

1976-01-01

Methods are given for computing the covariance matrix for the solution vector of an equality-constrained least squares problem. The methods are matched to the solution algorithms given in the book, 'Solving Least Squares Problems.'

A Simple Parameterization of 3 x 3 Magic Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Trenkler, Gotz; Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Dietrich

2012-01-01

In this article a new parameterization of magic squares of order three is presented. This parameterization permits an easy computation of their inverses, eigenvalues, eigenvectors and adjoints. Some attention is paid to the Luoshu, one of the oldest magic squares.

44. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

44. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile is 4' in size. Top left section of 4' square eagle section - Duluth Ship Canal, South Pier, North end of Minnesota Point & Canal Park, Duluth, St. Louis County, MN

47. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

47. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile is 4' in size. Middle right section of 4' square eagle section - Duluth Ship Canal, South Pier, North end of Minnesota Point & Canal Park, Duluth, St. Louis County, MN

46. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

46. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile is 4' in size. Lower right section of 4' square eagle section - Duluth Ship Canal, South Pier, North end of Minnesota Point & Canal Park, Duluth, St. Louis County, MN

43. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

43. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile is 4' in size. Eagle itself in 4' square eagle section - Duluth Ship Canal, South Pier, North end of Minnesota Point & Canal Park, Duluth, St. Louis County, MN

45. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

45. East tile gauge on south pier. Each square tile is 4' in size. Lower left section of 4' square eagel section - Duluth Ship Canal, South Pier, North end of Minnesota Point & Canal Park, Duluth, St. Louis County, MN

XAFS study of copper(II) complexes with square planar and square pyramidal coordination geometries

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gaur, A.; Klysubun, W.; Nitin Nair, N.; Shrivastava, B. D.; Prasad, J.; Srivastava, K.

2016-08-01

X-ray absorption fine structure of six Cu(II) complexes, Cu2(Clna)4 2H2O (1), Cu2(ac)4 2H2O (2), Cu2(phac)4 (pyz) (3), Cu2(bpy)2(na)2 H2O (ClO4) (4), Cu2(teen)4(OH)2(ClO4)2 (5) and Cu2(tmen)4(OH)2(ClO4)2 (6) (where ac, phac, pyz, bpy, na, teen, tmen = acetate, phenyl acetate, pyrazole, bipyridine, nicotinic acid, tetraethyethylenediamine, tetramethylethylenediamine, respectively), which were supposed to have square pyramidal and square planar coordination geometries have been investigated. The differences observed in the X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) features of the standard compounds having four, five and six coordination geometry points towards presence of square planar and square pyramidal geometry around Cu centre in the studied complexes. The presence of intense pre-edge feature in the spectra of four complexes, 1-4, indicates square pyramidal coordination. Another important XANES feature, present in complexes 5 and 6, is prominent shoulder in the rising part of edge whose intensity decreases in the presence of axial ligands and thus indicates four coordination in these complexes. Ab initio calculations were carried out for square planar and square pyramidal Cu centres to observe the variation of 4p density of states in the presence and absence of axial ligands. To determine the number and distance of scattering atoms around Cu centre in the complexes, EXAFS analysis has been done using the paths obtained from Cu(II) oxide model and an axial Cu-O path from model of a square pyramidal complex. The results obtained from EXAFS analysis have been reported which confirmed the inference drawn from XANES features. Thus, it has been shown that these paths from model of a standard compound can be used to determine the structural parameters for complexes having unknown structure.

Swelling and erosion properties of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Hypromellose) matrices--influence of agitation rate and dissolution medium composition.

PubMed

Kavanagh, Nicole; Corrigan, Owen I

2004-07-26

The effect of dissolution medium variables, such as medium composition, ionic strength and agitation rate, on the swelling and erosion of Hypromellose (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, HPMC) matrices of different molecular weights was examined. Swelling and erosion of HPMC polymers was determined by measuring the wet and subsequent dry weights of matrices. It was possible to describe the rate of dissolution medium uptake in terms of a square root relationship and the erosion of the polymer in terms of the cube root law. The extent of swelling increased with increasing molecular weight, and decreased with increasing agitation rate. The erosion rate was seen to increase with decrease in polymer molecular weight, with a decrease in ionic strength and with increasing agitation rate. The sensitivity of polymer erosion to the degree of agitation may influence the ability of these polymers to give reproducible, agitation-independent release, compared to more rigid non-eroding matrix materials, in the complex hydrodynamic environment of the gastrointestinal tract.

Viscosity of meson matter

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Dobado, Antonio; Llanes-Estrada, Felipe J.

2004-06-01

We report a calculation of the shear viscosity in a relativistic multicomponent meson gas as a function of temperature and chemical potentials. We approximately solve the Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport equation of kinetic theory, appropriate for a boson gas, with relativistic kinematics. Since at low temperatures the gas can be taken as mostly composed of pions, with a fraction of kaons and etas, we explore the region where binary elastic collisions with at least one pion are the dominant scattering processes. Our input meson scattering phase shifts are fits to the experimental data obtained from chiral perturbation theory and the inverse amplitude method. Our results take the correct nonrelativistic limit (viscosity proportional to the square root of the temperature), show a viscosity of the order of the cube of the pion mass up to temperatures somewhat below that mass, and then a large increase due to kaons and etas. Our approximation may break down at even higher temperatures, where the viscosity follows a temperature power law with an exponent near 3.

Children's schemes for anticipating the validity of nets for solids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wright, Vince; Smith, Ken

2017-09-01

There is growing acknowledgement of the importance of spatial abilities to student achievement across a broad range of domains and disciplines. Nets are one way to connect three-dimensional shapes and their two-dimensional representations and are a common focus of geometry curricula. Thirty-four students at year 6 (upper primary school) were interviewed on two occasions about their anticipation of whether or not given nets for the cube- and square-based pyramid would fold to form the target solid. Vergnaud's ( Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 17(2), 167-181, 1998, Human Development, 52, 83-94, 2009) four characteristics of schemes were used as a theoretical lens to analyse the data. Successful schemes depended on the interaction of operational invariants, such as strategic choice of the base, rules for action, particularly rotation of shapes, and anticipations of composites of polygons in the net forming arrangements of faces in the solid. Inferences were rare. These data suggest that students need teacher support to make inferences, in order to create transferable schemes.

Biological fiducial point based registration for multiple brain tissues reconstructed from different imaging modalities

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wu, Huiqun; Zhou, Gangping; Geng, Xingyun; Zhang, Xiaofeng; Jiang, Kui; Tang, Lemin; Zhou, Guomin; Dong, Jiancheng

2013-10-01

With the development of computer aided navigation system, more and more tissues shall be reconstructed to provide more useful information for surgical pathway planning. In this study, we aimed to propose a registration framework for different reconstructed tissues from multi-modalities based on some fiducial points on lateral ventricles. A male patient with brain lesion was admitted and his brain scans were performed by different modalities. Then, the different brain tissues were segmented in different modality with relevant suitable algorithms. Marching cubes were calculated for three dimensional reconstructions, and then the rendered tissues were imported to a common coordinate system for registration. Four pairs of fiducial markers were selected to calculate the rotation and translation matrix using least-square measure method. The registration results were satisfied in a glioblastoma surgery planning as it provides the spatial relationship between tumors and surrounding fibers as well as vessels. Hence, our framework is of potential value for clinicians to plan surgery.

Low concentration ratio solar array for low Earth orbit multi-100kW application. Volume 2: Drawings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nalbandian, S. J.; French, E. P.

1982-01-01

A preliminary design effort directed toward a low concentration ratio photovoltaic array system based on 1984 technology and capable of delivering multi-hundred kilowatts (300 kW to 100 kW range) in low Earth orbit. The array system consists of two or more array modules each capable of delivering between 113 kW to 175 kW using silicon solar cells or gallium arsenide solar cells, respectively. The array module deployed area is 1320 square meters and consists of 4356 pyramidal concentrator elements. The module, when stowed in the Space Shuttle's payload bay, has a stowage volume of a cube with 3.24 meters on a side. The concentrator elements are sized for a geometric concentration ratio (GCR) of six with an aperture area of 0.5 meters x 0.5 meters. Drawings for the preliminary design configuration and for the test hardware that was fabricated for design evaluation and test are provided.

The SAMI Galaxy Survey: cubism and covariance, putting round pegs into square holes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sharp, R.; Allen, J. T.; Fogarty, L. M. R.; Croom, S. M.; Cortese, L.; Green, A. W.; Nielsen, J.; Richards, S. N.; Scott, N.; Taylor, E. N.; Barnes, L. A.; Bauer, A. E.; Birchall, M.; Bland-Hawthorn, J.; Bloom, J. V.; Brough, S.; Bryant, J. J.; Cecil, G. N.; Colless, M.; Couch, W. J.; Drinkwater, M. J.; Driver, S.; Foster, C.; Goodwin, M.; Gunawardhana, M. L. P.; Ho, I.-T.; Hampton, E. J.; Hopkins, A. M.; Jones, H.; Konstantopoulos, I. S.; Lawrence, J. S.; Leslie, S. K.; Lewis, G. F.; Liske, J.; López-Sánchez, Á. R.; Lorente, N. P. F.; McElroy, R.; Medling, A. M.; Mahajan, S.; Mould, J.; Parker, Q.; Pracy, M. B.; Obreschkow, D.; Owers, M. S.; Schaefer, A. L.; Sweet, S. M.; Thomas, A. D.; Tonini, C.; Walcher, C. J.

2015-01-01

We present a methodology for the regularization and combination of sparse sampled and irregularly gridded observations from fibre-optic multiobject integral field spectroscopy. The approach minimizes interpolation and retains image resolution on combining subpixel dithered data. We discuss the methodology in the context of the Sydney-AAO multiobject integral field spectrograph (SAMI) Galaxy Survey underway at the Anglo-Australian Telescope. The SAMI instrument uses 13 fibre bundles to perform high-multiplex integral field spectroscopy across a 1° diameter field of view. The SAMI Galaxy Survey is targeting ˜3000 galaxies drawn from the full range of galaxy environments. We demonstrate the subcritical sampling of the seeing and incomplete fill factor for the integral field bundles results in only a 10 per cent degradation in the final image resolution recovered. We also implement a new methodology for tracking covariance between elements of the resulting data cubes which retains 90 per cent of the covariance information while incurring only a modest increase in the survey data volume.

Study of hollow corner retroreflectors for use in a synchronous orbit

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yoder, P. R., Jr.

1975-01-01

The performance of a hollow corner cube retroreflector made up of three mutually perpendicular optically flat mirrors when undergoing the thermal-mechanical strains induced by a spacecraft environment was studied. Of particular interest was a device of 200 square centimeter optical aperture used on a satellite in a synchronous orbit. It was assumed that the reflector always faces the earth. The effects of direct solar irradiance, earthshine, and albedo were considered. The results included the maximum mirror surface temperature during the orbit as well as the worst-case loss of optical performance due to thermally-induced mirror distortions. It was concluded that a device made of three suitably coated flat ULE mirrors, optically contacted to each other and supported mechanically in a nonrigid mount, would be expected to concentrate over 80 percent of the theoretical maximum energy in the central of the far field diffraction pattern. Continued development of the device through a detailed design, fabrication, and test phase was recommended.

Blind decomposition of Herschel-HIFI spectral maps of the NGC 7023 nebula

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Berné, O.; Joblin, C.; Deville, Y.; Pilleri, P.; Pety, J.; Teyssier, D.; Gerin, M.; Fuente, A.

2012-12-01

Large spatial-spectral surveys are more and more common in astronomy. This calls for the need of new methods to analyze such mega- to giga-pixel data-cubes. In this paper we present a method to decompose such observations into a limited and comprehensive set of components. The original data can then be interpreted in terms of linear combinations of these components. The method uses non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to extract latent spectral end-members in the data. The number of needed end-members is estimated based on the level of noise in the data. A Monte-Carlo scheme is adopted to estimate the optimal end-members, and their standard deviations. Finally, the maps of linear coefficients are reconstructed using non-negative least squares. We apply this method to a set of hyperspectral data of the NGC 7023 nebula, obtained recently with the HIFI instrument onboard the Herschel space observatory, and provide a first interpretation of the results in terms of 3-dimensional dynamical structure of the region.

Modelling the dependence of contrast sensitivity on grating area and spatial frequency.

PubMed

Rovamo, J; Luntinen, O; Näsänen, R

1993-12-01

We modelled the human foveal visual system in a detection task as a simple image processor comprising (i) low-pass filtering due to the optical transfer function of the eye, (ii) high-pass filtering of neural origin, (iii) addition of internal neural noise, and (iv) detection by a local matched filter. Its detection efficiency for gratings was constant up to a critical area but then decreased with increasing area. To test the model we measured Michelson contrast sensitivity as a function of grating area at spatial frequencies of 0.125-32 c/deg for simple vertical and circular cosine gratings. In circular gratings luminance was sinusoidally modulated as a function of the radius of the grating field. In agreement with the model, contrast sensitivity at all spatial frequencies increased in proportion to the square-root of grating area at small areas. When grating area exceeded critical area, the increase saturated and contrast sensitivity became independent of area at large grating areas. Spatial integration thus obeyed Piper's law at small grating areas. The critical area of spatial integration, marking the cessation of Piper's law, was constant in solid degrees at low spatial frequencies but inversely proportional to spatial frequency squared at medium and high spatial frequencies. At low spatial frequencies the maximum contrast sensitivity obtainable by spatial integration increased in proportion to spatial frequency but at high spatial frequencies it decreased in proportion to the cube of the increasing spatial frequency. The increase was due to high-pass filtering of neural origin (lateral inhibition) and the decrease was mainly due to the optical transfer function of the eye. Our model explained 95% of the total variance of the contrast sensitivity data.

A three-dimensional gravity inversion applied to São Miguel Island (Azores)

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Camacho, A. G.; Montesinos, F. G.; Vieira, R.

1997-04-01

Gravimetric studies are becoming more and more widely acknowledged as a useful tool for studying and modeling the distributions of subsurface masses that are associated with volcanic activity. In this paper, new gravimetric data for the volcanic island of São Miguel (Azores) were analyzed and interpreted by a stabilized linear inversion methodology. An inversion model of higher resolution was calculated for the Caldera of Furnas, which has a larger density of data. In order to filter out the noncorrelatable anomalies, least squares prediction was used, resulting in a correlated gravimetric signal model with an accuracy of the order of 0.9 mGal. The gravimetric inversion technique is based on the adjustment of a three-dimensional (3-D) model of cubes of unknown density that represents the island's subsurface. The problem of non-uniqueness is solved by minimization with appropriate covariance matrices of the data (resulting from the least squares prediction) and of the unknowns. We also propose a criterion for choosing a balance between the data fit (which in this case corresponds to residues with rms of the order of 0.6 mGal) and the smoothness of the solution. The global model of the island includes a low-density zone in a WNW-ESE direction and a depth of the order of 20 km, associated with the Terceira rift spreading center. The minimums located at a depth of 4 km may be associated with shallow magmatic chambers beneath the main volcanoes of the island. The main high-density area is related to the Nordeste basaltic shield. With regard to the Caldera Furnas, in addition to the minimum that can be associated with a magmatic chamber, there are other shallow minimums that correspond to eruptive processes.

AVIRIS study of Death Valley evaporite deposits using least-squares band-fitting methods

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Crowley, J. K.; Clark, R. N.

1992-01-01

Minerals found in playa evaporite deposits reflect the chemically diverse origins of ground waters in arid regions. Recently, it was discovered that many playa minerals exhibit diagnostic visible and near-infrared (0.4-2.5 micron) absorption bands that provide a remote sensing basis for observing important compositional details of desert ground water systems. The study of such systems is relevant to understanding solute acquisition, transport, and fractionation processes that are active in the subsurface. Observations of playa evaporites may also be useful for monitoring the hydrologic response of desert basins to changing climatic conditions on regional and global scales. Ongoing work using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data to map evaporite minerals in the Death Valley salt pan is described. The AVIRIS data point to differences in inflow water chemistry in different parts of the Death Valley playa system and have led to the discovery of at least two new North American mineral occurrences. Seven segments of AVIRIS data were acquired over Death Valley on 31 July 1990, and were calibrated to reflectance by using the spectrum of a uniform area of alluvium near the salt pan. The calibrated data were subsequently analyzed by using least-squares spectral band-fitting methods, first described by Clark and others. In the band-fitting procedure, AVIRIS spectra are fit compared over selected wavelength intervals to a series of library reference spectra. Output images showing the degree of fit, band depth, and fit times the band depth are generated for each reference spectrum. The reference spectra used in the study included laboratory data for 35 pure evaporite spectra extracted from the AVIRIS image cube. Additional details of the band-fitting technique are provided by Clark and others elsewhere in this volume.

Synthesis of Cubic-Shaped Pt Particles with (100) Preferential Orientation by a Quick, One-Step and Clean Electrochemical Method.

PubMed

Liu, Jie; Fan, Xiayue; Liu, Xiaorui; Song, Zhishuang; Deng, Yida; Han, Xiaopeng; Hu, Wenbin; Zhong, Cheng

2017-06-07

A new approach has been developed for in situ preparing cubic-shaped Pt particles with (100) preferential orientation on the surface of the conductive support by using a quick, one-step, and clean electrochemical method with periodic square-wave potential. The whole electrochemical deposition process is very quick (only 6 min is required to produce cubic Pt particles), without the use of particular capping agents. The shape and the surface structure of deposited Pt particles can be controlled by the lower and upper potential limits of the square-wave potential. For a frequency of 5 Hz and an upper potential limit of 1.0 V (vs saturated calomel electrode), as the lower potential limit decreases to the H adsorption potential region, the Pt deposits are changed from nearly spherical particles to cubic-shaped (100)-oriented Pt particles. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected-area electron diffraction reveal that the formed cubic Pt particles are single-crystalline and enclosed by (100) facets. Cubic Pt particles exhibit characteristic H adsorption/desorption peaks corresponding to the (100) preferential orientation. Ge irreversible adsorption indicates that the fraction of wide Pt(100) surface domains is 47.8%. The electrocatalytic activities of different Pt particles are investigated by ammonia electro-oxidation, which is particularly sensitive to the amount of Pt(100) sites, especially larger (100) domains. The specific activity of cubic Pt particles is 3.6 times as high as that of polycrystalline spherical Pt particles, again confirming the (100) preferential orientation of Pt cubes. The formation of cubic-shaped Pt particles is related with the preferential electrochemical deposition and dissolution processes of Pt, which are coupled with the periodic desorption and adsorption processes of O-containing species and H adatoms.

Estimation of liver T₂ in transfusion-related iron overload in patients with weighted least squares T₂ IDEAL.

PubMed

Vasanawala, Shreyas S; Yu, Huanzhou; Shimakawa, Ann; Jeng, Michael; Brittain, Jean H

2012-01-01

MRI imaging of hepatic iron overload can be achieved by estimating T(2) values using multiple-echo sequences. The purpose of this work is to develop and clinically evaluate a weighted least squares algorithm based on T(2) Iterative Decomposition of water and fat with Echo Asymmetry and Least-squares estimation (IDEAL) technique for volumetric estimation of hepatic T(2) in the setting of iron overload. The weighted least squares T(2) IDEAL technique improves T(2) estimation by automatically decreasing the impact of later, noise-dominated echoes. The technique was evaluated in 37 patients with iron overload. Each patient underwent (i) a standard 2D multiple-echo gradient echo sequence for T(2) assessment with nonlinear exponential fitting, and (ii) a 3D T(2) IDEAL technique, with and without a weighted least squares fit. Regression and Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated strong correlation between conventional 2D and T(2) IDEAL estimation. In cases of severe iron overload, T(2) IDEAL without weighted least squares reconstruction resulted in a relative overestimation of T(2) compared with weighted least squares. Copyright © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Luminance gradient at object borders communicates object location to the human oculomotor system.

PubMed

Kilpeläinen, Markku; Georgeson, Mark A

2018-01-25

The locations of objects in our environment constitute arguably the most important piece of information our visual system must convey to facilitate successful visually guided behaviour. However, the relevant objects are usually not point-like and do not have one unique location attribute. Relatively little is known about how the visual system represents the location of such large objects as visual processing is, both on neural and perceptual level, highly edge dominated. In this study, human observers made saccades to the centres of luminance defined squares (width 4 deg), which appeared at random locations (8 deg eccentricity). The phase structure of the square was manipulated such that the points of maximum luminance gradient at the square's edges shifted from trial to trial. The average saccade endpoints of all subjects followed those shifts in remarkable quantitative agreement. Further experiments showed that the shifts were caused by the edge manipulations, not by changes in luminance structure near the centre of the square or outside the square. We conclude that the human visual system programs saccades to large luminance defined square objects based on edge locations derived from the points of maximum luminance gradients at the square's edges.

Least Squares Procedures.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hester, Yvette

Least squares methods are sophisticated mathematical curve fitting procedures used in all classical parametric methods. The linear least squares approximation is most often associated with finding the "line of best fit" or the regression line. Since all statistical analyses are correlational and all classical parametric methods are least…

36 CFR 910.33 - Off-street parking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... not fixed, each seven square feet of gross floor area usable for seating shall be considered one seat; (3) Retail, trade, and service establishments: one parking space for each 750 square feet of gross... each 1,800 square feet of gross floor area. ...

36 CFR 910.33 - Off-street parking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... not fixed, each seven square feet of gross floor area usable for seating shall be considered one seat; (3) Retail, trade, and service establishments: one parking space for each 750 square feet of gross... each 1,800 square feet of gross floor area. ...

36 CFR 910.33 - Off-street parking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... not fixed, each seven square feet of gross floor area usable for seating shall be considered one seat; (3) Retail, trade, and service establishments: one parking space for each 750 square feet of gross... each 1,800 square feet of gross floor area. ...

36 CFR 910.33 - Off-street parking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... not fixed, each seven square feet of gross floor area usable for seating shall be considered one seat; (3) Retail, trade, and service establishments: one parking space for each 750 square feet of gross... each 1,800 square feet of gross floor area. ...

36 CFR § 910.3 - Program administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Square Guidelines, described below, provides interested parties with the urban planning and design information sufficient to understand and participate in the process of square development within the... Development Area, and provides a glossary of defined terms applicable to this part as well as Square...

2 × 2 Tables: a note on Campbell's recommendation.

PubMed

Busing, F M T A; Weaver, B; Dubois, S

2016-04-15

For 2 × 2 tables, Egon Pearson's N - 1 chi-squared statistic is theoretically more sound than Karl Pearson's chi-squared statistic, and provides more accurate p values. Moreover, Egon Pearson's N - 1 chi-squared statistic is equal to the Mantel-Haenszel chi-squared statistic for a single 2 × 2 table, and as such, is often available in statistical software packages like SPSS, SAS, Stata, or R, which facilitates compliance with Ian Campbell's recommendations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Growth and tuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under continuous light

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wheeler, R. M.; Tibbitts, T. W.

1986-01-01

The growth and tuberization of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) maintained for 6 weeks under four different regimes of continuous irradiance were compared to plants given 12 hours light and 12 hours dark. Treatments included: (a) continuous photosynthetic photon flux of 200 micromoles per square meter per second cool-white fluorescent (CWF); (b) continuous 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF; (c) 12 hours 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF plus 12 hours dim CWF at 5 micromoles per square meter per second; (d) 12 hours [400] micromoles per square meter per second CWF plus 12 hours dim incandescent (INC) at 5 micromoles per square meter per second and a control treatment of 12 hours light at 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF and 12 hours dark. The study included five cultivars ranging from early- to late-season types: 'Norland,' 'Superior,''Norchip,' 'Russet Burbank,' and 'Kennebec,' Tuber development progressed well under continuous irradiation at 400 micromoles per square meter per second and under 12 hours irradiance and 12 hours dark, while tuber development was suppressed in all other light treatments. Continuous irradiation at 200 or 400 micromoles per square meter per second resulted in severe stunting and leaf malformation on 'Superior' and 'Kennebec' plants, but little or no injury and vigorous shoot growth in the other cultivars. No injury or stunting were apparent under 12-dim light or 12-dark treatments. Plants given 12 hours dim INC showed significantly greater stem elongation but less total biomass than plants in other treatments. The continuous light encouraged shoot growth over tuber growth but this trend was overridden by providing a high irradiance level. The variation among cultivars for tolerance to continuous lighting indicates that potato may be a useful species for photoinhibition studies.

A high order compact least-squares reconstructed discontinuous Galerkin method for the steady-state compressible flows on hybrid grids

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cheng, Jian; Zhang, Fan; Liu, Tiegang

2018-06-01

In this paper, a class of new high order reconstructed DG (rDG) methods based on the compact least-squares (CLS) reconstruction [23,24] is developed for simulating the two dimensional steady-state compressible flows on hybrid grids. The proposed method combines the advantages of the DG discretization with the flexibility of the compact least-squares reconstruction, which exhibits its superior potential in enhancing the level of accuracy and reducing the computational cost compared to the underlying DG methods with respect to the same number of degrees of freedom. To be specific, a third-order compact least-squares rDG(p1p2) method and a fourth-order compact least-squares rDG(p2p3) method are developed and investigated in this work. In this compact least-squares rDG method, the low order degrees of freedom are evolved through the underlying DG(p1) method and DG(p2) method, respectively, while the high order degrees of freedom are reconstructed through the compact least-squares reconstruction, in which the constitutive relations are built by requiring the reconstructed polynomial and its spatial derivatives on the target cell to conserve the cell averages and the corresponding spatial derivatives on the face-neighboring cells. The large sparse linear system resulted by the compact least-squares reconstruction can be solved relatively efficient when it is coupled with the temporal discretization in the steady-state simulations. A number of test cases are presented to assess the performance of the high order compact least-squares rDG methods, which demonstrates their potential to be an alternative approach for the high order numerical simulations of steady-state compressible flows.

Growth and Tuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) under Continuous Light 1

PubMed Central

Wheeler, Raymond M.; Tibbitts, Theodore W.

1986-01-01

The growth and tuberization of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L.) maintained for 6 weeks under four different regimes of continuous irradiance were compared to plants given 12 hours light and 12 hours dark. Treatments included: (a) continuous photosynthetic photon flux of 200 micromoles per square meter per second cool-white fluorescent (CWF); (b) continuous 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF; (c) 12 hours 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF plus 12 hours dim CWF at 5 micromoles per square meter per second; (d) 12 hours micromoles per square meter per second CWF plus 12 hours dim incandescent (INC) at 5 micromoles per square meter per second and a control treatment of 12 hours light at 400 micromoles per square meter per second CWF and 12 hours dark. The study included five cultivars ranging from early- to late-season types: `Norland,' `Superior,' `Norchip,' `Russet Burbank,' and `Kennebec.' Tuber development progressed well under continuous irradiation at 400 micromoles per square meter per second and under 12 hours irradiance and 12 hours dark, while tuber development was suppressed in all other light treatments. Continuous irradiation at 200 or 400 micromoles per square meter per second resulted in severe stunting and leaf malformation on `Superior' and `Kennebec' plants, but little or no injury and vigorous shoot growth in the other cultivars. No injury or stunting were apparent under 12-dim light or 12-dark treatments. Plants given 12 hours dim INC showed significantly greater stem elongation but less total biomass than plants in other treatments. The continuous light encouraged shoot growth over tuber growth but this trend was overridden by providing a high irradiance level. The variation among cultivars for tolerance to continuous lighting indicates that potato may be a useful species for photoinhibition studies. PMID:11539039

Squared eigenfunctions for the Sasa-Satsuma equation

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yang, Jianke; Kaup, D. J.

2009-02-01

Squared eigenfunctions are quadratic combinations of Jost functions and adjoint Jost functions which satisfy the linearized equation of an integrable equation. They are needed for various studies related to integrable equations, such as the development of its soliton perturbation theory. In this article, squared eigenfunctions are derived for the Sasa-Satsuma equation whose spectral operator is a 3×3 system, while its linearized operator is a 2×2 system. It is shown that these squared eigenfunctions are sums of two terms, where each term is a product of a Jost function and an adjoint Jost function. The procedure of this derivation consists of two steps: First is to calculate the variations of the potentials via variations of the scattering data by the Riemann-Hilbert method. The second one is to calculate the variations of the scattering data via the variations of the potentials through elementary calculations. While this procedure has been used before on other integrable equations, it is shown here, for the first time, that for a general integrable equation, the functions appearing in these variation relations are precisely the squared eigenfunctions and adjoint squared eigenfunctions satisfying, respectively, the linearized equation and the adjoint linearized equation of the integrable system. This proof clarifies this procedure and provides a unified explanation for previous results of squared eigenfunctions on individual integrable equations. This procedure uses primarily the spectral operator of the Lax pair. Thus two equations in the same integrable hierarchy will share the same squared eigenfunctions (except for a time-dependent factor). In the Appendix, the squared eigenfunctions are presented for the Manakov equations whose spectral operator is closely related to that of the Sasa-Satsuma equation.

Comparing the tensile strength of square and reversing half-hitch alternating post knots

PubMed Central

Wu, Vincent; Sykes, Edward A.; Mercer, Dale; Hopman, Wilma M.; Tang, Ephraim

2017-01-01

Background Square knots are the gold standard in hand-tie wound closure, but are difficult to reproduce in deep cavities, inadvertently resulting in slipknots. The reversing half-hitch alternating post (RHAP) knot has been suggested as an alternative owing to its nonslip nature and reproducibility in limited spaces. We explored whether the RHAP knot is noninferior to the square knot by assessing tensile strength. Methods We conducted 10 trials for each baseline and knot configuration, using 3–0 silk and 3–0 polyglactin 910 sutures. We compared tensile strength between knot configurations at the point of knot failure between slippage and breakage. Results Maximal failure strength (mean ± SD) in square knots was reached with 4-throw in both silk (30 ± 1.5 N) and polyglactin 910 (39 ± 12 N). For RHAP knots, maximal failure strength was reached at 5-throw for both silk (31 ± 1.5 N) and polyglactin 910 (41 ± 13 N). In both sutures, there were no strength differences between 3-throw square and 4-throw RHAP, between 4-throw square and 5-throw RHAP, or between 5-throw square and 6-throw RHAP knots. Polyglactin 910 sutures, in all knot configurations, were more prone to slippage than silk sutures (p < 0.001). Conclusion The difference in mean tensile strength could be attributed to the proportion of knot slippage versus breakage, which is material-dependent. Future studies can re-evaluate findings in monofilament sutures and objectively assess the reproducibility of square and RHAP knots in deep cavities. Our results indicate that RHAP knots composed of 1 extra throw provide equivalent strength to square knots and may be an alternative when performing hand-ties in limited cavities with either silk or polyglactin 910 sutures. PMID:28327276

Comparing the tensile strength of square and reversing half-hitch alternating post knots.

PubMed

Wu, Vincent; Sykes, Edward A; Mercer, Dale; Hopman, Wilma M; Tang, Ephraim

2017-06-01

Square knots are the gold standard in hand-tie wound closure, but are difficult to reproduce in deep cavities, inadvertently resulting in slipknots. The reversing half-hitch alternating post (RHAP) knot has been suggested as an alternative owing to its nonslip nature and reproducibility in limited spaces. We explored whether the RHAP knot is noninferior to the square knot by assessing tensile strength. We conducted 10 trials for each baseline and knot configuration, using 3-0 silk and 3-0 polyglactin 910 sutures. We compared tensile strength between knot configurations at the point of knot failure between slippage and breakage. Maximal failure strength (mean ± SD) in square knots was reached with 4-throw in both silk (30 ± 1.5 N) and polyglactin 910 (39 ± 12 N). For RHAP knots, maximal failure strength was reached at 5-throw for both silk (31 ± 1.5 N) and polyglactin 910 (41 ± 13 N). In both sutures, there were no strength differences between 3-throw square and 4-throw RHAP, between 4-throw square and 5-throw RHAP, or between 5-throw square and 6-throw RHAP knots. Polyglactin 910 sutures, in all knot configurations, were more prone to slippage than silk sutures ( p < 0.001). The difference in mean tensile strength could be attributed to the proportion of knot slippage versus breakage, which is material-dependent. Future studies can re-evaluate findings in monofilament sutures and objectively assess the reproducibility of square and RHAP knots in deep cavities. Our results indicate that RHAP knots composed of 1 extra throw provide equivalent strength to square knots and may be an alternative when performing hand-ties in limited cavities with either silk or polyglactin 910 sutures.

New infinite families of exact sums of squares formulas, Jacobi elliptic functions, and Ramanujan's tau function.

PubMed

Milne, S C

1996-12-24

In this paper, we give two infinite families of explicit exact formulas that generalize Jacobi's (1829) 4 and 8 squares identities to 4n(2) or 4n(n + 1) squares, respectively, without using cusp forms. Our 24 squares identity leads to a different formula for Ramanujan's tau function tau(n), when n is odd. These results arise in the setting of Jacobi elliptic functions, Jacobi continued fractions, Hankel or Turánian determinants, Fourier series, Lambert series, inclusion/exclusion, Laplace expansion formula for determinants, and Schur functions. We have also obtained many additional infinite families of identities in this same setting that are analogous to the eta-function identities in appendix I of Macdonald's work [Macdonald, I. G. (1972) Invent. Math. 15, 91-143]. A special case of our methods yields a proof of the two conjectured [Kac, V. G. and Wakimoto, M. (1994) in Progress in Mathematics, eds. Brylinski, J.-L., Brylinski, R., Guillemin, V. & Kac, V. (Birkhäuser Boston, Boston, MA), Vol. 123, pp. 415-456] identities involving representing a positive integer by sums of 4n(2) or 4n(n + 1) triangular numbers, respectively. Our 16 and 24 squares identities were originally obtained via multiple basic hypergeometric series, Gustafson's C(l) nonterminating (6)phi(5) summation theorem, and Andrews' basic hypergeometric series proof of Jacobi's 4 and 8 squares identities. We have (elsewhere) applied symmetry and Schur function techniques to this original approach to prove the existence of similar infinite families of sums of squares identities for n(2) or n(n + 1) squares, respectively. Our sums of more than 8 squares identities are not the same as the formulas of Mathews (1895), Glaisher (1907), Ramanujan (1916), Mordell (1917, 1919), Hardy (1918, 1920), Kac and Wakimoto, and many others.

Distance-constrained orthogonal Latin squares for brain-computer interface.

PubMed

Luo, Gang; Min, Wanli

2012-02-01

The P300 brain-computer interface (BCI) using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can allow amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients to instruct computers to perform tasks. To strengthen the P300 response and increase classification accuracy, we proposed an experimental design where characters are intensified according to orthogonal Latin square pairs. These orthogonal Latin square pairs satisfy certain distance constraint so that neighboring characters are not intensified simultaneously. However, it is unknown whether such distance-constrained, orthogonal Latin square pairs actually exist. In this paper, we show that for every matrix size commonly used in P300 BCI, thousands to millions of such distance-constrained, orthogonal Latin square pairs can be systematically and efficiently constructed and are sufficient for the purpose of being used in P300 BCI.

A note on the Drazin indices of square matrices.

PubMed

Yu, Lijun; Bu, Tianyi; Zhou, Jiang

2014-01-01

For a square matrix A, the smallest nonnegative integer k such that rank (A(k)) =rank (A(k+1)) is called the Drazin index of A. In this paper, we give some results on the Drazin indices of sum and product of square matrices.

A Simple Introduction to Moving Least Squares and Local Regression Estimation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Garimella, Rao Veerabhadra

In this brief note, a highly simpli ed introduction to esimating functions over a set of particles is presented. The note starts from Global Least Squares tting, going on to Moving Least Squares estimation (MLS) and nally, Local Regression Estimation (LRE).

Three Perspectives on Teaching Least Squares

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Scariano, Stephen M.; Calzada, Maria

2004-01-01

The method of Least Squares is the most widely used technique for fitting a straight line to data, and it is typically discussed in several undergraduate courses. This article focuses on three developmentally different approaches for solving the Least Squares problem that are suitable for classroom exposition.

Simulation, Design, and Test of Square, Apodized Photon Sieves for High Contrast, Exoplanet Imaging

DTIC Science & Technology

reason, square apodized photon sieves were simulated, designed, and tested for high-contrast performance and use in an exoplanet imaging telescope...for apodizing sieves, measuring PSFs, and characterizing high-contrast performance. Tests indicated that square apodized sieves could detect

A Visual Model for the Variance and Standard Deviation

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Orris, J. B.

2011-01-01

This paper shows how the variance and standard deviation can be represented graphically by looking at each squared deviation as a graphical object--in particular, as a square. A series of displays show how the standard deviation is the size of the average square.

76 FR 44655 - Transfer of Federally Assisted Land or Facility

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-07-26

... square feet (the ``Property''). NICTD wishes to transfer ownership of the Property to Amtrak for Amtrak's... square feet (the ``Property''). The Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District (NICTD) requests... approximately 5900 square feet in South Bend, Indiana, to the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak...

Least-squares collocation meshless approach for radiative heat transfer in absorbing and scattering media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, L. H.; Tan, J. Y.

2007-02-01

A least-squares collocation meshless method is employed for solving the radiative heat transfer in absorbing, emitting and scattering media. The least-squares collocation meshless method for radiative transfer is based on the discrete ordinates equation. A moving least-squares approximation is applied to construct the trial functions. Except for the collocation points which are used to construct the trial functions, a number of auxiliary points are also adopted to form the total residuals of the problem. The least-squares technique is used to obtain the solution of the problem by minimizing the summation of residuals of all collocation and auxiliary points. Three numerical examples are studied to illustrate the performance of this new solution method. The numerical results are compared with the other benchmark approximate solutions. By comparison, the results show that the least-squares collocation meshless method is efficient, accurate and stable, and can be used for solving the radiative heat transfer in absorbing, emitting and scattering media.

Highly Compact Circulators in Square-Lattice Photonic Crystal Waveguides

PubMed Central

Jin, Xin; Ouyang, Zhengbiao; Wang, Qiong; Lin, Mi; Wen, Guohua; Wang, Jingjing

2014-01-01

We propose, demonstrate and investigate highly compact circulators with ultra-low insertion loss in square-lattice- square-rod-photonic-crystal waveguides. Only a single magneto- optical square rod is required to be inserted into the cross center of waveguides, making the structure very compact and ultra efficient. The square rods around the center defect rod are replaced by several right-angled-triangle rods, reducing the insertion loss further and promoting the isolations as well. By choosing a linear-dispersion region and considering the mode patterns in the square magneto-optical rod, the operating mechanism of the circulator is analyzed. By applying the finite-element method together with the Nelder-Mead optimization method, an extremely low insertion loss of 0.02 dB for the transmitted wave and ultra high isolation of 46 dB∼48 dB for the isolated port are obtained. The idea presented can be applied to build circulators in different wavebands, e.g., microwave or Tera-Hertz. PMID:25415417

Quantum magnetic phase transition in square-octagon lattice.

PubMed

Bao, An; Tao, Hong-Shuai; Liu, Hai-Di; Zhang, XiaoZhong; Liu, Wu-Ming

2014-11-05

Quantum magnetic phase transition in square-octagon lattice was investigated by cellular dynamical mean field theory combining with continuous time quantum Monte Carlo algorithm. Based on the systematic calculation on the density of states, the double occupancy and the Fermi surface evolution of square-octagon lattice, we presented the phase diagrams of this splendid many particle system. The competition between the temperature and the on-site repulsive interaction in the isotropic square-octagon lattice has shown that both antiferromagnetic and paramagnetic order can be found not only in the metal phase, but also in the insulating phase. Antiferromagnetic metal phase disappeared in the phase diagram that consists of the anisotropic parameter λ and the on-site repulsive interaction U while the other phases still can be detected at T = 0.17. The results found in this work may contribute to understand well the properties of some consuming systems that have square-octagon structure, quasi square-octagon structure, such as ZnO.

Comparative assessment of orthogonal polynomials for wavefront reconstruction over the square aperture.

PubMed

Ye, Jingfei; Gao, Zhishan; Wang, Shuai; Cheng, Jinlong; Wang, Wei; Sun, Wenqing

2014-10-01

Four orthogonal polynomials for reconstructing a wavefront over a square aperture based on the modal method are currently available, namely, the 2D Chebyshev polynomials, 2D Legendre polynomials, Zernike square polynomials and Numerical polynomials. They are all orthogonal over the full unit square domain. 2D Chebyshev polynomials are defined by the product of Chebyshev polynomials in x and y variables, as are 2D Legendre polynomials. Zernike square polynomials are derived by the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process, where the integration region across the full unit square is circumscribed outside the unit circle. Numerical polynomials are obtained by numerical calculation. The presented study is to compare these four orthogonal polynomials by theoretical analysis and numerical experiments from the aspects of reconstruction accuracy, remaining errors, and robustness. Results show that the Numerical orthogonal polynomial is superior to the other three polynomials because of its high accuracy and robustness even in the case of a wavefront with incomplete data.

Highly compact circulators in square-lattice photonic crystal waveguides.

PubMed

Jin, Xin; Ouyang, Zhengbiao; Wang, Qiong; Lin, Mi; Wen, Guohua; Wang, Jingjing

2014-01-01

We propose, demonstrate and investigate highly compact circulators with ultra-low insertion loss in square-lattice- square-rod-photonic-crystal waveguides. Only a single magneto- optical square rod is required to be inserted into the cross center of waveguides, making the structure very compact and ultra efficient. The square rods around the center defect rod are replaced by several right-angled-triangle rods, reducing the insertion loss further and promoting the isolations as well. By choosing a linear-dispersion region and considering the mode patterns in the square magneto-optical rod, the operating mechanism of the circulator is analyzed. By applying the finite-element method together with the Nelder-Mead optimization method, an extremely low insertion loss of 0.02 dB for the transmitted wave and ultra high isolation of 46 dB∼48 dB for the isolated port are obtained. The idea presented can be applied to build circulators in different wavebands, e.g., microwave or Tera-Hertz.

Simulation-Based Approach to Determining Electron Transfer Rates Using Square-Wave Voltammetry.

PubMed

Dauphin-Ducharme, Philippe; Arroyo-Currás, Netzahualcóyotl; Kurnik, Martin; Ortega, Gabriel; Li, Hui; Plaxco, Kevin W

2017-05-09

The efficiency with which square-wave voltammetry differentiates faradic and charging currents makes it a particularly sensitive electroanalytical approach, as evidenced by its ability to measure nanomolar or even picomolar concentrations of electroactive analytes. Because of the relative complexity of the potential sweep it uses, however, the extraction of detailed kinetic and mechanistic information from square-wave data remains challenging. In response, we demonstrate here a numerical approach by which square-wave data can be used to determine electron transfer rates. Specifically, we have developed a numerical approach in which we model the height and the shape of voltammograms collected over a range of square-wave frequencies and amplitudes to simulated voltammograms as functions of the heterogeneous rate constant and the electron transfer coefficient. As validation of the approach, we have used it to determine electron transfer kinetics in both freely diffusing and diffusionless surface-tethered species, obtaining electron transfer kinetics in all cases in good agreement with values derived using non-square-wave methods.

Maximum correntropy square-root cubature Kalman filter with application to SINS/GPS integrated systems.

PubMed

Liu, Xi; Qu, Hua; Zhao, Jihong; Yue, Pengcheng

2018-05-31

For a nonlinear system, the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and its square-root version are useful methods to solve the state estimation problems, and both can obtain good performance in Gaussian noises. However, their performances often degrade significantly in the face of non-Gaussian noises, particularly when the measurements are contaminated by some heavy-tailed impulsive noises. By utilizing the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) to improve the robust performance instead of traditional minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion, a new square-root nonlinear filter is proposed in this study, named as the maximum correntropy square-root cubature Kalman filter (MCSCKF). The new filter not only retains the advantage of square-root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF), but also exhibits robust performance against heavy-tailed non-Gaussian noises. A judgment condition that avoids numerical problem is also given. The results of two illustrative examples, especially the SINS/GPS integrated systems, demonstrate the desirable performance of the proposed filter. Copyright © 2018 ISA. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synchronization of tunable asymmetric square-wave pulses in delay-coupled optoelectronic oscillators.

PubMed

Martínez-Llinàs, Jade; Colet, Pere; Erneux, Thomas

2015-03-01

We consider a model for two delay-coupled optoelectronic oscillators under positive delayed feedback as prototypical to study the conditions for synchronization of asymmetric square-wave oscillations, for which the duty cycle is not half of the period. We show that the scenario arising for positive feedback is much richer than with negative feedback. First, it allows for the coexistence of multiple in- and out-of-phase asymmetric periodic square waves for the same parameter values. Second, it is tunable: The period of all the square-wave periodic pulses can be tuned with the ratio of the delays, and the duty cycle of the asymmetric square waves can be changed with the offset phase while the total period remains constant. Finally, in addition to the multiple in- and out-of-phase periodic square waves, low-frequency periodic asymmetric solutions oscillating in phase may coexist for the same values of the parameters. Our analytical results are in agreement with numerical simulations and bifurcation diagrams obtained by using continuation techniques.

Control over self-assembly of diblock copolymers on hexagonal and square templates for high area density circuit boards.

PubMed

Feng, Jie; Cavicchi, Kevin A; Heinz, Hendrik

2011-12-27

Self-assembled diblock copolymer melts on patterned substrates can induce a smaller characteristic domain spacing compared to predefined lithographic patterns and enable the manufacture of circuit boards with a high area density of computing and storage units. Monte Carlo simulation using coarse-grain models of polystyrene-b-polydimethylsiloxane shows that the generation of high-density hexagonal and square patterns is controlled by the ratio N(D) of the surface area per post and the surface area per spherical domain of neat block copolymer. N(D) represents the preferred number of block copolymer domains per post. Selected integer numbers support the formation of ordered structures on hexagonal (1, 3, 4, 7, 9) and square (1, 2, 5, 7) templates. On square templates, only smaller numbers of block copolymer domains per post support the formation of ordered arrays with significant stabilization energies relative to hexagonal morphology. Deviation from suitable integer numbers N(D) increases the likelihood of transitional morphologies between square and hexagonal. Upon increasing the spacing of posts on the substrate, square arrays, nested square arrays, and disordered hexagonal morphologies with multiple coordination numbers were identified, accompanied by a decrease in stabilization energy. Control over the main design parameter N(D) may allow an up to 7-fold increase in density of spherical block copolymer domains per surface area in comparison to the density of square posts and provide access to a wide range of high-density nanostructures to pattern electronic devices.

A simple calculation method for determination of equivalent square field.

PubMed

Shafiei, Seyed Ali; Hasanzadeh, Hadi; Shafiei, Seyed Ahmad

2012-04-01

Determination of the equivalent square fields for rectangular and shielded fields is of great importance in radiotherapy centers and treatment planning software. This is accomplished using standard tables and empirical formulas. The goal of this paper is to present a formula based on analysis of scatter reduction due to inverse square law to obtain equivalent field. Tables are published by different agencies such as ICRU (International Commission on Radiation Units and measurements), which are based on experimental data; but there exist mathematical formulas that yield the equivalent square field of an irregular rectangular field which are used extensively in computation techniques for dose determination. These processes lead to some complicated and time-consuming formulas for which the current study was designed. In this work, considering the portion of scattered radiation in absorbed dose at a point of measurement, a numerical formula was obtained based on which a simple formula was developed to calculate equivalent square field. Using polar coordinate and inverse square law will lead to a simple formula for calculation of equivalent field. The presented method is an analytical approach based on which one can estimate the equivalent square field of a rectangular field and may be used for a shielded field or an off-axis point. Besides, one can calculate equivalent field of rectangular field with the concept of decreased scatter radiation with inverse square law with a good approximation. This method may be useful in computing Percentage Depth Dose and Tissue-Phantom Ratio which are extensively used in treatment planning.

Scalable Data Mining and Archiving for the Square Kilometre Array

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jones, D. L.; Mattmann, C. A.; Hart, A. F.; Lazio, J.; Bennett, T.; Wagstaff, K. L.; Thompson, D. R.; Preston, R.

2011-12-01

As the technologies for remote observation improve, the rapid increase in the frequency and fidelity of those observations translates into an avalanche of data that is already beginning to eclipse the resources, both human and technical, of the institutions and facilities charged with managing the information. Common data management tasks like cataloging both data itself and contextual meta-data, creating and maintaining scalable permanent archive, and making data available on-demand for research present significant software engineering challenges when considered at the scales of modern multi-national scientific enterprises such as the upcoming Square Kilometre Array project. The NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), leveraging internal research and technology development funding, has begun to explore ways to address the data archiving and distribution challenges with a number of parallel activities involving collaborations with the EVLA and ALMA teams at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO), and members of the Square Kilometre Array South Africa team. To date, we have leveraged the Apache OODT Process Control System framework and its catalog and archive service components that provide file management, workflow management, resource management as core web services. A client crawler framework ingests upstream data (e.g., EVLA raw directory output), identifies its MIME type and automatically extracts relevant metadata including temporal bounds, and job-relevant/processing information. A remote content acquisition (pushpull) service is responsible for staging remote content and handing it off to the crawler framework. A science algorithm wrapper (called CAS-PGE) wraps underlying code including CASApy programs for the EVLA, such as Continuum Imaging and Spectral Line Cube generation, executes the algorithm, and ingests its output (along with relevant extracted metadata). In addition to processing, the Process Control System has been leveraged to provide data curation and automatic ingestion for the MeerKAT/KAT-7 precursor instrument in South Africa, helping to catalog and archive correlator and sensor output from KAT-7, and to make the information available for downstream science analysis. These efforts, supported by the increasing availability of high-quality open source software, represent a concerted effort to seek a cost-conscious methodology for maintaining the integrity of observational data from the upstream instrument to the archive, and at the same time ensuring that the data, with its richly annotated catalog of meta-data, remains a viable resource for research into the future.

Effect of protein degradability on milk production of dairy ewes.

PubMed

Mikolayunas-Sandrock, C; Armentano, L E; Thomas, D L; Berger, Y M

2009-09-01

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of protein degradability of dairy sheep diets on milk yield and protein utilization across 2 levels of milk production. Three diets were formulated to provide similar energy concentrations and varying concentrations of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) and rumen-undegradable protein (RUP): 12% RDP and 4% RUP (12-4) included basal levels of RDP and RUP, 12% RDP and 6% RUP (12-6) included additional RUP, and 14% RDP and 4% RUP (14-4) included additional RDP. Diets were composed of alfalfa-timothy cubes, whole and ground corn, whole oats, dehulled soybean meal, and expeller soybean meal (SoyPlus, West Central, Ralston, IA). Estimates of RDP and RUP were based on the Small Ruminant Nutrition System model (2008) and feed and orts were analyzed for Cornell N fractions. Eighteen multiparous dairy ewes in midlactation were divided by milk yield (low and high) into 2 blocks of 9 ewes each and were randomly assigned within block (low and high) to 3 pens of 3 ewes each. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 3 x 3 Latin square within each block and applied to pens for 14-d periods. We hypothesized that pens consuming high-RUP diets (12-6) would produce more milk and milk protein than the basal diet (12-4) and pens consuming high-RDP diets (14-4) would not produce more milk than the basal diet (12-4). Ewes in the high-milk-yield square consumed more dry matter and produced more milk, milk fat, and milk protein than ewes in the low-milk-yield square. There was no effect of dietary treatment on dry matter intake. Across both levels of milk production, the 12-6 diet increased milk yield by 14%, increased milk fat yield by 14%, and increased milk protein yield by 13% compared with the 14-4 and 12-4 diets. Gross N efficiency (milk protein N/intake protein N) was 11 and 15% greater in the 12-6 and 12-4 diets, respectively, compared with the 14-4 diet. Milk urea N concentration was greater in the 12-6 diet and tended to be greater in the 14-4 diet compared with the 12-4 diet, indicating that the excretion of urea N in this study was more closely related to dietary crude protein concentration than to protein degradability.

Reducing boll weevil populations by clipping terminal buds and removing abscised fruiting bodies

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

The boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) punctures cotton squares and young bolls during feeding and oviposition, causing abscission of flower buds (squares) in the instance of oviposition. Fallen squares are a source of next generation adult boll weevils that...

25 CFR 39.902 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... allocated to all Bureau operated and contract schools based on the number of square feet of floor space used... quarters shall be specifically excluded from the computation. (b) Square footage figures used in... Facilities Engineering. (c) In those cases, such as contract schools, where square footage figures are not...

25 CFR 39.902 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... allocated to all Bureau operated and contract schools based on the number of square feet of floor space used... quarters shall be specifically excluded from the computation. (b) Square footage figures used in... Facilities Engineering. (c) In those cases, such as contract schools, where square footage figures are not...

16 CFR 500.23 - Expression of net quantity of contents in SI Metric units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... milligram—mg liter—L or l milliliter—mL or ml square decimeter—dm 2 cubic meter—m 3 kilogram—kg micrometer—µm gram—g millimeter—mm square meter—m2 square centimeter—cm2 Note: Symbols, except for liter, are...

25 CFR 39.902 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... allocated to all Bureau operated and contract schools based on the number of square feet of floor space used... quarters shall be specifically excluded from the computation. (b) Square footage figures used in... Facilities Engineering. (c) In those cases, such as contract schools, where square footage figures are not...

16 CFR 500.23 - Expression of net quantity of contents in SI Metric units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... milligram—mg liter—L or l milliliter—mL or ml square decimeter—dm 2 cubic meter—m 3 kilogram—kg micrometer—µm gram—g millimeter—mm square meter—m2 square centimeter—cm2 Note: Symbols, except for liter, are...

Irrational Square Roots

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Misiurewicz, Michal

2013-01-01

If students are presented the standard proof of irrationality of [square root]2, can they generalize it to a proof of the irrationality of "[square root]p", "p" a prime if, instead of considering divisibility by "p", they cling to the notions of even and odd used in the standard proof?

16 CFR 500.23 - Expression of net quantity of contents in SI Metric units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... milligram—mg liter—L or l milliliter—mL or ml square decimeter—dm 2 cubic meter—m 3 kilogram—kg micrometer—µm gram—g millimeter—mm square meter—m2 square centimeter—cm2 Note: Symbols, except for liter, are...

16 CFR 500.23 - Expression of net quantity of contents in SI Metric units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... milligram—mg liter—L or l milliliter—mL or ml square decimeter—dm 2 cubic meter—m 3 kilogram—kg micrometer—µm gram—g millimeter—mm square meter—m2 square centimeter—cm2 Note: Symbols, except for liter, are...

25 CFR 39.902 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... allocated to all Bureau operated and contract schools based on the number of square feet of floor space used... quarters shall be specifically excluded from the computation. (b) Square footage figures used in... Facilities Engineering. (c) In those cases, such as contract schools, where square footage figures are not...

16 CFR 500.23 - Expression of net quantity of contents in SI Metric units.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... milligram—mg liter—L or l milliliter—mL or ml square decimeter—dm 2 cubic meter—m 3 kilogram—kg micrometer—µm gram—g millimeter—mm square meter—m2 square centimeter—cm2 Note: Symbols, except for liter, are...

25 CFR 39.902 - Allocation.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... allocated to all Bureau operated and contract schools based on the number of square feet of floor space used... quarters shall be specifically excluded from the computation. (b) Square footage figures used in... Facilities Engineering. (c) In those cases, such as contract schools, where square footage figures are not...

Multifunctional Public Space As Exemplified By the Concept of the Development of Kopernik Square in Opole

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wilczek, Iwona; Tenczyński, Mariusz

2017-10-01

In 2015 the authorities of the city of Opole decided to sell a part of Kopernik Square, one of the main city squares, to a private investor. The objective of this project was the extension of the existing shopping mall and the construction of an underground car park within the scope of a public-private partnership. In order to find the best solution to design the remaining part of the square, a competition for its development was announced in cooperation with the Opole branch of the Association of Polish Architects. The article presents a description of the studies and analyses of the aforementioned space conducted by the db2 architekci architectural studio for the purpose of preparing a competition entry. The square development concept was based on an analysis of the urban context of the Opole city centre. The character of the public spaces within a twenty-minute walk from Kopernik Square was analysed. In the course of the works, a decision was made to develop the public space in a manner different from that originally intended by the Investor. A graphic visualization of the maximum scope of the shopping mall extension was presented in accordance with the urban layout of this part of the city, allowing the preservation of the historical view corridors. The article presents a competition entry prepared by us along with a justification of decisions concerning the design. One of the fundamental design assumptions was the connection of all frontages with the square and the creation of a recreational part abounding in green areas. The concept provided for the division of the area into three parts of various characters. The central part of the square is a green area of a recreational character - a space so far absent in the city centre. Catering and food services, shops, parking spaces for bicycles as well as services related to the parking area are located at the southern frontage of the square under one roofing. The area directly adjoining the shopping mall is an open multifunctional and partly roofed square - a place where cyclical events are held in the city. The project allows for a harmonious combination of various functions performed by Kopernik Square. The adopted traffic solutions, in particular the entrance to and exit from the underground car park have a positive influence on road traffic in this part of the city. Due to maintaining the historical urban layout and view corridors, the new building development does not overwhelm the square space but constitutes its harmonious closure.

Aerial view southwest from center of square showing south portion ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Aerial view southwest from center of square showing south portion of alley, rears of 1007 E Street, 1009 E Street, and the National Capital Press Building and alley (east) wall of 1101 E Street - Square 347 (Commercial Buildings), Tenth, Eleventh, E, & F Streets, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

A REPORT ON SPACE ALLOCATION.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

EARTHMAN, GLEN I.

THE SQUARE FOOT STANDARDS PER PUPIL FOR SCHOOLS IS ANALYZED. THE SQUARE FOOT ALLOCATIONS FOR SEVERAL STATES AND PHILADELPHIA ARE DETERMINED BY DIVIDING THE TOTAL SQUARE FOOTAGE OF THE SCHOOL BY THE NUMBER OF STUDENTS THE SCHOOL IS INTENDED TO ACCOMMODATE. TABLES SHOWING STATE RECOMMENDATIONS OR REQUIREMENTS FOR THE ELEMENTARY, MIDDLE-JUNIOR HIGH,…

Polar and singular value decomposition of 3×3 magic squares

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Trenkler, Götz; Schmidt, Karsten; Trenkler, Dietrich

2013-07-01

In this note, we find polar as well as singular value decompositions of a 3×3 magic square, i.e. a 3×3 matrix M with real elements where each row, column and diagonal adds up to the magic sum s of the magic square.

Hinge specification for a square-faceted tetrahedral truss

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Adams, L. R.

1984-01-01

A square-faceted tetrahedral truss is geometrically analyzed. Expressions are developed for single degree of freedom hinges which allow packaging of the structure into a configuration in which all members are parallel and closely packed in a square pattern. Deployment is sequential, thus providing control over the structure during deployment.

Collinearity in Least-Squares Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

de Levie, Robert

2012-01-01

How useful are the standard deviations per se, and how reliable are results derived from several least-squares coefficients and their associated standard deviations? When the output parameters obtained from a least-squares analysis are mutually independent, as is often assumed, they are reliable estimators of imprecision and so are the functions…

Detail, squared cut stone masonry center pier, from northwest, showing ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Detail, squared cut stone masonry center pier, from northwest, showing original cut stone masonry, concrete-encased nose on upstream end, portion of squared cut stone masonry south abutment, and portion of truss superstructure - Castle Garden Bridge, Township Route 343 over Bennetts Branch of Sinnemahoning Creek, Driftwood, Cameron County, PA

Status Report : Assessment of Compatibility of Planned LightSquared Ancillary Terrestrial Component Transmissions in the 1526-1536 MHZ Band with Certified Aviation GPS Receivers

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2012-01-27

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has worked with LightSquared since August : 2011 to evaluate the compatibility of certified aviation receivers with the planned : LightSquared ancillary terrestrial component (ATCt) network using a signal bro...

Using Weighted Least Squares Regression for Obtaining Langmuir Sorption Constants

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

One of the most commonly used models for describing phosphorus (P) sorption to soils is the Langmuir model. To obtain model parameters, the Langmuir model is fit to measured sorption data using least squares regression. Least squares regression is based on several assumptions including normally dist...

16 CFR 501.4 - Chamois.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... expressed: Provided: (a) The quantity of contents for full skins is expressed in terms of square feet with any remainder in terms of the common or decimal fraction of the square foot. (b) The quantity of contents for cut skins of any configuration is expressed in terms of square inches and fractions thereof...

16 CFR 501.4 - Chamois.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... expressed: Provided: (a) The quantity of contents for full skins is expressed in terms of square feet with any remainder in terms of the common or decimal fraction of the square foot. (b) The quantity of contents for cut skins of any configuration is expressed in terms of square inches and fractions thereof...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, E.P. MacFarland, Photographer May 4, ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

1. Historic American Buildings Survey, E.P. MacFarland, Photographer May 4, 1934, VIEW OF CORNER OF WASHINGTON SQUARE NORTH AND FIFTH AVE. (SHOWING ORIGINAL BALUSTRADE WHICH FORMERLY EXTENDED OVER ENTIRE 'ROW'). - Washington Square North (House), Washington Square North & Fifth Avenue, New York County, NY

16 CFR 501.4 - Chamois.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... expressed: Provided: (a) The quantity of contents for full skins is expressed in terms of square feet with any remainder in terms of the common or decimal fraction of the square foot. (b) The quantity of contents for cut skins of any configuration is expressed in terms of square inches and fractions thereof...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

16 CFR 501.4 - Chamois.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... expressed: Provided: (a) The quantity of contents for full skins is expressed in terms of square feet with any remainder in terms of the common or decimal fraction of the square foot. (b) The quantity of contents for cut skins of any configuration is expressed in terms of square inches and fractions thereof...

76 FR 15042 - Transfer of Federally Assisted Land or Facility

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-18

... comprised of approximately Two- hundred Twenty-eight Thousand (228,000) square feet of parking structure...[ccedil]ade. The transfer does not include Eighteen Thousand Three Hundred (18,300) square feet on the... Hundred Forty-six Thousand, Three Hundred (246,300) square feet of which Two Hundred Twenty-eight Thousand...

16 CFR 501.4 - Chamois.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... expressed: Provided: (a) The quantity of contents for full skins is expressed in terms of square feet with any remainder in terms of the common or decimal fraction of the square foot. (b) The quantity of contents for cut skins of any configuration is expressed in terms of square inches and fractions thereof...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

18 CFR 375.103 - Official seal.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... protruding from a solid color wing-like shape. Below the eagle shall appear five squares, arranged in a horizontal line. Each of these squares shall contain a circle representing an area of the Commission's responsibility. The first square at the left of the line shall include a stylized representation of a pipeline...

Redefining the magic square on numerical characters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Nasution, M. K. M.; Sawaluddin

2018-02-01

As a number system, the magic square is different from the others. Characteristic depends not only on size but also depends on numerical character in computation. This paper has redefined the term of magic square formally, by exposing the inductive general characteristics of cases to numerical ordering of numbers.

The emotional effects of violations of causality, or How to make a square amusing

PubMed Central

Bressanelli, Daniela; Parovel, Giulia

2012-01-01

In Michotte's launching paradigm a square moves up to and makes contact with another square, which then moves off more slowly. In the triggering effect, the second square moves much faster than the first, eliciting an amusing impression. We generated 13 experimental displays in which there was always incongruity between cause and effect. We hypothesized that the comic impression would be stronger when objects are perceived as living agents and weaker when objects are perceived as mechanically non-animated. General findings support our hypothesis. PMID:23145274

New method for propagating the square root covariance matrix in triangular form. [using Kalman-Bucy filter

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Choe, C. Y.; Tapley, B. D.

1975-01-01

A method proposed by Potter of applying the Kalman-Bucy filter to the problem of estimating the state of a dynamic system is described, in which the square root of the state error covariance matrix is used to process the observations. A new technique which propagates the covariance square root matrix in lower triangular form is given for the discrete observation case. The technique is faster than previously proposed algorithms and is well-adapted for use with the Carlson square root measurement algorithm.

The crux of the method: assumptions in ordinary least squares and logistic regression.

PubMed

Long, Rebecca G

2008-10-01

Logistic regression has increasingly become the tool of choice when analyzing data with a binary dependent variable. While resources relating to the technique are widely available, clear discussions of why logistic regression should be used in place of ordinary least squares regression are difficult to find. The current paper compares and contrasts the assumptions of ordinary least squares with those of logistic regression and explains why logistic regression's looser assumptions make it adept at handling violations of the more important assumptions in ordinary least squares.

Comparison of Response Surface Construction Methods for Derivative Estimation Using Moving Least Squares, Kriging and Radial Basis Functions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Krishnamurthy, Thiagarajan

2005-01-01

Response construction methods using Moving Least Squares (MLS), Kriging and Radial Basis Functions (RBF) are compared with the Global Least Squares (GLS) method in three numerical examples for derivative generation capability. Also, a new Interpolating Moving Least Squares (IMLS) method adopted from the meshless method is presented. It is found that the response surface construction methods using the Kriging and RBF interpolation yields more accurate results compared with MLS and GLS methods. Several computational aspects of the response surface construction methods also discussed.

Response Surface Analysis of Experiments with Random Blocks

DTIC Science & Technology

1988-09-01

partitioned into a lack of fit sum of squares, SSLOF, and a pure error sum of squares, SSPE . The latter is obtained by pooling the pure error sums of squares...from the blocks. Tests concerning the polynomial effects can then proceed using SSPE as the error term in the denominators of the F test statistics. 3.2...the center point in each of the three blocks is equal to SSPE = 2.0127 with 5 degrees of freedom. Hence, the lack of fit sum of squares is SSLoF

Mean-square state and parameter estimation for stochastic linear systems with Gaussian and Poisson noises

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Basin, M.; Maldonado, J. J.; Zendejo, O.

2016-07-01

This paper proposes new mean-square filter and parameter estimator design for linear stochastic systems with unknown parameters over linear observations, where unknown parameters are considered as combinations of Gaussian and Poisson white noises. The problem is treated by reducing the original problem to a filtering problem for an extended state vector that includes parameters as additional states, modelled as combinations of independent Gaussian and Poisson processes. The solution to this filtering problem is based on the mean-square filtering equations for incompletely polynomial states confused with Gaussian and Poisson noises over linear observations. The resulting mean-square filter serves as an identifier for the unknown parameters. Finally, a simulation example shows effectiveness of the proposed mean-square filter and parameter estimator.

Adaptive Modal Identification for Flutter Suppression Control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Nguyen, Nhan T.; Drew, Michael; Swei, Sean S.

2016-01-01

In this paper, we will develop an adaptive modal identification method for identifying the frequencies and damping of a flutter mode based on model-reference adaptive control (MRAC) and least-squares methods. The least-squares parameter estimation will achieve parameter convergence in the presence of persistent excitation whereas the MRAC parameter estimation does not guarantee parameter convergence. Two adaptive flutter suppression control approaches are developed: one based on MRAC and the other based on the least-squares method. The MRAC flutter suppression control is designed as an integral part of the parameter estimation where the feedback signal is used to estimate the modal information. On the other hand, the separation principle of control and estimation is applied to the least-squares method. The least-squares modal identification is used to perform parameter estimation.

Improvement of depth resolution in depth-resolved wavenumber-scanning interferometry using wavenumber-domain least-squares algorithm: comparison and experiment.

PubMed

Bai, Yulei; Jia, Quanjie; Zhang, Yun; Huang, Qiquan; Yang, Qiyu; Ye, Shuangli; He, Zhaoshui; Zhou, Yanzhou; Xie, Shengli

2016-05-01

It is important to improve the depth resolution in depth-resolved wavenumber-scanning interferometry (DRWSI) owing to the limited range of wavenumber scanning. In this work, a new nonlinear iterative least-squares algorithm called the wavenumber-domain least-squares algorithm (WLSA) is proposed for evaluating the phase of DRWSI. The simulated and experimental results of the Fourier transform (FT), complex-number least-squares algorithm (CNLSA), eigenvalue-decomposition and least-squares algorithm (EDLSA), and WLSA were compared and analyzed. According to the results, the WLSA is less dependent on the initial values, and the depth resolution δz is approximately changed from δz to δz/6. Thus, the WLSA exhibits a better performance than the FT, CNLSA, and EDLSA.

Evaluating and defining the sharpness of intraocular lenses: microedge structure of commercially available square-edged hydrophobic lenses.

PubMed

Werner, Liliana; Müller, Matthias; Tetz, Manfred

2008-02-01

To evaluate the microstructure of the edges of currently available square-edged hydrophobic intraocular lenses (IOLs) in terms of their deviation from an ideal square. Berlin Eye Research Institute, Berlin, Germany. Sixteen designs of hydrophobic acrylic or silicone IOLs were studied. For each design, a +20.0 diopter (D) IOL and a +0.0 D IOL (or the lowest available plus dioptric power) were evaluated. The IOL edge was imaged under high-magnification scanning electron microscopy using a standardized technique. The area above the lateral-posterior edge, representing the deviation from a perfect square, was measured in square microns using reference circles of 40 microm and 60 microm of radius and the AutoCAD LT 2000 system (Autodesk). The IOLs were compared with an experimental square-edged poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) IOL (reference IOL) with an edge design that effectively stopped lens epithelial cell growth in culture in a preliminary study. Two round-edged silicone IOLs were used as controls. The hydrophobic IOLs used, labeled as square-edged IOLs, had an area of deviation from a perfect square ranging from 4.8 to 338.4 microm(2) (40 microm radius reference circle) and from 0.2 to 524.4 microm(2) (60 microm radius circle). The deviation area for the square-edged PMMA IOL was 34.0 microm(2) with a 40 microm radius circle and 37.5 microm(2) with a 60 microm radius circle. The respective values for the +20.0 D control silicone IOL were 729.3 microm(2) and 1525.3 microm(2) and for the +0.0 D control silicone IOL, 727.3 microm(2) and 1512.7 microm(2). Seven silicone IOLs of 5 designs had area values that were close to those of the reference square-edged PMMA IOL. Several differences in edge finishing between the IOLs analyzed were also observed. There was a large variation in the deviation area from a perfect square as well as in the edge finishing, not only between different IOL designs but also between different powers of the same design. Clinically, factors such as the shrink-wrapping of the IOL by the capsule may even out or modify the influence of these variations in terms of preventing posterior capsule opacification.

A Cool Urban Island Change 1990 - 2014. Comparative Bioclimatic Analysis in a Desert Climate, the Case of Antofagasta City Square

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pérez Lancellotti, Gino; Ziede Bize, Marcela

2017-10-01

This article proposes to make a comparative bioclimatic analysis from 1990 to 2014 of the main square of Antofagasta, a coastal desert city in Chile, which was remodelled in 1995, and shows how the redesigning of green areas affects the microclimatic conditions and thermal comfort of the urban space. Ex ante measurements dating 1990 were compared with ex post results from 2014. Data were obtained in both cases in the month of September at different times of a day and in different climate conditions. The variables studied were: land surface temperature, humidity, wind speed, amount of light and square use frequency inside the square and in surrounding streets. The temperatures are not statistically different during the years 1990 and 2014 for the city of Antofagasta. The main layout of the square has not changed, and inside the square it is similar for both periods, but new species were introduced and bigger trees with shadow projection were cut down. The square had a micro-climate role in 2014 as well as in 1990. The highest frequency zone with an important surface lost it is comfort thermic condition with an increase of 1°C. Other smaller zones with less relevance for users gained in cooling with a 0.5°C reduction. The new design has been detrimental to the intensity of its micro climatic regulatory function affecting the thermic comfort of the square’s internal spaces, especially those formerly protected by shadow, which mitigate a high solar radiation. The study results suggest that bio-climatic analysis of public open spaces is a key component for the design of future projects as a heat mitigating tool in the context of climate change. Research question is: How does the redesign of the square impact a cool urban island and the thermic comfort of users? Significant differences between data in situ collected in 1990 and 2014. Thermal comfort was negatively affected by the redesign in the square. The square is still a cool island but with less strength.