76 FR 69766 - Petitions for Modification of Application of Existing Mandatory Safety Standards

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-09

... Opal Court, Suite 315, Hagerstown, Maryland 21740. Mines: Annapolis Mine, MSHA I.D. No. 23-00288, 1... existing standard. Docket Number: M-2011-011-M. Petitioner: ISP Granule Products, LLC, 1101 Opal Court...

Finite element analyses for seismic shear wall international standard problem

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Park, Y.J.; Hofmayer, C.H.

Two identical reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls, which consist of web, flanges and massive top and bottom slabs, were tested up to ultimate failure under earthquake motions at the Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation`s (NUPEC) Tadotsu Engineering Laboratory, Japan. NUPEC provided the dynamic test results to the OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development), Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) for use as an International Standard Problem (ISP). The shear walls were intended to be part of a typical reactor building. One of the major objectives of the Seismic Shear Wall ISP (SSWISP) was to evaluate various seismic analysis methods for concrete structuresmore » used for design and seismic margin assessment. It also offered a unique opportunity to assess the state-of-the-art in nonlinear dynamic analysis of reinforced concrete shear wall structures under severe earthquake loadings. As a participant of the SSWISP workshops, Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) performed finite element analyses under the sponsorship of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC). Three types of analysis were performed, i.e., monotonic static (push-over), cyclic static and dynamic analyses. Additional monotonic static analyses were performed by two consultants, F. Vecchio of the University of Toronto (UT) and F. Filippou of the University of California at Berkeley (UCB). The analysis results by BNL and the consultants were presented during the second workshop in Yokohama, Japan in 1996. A total of 55 analyses were presented during the workshop by 30 participants from 11 different countries. The major findings on the presented analysis methods, as well as engineering insights regarding the applicability and reliability of the FEM codes are described in detail in this report. 16 refs., 60 figs., 16 tabs.« less

Prevalence of obesity in Italian adolescents: does the use of different growth charts make the difference?

PubMed

De Carli, Luca; Spada, Elena; Milani, Silvano; Ganzit, Gian Pasquale; Ghizzoni, Lucia; Raia, Melissa; Coscia, Alessandra; Bertino, Enrico; Bo, Simona

2018-04-01

Since populations are becoming increasingly multi-ethnic, the use of local or international charts is a matter of debate. This study aimed to evaluate how the choice of cut-off thresholds affected prevalence of underweight (UW), overweight (OW), obesity (OB) in 1200 11-12-year Italian adolescents, and how their somatic growth depended on parental origin. The height, weight and body mass index were expressed as standard deviation score (SDS) using Italian (ISPED-2006) and UK (UK-1990) charts. The classification of UW/OW/OB was computed with the IOTF international cut-offs, and thresholds were identified as centiles corresponding to BMI values of 18.5/25.0/30.0 kg/m 2 at 18-year in ISPED-2006 or UK-1990 references. About 30% participants had non-Italian parents, above all from North-Africa and Romania. Referring to the UK-1990 charts, all groups showed negative mean SDS for height, and positive SDS for weight and BMI. Referring to the ISPED-2006 charts, all mean SDS were negative. Percentage of UW individuals was higher in accordance with ISPED-2006 than with UK-1990 charts, whereas percentages of OW/OB were higher with UK-1990 than ISPED-2006 charts. The results obtained using IOFT cut-offs were similar to UK-1990 cut-offs. These results were due to the different shape of age-dependent cut-off centiles. Independently by the parental origin, the percentages of adolescents classified as OW/OB were closer to the expected values using the ISPED-2006 then the UK-1990 cut-offs. The results suggested the use of the Italian references for adolescents with immigrant parents. The use of local charts seems more appropriate at least in Italian adolescents in the age range studied.

Role of inhibitors of serine peptidases in protecting Leishmania donovani against the hydrolytic peptidases of sand fly midgut.

PubMed

Verma, Sudha; Das, Sushmita; Mandal, Abhishek; Ansari, Md Yousuf; Kumari, Sujata; Mansuri, Rani; Kumar, Ajay; Singh, Ruby; Saini, Savita; Abhishek, Kumar; Kumar, Vijay; Sahoo, Ganesh Chandra; Das, Pradeep

2017-06-23

In vector-borne diseases such as leishmaniasis, the sand fly midgut is considered to be an important site for vector-parasite interaction. Digestive enzymes including serine peptidases such as trypsin and chymotrypsin, which are secreted in the midgut are one of the obstacles for Leishmania in establishing a successful infection. The presence of some natural inhibitors of serine peptidases (ISPs) has recently been reported in Leishmania. In the present study, we deciphered the role of these ISPs in the survival of Leishmania donovani in the hostile sand fly midgut environment. In silico and co-immunoprecipitation studies were performed to observe the interaction of L. donovani ISPs with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Zymography and in vitro enzyme assays were carried out to observe the inhibitory effect of purified recombinant ISPs of L. donovani (rLdISPs) on trypsin, chymotrypsin and the sand fly midgut peptidases. The expression of ISPs in the amastigote to promastigote transition stages were studied by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. The role of LdISP on the survival of ISP overexpressed (OE) and ISP knocked down (KD) Leishmania parasites inside the sand fly gut was investigated by in vitro and in vivo cell viability assays. We identified two ecotin-like genes in L. donovani, LdISP1 and LdISP2. In silico and co-immunoprecipitation results clearly suggest a strong interaction of LdISP molecules with trypsin and chymotrypsin. Zymography and in vitro enzyme assay confirmed the inhibitory effect of rLdISP on trypsin, chymotrypsin and the sand fly midgut peptidases. The expression of LdISP2 was found to be strongly associated with the amastigote to promastigote phase transition. The activities of the digestive enzymes were found to be significantly reduced in the infected sand flies when compared to uninfected. To our knowledge, our study is the first report showing the possible reduction of chymotrypsin activity in L. donovani infected sand flies compared to uninfected. Interestingly, during the early transition stage, substantial killing was observed in ISP2 knocked down (ISP2KD) parasites compared to wild type (WT), whereas ISP1 knocked down (ISP1KD) parasites remained viable. Therefore, our study clearly indicates that LdISP2 is a more effective inhibitor of serine peptidases than LdISP1. Our results suggest that the lack of ISP2 is detrimental to the parasites during the early transition from amastigotes to promastigotes. Moreover, the results of the present study demonstrated for the first time that LdISP2 has an important role in the inhibition of peptidases and promoting L. donovani survival inside the Phlebotomus argentipes midgut.

Structural modeling identifies Plasmodium vivax 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase (IspE) as a plausible new antimalarial drug target.

PubMed

Kadian, Kavita; Vijay, Sonam; Gupta, Yash; Rawal, Ritu; Singh, Jagbir; Anvikar, Anup; Pande, Veena; Sharma, Arun

2018-08-01

Malaria parasites utilize Methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for synthesis of isoprenoid precursors which are essential for maturation and survival of parasites during erythrocytic and gametocytic stages. The absence of MEP pathway in the human host establishes MEP pathway enzymes as a repertoire of essential drug targets. The fourth enzyme, 4-diphosphocytidyl-2C-methyl-d-erythritol kinase (IspE) has been proved essential in pathogenic bacteria, however; it has not yet been studied in any Plasmodium species. This study was undertaken to investigate genetic polymorphism and concomitant structural implications of the Plasmodium vivax IspE (PvIspE) by employing sequencing, modeling and bioinformatics approach. We report that PvIspE gene displayed six non-synonymous mutations which were restricted to non-conserved regions within the gene from seven topographically distinct malaria-endemic regions of India. Phylogenetic studies reflected that PvIspE occupies unique status within Plasmodia genus and reflects that Plasmodium vivax IspE gene has a distant and non-conserved relation with human ortholog Mevalonate Kinase (MAVK). Structural modeling analysis revealed that all PvIspE Indian isolates have critically conserved canonical galacto-homoserine-mevalonate-phosphomevalonate kinase (GHMP) domain within the active site lying in a deep cleft sandwiched between ATP and CDPME-binding domains. The active core region was highly conserved among all clinical isolates, may be due to >60% β-pleated rigid architecture. The mapped structural analysis revealed the critically conserved active site of PvIspE, both sequence, and spacially among all Indian isolates; showing no significant changes in the active site. Our study strengthens the candidature of Plasmodium vivax IspE enzyme as a future target for novel antimalarials. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Diagnostic performance of indirect MR arthrography for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears at 3.0 T.

PubMed

Lee, Ji Hyun; Yoon, Young Cheol; Jee, Sukkyung

2015-06-01

Indirect magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography is a non-invasive method for shoulder imaging. However, there are no studies that have examined the diagnostic performance of indirect MR arthrography for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears in a large patient population. To assess the diagnostic performance of indirect fast spin-echo (FSE) MR arthrography for the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears at 3.0 T. A total of 149 patients who had undergone indirect shoulder MR arthrography followed by arthroscopic surgery were enrolled in this retrospective study. Two musculoskeletal radiologists evaluated images from each patient for the presence of supraspinatus-infraspinatus (SSP-ISP) or subscapularis (SSC) tendon tears. Using the arthroscopic findings as the reference standard, the overall diagnostic performance and detection rates for SSP-ISP and SSC tendon tears were calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of readers I and II for the diagnosis of SSP-ISP tendon tears were 94% and 95%, 89% and 85%, and 93% and 93%, respectively. The sensitivity of imaging for detection of SSP-ISP tendon tears by readers I and II were 100% and 100% for full-thickness tears and 84% and 86% for partial-thickness tears, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of readers I and II for the diagnosis of SSC tendon tears were 80% and 76%, 89% and 93%, and 85% and 85%, respectively. Indirect MR arthrography is useful for the detection of SSP-ISP and SSC tendon tears. © The Foundation Acta Radiologica 2014 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav.

The microwave thermal thruster and its application to the launch problem

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Parkin, Kevin L. G.

Nuclear thermal thrusters long ago bypassed the 50-year-old specific impulse (Isp) limitation of conventional thrusters, using nuclear powered heat exchangers in place of conventional combustion to heat a hydrogen propellant. These heat exchanger thrusters experimentally achieved an Isp of 825 seconds, but with a thrust-to-weight ratio (T/W) of less than ten they have thus far been too heavy to propel rockets into orbit. This thesis proposes a new idea to achieve both high Isp and high T/W The Microwave Thermal Thruster. This thruster covers the underside of a rocket aeroshell with a lightweight microwave absorbent heat exchange layer that may double as a re-entry heat shield. By illuminating the layer with microwaves directed from a ground-based phased array, an Isp of 700--900 seconds and T/W of 50--150 is possible using a hydrogen propellant. The single propellant simplifies vehicle design, and the high Isp increases payload fraction and structural margins. These factors combined could have a profound effect on the economics of building and reusing rockets. A laboratory-scale microwave thermal heat exchanger is constructed using a single channel in a cylindrical microwave resonant cavity, and new type of coupled electromagnetic-conduction-convection model is developed to simulate it. The resonant cavity approach to small-scale testing reveals several drawbacks, including an unexpected oscillatory behavior. Stable operation of the laboratory-scale thruster is nevertheless successful, and the simulations are consistent with the experimental results. In addition to proposing a new type of propulsion and demonstrating it, this thesis provides three other principal contributions: The first is a new perspective on the launch problem, placing it in a wider economic context. The second is a new type of ascent trajectory that significantly reduces the diameter, and hence cost, of the ground-based phased array. The third is an eclectic collection of data, techniques, and ideas that constitute a Microwave Thermal Rocket as it is presently conceived, in turn selecting and motivating the particular experimental and computational analyses undertaken.

Individual support plans of people with intellectual disabilities in residential services: content analysis of goals and resources in relation to client characteristics.

PubMed

Herps, M A; Buntinx, W H E; Schalock, R L; van Breukelen, G J P; Curfs, L M G

2016-03-01

Goals and objectives as mentioned in Individual Support Plans (ISPs) were analysed to explore what domains of quality of life they are associated with, what support resources are referenced for achieving the goals, and how domains and resources are related to clients age, gender and intellectual disability (ID) level. A total of 209 ISPs for persons with ID from eight residential Dutch service provider organisations were analysed. Mixed linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relations between client characteristics and the content of goals and support resources. Results showed that ISPs of people with mild and moderate ID had significantly more goals related to independence and social participation as compared to the ISPs of people with severe and profound ID. ISPs of clients with profound ID addressed quality of life factors related to 'well-being' more than ISPs of all other clients. ISPs of people aged 20-34 years had significantly more goals on independence than the two other age groups. ISPs of people under the age of 50 had significantly fewer goals with respect to well-being than found in ISPs of older people. Regarding the use of resources, 42.6% of the ISP goals were associated with resources from specialised services, 31.5% associated with natural resources and 25.9% associated with a combination of both natural and specialised services. In ISPs of people with mild ID, natural resources are more often mentioned, and specialised service-based resources are less often mentioned than for other people. This study offers empirical feedback on ISP practices in the field of ID in the Netherlands. In light of current ISP practices, results suggest that attention should be paid to: (1) distinguishing between a 'service contract' and an ISP; (2) keeping a focus on the whole person in all age groups and levels of functioning and (3) involving the service recipient in ISP development and implementation. © 2015 MENCAP and International Association of the Scientific Study of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Pretest Calculations of Phase A of ISP-42 (PANDA) Using the GOTHIC Containment Code and Comparison with the Experimental Results

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Andreani, Michele

The pretest calculations of phase A of the International Standard Problem 42 (ISP-42) using the GOTHIC containment code are presented in this paper, together with the comparison with the experimental results.The focus of the analyses presented is on the mixing process in the drywells (DWs), initially filled with air, during the initial steam purging transient. Consequently, a large effort has been made to capture the flow pattern produced by the jet created by the steam injection, including in the model a large number of nodes for the three-dimensional (3-D) representation of the two vessels. The influence of the nodalization ofmore » the DWs on the calculation was investigated by means of two additional models using one volume for each of the DWs and a 3-D calculation using a much coarser mesh, respectively.Since the fluid in the DWs was well mixed and stratification occurred only below the injection level, all the models could predict very accurately the global variables such as pressure and temperature. The 3-D simulation also reproduced the wall and gas temperature distributions fairly well. The only (inferred) discrepancy with the test was the overprediction in the upward deflection of the buoyant steam jet.« less

[Advance in imaging spectropolarimeter].

PubMed

Wang, Xin-quan; Xiangli, Bin; Huang, Min; Hu, Liang; Zhou, Jin-song; Jing, Juan-juan

2011-07-01

Imaging spectropolarimeter (ISP) is a type of novel photoelectric sensor which integrated the functions of imaging, spectrometry and polarimetry. In the present paper, the concept of the ISP is introduced, and the advances in ISP at home and abroad in recent years is reviewed. The principles of ISPs based on novel devices, such as acousto-optic tunable filter (AOTF) and liquid crystal tunable filter (LCTF), are illustrated. In addition, the principles of ISPs developed by adding polarized components to the dispersing-type imaging spectrometer, spatially modulated Fourier transform imaging spectrometer, and computer tomography imaging spectrometer are introduced. Moreover, the trends of ISP are discussed too.

X-ray simulation algorithms used in ISP

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Sullivan, John P.

ISP is a simulation code which is sometimes used in the USNDS program. ISP is maintained by Sandia National Lab. However, the X-ray simulation algorithm used by ISP was written by scientists at LANL – mainly by Ed Fenimore with some contributions from John Sullivan and George Neuschaefer and probably others. In email to John Sullivan on July 25, 2016, Jill Rivera, ISP project lead, said “ISP uses the function xdosemeters_sim from the xgen library.” The is a fortran subroutine which is also used to simulate the X-ray response in consim (a descendant of xgen). Therefore, no separate documentation ofmore » the X-ray simulation algorithms in ISP have been written – the documentation for the consim simulation can be used.« less

Evaluation of an interactive science publishing tool: toward enabling three-dimensional analysis of medical images.

PubMed

Rinewalt, Daniel; Williams, Betsy W; Reeves, Anthony P; Shah, Palmi; Hong, Edward; Mulshine, James L

2015-03-01

Higher resolution medical imaging platforms are rapidly emerging, but there is a challenge in applying these tools in a clinically meaningful way. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate a novel three-dimensional (3D) software imaging environment, known as interactive science publishing (ISP), in appraising 3D computed tomography images and to compare this approach with traditional planar (2D) imaging in a series of lung cancer cases. Twenty-four physician volunteers at different levels of training across multiple specialties were recruited to evaluate eight lung cancer-related clinical vignettes. The volunteers were asked to compare the performance of traditional 2D versus the ISP 3D imaging in assessing different visualization environments for diagnostic and measurement processes and to further evaluate the ISP tool in terms of general satisfaction, usability, and probable applicability. Volunteers were satisfied with both imaging methods; however, the 3D environment had significantly higher ratings. Measurement performance was comparable using both traditional 2D and 3D image evaluation. Physicians not trained in 2D measurement approaches versus those with such training demonstrated better performance with ISP and preferred working in the ISP environment. Recent postgraduates with only modest self-administered training performed equally well on 3D and 2D cases. This suggests that the 3D environment has no reduction in accuracy over the conventional 2D approach, while providing the advantage of a digital environment for cross-disciplinary interaction for shared problem solving. Exploration of more effective, efficient, self-directed training could potentially result in further improvement in image evaluation proficiency and potentially decrease training costs. Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The Effect of an Extended Wilderness Education Experience on Ill-Structured Problem-Solving Skill Development in Emerging Adult Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collins, Rachel H.

2014-01-01

In a society that is becoming more dynamic, complex, and diverse, the ability to solve ill-structured problems has become an increasingly critical skill. Emerging adults are at a critical life stage that is an ideal time to develop the skills needed to solve ill-structured problems (ISPs) as they are transitioning to adult roles and starting to…

77 FR 24985 - Importer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-26

... Registration; ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals By Notice dated October 8, 2010, and published in the Federal Register on October 20, 2010, 75 FR 64743, ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals, 238 South Main Street, Assonet... that the registration of ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals to import the basic class of controlled substance...

77 FR 64142 - Importer of Controlled Substances, Notice of Registration, ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-18

... Registration, ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals By Notice dated July 2, 2012, and published in the Federal Register on July 11, 2012, 77 FR 40910, ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals, 238 South Main Street, Assonet... that the registration of ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals to import the basic class of controlled substance...

IspE Inhibitors Identified by a Combination of In Silico and In Vitro High-Throughput Screening

PubMed Central

Tidten-Luksch, Naomi; Grimaldi, Raffaella; Torrie, Leah S.; Frearson, Julie A.; Hunter, William N.; Brenk, Ruth

2012-01-01

CDP-ME kinase (IspE) contributes to the non-mevalonate or deoxy-xylulose phosphate (DOXP) pathway for isoprenoid precursor biosynthesis found in many species of bacteria and apicomplexan parasites. IspE has been shown to be essential by genetic methods and since it is absent from humans it constitutes a promising target for antimicrobial drug development. Using in silico screening directed against the substrate binding site and in vitro high-throughput screening directed against both, the substrate and co-factor binding sites, non-substrate-like IspE inhibitors have been discovered and structure-activity relationships were derived. The best inhibitors in each series have high ligand efficiencies and favourable physico-chemical properties rendering them promising starting points for drug discovery. Putative binding modes of the ligands were suggested which are consistent with established structure-activity relationships. The applied screening methods were complementary in discovering hit compounds, and a comparison of both approaches highlights their strengths and weaknesses. It is noteworthy that compounds identified by virtual screening methods provided the controls for the biochemical screens. PMID:22563402

Effect of storage conditions on carbon-centered radicals in soy protein products.

PubMed

Boatright, William L; Lei, Qingxin; Shah Jahan, M

2009-09-09

Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the levels of carbon-centered radicals in retail samples of isolated soy protein (ISP), soy protein concentrate (SPC), and powdered soy milk were estimated to contain from 6.12 x 10(14) to 1.98 x 10(15) spins/g of soy product. Roasted soy nuts contained about 5.70 x 10(15) spins/g. The peak to peak line width of the carbon-centered radicals from soy nuts was about 10 gauss, whereas ISP samples with a similar peak height had a peak to peak line width of about 8 gauss. Retail snack bars containing ISP, SPC, and/or roasted soy nuts with a total protein content of either 13, 21, or 29% contained 5.32 x 10(14), 6.67 x 10(14), and 5.74 x 10(14) spins/g of snack bar, respectively. Levels of carbon-centered radicals in newly prepared samples of ISP were much lower than levels in the retail soy protein products and levels previously reported for commercial ISP and laboratory ISP samples. The levels of radicals in ISP samples increased over a 12-25 week period of storage in the dark at 22 degrees C and exposed to air from about 8.00 x 10(13) spins/g immediately after preparation to 9.95 x 10(14) spins/g of ISP. Storing the ISP samples under nitrogen at 22 degrees C greatly reduced the increase in radical content, whereas storing the ISP in 99.9% oxygen at 40 degrees C accelerated the formation of stable carbon-centered radicals. ISP samples hydrated at either 22 or 92 degrees C, rapidly frozen, and dried lost about 92% of the trapped radicals. The level of carbon-centered radicals in these same ISP samples immediately began to increase during subsequent storage exposed to the air and gradually returned to similar levels obtained before they were hydrated.

Cost-aware request routing in multi-geography cloud data centres using software-defined networking

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yuan, Haitao; Bi, Jing; Li, Bo Hu; Tan, Wei

2017-03-01

Current geographically distributed cloud data centres (CDCs) require gigantic energy and bandwidth costs to provide multiple cloud applications to users around the world. Previous studies only focus on energy cost minimisation in distributed CDCs. However, a CDC provider needs to deliver gigantic data between users and distributed CDCs through internet service providers (ISPs). Geographical diversity of bandwidth and energy costs brings a highly challenging problem of how to minimise the total cost of a CDC provider. With the recently emerging software-defined networking, we study the total cost minimisation problem for a CDC provider by exploiting geographical diversity of energy and bandwidth costs. We formulate the total cost minimisation problem as a mixed integer non-linear programming (MINLP). Then, we develop heuristic algorithms to solve the problem and to provide a cost-aware request routing for joint optimisation of the selection of ISPs and the number of servers in distributed CDCs. Besides, to tackle the dynamic workload in distributed CDCs, this article proposes a regression-based workload prediction method to obtain future incoming workload. Finally, this work evaluates the cost-aware request routing by trace-driven simulation and compares it with the existing approaches to demonstrate its effectiveness.

Gene expression analysis of disabled and re-induced isoprene emission by the tropical tree Ficus septica before and after cold ambient temperature exposure.

PubMed

Mutanda, Ishmael; Saitoh, Seikoh; Inafuku, Masashi; Aoyama, Hiroaki; Takamine, Tomonori; Satou, Kazuhito; Akutsu, Masako; Teruya, Kuniko; Tamotsu, Hinako; Shimoji, Makiko; Sunagawa, Haruki; Oku, Hirosuke

2016-07-01

Isoprene is the most abundant type of nonmethane, biogenic volatile organic compound in the atmosphere, and it is produced mainly by terrestrial plants. The tropical tree species Ficus septica Burm. F. (Rosales: Moraceae) has been shown to cease isoprene emissions when exposed to temperatures of 12 °C or lower and to re-induce isoprene synthesis upon subsequent exposure to temperatures of 30 °C or higher for 24 h. To elucidate the regulation of genes underlying the disabling and then induction of isoprene emission during acclimatization to ambient temperature, we conducted gene expression analyses of F. septica plants under changing temperature using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Transcription levels were analyzed for 17 genes that are involved in metabolic pathways potentially associated with isoprene biosynthesis, including isoprene synthase (ispS). The protein levels of ispS were also measured. Changes in transcription and protein levels of the ispS gene, but not in the other assessed genes, showed identical temporal patterns to isoprene emission capacity under the changing temperature regime. The ispS protein levels strongly and positively correlated with isoprene emission capacity (R(2) = 0.92). These results suggest that transcriptional regulation of ispS gave rise to the temporal variation in isoprene emission capacity in response to changing temperature. © The Author 2016. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.

The Inner Membrane Complex Sub-compartment Proteins Critical for Replication of the Apicomplexan Parasite Toxoplasma gondii Adopt a Pleckstrin Homology Fold*

PubMed Central

Tonkin, Michelle L.; Beck, Josh R.; Bradley, Peter J.; Boulanger, Martin J.

2014-01-01

Toxoplasma gondii, an apicomplexan parasite prevalent in developed nations, infects up to one-third of the human population. The success of this parasite depends on several unique structures including an inner membrane complex (IMC) that lines the interior of the plasma membrane and contains proteins important for gliding motility and replication. Of these proteins, the IMC sub-compartment proteins (ISPs) have recently been shown to play a role in asexual T. gondii daughter cell formation, yet the mechanism is unknown. Complicating mechanistic characterization of the ISPs is a lack of sequence identity with proteins of known structure or function. In support of elucidating the function of ISPs, we first determined the crystal structures of representative members TgISP1 and TgISP3 to a resolution of 2.10 and 2.32 Å, respectively. Structural analysis revealed that both ISPs adopt a pleckstrin homology fold often associated with phospholipid binding or protein-protein interactions. Substitution of basic for hydrophobic residues in the region that overlays with phospholipid binding in related pleckstrin homology domains, however, suggests that ISPs do not retain phospholipid binding activity. Consistent with this observation, biochemical assays revealed no phospholipid binding activity. Interestingly, mapping of conserved surface residues combined with crystal packing analysis indicates that TgISPs have functionally repurposed the phospholipid-binding site likely to coordinate protein partners. Recruitment of larger protein complexes may also be aided through avidity-enhanced interactions resulting from multimerization of the ISPs. Overall, we propose a model where TgISPs recruit protein partners to the IMC to ensure correct progression of daughter cell formation. PMID:24675080

Anatomy and relations of the infraspinatus and the teres minor muscles: a fresh cadaver dissection study.

PubMed

Bacle, Guillaume; Gregoire, Jean-Marc; Patat, Frédéric; Clavert, Philippe; de Pinieux, Gonzague; Laulan, Jacky; Lakhal, Walid; Favard, Luc

2017-02-01

Despite their functional importance, the infraspinatus (ISP) and teres minor (TM) muscles have been little investigated. This study aimed to describe the macroscopic morphology, innervation, and inter-relations of the ISP and TM muscles. Forty fresh cadaver dissections and histologic analysis were performed. Three groups of specimens were distinguished according to the rotator cuff tendon status: (1) intact rotator cuff; (2) supraspinatus tendon tears with intact ISP tendon; and (3) both supraspinatus and ISP tendons torn. Muscle fiber organization and muscle and tendon length were recorded. ISP and TM innervation and fiber structure were studied. ISP muscles were composed of three groups of fiber organized in two planes: two superficial groups, with mean pennation angles of, respectively, 27° ± 4° and 23° ± 3° with respect to the axis of the central tendon of the underlying group. TMs were thick fusiform muscles showing a parallel organization; 26 specimens (67 %) had aponeuroses isolating the TM, with a mean length of 5.2 ± 2.7 cm. Rotator cuff lesions were associated with relatively greater ISP tendon than muscle length. Innervation of the ISP muscle comprised 2-4 main branches from the suprascapular nerve and that of the TM 1 branch from the axillary nerve. ISP muscle body morphology derives from three groups of fibers in two planes. The TM has a parallel organization. Several nerve branches innervate the ISP muscle, whereas only one supplies the TM. The limits between the two muscles bodies consist of an aponeurotic fascia in two-thirds of cases.

Temporal and Spatial Evolution of Raised Intraspinal Pressure after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

PubMed

Khaing, Zin Z; Cates, Lindsay N; Fischedick, Amanda E; McClintic, Abbi M; Mourad, Pierre D; Hofstetter, Christoph P

2017-02-01

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent neurological impairment. Currently, the only clinically effective intervention for patients with acute SCI is surgical decompression by removal of impinging bone fragments within 24 h after injury. Recent clinical studies suggest that elevated intraparenchymal spinal pressure (ISP) limits functional recovery following SCI. Here, we report on the temporal and spatial patterns of elevated ISP following a moderate rodent contusion SCI. Compared with physiological ISP in the intact cord (2.7 ± 0.5 mm Hg), pressures increase threefold 30 min following injury (8.9 ± 1.1 mm Hg, p < 0.001) and remain elevated for up to 7 days (4.3 ± 0.8 mm Hg). Measurements of rostrocaudal ISP distribution reveal peak pressures in the injury center and in segments rostral to the injury during the acute phase(≤ 24 h). During the subacute phase(≥ 72 h), peak ISP decreases while a 7.5 mm long segment of moderately elevated ISP remains, centered on the initial contusion site. Interestingly, the contribution of the dural and pial compartments toward increased ISP changes with time after injury: Dural and pial linings contribute almost equally to increased ISP during the acute phase, whereas the dural lining is primarily responsible for elevated ISP during the subacute phase (78.9%). Our findings suggest that a rat contusion SCI model in combination with novel micro-catheters allows for direct measurement of ISP after SCI. Similarly to traumatic brain injury, raised tissue pressure is likely to have detrimental effects on spontaneous recovery following SCI.

On the Performance of Quorum Replication on the Internet

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-10-31

ISP in Cambridge, MA MA2 ISP in Cambridge, MA MA3 ISP in Martha’s Vineyard, MA MA4 ISP in Massachusetts, MA MD ISP in Laurel, MD MEX National...1523 171 96% 58% MA2 28% 742 1517 230 94% 59% NC 32% 465 616 255 90% 63% ISR2 3% 424 70 400 100% 97% UT1 27% 979 1847 189 96% 55% MA1 29% 645 712 238... MA2 UT2 UT1 CA1 AUS NC NZ TW KR CA2 CA3 Fig. 4. Our crumbling wall quorum system. of the first row are in North America. TW, which has lossy

Risk factors for isolated sleep paralysis in an African American sample: a preliminary study.

PubMed

Ramsawh, Holly J; Raffa, Susan D; White, Kamila S; Barlow, David H

2008-12-01

Isolated sleep paralysis (ISP) is a temporary period of involuntary immobility that can occur at sleep onset or offset. It has previously been reported in association with both panic disorder (PD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study examined the association between ISP and several possible risk factors--anxiety sensitivity, trauma exposure, life stress, and paranormal beliefs--in a sample of African American participants with and without a history of ISP. Significant between-group differences were found for PD and PTSD diagnoses, anxiety sensitivity, life stress, and certain aspects of paranormal belief, with the ISP group being higher on all of these indices. No differences were found with regard to trauma exposure. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that PD, anxiety sensitivity, and life stress each contributed unique variance to ISP cognitive symptoms, whereas PTSD and paranormal beliefs did not. These results provide preliminary support for an association between ISP and anxiety sensitivity and corroborate previous reports of ISP's association with PD and life stress. The current trauma/PTSD findings are mixed, however, and warrant future research.

Flow-graph approach for optical analysis of planar structures.

PubMed

Minkov, D

1994-11-20

The flow-graph approach (FGA) is applied to optical analysis of isotropic stratified planar structures (ISPS's) at inclined light incidence. Conditions for the presence of coherent and noncoherent light interaction within ISPS's are determined. Examples of the use of FGA for calculation of the transmission and the reflection of two-layer ISPS's for different types of light interaction are given. The advantages of the use of FGA for optical analysis of ISPS's are discussed.

Peering Strategic Game Models for Interdependent ISPs in Content Centric Internet

PubMed Central

Guan, Jianfeng; Xu, Changqiao; Su, Wei; Zhang, Hongke

2013-01-01

Emergent content-oriented networks prompt Internet service providers (ISPs) to evolve and take major responsibility for content delivery. Numerous content items and varying content popularities motivate interdependence between peering ISPs to elaborate their content caching and sharing strategies. In this paper, we propose the concept of peering for content exchange between interdependent ISPs in content centric Internet to minimize content delivery cost by a proper peering strategy. We model four peering strategic games to formulate four types of peering relationships between ISPs who are characterized by varying degrees of cooperative willingness from egoism to altruism and interconnected as profit-individuals or profit-coalition. Simulation results show the price of anarchy (PoA) and communication cost in the four games to validate that ISPs should decide their peering strategies by balancing intradomain content demand and interdomain peering relations for an optimal cost of content delivery. PMID:24381517

Peering strategic game models for interdependent ISPs in content centric Internet.

PubMed

Zhao, Jia; Guan, Jianfeng; Xu, Changqiao; Su, Wei; Zhang, Hongke

2013-01-01

Emergent content-oriented networks prompt Internet service providers (ISPs) to evolve and take major responsibility for content delivery. Numerous content items and varying content popularities motivate interdependence between peering ISPs to elaborate their content caching and sharing strategies. In this paper, we propose the concept of peering for content exchange between interdependent ISPs in content centric Internet to minimize content delivery cost by a proper peering strategy. We model four peering strategic games to formulate four types of peering relationships between ISPs who are characterized by varying degrees of cooperative willingness from egoism to altruism and interconnected as profit-individuals or profit-coalition. Simulation results show the price of anarchy (PoA) and communication cost in the four games to validate that ISPs should decide their peering strategies by balancing intradomain content demand and interdomain peering relations for an optimal cost of content delivery.

Brachytherapy with Intratumoral Injections of Radiometal-Labeled Polymers That Thermoresponsively Self-Aggregate in Tumor Tissues.

PubMed

Sano, Kohei; Kanada, Yuko; Kanazaki, Kengo; Ding, Ning; Ono, Masahiro; Saji, Hideo

2017-09-01

Brachytherapy is a type of radiotherapy wherein titanium capsules containing therapeutic radioisotopes are implanted within tumor tissues, enabling high-dose radioirradiation to tumor tissues around the seeds. Although marked therapeutic effects have been demonstrated, brachytherapy needs a complicated implantation technique under general anesthesia and the seeds could migrate to other organs. The aim of this study was to establish a novel brachytherapy using biocompatible, injectable thermoresponsive polymers (polyoxazoline [POZ]) labeled with 90 Y, which can self-aggregate above a specific transition temperature (Tt), resulting in long-term intratumoral retention of radioactivity and therapeutic effect. Therefore, we evaluated the tumor retention of radiolabeled POZ derivatives and their therapeutic effects. Methods: Using oxazoline derivatives with ethyl (Et), isopropyl (Isp), and propyl (Pr) side chains, we synthesized EtPOZ, IspPOZ, Isp-PrPOZ (heteropolymer), and PrPOZ and measured their characteristic Tts. The intratumoral retention of 111 In-labeled POZ was evaluated until 7 d after injection in nude mice bearing PC-3 human prostate cancer. The intratumoral localization of 111 In-labeled POZ derivatives was investigated by an autoradiographic study. Furthermore, a therapeutic study using 90 Y-labeled Isp-PrPOZ was performed, and tumor growth and survival rate were evaluated. Results: The Tts of EtPOZ, IspPOZ, Isp-PrPOZ, and PrPOZ (∼20 kDa) were greater than 70°C, 34°C, 25°C, and 19°C, respectively. In the intratumoral injection study, Isp-PrPOZ and PrPOZ (2,000 μM) with Tts lower than tumor temperature (33.5°C under anesthesia) showed a significantly higher retention of radioactivity at 1 d after injection (73.6% and 73.9%, respectively) than EtPOZ (5.6%) and IspPOZ (15.8%). Even at low injected dose (100 μM), Isp-PrPOZ exhibited high retention (68.3% at 1 d). The high level of radioactivity of Isp-PrPOZ was retained in the tumor 7 d after injection (69.5%). The autoradiographic study demonstrated that the radioactivity of 111 In-labeled Isp-PrPOZ and PrPOZ was localized in a small area. In the therapeutic study using 90 Y-labeled Isp-PrPOZ, significant suppression of tumor growth and prolonged survival rate were achieved in an injection dose-dependent manner compared with that observed for the vehicle-injected group and nonradioactive Isp-PrPOZ-injected group. Conclusion: The injectable 90 Y-labeled Isp-PrPOZ was retained for a prolonged period within tumor tissues via self-aggregation and exhibited marked therapeutic effect, suggesting its usefulness for brachytherapy. © 2017 by the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging.

Modulatory effects of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the ipsilateral silent period.

PubMed

Cincotta, M; Giovannelli, F; Borgheresi, A; Balestrieri, F; Zaccara, G; Inghilleri, M; Berardelli, A

2006-06-01

In healthy subjects, suprathreshold repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) at frequencies >2 Hz prolongs the cortical silent period (CSP) over the course of the train. This progressive lengthening probably reflects temporal summation of the inhibitory interneurons in the stimulated primary motor cortex (M1). In this study, we tested whether high-frequency rTMS also modulates the ipsilateral silent period (ISP). In nine normal subjects, suprathreshold 10-pulse rTMS trains were delivered to the right M1 at frequencies of 3, 5, and 10 Hz during maximal isometric contraction of both first dorsal interosseous muscles. At 10 Hz, the second pulse of the train increased the area of the ISP; the other stimuli did not increase it further. During rTMS at 3 and 5 Hz, the ISP remained significantly unchanged. Control experiments showed that 10-Hz rTMS delivered at subthreshold intensity also increased the ISP. rTMS over the hand motor area did not facilitate ISPs in the biceps muscles. Finally, rTMS-induced ISP facilitation did not outlast the 10-Hz rTMS train. These findings suggest that rTMS at a frequency of 10 Hz potentiates the interhemispheric inhibitory mechanisms responsible for the ISP, partly through temporal summation. The distinct changes in the ISP and CSP suggest that rTMS facilitates intrahemispheric and interhemispheric inhibitory phenomena through separate neural mechanisms. The ISP facilitation induced by high-frequency rTMS is a novel, promising tool to investigate pathophysiological abnormal interhemispheric inhibitory transfer in various neurological diseases.

In Planta Recapitulation of Isoprene Synthase Evolution from Ocimene Synthases

PubMed Central

Li, Mingai; Xu, Jia; Algarra Alarcon, Alberto; Carlin, Silvia; Barbaro, Enrico; Cappellin, Luca; Velikova, Violeta; Vrhovsek, Urska; Loreto, Francesco; Varotto, Claudio

2017-01-01

Abstract Isoprene is the most abundant biogenic volatile hydrocarbon compound naturally emitted by plants and plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry. It has been proposed that isoprene synthases (IspS) may readily evolve from other terpene synthases, but this hypothesis has not been experimentally investigated. We isolated and functionally validated in Arabidopsis the first isoprene synthase gene, AdoIspS, from a monocotyledonous species (Arundo donax L., Poaceae). Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that AdoIspS and dicots isoprene synthases most likely originated by parallel evolution from TPS-b monoterpene synthases. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated invivo the functional and evolutionary relevance of the residues considered diagnostic for IspS function. One of these positions was identified by saturating mutagenesis as a major determinant of substrate specificity in AdoIspS able to cause invivo a dramatic change in total volatile emission from hemi- to monoterpenes and supporting evolution of isoprene synthases from ocimene synthases. The mechanism responsible for IspS neofunctionalization by active site size modulation by a single amino acid mutation demonstrated in this study might be general, as the very same amino acidic position is implicated in the parallel evolution of different short-chain terpene synthases from both angiosperms and gymnosperms. Based on these results, we present a model reconciling in a unified conceptual framework the apparently contrasting patterns previously observed for isoprene synthase evolution in plants. These results indicate that parallel evolution may be driven by relatively simple biophysical constraints, and illustrate the intimate molecular evolutionary links between the structural and functional bases of traits with global relevance. PMID:28637270

Competition between isoprene emission and pigment synthesis during leaf development in aspen.

PubMed

Rasulov, Bahtijor; Bichele, Irina; Laisk, Agu; Niinemets, Ülo

2014-03-01

In growing leaves, lack of isoprene synthase (IspS) is considered responsible for delayed isoprene emission, but competition for dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP), the substrate for both isoprene synthesis and prenyltransferase reactions in photosynthetic pigment and phytohormone synthesis, can also play a role. We used a kinetic approach based on post-illumination isoprene decay and modelling DMADP consumption to estimate in vivo kinetic characteristics of IspS and prenyltransferase reactions, and to determine the share of DMADP use by different processes through leaf development in Populus tremula. Pigment synthesis rate was also estimated from pigment accumulation data and distribution of DMADP use from isoprene emission changes due to alendronate, a selective inhibitor of prenyltransferases. Development of photosynthetic activity and pigment synthesis occurred with the greatest rate in 1- to 5-day-old leaves when isoprene emission was absent. Isoprene emission commenced on days 5 and 6 and increased simultaneously with slowing down of pigment synthesis. In vivo Michaelis-Menten constant (Km ) values obtained were 265 nmol m(-2) (20 μm) for DMADP-consuming prenyltransferase reactions and 2560 nmol m(-2) (190 μm) for IspS. Thus, despite decelerating pigment synthesis reactions in maturing leaves, isoprene emission in young leaves was limited by both IspS activity and competition for DMADP by prenyltransferase reactions. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Hybrid protection algorithms based on game theory in multi-domain optical networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guo, Lei; Wu, Jingjing; Hou, Weigang; Liu, Yejun; Zhang, Lincong; Li, Hongming

2011-12-01

With the network size increasing, the optical backbone is divided into multiple domains and each domain has its own network operator and management policy. At the same time, the failures in optical network may lead to a huge data loss since each wavelength carries a lot of traffic. Therefore, the survivability in multi-domain optical network is very important. However, existing survivable algorithms can achieve only the unilateral optimization for profit of either users or network operators. Then, they cannot well find the double-win optimal solution with considering economic factors for both users and network operators. Thus, in this paper we develop the multi-domain network model with involving multiple Quality of Service (QoS) parameters. After presenting the link evaluation approach based on fuzzy mathematics, we propose the game model to find the optimal solution to maximize the user's utility, the network operator's utility, and the joint utility of user and network operator. Since the problem of finding double-win optimal solution is NP-complete, we propose two new hybrid protection algorithms, Intra-domain Sub-path Protection (ISP) algorithm and Inter-domain End-to-end Protection (IEP) algorithm. In ISP and IEP, the hybrid protection means that the intelligent algorithm based on Bacterial Colony Optimization (BCO) and the heuristic algorithm are used to solve the survivability in intra-domain routing and inter-domain routing, respectively. Simulation results show that ISP and IEP have the similar comprehensive utility. In addition, ISP has better resource utilization efficiency, lower blocking probability, and higher network operator's utility, while IEP has better user's utility.

A study of variable thrust, variable specific impulse trajectories for solar system exploration

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sakai, Tadashi

A study has been performed to determine the advantages and disadvantages of variable thrust and variable Isp (specific impulse) trajectories for solar system exploration. There have been several numerical research efforts for variable thrust, variable Isp, power-limited trajectory optimization problems. All of these results conclude that variable thrust, variable Isp (variable specific impulse, or VSI) engines are superior to constant thrust, constant Isp (constant specific impulse; or CSI) engines. However, most of these research efforts assume a mission from Earth to Mars, and some of them further assume that these planets are circular and coplanar. Hence they still lack the generality. This research has been conducted to answer the following questions: (1) Is a VSI engine always better than a CSI engine or a high thrust engine for any mission to any planet with any time of flight considering lower propellant mass as the sole criterion? (2) If a planetary swing-by is used for a VSI trajectory, is the fuel savings of a VSI swing-by trajectory better than that of a CSI swing-by or high thrust swing-by trajectory? To support this research, an unique, new computer-based interplanetary trajectory calculation program has been created. This program utilizes a calculus of variations algorithm to perform overall optimization of thrust, Isp, and thrust vector direction along a trajectory that minimizes fuel consumption for interplanetary travel. It is assumed that the propulsion system is power-limited, and thus the compromise between thrust and Isp is a variable to be optimized along the flight path. This program is capable of optimizing not only variable thrust trajectories but also constant thrust trajectories in 3-D space using a planetary ephemeris database. It is also capable of conducting planetary swing-bys. Using this program, various Earth-originating trajectories have been investigated and the optimized results have been compared to traditional CSI and high thrust trajectory solutions. Results show that VSI rocket engines reduce fuel requirements for any mission compared to CSI rocket engines. Fuel can be saved by applying swing-by maneuvers for VSI engines; but the effects of swing-bys due to VSI engines are smaller than that of CSI or high thrust engines.

Control Parameters Optimization Based on Co-Simulation of a Mechatronic System for an UA-Based Two-Axis Inertially Stabilized Platform.

PubMed

Zhou, Xiangyang; Zhao, Beilei; Gong, Guohao

2015-08-14

This paper presents a method based on co-simulation of a mechatronic system to optimize the control parameters of a two-axis inertially stabilized platform system (ISP) applied in an unmanned airship (UA), by which high control performance and reliability of the ISP system are achieved. First, a three-dimensional structural model of the ISP is built by using the three-dimensional parametric CAD software SOLIDWORKS(®); then, to analyze the system's kinematic and dynamic characteristics under operating conditions, dynamics modeling is conducted by using the multi-body dynamics software ADAMS™, thus the main dynamic parameters such as displacement, velocity, acceleration and reaction curve are obtained, respectively, through simulation analysis. Then, those dynamic parameters were input into the established MATLAB(®) SIMULINK(®) controller to simulate and test the performance of the control system. By these means, the ISP control parameters are optimized. To verify the methods, experiments were carried out by applying the optimized parameters to the control system of a two-axis ISP. The results show that the co-simulation by using virtual prototyping (VP) is effective to obtain optimized ISP control parameters, eventually leading to high ISP control performance.

Control Parameters Optimization Based on Co-Simulation of a Mechatronic System for an UA-Based Two-Axis Inertially Stabilized Platform

PubMed Central

Zhou, Xiangyang; Zhao, Beilei; Gong, Guohao

2015-01-01

This paper presents a method based on co-simulation of a mechatronic system to optimize the control parameters of a two-axis inertially stabilized platform system (ISP) applied in an unmanned airship (UA), by which high control performance and reliability of the ISP system are achieved. First, a three-dimensional structural model of the ISP is built by using the three-dimensional parametric CAD software SOLIDWORKS®; then, to analyze the system’s kinematic and dynamic characteristics under operating conditions, dynamics modeling is conducted by using the multi-body dynamics software ADAMS™, thus the main dynamic parameters such as displacement, velocity, acceleration and reaction curve are obtained, respectively, through simulation analysis. Then, those dynamic parameters were input into the established MATLAB® SIMULINK® controller to simulate and test the performance of the control system. By these means, the ISP control parameters are optimized. To verify the methods, experiments were carried out by applying the optimized parameters to the control system of a two-axis ISP. The results show that the co-simulation by using virtual prototyping (VP) is effective to obtain optimized ISP control parameters, eventually leading to high ISP control performance. PMID:26287210

In Planta Recapitulation of Isoprene Synthase Evolution from Ocimene Synthases.

PubMed

Li, Mingai; Xu, Jia; Algarra Alarcon, Alberto; Carlin, Silvia; Barbaro, Enrico; Cappellin, Luca; Velikova, Violeta; Vrhovsek, Urska; Loreto, Francesco; Varotto, Claudio

2017-10-01

Isoprene is the most abundant biogenic volatile hydrocarbon compound naturally emitted by plants and plays a major role in atmospheric chemistry. It has been proposed that isoprene synthases (IspS) may readily evolve from other terpene synthases, but this hypothesis has not been experimentally investigated. We isolated and functionally validated in Arabidopsis the first isoprene synthase gene, AdoIspS, from a monocotyledonous species (Arundo donax L., Poaceae). Phylogenetic reconstruction indicates that AdoIspS and dicots isoprene synthases most likely originated by parallel evolution from TPS-b monoterpene synthases. Site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated invivo the functional and evolutionary relevance of the residues considered diagnostic for IspS function. One of these positions was identified by saturating mutagenesis as a major determinant of substrate specificity in AdoIspS able to cause invivo a dramatic change in total volatile emission from hemi- to monoterpenes and supporting evolution of isoprene synthases from ocimene synthases. The mechanism responsible for IspS neofunctionalization by active site size modulation by a single amino acid mutation demonstrated in this study might be general, as the very same amino acidic position is implicated in the parallel evolution of different short-chain terpene synthases from both angiosperms and gymnosperms. Based on these results, we present a model reconciling in a unified conceptual framework the apparently contrasting patterns previously observed for isoprene synthase evolution in plants. These results indicate that parallel evolution may be driven by relatively simple biophysical constraints, and illustrate the intimate molecular evolutionary links between the structural and functional bases of traits with global relevance. © The Author 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

Effectiveness and acceptance of the intelligent speeding prediction system (ISPS).

PubMed

Zhao, Guozhen; Wu, Changxu

2013-03-01

The intelligent speeding prediction system (ISPS) is an in-vehicle speed assistance system developed to provide quantitative predictions of speeding. Although the ISPS's prediction of speeding has been validated, whether the ISPS can regulate a driver's speed behavior or whether a driver accepts the ISPS needs further investigation. Additionally, compared to the existing intelligent speed adaptation (ISA) system, whether the ISPS performs better in terms of reducing excessive speeds and improving driving safety needs more direct evidence. An experiment was conducted to assess and compare the effectiveness and acceptance of the ISPS and the ISA. We conducted a driving simulator study with 40 participants. System type served as a between-subjects variable with four levels: no speed assistance system, pre-warning system developed based on the ISPS, post-warning system ISA, and combined pre-warning and ISA system. Speeding criterion served as a within-subjects variable with two levels: lower (posted speed limit plus 1 mph) and higher (posted speed limit plus 5 mph) speed threshold. Several aspects of the participants' driving speed, speeding measures, lead vehicle response, and subjective measures were collected. Both pre-warning and combined systems led to greater minimum time-to-collision. The combined system resulted in slower driving speed, fewer speeding exceedances, shorter speeding duration, and smaller speeding magnitude. The results indicate that both pre-warning and combined systems have the potential to improve driving safety and performance. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Biochemical characterization of an isoprene synthase from Campylopus introflexus (heath star moss).

PubMed

Lantz, Alexandra T; Cardiello, Joseph F; Gee, Taylor A; Richards, Michaelin G; Rosenstiel, Todd N; Fisher, Alison J

2015-09-01

Each year, plants emit terragram quantities of the reactive hydrocarbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) into the earth's atmosphere. In isoprene-emitting plants, the enzyme isoprene synthase (ISPS) catalyzes the production of isoprene from the isoprenoid intermediate dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP). While isoprene is emitted from all major classes of land plants, to date ISPSs from angiosperms only have been characterized. Here, we report the identification and initial biochemical characterization of a DMADP-dependent ISPS from the isoprene-emitting bryophyte Campylopus introflexus (heath star moss). The partially-purified C. introflexus ISPS (CiISPS) exhibited a Km for DMADP of 0.37 ± 0.28 mM, a pH optimum of 8.6 ± 0.5, and a temperature optimum of 40 ± 3 °C in vitro. Like ISPSs from angiosperms, the CiISPS required the presence of a divalent cation. However, unlike angiosperm ISPSs, the CiISPS utilized Mn(2+) preferentially over Mg(2+). Efforts are currently underway in our laboratory to further purify the CiISPS and clone the cDNA sequence encoding this novel enzyme. Our discovery of the first bryophyte ISPS paves the way for future studies concerning the evolutionary origins of isoprene emission in land plants and may help generate new bryophyte model systems for physiological and biochemical research on plant isoprene function. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Temperature controls on the basal emission rate of isoprene in a tropical tree Ficus septica: exploring molecular regulatory mechanisms.

PubMed

Mutanda, Ishmael; Inafuku, Masashi; Saitoh, Seikoh; Iwasaki, Hironori; Fukuta, Masakazu; Watanabe, Keiichi; Oku, Hirosuke

2016-10-01

Isoprene emission from plants is very sensitive to environmental temperature both at short-term and long-term scales. Our previous study demonstrated suppression of isoprene emission by cold temperatures in a high emitting tropical tree Ficus septica and revealed a strong correlation of emission to isoprene synthase (IspS) protein levels. When challenged with decreasing daily temperatures from 30 to 12 °C, F. septica completely stopped isoprene emission at 12 °C, only to recover on the second day after re-exposure to 30 °C. Here, we explored this regulation of isoprene emission in response to environmental temperature by a comprehensive analysis of transcriptome data, gene expressions and metabolite pools of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. MEP pathway genes and metabolites dynamics did not support substrate-level limitations as major control over observed basal emission, but transcriptome data, network inferences and putative regulatory elements on IspS promoter suggested transcriptional regulation of IspS gene through circadian rhythm and phytohormone signalling processes. Expression levels of 29 genes involved in these pathways were examined by quantitative real-time PCR. We propose that temperature controls over basal isoprene emission at a time-scale of hours to few days are regulated by phytohormone-mediated transcriptional modulation of IspS gene under synchronization by the circadian clock. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Comparison between consecutive and intermittent steroid pulse therapy combined with tonsillectomy for clinical remission of IgA nephropathy.

PubMed

Kamei, Daigo; Moriyama, Takahito; Takei, Takashi; Wakai, Sachiko; Nitta, Kosaku

2014-04-01

In recent years, tonsillectomy and steroid pulse (TSP) therapy have been widely performed in Japan. However, there is no consensus about the treatment protocol and indication. In this retrospective analysis, we compared patients who received tonsillectomy plus intermittent steroid pulse (SP) therapy three times in 6 months (ISP group, n = 44) with patients who received tonsillectomy plus 3 weeks of consecutive SP therapy (CSP group, n = 46) within 1 year after renal biopsy. These two different protocols were performed at two different institutions. We analyzed the clinical and histological background and clinical remission (CR), defined as disappearance of urine abnormalities at 18 months after starting treatment. Before treatment, there was no significant difference in the clinical findings except for sex between the two groups. In ISP group and CSP group, mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 82.1 ± 20.9 and 85.9 ± 19.1 ml/min/1.73 m(2), median proteinuria was 0.55 and 0.56 g/day, and median urinary red blood cells were 20 (10-20) and 20 (6-30)/high power filed. The histological (H) grade was lower in the CSP than the ISP group (p = 0.022). The remission rate of proteinuria, hematuria, and rate of CR by the Kaplan-Meier method and logrank test were significantly higher in the CSP group than in the ISP group (CSP vs. ISP group; proteinuria: 97.8 vs. 77.3 %, p < 0.001, hematuria: 97.8 vs. 75.0 %, p = 0.005, CR: 95.6 vs. 63.6 %, p < 0.001). In the Cox proportional hazard model (forced entry), SP protocol and proteinuria before treatment were significantly associated with CR [SP protocol: hazard ratio (HR) 2.50, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.46-4.30, p = 0.001, proteinuria: HR 0.81, 95 % CI 0.68-0.96, p = 0.013)]. However H-grade was associated with remission of proteinuria (H-grade: hazard ratio (HR) 0.56, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.37-0.85, p = 0.006), and this result meant histological bias affected the remission of proteinuria. The difference of the protocol of TSP therapy may have some effect on the CR of IgAN, though the histological bias was observed in this study. The appropriate protocol and indication of TSP therapy must be analyzed and determined in the randomized controlled trial.

Assessing clinical competency in the health sciences

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Panzarella, Karen Joanne

To test the success of integrated curricula in schools of health sciences, meaningful measurements of student performance are required to assess clinical competency. This research project analyzed a new performance assessment tool, the Integrated Standardized Patient Examination (ISPE), for assessing clinical competency: specifically, to assess Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) students' clinical competence as the ability to integrate basic science knowledge with clinical communication skills. Thirty-four DPT students performed two ISPE cases, one of a patient who sustained a stroke and the other a patient with a herniated lumbar disc. Cases were portrayed by standardized patients (SPs) in a simulated clinical setting. Each case was scored by an expert evaluator in the exam room and then by one investigator and the students themselves via videotape. The SPs scored each student on an overall encounter rubric. Written feedback was obtained from all participants in the study. Acceptable reliability was demonstrated via inter-rater agreement as well as inter-rater correlations on items that used a dichotomous scale, whereas the items requiring the use of the 4-point rubric were somewhat less reliable. For the entire scale both cases had a significant correlation between the Expert-Investigator pair of raters, for the CVA case r = .547, p < .05 and for the HD case r = .700, p < .01. The SPs scored students higher than the other raters. Students' self-assessments were most closely aligned with the investigator. Effects were apparent due to case. Content validity was gathered in the process of developing cases and patient scenarios that were used in this study. Construct validity was obtained from the survey results analyzed from the experts and students. Future studies should examine the effect of rater training upon the reliability. Criterion or predictive validity could be further studied by comparing students' performances on the ISPE with other independent estimates of students' competence. The unique integration questions of the ISPE were judged to have good content validity from experts and students, suggestive that integration, a most crucial element of clinical competence, while done in the mind of the student, can be practiced, learned and assessed.

FilterGate, or Knowing What We're Walling In or Walling Out.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wolinsky, Art

2001-01-01

Discusses problems with Internet filtering when it results in erroneously blocked Web sites. Topics include the Children's Online Protection Act (CIPA); blocking all sites on an Internet Service Provider (ISP) through Round Robin DNS; blocking by URL or by IP number; and questioning the need for filters. (LRW)

Reliability of retrievable cemented implant-supported prostheses.

PubMed

Nissan, Joseph; Snir, David; Rosner, Ofir; Kolerman, Roni; Chaushu, Liat; Chaushu, Gavriel

2016-05-01

One of the disadvantages of a cemented implant restoration is the potential difficulty of retrieving it. The restoration may be destroyed during removal. The purpose of this retrospective clinical study was to assess the long-term survival rates of cemented posterior metal ceramic implant-supported prostheses (ISPs) with a metal screw access hole. During a 12-year period, 274 cemented ISPs with an abutment screw access hole in the metal framework were assessed and served as the study group, and 119 conventional cemented ISPs (without access hole) served as the control group. Participants were followed every 6 months in the first year and once a year subsequently. Ceramic fracture, screw loosening, and refabrication were the prosthetic outcome parameters evaluated at the recall. The Pearson Chi square and Fisher exact test were used to compare the outcome parameters between the control and study groups. A total of 1005 implants and 393 ISPs were evaluated. Ceramic fracture occurred in 6.6% of the ISPs (6.2% test and 7.6% control). Screw loosening occurred in 3.28% of the test group and 3.36% of the control group. Refabrication of ISPs was done in 2.79% of all restorations, (1.45% test and 6.72% control [P=.012]). Within the limits of this study, preparing cemented ISPs with a screw access hole in the metal framework improves ISP survival rates over time and lowers the cost of maintenance without increasing the risk for porcelain fracture or screw loosening. Copyright © 2016 Editorial Council for the Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

77 FR 24988 - Manufacturer of Controlled Substances; Notice of Registration; ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-04-26

...; Notice of Registration; ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals By Notice dated October 8, 2010, and published in the Federal Register on October 20, 2010, 75 FR 64746, ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals, 238 South Main Street... Fine Chemicals, to manufacture the listed basic classes of controlled substances is consistent with the...

International Sexual Partnerships May Be Shaped by Sexual Histories and Socioeconomic Status.

PubMed

Truong, Hong-Ha M; Mehrotra, Megha; Montoya, Orlando; Lama, Javier R; Guanira, Juan V; Casapía, Martín; Veloso, Valdiléa G; Buchbinder, Susan P; Mayer, Kenneth H; Chariyalertsak, Suwat; Schechter, Mauro; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Kallás, Esper G; Grant, Robert M

2017-05-01

Exchange sex and higher education were associated with an increased likelihood of international sexual partnerships (ISPs). Exchange sex and older age were associated with an increased likelihood of condomless sex in ISPs. Educational and socioeconomic factors may create unbalanced power dynamics that influence exchange sex and condomless sex in ISPs.

The Early Development of the Interpersonal System of Personality (ISP)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

LaForge, Rolfe

2004-01-01

This note sketches aspects of the development of the Interpersonal System of Personality (ISP), using information appearing in dissertations, theses, notes, correspondence, and publications prior to the classic 1951 paper by M. B. Freedman, T. F. Leary, A. G. Ossorio, and H. S. Coffey. Topics include the setting and the creation of the ISP, the…

International Sexual Partnerships May Be Shaped by Sexual Histories and Socioeconomic Status

PubMed Central

Truong, Hong-Ha M.; Mehrotra, Megha; Montoya, Orlando; Lama, Javier R.; Guanira, Juan V.; Casapía, Martín; Veloso, Valdiléa G.; Buchbinder, Susan P.; Mayer, Kenneth H.; Chariyalertsak, Suwat; Schechter, Mauro; Bekker, Linda-Gail; Kallás, Esper G.; Grant, Robert M.

2017-01-01

Exchange sex and higher education were associated with an increased likelihood of international sexual partnerships (ISPs). Exchange sex and older age were associated with an increased likelihood of condomless sex in ISPs. Educational and socioeconomic factors may create unbalanced power dynamics that influence exchange sex and condomless sex in ISPs. PMID:28407648

Arthroscopic Repair of Massive Cuff Tears With Large Subscapularis Tendon Ruptures (Lafosse III/IV): A Prospective Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Controlled Case Series of 26 Cases With a Minimum Follow-up of 1 Year.

PubMed

Grueninger, Patrick; Nikolic, Nikola; Schneider, Joerg; Lattmann, Thomas; Platz, Andreas; Chmiel, Corinne; Meier, Christoph

2015-11-01

To prospectively assess arthroscopic repair of massive cuff tears (MCT) in a highly selective patient group with large subscapularis (SSC) tendon tears by means of clinical results and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. Between April 2009 and December 2010, 26 patients with MCT were treated with arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Only lesions involving a large tear of the SSC tendon (Lafosse III or IV) in combination with a complete tear of the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon and a tear of at least the anterior third of the infraspinatus (ISP) tendon were included. Minimum follow-up was 1 year. Pre- and postoperative assessment included a standardized clinical examination, subjective patient outcome, and MRI (structural integrity, fatty muscle infiltration, and muscular mass). Mean follow-up was 17 months (range, 12 to 34 months). MRI was performed in 25 patients. In 21 (84%) the cuff repair was intact. A partial retear of the SSC was found in 2 patients (8%). In 2 patients (8%) a full-thickness retear of the posterosuperior cuff was observed (1 SSP, 1 SSP/ISP). A significant increase of the muscle mass and decrease of fatty infiltration was observed for the SSC and SSP but not for the ISP. The mean Constant-Murley score improved from 36 to 86 points (P < .001) with all its subscores as well (P < .001). Muscular strength improved for the SSC (4.9 v 3.0, P < .001), SSP (4.6 v 2.9, P < .001), and ISP (4.8 v 3.4, P < .001). Overall patient satisfaction was high (3.6 ± 0.8). Arthroscopic repair of MCT involving the ISP, SSP, and large tears of the SSC provides a reliable tendon healing, in particular for the SSC tendon, combined with good functional results. Level IV, therapeutic case series. Copyright © 2015 Arthroscopy Association of North America. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In-situ polymerisation of fully bioresorbable polycaprolactone/phosphate glass fibre composites: In vitro degradation and mechanical properties.

PubMed

Chen, Menghao; Parsons, Andrew J; Felfel, Reda M; Rudd, Christopher D; Irvine, Derek J; Ahmed, Ifty

2016-06-01

Fully bioresorbable composites have been investigated in order to replace metal implant plates used for hard tissue repair. Retention of the composite mechanical properties within a physiological environment has been shown to be significantly affected due to loss of the integrity of the fibre/matrix interface. This study investigated phosphate based glass fibre (PGF) reinforced polycaprolactone (PCL) composites with 20%, 35% and 50% fibre volume fractions (Vf) manufactured via an in-situ polymerisation (ISP) process and a conventional laminate stacking (LS) followed by compression moulding. Reinforcing efficiency between the LS and ISP manufacturing process was compared, and the ISP composites revealed significant improvements in mechanical properties when compared to LS composites. The degradation profiles and mechanical properties were monitored in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at 37°C for 28 days. ISP composites revealed significantly less media uptake and mass loss (p<0.001) throughout the degradation period. The initial flexural properties of ISP composites were substantially higher (p<0.0001) than those of the LS composites, which showed that the ISP manufacturing process provided a significantly enhanced reinforcement effect than the LS process. During the degradation study, statistically higher flexural property retention profiles were also seen for the ISP composites compared to LS composites. SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces for the LS composites revealed dry fibre bundles and poor fibre dispersion with polymer rich zones, which indicated poor interfacial bonding, distribution and adhesion. In contrast, evenly distributed fibres without dry fibre bundles or polymer rich zones, were clearly observed for the ISP composite samples, which showed that a superior fibre/matrix interface was achieved with highly improved adhesion. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tether mutations that restore function and suppress pleiotropic phenotypes of the C. elegans isp-1(qm150) Rieske iron–sulfur protein

PubMed Central

Jafari, Gholamali; Wasko, Brian M.; Tonge, Ashley; Schurman, Nathan; Dong, Cindy; Li, Zhongyu; Peters, Rebecca; Kayser, Ernst-Bernhard; Pitt, Jason N.; Morgan, Phil G.; Sedensky, Margaret M.; Crofts, Antony R.; Kaeberlein, Matt

2015-01-01

Mitochondria play an important role in numerous diseases as well as normative aging. Severe reduction in mitochondrial function contributes to childhood disorders such as Leigh Syndrome, whereas mild disruption can extend the lifespan of model organisms. The Caenorhabditis elegans isp-1 gene encodes the Rieske iron–sulfur protein subunit of cytochrome c oxidoreductase (complex III of the electron transport chain). The partial loss of function allele, isp-1(qm150), leads to several pleiotropic phenotypes. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of ISP-1 function, we sought to identify genetic suppressors of the delayed development of isp-1(qm150) animals. Here we report a series of intragenic suppressors, all located within a highly conserved six amino acid tether region of ISP-1. These intragenic mutations suppress all of the evaluated isp-1(qm150) phenotypes, including developmental rate, pharyngeal pumping rate, brood size, body movement, activation of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response reporter, CO2 production, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, and lifespan extension. Furthermore, analogous mutations show a similar effect when engineered into the budding yeast Rieske iron–sulfur protein Rip1, revealing remarkable conservation of the structure–function relationship of these residues across highly divergent species. The focus on a single subunit as causal both in generation and in suppression of diverse pleiotropic phenotypes points to a common underlying molecular mechanism, for which we propose a “spring-loaded” model. These observations provide insights into how gating and control processes influence the function of ISP-1 in mediating pleiotropic phenotypes including developmental rate, movement, sensitivity to stress, and longevity. PMID:26504246

Use of an isoelectric solubilization/precipitation process to modify the functional properties of PSE (pale, soft, exudative)-like chicken meat protein: A mechanistic approach.

PubMed

Zhao, Xue; Bai, Yun; Xing, Tong; Xu, Xing-Lian; Zhou, Guanghong

2018-05-15

The functionality of pale, soft, exudative (PSE)-like chicken protein was improved by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) treatment. PSE-like chicken proteins were solubilized at an acidic pH 3.5 or an alkaline pH 11.0, followed by precipitating at pH 5.5 and 6.2. PSE-like meat paste was treated as control (CON). Precipitated at pH 6.2 led to a more elastic gel than at pH 5.5. Water distribution of ISP-isolated protein was affected by precipitation pH. More tryptophan residues exposed and -SH was partially oxidized to disulfide bond after ISP treatment, which led to large aggregates formation and higher viscosity of ISP isolated proteins than of CON. Absolute zeta potential of alkali-treated protein was higher than other counterparts, indicating stronger electric repulsion. ISP treatments could convert α-helix structure to relatively irregular structures. Overall, solubilizing at pH 11.0, combined with a precipitation pH 6.2 ISP treatment offers a potential for enhanced functionality of PSE-like chicken protein. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Production of intracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharides from thin stillage by Cordyceps sinensis and its bioactivities.

PubMed

Yang, Shengli; Zhang, Hui

2016-01-01

Thin stillage was used as the substrate to produce intracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharides (ISPS) from Cordyceps sinensis to increase the value of agricultural coproducts. Fermentation parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to improve the production of ISPS. Then, the effects of ISPS on the antioxidant activities in vitro, as well as the glycosylated serum protein concentration, malondialdehyde level, and total antioxidant capacity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. The optimized conditions were as follows: sodium selenite concentration, 33.78 µg/L; incubation time, 8.24 days; and incubation temperature, 26.69°C. A maximum yield of 197.35 mg/g ISPS was obtained from the validation experiments, which was quite close to the predicted maximum yield of 198.6839 mg/g. FT-IR spectra indicated that ISPS has been successfully selenylation modified with similar structure to polysaccharide of intracellular polysaccharides. The in vitro scavenging effects of 1.0 mg/mL ISPS on hydroxyl, superoxide, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 74.62±4.05, 71.45±3.63, and 79.48±4.75%, respectively. The reducing power of ISPS was 0.45±0.01 (absorbance at 700 nm). Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated serum protein of group C (rats with diabetes that received drinking water with ISPS) were significantly lower than those of group B (rats with diabetes) (P<0.01) after treatment was administered for 2 and 4 weeks. Serum malonaldehyde content of group C was significantly lower than that of group B at 4 weeks (P<0.01). At 4 weeks, malonaldehyde contents in heart, liver, and kidney tissues of group C were significantly lower than those of group B; however, malonaldehyde content in pancreas tissue of group C was not significantly different. Total antioxidant capacities in liver, pancreas and kidney tissues of group C were significantly higher than those of group B, but total antioxidant capacity in heart tissue was not significantly different. Serum total antioxidant capacity was also increased compared with that of group B. The result of these experiments indicated that RSM is a promising method for the optimization of ISPS production, and the ISPS of C. sinensis can reduce blood glucose level and improve antioxidant capacity of rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin.

Production of intracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharides from thin stillage by Cordyceps sinensis and its bioactivities

PubMed Central

Yang, Shengli; Zhang, Hui

2016-01-01

Background Thin stillage was used as the substrate to produce intracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharides (ISPS) from Cordyceps sinensis to increase the value of agricultural coproducts. Methods Fermentation parameters were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) to improve the production of ISPS. Then, the effects of ISPS on the antioxidant activities in vitro, as well as the glycosylated serum protein concentration, malondialdehyde level, and total antioxidant capacity of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were studied. Results The optimized conditions were as follows: sodium selenite concentration, 33.78 µg/L; incubation time, 8.24 days; and incubation temperature, 26.69°C. A maximum yield of 197.35 mg/g ISPS was obtained from the validation experiments, which was quite close to the predicted maximum yield of 198.6839 mg/g. FT-IR spectra indicated that ISPS has been successfully selenylation modified with similar structure to polysaccharide of intracellular polysaccharides. The in vitro scavenging effects of 1.0 mg/mL ISPS on hydroxyl, superoxide, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals were 74.62±4.05, 71.45±3.63, and 79.48±4.75%, respectively. The reducing power of ISPS was 0.45±0.01 (absorbance at 700 nm). Fasting blood glucose and glycosylated serum protein of group C (rats with diabetes that received drinking water with ISPS) were significantly lower than those of group B (rats with diabetes) (P<0.01) after treatment was administered for 2 and 4 weeks. Serum malonaldehyde content of group C was significantly lower than that of group B at 4 weeks (P<0.01). At 4 weeks, malonaldehyde contents in heart, liver, and kidney tissues of group C were significantly lower than those of group B; however, malonaldehyde content in pancreas tissue of group C was not significantly different. Total antioxidant capacities in liver, pancreas and kidney tissues of group C were significantly higher than those of group B, but total antioxidant capacity in heart tissue was not significantly different. Serum total antioxidant capacity was also increased compared with that of group B. Conclusion The result of these experiments indicated that RSM is a promising method for the optimization of ISPS production, and the ISPS of C. sinensis can reduce blood glucose level and improve antioxidant capacity of rats with diabetes induced by streptozotocin. PMID:26837497

75 FR 75761 - Water Quality Standards for the State of Florida's Lakes and Flowing Waters

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-12-06

... widespread, persistent, and growing problem. Nitrogen/phosphorus pollution in fresh water systems can... Florida's regulated drinking water systems and a 10 mg/L criteria for nitrate in Class I waters. FDEP..., kidney, and central nervous system problems. 44 45 \\44\\ USEPA. 2009. National Primary Drinking Water...

Identification of unknown spatial load distributions in a vibrating Euler-Bernoulli beam from limited measured data

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hasanov, Alemdar; Kawano, Alexandre

2016-05-01

Two types of inverse source problems of identifying asynchronously distributed spatial loads governed by the Euler-Bernoulli beam equation ρ (x){w}{tt}+μ (x){w}t+{({EI}(x){w}{xx})}{xx}-{T}r{u}{xx}={\\sum }m=1M{g}m(t){f}m(x), (x,t)\\in {{{Ω }}}T := (0,l)× (0,T), with hinged-clamped ends (w(0,t)={w}{xx}(0,t)=0,w(l,t) = {w}x(l,t)=0,t\\in (0,T)), are studied. Here {g}m(t) are linearly independent functions, describing an asynchronous temporal loading, and {f}m(x) are the spatial load distributions. In the first identification problem the values {ν }k(t),k=\\bar{1,K}, of the deflection w(x,t), are assumed to be known, as measured output data, in a neighbourhood of the finite set of points P:= \\{{x}k\\in (0,l),k=\\bar{1,K}\\}\\subset (0,l), corresponding to the internal points of a continuous beam, for all t\\in ]0,T[. In the second identification problem the values {θ }k(t),k=\\bar{1,K}, of the slope {w}x(x,t), are assumed to be known, as measured output data in a neighbourhood of the same set of points P for all t\\in ]0,T[. These inverse source problems will be defined subsequently as the problems ISP1 and ISP2. The general purpose of this study is to develop mathematical concepts and tools that are capable of providing effective numerical algorithms for the numerical solution of the considered class of inverse problems. Note that both measured output data {ν }k(t) and {θ }k(t) contain random noise. In the first part of the study we prove that each measured output data {ν }k(t) and {θ }k(t),k=\\bar{1,K} can uniquely determine the unknown functions {f}m\\in {H}-1(]0,l[),m=\\bar{1,M}. In the second part of the study we will introduce the input-output operators {{ K }}d :{L}2(0,T)\\mapsto {L}2(0,T),({{ K }}df)(t):= w(x,t;f),x\\in P, f(x) := ({f}1(x),\\ldots ,{f}M(x)), and {{ K }}s :{L}2(0,T)\\mapsto {L}2(0,T), ({{ K }}sf)(t):= {w}x(x,t;f), x\\in P , corresponding to the problems ISP1 and ISP2, and then reformulate these problems as the operator equations: {{ K }}df=ν and {{ K }}sf=θ , where ν (t):= ({ν }1(t),\\ldots ,{ν }K(t)) and {θ }k(t):= ({θ }1(t),\\ldots ,{θ }K(t)). Since both measured output data contain random noise, we use the most prominent regularisation method, Tikhonov regularisation, introducing the regularised cost functionals {J}1α (f):= (1/2)\\parallel {{ K }}df-ν {\\parallel }{L2(0,T)}2+(1/2)α \\parallel f{\\parallel }{L2(0,T)}2 and {J}2α (f):= (1/2)\\parallel {{ K }}sf-θ {\\parallel }{L2(0,T)}2+(1/2)α \\parallel f{\\parallel }{L2(0,T)}2. Using a priori estimates for the weak solution of the direct problem and the Tikhonov regularisation method combined with the adjoint problem approach, we prove that the Fréchet gradients {J}1\\prime (f) and {J}2\\prime (f) of both cost functionals can explicitly be derived via the corresponding weak solutions of adjoint problems and the known temporal loads {g}m(t). Moreover, we show that these gradients are Lipschitz continuous, which allows the use of gradient type iteration convergent algorithms. Two applications of the proposed theory are presented. It is shown that solvability results for inverse source problems related to the synchronous loading case, with a single interior measured data, are special cases of the obtained results for asynchronously distributed spatial load cases.

Efforts to increase social contact in persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities: Analysing individual support plans in the Netherlands.

PubMed

Kamstra, Aafke; van der Putten, Annette Aj; Vlaskamp, Carla

2017-06-01

Most people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) have limited social contact and it is unclear what is done to maintain or increase these contacts. Individual support planning (ISP) can be used in the systematic enhancement of social contacts. This study analyses the content of ISPs with respect to the social contacts of people with PIMD. ISPs for 60 persons with PIMD in the Netherlands were inductively coded and illustrated with quotations. It turned out that every ISP contained information about social contacts. Of all the quotations extracted, 71.2% were about current conditions, 6.2% were about the future and less than 1% concerned actual goals. The social contacts of people with PIMD are mentioned in their ISPs, but this is rarely translated into goals. The results of the current study suggest that attention should be paid to ensuring that professionals understand the importance of social contacts and their application in practice.

Cytidine derivatives as IspF inhibitors of Burkolderia pseudomallei

PubMed Central

Zhang, Zheng; Jakkaraju, Sriram; Blain, Joy; Gogol, Kenneth; Zhao, Lei; Hartley, Robert C.; Karlsson, Courtney A.; Staker, Bart L.; Stewart, Lance J.; Myler, Peter J.; Clare, Michael; Begley, Darren W.; Horn, James R.; Hagen, Timothy J

2013-01-01

Published biological data suggest that the methyl erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, a non-mevalonate isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, is essential for certain bacteria and other infectious disease organisms. One highly conserved enzyme in the MEP pathway is 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF). Fragment-bound complexes of IspF from Burkholderia pseudomallei were used to design and synthesize a series of molecules linking the cytidine moiety to different zinc pocket fragment binders. Testing by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) found one molecule in the series to possess binding affinity equal to that of cytidine diphosphate, despite lacking any metal-coordinating phosphate groups. Close inspection of the SPR data suggest different binding stoichiometries between IspF and test compounds. Crystallographic analysis shows important variations between the binding mode of one synthesized compound and the pose of the bound fragment from which it was designed. The binding modes of these molecules add to our structural knowledge base for IspF and suggest future refinements in this compound series. PMID:24157367

In-Space Propulsion: Where We Stand and What's Next

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sackheim, Robert L.

2003-01-01

The focus of this paper will be on the three stages of in-space transportation propulsion systems, now commonly referred to as in-space propulsion (ISP); i.e., the transfer of payloads from low-Earth orbits into higher orbits or into trajectories for planetary encounters, including planetary landers and sample return launchers, if required. Functions required at the operational location where ISP must provide thrust for orbit include maintenance, position control, stationkeeping, and spacecraft altitude control; i.e., proper pointing and dynamic stability in inertial space; and the third function set to enable operations at various planetary locations, such as atmospheric entry and capture, descent to the surface and ascent, back to rendezvous orbit. The discussion will concentrate on where ISP stands today and some observations of what might be next in line for new ISP technologies and systems for near-term and future flight applications. The architectural choices that are applicable for ISP will also be described and discussed in detail.

Liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry of beta-carotene and xanthophylls. Validation of the analytical method.

PubMed

Careri, M; Elviri, L; Mangia, A

1999-08-27

The investigation of beta-carotene and the xanthophylls beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin using reversed-phase liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry interfaced with TurboIonspray (LC-TurboISP-MS) is described. Two narrow-bore C18 columns connected in series and an isocratic solvent system containing acetonitrile-methanol (0.1 M ammonium acetate)-dichloromethane at a flow-rate of 300 microl/min (without splitting) were used. Operating in the positive-ion mode over m/z 500-650, the effects on the formation of the molecular ion species or adduct ions and the MS detector response were investigated for carotenoids, varying the orifice plate voltage, the ring voltage and the ISP voltage. Both conventional ISP and TurboISP were performed; using the TurboISP-MS system, ionization efficiency increased with respect to ISP-MS, particularly at the highest temperature (500 degrees C). Good results were particularly obtained for beta-carotene, which was detectable at the low ng level, without the use of solution-phase oxidants. Using LC columns and acquiring in single-ion monitoring mode, detection limits were estimated to be in the 0.1-1 ng range; dynamic range was established between one- and two-orders of magnitude. Better sensitivity under positive-ion than negative-ion conditions was demonstrated.

Utilizing a Dynamical Description of IspH to Aid in the Development of Novel Antimicrobial Drugs

PubMed Central

Blachly, Patrick G.; de Oliveira, César A. F.; Williams, Sarah L.; McCammon, J. Andrew

2013-01-01

The nonmevalonate pathway is responsible for isoprenoid production in microbes, including H. pylori, M. tuberculosis and P. falciparum, but is nonexistent in humans, thus providing a desirable route for antibacterial and antimalarial drug discovery. We coordinate a structural study of IspH, a [4Fe-4S] protein responsible for converting HMBPP to IPP and DMAPP in the ultimate step in the nonmevalonate pathway. By performing accelerated molecular dynamics simulations on both substrate-free and HMBPP-bound [Fe4S4]2+ IspH, we elucidate how substrate binding alters the dynamics of the protein. Using principal component analysis, we note that while substrate-free IspH samples various open and closed conformations, the closed conformation observed experimentally for HMBPP-bound IspH is inaccessible in the absence of HMBPP. In contrast, simulations with HMBPP bound are restricted from accessing the open states sampled by the substrate-free simulations. Further investigation of the substrate-free simulations reveals large fluctuations in the HMBPP binding pocket, as well as allosteric pocket openings – both of which are achieved through the hinge motions of the individual domains in IspH. Coupling these findings with solvent mapping and various structural analyses reveals alternative druggable sites that may be exploited in future drug design efforts. PMID:24367248

Two unexpected promiscuous activities of the iron-sulfur protein IspH in production of isoprene and isoamylene.

PubMed

Ge, Deyong; Xue, Yanfen; Ma, Yanhe

2016-05-11

Bacillus species, possessing the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway for the synthesis of isoprenoid feedstock, are the highest producers of isoprene among bacteria; however, the enzyme responsible for isoprene synthesis has not been identified. The iron-sulfur protein IspH is the final enzyme of the MEP pathway and catalyses the reductive dehydration of (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-butenyl diphosphate (HMBPP) to form isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). In this study, we demonstrated two unexpected promiscuous activities of IspH from alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. N16-5, which can produce high levels of isoprene. Bacillus sp. N16-5 IspH could catalyse the formation of isoprene from HMBPP and the conversion of DMAPP into a mixture of 2-methyl-2-butene and 3-methyl-1-butene. Both reactions require an electron transfer system, such as that used for HMBPP dehydration. Isoprene and isoamylene synthesis in Bacillus sp. N16-5 was investigated and the reaction system was reconstituted in vitro, including IspH, ferredoxin and ferredoxin-NADP(+)-reductase proteins and NADPH. The roles of specific IspH protein residues were also investigated by site-directed mutagenesis experiments; two variants (H131N and E133Q) were found to have lost the HMBPP reductase activity but could still catalyse the formation of isoprene. Overexpression of IspH H131N in Bacillus sp. N16-5 resulted in a twofold enhancement of isoprene production, and the yield of isoprene from the strain expressing E133Q was increased 300% compared with the wild-type strain. IspH from Bacillus sp. N16-5 is a promiscuous enzyme that can catalyse formation of isoprene and isoamylene. This enzyme, especially the H131N and E133Q variants, could be used for the production of isoprene from HMBPP.

Engineering isoprene synthesis in cyanobacteria.

PubMed

Chaves, Julie E; Melis, Anastasios

2018-04-24

The renewable production of isoprene (Isp) hydrocarbons, to serve as fuel and synthetic chemistry feedstock, has attracted interest in the field recently. Isp (C 5 H 8 ) is naturally produced from sunlight, CO 2 and H 2 O photosynthetically in terrestrial plant chloroplasts via the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway and emitted in the atmosphere as a response to heat stress. Efforts to institute a high capacity continuous and renewable process have included heterologous expression of the Isp synthesis pathway in photosynthetic microorganisms. This review examines the premise and promise emanating from this relatively new research effort. Also examined are the metabolic engineering approaches applied in the quest of renewable Isp hydrocarbons production, the progress achieved so far, and barriers encountered along the way. © 2018 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

New Homogeneous Standards by Atomic Layer Deposition for Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence and Absorption Spectroscopies.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Butterworth, A.L.; Becker, N.; Gainsforth, Z.

2012-03-13

Quantification of synchrotron XRF analyses is typically done through comparisons with measurements on the NIST SRM 1832/1833 thin film standards. Unfortunately, these standards are inhomogeneous on small scales at the tens of percent level. We are synthesizing new homogeneous multilayer standards using the Atomic Layer Deposition technique and characterizing them using multiple analytical methods, including ellipsometry, Rutherford Back Scattering at Evans Analytical, Synchrotron X-ray Fluorescence (SXRF) at Advanced Photon Source (APS) Beamline 13-ID, Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) at Advanced Light Source (ALS) Beamlines 11.0.2 and 5.3.2.1 and by electron microscopy techniques. Our motivation for developing much-needed cross-calibration of synchrotronmore » techniques is borne from coordinated analyses of particles captured in the aerogel of the NASA Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector (SIDC). The Stardust Interstellar Dust Preliminary Examination (ISPE) team have characterized three sub-nanogram, {approx}1{micro}m-sized fragments considered as candidates to be the first contemporary interstellar dust ever collected, based on their chemistries and trajectories. The candidates were analyzed in small wedges of aerogel in which they were extracted from the larger collector, using high sensitivity, high spatial resolution >3 keV synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (SXRF) and <2 keV synchrotron x-ray transmission microscopy (STXM) during Stardust ISPE. The ISPE synchrotron techniques have complementary capabilities. Hard X-ray SXRF is sensitive to sub-fg mass of elements Z {ge} 20 (calcium) and has a spatial resolution as low as 90nm. X-ray Diffraction data were collected simultaneously with SXRF data. Soft X-ray STXM at ALS beamline 11.0.2 can detect fg-mass of most elements, including cosmochemically important oxygen, magnesium, aluminum and silicon, which are invisible to SXRF in this application. ALS beamline 11.0.2 has spatial resolution better than 25 nm. Limiting factors for Stardust STXM analyses were self-imposed limits of photon dose due to radiation damage concerns, and significant attenuation of <1500 eV X-rays by {approx}80{micro}m thick, {approx}25 mg/cm{sup 3} density silica aerogel capture medium. In practice, the ISPE team characterized the major, light elements using STXM (O, Mg, Al, Si) and the heavier minor and trace elements using SXRF. The two data sets overlapped only with minor Fe and Ni ({approx}1% mass abundance), providing few quantitative cross-checks. New improved standards for cross calibration are essential for consortium-based analyses of Stardust interstellar and cometary particles, IDPs. Indeed, they have far reaching application across the whole synchrotron-based analytical community. We have synthesized three ALD multilayers simultaneously on silicon nitride membranes and silicon and characterized them using RBS (on Si), XRF (on Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}) and STXM/XAS (holey Si{sub 3}N{sub 4}). The systems we have started to work with are Al-Zn-Fe and Y-Mg-Er. We have found these ALD multi-layers to be uniform at {micro}m- to nm scales, and have found excellent consistency between four analytical techniques so far. The ALD films can also be used as a standard for e-beam instruments, eg., TEM EELS or EDX. After some early issues with the consistency of coatings to the back-side of the membrane windows, we are confident to be able to show multi-analytical agreement to within 10%. As the precision improves, we can use the new standards to verify or improve the tabulated cross-sections.« less

[Frontal symptoms, self-perceived stress, and subjective memory complaints in substance abusers].

PubMed

Terán-Mendoza, Oscar; Sira-Ramos, Diayanny; Guerrero-Alcedo, Jesús; Arroyo-Alvarado, Daniela

2016-04-01

Substance addiction is a public health problem considering that every day increases the number of individuals with problem drug use, in this sense it is interesting the study of neuropsychological variables to understand the nature of addiction, understanding that brain circuits are involved in the establishment, maintenance and rehabilitation of the same. To determine the influence of addiction on the frontal symptoms, self-perceived stress and subjective memory complaints, secondly, to analyze how these variables relate to people with addictions and finally, establish differences in them between addicts with and without subjective memory complaints. ISP, EEP-14 and MFE-30 instruments were applied to a sample of 115 substance abusers, and 115 people from non-clinical population, matched for age, sex and educational level. Significant differences are evident between addicted to substances and non-clinical subjects in the emotional scale ISP and MFE-30, also in the clinical sample highly significant correlations between all scales are observed; Finally, among people with addictions who reported memory complaints and those who do not, significant differences are evident on all scales except for the self-perceived stress. It is considered necessary to take into account the levels of self-perceived stress, frontal symptoms and subjective memory complaints in substance abusers, because the executive, attentional and mnemonic problems may affect several variables in the process of treatment and rehabilitation.

Extreme elevation of intrasellar pressure in patients with pituitary tumor apoplexy: relation to pituitary function.

PubMed

Zayour, Dany H; Selman, Warren R; Arafah, Baha M

2004-11-01

The dominant mechanism for hypopituitarism and hyperprolactinemia commonly observed in patients with pituitary macroadenomas was postulated to be increased intrasellar pressure (ISP) caused by the slow and gradual expansion of adenomas within the sella turcica. Hemorrhagic infarction of adenomas (pituitary tumor apoplexy) is associated with a rapid, rather than gradual, increase in intrasellar contents. The impacts of the sudden increase in intrasellar contents on ISP and pituitary function are unknown. ISP and pituitary function were determined in 13 patients with pituitary tumor apoplexy who had surgical decompression within 1 wk of symptoms' onset. ISP measurements were remarkably high (median, 47 mm Hg), whereas serum prolactin (PRL) concentrations were generally low (median, 3.5 microg/liter). There was an inverse correlation (r = -0.76; P < 0.01) between ISP measurements and serum PRL concentrations. Postoperatively, partial recovery or maintenance of pituitary function was noted in seven of 13 patients. These seven patients had higher (P = 0.013) serum PRL levels (9.3 +/- 7.4 microg/liter) and lower (P < 0.001) ISP measurements (35.9 +/- 7.3 mm Hg) than the respective values in the remaining six with persistent postoperative hypopituitarism (1.6 +/- 0.6 microg/liter and 55.9 +/- 2.4 mm Hg, respectively). The low serum PRL levels in patients with tumor apoplexy suggested that ischemic necrosis of the anterior pituitary resulting from sudden and extreme elevation of ISP was commonly observed in this setting. A normal or elevated serum PRL level in patients with non-PRL-secreting macroadenomas indicates the presence of viable pituitary cells and the high likelihood of postoperative recovery of pituitary function.

Effect of Piper betle on cardiac function, marker enzymes, and oxidative stress in isoproterenol-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

PubMed

Arya, Dharamvir Singh; Arora, Sachin; Malik, Salma; Nepal, Saroj; Kumari, Santosh; Ojha, Shreesh

2010-11-01

The present study was designed to investigate the cardioprotective potential of Piper betle (P. betle) against isoproterenol (ISP)-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Rats were randomly divided into eight groups viz. control, ISP, P. betle (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) and P. betle (75, 150, and 300 mg/kg) + ISP treated group. P. betle leaf extract (75, 150, or 300 mg/kg) or saline was orally administered for 30 days. ISP (85 mg/kg, s.c.) was administered at an interval of 24 h on the 28(th) and 29(th) day and on day 30 the functional and biochemical parameters were measured. ISP administration showed a significant decrease in systolic, diastolic, mean arterial pressure (SAP, DAP, MAP), heart rate (HR), contractility (+LVdP/dt), and relaxation (-LVdP/dt) and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). ISP also caused significant decrease in myocardial antioxidants; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and myocyte injury marker enzymes; creatine phosphokinase-MB (CK-MB) isoenzyme and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) along with enhanced lipid peroxidation; thiobarbituric acid reacting species (TBARS) in heart. Pre-treatment with P. betle favorably modulated hemodynamic (SAP, DAP, and MAP) and ventricular function parameters (-LVdP/dt and LVEDP). P. betle pre-treatment also restored SOD, CAT, GSH, and GPx, reduced the leakage of CK-MB isoenzyme and LDH along with decreased lipid peroxidation in the heart. Taken together, the biochemical and functional parameters indicate that P. betle 150 and 300 mg/kg has a significant cardioprotective effect against ISP-induced myocardial infarction. Results of the present study suggest the cardioprotective potential of P. betle.

Uncoupling of oxidative stress resistance and lifespan in long-lived isp-1 mitochondrial mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PubMed

Dues, Dylan J; Schaar, Claire E; Johnson, Benjamin K; Bowman, Megan J; Winn, Mary E; Senchuk, Megan M; Van Raamsdonk, Jeremy M

2017-07-01

Mutations affecting components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain have been shown to increase lifespan in multiple species including the worm Caenorhabditis elegans. While it was originally proposed that decreased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting from lower rates of electron transport could account for the observed increase in lifespan, recent evidence indicates that ROS levels are increased in at least some of these long-lived mitochondrial mutants. Here, we show that the long-lived mitochondrial mutant isp-1 worms have increased resistance to oxidative stress. Our results suggest that elevated ROS levels in isp-1 worms cause the activation of multiple stress-response pathways including the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, the SKN-1-mediated stress response, and the hypoxia response. In addition, these worms have increased expression of specific antioxidant enzymes, including a marked upregulation of the inducible superoxide dismutase genes sod-3 and sod-5. Examining the contribution of sod-3 and sod-5 to the oxidative stress resistance in isp-1 worms revealed that loss of either of these genes increased resistance to oxidative stress, but not other forms of stress. Deletion of sod-3 or sod-5 decreased the lifespan of isp-1 worms and further exacerbated their slow physiologic rates. Thus, while deletion of sod-3 and sod-5 genes has little impact on stress resistance, physiologic rates or lifespan in wild-type worms, these genes are required for the longevity of isp-1 worms. Overall, this work shows that the increased resistance to oxidative stress in isp-1 worms does not account for their longevity, and that resistance to oxidative stress can be experimentally dissociated from lifespan. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Segment coupling and coordination variability analyses of the roundhouse kick in taekwondo relative to the initial stance position.

PubMed

Estevan, Isaac; Freedman Silvernail, Julia; Jandacka, Daniel; Falco, Coral

2016-09-01

The initial stance position (ISP) has been observed as a factor affecting the execution technique during taekwondo kicks. In the present study, authors aimed to analyse a roundhouse kick to the chest by measuring movement coordination and the variability of coordination and comparing this across the different ISP (0°, 45° and 90°). Eight experienced taekwondo athletes performed consecutive kicking trials in random order from every of the three relative positions. The execution was divided into three phases (stance, first swing and second swing phase). A motion capture system was used to measure athletes' angular displacement of pelvis and thigh. A modified vector coding technique was used to quantify the coordination of the segments which contributed to the overall movement. The variability of this coordination (CV) for each ISP was also calculated. Comparative analysis showed that during the stance phase in the transverse plane, athletes coordinated movement of the trunk and thigh with a higher frequency of in-phase and lower frequency of exclusive thigh rotation in the 0° stance than the 90° stance position (P < 0.05). CV was also influenced by the different ISP. During the first swing and the majority of the second swing phase, predominant in-phase coordination of the pelvis and thigh was observed. Including exercises that require in-phase movement could not only help athletes to acquire coordination stability but also efficiency. The existence of a constraint such as ISP implies an increase of the variability when the athletes have to kick from ISP they are not used to adopt (i.e., 0° and 90° ISP) as an evidence of adaptability in the athletes' execution technique.

The Effectiveness of Intravenous Parecoxib on the Incidence of Ipsilateral Shoulder Pain After Thoracotomy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Pipanmekaporn, Tanyong; Punjasawadwong, Yodying; Charuluxananan, Somrat; Lapisatepun, Worawut; Bunburaphong, Pavena; Boonsri, Settapong; Tantraworasin, Apichat; Bunchungmongkol, Nutchanart

2018-02-01

To determine the incidence of ipsilateral shoulder pain (ISP) with the therapeutic use of parecoxib compared with a placebo after thoracotomy. A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. A tertiary-care university hospital. Adult patients undergoing an elective thoracotomy between June 2011 and February 2015. Patients were allocated randomly into the parecoxib group (n = 80) and the control group (n = 80). In the parecoxib group, 40 mg of parecoxib was diluted into 2 mL and given intravenously 30 minutes before surgery and then every 12 hours postoperatively for 48 hours. In the control group, 2 mL of normal saline was given to the patients at the same intervals. A numerical rating scale was used to assess the intensity of ISP at 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after surgery. Intravenous morphine (0.05 mg/kg) was used as the rescue medication for ISP during the 96-hour period. Baseline characteristics of patients in both groups were comparable. Patients in the parecoxib group had a significantly lower incidence of ISP, both overall (42.5% v 62.0%, p = 0.014) and of moderate-to-severe ISP when compared with the control group (26.2% v 49.4%, p = 0.003). Parecoxib reduced the risk of ISP by a statistically significant 32% (risk ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.93, p = 0.016). There were no significant differences in the occurrence of adverse effects between the groups. Intravenous parecoxib significantly can reduce the incidence and severity of ISP after thoracotomy. Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Enhanced performance of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway by manipulation of redox reactions relevant to IspC, IspG, and IspH.

PubMed

Zhou, Jia; Yang, Liyang; Wang, Chonglong; Choi, Eui-Sung; Kim, Seon-Won

2017-04-20

The 2C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway is a carbon-efficient route for synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), the building blocks of isoprenoids. However, practical application of a native or recombinant MEP pathway for the mass production of isoprenoids in Escherichia coli has been unsatisfactory. In this study, the entire recombinant MEP pathway was established with plasmids and used for the production of an isoprenoid, protoilludene. E. coli harboring the recombinant MEP pathway plasmid (ME) and a protoilludene synthesis pathway plasmid (AO) produced 10.4mg/L of protoilludene after 48h of culture. To determine the rate-limiting gene on plasmid ME, each constituent gene of the MEP pathway was additionally overexpressed on the plasmid AO. The additional overexpression of IPP isomerase (IDI) enhanced protoilludene production to 67.4mg/L. Overexpression of the Fpr and FldA protein complex, which could mediate electron transfer from NADPH to Fe-S cluster proteins such as IspG and IspH of the MEP pathway, increased protoilludene production to 318.8mg/L. Given that it is required for IspC as well as IspG/H, the MEP pathway has high demand for NADPH. To increase the supply of NADPH, a NADH kinase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (tPos5p) that converts NADH to NADPH was introduced along with the deletion of a promiscuous NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase (YjgB) that consumes NADPH. This resulted in a protoilludene production of 512.7mg/L. The results indicate that IDI, Fpr-FldA redox proteins, and NADPH regenerators are key engineering points for boosting the metabolic flux toward a recombinant MEP pathway. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Phenotypic characterization of xpr, a global regulator of extracellular virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Smeltzer, M. S.; Hart, M. E.; Iandolo, J. J.; Spooner, B. S. (Principal Investigator)

1993-01-01

We recently described a Tn551 insertion in the chromosome of Staphylococcus aureus S6C that resulted in drastically reduced expression of extracellular lipase (M. S. Smeltzer, S. R. Gill, and J. J. Iandolo, J. Bacteriol. 174:4000-4006, 1992). The insertion was localized to a chromosomal site (designated omega 1058) distinct from the lipase structural gene (geh) and the accessory gene regulator (agr), both of which were structurally intact in the lipase-negative (Lip-) mutants. In this report, we describe a phenotypic comparison between strains S6C, a hyperproducer of enterotoxin B; KSI9051, a derivative of S6C carrying the Tn551 insertion at omega 1058; ISP546, an 8325-4 strain that carries a Tn551 insertion in the agr locus; and ISP479C, the parent strain of ISP546 cured of the Tn551 delivery plasmid pI258repA36. Compared with their respective parent strains, ISP546 and KSI9051 produced greatly reduced amounts of lipase, alpha-toxin, delta-toxin, protease, and nuclease. KSI9051 also produced reduced amounts of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Coagulase production was increased in ISP546 but not in KSI9051. Using a mouse model, we also demonstrated that ISP546 and KSI9051 were far less virulent than ISP479C and S6C. We have designated the genetic element defined by the Tn551 insertion at omega 1058 xpr to denote its role as a regulator of extracellular protein synthesis. We conclude that xpr and agr are similar and possibly interactive regulatory genes that play an important role in pathogenesis of staphylococcal disease.

Practical Formal Verification of MPI and Thread Programs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Gopalakrishnan, Ganesh; Kirby, Robert M.

Large-scale simulation codes in science and engineering are written using the Message Passing Interface (MPI). Shared memory threads are widely used directly, or to implement higher level programming abstractions. Traditional debugging methods for MPI or thread programs are incapable of providing useful formal guarantees about coverage. They get bogged down in the sheer number of interleavings (schedules), often missing shallow bugs. In this tutorial we will introduce two practical formal verification tools: ISP (for MPI C programs) and Inspect (for Pthread C programs). Unlike other formal verification tools, ISP and Inspect run directly on user source codes (much like a debugger). They pursue only the relevant set of process interleavings, using our own customized Dynamic Partial Order Reduction algorithms. For a given test harness, DPOR allows these tools to guarantee the absence of deadlocks, instrumented MPI object leaks and communication races (using ISP), and shared memory races (using Inspect). ISP and Inspect have been used to verify large pieces of code: in excess of 10,000 lines of MPI/C for ISP in under 5 seconds, and about 5,000 lines of Pthread/C code in a few hours (and much faster with the use of a cluster or by exploiting special cases such as symmetry) for Inspect. We will also demonstrate the Microsoft Visual Studio and Eclipse Parallel Tools Platform integrations of ISP (these will be available on the LiveCD).

A structure-based approach to ligand discovery for 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase: a target for antimicrobial therapy.

PubMed

Ramsden, Nicola L; Buetow, Lori; Dawson, Alice; Kemp, Lauris A; Ulaganathan, Venkatsubramanian; Brenk, Ruth; Klebe, Gerhard; Hunter, William N

2009-04-23

The nonmevalonate route to isoprenoid biosynthesis is essential in Gram-negative bacteria and apicomplexan parasites. The enzymes of this pathway are absent from mammals, contributing to their appeal as chemotherapeutic targets. One enzyme, 2C-methyl-d-erythritol-2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase (IspF), has been validated as a target by genetic approaches in bacteria. Virtual screening against Escherichia coli IspF (EcIspF) was performed by combining a hierarchical filtering methodology with molecular docking. Docked compounds were inspected and 10 selected for experimental validation. A surface plasmon resonance assay was developed and two weak ligands identified. Crystal structures of EcIspF complexes were determined to support rational ligand development. Cytosine analogues and Zn(2+)-binding moieties were characterized. One of the putative Zn(2+)-binding compounds gave the lowest measured K(D) to date (1.92 +/- 0.18 muM). These data provide a framework for the development of IspF inhibitors to generate lead compounds of therapeutic potential against microbial pathogens.

Isoelectric solubilization/precipitation as a means to recover protein isolate from striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and its physicochemical properties in a nutraceutical seafood product.

PubMed

Tahergorabi, Reza; Beamer, Sarah K; Matak, Kristen E; Jaczynski, Jacek

2012-06-13

Excessive dietary intake of Na (i.e., NaCl) contributes to hypertension, which is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Normally, NaOH and HCl are used to dissolve and precipitate, respectively, fish muscle proteins in isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP), therefore contributing to increased Na content in the recovered fish protein isolates (FPI). Substitution of NaOH with KOH may decrease the Na content in FPI and, thus, allow development of reduced-Na seafood products. In this study, FPI was recovered with ISP using NaOH or KOH. In order to develop a nutraceutical seafood product, the FPI was extracted with NaCl or KCl-based salt substitute and subjected to cold- or heat-gelation. In addition, standard nutraceutical additives (ω-3 fatty acids-rich oil and dietary fiber) along with titanium dioxide (TiO2) were added to FPI. Color, texture, dynamic rheology, Na and K content, and lipid oxidation of the FPI gels were compared to commercial Alaska pollock surimi gels. FPI gels had greater (p < 0.05) whiteness, good color properties (L*a*b*), and generally better textural properties when compared to surimi gels. Although the ISP-recovered FPI and surimi developed similar final gel elasticity, the proteins in FPI and surimi had different gelation pattern. A reduction (p < 0.05) of Na content and simultaneous increase (p < 0.05) in K content of FPI gels was achieved by the substitution of NaOH with KOH during ISP and NaCl with the KCl-based salt substitute during formulation of the FPI paste. Although cooking and addition of NaCl during formulation of the FPI paste increased (p < 0.05) lipid oxidation in FPI gels, TBARS values were much below rancidity levels. These results indicate that KOH can replace NaOH to recover FPI from whole gutted fish for subsequent development of nutraceutical seafood products tailored for reduction of diet-driven cardiovascular disease.

Evaluating Common Privacy Vulnerabilities in Internet Service Providers

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kotzanikolaou, Panayiotis; Maniatis, Sotirios; Nikolouzou, Eugenia; Stathopoulos, Vassilios

Privacy in electronic communications receives increased attention in both research and industry forums, stemming from both the users' needs and from legal and regulatory requirements in national or international context. Privacy in internet-based communications heavily relies on the level of security of the Internet Service Providers (ISPs), as well as on the security awareness of the end users. This paper discusses the role of the ISP in the privacy of the communications. Based on real security audits performed in national-wide ISPs, we illustrate privacy-specific threats and vulnerabilities that many providers fail to address when implementing their security policies. We subsequently provide and discuss specific security measures that the ISPs can implement, in order to fine-tune their security policies in the context of privacy protection.

EMACS Manual for ITS Users

DTIC Science & Technology

1980-06-08

its piovible major modes. ’Ilu: majur modes available include Fundamnentai mode. Text mntde (which IiNIACS %tarts out in). Iisp motJe. PASCAl. nmide...are ini Atom Word mode and in I isp mode, all thie word commands iegard an entire iIsp atom as a single %%ord. See section 22.1 Jklimom Modesi. page...MACS will necr refumse to insert themn. While this feature was intended primaril i foir iIsp . it can be used just ais Well for any other langumage

An Examination of Cleaning and Gas Freeing Costs of Oil Tankers in Government Service

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-03-01

showing age and wear as exhibited by pervasive rust and peeling of tank coatings. (The author observed at least two different color coatings in...quality and environmental directives. MSC Sealift Class tankers, in particular, are showing their age as evidenced by the declining material condition of...acII5 gs aIIc se e.lleSais4% a a t soo • s a s* f *b Ill lb.a a 4 Ioll IC * I°assl aO~ at 1.1.o Mo eill, a, 44. ft sall ages e gg@i sae $"ef ispe Oe? s

PREFACE: International Symposium on Physical Sciences in Space

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Meyer, Andreas; Egry, Ivan

2011-12-01

ISPS is the major international scientific forum for researchers in physics utilizing the space environment, in particular microgravity. It is intended to inspire and encourage cross-cutting discussions between different scientific communities working in the same environment. Contributions discussing results of experiments carried out on drop towers, parabolic aircraft flights, sounding rockets, unmanned recoverable capsules and, last but not least, the International Space Station ISS, are the backbone of this conference series, complemented by preparatory ground-based work, both experimentally and theoretically. The first International Symposium on Physical Sciences in Space (ISPS) sponsored by the International Microgravity Strategic Planning Group (IMSPG) took place in 2000 in Sorrento, Italy. IMSPG seeks to coordinate the planning of space for research in physical sciences by space agencies worldwide. AEB (Brazil), ASI (Italy), CNES (France), CSA (Canada), DLR (Germany), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), NASA (USA), NSAU (Ukraine) and RSA (Russia) are members, and CNSA (China) and ISRO (India) are also invited to join IMSPG meetings. ISPS-4 was the fourth symposium in that series, following ISPS-2 organized by CSA in 2004 in Toronto, Canada, and ISPS-3 organized in 2007 by JAXA in Nara, Japan. ISPS-4 was jointly organized by ESA and DLR on behalf of the IMSPG and was held in Bonn from 11-15 July 2011. 230 participants from 17 different countries attended ISPS-4. Recent microgravity experiments were presented, analysed, and set in context to results from Earth bound experiments in 16 plenary and 68 topical talks. Lively discussions continued during two dedicated poster sessions and at the exhibition booths of space industry and research centers with new flight hardware on display. The oral presentations at ISPS4 were selected exclusively on the basis of scientific merit, as evidenced through the submitted abstracts. The selection was performed by the International Scientific Program Committee. It is our pleasure to thank the members of this committee for their excellent support in setting up a high-quality, well-balanced program. We also thank our sponsors, the German Aerospace Center and the European Space Agency, the Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie (German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology), the ZARM Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity as well as our industrial sponsors EADS-Astrium and Kayser-Threde, for their generous contributions. Our special thanks go to the authors and reviewers of the papers in these proceedings. Together we were able to realize up-to-date, peer reviewed conference proceedings, containing new and original data. Thanks to their efforts and that of the IOP Publishing staff, we succeeded in publishing the proceedings within six months of the conference. We are confident that this collection of papers will provide a useful reference for all workers in the field. Andreas Meyer and Ivan Egry Chairmen ISPS-4 Institute of Materials Physics in Space German Aerospace Center, Cologne Conference photograph Opening ceremony Professor Dr Andreas Meyer, Chairman ISPS 4, Professor Dr Johann-Dietrich Wörner, CEO DLR, and Dr Martin Zell, Head of ESA ISS Utilisation (left to right), at the opening ceremony of ISPS-4.

Interplay of Collective Excitations in Quantum Well Intersubband Resonances

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Li, Jian-Zhong; Ning, C. Z.

2003-01-01

Intersubband resonances in a semiconductor quantum well (QW) display some of the most fascinating features involving various collective excitations such as Fermi-edge singularity (FES) and intersubband plasmon (ISP). Using a density matrix approach, we treated many-body effects such as depolarization, vertex correction, and self-energy consistently for a two-subband system. We found a systematic change in resonance spectra from FES-dominated to ISP-dominated features, as QW- width or electron density is varied. Such an interplay between FES and ISP significantly changes both line shape and peak position of the absorption spectrum. In particular, we found that a cancellation of FES and ISP undresses the resonant responses and recovers the single-particle features of absorption for semiconductors with a strong nonparabolicity such as InAs, leading to a dramatic broadening of the absorption spectrum.

In-Space Propulsion Program Overview and Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wercinski, Paul F.; Johnson, Les; Baggett, Randy M.

2003-01-01

NASA's In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Program is designed to develop advanced propulsion technologies that can enable or greatly enhance near and mid-term NASA science missions by significantly reducing cost, mass, and/or travel times. These technologies include: Solar Electric Propulsion, Aerocapture, Solar Sails, Momentum Exchange Tethers, Plasma Sails and other technologies such as Advanced Chemical Propulsion. The ISP Program intends to develop cost-effective propulsion technologies that will provide a broad spectrum of mission possibilities, enabling NASA to send vehicles on longer, more useful voyages and in many cases to destinations that were previously unreachable using conventional means. The ISP approach to identifying and prioritizing these most promising technologies is to use mission and system analysis and subsequent peer review. The ISP program seeks to develop technologies under consideration to Technology Readiness Level (TRL) -6 for incorporation into mission planning within 3-5 years of initiation. The NASA TRL 6 represents a level where a technology is ready for system level demonstration in a relevant environment, usually a space environment. In addition, maximum use of open competition is encouraged to seek optimum solutions under ISP. Several NASA Research Announcements (NRA's) have been released asking industry, academia and other organizations to propose propulsion technologies designed to improve our ability to conduct scientific study of the outer planets and beyond. The ISP Program is managed by NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science and implemented by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

An Overview Of NASA's Solar Sail Propulsion Project

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Garbe, Gregory; Montgomery, Edward E., IV

2003-01-01

Research conducted by the In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Technologies Projects is at the forefront of NASA's efforts to mature propulsion technologies that will enable or enhance a variety of space science missions. The ISP Program is developing technologies from a Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of 3 through TRL 6. Activities under the different technology areas are selected through the NASA Research Announcement (NRA) process. The ISP Program goal is to mature a suite of reliable advanced propulsion technologies that will promote more cost efficient missions through the reduction of interplanetary mission trip time, increased scientific payload mass fraction, and allowing for longer on-station operations. These propulsion technologies will also enable missions with previously inaccessible orbits (e.g., non-Keplerian, high solar latitudes). The ISP Program technology suite has been prioritized by an agency wide study. Solar Sail propulsion is one of ISP's three high-priority technology areas. Solar sail propulsion systems will be required to meet the challenge of monitoring and predicting space weather by the Office of Space Science s (OSS) Living with a Star (LWS) program. Near-to-mid-term mission needs include monitoring of solar activity and observations at high solar latitudes. Near-term work funded by the ISP solar sail propulsion project is centered around the quantitative demonstration of scalability of present solar sail subsystem designs and concepts to future mission requirements through ground testing, computer modeling and analytical simulations. This talk will review the solar sail technology roadmap, current funded technology development work, future funding opportunities, and mission applications.

Spectroscopic and Computational Investigations of Ligand Binding to IspH: Discovery of Non-diphosphate Inhibitors

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

O'Dowd, Bing; Williams, Sarah; Wang, Hongxin

Isoprenoid biosynthesis is an important area for anti-infective drug development. One isoprenoid target described is (E)-1-hydroxy-2-methyl-but-2-enyl 4-diphosphate (HMBPP) reductase (IspH), which forms isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate from HMBPP in a 2H + /2e - reduction. IspH contains a 4 Fe-4 S cluster, and in this work, we first investigated how small molecules bound to the cluster by using HYSCORE and NRVS spectroscopies. The results of these, as well as other structural and spectroscopic investigations, led to the conclusion that, in most cases, ligands bound to IspH 4 Fe-4 S clusters by η 1 coordination, forming tetrahedral geometries at themore » unique fourth Fe, ligand side chains preventing further ligand (e.g., H 2 O, O 2 ) binding. Based on these ideas, we used in silico methods to find drug-like inhibitors that might occupy the HMBPP substrate binding pocket and bind to Fe, leading to the discovery of a barbituric acid analogue with a K i value of ≈500 nm against Pseudomonas aeruginosa IspH.« less

Performance assessment of low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerrish, H. P., Jr.; Doughty, G. E.

1993-01-01

A low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion (LPNTP) system, which takes advantage of hydrogen dissociation/recombination, was proposed as a means of increasing engine specific impulse (Isp). The effect of hydrogen dissociation/recombination on LPNTP Isp is examined. A two-dimensional computer model was used to show that the optimum chamber pressure is approximately 100 psia (at a chamber temperature of 3,000 K), with an Isp approximately 15 s higher than at 1,000 psia. At high chamber temperatures and low chamber pressures, the increase in Isp is due to both lower average molecular weights caused by dissociation and added kinetic energy from monatomic hydrogen recombination. Monatomic hydrogen recombination increases the Isp more then hydrogen dissociation. Variations in the mole fraction of monatomic hydrogen are similar to variations in static pressure along the axial nozzle position. Most recombination occurs close to the nozzle throat. Practical variations in nozzle geometry have minimal impact on recombination. Other models which can simulate a wider range of nozzle designs should be used in the future. The uncertainty of the hydrogen kinetic reaction rates at high temperatures (approximately 3,000 K) affects the accuracy of the analysis and should be verified with simple bench tests.

Propulsion and Power Generation Capabilities of a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) Fusion System for Future Military Aerospace Vehicles

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Knecht, Sean D.; Thomas, Robert E.; Mead, Franklin B.; Miley, George H.; Froning, David

2006-01-01

The objective of this study was to perform a parametric evaluation of the performance and interface characteristics of a dense plasma focus (DPF) fusion system in support of a USAF advanced military aerospace vehicle concept study. This vehicle is an aerospace plane that combines clean ``aneutronic'' dense plasma focus (DPF) fusion power and propulsion technology, with advanced ``lifting body''-like airframe configurations utilizing air-breathing MHD propulsion and power technology within a reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle. The applied approach was to evaluate the fusion system details (geometry, power, T/W, system mass, etc.) of a baseline p-11B DPF propulsion device with Q = 3.0 and thruster efficiency, ɛprop = 90% for a range of thrust, Isp and capacitor specific energy values. The baseline details were then kept constant and the values of Q and ɛprop were varied to evaluate excess power generation for communication systems, pulsed-train plasmoid weapons, ultrahigh-power lasers, and gravity devices. Thrust values were varied between 100 kN and 1,000 kN with Isp of 1,500 s and 2,000 s, while capacitor specific energy was varied from 1 - 15 kJ/kg. Q was varied from 3.0 to 6.0, resulting in gigawatts of excess power. Thruster efficiency was varied from 0.9 to 1.0, resulting in hundreds of megawatts of excess power. Resulting system masses were on the order of 10's to 100's of metric tons with thrust-to-weight ratios ranging from 2.1 to 44.1, depending on capacitor specific energy. Such a high thrust/high Isp system with a high power generation capability would allow military versatility in sub-orbital space, as early as 2025, and beyond as early as 2050. This paper presents the results that coincide with a total system mass between 15 and 20 metric tons.

Propulsion and Power Generation Capabilities of a Dense Plasma Focus (DPF) Fusion System for Future Military Aerospace Vehicles

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Knecht, Sean D.; Mead, Franklin B.; Thomas, Robert E.

2006-01-20

The objective of this study was to perform a parametric evaluation of the performance and interface characteristics of a dense plasma focus (DPF) fusion system in support of a USAF advanced military aerospace vehicle concept study. This vehicle is an aerospace plane that combines clean 'aneutronic' dense plasma focus (DPF) fusion power and propulsion technology, with advanced 'lifting body'-like airframe configurations utilizing air-breathing MHD propulsion and power technology within a reusable single-stage-to-orbit (SSTO) vehicle. The applied approach was to evaluate the fusion system details (geometry, power, T/W, system mass, etc.) of a baseline p-11B DPF propulsion device with Q =more » 3.0 and thruster efficiency, {eta}prop = 90% for a range of thrust, Isp and capacitor specific energy values. The baseline details were then kept constant and the values of Q and {eta}prop were varied to evaluate excess power generation for communication systems, pulsed-train plasmoid weapons, ultrahigh-power lasers, and gravity devices. Thrust values were varied between 100 kN and 1,000 kN with Isp of 1,500 s and 2,000 s, while capacitor specific energy was varied from 1 - 15 kJ/kg. Q was varied from 3.0 to 6.0, resulting in gigawatts of excess power. Thruster efficiency was varied from 0.9 to 1.0, resulting in hundreds of megawatts of excess power. Resulting system masses were on the order of 10's to 100's of metric tons with thrust-to-weight ratios ranging from 2.1 to 44.1, depending on capacitor specific energy. Such a high thrust/high Isp system with a high power generation capability would allow military versatility in sub-orbital space, as early as 2025, and beyond as early as 2050. This paper presents the results that coincide with a total system mass between 15 and 20 metric tons.« less

Dose Regimens, Variability, and Complications Associated with Using Repeat-Bolus Dosing to Extend a Surgical Plane of Anesthesia in Laboratory Mice

PubMed Central

Jaber, Samer M; Hankenson, F Claire; Heng, Kathleen; McKinstry-Wu, Andrew; Kelz, Max B; Marx, James O

2014-01-01

Extending a surgical plane of anesthesia in mice by using injectable anesthetics typically is accomplished by repeat-bolus dosing. We compared the safety and efficacy of redosing protocols administered either during an anesthetic surgical plane (maintaining a continuous surgical plane, CSP), or immediately after leaving this plane (interrupted surgical plane, ISP) in C57BL/6J mice. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine, xylazine, and acepromazine (80, 8, and 1 mg/kg IP, respectively), and redosing protocols included 25% (0.25K), 50% (0.5K), or 100% (1.0K) of the initial ketamine dose or 25% (0.25KX) or 50% (0.5KX) of the initial ketamine–xylazine dose. In the ISP group, the surgical plane was extended by 13.8 ± 2.1 min (mean ± SEM) after redosing for the 0.25K redose with 50% returning to a surgical plane, 42.7 ± 4.5 min for the 0.5K redose with 88% returning to a surgical plane, and 44.3 ± 15.4 min for the 1.0K redose, 52.8 ± 7.2 min for the 0.25KX redose, and 45.9 ± 2.9 min for the 0.5KX redose, with 100% of mice returning to a surgical plane of anesthesia in these 3 groups. Mortality rates for ISP groups were 0%, 12%, 33%, 12%, and 18%, respectively. Mice in CSP groups had 50% mortality, independent of the repeat-dosing protocol. We recommend redosing mice with either 50% of the initial ketamine dose or 25% of the initial ketamine–xylazine dose immediately upon return of the pedal withdrawal reflex to extend the surgical plane of anesthesia in mice, optimize the extension of the surgical plane, and minimize mortality. PMID:25650976

Architecture and Chemical Coding of the Inner and Outer Submucous Plexus in the Colon of Piglets

PubMed Central

Petto, Carola; Gäbel, Gotthold; Pfannkuche, Helga

2015-01-01

In the porcine colon, the submucous plexus is divided into an inner submucous plexus (ISP) on the epithelial side and an outer submucous plexus (OSP) on the circular muscle side. Although both plexuses are probably involved in the regulation of epithelial functions, they might differ in function and neurochemical coding according to their localization. Therefore, we examined expression and co-localization of different neurotransmitters and neuronal markers in both plexuses as well as in neuronal fibres. Immunohistochemical staining was performed on wholemount preparations of ISP and OSP and on cryostat sections. Antibodies against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), substance P (SP), somatostatin (SOM), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the pan-neuronal markers Hu C/D and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were used. The ISP contained 1,380 ± 131 ganglia per cm2 and 122 ± 12 neurons per ganglion. In contrast, the OSP showed a wider meshwork (215 ± 33 ganglia per cm2) and smaller ganglia (57 ± 3 neurons per ganglion). In the ISP, 42% of all neurons expressed ChAT. About 66% of ChAT-positive neurons co-localized SP. A small number of ISP neurons expressed SOM. Chemical coding in the OSP was more complex. Besides the ChAT/±SP subpopulation (32% of all neurons), a nNOS-immunoreactive population (31%) was detected. Most nitrergic neurons were only immunoreactive for nNOS; 10% co-localized with VIP. A small subpopulation of OSP neurons was immunoreactive for ChAT/nNOS/±VIP. All types of neurotransmitters found in the ISP or OSP were also detected in neuronal fibres within the mucosa. We suppose that the cholinergic population in the ISP is involved in the control of epithelial functions. Regarding neurochemical coding, the OSP shares some similarities with the myenteric plexus. Because of its location and neurochemical characteristics, the OSP may be involved in controlling both the mucosa and circular muscle. PMID:26230272

Combining Gal4p-mediated expression enhancement and directed evolution of isoprene synthase to improve isoprene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

PubMed

Wang, Fan; Lv, Xiaomei; Xie, Wenping; Zhou, Pingping; Zhu, Yongqiang; Yao, Zhen; Yang, Chengcheng; Yang, Xiaohong; Ye, Lidan; Yu, Hongwei

2017-01-01

Current studies on microbial isoprene biosynthesis have mostly focused on regulation of the upstream mevalonic acid (MVA) or methyl-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, the downstream bottleneck restricting isoprene biosynthesis capacity caused by the weak expression and low activity of plant isoprene synthase (ISPS) under microbial fermentation conditions remains to be alleviated. Here, based on a previously constructed Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with enhanced precursor supply, we strengthened the downstream pathway through increasing both the expression and activity of ISPS to further improve isoprene production. Firstly, a two-level expression enhancement system was developed for the P GAL1 -controlled ISPS by overexpression of GAL 4. Meanwhile, the native GAL1/7/10 promoters were deleted to avoid competition for the transcriptional activator Gal4p, and GAL80 was disrupted to eliminate the dependency of gene expression on galactose induction. The IspS expression was obviously elevated upon enhanced Gal4p supply, and the isoprene production was improved from 6.0mg/L to 23.6mg/L in sealed-vial cultures with sucrose as carbon source. Subsequently, a novel high-throughput screening method was developed based on precursor toxicity and used for ISPS directed evolution towards enhanced catalytic activity. Combinatorial mutagenesis of the resulting ISPS mutants generated the best mutant ISPSM4, introduction of which into the GAL4-overexpressing strain YXM29 achieved 50.2mg/L of isoprene in sealed vials, and the isoprene production reached 640mg/L and 3.7g/L in aerobic batch and fed-batch fermentations, respectively. These results demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed combinatorial engineering strategy in isoprene biosynthesis, which might also be feasible and instructive for biotechnological production of other valuable chemicals. Copyright © 2016 International Metabolic Engineering Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Port Security in the Persian Gulf

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-06-01

drafters of ISPS for secure, standardized documents to be issued to the world’s merchant seamen, another arm of the UN, the International Labour ...Revised), 2003," International Labour Organization, http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C185 (accessed March 11, 2008). 5 The convention has...identity documents for a particularly impoverished portion of their workforce . 2. MTSA (2002) and SAFE-Port (2006) The two primary pieces of

Cortical correlates of neuromotor development in healthy children.

PubMed

Garvey, M A; Ziemann, U; Bartko, J J; Denckla, M B; Barker, C A; Wassermann, E M

2003-09-01

To examine the relationship between acquisition of fine motor skills in childhood and development of the motor cortex. We measured finger tapping speed and mirror movements in 43 healthy right-handed subjects (6-26 years of age). While recording surface electromyographic activity from right and left first dorsal interosseus, we delivered focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the hand areas of each motor cortex. We measured motor evoked potential (MEP) threshold, and ipsilateral (iSP) and contralateral (CSP) silent periods. As children got older, finger speeds got faster, MEP threshold decreased, iSP duration increased and latency decreased. Finger tapping speed got faster as motor thresholds and iSP latency decreased, but was unrelated to CSP duration. In all subjects right hemisphere MEP thresholds were higher than those on the left and duration of right hemisphere CSP was longer than that on the left. Children under 10 years of age had higher left hand mirror movement scores, and fewer left hemisphere iSPs which were of longer duration. Maturation of finger tapping skills is closely related to developmental changes in the motor threshold and iSP latency. Studies are warranted to explore the relationship between these measures and other neuromotor skills in children with motor disorders. TMS can provide important insights into certain functional aspects of neurodevelopment in children.

Investigation of Recombination Processes In A Magnetized Plasma

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chavers, Greg; Chang-Diaz, Franklin; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Interplanetary travel requires propulsion systems that can provide high specific impulse (Isp), while also having sufficient thrust to rapidly accelerate large payloads. One such propulsion system is the Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-plasma Rocket (VASIMR), which creates, heats, and exhausts plasma to provide variable thrust and Isp, optimally meeting the mission requirements. A large fraction of the energy to create the plasma is frozen in the exhaust in the form of ionization energy. This loss mechanism is common to all electromagnetic plasma thrusters and has an impact on their efficiency. When the device operates at high Isp, where the exhaust kinetic energy is high compared to the ionization energy, the frozen flow component is of little consequence; however, at low Isp, the effect of the frozen flow may be important. If some of this energy could be recovered through recombination processes, and re-injected as neutral kinetic energy, the efficiency of VASIMR, in its low Isp/high thrust mode may be improved. In this operating regime, the ionization energy is a large portion of the total plasma energy. An experiment is being conducted to investigate the possibility of recovering some of the energy used to create the plasma. This presentation will cover the progress and status of the experiment involving surface recombination of the plasma.

Evaluation of Learning Strategies Training Program 94B10 Fort Lee, Virginia.

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-11-30

MtASUMS5 MMIOD :j , 66 W( ..... ... c ......... I. cd4 wam; vaeow speed only _ oI0 fom soft dough . 100 00 ,. "k~ ano lightly flouredb’o4. R Olgbtly. ,pproxi...p*II u 9 waq moo tl dough is o. P 0 : toI a unilom P’#t* Wh-I B oured biscuit gtU~i. o.WeSuits on Pias in . 5 ’ ISpIsI tM a until lightly -bLwa.. A...0 0 06 ~F 00~ ~r 4 -44 LAH A-60 D. BBEADS AND SWEET DOUGHS no. 1 (2) BAKING POWDER BISCUITS FY7iLD: 100 Poithons (4 Pans) EACH PORTION: 2 Biscuits

A Strategic Roadmap to Centauri

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Les; Harris, David; Trausch, Ann; Matloff, Gregory L.; Taylor, Travis; Cutting, Kathleen

2005-01-01

This paper discusses the connectivity between in-space propulsion and in-space fabrication/repair and is based upon a workshop presentation by Les Johnson, manager of the In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Technology Project at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Ala.. Technologies under study by ISP include aerocapture, advanced solar-electric propulsion, solar-thermal propulsion, advanced chemical propulsion, tethers and solar-photon sails. These propulsion systems are all approaching technology readiness levels (TRLs) at which they can be considered for application in space-science and exploration missions. Historically, human frontiers have expanded as people have learned to live off the land in new environments and to exploit local resorces. With this expansion, frontier settlements have required development of transportation improvements to carry tools and manufactured products to and from the frontier. It is demonstrated how ISP technologies will assist in the development of the solar-system frontier. In-space fabrication and repair will both require and assist the development of ISP propulsion systems, whether humans choose to settle planetary surfaces or to exploit resources of small Solar System bodies. As was true for successful terrestrial pioneers, in-space settlement and exploitation will require sophisticated surveys of inner and outer Solar System objects. ISP technologies will contribute to the success of these surveys, as well as to the efforts to retrieve Solar System resources. In a similar fashion, the utility of ISP products will be greatly enhanced by the technologies of in-space repair and fabrication. As in-space propulsion, fabrication and repair develop, human civilization may expand well beyond the Earth. In the future, small human communities (preceded by robotic explorers) may utilize these techniques to set sail f or the nearest stars.

A Strategic Roadmap to Centauri

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Johnson, L.; Harris, D.; Trausch, A.; Matloff, G. L.; Taylor, T.; Cutting, K.

This paper discusses the connectivity between in-space propulsion and in-space fabrication/repair and is based upon a workshop presentation by Les Johnson, manager of the In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Technology Project at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) in Huntsville, Alabama. Technologies under study by ISP include aerocapture, advanced solar- electric propulsion, solar-thermal propulsion, advanced chemical propulsion, tethers and solar-photon sails. These propulsion systems are all approaching technology readiness levels (TRLs) at which they can be considered for application in space- science and exploration missions. Historically, human frontiers have expanded as people have learned to “live-off-the-land” in new environments and to exploit local resources. With this expansion, frontier settlements have required development of transportation improvements to carry tools and manufactured products to and from the frontier. It is demonstrated how ISP technologies will assist in the development of the solar-system frontier. In-space fabrication and repair will both require and assist the development of ISP propulsion systems, whether humans choose to settle planetary surfaces or to exploit resources of small Solar System bodies. As was true for successful terrestrial pioneers, in-space settlement and exploitation will require sophisticated surveys of inner and outer Solar System objects. ISP technologies will contribute to the success of these surveys, as well as to the efforts to retrieve Solar System resources. In a similar fashion, the utility of ISP products will be greatly enhanced by the technologies of in-space repair and fabrication. As in-space propulsion, fabrication and repair develop, human civilization may expand well beyond the Earth. In the future, small human communities (preceded by robotic explorers) may utilize these techniques to set sail for the nearest stars.

Test experience, 490 N high performance (321 sec Isp) engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Schoenman, L.; Rosenberg, S. D.; Jassowski, D. M.

1992-01-01

Engines with area ratios of 44:1 and 286:1 are tested by means of hot fire tests using the NTO/MMH bipropellant to maximize the performance of the combined technologies. The low-thrust engine systems are designed with oxidation resistant materials that can operate at temperatures of more than 2204 C for tens of hours. The chamber is attached to the injector in a configuration that prevents overheating of the injector, valve, and the spacecraft interface. Three injectors with 44:1 area ratios are capable of nominal specific impulse values of 309 sec, and a performance of 321 lbf-sec/lbm is noted for an all-welded engine assembly with area ratio of 286:1. The all-welded engine is shown to have an acceptable design margin for thermal characteristics. High-performance liquid apogee engines are shown to perform optimally when based on iridium/rhenium chamber technology, use of a special platelet injector, and the minimization of losses due to fuel-film cooling.

FT-IR and FT-Raman characterization of non-cellulosic polysaccharides fractions isolated from plant cell wall.

PubMed

Chylińska, Monika; Szymańska-Chargot, Monika; Zdunek, Artur

2016-12-10

The purpose of this work was to reveal the structural changes of cell wall polysaccharides' fractions during tomato fruit development by analysis of spectral data. Mature green and red ripe tomato fruit were taken into consideration. The FT-IR spectra of water soluble pectin (WSP), imidazole soluble pectin (ISP) and diluted alkali soluble pectin (DASP) contained bands typical for pectins. Whereas for KOH fraction spectra bands typical for hemicelluloses were present. The FT-IR spectra showed the drop down of esterification degree of WSP and ISP polysaccharides during maturation. The changes in polysaccharides structure revealed by spectra were the most visible in the case of pectic polysaccharides. The WSP and DASP fraction pectins molecules length were shortened during tomato maturation and ripening. Whereas the ISP fraction spectra analysis showed that this fraction contained rhamnogalacturonan I, but also for red ripe was rich in pectic galactan comparing with ISP fraction from mature green. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reconstruction and Evaluation of the Synthetic Bacterial MEP Pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

PubMed Central

Partow, Siavash; Siewers, Verena; Daviet, Laurent; Schalk, Michel; Nielsen, Jens

2012-01-01

Isoprenoids, which are a large group of natural and chemical compounds with a variety of applications as e.g. fragrances, pharmaceuticals and potential biofuels, are produced via two different metabolic pathways, the mevalonate (MVA) pathway and the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. Here, we attempted to replace the endogenous MVA pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by a synthetic bacterial MEP pathway integrated into the genome to benefit from its superior properties in terms of energy consumption and productivity at defined growth conditions. It was shown that the growth of a MVA pathway deficient S. cerevisiae strain could not be restored by the heterologous MEP pathway even when accompanied by the co-expression of genes erpA, hISCA1 and CpIscA involved in the Fe-S trafficking routes leading to maturation of IspG and IspH and E. coli genes fldA and fpr encoding flavodoxin and flavodoxin reductase believed to be responsible for electron transfer to IspG and IspH. PMID:23285068

Production of sp3 hybridization by swift heavy ion irradiation of HOPG

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zeng, J.; Zhai, P. F.; Liu, J.; Yao, H. J.; Duan, J. L.; Hou, M. D.; Sun, Y. M.; Li, G. P.

2013-07-01

Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples were irradiated by swift heavy ions (86Kr, 209Bi and 238U) with the fluence of 1011-1013 ions/cm2 at room temperature. The production of sp3 hybridization by the irradiation process has been confirmed directly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In this work, both irradiated and pristine HOPG samples were investigated by XPS and Raman spectroscopy. The existence of sp3 component is confirmed on the surface of the irradiated HOPG samples. XPS result shows that the acreage ratio Isp3/Isp2 increases with the ion fluence and saturates at a higher value of irradiation. It is found that the amount of hybridization (Isp3/Isp2) strongly depends on the electronic energy loss in the sample. Raman spectra of the irradiated samples show the increasing of acreage ratio ID/IG with the ion fluence, which indicates the change of the atomic structure and the phase transition from sp2 to sp3.

A biophysical model of dynamic balancing of excitation and inhibition in fast oscillatory large-scale networks

PubMed Central

Sotiropoulos, Stamatios N.; Brookes, Matthew J.; Woolrich, Mark W.

2018-01-01

Over long timescales, neuronal dynamics can be robust to quite large perturbations, such as changes in white matter connectivity and grey matter structure through processes including learning, aging, development and certain disease processes. One possible explanation is that robust dynamics are facilitated by homeostatic mechanisms that can dynamically rebalance brain networks. In this study, we simulate a cortical brain network using the Wilson-Cowan neural mass model with conduction delays and noise, and use inhibitory synaptic plasticity (ISP) to dynamically achieve a spatially local balance between excitation and inhibition. Using MEG data from 55 subjects we find that ISP enables us to simultaneously achieve high correlation with multiple measures of functional connectivity, including amplitude envelope correlation and phase locking. Further, we find that ISP successfully achieves local E/I balance, and can consistently predict the functional connectivity computed from real MEG data, for a much wider range of model parameters than is possible with a model without ISP. PMID:29474352

A comparative study of ionospheric IRIEup and ISP assimilative models during some intense and severe geomagnetic storms

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pietrella, M.; Pignalberi, A.; Pezzopane, M.; Pignatelli, A.; Azzarone, A.; Rizzi, R.

2018-05-01

Three-dimensional (3-D) electron density matrices, computed in the Mediterranean area by the IRI climatological model and IRIEup and ISP nowcasting models, during some intense and severe geomagnetic-ionospheric storms, were ingested by the ray tracing software tool IONORT, to synthesize quasi-vertical ionograms. IRIEup model was run in different operational modes: (1) assimilating validated autoscaled electron density profiles only from a limited area which, in our case, is the Mediterranean sector (IRIEup_re(V) mode); (2) assimilating electron density profiles from a larger region including several stations spread across Europe: (a) without taking care of validating the autoscaled data in the assimilation process (IRIEup(NV)); (b) validating carefully the autoscaled electron density profiles before their assimilation (IRIEup(V)). The comparative analysis was carried out comparing IRI, IRIEup_re(V), ISP, IRIEup(NV), and IRIEup(V) foF2 synthesized values, with corresponding foF2 measurements autoscaled by ARTIST, and then validated, at the truth sites of Roquetes (40.80°N, 0.50°E, Spain), San Vito (40.60°N, 17.80°E, Italy), Athens (38.00°N, 23.50°E, Greece), and Nicosia, (35.03°N, 33.16°E, Cyprus). The outcomes demonstrate that: (1) IRIEup_re(V), performs better than ISP in the western Mediterranean (around Roquetes); (2) ISP performs slightly better than IRIEup_re(V) in the central part of Mediterranean (around Athens and San Vito); (3) ISP performance is better than the IRIEup_re(V) one in the eastern Mediterranean (around Nicosia); (4) IRIEup(NV) performance is worse than the IRIEup(V) one; (5) in the central Mediterranean area, IRIEup(V) performance is better than the IRIEup_re(V) one, and it is practically the same for the western and eastern sectors. Concerning the overall performance, nowcasting models proved to be considerably more reliable than the climatological IRI model to represent the ionosphere behaviour during geomagnetic-ionospheric storm conditions; ISP and IRIEup(V) provided the best performance, but neither of them has clearly prevailed over the other one.

Mitigating Information Overload: The Impact of Context-Based Approach to the Design of Tools for Intelligence Analysts

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-03-01

amount of arriving data, extract actionable information, and integrate it with prior knowledge. Add to that the pressures of today’s fusion center...information, and integrate it with prior knowledge. Add to that the pressures of today’s fusion center climate and it becomes clear that analysts, police... fusion centers, including specifics about how these problems manifest at the Illinois State Police (ISP) Statewide Terrorism and Intelligence Center

Plasma Theory and Simulation.

DTIC Science & Technology

1986-06-30

energy are conserved, and the entropy of the plasma either in- creases or remains constant. Furthermore, the collision kinematics are relativistic...addresses within that array. c* Note that in PDW1 the suboutine MOVE must be renamed. imove = nloc(2) - nadd do 10 isp=nsp,2,-l moveto = nloc(isp) + 1

77 FR 60145 - Manufacturer of Controlled Substances ISP, Inc.; Notice of Registration

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-02

... DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Drug Enforcement Administration Manufacturer of Controlled Substances ISP... application by renewal to the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) to be registered as a bulk manufacturer of the following basic classes of controlled substances: Drug Schedule 2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (7396) I...

Comparative study on the analgesic effect of acute ipsilateral shoulder pain after open thoracotomy between preoperative ultrasound guided suprascapular nerve block (SNB) and intraoperative phrenic nerve infiltration (PNI) in cancer lung patients.

PubMed

Elfokery, Bassel M; Tawfic, Sahar A; Abdelrahman, Abdelrahman M; Abbas, Dina N; Abdelghaffar, Ikramy M

2018-03-01

Acute ipsilateral shoulder pain (ISP) is a common complaint in patients after thoracotomy. The incidence ranges from 21% to 97%. Unfortunately, clinical studies did not put enough focus on ISP post thoracic surgery. This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of suprascapular nerve block (SNB) and phrenic nerve infiltration (PNI) for controlling ISP. One hundred and thirty-five lung cancer patients (135) scheduled for open-lung surgery were randomly allocated into three equal groups; control group: received thoracic epidural with general anesthesia, suprascapular group: (SNB) one hour before the operation with 10 ml bupivacaine plus thoracic epidural with general anesthesia and phrenic nerve group: (PNI) was performed by the operating surgeon with 10 ml bupivacaine plus thoracic epidural with general anesthesia. The visual analogue score (VAS) of ISP, rescue of ketorolac for break through shoulder pain, peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and arterial blood gases were measured every 6 h postoperatively for 48 h. The VAS, rescue doses of ketorolc and PEFR were significantly lower in the phrenic nerve group (P-value <0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups postoperatively as regards arterial blood gases (P-value >0.05). PNI is more effective than SNB for ISP. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.

76 FR 33686 - Proposed Extension of Part 4 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Outage Reporting to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-06-09

... broadband ISPs, a term which includes broadband Internet access service providers and broadband backbone... Internet consumers and businesses that purchase Internet access through less traditional access arrangements (e.g., prepaid Internet access cards). 23. Some broadband ISPs provide Internet access directly...

Integrated Sensing and Processing (ISP) Phase II: Demonstration and Evaluation for Distributed Sensor Netowrks and Missile Seeker Systems

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-02-28

Shah, D. Waagen, H. Schmitt, S. Bellofiore, A. Spanias, and D. Cochran, 32nd International Conference on Acoustics, Speech , and Signal Processing...Information Exploitation Office kNN k-Nearest Neighbor LEAN Laplacian Eigenmap Adaptive Neighbor LIP Linear Integer Programming ISP

Virtual screening of cocrystal formers for CL-20

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhou, Jun-Hong; Chen, Min-Bo; Chen, Wei-Ming; Shi, Liang-Wei; Zhang, Chao-Yang; Li, Hong-Zhen

2014-08-01

According to the structure characteristics of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) and the kinetic mechanism of the cocrystal formation, the method of virtual screening CL-20 cocrystal formers by the criterion of the strongest intermolecular site pairing energy (ISPE) was proposed. In this method the strongest ISPE was thought to determine the first step of the cocrystal formation. The prediction results for four sets of common drug molecule cocrystals by this method were compared with those by the total ISPE method from the reference (Musumeci et al., 2011), and the experimental results. This method was then applied to virtually screen the CL-20 cocrystal formers, and the prediction results were compared with the experimental results.

The use of a virtual patient case in an OSCE-based exam--a pilot study.

PubMed

Courteille, O; Bergin, R; Stockeld, D; Ponzer, S; Fors, U

2008-01-01

This study focuses on a skills test based clinical assessment where 118 fourth-year medical students at the four teaching hospitals of Karolinska Institutet participated in the same 12-module OSCE. The goal of one of the twelve examination modules was to assess the students' skills and ability to solve a virtual patient (VP) case (the ISP system), which included medical history taking, lab tests, physical examinations and suggestion of a preliminary diagnosis. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a VP as a possible tool for assessment of clinical reasoning and problem solving ability among medical students. The feeling of realism of the VP and its possible affective impact on the student's confidence were also investigated. We observed and analysed students' reactions, engagement and performance (activity log files) during their interactive sessions with the simulation. An individual human assistant was provided along with the computer simulation and the videotaped interaction student/assistant was then analysed in detail and related to the students' outcomes. The results indicate possible advantages of using ISP-like systems for assessment. The VP was for instance able to reliably differentiate between students' performances but some weaknesses were also identified, like a confounding influence on students' outcomes by the assistants used. Significant differences, affecting the results, were found between the students in their degree of affective response towards the system as well as the perceived usefulness of assistance. Students need to be trained beforehand in mastering the assessment tool. Rating compliance needs to be targeted before VP-based systems like ISP can be used in exams and if such systems would be used in high-stake exams, the use of human assistants should be limited and scoring rubrics validated (and preferably automated).

Industry-School Partnerships: Boundary Crossing to Enable School to Work Transitions

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Flynn, Matthew C.; Pillay, Hitendra; Watters, Jim

2016-01-01

Industry-school partnerships (ISPs) are increasingly being recognised as a new way of providing vocational education opportunities particularly in industries where there are skills shortages. However, there is limited research investigating their impact on school to work transitions. This paper reports on a government-led ISP, the Gateway to…

Segregating polymorphisms of FOXP2 are associated with measures of inner speech, speech fluency and strength of handedness in a healthy population.

PubMed

Crespi, Bernard; Read, Silven; Hurd, Peter

2017-10-01

We genotyped a healthy population for three haplotype-tagging FOXP2 SNPs, and tested for associations of these SNPs with strength of handedness and questionnaire-based metrics of inner speech characteristics (ISP) and speech fluency (FLU), as derived from the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-BR. Levels of mixed-handedness were positively correlated with ISP and FLU, supporting prior work on these two domains. Genotype for rs7799109, a SNP previously linked with lateralization of left frontal regions underlying language, was associated with degree of mixed handedness and with scores for ISP and FLU phenotypes. Genotype of rs1456031, which has previously been linked with auditory hallucinations, was also associated with ISP phenotypes. These results provide evidence that FOXP2 SNPs influence aspects of human inner speech and fluency that are related to lateralized phenotypes, and suggest that the evolution of human language, as mediated by the adaptive evolution of FOXP2, involved features of inner speech. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

In-Space Propulsion Program Overview and Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Carroll, Carol; Johnson, Les; Baggett, Randy

2002-01-01

NASA's In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Program is designed to develop advanced propulsion technologies that can enable or greatly enhance near and mid-term NASA science missions by significantly reducing cost, mass, and/or travel times. These technologies include: Electric Propulsion (Solar and Nuclear Electric) [note: The Nuclear Electric Propulsion work will be transferred to the NSI program in FY03]; Propellantless Propulsion (aerocapture, solar sails, plasma sails, and momentum exchange tethers); Advanced Chemical Propulsion. The ISP approach to identifying and prioritizing these most promising technologies is to use mission analysis and subsequent peer review. These technologies under consideration are mid-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) up to TRL-6 for incorporation into mission planning within three - five years of initiation. In addition, maximum use of open competition is encouraged to seek optimum solutions under ISP. Several NASA Research Announcements (NRAs) have been released asking industry, academia and other organizations to propose propulsion technologies designed to improve our ability to conduct scientific study of the outer planets and beyond. The ISP Program is managed by NASA HQ (Headquarters) and implemented by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.

A comparison of the BAX system method to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual and International Organization for Standardization reference methods for the detection of Salmonella in a variety of soy ingredients.

PubMed

Belete, Tamrat; Crowley, Erin; Bird, Patrick; Gensic, Joseph; Wallace, F Morgan

2014-10-01

The performances of two DuPont BAX System PCR assays for detecting Salmonella on a variety of low-moisture soy ingredients were evaluated against the U. S. Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA BAM) method or the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 6579 reference method. These evaluations were conducted as a single laboratory validation at an ISO 17025 accredited third-party laboratory. Validations were conducted on five soy ingredients: isolated soy protein (ISP), soy fiber, fluid soy lecithin, deoiled soy lecithin, and soy nuggets, using a paired-study design. The ISP was analyzed as both 25- and 375-g composite test portions, whereas all other sample matrices were analyzed as 375-g composite test portions. To evaluate 25-g test portions of ISP, the test material was inoculated using Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Mbandaka (Q Laboratories isolate 11031.1). Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Tennessee (Q Laboratories isolate 11031.3) was used for all other trials. For each trial of the method comparison, 25 samples were analyzed for each matrix: 5 uninoculated controls and 20 samples inoculated at low levels (0.2 to 2 CFU per test portion) that were targeted to achieve fractionally positive results (25 to 75%). Using McNemar's chi-square analysis, no significant difference at P ≥ 0.05 (χ(2) ≤ 3.84) was observed between the number of positives obtained by the BAX System and the reference methods for all five test matrices evaluated. These studies indicate that the BAX System PCR assays, in combination with the single buffered peptone water primary enrichment and subsequent brain heart infusion regrowth step, demonstrate equivalent sensitivity and robustness compared with the FDA BAM and ISO reference methods for both 25- and 375-g composite samples. Moreover, there was no observed reduction of sensitivity in the larger 375-g composite samples for all five matrices.

Expert system technologies for Space Shuttle decision support: Two case studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ortiz, Christopher J.; Hasan, David A.

1994-01-01

This paper addresses the issue of integrating the C Language Integrated Production System (CLIPS) into distributed data acquisition environments. In particular, it presents preliminary results of some ongoing software development projects aimed at exploiting CLIPS technology in the new mission control center (MCC) being built at NASA Johnson Space Center. One interesting aspect of the control center is its distributed architecture; it consists of networked workstations which acquire and share data through the NASA/JSC-developed information sharing protocol (ISP). This paper outlines some approaches taken to integrate CLIPS and ISP in order to permit the development of intelligent data analysis applications which can be used in the MCC. Three approaches to CLIPS/IPS integration are discussed. The initial approach involves clearly separating CLIPS from ISP using user-defined functions for gathering and sending data to and from a local storage buffer. Memory and performance drawbacks of this design are summarized. The second approach involves taking full advantage of CLIPS and the CLIPS Object-Oriented Language (COOL) by using objects to directly transmit data and state changes from ISP to COOL. Any changes within the object slots eliminate the need for both a data structure and external function call thus taking advantage of the object matching capabilities within CLIPS 6.0. The final approach is to treat CLIPS and ISP as peer toolkits. Neither is embedded in the other; rather the application interweaves calls to each directly in the application source code.

Carrier-Mediated Prodrug Uptake to Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Polar Drugs: An Application to an Oseltamivir Analogue

PubMed Central

Incecayir, Tuba; Sun, Jing; Tsume, Yasuhiro; Xu, Hao; Gose, Tomoka; Nakanishi, Takeo; Tamai, Ikumi; Hilfinger, John; Lipka, Elke; Amidon, Gordon L.

2016-01-01

The goal of this study was to improve the intestinal mucosal cell membrane permeability of the poorly absorbed guanidino analogue of a neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir carboxylate (GOC) using a carrier mediated strategy. Valyl amino acid prodrug of GOC with isopropyl-methylenedioxy linker (GOC-ISP-Val) was evaluated as the potential substrate for intestinal oligopeptide transporter, hPEPT1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing hPEPT1 and an intestinal mouse perfusion system. The diastereomers of GOC-ISP-Val were assessed for chemical and metabolic stability. Permeability of GOC-ISP-Val was determined in Caco-2 cells and mice. Diastereomer 2 was about two times more stable than diastereomer 1 in simulated intestinal fluid and rapidly hydrolyzed to the parent drug in cell homogenates. The prodrug had a nine times enhanced apparent permeability (Papp) in Caco-2 cells compared to the parent drug. Both diastereomer exhibited high effective permeability (Peff ) in mice, 6.32±3.12 and 5.20±2.81 x10−5 cm/s for diastereomer 1 and 2, respectively. GOC-ISP-Val was found to be a substrate of hPEPT1. Overall, this study indicates that the prodrug, GOC-ISP-Val seems to be a promising oral anti-influenza agent that has sufficient stability at physiologically relevant pHs prior to absorption, significantly improved permeability via hPEPT1 and potentially rapid activation in the intestinal cells. PMID:26869437

Photo-Initiated Electron Transfer Within the P. denitrificans Cytochrome bc1 Complex: The mobility of the Iron Sulfur Protein is modulated by the occupant of the Qo site†

PubMed Central

Havens, Jeffrey; Castellani, Michela; Kleinschroth, Thomas; Ludwig, Bernd; Durham, Bill; Millett, Francis

2011-01-01

Domain rotation of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP) between the cytochrome (cyt) b and cyt c1 redox centers plays a key role in the mechanism of the cyt bc1 complex. Electron transfer within the cyt bc1 complex of P. denitrificans was studied using a ruthenium dimer to rapidly photo-oxidize cyt c1 within 1 μs and initiate the reaction. In the absence of any added quinol or inhibitor of the bc1 complex at pH 8.0, electron transfer from reduced ISP to cyt c1 was biphasic with rate constants of k1f = 6300 ± 3000 s−1 and k1s = 640 ± 300 s−1 and amplitudes of 10 ± 3% and 16 ± 4 % of the total amount of cyt c1 photooxidized. Upon addition of any of the Pm type inhibitors MOA-stilbene, myxothiazol, or azoxystrobin to cyt bc1 in the absence of quinol, the total amplitude increased 2-fold, consistent with a decrease in redox potential of the ISP. In addition, the relative amplitude of the fast phase increased significantly, consistent with a change in the dynamics of the ISP domain rotation. In contrast, addition of the Pf type inhibitors JG-144 and famoxadone decreased the rate constant k1f by 5 to 10-fold, and increased the amplitude over 2-fold. Addition of quinol substrate in the absence of inhibitors led to a two-fold increase in the amplitude of the k1f phase. The effect of QH2 on the kinetics of electron transfer from reduced ISP to cyt c1 was thus similar to that of the Pm inhibitors and very different from that of the Pf inhibitors. The current results indicate that the species occupying the Qo site has a significant conformational influence on the dynamics of the ISP domain rotation. PMID:22026826

Spinal Meninges and Their Role in Spinal Cord Injury: A Neuroanatomical Review.

PubMed

Grassner, Lukas; Grillhösl, Andreas; Griessenauer, Christoph J; Thomé, Claudius; Bühren, Volker; Strowitzki, Martin; Winkler, Peter A

2018-02-01

Current recommendations support early surgical decompression and blood pressure augmentation after traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). Elevated intraspinal pressure (ISP), however, has probably been underestimated in the pathophysiology of SCI. Recent studies provide some evidence that ISP measurements and durotomy may be beneficial for individuals suffering from SCI. Compression of the spinal cord against the meninges in SCI patients causes a "compartment-like" syndrome. In such cases, intentional durotomy with augmentative duroplasty to reduce ISP and improve spinal cord perfusion pressure (SCPP) may be indicated. Prior to performing these procedures routinely, profound knowledge of the spinal meninges is essential. Here, we provide an in-depth review of relevant literature along with neuroanatomical illustrations and imaging correlates.

Information Switching Processor (ISP) contention analysis and control

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Inukai, Thomas

1995-01-01

In designing a satellite system with on-board processing, the selection of a switching architecture is often critical. The on-board switching function can be implemented by circuit switching or packet switching. Destination-directed packet switching has several attractive features, such as self-routing without on-board switch reconfiguration, no switch control memory requirement, efficient bandwidth utilization for packet switched traffic, and accommodation of circuit switched traffic. Destination-directed packet switching, however, has two potential concerns: (1) contention and (2) congestion. And this report specifically deals with the first problem. It includes a description and analysis of various self-routing switch structures, the nature of contention problems, and contention and resolution techniques.

Integrated signal probe based aptasensor for dual-analyte detection.

PubMed

Xiang, Juan; Pi, Xiaomei; Chen, Xiaoqing; Xiang, Lei; Yang, Minghui; Ren, Hao; Shen, Xiaojuan; Qi, Ning; Deng, Chunyan

2017-10-15

For the multi-analyte detection, although the sensitivity has commonly met the practical requirements, the reliability, reproducibility and stability need to be further improved. In this work, two different aptamer probes labeled with redox tags were used as signal probe1 (sP1) and signal probe2 (sP2), which were integrated into one unity DNA architecture to develop the integrated signal probe (ISP). Comparing with the conventional independent signal probes for the simultaneous multi-analyte detection, the proposed ISP was more reproducible and accurate. This can be due to that ISP in one DNA structure can ensure the completely same modification condition and an equal stoichiometric ratio between sP1 and sP2, and furthermore the cross interference between sP1 and sP2 can be successfully prevented by regulating the complementary position of sP1 and sP2. The ISP-based assay system would be a great progress for the dual-analyte detection. Combining with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) signal amplification, the ISP/AuNPs-based aptasensor for the sensitive dual-analyte detection was explored. Based on DNA structural switching induced by targets binding to aptamer, the simultaneous dual-analyte detection was simply achieved by monitoring the electrochemical responses of methylene blue (MB) and ferrocene (Fc) This proposed detection system possesses such advantages as simplicity in design, easy operation, good reproducibility and accuracy, high sensitivity and selectivity, which indicates the excellent application of this aptasensor in the field of clinical diagnosis or other molecular sensors. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Carrier-Mediated Prodrug Uptake to Improve the Oral Bioavailability of Polar Drugs: An Application to an Oseltamivir Analogue.

PubMed

Incecayir, Tuba; Sun, Jing; Tsume, Yasuhiro; Xu, Hao; Gose, Tomoka; Nakanishi, Takeo; Tamai, Ikumi; Hilfinger, John; Lipka, Elke; Amidon, Gordon L

2016-02-01

The goal of this study was to improve the intestinal mucosal cell membrane permeability of the poorly absorbed guanidino analogue of a neuraminidase inhibitor, oseltamivir carboxylate (GOC) using a carrier-mediated strategy. Valyl amino acid prodrug of GOC with isopropyl-methylene-dioxy linker (GOC-ISP-Val) was evaluated as the potential substrate for intestinal oligopeptide transporter, hPEPT1 in Xenopus laevis oocytes heterologously expressing hPEPT1, and an intestinal mouse perfusion system. The diastereomers of GOC-ISP-Val were assessed for chemical and metabolic stability. Permeability of GOC-ISP-Val was determined in Caco-2 cells and mice. Diastereomer 2 was about 2 times more stable than diastereomer 1 in simulated intestinal fluid and rapidly hydrolyzed to the parent drug in cell homogenates. The prodrug had a 9 times-enhanced apparent permeability (P(app)) in Caco-2 cells compared with the parent drug. Both diastereomer exhibited high effective permeability (P(eff)) in mice, 6.32 ± 3.12 and 5.20 ± 2.81 × 10(-5) cm/s for diastereomer 1 and 2, respectively. GOC-ISP-Val was found to be a substrate of hPEPT1. Overall, this study indicates that the prodrug, GOC-ISP-Val, seems to be a promising oral anti-influenza agent that has sufficient stability at physiologically relevant pHs before absorption, significantly improved permeability via hPEPT1 and potentially rapid activation in the intestinal cells. Copyright © 2016 American Pharmacists Association®. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Robotic planetary science missions enabled with small NTR engine/stage technologies

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Borowski, Stanley K.

1995-10-01

The high specific impulse (Isp) and engine thrust-to-weight ratio of liquid hydrogen (LH2)-cooled nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) engines makes them ideal for upper stage applications to difficult robotic planetary science missions. A small 15 thousand pound force (klbf) NTR engine using a uranium-zirconium-niobium 'ternary carbide' fuel (Isp approximately 960 seconds at approximately 3025K) developed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is examined and its use on an expendable injection stage is shown to provide major increases in payload delivered to the outer planets (Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto). Using a single 'Titan IV-class' launch vehicle, with a lift capability to low Earth orbit (LEO) of approximately 20 metric tons (t), an expendable NTR upper stage can inject two Pluto 'Fast Flyby' spacecraft (PFF/SC) plus support equipment-combined mass of approximately 508 kg--on high energy, '6.5-9.2 year' direct trajectory missions to Pluto. A conventional chemical propulsion mission would use a liquid oxygen (LOX)/LH2 'Centaur' upper stage and two solid rocket 'kick motors' to inject a single PFF/SC on the same Titan IV launch vehicle. For follow on Pluto missions, the NTR injection stage would utilize a Jupiter 'gravity assist' (JGA) maneuver to launch a LOX/liquid methane (CH4) capture stage (Isp approximately 375 seconds) and a Pluto 'orbiter' spacecraft weighing between approximately 167-312 kg. With chemical propulsion, a Pluto orbiter mission is not a viable option because c inadequate delivered mass. Using a 'standardized' NTR injection stage and the same single Titan IV launch scenario, 'direct flight' (no gravity assist) orbiter missions to Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are also enabled with transit times of 2.3, 6.6, and 12.6 years, respectively. Injected mass includes a storable, nitrogen tetroxide/monomethyl hydrazine (N2O4/MMH) capture stage (Isp approximately 330 seconds) and orbiter payloads 340 to 820% larger than that achievable using a LOX/LH2-fueled injection stage. The paper discusses NTR technology and mission characteristics, shows NTR stage and payload accommodations within the 26.2 m long Titan IV payload fairing, and discusses NTR stage performance as a function of assumed cryogenic tank technology.

Robotic Planetary Science Missions Enabled with Small NTR Engine/Stage Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Borowski, Stanley K.

1995-01-01

The high specific impulse (Isp) and engine thrust-to-weight ratio of liquid hydrogen (LH2)-cooled nuclear thermal rocket (NTR) engines makes them ideal for upper stage applications to difficult robotic planetary science missions. A small 15 thousand pound force (klbf) NTR engine using a uranium-zirconium-niobium 'ternary carbide' fuel (Isp approximately 960 seconds at approximately 3025K) developed in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) is examined and its use on an expendable injection stage is shown to provide major increases in payload delivered to the outer planets (Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto). Using a single 'Titan IV-class' launch vehicle, with a lift capability to low Earth orbit (LEO) of approximately 20 metric tons (t), an expendable NTR upper stage can inject two Pluto 'Fast Flyby' spacecraft (PFF/SC) plus support equipment-combined mass of approximately 508 kg--on high energy, '6.5-9.2 year' direct trajectory missions to Pluto. A conventional chemical propulsion mission would use a liquid oxygen (LOX)/LH2 'Centaur' upper stage and two solid rocket 'kick motors' to inject a single PFF/SC on the same Titan IV launch vehicle. For follow on Pluto missions, the NTR injection stage would utilize a Jupiter 'gravity assist' (JGA) maneuver to launch a LOX/liquid methane (CH4) capture stage (Isp approximately 375 seconds) and a Pluto 'orbiter' spacecraft weighing between approximately 167-312 kg. With chemical propulsion, a Pluto orbiter mission is not a viable option because c inadequate delivered mass. Using a 'standardized' NTR injection stage and the same single Titan IV launch scenario, 'direct flight' (no gravity assist) orbiter missions to Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are also enabled with transit times of 2.3, 6.6, and 12.6 years, respectively. Injected mass includes a storable, nitrogen tetroxide/monomethyl hydrazine (N2O4/MMH) capture stage (Isp approximately 330 seconds) and orbiter payloads 340 to 820% larger than that achievable using a LOX/LH2-fueled injection stage. The paper discusses NTR technology and mission characteristics, shows NTR stage and payload accommodations within the 26.2 m long Titan IV payload fairing, and discusses NTR stage performance as a function of assumed cryogenic tank technology.

Enabling end-user network monitoring via the multicast consolidated proxy monitor

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kanwar, Anshuman; Almeroth, Kevin C.; Bhattacharyya, Supratik; Davy, Matthew

2001-07-01

The debugging of problems in IP multicast networks relies heavily on an eclectic set of stand-alone tools. These tools traditionally neither provide a consistent interface nor do they generate readily interpretable results. We propose the ``Multicast Consolidated Proxy Monitor''(MCPM), an integrated system for collecting, analyzing and presenting multicast monitoring results to both the end user and the network operator at the user's Internet Service Provider (ISP). The MCPM accesses network state information not normally visible to end users and acts as a proxy for disseminating this information. Functionally, through this architecture, we aim to a) provide a view of the multicast network at varying levels of granularity, b) provide end users with a limited ability to query the multicast infrastructure in real time, and c) protect the infrastructure from overwhelming amount of monitoring load through load control. Operationally, our scheme allows scaling to the ISPs dimensions, adaptability to new protocols (introduced as multicast evolves), threshold detection for crucial parameters and an access controlled, customizable interface design. Although the multicast scenario is used to illustrate the benefits of consolidated monitoring, the ultimate aim is to scale the scheme to unicast IP networks.

Prenyl alcohol production by expression of exogenous isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase and farnesyl diphosphate synthase genes in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Ohto, Chikara; Muramatsu, Masayoshi; Obata, Shusei; Sakuradani, Eiji; Shimizu, Sakayu

2009-01-01

Isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase (idi) and farnesyl diphosphate synthase (ispA) genes were overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The resulting transformant showed 6.8-fold higher production of farnesol (389 microg/l). In a similar manner, overexpression of idi and mutated ispA led to high production of geranylgeraniol (128 microg/l).

A suspected case of intranasal inverted Schneiderian papilloma in an adult male from post-Medieval Holland.

PubMed

Carroll, G M A; Waters-Rist, A; Inskip, S A

2016-03-01

During the routine assessment of skeletal material unearthed from Middenbeemster, a post-Medieval (AD 17-19th century) cemetery in Northern Holland, an adult male with an unidentified choanal lesion was discovered. The affected individual was analysed macroscopically and via computer tomography. Based on the phenotypic and radiographic characteristics of the lesion, and after a comprehensive review of clinical literature, it was determined that the lesion was likely caused by an inverted Schneiderian papilloma (ISP), a benign but locally aggressive endophytic neoplasm histopathologically characterized by the inversion of the epithelium into the lamina propria (Schneiderian membrane) of the respiratory nasal mucosa. This study presents a detailed description of the pathophysiology and aetiology of ISPs, using both bioarchaeological and biomedical frameworks. Several differential diagnoses are discussed, with emphasis on the reasons for their rejection as the primary pathogenic mechanism(s). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this research is the first reported case of ISP within palaeopathology, which highlights the need to consider ISPs whenever slow-growing sinonasal neoplasms are suspected, as well as in cases that exhibit focal rhinitis. Crown Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Competitive game theoretic optimal routing in optical networks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yassine, Abdulsalam; Kabranov, Ognian; Makrakis, Dimitrios

2002-09-01

Optical transport service providers need control and optimization strategies for wavelength management, network provisioning, restoration and protection, allowing them to define and deploy new services and maintain competitiveness. In this paper, we investigate a game theory based model for wavelength and flow assignment in multi wavelength optical networks, consisting of several backbone long-haul optical network transport service providers (TSPs) who are offering their services -in terms of bandwidth- to Internet service providers (ISPs). The ISPs act as brokers or agents between the TSP and end user. The agent (ISP) buys services (bandwidth) from the TSP. The TSPs compete among themselves to sell their services and maintain profitability. We present a case study, demonstrating the impact of different bandwidth broker demands on the supplier's profit and the price paid by the network broker.

Funalichnus bhubani isp. nov. from Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower -Middle Miocene) of Aizawl, Mizoram, India

PubMed Central

Tiwari, Raghavendra Prasad; Rajkonwar, Chinmoy; Patel, Satish Jaychandbhai

2013-01-01

A new ichnospecies of the ichnogenus Funalichnus Pokorný is described from the Middle Bhuban Unit, Bhuban Formation, Surma Group (Lower - Middle Miocene) of Aizawl, Mizoram, India. Funalichnus bhubani isp. Nov. Is a large burrow displaying cylindrical segments that are oriented nearly perpendicular to the bedding plane. The new ichnospecies can be identified on the basis of general form, size, unlined passive filling and twisted rod-like structure. The association of Funalichnus bhubani isp. Nov. With Arenicolites, Diplocraterion, Ophiomorpha Psilonichnus Skolithos and Thalassinoides points to its bathymetric restriction. The deep extension of the burrow in clastic sediments provides a favourable condition for preservation in the shoreface environment and occurrence in fine- to medium-grained clastic sediments may be a preservational preference. PMID:24204992

SEP Mission to Titan NEXT Aerocapture In-Space Propulsion (Quicktime Movie)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Baggett, Randy

2004-01-01

The ion thruster is one of the most promising solar electric propulsion (SEP) technologies to support future Outer Planet missions (place provided link below here) for NASA's Office of Space Science. Typically, ion thrusters are used in high Isp- low thrust applications that require long lifetimes, as well as, higher efficiency over state-of-the-art chemical propulsion systems.Today, the standard for ion thrusters is the SEP Technology Application Readiness (NSTAR) thruster. Jet Propulsion Laboratory's (JPL's) extended life test (ELT) of the DS 1 flight spare NSTAR thruster began in October 1998. This test successfully demonstrated lifetime of the NSTAR flight spare thruster, which will provide a solid basis for selection of ion thrusters for future Code S missions. The NSTAR ELT was concluded on June 30,2003 after 30,352 hours. The purpose of the Next Generation Ion (NGI) activities is to advance Ion propulsion system technologies through the development of NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT). The goal of NEXT is to more than double the power capability and lifetime throughput (the total amount of propellant which can be processed) while increasing the Isp by 30% and the thrust by 120%.

[Resources Families Projects (ISPES) in the Social and Political Context of the Nineties: Porto Torres (Sardinia), Regione Calabria, and Lavello (Basilicata).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

1999

The Resource Families project experiments with new ways of meeting information, support, and assistance needs of Italian families with infants and defines new directions and procedures to inform the development of regional social policies in Italy. The project, funded through the Bernard van Leer Foundation and managed by ISPES (Instituto per la…

Efforts to Increase Social Contact in Persons with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: Analysing Individual Support Plans in the Netherlands

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kamstra, Aafke; van der Putten, Annette A. J.; Vlaskamp, Carla

2017-01-01

Most people with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) have limited social contact and it is unclear what is done to maintain or increase these contacts. Individual support planning (ISP) can be used in the systematic enhancement of social contacts. This study analyses the content of ISPs with respect to the social contacts of…

Performance assessment of low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gerrish, Harrold P., Jr.; Doughty, Glen E.

1993-01-01

An increase in Isp for nuclear thermal propulsion systems is desirable for reducing the propellant requirements and cost of future applications, such as the Mars Transfer Vehicle. Several previous design studies have suggested that the Isp could be increased substantially with hydrogen dissociation/recombination. Hydrogen molecules (H2), at high temperatures and low pressures, will dissociate to monatomic hydrogen (H). The reverse process (i.e., formation of H2 from H) is exothermic. The exothermic energy in a nozzle increases the kinetic energy and therefore, increases the Isp. The low pressure nuclear thermal propulsion system (LPNTP) system is expected to maximize the hydrogen dissociation/recombination and Isp by operating at high chamber temperatures and low chamber pressures. The process involves hydrogen flow through a high temperature, low pressure fission reactor, and out a nozzle. The high temperature (approximately 3000 K) of the hydrogen in the reactor is limited by the temperature limits of the reactor material. The minimum chamber pressure is about 1 atm because lower pressures decrease the engines thrust to weight ratio below acceptable limits. This study assumes that hydrogen leaves the reactor and enters the nozzle at the 3000 K equilibrium dissociation level. Hydrogen dissociation in the reactor does not affect LPNTP performance like dissociation in traditional chemical propulsion systems, because energy from the reactor resupplies energy lost due to hydrogen dissociation. Recombination takes place in the nozzle due primarily to a drop in temperature as the Mach number increases. However, as the Mach number increases beyond the nozzle throat, the static pressure and density of the flow decreases and minimizes the recombination. The ideal LPNTP Isp at 3000 K and 10 psia is 1160 seconds due to the added energy from fast recombination rates. The actual Isp depends on the finite kinetic reaction rates which affect the amount of monatomic hydrogen recombination before the flow exits the nozzle. A LPNTP system has other technical issues (e.g. flow instability and two-phase flow) besides hydrogen dissociation/recombination which affect the systems practicality. In this study, only the effects of hydrogen dissociation/recombination are examined.

Coniacian sandstones from the North Sudetic Synclinorium revisited: palaeoenvironmental and palaeogeographical reconstructions based on trace fossil analysis and associated body fossils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Chrząstek, Alina; Wypych, Monika

2018-03-01

The Coniacian quartz sandstones (Żerkowice Member, Rakowice Wielkie Formation) that crop out at quarries near Czaple-Nowa Wieś Grodziska (North Sudetic Synclinorium) contain a low-diversity assemblage of trace fossils: Gyrochorte isp., Ophiomorpha nodosa (Lundgren, 1891), Ophiomorpha isp., Phycodes cf. curvipalmatum (Pollard, 1981), ?Phycodes isp., Planolites cf. beverleyensis (Billings, 1862), Thalassinoides paradoxicus (Woodward, 1830) and ?Thalassinoides isp. Moreover, interesting compound burrow systems, here referred to as Thalassinoides-Phycodes cf. palmatus and ?Thalassinoides-Phycodes, were recognised at the Czaple Quarry. Additionally, ?Gyrochorte isp., Phycodes cf. flabellum (Miller and Dyer, 1878) and ?Treptichnus isp. were encountered at correlative levels in the Rakowice Małe Quarry. Some of these ichnotaxa have not been recorded previously from Coniacian sandstones of the Żerkowice Member. Additionally, in slabs of these sandstones, the gastropod Nerinea bicincta (Bronn, 1836) and the bivalve Lima haidingeri (Zittel, 1866) were found. These interesting finds, in particular the gastropods, were already noted from the study area in the first half of the twentieth century by (Scupin (1912-1913)). Ethologically, the trace fossil assemblage is represented by domichnia or domichnia/fodinichnia (Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides), fodinichnia (Phycodes) and pascichnia (Gyrochorte, Planolites). The compound burrow systems (Thalassinoides-Phycodes) are interpreted as dwelling/feeding structures. The possible tracemakers are crustaceans (Ophiomorpha, Thalassinoides) or worm-like animals (annelids and other) (Planolites, ?Phycodes, Gyrochorte and ?Treptichnus). The assemblage of trace fossils is characteristic of the Skolithos ichnofacies and Cruziana ichnofacies, typical of shallow-marine settings. Ichnological studies, as well as the presence of accompanying fossils (bivalves, gastropods), confirm the palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the Żerkowice Member sandstones by (Leszczyński (2010)). That author interpreted the Coniacian sandstones as bar and storm deposits laid down in a shallow epicontinental sea (mainly the foreshore-upper shoreface; up to the middle shoreface) under normal oxygenation and salinity, in soft substrate, above fair-weather wave base. The deposition of the Żerkowice Member sandstones is linked to a regression that started after uplift of the southeastern part of the North Sudetic Synclinorium.

A comparison of the effects of 2 doses of soy protein or casein on serum lipids, serum lipoproteins, and plasma total homocysteine in hypercholesterolemic subjects.

PubMed

Tonstad, Serena; Smerud, Knut; Høie, Lars

2002-07-01

Studies have shown that soy protein reduces some atherogenic lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, although lipoprotein(a) concentrations may be increased. The dose response of soy protein has not been established; neither has its effect on plasma total homocysteine. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of 2 doses of soy protein on lipid, lipoprotein, and homocysteine concentrations. Four to 24 wk after being instructed to consume a lipid-lowering diet, 130 men and women with LDL-cholesterol concentrations > or = 4 mmol/L were studied during a parallel group trial in which 4 interventions were assigned randomly. Thirty grams isolated soy protein (ISP) and 10 g cotyledon fiber or 50 g ISP and 16.6 g cotyledon fiber or equivalent doses of casein and cellulose were consumed daily as a beverage for 16 wk. When the 2 groups who consumed ISP were compared with the 2 groups who consumed casein, the differences in the net changes from baseline to week 16 in the concentrations of LDL cholesterol and plasma total homocysteine were -0.26 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.43, -0.09 mmol/L; P = 0.01) and -0.8 micromol/L (-1.4, -0.2 micromol/L; P = 0.005), respectively. The effect of the ISP dose was not significant. There were no significant differences between the 2 ISP and the 2 casein groups in changes in lipoprotein(a), HDL-cholesterol, or triacylglycerol concentrations. Adding 30-50 g soy protein/d to a lipid-lowering diet significantly reduced LDL-cholesterol concentrations without increasing lipoprotein(a) concentrations. Plasma total homocysteine concentrations also decreased, suggesting a novel, possibly antiatherosclerotic effect.

Coregulation of Terpenoid Pathway Genes and Prediction of Isoprene Production in Bacillus subtilis Using Transcriptomics.

PubMed

Hess, Becky M; Xue, Junfeng; Markillie, Lye Meng; Taylor, Ronald C; Wiley, H Steven; Ahring, Birgitte K; Linggi, Bryan

2013-01-01

The isoprenoid pathway converts pyruvate to isoprene and related isoprenoid compounds in plants and some bacteria. Currently, this pathway is of great interest because of the critical role that isoprenoids play in basic cellular processes, as well as the industrial value of metabolites such as isoprene. Although the regulation of several pathway genes has been described, there is a paucity of information regarding system level regulation and control of the pathway. To address these limitations, we examined Bacillus subtilis grown under multiple conditions and determined the relationship between altered isoprene production and gene expression patterns. We found that with respect to the amount of isoprene produced, terpenoid genes fall into two distinct subsets with opposing correlations. The group whose expression levels positively correlated with isoprene production included dxs, which is responsible for the commitment step in the pathway, ispD, and two genes that participate in the mevalonate pathway, yhfS and pksG. The subset of terpenoid genes that inversely correlated with isoprene production included ispH, ispF, hepS, uppS, ispE, and dxr. A genome-wide partial least squares regression model was created to identify other genes or pathways that contribute to isoprene production. These analyses showed that a subset of 213 regulated genes was sufficient to create a predictive model of isoprene production under different conditions and showed correlations at the transcriptional level. We conclude that gene expression levels alone are sufficiently informative about the metabolic state of a cell that produces increased isoprene and can be used to build a model that accurately predicts production of this secondary metabolite across many simulated environmental conditions.

Coregulation of Terpenoid Pathway Genes and Prediction of Isoprene Production in Bacillus subtilis Using Transcriptomics

PubMed Central

Hess, Becky M.; Xue, Junfeng; Markillie, Lye Meng; Taylor, Ronald C.; Wiley, H. Steven; Ahring, Birgitte K.; Linggi, Bryan

2013-01-01

The isoprenoid pathway converts pyruvate to isoprene and related isoprenoid compounds in plants and some bacteria. Currently, this pathway is of great interest because of the critical role that isoprenoids play in basic cellular processes, as well as the industrial value of metabolites such as isoprene. Although the regulation of several pathway genes has been described, there is a paucity of information regarding system level regulation and control of the pathway. To address these limitations, we examined Bacillus subtilis grown under multiple conditions and determined the relationship between altered isoprene production and gene expression patterns. We found that with respect to the amount of isoprene produced, terpenoid genes fall into two distinct subsets with opposing correlations. The group whose expression levels positively correlated with isoprene production included dxs, which is responsible for the commitment step in the pathway, ispD, and two genes that participate in the mevalonate pathway, yhfS and pksG. The subset of terpenoid genes that inversely correlated with isoprene production included ispH, ispF, hepS, uppS, ispE, and dxr. A genome-wide partial least squares regression model was created to identify other genes or pathways that contribute to isoprene production. These analyses showed that a subset of 213 regulated genes was sufficient to create a predictive model of isoprene production under different conditions and showed correlations at the transcriptional level. We conclude that gene expression levels alone are sufficiently informative about the metabolic state of a cell that produces increased isoprene and can be used to build a model that accurately predicts production of this secondary metabolite across many simulated environmental conditions. PMID:23840410

Coregulation of terpenoid pathway genes and prediction of isoprene production in Bacillus subtilis using transcriptomics

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hess, Becky M.; Xue, Junfeng; Markillie, Lye Meng

2013-06-19

The isoprenoid pathway converts pyruvate to isoprene and related isoprenoid compounds in plants and some bacteria. Currently, this pathway is of great interest because of the critical role that isoprenoids play in basic cellular processes as well as the industrial value of metabolites such as isoprene. Although the regulation of several pathway genes has been described, there is a paucity of information regarding the system level regulation and control of the pathway. To address this limitation, we examined Bacillus subtilis grown under multiple conditions and then determined the relationship between altered isoprene production and the pattern of gene expression. Wemore » found that terpenoid genes appeared to fall into two distinct subsets with opposing correlations with respect to the amount of isoprene produced. The group whose expression levels positively correlated with isoprene production included dxs, the gene responsible for the commitment step in the pathway, as well as ispD, and two genes that participate in the mevalonate pathway, yhfS and pksG. The subset of terpenoid genes that inversely correlated with isoprene production included ispH, ispF, hepS, uppS, ispE, and dxr. A genome wide partial least squares regression model was created to identify other genes or pathways that contribute to isoprene production. This analysis showed that a subset of 213 regulated genes was sufficient to create a predictive model of isoprene production under different conditions and showed correlations at the transcriptional level. We conclude that gene expression levels alone are sufficiently informative about the metabolic state of a cell that produces increased isoprene and can be used to build a model which accurately predicts production of this secondary metabolite across many simulated environmental conditions.« less

"In situ preparation": new surgical procedure indicated for soft-tissue sarcoma of a lower limb in close proximity to major neurovascular structures.

PubMed

Matsumoto, Seiichi; Kawaguchi, Noriyoshi; Manabe, Jun; Matsushita, Yasushi

2002-02-01

When soft-tissue sarcomas occur near neurovascular structures, preoperative images cannot always reveal the accurate relationship between the tumor and these structures. Therefore, in some patients, neurovascular structures are sacrificed unnecessarily. In other patients, neurovascular structures are preserved with an inappropriate margin, followed by local recurrence. The objective of this study was to evaluate a new surgical method, "in situ preparation" (ISP), which enables the preparation of neurovascular bundles and the intraoperative evaluation of the surgical margin without contamination by tumor cells. With this method, additional procedures, including pasteurization, alcohol soaking, and distilled water soaking of the preserved neurovascular bundle can also be performed to preserve the continuity of vessels. Between April 1992 and December 1998, 18 patients with soft-tissue sarcoma were operated on using ISP. The tumor and neurovascular structure were lifted en bloc from the surgical bed and separated from the field by the use of a vinyl sheet. The consistency of the neurovascular structures was preserved. The tissue block could be freely turned around and the neurovascular structure was separated from the block through the nearest approach. The margin between the tumor and neurovascular structure was evaluated, and an additional procedure, such as pasteurization, alcohol soaking or distilled water soaking, was performed, according to the safety of the surgical margin. Only one patient showed recurrence after ISP. Complications after ISP were arterial occlusion in two patients and nerve palsy in three patients. The main cause of these complications was the long period of pasteurization; modified additional procedures could prevent such complications. ISP is a useful method with which to ensure a safe surgical margin and good functional results.

Low socioeconomic status may increase the risk of central obesity in incoming university students in Taiwan.

PubMed

Chao, Chi-Yuan; Shih, Chi-Chen; Wang, Chi-Jen; Wu, Jin-Shang; Lu, Feng-Hwa; Chang, Chih-Jen; Yang, Yi-Ching

2014-01-01

Obesity is related to social disparity. The objective of the study was to evaluate different indicators of parental SES with the association of central obesity in young adult Taiwanese students. This study was cross-sectionally designed and a total of 4552 subjects were recruited. Each subject completed a self-administrated questionnaire and received anthropometric and laboratory measurements. The indicators of SES in study subjects included parental education, occupation, household incomes, childhood and current index of social position (ISP), measured according to the modified Hollingshead's ISP. Central obesity was defined as waist circumference ≥90 cm in men and ≥80 cm in women. The prevalence of central obesity was 10.7% in this study. When compared to subjects with normal waist circumferences, subjects with central obesity were older, had a higher BMI, both systolic and diastolic blood pressure, a higher proportion of male gender, family history of diabetes and hypertension, alcohol consumption habit, and a higher proportion of low current household income, current parental blue collar occupational level, and lower current and childhood parental ISP level. Multivariate analysis showed the current parental household income and ISP were significantly higher indicators of risk of central obesity after adjustment for possible confounding factors. The odds ratios were 1.26 and 1.30, respectively. Our results showed that low household income and current ISP were independently associated with the risk of central obesity. Therefore, young adults with low SES should be an important target group for prevention and management of central obesity in school health promotion programs. © 2014 Asian Oceanian Association for the Study of Obesity . Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Implementing Cyber Coercion

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

government ordered ISPs to censor the website, Pakistan Telecom began advertising a route for IP addresses used by YouTube. This was an attempt to...prevent people from within Pakistan from accessing the site; however, the false advertisement was made global, resulting in YouTube being blocked...worldwide for over two hours. This advertisement by Pakistan Telecom was sent to an upstream ISP, PCCW, where it was advertised to the rest of the

Quantifying sub-pixel urban impervious surface through fusion of optical and inSAR imagery

USGS Publications Warehouse

Yang, L.; Jiang, L.; Lin, H.; Liao, M.

2009-01-01

In this study, we explored the potential to improve urban impervious surface modeling and mapping with the synergistic use of optical and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) imagery. We used a Classification and Regression Tree (CART)-based approach to test the feasibility and accuracy of quantifying Impervious Surface Percentage (ISP) using four spectral bands of SPOT 5 high-resolution geometric (HRG) imagery and three parameters derived from the European Remote Sensing (ERS)-2 Single Look Complex (SLC) SAR image pair. Validated by an independent ISP reference dataset derived from the 33 cm-resolution digital aerial photographs, results show that the addition of InSAR data reduced the ISP modeling error rate from 15.5% to 12.9% and increased the correlation coefficient from 0.71 to 0.77. Spatially, the improvement is especially noted in areas of vacant land and bare ground, which were incorrectly mapped as urban impervious surfaces when using the optical remote sensing data. In addition, the accuracy of ISP prediction using InSAR images alone is only marginally less than that obtained by using SPOT imagery. The finding indicates the potential of using InSAR data for frequent monitoring of urban settings located in cloud-prone areas.

Good Practices for Real-World Data Studies of Treatment and/or Comparative Effectiveness: Recommendations from the Joint ISPOR-ISPE Special Task Force on Real-World Evidence in Health Care Decision Making.

PubMed

Berger, Marc L; Sox, Harold; Willke, Richard J; Brixner, Diana L; Eichler, Hans-Georg; Goettsch, Wim; Madigan, David; Makady, Amr; Schneeweiss, Sebastian; Tarricone, Rosanna; Wang, Shirley V; Watkins, John; Mullins, C Daniel

2017-09-01

Real-world evidence (RWE) includes data from retrospective or prospective observational studies and observational registries and provides insights beyond those addressed by randomized controlled trials. RWE studies aim to improve health care decision making. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) and the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) created a task force to make recommendations regarding good procedural practices that would enhance decision makers' confidence in evidence derived from RWD studies. Peer review by ISPOR/ISPE members and task force participants provided a consensus-building iterative process for the topics and framing of recommendations. The ISPOR/ISPE Task Force recommendations cover seven topics such as study registration, replicability, and stakeholder involvement in RWE studies. These recommendations, in concert with earlier recommendations about study methodology, provide a trustworthy foundation for the expanded use of RWE in health care decision making. The focus of these recommendations is good procedural practices for studies that test a specific hypothesis in a specific population. We recognize that some of the recommendations in this report may not be widely adopted without appropriate incentives from decision makers, journal editors, and other key stakeholders. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.

The Information Search Process (the ISP) and the Research Essay. How One School Library Supports Student Learning by Using the ISP as the Framework for the Extended Essay

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Reynolds, Helen

2010-01-01

Queensland Academy for Health Sciences (QAHS) is a senior secondary high school offering the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme (DP). As part of the Diploma, students are required to complete a referenced research essay of four thousand words. For most, this will be their first experience of such a challenging undertaking.…

Laser Space Propulsion Overview (Preprint)

DTIC Science & Technology

2006-08-22

thruster technology. However, a laser-ablation propulsion engine using a set of diode-pumped glass fiber amplifiers with a total of 350-W optical power...achieved Isp = 3660s with Cm = 56µN/W and ηAB = 100%. These two units will be combined in a single device using low-mass diode-pumped glass fiber...diode-pumped glass fiber lasers onboard the spacecraft to provide thrust with variable Isp and unmatched thrust efficiency deriving from exothermic

NASA Development of Aerocapture Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

James, Bonnie; Munk, Michelle; Moon, Steve

2003-01-01

Aeroassist technology development is a vital part of the NASA ln-Space Propulsion Program (ISP), which is managed by the NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science, and implemented by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Aeroassist is the general term given to various techniques to maneuver a space vehicle within an atmosphere, using aerodynamic forces in lieu of propulsive fuel. Within the ISP, the current aeroassist technology development focus is aerocapture. The objective of the ISP Aerocapture Technology Project (ATP) is to develop technologies that can enable and/or benefit NASA science missions by significantly reducing cost, mass, and/or travel times. To accomplish this objective, the ATP identifies and prioritizes the most promising technologies using systems analysis, technology advancement and peer review, coupled with NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science target requirements. Plans are focused on developing mid-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies to TRL 6 (ready for technology demonstration in space).

NASA Development of Aerocapture Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

James, Bonnie; Munk, Michelle; Moon, Steve

2004-01-01

Aeroassist technology development is a vital part of the NASA In-Space Propulsion Program (ISP), which is managed by the NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science, and implemented by the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. Aeroassist is the general term given to various techniques to maneuver a space vehicle within an atmosphere, using aerodynamic forces in lieu of propulsive fuel. Within the ISP, the current aeroassist technology development focus is aerocapture. The objective of the ISP Aerocapture Technology Project (ATP) is to develop technologies that can enable and/or benefit NASA science missions by significantly reducing cost, mass, and/or travel times. To accomplish this objective, the ATP identifies and prioritizes the most promising technologies using systems analysis, technology advancement and peer review, coupled with NASA Headquarters Office of Space Science target requirements. Plans are focused on developing mid-Technology Readiness Level (TRL) technologies to TRL 6 (ready for technology demonstration in space).

Application of Magnetized Target Fusion to High-Energy Space Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Thio, Y. C. F.; Schmidt, G. R.; Kirkpatrick, R. C.; Rodgers, Stephen L. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Most fusion propulsion concepts that have been investigated in the past employ some form of inertial or magnetic confinement. Although the prospective performance of these concepts is excellent, the fusion processes on which these concepts are based still require considerable development before they can be seriously considered for actual applications. Furthermore, these processes are encumbered by the need for sophisticated plasma and power handling systems that are generally quite inefficient and have historically resulted in large, massive spacecraft designs. Here we present a comparatively new approach, Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF), which offers a nearer-term avenue for realizing the tremendous performance benefits of fusion propulsion'. The key advantage of MTF is its less demanding requirements for driver energy and power processing. Additional features include: 1) very low system masses and volumes, 2) high gain and relatively low waste heat, 3) substantial utilization of energy from product neutrons, 4) efficient, low peak-power drivers based on existing pulsed power technology, and 5) very high Isp, specific power and thrust. MTF overcomes many of the problems associated with traditional fusion techniques, thus making it particularly attractive for space applications. Isp greater than 50,000 seconds and specific powers greater than 50 kilowatts/kilogram appear feasible using relatively near-term pulse power and plasma gun technology.

Precipitation and ultimate pH effect on chemical and gelation properties of protein prepared by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation process from pale, soft, exudative (PSE)-like chicken breast meat1.

PubMed

Zhao, X; Xing, T; Chen, X; Han, M-Y; Li, X; Xu, X-L; Zhou, G-H

2017-05-01

Pale, soft, exudative (PSE)-like chicken breast is considered deteriorated raw material in the poultry meat industry that has inferior processing ability. The chemical and gelation properties of PSE-like chicken breast meat paste were studied. These pastes were prepared by the pH adjustment method and protein isolation using the isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) process from PSE-like chicken meat. The ISP-isolated samples were solubilized at pH 11.0 and recovered at pH 5.5 and 6.2. The ultimate pH of the ISP-isolated protein and meat paste was adjusted to 6.2 and 7.0. The ultimate pH in this article referred to the final pH of the extracted protein and meat paste. Higher reactive sulfhydryl content and surface hydrophobicity were found in the precipitation at pH 6.2 than at pH 5.5. However, various ultimate pH values showed no significant influence on the surface hydrophobicity. The hardness of gel, as measured by textural profile analysis, was improved using 6.2 as the precipitation pH compared with pH 5.5. The viscoelastic modulus (G΄) of gel pastes prior to the thermal gelation was higher with ISP treatment. However, lower G΄ was seen after thermal gelation compared with the control. Dynamic rheological measurement demonstrated a different gel-forming mechanism for protein precipitated at pH values of 5.5 and 6.2 compared with the meat paste. The cooking loss showed that the recovered protein failed to form a gel with good water-retention capacity unless the ultimate pH was adjusted to 7.0. Gels made from protein extracted by the ISP method had higher yellowness and lower redness values, probably due to protein denaturation. Precipitation at pH 6.2 formed a harder gel with lower water-retention ability than that at pH 5.5, and this result was possibly due to higher surface hydrophobicity and S-S bridge formation. Overall, network characteristics of ISP-treated protein gels were strongly dependent on precipitation pH and ultimate pH. © 2016 Poultry Science Association Inc.

Momentum and Heat Flux Measurements in the Exhaust of VASIMR using Helium Propellant

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chavers, D. Gregory; Chang-Diaz, Franklin R.; Irvine, Claude; Squire, Jared P.

2003-01-01

Interplanetary travel requires propulsion systems that can provide high specific impulse (Isp), while also having sufficient thrust to rapidly accelerate large payloads. One such propulsion system is the Variable Specific Impulse Magneto-plasma Rocket (VASIMR), which creates, heats, and ejects plasma to provide variable thrust and Isp, designed to optimally meet the mission requirements. The fraction of the total energy invested in creating the plasma, as compared to the plasma's total kinetic energy, is an important factor in determining the overall system efficiency. In VASIMR, this 'frozen flow loss' is appreciable when at high thrust, but negligible at high Isp. The loss applies to other electric thrusters as well. If some of this energy could be recovered through recombination processes, and reinjected as neutral kinetic energy, the efficiency of VASIMR, in its low Isp/high thrust mode may be improved. An experiment is being conducted to investigate the possibility of recovering some of the energy used to create the plasma by studying the flow characteristics of the charged and neutral particles in the exhaust of the thruster. This paper will cover the measurements of momentum flux and heat flux in the exhaust of the VASIMR test facility using helium as the propellant where the heat flux is comprised of both kinetic and plasma recombination energy. The flux measurements also assist in diagnosing and verifying the plasma conditions in the existing experiment.

Good practices for real-world data studies of treatment and/or comparative effectiveness: Recommendations from the joint ISPOR-ISPE Special Task Force on real-world evidence in health care decision making.

PubMed

Berger, Marc L; Sox, Harold; Willke, Richard J; Brixner, Diana L; Eichler, Hans-Georg; Goettsch, Wim; Madigan, David; Makady, Amr; Schneeweiss, Sebastian; Tarricone, Rosanna; Wang, Shirley V; Watkins, John; Daniel Mullins, C

2017-09-01

Real-world evidence (RWE) includes data from retrospective or prospective observational studies and observational registries and provides insights beyond those addressed by randomized controlled trials. RWE studies aim to improve health care decision making. The International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) and the International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) created a task force to make recommendations regarding good procedural practices that would enhance decision makers' confidence in evidence derived from RWD studies. Peer review by ISPOR/ISPE members and task force participants provided a consensus-building iterative process for the topics and framing of recommendations. The ISPOR/ISPE Task Force recommendations cover seven topics such as study registration, replicability, and stakeholder involvement in RWE studies. These recommendations, in concert with earlier recommendations about study methodology, provide a trustworthy foundation for the expanded use of RWE in health care decision making. The focus of these recommendations is good procedural practices for studies that test a specific hypothesis in a specific population. We recognize that some of the recommendations in this report may not be widely adopted without appropriate incentives from decision makers, journal editors, and other key stakeholders. © 2017 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology & Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A novel in situ permeation system and its utility in cancer tissue ablation

PubMed Central

WATANABE, MASAMI

2015-01-01

Focal ablation therapy is an emerging treatment modality for localized cancer lesions. It is an attractive strategy for inhibiting tumor progression and preventing morbidity associated with open surgery. As for intratissue drug delivery systems for use in local therapy, the convection-enhanced delivery (CED) of liquid drugs has been utilized, particularly for the treatment of malignant brain tumors. Although the conventional CED system is useful for providing drug/vehicle-based local therapy, there are several reported disadvantages in terms of the ability to control the extent of drug diffusion. We herein developed and validated a novel in situ permeation (ISP)-MW-1 system for achieving intratissue drug diffusion. The ISP system includes a perfusion catheter connected to an injector and aspirator, which enables intratissue perfusion of the solute diluted in the vehicle in the tip-inserted cavity. We subsequently evaluated the utility of the ISP-MW-1 system for in situ permeation in a subcutaneous tumor model in hamsters. Dehydrated ethanol, saline and 50% acetic acid were evaluated as the vehicle, and methylene blue was used as a dissolved substance for evaluating the diffusion of the agent. As a result, almost all of the tumor tissue within the capsule (tumor size: ~3 cm) was permeated with the dehydrated ethanol and 50% acetic acid and partially with the saline. We further demonstrated that ISP treatment with 50% acetic acid completely ablated the subcutaneous tumors in all of the treated hamsters (n=3). Therefore, the ISP-MW-1 system is a promising approach for controlling the intratissue diffusion of therapeutic agents and for providing local ablation therapy for cancer lesions. We believe that this system may be applicable to a broad range of medicinal and industrial fields, such as regenerative medicine, drug delivery systems, biochemistry and material technologies as well as cancer therapy. PMID:26134633

Activating KRAS mutations are characteristic of oncocytic sinonasal papilloma and associated sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

PubMed

Udager, Aaron M; McHugh, Jonathan B; Betz, Bryan L; Montone, Kathleen T; Livolsi, Virginia A; Seethala, Raja R; Yakirevich, Evgeny; Iwenofu, O Hans; Perez-Ordonez, Bayardo; DuRoss, Kathleen E; Weigelin, Helmut C; Lim, Megan S; Elenitoba-Johnson, Kojo Sj; Brown, Noah A

2016-08-01

Oncocytic sinonasal papillomas (OSPs) are benign tumours of the sinonasal tract, a subset of which are associated with synchronous or metachronous sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma (SNSCC). Activating EGFR mutations were recently identified in nearly 90% of inverted sinonasal papillomas (ISPs) - a related tumour with distinct morphology. EGFR mutations were, however, not found in OSP, suggesting that different molecular alterations drive the oncogenesis of these tumours. In this study, tissue from 51 cases of OSP and five cases of OSP-associated SNSCC was obtained retrospectively from six institutions. Tissue was also obtained from 50 cases of ISP, 22 cases of ISP-associated SNSCC, ten cases of exophytic sinonasal papilloma (ESP), and 19 cases of SNSCC with no known papilloma association. Using targeted next-generation and conventional Sanger sequencing, we identified KRAS mutations in 51/51 (100%) OSPs and 5/5 (100%) OSP-associated SNSCCs. The somatic nature of KRAS mutations was confirmed in a subset of cases with matched germline DNA, and four matched pairs of OSP and concurrent associated SNSCC had concordant KRAS genotypes. In contrast, KRAS mutations were present in only one (5%) SNSCC with no known papilloma association and none of the ISPs, ISP-associated SNSCCs, or ESPs. This is the first report of somatic KRAS mutations in OSP and OSP-associated SNSCC. The presence of identical mutations in OSP and concurrent associated SNSCC supports the putative role of OSP as a precursor to SNSCC, and the high frequency and specificity of KRAS mutations suggest that OSP and OSP-associated SNSCC are biologically distinct from other similar sinonasal tumours. The identification of KRAS mutations in all studied OSP cases represents an important development in our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease and may have implications for diagnosis and therapy. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Estimation of Metal Acceleration by an SF5 Containing Explosive

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-30

cylinder wall acceleration, the wall energies for the baseline composition and for the composition CW2 were calculated by three different methods : KSM, 6...computaticno! method to calculate the cylinder energies needed for comparison with expermental data, it was decided to compare data from three known methods ...detonation pressure given for the GAB method in Reference 8. They are E(6mm) = 0.1272 (Isp X density)1 .5 - 0.021, and E(l9mm) = 0.1580 (Isp x density) 1 .5

Translocation-coupled DNA cleavage by the Type ISP restriction-modification enzymes

PubMed Central

Chand, Mahesh Kumar; Nirwan, Neha; Diffin, Fiona M.; van Aelst, Kara; Kulkarni, Manasi; Pernstich, Christian; Szczelkun, Mark D.; Saikrishnan, Kayarat

2015-01-01

Endonucleolytic double-strand DNA break production requires separate strand cleavage events. Although catalytic mechanisms for simple dimeric endonucleases are available, there are many complex nuclease machines which are poorly understood in comparison. Here we studied the single polypeptide Type ISP restriction-modification (RM) enzymes, which cleave random DNA between distant target sites when two enzymes collide following convergent ATP-driven translocation. We report the 2.7 Angstroms resolution X-ray crystal structure of a Type ISP enzyme-DNA complex, revealing that both the helicase-like ATPase and nuclease are unexpectedly located upstream of the direction of translocation, inconsistent with simple nuclease domain-dimerization. Using single-molecule and biochemical techniques, we demonstrate that each ATPase remodels its DNA-protein complex and translocates along DNA without looping it, leading to a collision complex where the nuclease domains are distal. Sequencing of single cleavage events suggests a previously undescribed endonuclease model, where multiple, stochastic strand nicking events combine to produce DNA scission. PMID:26389736

A proposed intense slow positron source based on 58Co

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brown, Benjamin L.; Denison, Art; Makowitz, Henry; Gidley, Dave; Frieze, Bill; Griffin, Henry; Encarnación, Pedro

1994-06-01

Positron beams have proven very useful for condensed matter and surface research. The highest intensity of the current operating positron beams is ˜109 slow e+/second. The goal of our proposal is to build an Intense Slow Positron Source (ISPS) demonstration beam (Phase I) of unprecedented brightness at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory, INEL (up to 1010 slow e+/s at 5 keV over a <0.03 cm. diameter). This Phase I beam will prove the principles necessary to build a larger facility scale ISPS Phase II beam which will have a potential of 1013 e+/s, or ≳1012 e+/s over 0.03 cm. The INEL is an ideal location for the ISPS because of the fast breeder reactor EBR-II, which is perfectly suited to creating the positron emitting isotope 58Co, and the excellent radioactive materials handling capability and expertise. Sufficient expertise is available at INEL for the construction and operation of a user facility (Phase II).

Using Standardized Patients to Teach Interprofessional Competencies to Dental Students.

PubMed

Anders, Patrick L; Scherer, Yvonne Krall; Hatton, Michael; Antonson, Donald; Austin-Ketch, Tammy; Campbell-Heider, Nancy

2016-01-01

The aims of this study were to develop, implement, and evaluate a novel interprofessional standardized patient exercise (ISPE) with oral-systemic and interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) components. Dental students and doctor of nursing practice (DNP) students at one U.S. university participated in the simulation, which was primarily designed to test their teamwork skills. In spring 2014, DNP students worked in the dental clinics with dental students under the supervision of nursing and dental faculty members. To test the teamwork outcomes for both groups of students, a standardized patient (SP) scenario was designed to include multiple chronic medical diagnoses and an oral-systemic component. The exercise was filmed for later review. Outcomes measures included SP and student self-evaluations and faculty evaluation of student documentation. The primary outcome of interest from a dental standpoint was faculty evaluation of IPCP competencies derived from the Core Competencies of Interprofessional Collaborative Practice and were deemed to be observable by faculty when viewing the videotaped scenario. Eight teams of students participated with an SP trained in the scenario. Each team consisted of a DNP student, a fourth-year dental student, and a second-year dental student. All eligible students in the DNP class (n=20) and eight students from each dental class (approximately 110 each) participated. The results showed that the teams scored highest on the role/responsibilities subscale, indicating students were respectful of each other's roles and expertise and effectively engaged each other to develop strategies to meet the patient's needs. Scores on the three other subscales (values/ethics, interprofessional communication, and teams/teamwork) were also high. These findings appeared to support IPCP as a method to foster knowledge and respect for other roles and responsibilities, improve appreciation of teamwork, and encourage better communication among health care providers. The ISPE scenario provided an effective way to evaluate IPCP competencies.

ISP Descriptions of Four Military Computer Architectures

DTIC Science & Technology

1978-04-01

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Isoprene production by Escherichia coli through the exogenous mevalonate pathway with reduced formation of fermentation byproducts.

PubMed

Kim, Jung-Hun; Wang, Chonglong; Jang, Hui-Jung; Cha, Myeong-Seok; Park, Ju-Eon; Jo, Seon-Yeong; Choi, Eui-Sung; Kim, Seon-Won

2016-12-23

Isoprene, a volatile C5 hydrocarbon, is an important platform chemical used in the manufacturing of synthetic rubber for tires and various other applications, such as elastomers and adhesives. In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655 harboring Populus trichocarpa isoprene synthase (PtispS) and the exogenous mevalonate (MVA) pathway produced 80 mg/L isoprene. Codon optimization and optimal expression of the ispS gene via adjustment of the RBS strength and inducer concentration increased isoprene production to 199 and 337 mg/L, respectively. To augment expression of MVA pathway genes, the MVA pathway was cloned on a high-copy plasmid (pBR322 origin) with a strong promoter (P trc ), which resulted in an additional increase in isoprene production up to 956 mg/L. To reduce the formation of byproducts derived from acetyl-CoA (an initial substrate of the MVA pathway), nine relevant genes were deleted to generate the E. coli AceCo strain (E. coli MG1655 ΔackA-pta, poxB, ldhA, dld, adhE, pps, and atoDA). The AceCo strain harboring the ispS gene and MVA pathway showed enhanced isoprene production of 1832 mg/L in flask culture with reduced accumulation of byproducts. We achieved a 23-fold increase in isoprene production by codon optimization of PtispS, augmentation of the MVA pathway, and deletion of genes involved in byproduct formation.

Emotional speech synchronizes brains across listeners and engages large-scale dynamic brain networks

PubMed Central

Nummenmaa, Lauri; Saarimäki, Heini; Glerean, Enrico; Gotsopoulos, Athanasios; Jääskeläinen, Iiro P.; Hari, Riitta; Sams, Mikko

2014-01-01

Speech provides a powerful means for sharing emotions. Here we implement novel intersubject phase synchronization and whole-brain dynamic connectivity measures to show that networks of brain areas become synchronized across participants who are listening to emotional episodes in spoken narratives. Twenty participants' hemodynamic brain activity was measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they listened to 45-s narratives describing unpleasant, neutral, and pleasant events spoken in neutral voice. After scanning, participants listened to the narratives again and rated continuously their feelings of pleasantness–unpleasantness (valence) and of arousal–calmness. Instantaneous intersubject phase synchronization (ISPS) measures were computed to derive both multi-subject voxel-wise similarity measures of hemodynamic activity and inter-area functional dynamic connectivity (seed-based phase synchronization, SBPS). Valence and arousal time series were subsequently used to predict the ISPS and SBPS time series. High arousal was associated with increased ISPS in the auditory cortices and in Broca's area, and negative valence was associated with enhanced ISPS in the thalamus, anterior cingulate, lateral prefrontal, and orbitofrontal cortices. Negative valence affected functional connectivity of fronto-parietal, limbic (insula, cingulum) and fronto-opercular circuitries, and positive arousal affected the connectivity of the striatum, amygdala, thalamus, cerebellum, and dorsal frontal cortex. Positive valence and negative arousal had markedly smaller effects. We propose that high arousal synchronizes the listeners' sound-processing and speech-comprehension networks, whereas negative valence synchronizes circuitries supporting emotional and self-referential processing. PMID:25128711

Labor force participation and the influence of having back problems on income poverty in Australia.

PubMed

Schofield, Deborah J; Callander, Emily J; Shrestha, Rupendra N; Percival, Richard; Kelly, Simon J; Passey, Megan E

2012-06-01

Cross-sectional study of 45- to 64-year-old Australians. To assess the relationship between chronic back problems and being in income poverty among the older working-aged population. Older workers who leave the labor force due to chronic back problems have fragile economic situations and as such are likely to have poorer living standards. Poverty is one way of comparing the living standards of different individuals within society. The 2003 Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers data were used, along with the 50% of the median equivalized income-unit income poverty line to identify those in poverty. Logistic regression models were used to look at the relationship between chronic back problems, labor force participation, and poverty. Regardless of labor force participation status (employed full-time, part-time, or not in the labor force at all), those with chronic back problems were significantly more likely to be in poverty. Those not in the labor force due to chronic back problems were significantly more likely to be in poverty than those in the labor force full-time with no chronic health condition (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.07, 95% CI: 0.07-0.07, P < 0.0001). Further, those employed part-time with no chronic health condition were 48% less likely to be in poverty (OR: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.51-0.53, P < 0.0001) than those also employed part-time but with chronic back problems. It was found that among those with back problems, those out of the labor force were significantly more likely to be in poverty than those employed part-time or full-time (OR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.43-0.44, P < 0.0001; OR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.10-0.10, P < 0.0001, respectively). This highlights the need to prevent and effectively treat chronic back problems, as these conditions are associated with reduced living standards.

Fixing Two BSD TCP Bugs

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allman, Mark

1997-01-01

This note outlines two bugs found in the BSD 4.4 Lite TCP implementation, as well as the implications of these bugs and possible ways to correct them. The first problem encountered in this particular TCP implementation is the use of a 2 segment initial congestion window, rather than the standard 1 segment initial window. The second problem is that the receiver delays ACKs in violation of the delayed ACK rules,

Stability of Staphylococcus aureus phage ISP after freeze-drying (lyophilization).

PubMed

Merabishvili, Maia; Vervaet, Chris; Pirnay, Jean-Paul; De Vos, Daniel; Verbeken, Gilbert; Mast, Jan; Chanishvili, Nino; Vaneechoutte, Mario

2013-01-01

Staphylococcus aureus phage ISP was lyophilized, using an Amsco-Finn Aqua GT4 freeze dryer, in the presence of six different stabilizers at different concentrations. Stability of the lyophilized phage at 4 °C was monitored up to 37 months and compared to stability in Luria Bertani broth and physiological saline at 4 °C. Sucrose and trehalose were shown to be the best stabilizing additives, causing a decrease of only 1 log immediately after the lyophilization procedure and showing high stability during a 27 month storage period.

The Interstellar Probe (ISP): Pre-Perihelion Trajectories and Application of Holography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matloff, G. L.; Vulpetti, G.; Bangs, C.; Haggerty, R.; Johnson, L. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

Between February and September 2001, a number of aspects of the solar-sail-launched Interstellar probe (ISP), which is under consideration by NASA for launch in the 2010-2015 timeframe, were researched. The effort was conducted in New York City (NYC) February-May, at Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) May-July (when the PI served as a NASA Summer 2001 Faculty Fellow), and in NYC August-September. In addition to the people listed on the title sheet, many people in NYC and at MSFC participated in this research.

Interdependence of linguistic and indexical speech perception skills in school-age children with early cochlear implantation.

PubMed

Geers, Ann E; Davidson, Lisa S; Uchanski, Rosalie M; Nicholas, Johanna G

2013-09-01

This study documented the ability of experienced pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users to perceive linguistic properties (what is said) and indexical attributes (emotional intent and talker identity) of speech, and examined the extent to which linguistic (LSP) and indexical (ISP) perception skills are related. Preimplant-aided hearing, age at implantation, speech processor technology, CI-aided thresholds, sequential bilateral cochlear implantation, and academic integration with hearing age-mates were examined for their possible relationships to both LSP and ISP skills. Sixty 9- to 12-year olds, first implanted at an early age (12 to 38 months), participated in a comprehensive test battery that included the following LSP skills: (1) recognition of monosyllabic words at loud and soft levels, (2) repetition of phonemes and suprasegmental features from nonwords, and (3) recognition of key words from sentences presented within a noise background, and the following ISP skills: (1) discrimination of across-gender and within-gender (female) talkers and (2) identification and discrimination of emotional content from spoken sentences. A group of 30 age-matched children without hearing loss completed the nonword repetition, and talker- and emotion-perception tasks for comparison. Word-recognition scores decreased with signal level from a mean of 77% correct at 70 dB SPL to 52% at 50 dB SPL. On average, CI users recognized 50% of key words presented in sentences that were 9.8 dB above background noise. Phonetic properties were repeated from nonword stimuli at about the same level of accuracy as suprasegmental attributes (70 and 75%, respectively). The majority of CI users identified emotional content and differentiated talkers significantly above chance levels. Scores on LSP and ISP measures were combined into separate principal component scores and these components were highly correlated (r = 0.76). Both LSP and ISP component scores were higher for children who received a CI at the youngest ages, upgraded to more recent CI technology and had lower CI-aided thresholds. Higher scores, for both LSP and ISP components, were also associated with higher language levels and mainstreaming at younger ages. Higher ISP scores were associated with better social skills. Results strongly support a link between indexical and linguistic properties in perceptual analysis of speech. These two channels of information appear to be processed together in parallel by the auditory system and are inseparable in perception. Better speech performance, for both linguistic and indexical perception, is associated with younger age at implantation and use of more recent speech processor technology. Children with better speech perception demonstrated better spoken language, earlier academic mainstreaming, and placement in more typically sized classrooms (i.e., >20 students). Well-developed social skills were more highly associated with the ability to discriminate the nuances of talker identity and emotion than with the ability to recognize words and sentences through listening. The extent to which early cochlear implantation enabled these early-implanted children to make use of both linguistic and indexical properties of speech influenced not only their development of spoken language, but also their ability to function successfully in a hearing world.

Interdependence of Linguistic and Indexical Speech Perception Skills in School-Aged Children with Early Cochlear Implantation

PubMed Central

Geers, Ann; Davidson, Lisa; Uchanski, Rosalie; Nicholas, Johanna

2013-01-01

Objectives This study documented the ability of experienced pediatric cochlear implant (CI) users to perceive linguistic properties (what is said) and indexical attributes (emotional intent and talker identity) of speech, and examined the extent to which linguistic (LSP) and indexical (ISP) perception skills are related. Pre-implant aided hearing, age at implantation, speech processor technology, CI-aided thresholds, sequential bilateral cochlear implantation, and academic integration with hearing age-mates were examined for their possible relationships to both LSP and ISP skills. Design Sixty 9–12 year olds, first implanted at an early age (12–38 months), participated in a comprehensive test battery that included the following LSP skills: 1) recognition of monosyllabic words at loud and soft levels, 2) repetition of phonemes and suprasegmental features from non-words, and 3) recognition of keywords from sentences presented within a noise background, and the following ISP skills: 1) discrimination of male from female and female from female talkers and 2) identification and discrimination of emotional content from spoken sentences. A group of 30 age-matched children without hearing loss completed the non-word repetition, and talker- and emotion-perception tasks for comparison. Results Word recognition scores decreased with signal level from a mean of 77% correct at 70 dB SPL to 52% at 50 dB SPL. On average, CI users recognized 50% of keywords presented in sentences that were 9.8 dB above background noise. Phonetic properties were repeated from non-word stimuli at about the same level of accuracy as suprasegmental attributes (70% and 75%, respectively). The majority of CI users identified emotional content and differentiated talkers significantly above chance levels. Scores on LSP and ISP measures were combined into separate principal component scores and these components were highly correlated (r = .76). Both LSP and ISP component scores were higher for children who received a CI at the youngest ages, upgraded to more recent CI technology and had lower CI-aided thresholds. Higher scores, for both LSP and ISP components, were also associated with higher language levels and mainstreaming at younger ages. Higher ISP scores were associated with better social skills. Conclusions Results strongly support a link between indexical and linguistic properties in perceptual analysis of speech. These two channels of information appear to be processed together in parallel by the auditory system and are inseparable in perception. Better speech performance, for both linguistic and indexical perception, is associated with younger age at implantation and use of more recent speech processor technology. Children with better speech perception demonstrated better spoken language, earlier academic mainstreaming, and placement in more typically-sized classrooms (i.e., >20 students). Well-developed social skills were more highly associated with the ability to discriminate the nuances of talker identity and emotion than with the ability to recognize words and sentences through listening. The extent to which early cochlear implantation enabled these early-implanted children to make use of both linguistic and indexical properties of speech influenced not only their development of spoken language, but also their ability to function successfully in a hearing world. PMID:23652814

Cloud Computing: An Overview

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Qian, Ling; Luo, Zhiguo; Du, Yujian; Guo, Leitao

In order to support the maximum number of user and elastic service with the minimum resource, the Internet service provider invented the cloud computing. within a few years, emerging cloud computing has became the hottest technology. From the publication of core papers by Google since 2003 to the commercialization of Amazon EC2 in 2006, and to the service offering of AT&T Synaptic Hosting, the cloud computing has been evolved from internal IT system to public service, from cost-saving tools to revenue generator, and from ISP to telecom. This paper introduces the concept, history, pros and cons of cloud computing as well as the value chain and standardization effort.

Biosynthesis of isoprene in Escherichia coli via methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway.

PubMed

Zhao, Yaru; Yang, Jianming; Qin, Bo; Li, Yonghao; Sun, Yuanzhang; Su, Sizheng; Xian, Mo

2011-06-01

Isoprene is an aviation fuel of high quality and an important polymer building block in the synthetic chemistry industry. In light of high oil prices, sustained availability, and environmental concerns, isoprene from renewable materials is contemplated as a substitute for petroleum-based product. Escherichia coli with advantages over other wild microorganisms, is considered as a powerful host for biofuels and chemicals. Here, we constructed a synthetic pathway of isoprene in E. coli by introducing an isoprene synthase (ispS) gene from Populus nigra, which catalyzes the conversion of dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) to isoprene. To improve the isoprene production, we overexpressed the native 1-deoxy-D: -xylulose-5-phosphate (DXP) synthase gene (dxs) and DXP reductoisomerase gene (dxr) in E. coli, which catalyzed the first step and the second step of MEP pathway, respectively. The fed-batch fermentation results showed that overexpression of DXS is helpful for the improvement of isoprene production. Surprisingly, heterologous expression of dxs and dxr from Bacillus subtilis in the E. coli expressing ispS resulted in a 2.3-fold enhancement of isoprene production (from 94 to 314 mg/L). The promising results showed that dxs and dxr from B. subtilis functioned more efficiently on the enhancement of isoprene production than native ones. This could be caused by the consequence of great difference in protein structures of the two original DXSs. It could be practical to produce isoprene in E. coli via MEP pathway through metabolic engineering. This work provides an alternative way for production of isoprene by engineered E. coli via MEP pathway through metabolic engineering.

Emerging Propulsion Technologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Keys, Andrew S.

2006-01-01

The Emerging Propulsion Technologies (EPT) investment area is the newest area within the In-Space Propulsion Technology (ISPT) Project and strives to bridge technologies in the lower Technology Readiness Level (TRL) range (2 to 3) to the mid TRL range (4 to 6). A prioritization process, the Integrated In-Space Transportation Planning (IISTP), was developed and applied in FY01 to establish initial program priorities. The EPT investment area emerged for technologies that scored well in the IISTP but had a low technical maturity level. One particular technology, the Momentum-eXchange Electrodynamic-Reboost (MXER) tether, scored extraordinarily high and had broad applicability in the IISTP. However, its technical maturity was too low for ranking alongside technologies like the ion engine or aerocapture. Thus MXER tethers assumed top priority at EPT startup in FY03 with an aggressive schedule and adequate budget. It was originally envisioned that future technologies would enter the ISP portfolio through EPT, and EPT developed an EPT/ISP Entrance Process for future candidate ISP technologies. EPT has funded the following secondary, candidate ISP technologies at a low level: ultra-lightweight solar sails, general space/near-earth tether development, electrodynamic tether development, advanced electric propulsion, and in-space mechanism development. However, the scope of the ISPT program has focused over time to more closely match SMD needs and technology advancement successes. As a result, the funding for MXER and other EPT technologies is not currently available. Consequently, the MXER tether tasks and other EPT tasks were expected to phased out by November 2006. Presentation slides are presented which provide activity overviews for the aerocapture technology and emerging propulsion technology projects.

Hindlimb unloading in rat decreases preosteoblast proliferation assessed in vivo with BrdU incorporation.

PubMed

Barou, O; Palle, S; Vico, L; Alexandre, C; Lafage-Proust, M H

1998-01-01

Immobilization affects bone formation. However, the mechanisms regulating the decrease in osteoblast recruitment remain unclear. The aim of our study was to determine in vivo osteoblastic proliferation after short-term immobilization among the different bone compartments. Twelve Wistar 5-wk-old rats were assigned to two groups: six tail-suspended animals for 6 days and their six age-related controls. Osmotic minipumps, each containing 40 mg of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), were implanted intraperitoneally at day 4 until euthanasia. Histomorphometric measurements found a significantly lower bone volume in primary (ISP, -22%) and secondary spongiosa (IISP, -37%) in unloaded rats compared with their age-related controls. BrdU immunohistochemistry showed that the proliferation capacity of osteogenic precursors in ISP (-29%) and preosteoblasts in IISP (-80%) and in periosteum as well as bone marrow cells (-40%) was lowered by unloading. We demonstrated in vivo for the first time that 6-day tail suspension induced a significant decrease in proliferation of periosteal and trabecular preosteoblasts in ISP and IISP as well as in bone marrow cells.

Integrated system of phytodepuration and water reclamation: A comparative evaluation of four municipal wastewater treatment plants.

PubMed

Petroselli, Andrea; Giannotti, Maurizio; Marras, Tatiana; Allegrini, Elena

2017-06-03

In dry regions, water resources have become increasingly limited, and the use of alternative sources is considered one of the main strategies in sustainable water management. A highly viable alternative to commonly used water resources is treated municipal wastewater, which could strongly benefit from advanced and low-cost techniques for depuration, such as the integrated system of phytodepuration (ISP). The current manuscript investigates four Italian case studies with different sizes and characteristics. The raw wastewaters and final effluents were sampled on a monthly basis over a period of up to five years, allowing the quantification of the ISP performances. The results obtained show that the investigated plants are characterized by an average efficiency value of approximately 83% for chemical oxygen demand removal, 84% for biochemical oxygen demand, 89% for total nitrogen, 91% for total phosphorus, and 85% for total suspended solids. Moreover, for three of the case studies, the ISP final effluent is suitable for irrigation, and in the fourth case study, the final effluent can be released in surface water.

Gyroid Structures at Highly Asymmetric Volume Fractions by Blending of ABC Triblock Terpolymer and AB Diblock Copolymer

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ahn, Seonghyeon; Kwak, Jongheon; Choi, Chungryong

Here, we investigated, via small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, the morphologies of binary blend of polyisoprene- b-polystyrene- b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (ISP) triblock terpolymer and polyisoprene-b-polystyrene (IS) diblock copolymer. An asymmetric ISP with volume fractions ( f) of 0.12, 0.75, and 0.13 for PI, PS, and P2VP blocks, respectively, showed a new morphology: Coexistence of spheres and cylinders with tetragonal packing. Asymmetric IS with f I = 0.11 and f S =0.89 showed conventional body-centered cubic spherical microdomains. Very interestingly, a binary blend of ISP and IS with overall volume fractions of f I = 0.12, f S = 0.79,more » and f P = 0.09 exhibited core-shell double gyroid (CSG: Q 230 space group), where PI consists of thin core and PS forms thick shell, while P2VP becomes thin matrix. It is very unusual to form highly asymmetric CSG with the matrix having very small volume fraction (0.09).« less

Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 Maintains Excretion of Jadomycin upon Disruption of the MFS Transporter JadL Located within the Natural Product Biosynthetic Gene Cluster

PubMed Central

Forget, Stephanie M.; McVey, Jennifer; Vining, Leo C.

2017-01-01

JadL was identified as a Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporter (T.C. 2.A.1) through sequence homology. The protein is encoded by jadL, situated within the jadomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. JadL has, therefore, been assigned a putative role in host defense by exporting its probable substrates, the jadomycins, a family of secondary metabolites produced by Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230. Herein, we evaluate this assumption through the construction and analysis of a jadL disrupted mutant, S. venezuelae VS678 (ΔjadL::aac(3)IV). Quantitative determination of jadomycin production with the jadL disrupted mutant did not show a significant decrease in production in comparison to the wildtype strain, as determined by HPLC and by tandem mass spectrometry. These results suggest that efflux of jadomycin occurs upon disruption of jadL, or that JadL is not involved in jadomycin efflux. Potentially, other transporters within S. venezuelae ISP5230 may adopt this role upon inactivation of JadL to export jadomycins. PMID:28377749

Gyroid Structures at Highly Asymmetric Volume Fractions by Blending of ABC Triblock Terpolymer and AB Diblock Copolymer

DOE PAGES

Ahn, Seonghyeon; Kwak, Jongheon; Choi, Chungryong; ...

2017-11-08

Here, we investigated, via small angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy, the morphologies of binary blend of polyisoprene- b-polystyrene- b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (ISP) triblock terpolymer and polyisoprene-b-polystyrene (IS) diblock copolymer. An asymmetric ISP with volume fractions ( f) of 0.12, 0.75, and 0.13 for PI, PS, and P2VP blocks, respectively, showed a new morphology: Coexistence of spheres and cylinders with tetragonal packing. Asymmetric IS with f I = 0.11 and f S =0.89 showed conventional body-centered cubic spherical microdomains. Very interestingly, a binary blend of ISP and IS with overall volume fractions of f I = 0.12, f S = 0.79,more » and f P = 0.09 exhibited core-shell double gyroid (CSG: Q 230 space group), where PI consists of thin core and PS forms thick shell, while P2VP becomes thin matrix. It is very unusual to form highly asymmetric CSG with the matrix having very small volume fraction (0.09).« less

Micro-emulsification/encapsulation of krill oil by complex coacervation with krill protein isolated using isoelectric solubilization/precipitation.

PubMed

Shi, Liu; Beamer, Sarah K; Yang, Hong; Jaczynski, Jacek

2018-04-01

This study determined feasibility of krill protein isolated with isoelectric solubilization/precipitation (ISP) as wall material to microencapsulate krill oil by freeze-drying. Effects of krill oil/krill protein ratio on properties of microcapsules were investigated. With increased ratio, crude protein of microcapsules decreased, while total lipid increased. Although microcapsule oil loading capacity increased, loading and encapsulation efficiencies decreased. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) confirmed abundance of phospholipids, which are amphiphilic; and thus, resulted in stable emulsion (emulsion stability index). Microcapsules contained ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) at 43-60, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) at 28-41 and 9-11 g/100g of total FAs, respectively. SDS-PAGE electrophoresis revealed proteolysis of ISP krill protein, probably causing reduced loading and encapsulation efficiencies. SEM showed that krill oil/krill protein ratio affected surface microstructure. ISP krill protein showed potential as a wall material to microencapsulate krill oil; and thus, expand application of krill oil/protein for human consumption. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Lower Devonian marginal-marine ecosystems of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland - new discoveries and observations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Szrek, P.; Niedźwiedzki, G.; Dec, M.

2012-04-01

Despite of more than 100 years of study, the Lower Devonian deposits of the Holy Cross Mountains (central Poland) are still not well understood from the biostratigraphical, environmental and also paleontological point of views. During field works and excavations conducted in 2011 numerous fossils (body and trace fossils) were discovered in a few Lower Devonian outcrops of the region. The siliciclastic sequence of the Lower Devonian of the southern part of the Holy Cross Mountains, is renowned for abundant vertebrate fossils, including mainly the jawless fish and placoderm remains. During the first detailed taphonomic study of the vertebrate assemblage from the so-called "Placoderm Sandstones" cropping out at the Podłazie near Daleszyce, abundant vertebrate remains have been collected (more than 600 specimens). Their analysis (that is in progress) will be the first description of so rich and numerous vertebrates association from the Central Europe that contains placoderms, sharks, acathodians and sarcopterygians. The degree of fragmentation of the bones and disarticulation of the skeletons suggest that the carcasses were reworked and transported before burial. Sedimentological data suggest deposition in a shallow marine environment. Numerous invertebrate ichnofossils (Phycodes isp. Skolithos isp., Diplichnites isp., Monomorphichnus isp., Lockeia cf. siliquaria, Corophioides isp. and Teichinus isp.) particularly well preserved were ascertained in another Lower Devonian site near Iwaniska. Moreover a very interesting assemblage of trace fossils corresponding to traces of feeding fishes were discovered. They are very similar to those found in much younger deposits (e.g. from the Eocene of Turkey). Its interpretation found them as made by placoderms is taken into consideration recently, because of its fiting to whole morphology of small coccosteids. They are also important that they could be the first imprints of soft body of the placoderm as a life animal according to good preservation of particular specimens. The occurrence of characteristic trace fossils is taken as strong evidence of marine influences of the studied section, where sedimentological features are not so clear, with exceptions of very few surfaces covered with symmetrical wave marks. The distribution of the most common trace fossils recognized in the field allowed for different interpretation than was proposed in the past which set up the river influence in the Lower Dewonian of the eastern part of the Holy Cross Mountains, but it is not confirmed by mentioned above invertebrate ichnofossils. Instead of this the development of Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies in Iwaniska profile, indicate high energy conditions in foreshore zone, respectively. All the Lower Devonian sites with trace fossils and vertebrate bonebeds from the Holy Cross Mountains are associated with sandy deposits and have been formed in a sea-coastal zone during rather rapid sedimentation episodes, but differ in fossil abundance and degree of preservation.

Physical and chemical properties of the surface in the regions of operation of the Lunokhod-1 and Yutu rovers on the Moon

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shevchenko, Vladislav; Lu, Yangxiaoyi; Skobelev, Tatiana

2016-07-01

From the remotely determined spectropolarimetric and gamma-spectrometric characteristics of the regolith surface layer, the exposure age (the maturity), the mean effective size of particles of the fine fraction, the absolute age of the formations, and the iron content in the soil were estimated for the both regions. The Luna-17 and Chang'E 3 space probes, that transported the remotely controlled Lunokhod-1 rover (1970) and the Yutu vehicle of the analogous type (2013), respectively, onto the lunar surface, landed 400 km apart in the northern part of Mare Imbrium. As is known, the exposure age (or the maturity) of the lunar soil is a complex characteristic of the evolutionary history and the current state of the blanket material of the Moon. The values of the spectropolarimetric ratio Isp=Pmax(0.352µm)/Pmax(0.600µm) selected for the objects located in the close vicinity of the analyzed sites in Mare Imbrium are considered as the measured characteristics. For the Lunokhod-1 operation region the value of the spectropolarimetric index of the soil maturity is Isp = 1.5675 (the averaged value for the whole operation region). For the region, where the Yutu rover gathered the data, the value of this index is Isp = 1.4596. According to the data available, the exposure age (or the soil maturity) of the Lunokhod-1 operation region is close to that of the Apollo 16 and Apollo 17 landing sites. It should be taken into consideration that the maturity of the lunar soils is almost independent of the landscape type - highland or mare - because it is determined by the influence of the "space weathering" processes for relatively short periods (several tens of millions of years). The exposure age of the soil surface layer of the studied regions was derived from the relationship that is approximated by the power law T = 358 885e-5.9226 Isp, where the reliability of the approximation of the measured data determined by the standard method is R2 = 0.8927. From these data, the exposure age of the soil surface layer in the operation regions of the Lunokhod-1 and Yutu rovers has turned out to be 33.48 and 63.43 Myr, respectively. The maturity of the surface soils in the region of investigations carried out by the Yutu rover is of the same significance as the maturity of individual samples returned to the Earth by the Apollo 16 mission. The secondary characteristic of the lunar soil maturity may be also the value of the mean effective size of particles of the fine regolith fraction. The obtained in our results regression is approximated by the power law D (µ m) = 0.0714e4.0834 Isp under the standard definition of the value of the reliability approximation R2 = 0.7346. From the application of the above relationship to the characteristics of the considered regions of the lunar surface, the value of the mean effective size of particles of the fine regolith fraction can be derived. It is D = 43 and 27 µm for the regions of the Lunokhod-1 and Yutu operation, respectively. This relationship probably reflects the actual geomorphologic situation in the both cases, because the Yutu operation region is almost two times older in terms of the exposure age according to the above estimates and, consequently, it was subjected to the "space weathering" influence to a greater extent. The absolute age of rocks in the region of the Lunokhod-1 operation estimated by the authors from the dependence of the iron oxide abundance on the time of formation of the surface regolith layers is around 3.9 Gyr. From the results of the investigations carried out by the Yutu rover, the most abundant lava rocks are 3.3 Gyr in age. This value agrees well with the other different data summarized by the authors of the present study.

Bisphosphonate effects in rat unloaded hindlimb bone loss model: three-dimensional microcomputed tomographic, histomorphometric, and densitometric analyses.

PubMed

Barou, O; Lafage-Proust, M H; Martel, C; Thomas, T; Tirode, F; Laroche, N; Barbier, A; Alexandre, C; Vico, L

1999-10-01

The effects of antiresorptive drugs on bone loss remain unclear. Using three-dimensional microtomography, dual X-ray/densitometry, and histomorphometry, we evaluated tiludronate effects in the bone loss model of immobilization in tail-suspended rats after 7, 13, and 23 days. Seventy-eight 12-week-old Wistar male rats were assigned to 13 groups: 1 baseline group, and for each time point, 1 control group treated with vehicle and three tail-suspended groups treated with either tiludronate (0.5 or 5 mg/kg) or vehicle, administered s. c. every other day, during the last week before sacrifice. In primary spongiosa (ISP), immobilization-induced bone loss plateaued after day 7 and was prevented by tiludronate. In secondary spongiosa (IISP), bone loss appeared at day 13 with a decrease in trabecular thickness and trabecular number (Tb.N) as assessed by three-dimensional microtomography. Osteoclastic parameters did not differ in tail-suspended rats versus control rats, whereas bone formation showed a biphasic pattern: after a marked decrease at day 7, osteoblastic activity and recruitment normalized at days 13 and 23, respectively. At day 23, the 80% decrease in bone mass was fully prevented by high-dose tiludronate with an increase in Tb.N without preventing trabecular thinning. In summary, at day 7, tiludronate prevented bone loss in ISP. After day 13, tiludronate prevented bone loss in ISP and IISP despite a further decrease in bone formation. Thus, the preventive effects of tiludronate in this model may be related to the alteration in bone modeling with an increase in Tb.N in ISP and subsequently in IISP.

Covert checks by standardised patients of general practitioners' delivery of new periodic health examinations: clustered cross-sectional study from a consumer organisation

PubMed Central

Thaler, Kylie; Harris, Mark F

2012-01-01

Objective To assess if data collected by a consumer organisation are valid for a health service research study on physicians' performance in preventive care. To report first results of the analysis of physicians performance like consultation time and guideline adherence in history taking. Design Secondary data analysis of a clustered cross-sectional direct observation survey. Setting General practitioners (GPs) in Vienna, Austria, visited unannounced by mystery shoppers (incognito standardised patients (ISPs)). Participants 21 randomly selected GPs were visited by two different ISPs each. 40 observation protocols were realised. Main outcome measures Robustness of sampling and data collection by the consumer organisation. GPs consultation and waiting times, guideline adherence in history taking. Results The double stratified random sampling method was robust and representative for the private and contracted GPs mix of Vienna. The clinical scenarios presented by the ISPs were valid and believable, and no GP realised the ISPs were not genuine patients. The average consultation time was 46 min (95% CI 37 to 54 min). Waiting times differed more than consultation times between private and contracted GPs. No differences between private and contracted GPs in terms of adherence to the evidence-based guidelines regarding history taking including questions regarding alcohol use were found. According to the analysis, 20% of the GPs took a perfect history (95% CI 9% to 39%). Conclusions The analysis of secondary data collected by a consumer organisation was a valid method for drawing conclusions about GPs preventive practice. Initial results, like consultation times longer than anticipated, and the moderate quality of history taking encourage continuing the analysis on available clinical data. PMID:22872721

The electrothermal feasibility of carbon microcoil heaters for cold/hot gas microthrusters

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Williams, K. L.; Eriksson, A. B.; Thorslund, R.; Köhler, J.; Boman, M.; Stenmark, L.

2006-07-01

With the miniaturization of spacecraft the need for efficient, accurate and low-weight attitude control systems is becoming evident. To this end, the cold/hot gas microthruster system of this paper incorporates carbon microcoils—deposited via laser-induced chemical vapor deposition—for heating the propellant gas (nitrogen) before the nozzle inlet. By increasing the temperature of the propellant gas for such a system, the specific impulse (Isp) of the microthruster will increase. The benefits of a higher Isp are lower propellant mass, higher thrust and shorter burning times. Therefore, the feasibility of achieving this increase with the carbon microcoils is investigated. The carbon microcoils have been characterized experimentally with respect to their electrothermal performance, i.e. resistance, temperature, parasitic heat losses and degradation in ambient. The resulting heat losses from the heater and the heated gas have been estimated through a combination of experiments, numerical simulation and approximate analytical expressions. At high powers, degradation of the carbon material leads to coil failure in ambient where trace oxygen was present. Thus, the next generation of carbon microcoils to be tested will have a protective coating to extend their lifetime. Theoretical modeling showed that an increase in the propellant gas temperature from 300 to 1200 K and a corresponding two-fold increase in the Isp can be achieved if 1.0 W of power is supplied to each coil in a three-coil thruster. These simulation results show that if the coils are capable of dissipating 1 W of heat at 1700 K coil temperature, the doubling of the Isp may be achieved. Comparing to the electrothermal characterization results we find that the carbon coils can survive at 1700 K if protected, and that they can be expected to reach 1700 K at power below 1 W.

Metallic Hydrogen - Potentially a High Energy Rocket Propellant

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cole, John; Silvera, Ike

2007-01-01

Pure metallic hydrogen is predicted to have a specific impulse (Isp) of 1700 seconds, but the reaction temperature is too high for current engine materials. Diluting metallic hydrogen with liquid hydrogen can reduce the reaction temperature to levels compatible with current material limits and still provide an Isp greater than 900 s. Metallic hydrogen has not yet been produced on earth, but experimental techniques exist that may change this situation. This paper will provide a brief description of metallic hydrogen and the status of experiments that may soon produce detectable quantities of this material in the lab. Also provided are some characteristics for diluted metallic hydrogen engines and launch vehicles.

Connection between the membrane electron transport system and Hyn hydrogenase in the purple sulfur bacterium, Thiocapsa roseopersicina BBS.

PubMed

Tengölics, Roland; Mészáros, Lívia; Győri, E; Doffkay, Zsolt; Kovács, Kornél L; Rákhely, Gábor

2014-10-01

Thiocapsa. roseopersicina BBS has four active [NiFe] hydrogenases, providing an excellent opportunity to examine their metabolic linkages to the cellular redox processes. Hyn is a periplasmic membrane-associated hydrogenase harboring two additional electron transfer subunits: Isp1 is a transmembrane protein, while Isp2 is located on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. In this work, the connection of HynSL to various electron transport pathways is studied. During photoautotrophic growth, electrons, generated from the oxidation of thiosulfate and sulfur, are donated to the photosynthetic electron transport chain via cytochromes. Electrons formed from thiosulfate and sulfur oxidation might also be also used for Hyn-dependent hydrogen evolution which was shown to be light and proton motive force driven. Hyn-linked hydrogen uptake can be promoted by both sulfur and nitrate. The electron flow from/to HynSL requires the presence of Isp2 in both directions. Hydrogenase-linked sulfur reduction could be inhibited by a QB site competitive inhibitor, terbutryne, suggesting a redox coupling between the Hyn hydrogenase and the photosynthetic electron transport chain. Based on these findings, redox linkages of Hyn hydrogenase are modeled. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Final Reports of the Stardust ISPE: Seven Probable Interstellar Dust Particles

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, Carlton; Sans Tresseras, Juan-Angel; Westphal, Andrew J.; Stroud, Rhonda M.; Bechtel, Hans A.; Brenker, Frank E.; Butterworth, Anna L.; Flynn, George J.; Frank, David R.; Gainsforth, Zack;

Role of ice structuring proteins on freezing-thawing cycles of pasta sauces.

PubMed

Calderara, Marianna; Deorsola, Fabio A; Bensaid, Samir; Fino, Debora; Russo, Nunzio; Geobaldo, Francesco

2016-12-01

The freezing of the food is one of the most important technological developments for the storage of food in terms of quality and safety. The aim of this work was to study the role of an ice structuring protein (ISP) on freezing-thawing cycles of different solutions and commercial Italian pasta sauces. Ice structuring proteins were related to the modification of the structure of ice. The results showed that the freezing time of an aqueous solution containing the protein was reduced to about 20% with respect to a pure water solution. The same effect was demonstrated in sugar-containing solutions and in lipid-containing sauces. The study proved a specific role of ISP during thawing, inducing a time decrease similar to that of freezing and even more important in the case of tomato-based sauces. This work demonstrated the role of ISP in the freezing-thawing process, showing a significant reduction of processing in the freezing and thawing phase by adding the protein to pure water and different sugar-, salt- and lipid-containing solutions and commercial sauces, with considerable benefits for the food industry in terms of costs and food quality.

Investigating the efficacy of a whole team, psychologically informed, acute mental health service approach.

PubMed

Araci, David; Clarke, Isabel

2017-08-01

Service user demand and service changes, from hospital based, to community and hospital mix, within acute adult mental health services, focus the need for psychologically informed, holistic, approaches. (1) Describe and report feasibility of a psychologically led Intensive Support Programme (ISP) to meet this need. (2) Present results of a pilot evaluation of this programme. ISP was implemented in four acute mental health services of the Southern Health NHS Trust, available to both inpatient and outpatient acute services. Evaluation of the service one month after data collection, illustrates operation and level of uptake across different professional roles. The programme was evaluated by assessing psychological distress (CORE-10) and confidence in self-management (Mental Health Confidence Scale) of participating service users before and after intervention. The service evaluation demonstrated extensive roll out of this programme across acute services of an extensive NHS Trust. Repeated measure t-tests demonstrated significant decrease in distress (p < 0.0005) and significant increase in confidence in self-management of mental health (p < 0.0005). Evaluation shows that ISP can be delivered in routine care in an acute mental health service and results in improvement in self management skills and facilitation of recovery.

[Involvement of cross interaction between central cholinergic and histaminergic systems in the nucleus tractus solitarius in regulating carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex].

PubMed

Hu, Li-Xun; Zhang, Guo-Xing; Zhang, Yu-Ying; Zhao, Hong-Fen; Yu, Kang-Ying; Wang, Guo-Qing

2013-12-25

The carotid sinus baroreceptor reflex (CSR) is an important approach for regulating arterial blood pressure homeostasis instantaneously and physiologically. Activation of the central histaminergic or cholinergic systems results in CSR functional inhibitory resetting. However, it is unclear whether two systems at the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) level display cross interaction to regulate the CSR or not. In the present study, the left or right carotid sinus region was isolated from the systemic circulation in Sprague-Dawley rats (sinus nerve was reserved) anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. Respective intubation was conducted into one side isolated carotid sinus and into the femoral artery for recording the intracarotid sinus pressure (ISP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) simultaneously with pressure transducers connection in vivo. ISP was set at the level of 0 mmHg to eliminate the effect of initial internal pressure of the carotid sinus on the CSR function. To trigger CSR, the ISP was quickly elevated from 0 mmHg to 280 mmHg in a stepwise manner (40 mmHg) which was added at every step for over 4 s, and then ISP returned to 0 mmHg in similar steps. The original data of ISP and corresponding MAP were fitted to a modified logistic equation with five parameters to obtain the ISP-MAP, ISP-Gain relationship curves and the CSR characteristic parameters, which were statistically compared and analyzed separately. Under the precondition of no influence on the basic levels of the artery blood pressure, the effects and potential regulatory mechanism of preceding microinjection with different cholinoceptor antagonists, the selective cholinergic M1 receptor antagonist, i.e., pirenzepine (PRZ), the M2 receptor antagonist, i.e., methoctramine (MTR) or the N1 receptor antagonist, i.e., hexamethonium (HEX) into the NTS on the changes in function of CSR induced by intracerebroventricular injection (i.c.v.) of histamine (HA) in rats were observed. Meanwhile, the actions and possible modulatory mechanism of preceding microinjection with different histaminergic receptor antagonists, the selective histaminergic H1 receptor antagonist, i.e., chlorpheniramine (CHL) or the H2 receptor antagonist, i.e., cimetidine (CIM) into the NTS on the changes in function of CSR resulted from the i.c.v. cholinesterase inhibitor, physostigmine (PHY) were also examined in order to confirm and to analyze effects of cross interaction between central histaminergic and cholinergic systems on CSR. The main results obtained are as follows. (1) Standalone microinjection of different selective cholinergic receptor antagonists (PRZ, MTR or HEX) or different selective histaminergic receptor antagonists (CHL or CIM) into the NTS with each given dose had no effects on the CSR function and on the basic levels of the artery blood pressure, respectively (P > 0.05). (2) The pretreatment of PRZ or MTR into the NTS with each corresponding dose could attenuate CSR resetting resulted from i.c.v. HA in some degrees, which remarkably moved the posterior half range of ISP-MAP relationship curve downwards (P < 0.05), shifted the middle part of ISP-Gain relationship curve upwards (P < 0.05), and increased reflex parameters such as the MAP range and maximum gain (P < 0.05), but decreased parameters such as saturation pressure and intracarotid sinus pressure at maximum gain (P < 0.05). The catabatic effects of pretreatment with MTR into the NTS on CSR resetting induced by i.c.v. HA were more obvious than those with PRZ (P < 0.05), but pretreatment of HEX with given dose into the NTS had no effects on CSR resetting induced by i.c.v. HA (P > 0.05). (3) The effects of pretreatment of CHL or CIM into the NTS with each corresponding dose on CSR resetting made by i.c.v. PHY were similar to those of pretreatment of PRZ or MTR into the NTS on CSR resetting resulted from i.c.v. HA, and the decreasing effects of pretreatment with CHL into the NTS on CSR resetting induced by i.c.v. PHY were more remarkable than those with CIM (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that CSR resetting resulted from either HA or PHY into the lateral ventricle may partly involve the descending histaminergic or cholinergic pathway from the hypothalamus to NTS, which might evoke a cross activation of the cholinergic system in the NTS, via cholinergic M1 and M2 receptors mediation, especially the M2 receptors showing actions, or trigger another cross activation of the histaminergic system in the NTS, by histaminergic H1 and H2 receptors mediation, especially the H1 receptors displaying effects.

The influence of experimental inflammation and axotomy on leucine enkephalin (leuENK) distribution in intramural nervous structures of the porcine descending colon.

PubMed

Gonkowski, Slawomir; Makowska, Krystyna; Calka, Jaroslaw

2018-05-24

The enteric nervous system (ENS), located in the intestinal wall and characterized by considerable independence from the central nervous system, consists of millions of cells. Enteric neurons control the majority of functions of the gastrointestinal tract using a wide range of substances, which are neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. One of them is leucine-enkephalin (leuENK), which belongs to the endogenous opioid family. It is known that opioids in the gastrointestinal tract have various functions, including visceral pain conduction, intestinal motility and secretion and immune processes, but many aspects of distribution and function of leuENK in the ENS, especially during pathological states, remain unknown. During this experiment, the distribution of leuENK - like immunoreactive (leuENK-LI) nervous structures using the immunofluorescence technique were studied in the porcine colon in physiological conditions, during chemically-induced inflammation and after axotomy. The study included the circular muscle layer, myenteric (MP), outer submucous (OSP) and inner submucous plexus (ISP) and the mucosal layer. In control animals, the number of leuENK-LI neurons amounted to 4.86 ± 0.17%, 2.86 ± 0.28% and 1.07 ± 0.08% in the MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Generally, both pathological stimuli caused an increase in the number of detected leuENK-LI cells, but the intensity of the observed changes depended on the factor studied and part of the ENS. The percentage of leuENK-LI perikarya amounted to 11.48 ± 0.96%, 8.71 ± 0.13% and 9.40 ± 0.76% during colitis, and 6.90 ± 0.52% 8.46 ± 12% and 4.48 ± 0.44% after axotomy in MP, OSP and ISP, respectively. Both processes also resulted in an increase in the number of leuENK-LI nerves in the circular muscle layer, whereas changes were less visible in the mucosa during inflammation and axotomy did not change the number of leuENK-LI mucosal fibers. LeuENK in the ENS takes part in intestinal regulatory processes not only in physiological conditions, but also under pathological factors. The observed changes are probably connected with the participation of leuENK in sensory and motor innervation and the neuroprotective effects of this substance. Differences in the number of leuENK-LI neurons during inflammation and after axotomy may suggest that the exact functions of leuENK probably depend on the type of pathological factor acting on the intestine.

A tandem mirror hybrid plume plasma propulsion facility

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Yang, T. F.; Krueger, W. A.; Peng, S.; Urbahn, J.; Chang-Diaz, F. R.

1988-01-01

This paper discusses a novel concept in electrodeless plasma propulsion, in which the materials problems are ameliorated by an electrodeless magnetic confinement scheme borrowed from the tandem mirror approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion. The concept also features a two-stage magnetic nozzle with an annular hypersonic coaxial gas injector near the throat. The nozzle produces hybrid plume by the coaxial injection of hypersonic neutral gas, and the gas layer thus formed protects the material walls from the hot plasma and, through increased collisions, helps detach it from the diverging magnetic field. The tandem mirror plasma propulsion facility is capable of delivering a variable I(sp). The results of numerical simulation of this concept are presented together with those from an experimental tandem-mirror plasma propulsion device.

Influence of Cu10x copper nanoparticles intramuscular injection on mineral composition of rat spleen.

PubMed

Sizova, Elena; Glushchenko, Natalia; Miroshnikov, Sergey; Skalny, Anatoly

2011-01-01

Spleen mineral composition was studied for 25 elements using atomic emission and mass spectrometry (AES-ISP and MS-ISP) for the first time by one- and manifold intramuscular injection of Cu10x copper nanoparticles. This was done, because the spleen is considered to be the organ most amenable of immunological defense and sensitive to exposure. The research is new and based on the necessity to check the accumulation of elements, which can result in toxic effects, and also the character of the influence of nanoparticles on the change of the natural fluctuation rhythm, as well as the interrelation between them. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

100-lbf LO2/CH4 RCS Thruster Testing and Validation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barnes, Frank; Cannella, Matthew; Gomez, Carlos; Hand, Jeffrey; Rosenberg, David

2009-01-01

100 pound thrust liquid Oxygen-Methane thruster sized for RCS (Reaction Control System) applications. Innovative Design Characteristics include: a) Simple compact design with minimal part count; b) Gaseous or Liquid propellant operation; c) Affordable and Reusable; d) Greater flexibility than existing systems; e) Part of NASA'S study of "Green Propellants." Hot-fire testing validated performance and functionality of thruster. Thruster's dependence on mixture ratio has been evaluated. Data has been used to calculate performance parameters such as thrust and Isp. Data has been compared with previous test results to verify reliability and repeatability. Thruster was found to have an Isp of 131 s and 82 lbf thrust at a mixture ratio of 1.62.

TAF-4 is required for the life extension of isp-1, clk-1 and tpk-1 Mit mutants.

PubMed

Khan, Maruf H; Ligon, Melissa; Hussey, Lauren R; Hufnal, Bryce; Farber, Robert; Munkácsy, Erin; Rodriguez, Amanda; Dillow, Andy; Kahlig, Erynn; Rea, Shane L

2013-10-01

While numerous life-extending manipulations have been discovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, one that remains most enigmatic is disruption of oxidative phosphorylation. In order to unravel how such an ostensibly deleterious manipulation can extend lifespan, we sought to identify the ensemble of nuclear transcription factors that are activated in response to defective mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function. Using a feeding RNAi approach, we targeted over 400 transcription factors and identified 15 that, when reduced in function, reproducibly and differentially altered the development, stress response, and/or fecundity of isp-1(qm150) Mit mutants relative to wild-type animals. Seven of these transcription factors--AHA-1, CEH-18, HIF-1, JUN-1, NHR-27, NHR-49 and the CREB homolog-1 (CRH-1)-interacting protein TAF-4--were also essential for isp-1 life extension. When we tested the involvement of these seven transcription factors in the life extension of two other Mit mutants, namely clk-1(qm30) and tpk-1(qm162), TAF-4 and HIF-1 were consistently required. Our findings suggest that the Mit phenotype is under the control of multiple transcriptional responses, and that TAF-4 and HIF-1 may be part of a general signaling axis that specifies Mit mutant life extension.

Low Cost Nuclear Thermal Rocket Cermet Fuel Element Environment Testing

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Bradley, David E.; Mireles, Omar R.; Hickman, Robert R.

2011-01-01

Deep space missions with large payloads require high specific impulse (Isp) and relatively high thrust in order to achieve mission goals in reasonable time frames. Conventional, storable propellants produce average Isp. Nuclear thermal rockets (NTR) capable of high Isp thrust have been proposed. NTR employs heat produced by fission reaction to heat and therefore accelerate hydrogen which is then forced through a rocket nozzle providing thrust. Fuel element temperatures are very high (up to 3000K) and hydrogen is highly reactive with most materials at high temperatures. Data covering the effects of high temperature hydrogen exposure on fuel elements is limited. The primary concern is the mechanical failure of fuel elements which employ high-melting-point metals, ceramics or a combination (cermet) as a structural matrix into which the nuclear fuel is distributed. It is not necessary to include fissile material in test samples intended to explore high temperature hydrogen exposure of the structural support matrices. A small-scale test bed designed to heat fuel element samples via non-contact RF heating and expose samples to hydrogen is being developed to assist in optimal material and manufacturing process selection without employing fissile material. This paper details the test bed design and results of testing conducted to date.

Responses of the photosynthetic electron transport system to excess light energy caused by water deficit in wild watermelon.

PubMed

Sanda, Satoko; Yoshida, Kazuo; Kuwano, Masayoshi; Kawamura, Tadayuki; Munekage, Yuri Nakajima; Akashi, Kinya; Yokota, Akiho

2011-07-01

In plants, drought stress coupled with high levels of illumination causes not only dehydration of tissues, but also oxidative damage resulting from excess absorbed light energy. In this study, we analyzed the regulation of electron transport under drought/high-light stress conditions in wild watermelon, a xerophyte that shows strong resistance to this type of stress. Under drought/high-light conditions that completely suppressed CO(2) fixation, the linear electron flow was diminished between photosystem (PS) II and PS I, there was no photoinhibitory damage to PS II and PS I and no decrease in the abundance of the two PSs. Proteome analyses revealed changes in the abundance of protein spots representing the Rieske-type iron-sulfur protein (ISP) and I and K subunits of NAD(P)H dehydrogenase in response to drought stress. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and immunoblot analyses revealed new ISP protein spots with more acidic isoelectric points in plants under drought stress. Our findings suggest that the modified ISPs depress the linear electron transport activity under stress conditions to protect PS I from photoinhibition. The qualitative changes in photosynthetic proteins may switch the photosynthetic electron transport from normal photosynthesis mode to stress-tolerance mode. Copyright © Physiologia Plantarum 2011.

Effect of spin-polarized D-3He fuel on dense plasma focus for space propulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mei-Yu Wang, Choi, Chan K.; Mead, Franklin B.

1992-01-01

Spin-polarized D-3He fusion fuel is analyzed to study its effect on the dense plasma focus (DPF) device for space propulsion. The Mather-type plasma focus device is adopted because of the ``axial'' acceleration of the current carrying plasma sheath, like a coaxial plasma gun. The D-3He fuel is chosen based on the neutron-lean fusion reactions with high charged-particle fusion products. Impulsive mode of operation is used with multi-thrusters in order to make higher thrust (F)-to-weight (W) ratio with relatively high value of specific impulse (Isp). Both current (I) scalings with I2 and I8/3 are considered for plasma pinch temperature and capacitor mass. For a 30-day Mars mission, with four thrusters, for example, the typical F/W values ranging from 0.5-0.6 to 0.1-0.2 for I2 and I8/3 scalings, respectively, and the Isp values of above 1600 s are obtained. Parametric studies indicate that the spin-polarized D-3He provides increased values of F/W and Isp over conventional D-3He fuel which was due to the increased fusion power and decreased radiation losses for the spin-polarized case.

Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination (ISPE)

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Westphal, A. J.; Allen, C.; Bajt, S.; Basset, R.; Bastien, R.; Bechtel, H.; Bleuet, P.; Borg, J.; Brenker F.; Bridges, J.

2009-01-01

In January 2006 the Stardust sample return capsule returned to Earth bearing the first solid samples from a primitive solar system body, C omet 81P/Wild2, and a collector dedicated to the capture and return o f contemporary interstellar dust. Both collectors were approximately 0.1m(exp 2) in area and were composed of aerogel tiles (85% of the co llecting area) and aluminum foils. The Stardust Interstellar Dust Col lector (SIDC) was exposed to the interstellar dust stream for a total exposure factor of 20 m(exp 2-) day during two periods before the co metary encounter. The Stardust Interstellar Preliminary Examination ( ISPE) is a three-year effort to characterize the collection using no ndestructive techniques. The ISPE consists of six interdependent proj ects: (1) Candidate identification through automated digital microsco py and a massively distributed, calibrated search (2) Candidate extr action and photodocumentation (3) Characterization of candidates thro ugh synchrotronbased FourierTranform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), S canning XRay Fluoresence Microscopy (SXRF), and Scanning Transmission Xray Microscopy (STXM) (4) Search for and analysis of craters in f oils through FESEM scanning, Auger Spectroscopy and synchrotronbased Photoemission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) (5) Modeling of interstell ar dust transport in the solar system (6) Laboratory simulations of h ypervelocity dust impacts into the collecting media

78 FR 2673 - Notice of Issuance of Statement of Federal Financial Accounting Standards 44

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-14

... FEDERAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS ADVISORY BOARD Notice of Issuance of Statement of Federal Financial Accounting Standards 44 AGENCY: Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board. ACTION: Notice. Board Action... Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) has issued Statement of Federal Financial Accounting Standard 44...

Protective Effect of Adansonia digitata against Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Injury in Rats.

PubMed

Ghoneim, Mona A M; Hassan, Amal I; Mahmoud, Manal G; Asker, Mohsen S

2016-01-01

The baobab fruit (Adansonia digitata) was analyzed for proximate composition, amino acids, and minerals. The fruit pulp was found to be a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, and substantial quantities of K, Ca, and Mg. Amino acid analyses revealed high glutamic and aspartic acid, but the sulfur amino acids were the most limited. The present study was designed to investigate the role of Adansonia digitata (Baobab fruit pulp) against isoproterenol induced myocardial oxidative stress in experimental rats by demonstrating the changes in tissue cardiac markers, some antioxidant enzymes, interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1), myeloperoxidase (MPO), Collagen-1, galectin-3, and serum corticosterone. The activities of enzymatic antioxidant glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and non-enzymatic antioxidant reduced glutathione (GSH) in the heart tissue; additionally, histopathological examination of the heart was estimated. Male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups of ten animals each. Group I served as normal control animal. Group II animals received isoproterenol (ISP) (85 mg/kg body weight intraperitonealy (i.p.) to develop myocardial injury. Group III were myocardial oxidative animals treated with Baobab fruit pulp (200 µg/rats/day) for 4 weeks. Group IV received Baobab fruit pulp only. The data suggested an isoproterenol increase in levels of cardiac marker enzymes [creatine kinase MB (CK- MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)], IL-1ß, MCP-1, MPO, Collagen, and galectin-3, with concomitant decrease in the activities GPX and GSH in heart tissue as well as corticosterone in serum. Baobab fruit pulp brings all the parameters to near normal level in ISP-induced myocardial infarction in rats. Histopathological examination of heart tissue of ISP-administered model rat showed infiltration of inflammatory cells and congestion in the blood vessels. However, treatment with Baobab fruit pulp (200 µg/rats/day) showed predominantly normal myocardial structure and no inflammatory cell infiltration. It has been concluded that Baobab fruit pulp has cardio protective effect against ISP-induced oxidative stress in rats.

Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PubMed

Cavallini, Daniela Cardoso Umbelino; Manzoni, Marla Simone Jovenasso; Bedani, Raquel; Roselino, Mariana Nougalli; Celiberto, Larissa Sbaglia; Vendramini, Regina Célia; de Valdez, Graciela Font; Abdalla, Dulcinéia Saes Parra; Pinto, Roseli Aparecida; Rosetto, Daniella; Valentini, Sandro Roberto; Rossi, Elizeu Antonio

2016-01-19

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host's metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isoflavone-supplemented soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial Setting: São Paulo State University in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. 49 male healthy men with total cholesterol (TC) >5.17 mmol/L and <6.21 mmol/L Intervention: The volunteers have consumed 200 mL of the probiotic soy product (group SP-10(10) CFU/day), isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product (group ISP-probiotic plus 50 mg of total isoflavones/100 g) or unfermented soy product (group USP-placebo) for 42 days in a randomized, double-blind study. Lipid profile and additional cardiovascular biomarkers were analyzed on days 0, 30 and 42. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and at the end of the experiment so as to determine the isoflavones profile. After 42 days, the ISP consumption led to improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C (LDL + IDL + VLDL cholesterol fractions) and electronegative LDL concentrations (reduction of 13.8%, 14.7% and 24.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). The ISP and SP have prevented the reduction of HDL-C level after 42 days. The C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were not improved. The equol production by the ISP group subjects was inversely correlated with electronegative LDL concentration. The results suggest that a regular consumption of this probiotic soy product, supplemented with isoflavones, could contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, through the an improvement in lipid profile and antioxidant properties.

The prospective evaluation of changes in fatty infiltration and shoulder strength in nonsurgically treated rotator cuff tears.

PubMed

Nakamura, Yoshihiro; Yokoya, Shin; Harada, Yohei; Shiraishi, Katsunori; Adachi, Nobuo; Ochi, Mitsuo

2017-07-01

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship of fatty infiltration in rotator cuff muscles and shoulder strength in rotator cuff tears and these changes during nonsurgical treatment. Fifty-three shoulders from 47 patients (mean age: 69.9 years) diagnosed with rotator cuff tears by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were treated nonsurgically. The degrees of fatty infiltration in supraspinatus (SSP) and infraspinatus (ISP) muscles were graded by the modified Goutallier classification (grade 0-1, grade 2-3, or grade 4). The isometric strength of the abductors (Abd) and external rotators (ER) were examined with a hand dynamometer. We analyzed the correlation of the modified Goutallier classification in SSP and ISP muscles with the strength of Abd and ER at initial visit. In addition, MRI and strength tests were repeated after 24 ± 6 months, and changes in fatty infiltration and strength were examined. Fatty infiltration of SSP and ISP muscles had a negative correlation with the strengths of Abd and ER at initial visit, respectively. Six of 45 shoulders (SSP grade: 0-3) and 7 of 43 shoulders (ISP grade: 0-3) had progression of fatty infiltration. Predictive factor of a progression of fatty infiltration during follow-up was decreased initial strength of Abd. There was no significant change in the strength of Abd, and the strength of ER showed significant improvement between the initial and post-treatment measurements. Even in the subgroup that had progression of fatty infiltration at follow-up, the strength of Abd and ER did not decrease significantly. Although fatty infiltration of the rotator cuff muscles exhibited a negative correlation with muscle strength, fatty infiltration and muscle weakness did not progress at the same rate. Copyright © 2017 The Japanese Orthopaedic Association. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Indirect effect of management support on users' compliance behaviour towards information security policies.

PubMed

Humaidi, Norshima; Balakrishnan, Vimala

2018-01-01

Health information systems are innovative products designed to improve the delivery of effective healthcare, but they are also vulnerable to breaches of information security, including unauthorised access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification or destruction, and duplication of passwords. Greater openness and multi-connectedness between heterogeneous stakeholders within health networks increase the security risk. The focus of this research was on the indirect effects of management support (MS) on user compliance behaviour (UCB) towards information security policies (ISPs) among health professionals in selected Malaysian public hospitals. The aim was to identify significant factors and provide a clearer understanding of the nature of compliance behaviour in the health sector environment. Using a survey design and stratified random sampling method, self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 454 healthcare professionals in three hospitals. Drawing on theories of planned behaviour, perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy (SE) and MS components) and the trust factor, an information system security policies compliance model was developed to test three related constructs (MS, SE and perceived trust (PT)) and their relationship to UCB towards ISPs. Results showed a 52.8% variation in UCB through significant factors. Partial least squares structural equation modelling demonstrated that all factors were significant and that MS had an indirect effect on UCB through both PT and SE among respondents to this study. The research model based on the theory of planned behaviour in combination with other human and organisational factors has made a useful contribution towards explaining compliance behaviour in relation to organisational ISPs, with trust being the most significant factor. In adopting a multidimensional approach to management-user interactions via multidisciplinary concepts and theories to evaluate the association between the integrated management-user values and the nature of compliance towards ISPs among selected health professionals, this study has made a unique contribution to the literature.

Functional characterization of a geraniol synthase-encoding gene from Camptotheca acuminata and its application in production of geraniol in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Chen, Fei; Li, Wei; Jiang, Liangzhen; Pu, Xiang; Yang, Yun; Zhang, Guolin; Luo, Yinggang

2016-09-01

Geraniol synthase (GES) catalyzes the conversion of geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into geraniol, an acyclic monoterpene alcohol that has been widely used in many industries. Here we report the functional characterization of CaGES from Camptotheca acuminata, a camptothecin-producing plant, and its application in production of geraniol in Escherichia coli. The full-length cDNA of CaGES was obtained from overlap extension PCR amplification. The intact and N-terminus-truncated CaGESs were overexpressed in E. coli and purified to homogeneity. Recombinant CaGES showed the conversion activity from GPP to geraniol. To produce geraniol in E. coli using tCaGES, the biosynthetic precursor GPP should be supplied and transferred to the catalytic pocket of tCaGES. Thus, ispA(S80F), a mutant of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) synthase, was prepared to produce GPP via the head-to-tail condensation of isoprenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). A slight increase of geraniol production was observed in the fermentation broth of the recombinant E. coli harboring tCaGES and ispA(S80F). To enhance the supply of IPP and DMAPP, the encoding genes involved in the whole mevalonic acid biosynthetic pathway were introduced to the E. coli harboring tCaGES and the ispA(S80F) and a significant increase of geraniol yield was observed. The geraniol production was enhanced to 5.85 ± 0.46 mg L(-1) when another copy of ispA(S80F) was introduced to the above recombinant strain. The following optimization of medium composition, fermentation time, and addition of metal ions led to the geraniol production of 48.5 ± 0.9 mg L(-1). The present study will be helpful to uncover the biosynthetic enigma of camptothecin and tCaGES will be an alternative to selectively produce geraniol in E. coli with other metabolic engineering approaches.

Measuring Information Security Performance with 10 by 10 Model for Holistic State Evaluation.

PubMed

Bernik, Igor; Prislan, Kaja

Organizations should measure their information security performance if they wish to take the right decisions and develop it in line with their security needs. Since the measurement of information security is generally underdeveloped in practice and many organizations find the existing recommendations too complex, the paper presents a solution in the form of a 10 by 10 information security performance measurement model. The model-ISP 10×10M is composed of ten critical success factors, 100 key performance indicators and 6 performance levels. Its content was devised on the basis of findings presented in the current research studies and standards, while its structure results from an empirical research conducted among information security professionals from Slovenia. Results of the study show that a high level of information security performance is mostly dependent on measures aimed at managing information risks, employees and information sources, while formal and environmental factors have a lesser impact. Experts believe that information security should evolve systematically, where it's recommended that beginning steps include technical, logical and physical security controls, while advanced activities should relate predominantly strategic management activities. By applying the proposed model, organizations are able to determine the actual level of information security performance based on the weighted indexing technique. In this manner they identify the measures they ought to develop in order to improve the current situation. The ISP 10×10M is a useful tool for conducting internal system evaluations and decision-making. It may also be applied to a larger sample of organizations in order to determine the general state-of-play for research purposes.

History, structure, and function of the Internet.

PubMed

Glowniak, J

1998-04-01

The Internet stands at the forefront of telecommunications in medicine. This worldwide system of computers had its beginnings in networking projects in the United States and western Europe in the 1960s and 1970s. The precursor of the Internet was ARPANET, a long-distance telecommunication network funded by the Department of Defense that linked together computers throughout the United States. In the 1980s, ARPANET was superseded by NSFNET, a series of networks created by the National Science Foundation, which established the present-day structure of the Internet. The physical structure of the Internet resembles and is integrated with the telephone system. Long-distance data transport services are provided by large telecommunication companies, called network service providers (NSPs), through high-capacity, high-speed national and international fiber optic cables. These transport services are accessed through Internet service providers, ISPs. ISPs, the equivalent of regional Bell operating companies, provide the physical link to the NSPs for individuals and organizations. Telecommunications on the Internet are standardized by a set of communications protocols, the TCP/IP protocol suite, that describe routing of messages over the Internet, computer naming conventions, and commonly used Internet services such as e-mail. At present, the Internet consists of over 20 million computer worldwide and is continuing to grow at a rapid rate. Along with the growth of the Internet, higher speed access methods are offering a range of new services such as real-time video and voice communications. Medical education, teaching, and research, as well as clinical practice, will be affected in numerous different ways by these advances.

40 CFR 467.44 - New source performance standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false New source performance standards. 467.44 Section 467.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ALUMINUM FORMING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Forging Subcategory § 467.44 New source...

Extensions of the standard model

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Ramond, P.

1983-01-01

In these lectures we focus on several issues that arise in theoretical extensions of the standard model. First we describe the kinds of fermions that can be added to the standard model without affecting known phenomenology. We focus in particular on three types: the vector-like completion of the existing fermions as would be predicted by a Kaluza-Klein type theory, which we find cannot be realistically achieved without some chiral symmetry; fermions which are vector-like by themselves, such as do appear in supersymmetric extensions, and finally anomaly-free chiral sets of fermions. We note that a chiral symmetry, such as the Peccei-Quinnmore » symmetry can be used to produce a vector-like theory which, at scales less than M/sub W/, appears to be chiral. Next, we turn to the analysis of the second hierarchy problem which arises in Grand Unified extensions of the standard model, and plays a crucial role in proton decay of supersymmetric extensions. We review the known mechanisms for avoiding this problem and present a new one which seems to lead to the (family) triplication of the gauge group. Finally, this being a summer school, we present a list of homework problems. 44 references.« less

Four Interstellar Dust Candidates from the Stardust Interstellar Dust Collector

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Westphal, A. J.; Allen, C.; Bajt, S.; Bechtel, H. A.; Borg, J.; Brenker, F.; Bridges, J.; Brownlee, D. E.; Burchell, M.; Burghammer, M.;

Modeling of boron species in the Falcon 17 and ISP-34 integral tests

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lazaridis, M.; Capitao, J.A.; Drossinos, Y.

1996-09-01

The RAFT computer code for aerosol formation and transport was modified to include boron species in its chemical database. The modification was necessary to calculate fission product transport and deposition in the FAL-17 and ISP-34 Falcon tests, where boric acid was injected. The experimental results suggest that the transport of cesium is modified in the presence of boron. The results obtained with the modified RAFT code are presented; they show good agreement with experimental results for cesium and partial agreement for boron deposition in the Falcon silica tube. The new version of the RAFT code predicts the same behavior formore » iodine deposition as the previous version, where boron species were not included.« less

Finding Interstellar Particle Impacts on Stardust Aluminium Foils: The Safe Handling, Imaging, and Analysis of Samples Containing Femtogram Residues

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kearsley, A. T.; Westphal, A. J.; Stadermann, F. J.; Armes, S. P.; Ball, A. D.; Borg, J.; Bridges, J. C.; Brownlee, D. E.; Burchell, M. J.; Chater, R. J.;

Chondrites isp. Indicating Late Paleozoic Atmospheric Anoxia in Eastern Peninsular India

PubMed Central

Bhattacharya, Biplab; Banerjee, Sudipto

2014-01-01

Rhythmic sandstone-mudstone-coal succession of the Barakar Formation (early Permian) manifests a transition from lower braided-fluvial to upper tide-wave influenced, estuarine setting. Monospecific assemblage of marine trace fossil Chondrites isp. in contemporaneous claystone beds in the upper Barakar succession from two Gondwana basins (namely, the Raniganj Basin and the Talchir Basin) in eastern peninsular India signifies predominant marine incursion during end early Permian. Monospecific Chondrites ichnoassemblage in different sedimentary horizons in geographically wide apart (~400 km) areas demarcates multiple short-spanned phases of anoxia in eastern India. Such anoxia is interpreted as intermittent falls in oxygen level in an overall decreasing atmospheric oxygenation within the late Paleozoic global oxygen-carbon dioxide fluctuations. PMID:24616628

Low-Light Image Enhancement Using Adaptive Digital Pixel Binning

PubMed Central

Yoo, Yoonjong; Im, Jaehyun; Paik, Joonki

2015-01-01

This paper presents an image enhancement algorithm for low-light scenes in an environment with insufficient illumination. Simple amplification of intensity exhibits various undesired artifacts: noise amplification, intensity saturation, and loss of resolution. In order to enhance low-light images without undesired artifacts, a novel digital binning algorithm is proposed that considers brightness, context, noise level, and anti-saturation of a local region in the image. The proposed algorithm does not require any modification of the image sensor or additional frame-memory; it needs only two line-memories in the image signal processor (ISP). Since the proposed algorithm does not use an iterative computation, it can be easily embedded in an existing digital camera ISP pipeline containing a high-resolution image sensor. PMID:26121609

40 CFR 414.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 414.44 Section 414.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Thermoplastic Resins § 414.44 New...

40 CFR 414.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 414.44 Section 414.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Thermoplastic Resins § 414.44 New...

40 CFR 414.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 414.44 Section 414.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Thermoplastic Resins § 414.44 New...

40 CFR 414.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false New source performance standards (NSPS). 414.44 Section 414.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Thermoplastic Resins § 414.44 New...

40 CFR 414.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS). 414.44 Section 414.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ORGANIC CHEMICALS, PLASTICS, AND SYNTHETIC FIBERS Thermoplastic Resins § 414.44 New...

10 CFR 110.44 - Physical security standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Physical security standards. 110.44 Section 110.44 Energy NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION (CONTINUED) EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NUCLEAR EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL Review of License Applications § 110.44 Physical security standards. (a) Physical security measures in recipient...

10 CFR 110.44 - Physical security standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Physical security standards. 110.44 Section 110.44 Energy... License Applications § 110.44 Physical security standards. (a) Physical security measures in recipient... publication INFCIRC/225/Rev. 4 (corrected), June 1999, “The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and...

10 CFR 110.44 - Physical security standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Physical security standards. 110.44 Section 110.44 Energy... License Applications § 110.44 Physical security standards. (a) Physical security measures in recipient... publication INFCIRC/225/Rev. 4 (corrected), June 1999, “The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and...

10 CFR 110.44 - Physical security standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Physical security standards. 110.44 Section 110.44 Energy... License Applications § 110.44 Physical security standards. (a) Physical security measures in recipient... publication INFCIRC/225/Rev. 4 (corrected), June 1999, “The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and...

10 CFR 110.44 - Physical security standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 10 Energy 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Physical security standards. 110.44 Section 110.44 Energy... License Applications § 110.44 Physical security standards. (a) Physical security measures in recipient... publication INFCIRC/225/Rev. 4 (corrected), June 1999, “The Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and...

Solar Electric Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

LaPointe, Michael

2006-01-01

The Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) technology area is tasked to develop near and mid-term SEP technology to improve or enable science mission capture while minimizing risk and cost to the end user. The solar electric propulsion investments are primarily driven by SMD cost-capped mission needs. The technology needs are determined partially through systems analysis tasks including the recent "Re-focus Studies" and "Standard Architecture Study." These systems analysis tasks transitioned the technology development to address the near term propulsion needs suitable for cost-capped open solicited missions such as Discovery and New Frontiers Class missions. Major SEP activities include NASA's Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT), implementing a Standard Architecture for NSTAR and NEXT EP systems, and developing a long life High Voltage Hall Accelerator (HiVHAC). Lower level investments include advanced feed system development and xenon recovery testing. Future plans include completion of ongoing ISP development activities and evaluating potential use of commercial electric propulsion systems for SMD applications. Examples of enhanced mission capability and technology readiness dates shall be discussed.

The Willowbrook futures project: a longitudinal analysis of person-centered planning.

PubMed

Holburn, Steve; Jacobson, John W; Schwartz, Allen A; Flory, Michael J; Vietze, Peter M

2004-01-01

We conducted a longitudinal comparative evaluation of person-centered planning processes and outcomes for 20 individuals with intellectual disabilities and problem behavior (former residents of Willowbrook) and a matched contrast group, who received traditional interdisciplinary service planning (ISP). At the inception of the study, all participants were living in one of four other developmental centers (institutions) in New York City. Process and outcome data obtained from questionnaires completed by team members approximately every 8 months at four time periods showed that the rate of improvement in both person-centered planning process and outcomes for the intervention group was significantly greater than that of the comparison group. Eighteen of 19 person-centered planning participants moved to community living arrangements, as did 5 of 18 in the contrast group.

Study of Conical Pulsed Inductive Thruster with Multiple Modes of Operation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Miller, Robert; Eskridge, Richard; Martin, Adam; Rose, Frank

2008-01-01

An electrodeless, pulsed, inductively coupled thruster has several advantages over current electric propulsion designs. The efficiency of a pulsed inductive thruster is dependent upon the pulse characteristics of the device. Therefore, these thrusters are throttleable over a wide range of thrust levels by varying the pulse rate without affecting the thruster efficiency. In addition, by controlling the pulse energy and the mass bit together, the ISP of the thruster can also be varied with minimal efficiency loss over a wide range of ISP levels. Pulsed inductive thrusters will work with a multitude of propellants, including ammonia. Thus, a single pulsed inductive thruster could be used to handle a multitude of mission needs from high thrust to high ISP with one propulsion solution that would be variable in flight. A conical pulsed inductive lab thruster has been built to study this form of electric propulsion in detail. This thruster incorporates many advantages that are meant to enable this technology as a viable space propulsion technology. These advantages include incorporation of solid state switch technology for all switching needs of the thruster and pre-ionization of the propellant gas prior to acceleration. Pre-ionizing will significantly improve coupling efficiency between drive and bias fields and the plasma. This enables lower pulse energy levels without efficiency reduction. Pre-ionization can be accomplished at a small fraction of the drive pulse energy.

Pre-treatment with α-tocopherol and Terminalia arjuna ameliorates, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cardiac and apoptotic markers in myocardial infracted rats.

PubMed

Shukla, Santosh K; Sharma, Suman B; Singh, Usha R

2015-03-01

This study was aimed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of combination of T. arjuna and α-tocopherol in isoproterenol induced myocardial injury. Wistar albino rats were pre-treated with hydroalcoholic extract of T. arjuna (HETA) and α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg b. w) daily for 30 days. Isoproterenol (ISP, 85 mg/kg b.w) was administered on 28th and 29th days at an interval of 24 hr. ISP treated rats showed significant increase in lipid peroxidation (MDA), cardiac markers (CK-MB, SGOT, Trop I and LDH), pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-6, CRP, TNF-α) levels and apoptotic markers (Bcl-2/Bax) as compared to healthy group. Pre-treatment with HETA 100 mg/kg b. w, reduced the elevated levels of these markers and significant effect (p<0.05) were observed with the combination of HETA and α-tocopherol at a dose of 100 mg/kg b. w, which was further confirmed by histopathological studies. The present study concluded that the combination of α-tocopherol (100 mg/kg b. w) and hydroalcoholic extract of T. arjuna (100 mg/kg b. w) augments endogenous antioxidant compounds of rat heart and also prevents the myocardium from ISP-induced myocardial injury and it may have therapeutic and prophylactic value in the treatment of ischemic heart disease.

A narrative history of the International Society for Psychiatric Surgery: 1970-1983.

PubMed

Lipsman, Nir; Meyerson, Björn A; Lozano, Andres M

2012-01-01

In order to reconcile the present resurgence of psychiatric neurosurgery with the not-too-distant historic transgressions in the field, one needs to examine the era of transition from crude art to regulated science. In large part, this transition took place in the 1970s with the continued development and widespread acceptance of stereotactic techniques in functional neurosurgery and several hard-fought ideological and academic victories by proponents of the much-maligned field. Established in 1970, the International Society for Psychiatric Surgery (ISPS) sought to gather like-minded surgeons, psychiatrists and other neuroscientists to counter the rising pressure from special interest groups, as well as some in the public and medical realm, who attempted to abolish all forms of surgical management of psychiatric disease. We reviewed the archives of the ISPS, including letters from its founding members and active participants, conference proceedings and minutes from organizational meetings, from throughout its existence from 1970 to 1983. The archives provide a unique insight into the organization and objectives of the society that kept psychiatric surgery alive in the face of persistent and staunch opposition. We also outline the lessons that current and future functional neurosurgeons can learn from the ISPS, whose key figures, structure and communication, in the non-electronic era, were instrumental for the survival of psychiatric surgery during that critical period. Copyright © 2012 S. Karger AG, Basel.

TAF-4 is required for the life extension of isp-1, clk-1 and tpk-1 Mit mutants

PubMed Central

Hufnal, Bryce; Farber, Robert; Munkácsy, Erin; Rodriguez, Amanda; Dillow, Andy; Kahlig, Erynn; Rea, Shane L.

2013-01-01

While numerous life-extending manipulations have been discovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, one that remains most enigmatic is disruption of oxidative phosphorylation. In order to unravel how such an ostensibly deleterious manipulation can extend lifespan, we sought to identify the ensemble of nuclear transcription factors that are activated in response to defective mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function. Using a feeding RNAi approach, we targeted over 400 transcription factors and identified 15 that, when reduced in function, reproducibly and differentially altered the development, stress response, and/or fecundity of isp-1(qm150) Mit mutants relative to wild-type animals. Seven of these transcription factors – AHA-1, CEH-18, HIF-1, JUN-1, NHR-27, NHR-49 and the CREB homolog-1 (CRH-1)-interacting protein TAF-4 – were also essential for isp-1 life extension. When we tested the involvement of these seven transcription factors in the life extension of two other Mit mutants, namely clk-1(qm30) and tpk-1(qm162), TAF-4 and HIF-1 were consistently required. Our findings suggest that the Mit phenotype is under the control of multiple transcriptional responses, and that TAF-4 and HIF-1 may be part of a general signaling axis that specifies Mit mutant life extension. PMID:24107417

75 FR 74050 - Public Safety and Homeland Security Bureau; Federal Advisory Committee Act; Communications...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-11-30

... covered at this meeting include: Cybersecurity best practices, ISP network protection practices... to Jeffery Goldthorp, Associate Chief for Cybersecurity and Communications Reliability Public Safety...

Listening to depression and suicide risk in medical students: the Healer Education Assessment and Referral (HEAR) Program.

PubMed

Downs, Nancy; Feng, Wendy; Kirby, Brittany; McGuire, Tara; Moutier, Christine; Norcross, William; Norman, Marc; Young, Ilanit; Zisook, Sid

2014-10-01

A growing body of literature documents high rates of burnout, depression, and suicidal ideation among physicians and medical students. Barriers to seeking mental health treatment in this group include concerns about time, stigma, confidentiality, and potential career impact. The authors describe a 4-year trial of the Healer Education Assessment and Referral (HEAR) program, designed to increase mental health services utilization (MHSU) and decrease suicide risk (SR) as assessed by an Interactive Screening Program (ISP)at one US medical school. Over a 4-year period, medical students were engaged in face-to-face, campus-wide, educational group programs and were invited to complete an individual, online, and anonymous survey. This survey contained the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) scale to assess depression and items to identify suicidal thoughts and behaviors, substance use, distressing emotional states, and the use of mental health treatment. Students who engaged in this ISP by corresponding electronically with a counselor after completing the survey were assessed and when indicated, referred to further treatment. The HEAR program was delivered to 1,008 medical students. Thirty-four percent (343/1,008) completed the online screening portion. Almost 8 % of respondents met the criteria for high/significant SR upon analysis of the completed screens. Ten out of 13 of the students with SR who dialogued with a counselor were not already receiving mental health treatment, indicating that this anonymous ISP identified a high proportion of an untreated, at risk, and potentially suicidal population. MHSU among medical students who completed the survey was 11.5 % in year 1 and 15.0 % by year 4. SR among medical students was 8.8 % in year 1 and 6.2 % in year 4 as assessed by the ISP. This novel interventional program identified at risk, potentially suicidal medical students at one institution. Based on this single-site experience, we suggest that future multisite studies incorporate a comparison group, acquire baseline (prematriculation) data regarding MHSU and SR, and use an individualized yet anonymous identification system to measure changes in individual participants' mental health status over time.

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Gymnastics Injuries, 2009-2010 Through 2013-2014.

PubMed

Kerr, Zachary Y; Hayden, Ross; Barr, Megan; Klossner, David A; Dompier, Thomas P

2015-08-01

Recent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level women's gymnastics are limited. In addition, researchers have not captured non-time-loss injuries (ie, injuries resulting in restriction of participation <1 day). To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's gymnastics injuries during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years. Descriptive epidemiology study. Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 11 women's gymnastics programs providing 28 seasons of data. Collegiate student-athletes participating in women's gymnastics during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years. Women's gymnastics data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009-2010 through 2013-2014 academic years were analyzed. Injury rates; injury rate ratios; injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The ISP captured 418 women's gymnastics injuries, a rate of 9.22/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 8.33, 10.10). The competition injury rate (14.49/1000 AEs) was 1.67 times the practice injury rate (8.69/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.19). When considering time-loss injuries only, the injury rate during this study period (3.62/1000 AEs) was lower than rates reported in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Commonly injured body sites were the ankle (17.9%, n = 75), lower leg/Achilles tendon (13.6%, n = 57), trunk (13.4%, n = 56), and foot (12.4%, n = 52). Common diagnoses were ligament sprain (20.3%, n = 85) and muscle/tendon strain (18.7%, n = 78). Overall, 12.4% (n = 52) of injuries resulted in time loss of more than 3 weeks. Of the 291 injuries reported while a student-athlete used an apparatus (69.6%), most occurred during the floor exercise (41.9%, n = 122) and on the uneven bars (28.2%, n = 82). We observed a lower time-loss injury rate for women's gymnastics than shown in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Safety initiatives in women's gymnastics, such as "sting mats," padded equipment, and a redesigned vault table, may have contributed to minimizing the frequency and severity of injury.

Measuring Information Security Performance with 10 by 10 Model for Holistic State Evaluation

PubMed Central

2016-01-01

Organizations should measure their information security performance if they wish to take the right decisions and develop it in line with their security needs. Since the measurement of information security is generally underdeveloped in practice and many organizations find the existing recommendations too complex, the paper presents a solution in the form of a 10 by 10 information security performance measurement model. The model—ISP 10×10M is composed of ten critical success factors, 100 key performance indicators and 6 performance levels. Its content was devised on the basis of findings presented in the current research studies and standards, while its structure results from an empirical research conducted among information security professionals from Slovenia. Results of the study show that a high level of information security performance is mostly dependent on measures aimed at managing information risks, employees and information sources, while formal and environmental factors have a lesser impact. Experts believe that information security should evolve systematically, where it’s recommended that beginning steps include technical, logical and physical security controls, while advanced activities should relate predominantly strategic management activities. By applying the proposed model, organizations are able to determine the actual level of information security performance based on the weighted indexing technique. In this manner they identify the measures they ought to develop in order to improve the current situation. The ISP 10×10M is a useful tool for conducting internal system evaluations and decision-making. It may also be applied to a larger sample of organizations in order to determine the general state-of-play for research purposes. PMID:27655001

40 CFR 427.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 427.44 Section 427.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asbestos Paper...

40 CFR 427.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 427.44 Section 427.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asbestos Paper (Elastomeric...

40 CFR 427.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 427.44 Section 427.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asbestos Paper...

40 CFR 427.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 427.44 Section 427.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asbestos Paper (Elastomeric...

40 CFR 427.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 427.44 Section 427.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) ASBESTOS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Asbestos Paper...

40 CFR 426.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 426.44 Section 426.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Plate Glass Manufacturing...

40 CFR 426.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 426.44 Section 426.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GLASS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Plate Glass Manufacturing...

40 CFR 407.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 407.44 Section 407.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CANNED AND PRESERVED FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PROCESSING POINT SOURCE...

40 CFR 442.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false New source performance standards (NSPS). 442.44 Section 442.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS TRANSPORTATION EQUIPMENT CLEANING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Tanks Transporting Food...

40 CFR 417.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 417.44 Section 417.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glycerine...

40 CFR 417.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 417.44 Section 417.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glycerine...

40 CFR 417.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 417.44 Section 417.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glycerine...

40 CFR 417.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 417.44 Section 417.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glycerine...

40 CFR 417.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 417.44 Section 417.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS SOAP AND DETERGENT MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Glycerine...

30 CFR 44.4 - Standard of evaluation of petitions; effect of petitions granted.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standard of evaluation of petitions; effect of... MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS General § 44.4 Standard of evaluation of petitions; effect of petitions granted... § 44.16 for relief to give effect to a proposed decision and order, a decision of an Administrator or...

A BMI-adjusted ultra-low-dose CT angiography protocol for the peripheral arteries-Image quality, diagnostic accuracy and radiation exposure.

PubMed

Schreiner, Markus M; Platzgummer, Hannes; Unterhumer, Sylvia; Weber, Michael; Mistelbauer, Gabriel; Loewe, Christian; Schernthaner, Ruediger E

2017-08-01

To investigate radiation exposure, objective image quality, and the diagnostic accuracy of a BMI-adjusted ultra-low-dose CT angiography (CTA) protocol for the assessment of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), with digital subtraction angiography (DSA) as the standard of reference. In this prospective, IRB-approved study, 40 PAD patients (30 male, mean age 72 years) underwent CTA on a dual-source CT scanner at 80kV tube voltage. The reference amplitude for tube current modulation was personalized based on the body mass index (BMI) with 120 mAs for [BMI≤25] or 150 mAs for [2570%) was assessed by two readers independently and compared to subsequent DSA. Radiation exposure was assessed with the computed tomography dose index (CTDIvol) and the dosis-length product (DLP). Objective image quality was assessed via contrast- and signal-to-noise ratio (CNR and SNR) measurements. Radiation exposure and image quality were compared between the BMI groups and between the BMI-adjusted ultra-low-dose protocol and the low-dose institutional standard protocol (ISP). The BMI-adjusted ultra-low-dose protocol reached high diagnostic accuracy values of 94% for Reader 1 and 93% for Reader 2. Moreover, in comparison to the ISP, it showed significantly (p<0.001) lower CTDIvol (1.97±0.55mGy vs. 4.18±0.62 mGy) and DLP (256±81mGy x cm vs. 544±83mGy x cm) but similar image quality (p=0.37 for CNR). Furthermore, image quality was similar between BMI groups (p=0.86 for CNR). A CT protocol that incorporates low kV settings with a personalized (BMI-adjusted) reference amplitude for tube current modulation and iterative reconstruction enables very low radiation exposure CTA, while maintaining good image quality and high diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of PAD. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

40 CFR 406.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 406.44 Section 406.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GRAIN MILLS POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Bulgur Wheat Flour Milling Subcategory...

40 CFR 425.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false New source performance standards (NSPS). 425.44 Section 425.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides...

40 CFR 421.44 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Standards of performance for new sources. 421.44 Section 421.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Copper...

40 CFR 421.44 - Standards of performance for new sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Standards of performance for new sources. 421.44 Section 421.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS NONFERROUS METALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Primary Copper...

40 CFR 425.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false New source performance standards (NSPS). 425.44 Section 425.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Retan-Wet Finish-Sides...

40 CFR 405.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 405.44 Section 405.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS DAIRY PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Butter Subcategory § 405...

40 CFR 405.44 - Pretreatment standards for existing sources.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Pretreatment standards for existing sources. 405.44 Section 405.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS DAIRY PRODUCTS PROCESSING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Butter Subcategory § 405...

24 CFR 242.44 - Construction standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Construction standards. 242.44... MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HOSPITALS Construction § 242.44 Construction standards. Work designed and performed... “Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities,” which is regularly updated and...

24 CFR 242.44 - Construction standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Construction standards. 242.44... MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HOSPITALS Construction § 242.44 Construction standards. Work designed and performed... “Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities,” which is regularly updated and...

24 CFR 242.44 - Construction standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Construction standards. 242.44... MORTGAGE INSURANCE FOR HOSPITALS Construction § 242.44 Construction standards. Work designed and performed... “Guidelines for Construction and Equipment of Hospital and Medical Facilities,” which is regularly updated and...

Turbine Performance Optimization Task Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Griffin, Lisa W.; Turner, James E. (Technical Monitor)

2001-01-01

Capability to optimize for turbine performance and accurately predict unsteady loads will allow for increased reliability, Isp, and thrust-to-weight. The development of a fast, accurate aerodynamic design, analysis, and optimization system is required.

33 CFR 104.105 - Applicability.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... cargo vessel greater than 100 gross register tons; (3) Self-propelled U.S. cargo vessel greater than 100... verifications required by part A, Section 19.1, of the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code...

Z-Pinch fusion-based nuclear propulsion

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Miernik, J.; Statham, G.; Fabisinski, L.; Maples, C. D.; Adams, R.; Polsgrove, T.; Fincher, S.; Cassibry, J.; Cortez, R.; Turner, M.; Percy, T.

2013-02-01

Fusion-based nuclear propulsion has the potential to enable fast interplanetary transportation. Due to the great distances between the planets of our solar system and the harmful radiation environment of interplanetary space, high specific impulse (Isp) propulsion in vehicles with high payload mass fractions must be developed to provide practical and safe vehicles for human space flight missions. The Z-Pinch dense plasma focus method is a Magneto-Inertial Fusion (MIF) approach that may potentially lead to a small, low cost fusion reactor/engine assembly [1]. Recent advancements in experimental and theoretical understanding of this concept suggest favorable scaling of fusion power output yield [2]. The magnetic field resulting from the large current compresses the plasma to fusion conditions, and this process can be pulsed over short timescales (10-6 s). This type of plasma formation is widely used in the field of Nuclear Weapons Effects testing in the defense industry, as well as in fusion energy research. A Z-Pinch propulsion concept was designed for a vehicle based on a previous fusion vehicle study called "Human Outer Planet Exploration" (HOPE), which used Magnetized Target Fusion (MTF) [3] propulsion. The reference mission is the transport of crew and cargo to Mars and back, with a reusable vehicle. The analysis of the Z-Pinch MIF propulsion system concludes that a 40-fold increase of Isp over chemical propulsion is predicted. An Isp of 19,436 s and thrust of 3812 N s/pulse, along with nearly doubling the predicted payload mass fraction, warrants further development of enabling technologies.

Distribution of stable free radicals among amino acids of isolated soy proteins.

PubMed

Lei, Qingxin; Liebold, Christopher M; Boatright, William L; Shah Jahan, M

2010-09-01

Application of deuterium sulfide to powdered isolated soy proteins (ISP) was used to quench stable free radicals and produce a single deuterium label on amino acids where free radicals reside. The deuterium labels rendered increases of isotope ratio for the specific ions of radical-bearing amino acids. Isotope ratio measurements were achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses after the amino acids were released by acidic hydrolysis and converted to volatile derivatives with propyl chloroformate. The isotope enrichment data showed the stable free radicals were located on Ala, Gly, Leu, Ile, Asx (Asp+Asn), Glx (Glu+Gln), and Trp but not on Val, Pro, Met, Phe, Lys, and His. Due to the low abundance of Ser, Thr, and Cys derivatives and the impossibility to accurately measure their isotope ratios, the radical bearing status for these amino acids remained undetermined even though their derivatives were positively identified from ISP hydrolysates. The relative isotope enrichment for radical-bearing amino acids Ala, Gly, Leu, Ile, Asx (Asp+Asn), Glx (Glu+Gln), and Trp were 8.67%, 2.96%, 2.90%, 3.94%, 6.03%, 3.91%, and 21.48%, respectively. Isotope ratio increase for Tyr was also observed but further investigation revealed such increase was mainly from nonspecific deuterium-hydrogen exchange not free radical quenching. The results obtained from the present study provide important information for a better understanding of the mechanisms of free radical formation and stabilization in "dry" ISP.

B cells regulate thymic CD8+T cell differentiation in lupus-prone mice.

PubMed

Xing, Chen; Zhu, Gaizhi; Xiao, He; Fang, Ying; Liu, Xiaoling; Han, Gencheng; Chen, Guojiang; Hou, Chunmei; Shen, Beifen; Li, Yan; Ma, Ning; Wang, Renxi

2017-10-27

Previous studies have shown that under normal physiological conditions thymic B cells play a critical function in T cell negative selection. We tested the effect of thymic B cells on thymic T-cell differentiation in autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We found that thymic B cells and CD8 - CD4 + and CD4 - CD8 + T cells increased, whereas CD4 + CD8 + T cells decreased in lupus-prone mice. Once B cells were reduced, the change was reversed. Furthermore, we found that B cells blocked thymic immature single positive (ISP) CD4 - CD8 + CD3 lo/- RORγt - T cells progression into CD4 + CD8 + T cells. Interestingly, we found a novel population of thymic immature T cells (CD4 - CD8 + CD3 lo RORγt + ) that were induced into mature CD4 - CD8 + CD3 + RORγt + T cells by B cells in lupus-prone mice. Importantly, we found that IgG, produced by thymic B cells, played a critical role in the differentiation of thymic CD8 + ISP and mature RORγt + CD8 + T cells in lupus-prone mice. In conclusion, B cells blocked the differentiation from thymic CD8 + ISP and induced the differentiation of a novel immature CD4 - CD8 + CD3 lo RORγt + T cells into mature RORγt + CD8 + T cells by secreting IgG antibody in lupus-prone mice.

Decreased re-conviction rates of DUI offenders with intensive supervision and home confinement.

PubMed

Barta, William D; Fisher, Virginia; Hynes, Patrick

2017-11-01

In some jurisdictions, persons who are convicted of driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI) are allowed to serve some portion of their prison sentence under home confinement as part of Intensive Supervision Programs (ISPs) which include pre-release psycho-education and close post-release supervision. Test the hypothesis that persons convicted of DUI offenses who have spent some portion of their sentence under home confinement, as compared to a historical comparison group, will exhibit a relatively low re-conviction rate. Using administrative data for 1,410 repeat DUI offenders (302 members of the historical comparison group, 948 ISP members, and 160 persons who appear in both groups at different points in time), with a follow-up period of up to 3 years and 10 months, a marginal Cox model was employed to compare conviction rates of persons who experienced intensive supervision and home confinement with historical comparison group members. Persons with ISP + home confinement experience a re-conviction rate that is less than half that observed in the comparison group. Age, ethnicity (white vs. non-white), and gender are also significant predictors of re-conviction. Home confinement, in conjunction with psycho-education and other program elements, is one means of reducing the costs of incarceration. The results of this study suggest that, in addition to cost savings, states may realize a public safety benefit in the form of a reduction in DUI offense rates.

VHITAL-160 Thruster Development Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sengupta, Anita; Marrese-Reading, Colleen; Hofer, Rich; Owens, Al; Swindlehurst, Ray; Fitzgerald, Dennis

2006-01-01

A general overview on the status of the Very High Isp Thruster with Anode Layer (VHITAL)-160 program is presented. The topics include: 1) Bi TAL Overview; 2) VHITAL Program Overview; 3) Thruster Fabrication; and 4) Thruster Testing.

User's Guide for the Interactive Scheduling Program : Preliminary Calendar Version

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-08-01

The Office of Transportation Management of the Urban Mass Transportation Administration (UMTA), in conjunction with the Transportation Systems Center (TSC), designed and developed the Interactive Scheduling Program (ISP) to assist rail-transit operat...

Standard Model as a Double Field Theory.

PubMed

Choi, Kang-Sin; Park, Jeong-Hyuck

2015-10-23

We show that, without any extra physical degree introduced, the standard model can be readily reformulated as a double field theory. Consequently, the standard model can couple to an arbitrary stringy gravitational background in an O(4,4) T-duality covariant manner and manifest two independent local Lorentz symmetries, Spin(1,3)×Spin(3,1). While the diagonal gauge fixing of the twofold spin groups leads to the conventional formulation on the flat Minkowskian background, the enhanced symmetry makes the standard model more rigid, and also stringy, than it appeared. The CP violating θ term may no longer be allowed by the symmetry, and hence the strong CP problem can be solved. There are now stronger constraints imposed on the possible higher order corrections. We speculate that the quarks and the leptons may belong to the two different spin classes.

Advanced Concepts: Aneutronic Fusion Power and Propulsion

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Chapman, John J.

2012-01-01

Aneutronic Fusion for In-Space thrust, power. Clean energy & potential nuclear gains. Fusion plant concepts, potential to use advanced fuels. Methods to harness ionic momentum for high Isp thrust plus direct power conversion into electricity will be presented.

Evaluation of alternative programs for repeat DWI offenders

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1996-10-01

This report documents the results of a study to determine the effectiveness of two alternative sanctions programs for repeat DWIs. The programs were an Intensive Supervision Probation (ISP) program in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, and an Electronic Mo...

A Comparative Study of Aerocapture Missions with a Mars Destination

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Vaughan, Diane; Miller, Heather C.; Griffin, Brand; James, Bonnie F.; Munk, Michelle M.

2005-01-01

Conventional interplanetary spacecraft use propulsive systems to decelerate into orbit. Aerocapture is an alternative approach for orbit capture, in which the spacecraft makes a single pass through a target destination's atmosphere. Although this technique has never been performed, studies show there are substantial benefits of using aerocapture for reduction of propellant mass, spacecraft size, and mission cost. The In-Space Propulsion (ISP) Program, part of NASA's Science Mission Directorate, has invested in aerocapture technology development since 2002. Aerocapture investments within ISP are largely driven by mission systems analysis studies, The purpose of this NASA-funded report is to identify and document the fundamental parameters of aerocapture within previous human and robotic Mars mission studies which will assist the community in identifying technology research gaps in human and robotic missions, and provide insight for future technology investments. Upon examination of the final data set, some key attributes within the aerocapture disciplines are identified.

Status of the Stardust ISPE and the Origin of Four Interstellar Dust Candidates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Westphal, A. J.; Allen, C.; Ansari, A.; Bajt, S.; Bastien, R. S.; Bassim, N.; Bechtel, H. A.; Borg, J.; Brenker, F. E.; Bridges, J.;

Implementation of non-condensable gases condensation suppression model into the WCOBRA/TRAC-TF2 LOCA safety evaluation code

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Liao, J.; Cao, L.; Ohkawa, K.

2012-07-01

The non-condensable gases condensation suppression model is important for a realistic LOCA safety analysis code. A condensation suppression model for direct contact condensation was previously developed by Westinghouse using first principles. The model is believed to be an accurate description of the direct contact condensation process in the presence of non-condensable gases. The Westinghouse condensation suppression model is further revised by applying a more physical model. The revised condensation suppression model is thus implemented into the WCOBRA/TRAC-TF2 LOCA safety evaluation code for both 3-D module (COBRA-TF) and 1-D module (TRAC-PF1). Parametric study using the revised Westinghouse condensation suppression model ismore » conducted. Additionally, the performance of non-condensable gases condensation suppression model is examined in the ACHILLES (ISP-25) separate effects test and LOFT L2-5 (ISP-13) integral effects test. (authors)« less

Annular Ion Engine Concept and Development Status

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Patterson, Michael J.

2016-01-01

The Annular Ion Engine (AIE) concept represents an evolutionary development in gridded ion thruster technology with the potential for delivering revolutionary capabilities. It has this potential because the AIE concept: (a) enables scaling of ion thruster technology to high power at specific impulse (Isp) values of interest for near-term mission applications, 5000 sec; and (b) it enables an increase in both thrust density and thrust-to-power (FP) ratio exceeding conventional ion thrusters and other electric propulsion (EP) technology options, thereby yielding the highest performance over a broad range in Isp. The AIE concept represents a natural progression of gridded ion thruster technology beyond the capabilities embodied by NASAs Evolutionary Xenon Thruster (NEXT) [1]. The AIE would be appropriate for: (a) applications which require power levels exceeding NEXTs capabilities (up to about 14 kW [2]), with scalability potentially to 100s of kW; and/or (b) applications which require FP conditions exceeding NEXTs capabilities.

Invertebrate ichnofossils and rhizoliths associated with rhizomorphs from the Marília Formation (Echaporã Member), Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous, Brazil

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Mineiro, Adriano Santos; Santucci, Rodrigo Miloni; da Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena; de Andrade, Marco Brandalise; Nava, William Roberto

2017-12-01

The Marília Formation (Bauru Group, Upper Cretaceous, Brazil) has furnished a large array of vertebrate fossils. However, its ichnological and botanical contents are poorly explored to date. Here we report findings of invertebrate trace fossils (Beaconites isp., Skolithos isp., and Taenidium barretti), rhizoliths associated with rhizomorphs with preserved hyphae, and fossil roots from the Echaporã Member, Marília Formation, São Paulo State, Brazil. The association of trace fossils suggest they can be regarded to the Scoyenia Ichnofacies. The rhizoliths indicate that at least two types of herbaceous/arbustive plants inhabited the area, one of them living in the vadose zone and the other one with roots closer to the water table, under arid/semiarid conditions. Sedimentological analyses suggest the studied outcrop comprises fluvial deposits, with predominance of sand bars that underwent different and relatively long periods of subaerial exposure.

Effect of aging and ice structuring proteins on the morphology of frozen hydrated gluten networks.

PubMed

Kontogiorgos, Vassilis; Goff, H Douglas; Kasapis, Stefan

2007-04-01

The present investigation constitutes an attempt to rationalize the effect of aging and ice structuring proteins (ISPs) on the network morphology of frozen hydrated gluten. In doing so, it employs differential scanning calorimetry, time-domain NMR, dynamic oscillation on shear, creep testing, and electron microscopy. Experimentation and first principles modeling allows identification and description of the processes of ice formation and recrystallization in molecular terms. It is demonstrated that in the absence of a readily discernible glass transition temperature in gluten-ice composites, the approach of considering the melting point and aging at constant or fluctuating temperature conditions in the vicinity of this point can provide a valid index of functional quality. A theoretical framework supporting the concept of capillary confined frozen water in the gluten matrix was advanced, and it was found that ISPs were effective in controlling recrystallization both within these confines and within ice in the bulk.

The associations of indoor environment and psychosocial factors on the subjective evaluation of Indoor Air Quality among lower secondary school students: a multilevel analysis.

PubMed

Finell, E; Haverinen-Shaughnessy, U; Tolvanen, A; Laaksonen, S; Karvonen, S; Sund, R; Saaristo, V; Luopa, P; Ståhl, T; Putus, T; Pekkanen, J

2017-03-01

Subjective evaluation of Indoor Air Quality (subjective IAQ) reflects both building-related and psychosocial factors, but their associations have rarely been studied other than on the individual level in occupational settings and their interactions have not been assessed. Therefore, we studied whether schools' observed indoor air problems and psychosocial factors are associated with subjective IAQ and their potential interactions. The analysis was performed with a nationwide sample (N = 195 schools/26946 students) using multilevel modeling. Two datasets were merged: (i) survey data from students, including information on schools' psychosocial environment and subjective IAQ, and (ii) data from school principals, including information on observed indoor air problems. On the student level, school-related stress, poor teacher-student relationship, and whether the student did not easily receive help from school personnel, were significantly associated with poor subjective IAQ. On the school level, observed indoor air problem (standardized β = -0.43) and poor teacher-student relationship (standardized β = -0.22) were significant predictors of poor subjective IAQ. In addition, school-related stress was associated with poor subjective IAQ, but only in schools without observed indoor air problem (standardized β = -0.44). © 2016 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Rotator cuff tendon connections with the rotator cable.

PubMed

Rahu, Madis; Kolts, Ivo; Põldoja, Elle; Kask, Kristo

2017-07-01

The literature currently contains no descriptions of the rotator cuff tendons, which also describes in relation to the presence and characteristics of the rotator cable (anatomically known as the ligamentum semicirculare humeri). The aim of the current study was to elucidate the detailed anatomy of the rotator cuff tendons in association with the rotator cable. Anatomic dissection was performed on 21 fresh-frozen shoulder specimens with an average age of 68 years. The rotator cuff tendons were dissected from each other and from the glenohumeral joint capsule, and the superior glenohumeral, coracohumeral, coracoglenoidal and semicircular (rotator cable) ligaments were dissected. Dissection was performed layer by layer and from the bursal side to the joint. All ligaments and tendons were dissected in fine detail. The rotator cable was found in all specimens. It was tightly connected to the supraspinatus (SSP) tendon, which was partly covered by the infraspinatus (ISP) tendon. The posterior insertion area of the rotator cable was located in the region between the middle and inferior facets of the greater tubercle of the humerus insertion areas for the teres minor (TM), and ISP tendons were also present and fibres from the SSP extended through the rotator cable to those areas. The connection between the rotator cable and rotator cuff tendons is tight and confirms the suspension bridge theory for rotator cuff tears in most areas between the SSP tendons and rotator cable. In its posterior insertion area, the rotator cable is a connecting structure between the TM, ISP and SSP tendons. These findings might explain why some patients with relatively large rotator cuff tears can maintain seamless shoulder function.

Evaluation of a new mid-scala cochlear implant electrode using microcomputed tomography.

PubMed

Frisch, Christopher D; Carlson, Matthew L; Lane, John I; Driscoll, Colin L W

2015-12-01

To investigate electrode position, depth of insertion, and electrode contact using an electrode array with a mid-scala design following round window (RW) and cochleostomy insertion. Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric bones were implanted; half via a RW approach and half through an anteroinferior cochleostomy using a styleted mid-scala electrode design. Microcomputed tomography was used to acquire oblique coronal and oblique axial reformations. Individual electrode positions along each array, insertional depth, and electrode contact were determined using National Institutes of Health Image J software. All electrodes were inserted without significant resistance. The average angular depth of insertion was 436.5° for the RW group and 422.7° for the cochleostomy group. All electrodes acquired a perimodiolar position in the proximal segment and a lateral wall position at the basal turn, regardless of approach. Electrodes distal to the basal turn demonstrated a variable location, with 78% mid scala. One cochleostomy array fractured through the interscalar partition (ISP), acquiring a scala vestibuli position. The odds ratio for either abutting the modiolus, ISP, lateral wall or floor, or fracturing through the ISP were 2.7 times more likely following a cochleostomy insertion (P = .032). The styleted mid-scala electrode design acquires a proximal perimodiolar position, a lateral wall location, as it traverses the basal turn, and most commonly a mid-scala position in the distal array. Interscalar excursion occurred in one of the cochleostomy insertions. Cochleostomy insertion is more likely to result in ultimate final electrode position adjacent to critical intracochlear structures. NA. © 2015 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.

Mechanisms of Short-Term Training-Induced Reaching Improvement in Severely Hemiparetic Stroke Patients: A TMS Study

PubMed Central

Harris-Love, Michelle L.; Morton, Susanne M.; Perez, Monica A.; Cohen, Leonardo G.

2011-01-01

Background The neurophysiological mechanisms underlying improved upper-extremity motor skills have been partially investigated in patients with good motor recovery but are poorly understood in more impaired individuals, the majority of stroke survivors. Objective The authors studied changes in primary motor cortex (M1) excitability (motor evoked potentials [MEPs], contralateral and ipsilateral silent periods [CSPs and ISPs] using transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS]) associated with training-induced reaching improvement in stroke patients with severe arm paresis (n = 11; Upper-Extremity Fugl-Meyer score (F-M) = 27 ± 6). Methods All patients underwent a single session of reaching training focused on moving the affected hand from a resting site to a target placed at 80% of maximum forward reaching amplitude in response to a visual “GO” cue. Triceps contribute primarily as agonist and biceps primarily as antagonist to the trained forward reaching movement. Response times were recorded for each reaching movement. Results Preceding training (baseline), greater interhemispheric inhibition (measured by ISP) in the affected triceps muscle, reflecting inhibition from the nonlesioned to the lesioned M1, was observed in patients with lower F-M scores (more severe motor impairment). Training-induced improvements in reaching were greater in patients with slower response times at baseline. Increased MEP amplitudes and decreased ISPs and CSPs were observed in the affected triceps but not in the biceps muscle after training. Conclusion These results indicate that along with training-induced motor improvements, training-specific modulation of intrahemispheric and interhemispheric mechanisms occurs after reaching practice in chronic stroke patients with substantial arm impairment. PMID:21343522

48 CFR 52.222-44 - Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act-Price Adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and Service Contract Act-Price Adjustment. 52.222-44 Section 52.222-44 Federal Acquisition Regulations... CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.222-44 Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act—Price... Contract Act—Price Adjustment (SEP 2009) (a) This clause applies to both contracts subject to area...

Alternatives for Boost-Phase Missile Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2004-07-01

NFIRE ) to better understand the characteristics of that signature for intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). The information that NFIRE might...ballistic missile Isp: specific impulse kg: kilogram km: kilometer MDA: Missile Defense Agency NFIRE : Near-Field Infrared Experiment NMD: national missile

Test Your Knowledge of Internet Vocabulary.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bigham, Vicki Smith

1998-01-01

Answers common questions about the Internet, i.e., what it is, its components, and the definitions of its various features. Questions include what Web pages and browsers are, and the definitions of URLs, ISPs, home pages, search engines, and hyperlinks. (GR)

76 FR 72449 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-23

... NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request AGENCY: National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). ACTION: Notice... Reduction Act Comments (ISP), Room 4400, National Archives and Records Administration, 8601 Adelphi Rd...

78 FR 10169 - Federal Advisory Committee Act; Communications Security, Reliability, and Interoperability Council

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-13

... Location Accuracy, Network Security Best Practices, DNSSEC Implementation Practices for ISPs, Secure BGP... FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION Federal Advisory Committee Act; Communications Security... persons that the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) Communications Security, Reliability, and...

Epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Gymnastics Injuries, 2009–2010 Through 2013–2014

PubMed Central

Kerr, Zachary Y.; Hayden, Ross; Barr, Megan; Klossner, David A.; Dompier, Thomas P.

2015-01-01

Context Recent injury-surveillance data for collegiate-level women's gymnastics are limited. In addition, researchers have not captured non–time-loss injuries (ie, injuries resulting in restriction of participation <1 day). Objective To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) women's gymnastics injuries during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years. Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Setting Aggregate injury and exposure data collected from 11 women's gymnastics programs providing 28 seasons of data. Patients or Other Participants Collegiate student-athletes participating in women's gymnastics during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years. Intervention(s) Women's gymnastics data from the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (ISP) during the 2009–2010 through 2013–2014 academic years were analyzed. Main Outcome Measure(s) Injury rates; injury rate ratios; injury proportions by body site, diagnosis, and apparatus; and injury proportion ratios were reported with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results The ISP captured 418 women's gymnastics injuries, a rate of 9.22/1000 athlete-exposures (AEs; 95% CI = 8.33, 10.10). The competition injury rate (14.49/1000 AEs) was 1.67 times the practice injury rate (8.69/1000 AEs; 95% CI = 1.27, 2.19). When considering time-loss injuries only, the injury rate during this study period (3.62/1000 AEs) was lower than rates reported in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Commonly injured body sites were the ankle (17.9%, n = 75), lower leg/Achilles tendon (13.6%, n = 57), trunk (13.4%, n = 56), and foot (12.4%, n = 52). Common diagnoses were ligament sprain (20.3%, n = 85) and muscle/tendon strain (18.7%, n = 78). Overall, 12.4% (n = 52) of injuries resulted in time loss of more than 3 weeks. Of the 291 injuries reported while a student-athlete used an apparatus (69.6%), most occurred during the floor exercise (41.9%, n = 122) and on the uneven bars (28.2%, n = 82). Conclusions We observed a lower time-loss injury rate for women's gymnastics than shown in earlier NCAA ISP surveillance data. Safety initiatives in women's gymnastics, such as “sting mats,” padded equipment, and a redesigned vault table, may have contributed to minimizing the frequency and severity of injury. PMID:26196702

Super reduced Fe4S4 cluster of Balch's dithiolene series.

PubMed

Begum, Ameerunisha; Moula, Golam; Bose, Moumita; Sarkar, Sabyasachi

2012-03-28

A super reduced Fe(4)S(4) cluster with a sulfur based radical, [NBu(4)](4)[Fe(3)(III)Fe(II)(μ(3)-S)(4)(mnt)(3)(6-)(mnt)(1-)˙](4-)˙, (1) (mnt, maleonitrile dithiolate) which evolves H(2)S gas on treatment with acid under ambient conditions has been synthesized and structurally characterized. The Fe-S distances in 1 are in the range 2.246-2.383 Å, in stark contrast to that of the known n = -2 member of the series based on the [Fe(4)(μ(3)-S)(4)(S(2)C(2)R(2))(4)](n) unit (R = CF(3), Ph) with Fe-S bond lengths of 2.149-2.186 Å. The EPR of 1 displays very weak signals at g, 4.03 and 2.38 along with a strong S-based radical EPR signal at g, 2.003 associated with five structured components tentatively assigned to hyperfine interaction arising out of the naturally abundant (57)Fe with = 88 G. The EPR profile resembles the reduced Fe-S cluster of CO inhibited Clostridium pasteurianum W5 hydrogenase or the Fe(4)S(4) centers of wild-type enzyme, IspH treated with HMBPP or IPP.

24 CFR 242.44 - Construction standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 24 Housing and Urban Development 2 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Construction standards. 242.44 Section 242.44 Housing and Urban Development Regulations Relating to Housing and Urban Development... URBAN DEVELOPMENT MORTGAGE AND LOAN INSURANCE PROGRAMS UNDER NATIONAL HOUSING ACT AND OTHER AUTHORITIES...

44 CFR 75.11 - Standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards. 75.11 Section 75.11 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND... PROPERTIES UNDER SELF-INSURANCE PLAN Standards for Exemption § 75.11 Standards. (a) In order to be exempt...

X-Windows Socket Widget Class

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Barry, Matthew R.

2006-01-01

The X-Windows Socket Widget Class ("Class" is used here in the object-oriented-programming sense of the word) was devised to simplify the task of implementing network connections for graphical-user-interface (GUI) computer programs. UNIX Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) socket programming libraries require many method calls to configure, operate, and destroy sockets. Most X Windows GUI programs use widget sets or toolkits to facilitate management of complex objects. The widget standards facilitate construction of toolkits and application programs. The X-Windows Socket Widget Class encapsulates UNIX TCP/IP socket-management tasks within the framework of an X Windows widget. Using the widget framework, X Windows GUI programs can treat one or more network socket instances in the same manner as that of other graphical widgets, making it easier to program sockets. Wrapping ISP socket programming libraries inside a widget framework enables a programmer to treat a network interface as though it were a GUI.

40 CFR 420.44 - New source performance standards (NSPS).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true New source performance standards (NSPS... GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS IRON AND STEEL MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Steelmaking Subcategory § 420.44 New source performance standards (NSPS). The discharge of wastewater pollutants from any new source...

7 CFR 75.44 - When application rejected or withdrawn.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false When application rejected or withdrawn. 75.44 Section 75.44 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Standards, Inspections, Marketing Practices), DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (CONTINUED) REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS UNDER THE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING...

Integrated In-space Transportation Plan

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Farris, B.; Eberle, B.; Woodcock, G.; Negast, B.; Johnson, Les (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with a readily accessible reference volume and history for the Integrated In-Space Transportation Plan (IISTP) phase I effort. This report was prepared by Gray Research, Inc. as a partial fulfillment of the Integrated Technology Assessment Center subcontract No. 4400037135 in support of the IISTP phase I effort within the In-Space Investment Area of the Advanced Space Transportation Program managed at Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. Much of the data used in the preparation of this report was taken from analyses, briefings, and reports prepared by the vast number of dedicated engineers and scientists who participated in the IISTP phase I effort. The opinions and ideas expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of NASA in whole or in part. Reaching the outer solar system is a struggle against time and distance. The most distant planets are 4.5 to 6 billion kilometers from the Sun and to reach them in any reasonable time requires much higher values of specific impulse than can be achieved with conventional chemical rockets. In addition, the few spacecraft that have reached beyond Jupiter have used gravity assist, mainly by Jupiter, that is only available for a few months' period every 13 or so years. This permits only very infrequent missions and mission planners are very reluctant to accept travel times greater than about ten years since this is about the maximum for which one can have a realistic program plan. Advanced In-Space Propulsion (ISP) technologies will enable much more effective exploration of our Solar System and will permit mission designers to plan missions to "fly anytime, anywhere and complete a host of science objectives at the destinations' with greater reliability and safety. With a wide range of possible missions and candidate propulsion technologies with very diverse characteristics, the question of which technologies are "best" for future missions is a difficult one. The primary focus of the IISTP Phase I efforts were to: Develop, iterate and baseline future NASA requirements for In-Space Transportation; Define preliminary integrated architectures utilizing advanced ISP technologies; Identify and prioritize ISP technologies. The primary efforts of the IISTP Phase I process was to: Address Customer defined missions, mission priorities, mission requirements and technology preferences. Provide a forum for Technologists to advocate and have sufficiently considered any ISP technology for any mission of interest defined by the customer. Perform Systems analyses of the customer defined prioritized mission set to the degree necessary to support evaluation and prioritization of each technology advocated by the technologists. Perform Cost analyses on each of the technologies that were determined by systems analyses to be viable candidates for the customer defined mission set. Integrate all customers, technologists, systems, cost, program and project inputs into the final IISTP Prioritized set of technologies. The primary products of the IISTP Phase I effort were: Prioritized set of advanced ISP technologies that meet customer-provided requirements for customer prioritized mission sets; Recommendations of relative technology payoffs to guide augmentation investments.

Integrated In-Space Transportation Plan

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Farris, B.; Eberle, B.; Woodcock, G.; Negast, B.

2002-10-01

The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with a readily accessible reference volume and history for the Integrated In-Space Transportation Plan (IISTP) phase I effort. This report was prepared by Gray Research, Inc. as a partial fulfillment of the Integrated Technology Assessment Center subcontract No. 4400037135 in support of the IISTP phase I effort within the In-Space Investment Area of the Advanced Space Transportation Program managed at Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. Much of the data used in the preparation of this report was taken from analyses, briefings, and reports prepared by the vast number of dedicated engineers and scientists who participated in the IISTP phase I effort. The opinions and ideas expressed in this report are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of NASA in whole or in part. Reaching the outer solar system is a struggle against time and distance. The most distant planets are 4.5 to 6 billion kilometers from the Sun and to reach them in any reasonable time requires much higher values of specific impulse than can be achieved with conventional chemical rockets. In addition, the few spacecraft that have reached beyond Jupiter have used gravity assist, mainly by Jupiter, that is only available for a few months' period every 13 or so years. This permits only very infrequent missions and mission planners are very reluctant to accept travel times greater than about ten years since this is about the maximum for which one can have a realistic program plan. Advanced In-Space Propulsion (ISP) technologies will enable much more effective exploration of our Solar System and will permit mission designers to plan missions to "fly anytime, anywhere and complete a host of science objectives at the destinations' with greater reliability and safety. With a wide range of possible missions and candidate propulsion technologies with very diverse characteristics, the question of which technologies are "best" for future missions is a difficult one. The primary focus of the IISTP Phase I efforts were to: Develop, iterate and baseline future NASA requirements for In-Space Transportation; Define preliminary integrated architectures utilizing advanced ISP technologies; Identify and prioritize ISP technologies. The primary efforts of the IISTP Phase I process was to: Address Customer defined missions, mission priorities, mission requirements and technology preferences. Provide a forum for Technologists to advocate and have sufficiently considered any ISP technology for any mission of interest defined by the customer. Perform Systems analyses of the customer defined prioritized mission set to the degree necessary to support evaluation and prioritization of each technology advocated by the technologists. Perform Cost analyses on each of the technologies that were determined by systems analyses to be viable candidates for the customer defined mission set. Integrate all customers, technologists, systems, cost, program and project inputs into the final IISTP Prioritized set of technologies. The primary products of the IISTP Phase I effort were: Prioritized set of advanced ISP technologies that meet customer-provided requirements for customer prioritized mission sets; Recommendations of relative technology payoffs to guide augmentation investments.

36 CFR 292.44 - Use of motorized and mechanical equipment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... mechanical equipment. 292.44 Section 292.44 Parks, Forests, and Public Property FOREST SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF... motorized and mechanical equipment. The standards and guidelines of this section apply to the use of motorized and mechanical equipment in the HCNRA. These standards and guidelines shall not be construed to...

40 CFR 60.44b - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX). 60.44b Section 60.44b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... technological system of emission reduction applied when demonstrating compliance under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of...

40 CFR 60.44b - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX). 60.44b Section 60.44b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... technological system of emission reduction applied when demonstrating compliance under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of...

40 CFR 60.44b - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX). 60.44b Section 60.44b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... technological system of emission reduction applied when demonstrating compliance under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of...

40 CFR 60.44b - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX). 60.44b Section 60.44b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... technological system of emission reduction applied when demonstrating compliance under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of...

40 CFR 60.44b - Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX).

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Standard for nitrogen oxides (NOX). 60.44b Section 60.44b Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) AIR PROGRAMS... technological system of emission reduction applied when demonstrating compliance under paragraph (f)(1)(i) of...

A comparison between two simulation models for spread of foot-and-mouth disease.

PubMed

Halasa, Tariq; Boklund, Anette; Stockmarr, Anders; Enøe, Claes; Christiansen, Lasse E

2014-01-01

Two widely used simulation models of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were used in order to compare the models' predictions in term of disease spread, consequence, and the ranking of the applied control strategies, and to discuss the effect of the way disease spread is modeled on the predicted outcomes of each model. The DTU-DADS (version 0.100), and ISP (version 2.001.11) were used to simulate a hypothetical spread of FMD in Denmark. Actual herd type, movements, and location data in the period 1st October 2006 and 30th September 2007 was used. The models simulated the spread of FMD using 3 different control scenarios: 1) A basic scenario representing EU and Danish control strategies, 2) pre-emptive depopulation of susceptible herds within a 500 meters radius around the detected herds, and 3) suppressive vaccination of susceptible herds within a 1,000 meters radius around the detected herds. Depopulation and vaccination started 14 days following the detection of the first infected herd. Five thousand index herds were selected randomly, of which there were 1,000 cattle herds located in high density cattle areas and 1,000 in low density cattle areas, 1,000 swine herds located in high density swine areas and 1,000 in low density swine areas, and 1,000 sheep herds. Generally, DTU-DADS predicted larger, longer duration and costlier epidemics than ISP, except when epidemics started in cattle herds located in high density cattle areas. ISP supported suppressive vaccination rather than pre-emptive depopulation, while DTU-DADS was indifferent to the alternative control strategies. Nonetheless, the absolute differences between control strategies were small making the choice of control strategy during an outbreak to be most likely based on practical reasons.

A Comparison between Two Simulation Models for Spread of Foot-and-Mouth Disease

PubMed Central

Halasa, Tariq; Boklund, Anette; Stockmarr, Anders; Enøe, Claes; Christiansen, Lasse E.

2014-01-01

Two widely used simulation models of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) were used in order to compare the models’ predictions in term of disease spread, consequence, and the ranking of the applied control strategies, and to discuss the effect of the way disease spread is modeled on the predicted outcomes of each model. The DTU-DADS (version 0.100), and ISP (version 2.001.11) were used to simulate a hypothetical spread of FMD in Denmark. Actual herd type, movements, and location data in the period 1st October 2006 and 30th September 2007 was used. The models simulated the spread of FMD using 3 different control scenarios: 1) A basic scenario representing EU and Danish control strategies, 2) pre-emptive depopulation of susceptible herds within a 500 meters radius around the detected herds, and 3) suppressive vaccination of susceptible herds within a 1,000 meters radius around the detected herds. Depopulation and vaccination started 14 days following the detection of the first infected herd. Five thousand index herds were selected randomly, of which there were 1,000 cattle herds located in high density cattle areas and 1,000 in low density cattle areas, 1,000 swine herds located in high density swine areas and 1,000 in low density swine areas, and 1,000 sheep herds. Generally, DTU-DADS predicted larger, longer duration and costlier epidemics than ISP, except when epidemics started in cattle herds located in high density cattle areas. ISP supported suppressive vaccination rather than pre-emptive depopulation, while DTU-DADS was indifferent to the alternative control strategies. Nonetheless, the absolute differences between control strategies were small making the choice of control strategy during an outbreak to be most likely based on practical reasons. PMID:24667525

Boosting isoprene production via heterologous expression of the Kudzu isoprene synthase gene (kIspS) into Bacillus spp. cell factory.

PubMed

Gomaa, Lamis; Loscar, Michael E; Zein, Haggag S; Abdel-Ghaffar, Nahed; Abdelhadi, Abdelhadi A; Abdelaal, Ali S; Abdallah, Naglaa A

2017-08-08

Isoprene represents a key building block for the production of valuable materials such as latex, synthetic rubber or pharmaceutical precursors and serves as basis for advanced biofuel production. To enhance the production of the volatile natural hydrocarbon isoprene, released by plants, animals and bacteria, the Kudzu isoprene synthase (kIspS) gene has been heterologously expressed in Bacillus subtilis DSM 402 and Bacillus licheniformis DSM 13 using the pHT01 vector. As control, the heterologous expression of KIspS in E. coli BL21 (DE3) with the pET28b vector was used. Isoprene production was analyzed using Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector. The highest isoprene production was observed by recombinant B. subtilis harboring the pHT01-kIspS plasmid which produced 1434.3 μg/L (1275 µg/L/OD) isoprene. This is threefold higher than the wild type which produced 388 μg/L (370 μg/L/OD) isoprene, when both incubated at 30 °C for 48 h and induced with 0.1 mM IPTG. Additionally, recombinant B. subtilis produced fivefold higher than the recombinant B. licheniformis, which produced 437.2 μg/L (249 μg/L/OD) isoprene when incubated at 37 °C for 48 h induced with 0.1 mM IPTG. This is the first report of optimized isoprene production in B. licheniformis. However, recombinant B. licheniformis showed less isoprene production. Therefore, recombinant B. subtilis is considered as a versatile host for heterologous production of isoprene.

Mapping DNA cleavage by the Type ISP restriction-modification enzymes following long-range communication between DNA sites in different orientations

PubMed Central

van Aelst, Kara; Saikrishnan, Kayarat; Szczelkun, Mark D.

2015-01-01

The prokaryotic Type ISP restriction-modification enzymes are single-chain proteins comprising an Mrr-family nuclease, a superfamily 2 helicase-like ATPase, a coupler domain, a methyltransferase, and a DNA-recognition domain. Upon recognising an unmodified DNA target site, the helicase-like domain hydrolyzes ATP to cause site release (remodeling activity) and to then drive downstream translocation consuming 1–2 ATP per base pair (motor activity). On an invading foreign DNA, double-strand breaks are introduced at random wherever two translocating enzymes form a so-called collision complex following long-range communication between a pair of target sites in inverted (head-to-head) repeat. Paradoxically, structural models for collision suggest that the nuclease domains are too far apart (>30 bp) to dimerise and produce a double-strand DNA break using just two strand-cleavage events. Here, we examined the organisation of different collision complexes and how these lead to nuclease activation. We mapped DNA cleavage when a translocating enzyme collides with a static enzyme bound to its site. By following communication between sites in both head-to-head and head-to-tail orientations, we could show that motor activity leads to activation of the nuclease domains via distant interactions of the helicase or MTase-TRD. Direct nuclease dimerization is not required. To help explain the observed cleavage patterns, we also used exonuclease footprinting to demonstrate that individual Type ISP domains can swing off the DNA. This study lends further support to a model where DNA breaks are generated by multiple random nicks due to mobility of a collision complex with an overall DNA-binding footprint of ∼30 bp. PMID:26507855

Inhibition of Coenzyme Qs Accumulation in Engineered Escherichia coli by High Concentration of Farnesyl Diphosphate.

PubMed

Samoudi, Mojtaba; Omid Yeganeh, Negar; Shahbani Zahiri, Hossein; Shariati, Parvin; Hajhosseini, Reza

2015-01-01

Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) is an isoprenoid component used widely in nutraceutical industries. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a responsible enzyme for biosynthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a key precursor for CoQs production. This research involved investigating the effect of FPPS over-expression on CoQs production in engineered CoQ 10 -producing Escherichia coli (E. coli). Two CoQ 10 -producing strains, as referred to E. coli Ba and E. coli Br, were transformed by the encoding gene for FPPS (ispA) under the control of either the trc or P BAD promoters. Over-expression of ispA under the control of P BAD promoter led to a relative increase in CoQ 10 production only in recombinant E. coli Br although induction by arabinose resulted in partial reduction of CoQ 10 production in both recombinant E. coli Ba and E. coli Br strains. Over-expression of ispA under the control of stronger trc promoter, however, led to a severe decrease in CoQ 10 production in both recombinant E. coli Ba and E. coli Br strains, as reflected by reductions from 629±40 to 30±13 and 564±28 to 80±14 μg/g Dried Cell Weight (DCW), respectively. The results showed high level of FPP reduces endogenous CoQ 8 production as well and that CoQs are produced in a complimentary manner, as the increase in production of one decreases the production of the other. The reduction in CoQ 10 production can be a result of Dds inhibition by high FPP concentration. Therefore, more effort is needed to verify the role of intermediate metabolite concentration and to optimize production of CoQ 10 .

Inhibition of Coenzyme Qs Accumulation in Engineered Escherichia coli by High Concentration of Farnesyl Diphosphate

PubMed Central

Samoudi, Mojtaba; Omid Yeganeh, Negar; Shahbani Zahiri, Hossein; Shariati, Parvin; Hajhosseini, Reza

2015-01-01

Background: Coenzyme Q 10 (CoQ 10 ) is an isoprenoid component used widely in nutraceutical industries. Farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS) is a responsible enzyme for biosynthesis of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP), a key precursor for CoQs production. This research involved investigating the effect of FPPS over-expression on CoQs production in engineered CoQ 10 -producing Escherichia coli (E. coli). Methods: Two CoQ 10 -producing strains, as referred to E. coli Ba and E. coli Br, were transformed by the encoding gene for FPPS (ispA) under the control of either the trc or P BAD promoters. Results: Over-expression of ispA under the control of P BAD promoter led to a relative increase in CoQ 10 production only in recombinant E. coli Br although induction by arabinose resulted in partial reduction of CoQ 10 production in both recombinant E. coli Ba and E. coli Br strains. Over-expression of ispA under the control of stronger trc promoter, however, led to a severe decrease in CoQ 10 production in both recombinant E. coli Ba and E. coli Br strains, as reflected by reductions from 629±40 to 30±13 and 564±28 to 80±14 μg/g Dried Cell Weight (DCW), respectively. The results showed high level of FPP reduces endogenous CoQ 8 production as well and that CoQs are produced in a complimentary manner, as the increase in production of one decreases the production of the other. Conclusion: The reduction in CoQ 10 production can be a result of Dds inhibition by high FPP concentration. Therefore, more effort is needed to verify the role of intermediate metabolite concentration and to optimize production of CoQ 10 . PMID:26306151

Lipid functions in cytochrome bc complexes: an odd evolutionary transition in a membrane protein structure

PubMed Central

Hasan, S. Saif; Cramer, William A.

2012-01-01

Lipid-binding sites and properties were compared in the hetero-oligomeric cytochrome (cyt) b6f and the yeast bc1 complexes that function, respectively, in photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. Seven lipid-binding sites in the monomeric unit of the dimeric cyanobacterial b6f complex overlap four sites in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii algal b6f complex and four in the yeast bc1 complex. The proposed lipid functions include: (i) interfacial–interhelix mediation between (a) the two 8-subunit monomers of the dimeric complex, (b) between the core domain (cyt b, subunit IV) and the six trans membrane helices of the peripheral domain (cyt f, iron–sulphur protein (ISP), and four small subunits in the boundary ‘picket fence’); (ii) stabilization of the ISP domain-swapped trans-membrane helix; (iii) neutralization of basic residues in the single helix of cyt f and of the ISP; (iv) a ‘latch’ to photosystem I provided by the β-carotene chain protruding through the ‘picket fence’; (v) presence of a lipid and chlorophyll a chlorin ring in b6f in place of the eighth helix in the bc1 cyt b polypeptide. The question is posed of the function of the lipid substitution in relation to the evolutionary change between the eight and seven helix structures of the cyt b polypeptide. On the basis of the known n-side activation of light harvesting complex II (LHCII) kinase by the p-side level of plastoquinol, one possibility is that the change was directed by the selective advantage of p- to n-side trans membrane signalling functions in b6f, with the lipid either mediating this function or substituting for the trans membrane helix of a signalling protein lost in crystallization. PMID:23148267

Altitude Compensating Nozzle

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ruf, Joseph H.; Jones, Daniel

2015-01-01

The dual-bell nozzle (fig. 1) is an altitude-compensating nozzle that has an inner contour consisting of two overlapped bells. At low altitudes, the dual-bell nozzle operates in mode 1, only utilizing the smaller, first bell of the nozzle. In mode 1, the nozzle flow separates from the wall at the inflection point between the two bell contours. As the vehicle reaches higher altitudes, the dual-bell nozzle flow transitions to mode 2, to flow full into the second, larger bell. This dual-mode operation allows near optimal expansion at two altitudes, enabling a higher mission average specific impulse (Isp) relative to that of a conventional, single-bell nozzle. Dual-bell nozzles have been studied analytically and subscale nozzle tests have been completed.1 This higher mission averaged Isp can provide up to a 5% increase2 in payload to orbit for existing launch vehicles. The next important step for the dual-bell nozzle is to confirm its potential in a relevant flight environment. Toward this end, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and Armstrong Flight Research Center (AFRC) have been working to develop a subscale, hot-fire, dual-bell nozzle test article for flight testing on AFRC's F15-D flight test bed (figs. 2 and 3). Flight test data demonstrating a dual-bell ability to control the mode transition and result in a sufficient increase in a rocket's mission averaged Isp should help convince the launch service providers that the dual-bell nozzle would provide a return on the required investment to bring a dual-bell into flight operation. The Game Changing Department provided 0.2 FTE to ER42 for this effort in 2014.

Motor Cortical Plasticity to Training Started in Childhood: The Example of Piano Players.

PubMed

Chieffo, Raffaella; Straffi, Laura; Inuggi, Alberto; Gonzalez-Rosa, Javier J; Spagnolo, Francesca; Coppi, Elisabetta; Nuara, Arturo; Houdayer, Elise; Comi, Giancarlo; Leocani, Letizia

2016-01-01

Converging evidence suggest that motor training is associated with early and late changes of the cortical motor system. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers the possibility to study plastic rearrangements of the motor system in physiological and pathological conditions. We used TMS to characterize long-term changes in upper limb motor cortical representation and interhemispheric inhibition associated with bimanual skill training in pianists who started playing in an early age. Ipsilateral silent period (iSP) and cortical TMS mapping of hand muscles were obtained from 30 strictly right-handed subjects (16 pianists, 14 naïve controls), together with electromyographic recording of mirror movements (MMs) to voluntary hand movements. In controls, motor cortical representation of hand muscles was larger on the dominant (DH) than on the non-dominant hemisphere (NDH). On the contrary, pianists showed symmetric cortical output maps, being their DH less represented than in controls. In naïve subjects, the iSP was smaller on the right vs left abductor pollicis brevis (APB) indicating a weaker inhibition from the NDH to the DH. In pianists, interhemispheric inhibition was more symmetric as their DH was better inhibited than in controls. Electromyographic MMs were observed only in naïve subjects (7/14) and only to voluntary movement of the non-dominant hand. Subjects with MM had a lower iSP area on the right APB compared with all the others. Our findings suggest a more symmetrical motor cortex organization in pianists, both in terms of muscle cortical representation and interhemispheric inhibition. Although we cannot disentangle training-related from preexisting conditions, it is possible that long-term bimanual practice may reshape motor cortical representation and rebalance interhemispheric interactions, which in naïve right-handed subjects would both tend to favour the dominant hemisphere.

Motor Cortical Plasticity to Training Started in Childhood: The Example of Piano Players

PubMed Central

Inuggi, Alberto; Gonzalez-Rosa, Javier J.; Spagnolo, Francesca; Coppi, Elisabetta; Nuara, Arturo; Houdayer, Elise; Comi, Giancarlo; Leocani, Letizia

2016-01-01

Converging evidence suggest that motor training is associated with early and late changes of the cortical motor system. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers the possibility to study plastic rearrangements of the motor system in physiological and pathological conditions. We used TMS to characterize long-term changes in upper limb motor cortical representation and interhemispheric inhibition associated with bimanual skill training in pianists who started playing in an early age. Ipsilateral silent period (iSP) and cortical TMS mapping of hand muscles were obtained from 30 strictly right-handed subjects (16 pianists, 14 naïve controls), together with electromyographic recording of mirror movements (MMs) to voluntary hand movements. In controls, motor cortical representation of hand muscles was larger on the dominant (DH) than on the non-dominant hemisphere (NDH). On the contrary, pianists showed symmetric cortical output maps, being their DH less represented than in controls. In naïve subjects, the iSP was smaller on the right vs left abductor pollicis brevis (APB) indicating a weaker inhibition from the NDH to the DH. In pianists, interhemispheric inhibition was more symmetric as their DH was better inhibited than in controls. Electromyographic MMs were observed only in naïve subjects (7/14) and only to voluntary movement of the non-dominant hand. Subjects with MM had a lower iSP area on the right APB compared with all the others. Our findings suggest a more symmetrical motor cortex organization in pianists, both in terms of muscle cortical representation and interhemispheric inhibition. Although we cannot disentangle training-related from preexisting conditions, it is possible that long-term bimanual practice may reshape motor cortical representation and rebalance interhemispheric interactions, which in naïve right-handed subjects would both tend to favour the dominant hemisphere. PMID:27336584

Motor behavior during the first chewing cycle in subjects with fixed tooth- or implant-supported prostheses.

PubMed

Grigoriadis, Joannis; Trulsson, Mats; Svensson, Krister G

2016-04-01

Appropriate sensory information from periodontal mechanoreceptors (PMRs) is important for optimizing the positioning of food and adjustment of force vectors during precision biting. This study was designed to describe motor behavior during the first cycle of a natural chewing task and to evaluate the role of such sensory input in this behavior. While 10 subjects with natural dentition, 11 with bimaxillary fixed tooth-supported prostheses (TSP) and 10 with bimaxillary fixed implant-supported prostheses (ISP) (mean age 69 [range 61-83]) chewed a total of five hazelnuts, their vertical and lateral jaw movements were recorded. Data obtained during the first chewing cycle of each hazelnut were analyzed. The amplitude of vertical and lateral mandibular movement and duration of jaw opening did not differ between the groups, indicating similar behavior during this part of the chewing cycle. However, only 30% of the subjects in the natural dentate group, but 82% of those in the TSP and 70% in the ISP group exhibited slippage of the hazelnut during jaw closure in at least one of five trials. The TSP and ISP groups also exhibited more irregular and narrower patterns of motion (total lateral/vertical movement = 0.15 and 0.19, respectively, compared to 0.27 for the natural group). Subjects with fixed tooth- or implant-supported prostheses in both jaws show altered behavior, including inadequate control of the hazelnut, during the first chewing cycle. We propose that these differences are due to impairment or absence of sensory signaling from PMRs in these individuals. © 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

44 CFR 206.401 - Local standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Local standards. 206.401 Section 206.401 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY DISASTER ASSISTANCE FEDERAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE Minimum Standards § 206.401 Local...

44 CFR 206.401 - Local standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Local standards. 206.401 Section 206.401 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY DISASTER ASSISTANCE FEDERAL DISASTER ASSISTANCE Minimum Standards § 206.401 Local...

40 CFR 131.44 - Florida.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) WATER PROGRAMS WATER QUALITY STANDARDS Federally Promulgated Water Quality Standards § 131.44 Florida. (a) Phosphorus Rule. (1) The document entitled “Florida Administrative Code, Chapter 62-302, Surface Water Quality Standards, Section 62-302.540...

Outreach pharmacy service in old age homes: a Hong Kong experience.

PubMed

Lau, Wai-Man; Chan, Kit; Yung, Tsz-Ho; Lee, Anna See-Wing

2003-06-01

To explore drug-related problems in old age homes in Hong Kong through outreach pharmacy service. A standard form was used by outreach pharmacists to identify drug-related problems at old age homes. Homes were selected through random sampling, voluntary participation or adverse selection. Initial observation and assessment were performed in the first and second weeks. Appropriate advice and recommendations were given upon assessment and supplemented by a written report. Educational talks were provided to staff of the homes in addition to other drug information materials. At week 7 to 9, evaluations were carried out. Eighty-five homes were assessed and identified to have problems in the drug management system. These problems could generally be classified into physical storage (8.8%), quality of storage (19.2%), drug administration system (13.3%), documentation (16.4%), and drug knowledge of staff of homes (42.2%). Quality of drug storage was the most common problem found, followed by documentation and drug knowledge (73%, 50% and 44% of points assessed with problems, respectively). Apart from lack of drug knowledge and unawareness of potential risks by staff, minimal professional standards unmet may be fundamentally related to lack of professional input and inadequacy in legislation. Most homes demonstrated significant improvements upon simple interventions, from a majority of homes with more than 10 problems to a majority with less than 5 problems. Diverse problems in drug management are common in old age homes, which warrants attention and professional inputs. Simple interventions and education by pharmacists are shown to be effective in improving the quality of drug management and hence care to residents. While future financing of old age home service can be reviewed within the social context to provide incentives for improvement, review of regulatory policy with enforcement may be more fundamental and effective in upholding the service standard.

Analysis of human articular chondrocyte CD44 isoform expression and function in health and disease.

PubMed

Salter, D M; Godolphin, J L; Gourlay, M S; Lawson, M F; Hughes, D E; Dunne, E

1996-08-01

Interactions between articular chondrocytes and components of the extracellular matrix are of potential importance in the normal function of cartilage and in the pathophysiology of arthritis. Little is known of the basis of these interactions, but cell adhesive molecules such as CD44 are likely to be involved. Immunohistology using six well-characterized anti-CD44 monoclonal antibodies demonstrated standard CD44 isoform (CD44H) expression by all chondrocytes in normal and osteoarthrotic (OA) cartilage but absence of the CD44E variant. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of reverse transcribed mRNA from monolayer cultures of normal and OA chondrocytes using primer sequences which span the region containing variably spliced exons produced a predominant band representing the standard form of CD44, which lacks the variable exons 6-15 (v1-v10). No product was seen at the expected size of the epithelial variant of CD44 (CD44v8-10). Use of exon-specific primers, however, showed expression of variant exons resulting in multiple minor isoforms. Standard CD44 was also shown to be the predominantly expressed isoform identified by immunoprecipitation, but human articular chondrocytes did not adhere to hyaluronan in vitro. Chondrocyte CD44 may function as an adhesion receptor for other matrix molecules such as fibronectin or collagen.

Educational Psychology in Portugal: Results of the 2013 International School Psychology Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Coelho, Vitor Alexandre; Marchante, Marta; Raimundo, Raquel; Jimerson, Shane

2016-01-01

This study provides valuable information regarding the characteristics, training, roles, activities, preferences, research interests and challenges reported by 803 Portuguese educational psychologists. The study includes responses to the International School Psychology Survey (ISPS) from educational psychologists across various regions of…

25 CFR 26.23 - What is an Individual Self-Sufficiency Plan (ISP)?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Section 26.23 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HUMAN SERVICES JOB PLACEMENT... includes needed finances, special clothing, transportation, and support services necessary for employment; (3) Identifies all financial resources and defines the employment or training objective and...

78 FR 11109 - International Settlements Policy Reform

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-02-15

... to foreign carriers' anticompetitive behavior in and timely and effective manner. Eliminating the ISP... routes giving U.S. consumers competitive pricing when they make international calls. The Commission also adopts certain limited measures to improve the Commission's ability to protect U.S. consumers from the...

The Effective Use of an Interactive Software Program to Reduce Students' Misconceptions about Batteries

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yang, E.-M.; Greenbowe, T. J.; Andre, T.

2004-01-01

The misconceptions of students regarding electricity and electrochemistry in the context of operation of a common flashlight are discussed. An Interactive Software Program (ISP) is used for better conceptual understanding of the operation of commercial batteries in a circuit.

Concept of operations for the use of connected vehicle data in road weather applications.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-01-30

The Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD) computer system went into live operation January 2002. System design involved creating a distributed network, which involved setting up a central main server at the Idaho State Police (ISP) headquarters located in Me...

Space Transfer Concepts and Analyses for Exploration Missions. Technical Directive 12: Beamed Power Systems Study

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Eder, D.

1992-01-01

Parametric models were constructed for Earth-based laser powered electric orbit transfer from low Earth orbit to geosynchronous orbit. These models were used to carry out performance, cost/benefit, and sensitivity analyses of laser-powered transfer systems including end-to-end life cycle cost analyses for complete systems. Comparisons with conventional orbit transfer systems were made indicating large potential cost savings for laser-powered transfer. Approximate optimization was done to determine best parameter values for the systems. Orbit transfer flights simulations were conducted to explore effects of parameters not practical to model with a spreadsheet. The simulations considered view factors that determine when power can be transferred from ground stations to an orbit transfer vehicle and conducted sensitivity analyses for numbers of ground stations, Isp including dual-Isp transfers, and plane change profiles. Optimal steering laws were used for simultaneous altitude and plane change. Viewing geometry and low-thrust orbit raising were simultaneously simulated. A very preliminary investigation of relay mirrors was made.

[The ISP (Safe Insertion of PICCs) protocol: a bundle of 8 recommendations to minimize the complications related to the peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC)].

PubMed

Emoli, Alessandro; Cappuccio, Serena; Marche, Bruno; Musarò, Andrea; Scoppettuolo, Giancarlo; Pittiruti, Mauro

2014-01-01

The ISP (Safe Insertion of PICCs) protocol: a bundle of 8 recommendations to minimize the complications related to the peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC). The insertion of a peripherally inserted central venous catheter (PICC) is not without risks. The Italian Group for the Study of Long-Term Central Venous Access Devices (GAVeCeLT) has developed a protocol (SIP: Safe Implantation of PICCs) with the aim of minimizing the risks which may be associated with the placement of PICCs. The protocol is based on recommendations available in the literature and on the main clinical practice guidelines. The SIP protocol, a bundle of evidence-based recommendations, it is is easy to use, inexpensive, and cost-effective. If routinely used and carefully inplemented, it greatly reduces complications such as failure of venipuncture, accidental arterial puncture, damage of median nerve, infection and catheter related venous thrombosis.

Genetic Stability of Streptomyces Lividans pIJ702 in Response to Spaceflight

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lim, K. S.; Goins, T. L.; Voeikova, T. A.; Pyle, B. H.

2008-06-01

Streptomyces lividans carrying plasmid pIJ702 encoding genes for thiostrepton resistance (tsr-) and melanin production (mel+) was plated on agar and flown on the Russian satellite Foton-M3 for 16 days. The percentage loss of plasmid expression in flight samples was lower than that in ground samples when both samples were grown in enriched (ISP) media. Differences in media content also affect plasmid expression rate; ISP media have a higher loss of plasmid expression than samples in minimum media when both were grown on ground conditions. Results suggest that stress resulted in the increased expression of plasmid pIJ702 by S. lividans. Screening of thiostrepton resistant white (tsr+ mel-) mutants showed similar proportions of variants in ground samples and flight samples. To determine if there are mutations in the mel gene, DNA extracted from flight and control white mutants was amplified and gel electrophoresis of amplified products show no major mutation in the products. Sequencing of amplified products is required to identify mutations resulting in loss of pigmentation.

Melanogenic actinomycetes from rhizosphere soil-antagonistic activity against Xanthomonas oryzae and plant-growth-promoting traits.

PubMed

Muangham, Supattra; Pathom-Aree, Wasu; Duangmal, Kannika

2015-02-01

A total of 210 melanogenic actinomycetes were isolated from 75 rhizospheric soils using ISP6 and ISP7 agar supplemented with antifungal and antibacterial agents. Their morphological characteristics and the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid in whole-cell hydrolyzates revealed that all isolates belonged to the genus Streptomyces. Their ability to inhibit the growth of 2 pathogenic rice bacteria, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, was observed using the agar overlay method. The results indicated that 61.9% of the isolates could inhibit at least one of the tested rice pathogens. Among these, isolate TY68-3 showed the highest antibacterial activity and siderophore production. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis of 46 representative isolates revealed that isolates with high similarity to Streptomyces bungoensis were frequently found. The present study indicated the potential of melanogenic actinomycetes for use as biocontrol agents against X. oryzae as well as their diversity in rhizospheric soils.

Aerocapture Systems Analysis for a Titan Mission

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lockwood, Mary K.; Queen, Eric M.; Way, David W.; Powell, Richard W.; Edquist, Karl; Starr, Brett W.; Hollis, Brian R.; Zoby, E. Vincent; Hrinda, Glenn A.; Bailey, Robert W.

2006-01-01

Performance projections for aerocapture show a vehicle mass savings of between 40 and 80%, dependent on destination, for an aerocapture vehicle compared to an all-propulsive chemical vehicle. In addition aerocapture is applicable to multiple planetary exploration destinations of interest to NASA. The 2001 NASA In-Space Propulsion Program (ISP) technology prioritization effort identified aerocapture as one of the top three propulsion technologies for solar system exploration missions. An additional finding was that aerocapture needed a better system definition and that supporting technology gaps needed to be identified. Consequently, the ISP program sponsored an aerocapture systems analysis effort that was completed in 2002. The focus of the effort was on aerocapture at Titan with a rigid aeroshell system. Titan was selected as the initial destination for the study due to potential interest in a follow-on mission to Cassini/Huygens. Aerocapture is feasible, and the performance is adequate, for the Titan mission and it can deliver 2.4 times more mass to Titan than an all-propulsive system for the same launch vehicle.

Physical activity and neural correlates of aging: A combined TMS/fMRI study

PubMed Central

McGregor, Keith M.; Zlatar, Zvinka; Kleim, Erin; Sudhyadhom, Atchar; Bauer, Andrew; Phan, Stephanie; Seeds, Lauren; Ford, Anastasia; Manini, Todd M.; White, Keith D.; Kleim, Jeffrey; Crosson, Bruce

2013-01-01

Aerobic exercise has been suggested to ameliorate aging-related decline in humans. Recently, evidence has indicated chronological aging is associated with decreases in measures of interhemispheric inhibition during unimanual movements, but that such decreases may be mitigated by long-term physical fitness. The present study investigated measures of ipsilateral (right) primary motor cortex activity during right-hand movements using functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Healthy, right-handed participant groups were comprised of 12 sedentary older adults, 12 physically active older adults, and 12 young adults. Active older adults and younger adults evidenced longer ipsilateral silent periods (iSP) and less positive BOLD of ipsilateral motor cortex (iM1) as compared to sedentary older adults. Across groups, duration of iSP from TMS was inversely correlated with BOLD activity in iM1 during unimanual movement. These findings suggest that increased physical activity may have a role in decreasing aging-related losses of interhemispheric inhibition. PMID:21440574

Silencing of Essential Genes within a Highly Coordinated Operon in Escherichia coli.

PubMed

Goh, Shan; Hohmeier, Angela; Stone, Timothy C; Offord, Victoria; Sarabia, Francisco; Garcia-Ruiz, Cristina; Good, Liam

2015-08-15

Essential bacterial genes located within operons are particularly challenging to study independently because of coordinated gene expression and the nonviability of knockout mutants. Essentiality scores for many operon genes remain uncertain. Antisense RNA (asRNA) silencing or in-frame gene disruption of genes may help establish essentiality but can lead to polar effects on genes downstream or upstream of the target gene. Here, the Escherichia coli ribF-ileS-lspA-fkpB-ispH operon was used to evaluate the possibility of independently studying an essential gene using expressed asRNA and target gene overexpression to deregulate coupled expression. The gene requirement for growth in conditional silencing strains was determined by the relationship of target mRNA reduction with growth inhibition as the minimum transcript level required for 50% growth (MTL50). Mupirocin and globomycin, the protein inhibitors of IleS and LspA, respectively, were used in sensitization assays of strains containing both asRNA-expressing and open reading frame-expressing plasmids to examine deregulation of the overlapping ileS-lspA genes. We found upstream and downstream polar silencing effects when either ileS or lspA was silenced, indicating coupled expression. Weighted MTL50 values (means and standard deviations) of ribF, ileS, and lspA were 0.65 ± 0.18, 0.64 ± 0.06, and 0.76 ± 0.10, respectively. However, they were not significantly different (P = 0.71 by weighted one-way analysis of variance). The gene requirement for ispH could not be determined due to insufficient growth reduction. Mupirocin and globomycin sensitization experiments indicated that ileS-lspA expression could not be decoupled. The results highlight the inherent challenges associated with genetic analyses of operons; however, coupling of essential genes may provide opportunities to improve RNA-silencing antimicrobials. Copyright © 2015, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Silencing of Essential Genes within a Highly Coordinated Operon in Escherichia coli

PubMed Central

Hohmeier, Angela; Stone, Timothy C.; Offord, Victoria; Sarabia, Francisco; Garcia-Ruiz, Cristina; Good, Liam

2015-01-01

Essential bacterial genes located within operons are particularly challenging to study independently because of coordinated gene expression and the nonviability of knockout mutants. Essentiality scores for many operon genes remain uncertain. Antisense RNA (asRNA) silencing or in-frame gene disruption of genes may help establish essentiality but can lead to polar effects on genes downstream or upstream of the target gene. Here, the Escherichia coli ribF-ileS-lspA-fkpB-ispH operon was used to evaluate the possibility of independently studying an essential gene using expressed asRNA and target gene overexpression to deregulate coupled expression. The gene requirement for growth in conditional silencing strains was determined by the relationship of target mRNA reduction with growth inhibition as the minimum transcript level required for 50% growth (MTL50). Mupirocin and globomycin, the protein inhibitors of IleS and LspA, respectively, were used in sensitization assays of strains containing both asRNA-expressing and open reading frame-expressing plasmids to examine deregulation of the overlapping ileS-lspA genes. We found upstream and downstream polar silencing effects when either ileS or lspA was silenced, indicating coupled expression. Weighted MTL50 values (means and standard deviations) of ribF, ileS, and lspA were 0.65 ± 0.18, 0.64 ± 0.06, and 0.76 ± 0.10, respectively. However, they were not significantly different (P = 0.71 by weighted one-way analysis of variance). The gene requirement for ispH could not be determined due to insufficient growth reduction. Mupirocin and globomycin sensitization experiments indicated that ileS-lspA expression could not be decoupled. The results highlight the inherent challenges associated with genetic analyses of operons; however, coupling of essential genes may provide opportunities to improve RNA-silencing antimicrobials. PMID:26070674

High-Performance Bipropellant Engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Biaglow, James A.; Schneider, Steven J.

1999-01-01

TRW, under contract to the NASA Lewis Research Center, has successfully completed over 10 000 sec of testing of a rhenium thrust chamber manufactured via a new-generation powder metallurgy. High performance was achieved for two different propellants, N2O4- N2H4 and N2O4 -MMH. TRW conducted 44 tests with N2O4-N2H4, accumulating 5230 sec of operating time with maximum burn times of 600 sec and a specific impulse Isp of 333 sec. Seventeen tests were conducted with N2O4-MMH for an additional 4789 sec and a maximum Isp of 324 sec, with a maximum firing duration of 700 sec. Together, the 61 tests totalled 10 019 sec of operating time, with the chamber remaining in excellent condition. Of these tests, 11 lasted 600 to 700 sec. The performance of radiation-cooled rocket engines is limited by their operating temperature. For the past two to three decades, the majority of radiation-cooled rockets were composed of a high-temperature niobium alloy (C103) with a disilicide oxide coating (R512) for oxidation resistance. The R512 coating practically limits the operating temperature to 1370 C. For the Earth-storable bipropellants commonly used in satellite and spacecraft propulsion systems, a significant amount of fuel film cooling is needed. The large film-cooling requirement extracts a large penalty in performance from incomplete mixing and combustion. A material system with a higher temperature capability has been matured to the point where engines are being readied for flight, particularly the 100-lb-thrust class engine. This system has powder rhenium (Re) as a substrate material with an iridium (Ir) oxidation-resistant coating. Again, the operating temperature is limited by the coating; however, Ir is capable of long-life operation at 2200 C. For Earth-storable bipropellants, this allows for the virtual elimination of fuel film cooling (some film cooling is used for thermal control of the head end). This has resulted in significant increases in specific impulse performance (15 to 20 sec). To determine the merits of a powder rhenium thrust chamber, Lewis On-Board Propulsion Branch directed TRW (under the Space Storable Rocket Technology Program and the High Pressure Earth Storable Rocket Technology Program) to design, fabricate, and test an engineering model to serve as a technology demonstrator.

44 CFR 61.14 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.14 Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations. (a... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.14 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.14 Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations. (a... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.14 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.14 Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations. (a... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.14 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.14 Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations. (a... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.14 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.14 Standard Flood Insurance Policy Interpretations. (a... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

Classification of Encrypted Web Traffic Using Machine Learning Algorithms

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-06-01

DPI devices to block certain websites; Yu, Cong, Chen, and Lei [52] suggest hashing the domains of pornographic and illegal websites so ISPs can...Zhenming Lei. “Blocking pornographic , illegal websites by internet host domain using FPGA and Bloom Filter”. Network Infrastructure and Digital Content

Rho-Isp Revisited and Basic Stage Mass Estimating for Launch Vehicle Conceptual Sizing Studies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Kibbey, Timothy P.

2015-01-01

A single metric for judging between two candidate propellant combinations for a given application is sought. By using the ideal rocket equation, the essential link between propellant density and specific impulse as the two primary performance drivers can be demonstrated.

Somali Syntax,

DTIC Science & Technology

1979-01-01

they - go The Vietnamese people should be allowed the right of determining their own destiny . 174" a.- ] !- ’--- _ (373) Anaa warrameya. I/SP (baa... embryo of a form of prepositional government which is the same for verbs and nouns alike and which is developing on the basis of a spatial noun

Synthesis of Heterologous Mevalonic Acid Pathway Enzymes in Clostridium ljungdahlii for the Conversion of Fructose and of Syngas to Mevalonate and Isoprene.

PubMed

Diner, Bruce A; Fan, Janine; Scotcher, Miles C; Wells, Derek H; Whited, Gregory M

2018-01-01

There is a growing interest in the use of microbial fermentation for the generation of high-demand, high-purity chemicals using cheap feedstocks in an environmentally friendly manner. One example explored here is the production of isoprene (C 5 H 8 ), a hemiterpene, which is primarily polymerized to polyisoprene in synthetic rubber in tires but which can also be converted to C 10 and C 15 biofuels. The strictly anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii , used in all of the work described here, is capable of glycolysis using the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and of carbon fixation using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Clostridium - Escherichia coli shuttle plasmids, each bearing either 2 or 3 different heterologous genes of the eukaryotic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway or eukaryotic isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Idi) and isoprene synthase (IspS), were constructed and electroporated into C. ljungdahlii These plasmids, one or two of which were introduced into the host cells, enabled the synthesis of mevalonate and of isoprene from fructose and from syngas (H 2 , CO 2 , and CO) and the conversion of mevalonate to isoprene. All of the heterologous enzymes of the MVA pathway, as well as Idi and IspS, were shown to be synthesized at high levels in C. ljungdahlii , as demonstrated by Western blotting, and were enzymatically active, as demonstrated by in vivo product synthesis. The quantities of mevalonate and isoprene produced here are far below what would be required of a commercial production strain. However, proposals are made that could enable a substantial increase in the mass yield of product formation. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates the ability to synthesize a heterologous metabolic pathway in C. ljungdahlii , an organism capable of metabolizing either simple sugars or syngas or both together (mixotrophy). Syngas, an inexpensive source of carbon and reducing equivalents, is produced as a major component of some industrial waste gas, and it can be generated by gasification of cellulosic biowaste and of municipal solid waste. Its conversion to useful products therefore offers potential cost and environmental benefits. The ability of C. ljungdahlii to grow mixotrophically also enables the recapture, should there be sufficient reducing equivalents available, of the CO 2 released upon glycolysis, potentially increasing the mass yield of product formation. Isoprene is the simplest of the terpenoids, and so the demonstration of its production is a first step toward the synthesis of higher-value products of the terpenoid pathway. Copyright © 2017 Diner et al.

Synthesis of Heterologous Mevalonic Acid Pathway Enzymes in Clostridium ljungdahlii for the Conversion of Fructose and of Syngas to Mevalonate and Isoprene

PubMed Central

Fan, Janine; Scotcher, Miles C.; Wells, Derek H.; Whited, Gregory M.

2017-01-01

ABSTRACT There is a growing interest in the use of microbial fermentation for the generation of high-demand, high-purity chemicals using cheap feedstocks in an environmentally friendly manner. One example explored here is the production of isoprene (C5H8), a hemiterpene, which is primarily polymerized to polyisoprene in synthetic rubber in tires but which can also be converted to C10 and C15 biofuels. The strictly anaerobic, acetogenic bacterium Clostridium ljungdahlii, used in all of the work described here, is capable of glycolysis using the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway and of carbon fixation using the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Clostridium-Escherichia coli shuttle plasmids, each bearing either 2 or 3 different heterologous genes of the eukaryotic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway or eukaryotic isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase (Idi) and isoprene synthase (IspS), were constructed and electroporated into C. ljungdahlii. These plasmids, one or two of which were introduced into the host cells, enabled the synthesis of mevalonate and of isoprene from fructose and from syngas (H2, CO2, and CO) and the conversion of mevalonate to isoprene. All of the heterologous enzymes of the MVA pathway, as well as Idi and IspS, were shown to be synthesized at high levels in C. ljungdahlii, as demonstrated by Western blotting, and were enzymatically active, as demonstrated by in vivo product synthesis. The quantities of mevalonate and isoprene produced here are far below what would be required of a commercial production strain. However, proposals are made that could enable a substantial increase in the mass yield of product formation. IMPORTANCE This study demonstrates the ability to synthesize a heterologous metabolic pathway in C. ljungdahlii, an organism capable of metabolizing either simple sugars or syngas or both together (mixotrophy). Syngas, an inexpensive source of carbon and reducing equivalents, is produced as a major component of some industrial waste gas, and it can be generated by gasification of cellulosic biowaste and of municipal solid waste. Its conversion to useful products therefore offers potential cost and environmental benefits. The ability of C. ljungdahlii to grow mixotrophically also enables the recapture, should there be sufficient reducing equivalents available, of the CO2 released upon glycolysis, potentially increasing the mass yield of product formation. Isoprene is the simplest of the terpenoids, and so the demonstration of its production is a first step toward the synthesis of higher-value products of the terpenoid pathway. PMID:29054870

44 CFR 65.16 - Standard Flood Hazard Determination Form and Instructions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standard Flood Hazard... MANAGEMENT AGENCY, DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program IDENTIFICATION AND MAPPING OF SPECIAL HAZARD AREAS § 65.16 Standard Flood Hazard Determination...

44 CFR 61.13 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.13 Standard Flood Insurance Policy. (a) Incorporation of forms. Each of the... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.13 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.13 Standard Flood Insurance Policy. (a) Incorporation of forms. Each of the... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.13 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.13 Standard Flood Insurance Policy. (a) Incorporation of forms. Each of the... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 61.13 - Standard Flood Insurance Policy.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY INSURANCE AND HAZARD MITIGATION National Flood Insurance Program INSURANCE COVERAGE AND RATES § 61.13 Standard Flood Insurance Policy. (a) Incorporation of forms. Each of the... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2012-10-01 2011-10-01 true Standard Flood Insurance...

44 CFR 13.20 - Standards for financial management systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Standards for financial... COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS TO STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS Post-Award Requirements Financial Administration § 13.20 Standards for financial management systems. (a) A State must expand and account for grant funds in...

25 CFR 20.319 - What responsibilities does the general assistance recipient have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

..., training and/or other employment assistance programs developed in the ISP; (c) Participate successfully in... SERVICES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Direct Assistance Employment Requirements § 20... services worker, you, the recipient, must: (a) Participate with the social services worker in developing an...

25 CFR 20.319 - What responsibilities does the general assistance recipient have?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

..., training and/or other employment assistance programs developed in the ISP; (c) Participate successfully in... SERVICES FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AND SOCIAL SERVICES PROGRAMS Direct Assistance Employment Requirements § 20... services worker, you, the recipient, must: (a) Participate with the social services worker in developing an...

An Interactive Simulator-Based Pedagogical (ISP) Approach for Teaching Microcontrollers in Engineering Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tang, Shensheng

2014-01-01

Microcontrollers is a required course in most Electrical, Computer, and Mechanic Engineering (Technology) programs at U.S. universities. Most engineering courses (e.g., microcontrollers), by nature, introduce abstract concepts, definitions, and models, and use primarily lectures and readings (words, symbols) to transmit information. This…

Net Neutrality: The Great Debate

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Connolly, Mary

2015-01-01

FCC Chairman Tom Wheeler, speaking at the International Consumer Electronics Show in January, called for an open Internet which would make sure that ISPs had economic incentives to build better networks while still protecting consumers and innovators. His specific recommendations were shared with the other members of the FCC in February. One of…

School Psychology in Egypt: Results of the 2008 International School Psychology Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jimerson, Shane R.; Alghorani, Mohammad Adnan; Darweish, Abdel-Hameed; Abdelaziz, Mahmoud

2010-01-01

The International School Psychology Survey (ISPS) was used to gather information about the characteristics, training, roles, activities, preferences, research interests and the challenges experienced by school psychology specialists in Egypt. To the degree that the data are representative of the school psychology specialists Egypt, it appears that…

Dueling Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cesarini, Paul

2008-01-01

What is network neutrality? The basic premise is that people should have the right to access online, in a free and unfettered manner, any type of content that is not illegal, based on the predetermined speed they are paying their Internet-service provider (ISP) for each month. That is, with network neutrality, the content becomes irrelevant. The…

Minimizing Wide-Area Performance Disruptions in Inter-Domain Routing

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-09-01

Servers As another example, we saw the average round-trip time double for an ISP in Malaysia . The RTT increase was caused by a traffic shift to different... censorship , conduct wiretapping, or offer poor performance. This is achieved by applying regular expressions to the AS-PATH to assign lower preference

A Model for Evaluating Development Programs. Miscellaneous Report.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Burton, John E., Jr.; Rogers, David L.

Taking the position that the Classical Experimental Evaluation (CEE) Model does not do justice to the process of acquiring information necessary for decision making re planning, programming, implementing, and recycling program activities, this paper presents the Inductive, System-Process (ISP) evaluation model as an alternative to be used in…

Extraction of anthocyanins from industrial purple-fleshed sweetpotatoes and enzymatic hydrolysis of residues for fermentable sugars

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

Recent trends in health and wellness as well as fossil fuel dependent markets provide opportunities for agricultural crops as renewable resources in partial replacement of synthetic components in food, clothing and fuels. This investigation focused on purple-fleshed industrial sweetpotatoes (ISPs), ...

76 FR 15993 - Revision of Agency Information Collection for Financial Assistance and Social Services

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-22

... Financial Assistance and Social Services AGENCY: Bureau of Indian Affairs, Interior. ACTION: Notice of... Assistance & Social Services, 25 CFR 20.'' The information collection is currently authorized by OMB Control... applicants to complete an ISP in order to obtain General Assistance. Revisions include changes to the...

Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of industrial sweetpotatoes for ethanol production and anthocyanins extraction

USDA-ARS?s Scientific Manuscript database

A simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF) system was studied for ethanol production in flour industrial sweetpotato (ISP) feedstocks (lines: white DM02-180 and purple NC-413) as an integrated cost saving process, and to examine the feasibility of extracting anthocyanins from flour purple IS...

34 CFR 369.44 - What wage and hour standards apply to community rehabilitation programs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION SERVICE PROJECTS What Conditions Must Be Met by a Grantee? § 369.44 What wage and... hour standards must be observed in projects carried out in community rehabilitation programs...

48 CFR 52.222-44 - Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act-Price Adjustment.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

..., contract unit price labor rates, or fixed hourly labor rates will be adjusted to reflect increases or... 48 Federal Acquisition Regulations System 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Fair Labor Standards Act... CLAUSES Text of Provisions and Clauses 52.222-44 Fair Labor Standards Act and Service Contract Act—Price...

7 CFR 550.44 - Cooperator responsibilities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... referred to such Federal, State or local authority, as may have proper jurisdiction. ... Agreements Procurement Standards § 550.44 Cooperator responsibilities. The standards contained in this...). The Cooperator is the responsible authority, without recourse to the REE Agency, regarding the...

40 CFR 422.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false [Reserved] 422.44 Section 422.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Defluorinated Phosphate Rock Subcategory § 422.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 422.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true [Reserved] 422.44 Section 422.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Defluorinated Phosphate Rock Subcategory § 422.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 422.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true [Reserved] 422.44 Section 422.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Defluorinated Phosphate Rock Subcategory § 422.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 422.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true [Reserved] 422.44 Section 422.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Defluorinated Phosphate Rock Subcategory § 422.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 422.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true [Reserved] 422.44 Section 422.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PHOSPHATE MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Defluorinated Phosphate Rock Subcategory § 422.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 466.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false [Reserved] 466.44 Section 466.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Basis Material Subcategory § 466.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 466.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false [Reserved] 466.44 Section 466.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS PORCELAIN ENAMELING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Copper Basis Material Subcategory § 466.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 415.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true [Reserved] 415.44 Section 415.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS INORGANIC CHEMICALS MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Calcium Chloride Production Subcategory § 415.44...

40 CFR 418.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true [Reserved] 418.44 Section 418.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Ammonium Nitrate Subcategory § 418.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 418.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2014-07-01 2012-07-01 true [Reserved] 418.44 Section 418.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Ammonium Nitrate Subcategory § 418.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 418.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true [Reserved] 418.44 Section 418.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Ammonium Nitrate Subcategory § 418.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 418.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false [Reserved] 418.44 Section 418.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Ammonium Nitrate Subcategory § 418.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 418.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true [Reserved] 418.44 Section 418.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS FERTILIZER MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Ammonium Nitrate Subcategory § 418.44 [Reserved] ...

Glucosamine-induced glycation of hydrolysed meat proteins in the presence or absence of transglutaminase: Chemical modifications and taste-enhancing activity.

PubMed

Hong, Pui Khoon; Ndagijimana, Maurice; Betti, Mirko

2016-04-15

Salt reduction in food is a challenging task. The food processing sector has adopted taste enhancers to replace salt partially. In this study, a flavour enhancer formulation (liquid seasoning) was produced using enzymatically hydrolysed poultry proteins isolate (PPI). The PPI obtained through the isoelectric solubilisation precipitation process (ISP) was hydrolysed with Alcalase and glycated with glucosamine (GlcN) at moderate temperatures (37/50°C) in the presence or absence of transglutaminase (TGase). The glycated hydrolysates showed reduced fluorescence advanced glycated end-products (AGE) and a reduced amount of alpha-dicarbonyl compounds (α-DC). An untrained consumer panel ranked the meat protein hydrolysate seasoning saltier than the salty standard seasoning solution (p<0.05) regardless of GlcN glycation (both tested at 0.3M Na(+)). GlcN treatments showed a tendency (p=0.0593) to increase savouriness. Free glutamic acid and free aspartic acid found in the PPI hydrolysate likely increased the salty perception. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

11 CFR 100.94 - Uncompensated Internet activity by individuals that is not a contribution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... of another person's Web site; and any other form of communication distributed over the Internet. (c... not limited to: Computers, software, Internet domain names, Internet Service Providers (ISP), and any... definition of contribution: (1) Any payment for a public communication (as defined in 11 CFR 100.26) other...

11 CFR 100.94 - Uncompensated Internet activity by individuals that is not a contribution.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... of another person's Web site; and any other form of communication distributed over the Internet. (c... not limited to: Computers, software, Internet domain names, Internet Service Providers (ISP), and any... definition of contribution: (1) Any payment for a public communication (as defined in 11 CFR 100.26) other...

11 CFR 100.155 - Uncompensated Internet activity by individuals that is not an expenditure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... another person's website; and any other form of communication distributed over the Internet. (c) Equipment... limited to: Computers, software, Internet domain names, Internet Service Providers (ISP), and any other...: (1) Any payment for a public communication (as defined in 11 CFR 100.26) other than a nominal fee; (2...

11 CFR 100.155 - Uncompensated Internet activity by individuals that is not an expenditure.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... another person's website; and any other form of communication distributed over the Internet. (c) Equipment... limited to: Computers, software, Internet domain names, Internet Service Providers (ISP), and any other...: (1) Any payment for a public communication (as defined in 11 CFR 100.26) other than a nominal fee; (2...

Reaching Graduate Students at Risk for Suicidal Behavior through the Interactive Screening Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Moffitt, Lauren B.; Garcia-Williams, Amanda; Berg, John P.; Calderon, Michelle E.; Haas, Ann P.; Kaslow, Nadine J.

2014-01-01

Suicidal behavior is a significant concern among graduate students. Because many suicidal graduate students do not access mental health services, programs to connect them to resources are essential. This article describes the Interactive Screening Program (ISP), an anonymous, Web-based tool for screening and engaging at-risk graduate school…

Fingerprinting Software Defined Networks and Controllers

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

24 2.5.3 Intrusion Prevention System with SDN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.5.4 Modular Security Services...Control Message Protocol IDS Intrusion Detection System IPS Intrusion Prevention System ISP Internet Service Provider LLDP Link Layer Discovery Protocol...layer functions (e.g., web proxies, firewalls, intrusion detection/prevention, load balancers, etc.). The increase in switch capabilities combined

Educational Psychology in New Zealand: Results of the 2006 International School Psychology Survey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jimerson, Shane R.; Annan, Jean; Skokut, Mary; Renshaw, Tyler L.

2009-01-01

The International School Psychology Survey (ISPS) was used to gather information about New Zealand educational psychologists' characteristics, training, roles, activities, preferences, research interests and the challenges they experienced in their work. The results of this survey were considered in relation to the social and cultural context of…

Aeroservoelastic Tailoring with Piezoelectric Materials: Actuator Optimization Studies

DTIC Science & Technology

1994-02-09

publcreease AirFre usfied tof Scentrolstrctua defleactio ofarstcsstm.h robe iSP tofrish geometrica Arrangemien fo8c1ecnro;adotmm1oeaeo5uraepnl o control...of the plate. The differential bending induces warping in the - correct " direction of twisL 2.3 The elemental model The basic building block finite

Smart Cities: New York. Electronic Education for the New Millennium.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McClintock, Robert

This pedagogical framework describes how the New York City Board of Education plans to improve education using information technologies. By providing advanced Internet services connecting students and their families, as well as teachers, schools staff, and the interested public, to a high-quality educational ISP/Portal, available to anyone at any…

Assessment for One-Shot Library Instruction: A Conceptual Approach

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wang, Rui

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study is to explore a conceptual approach to assessment for one-shot library instruction. This study develops a new assessment instrument based on Carol Kuhlthau's information search process (ISP) model. The new instrument focuses on measuring and identifying changes in student readiness to do research along three…

Destination-directed, packet-switched architecture for a geostationary communications satellite network

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ivancic, William D.; Shalkhauser, Mary JO; Bobinsky, Eric A.; Soni, Nitin J.; Quintana, Jorge A.; Kim, Heechul; Wager, Paul; Vanderaar, Mark

1993-01-01

A major goal of the Digital Systems Technology Branch at the NASA Lewis Research Center is to identify and develop critical digital components and technologies that either enable new commercial missions or significantly enhance the performance, cost efficiency, and/or reliability of existing and planned space communications systems. NASA envisions a need for low-data-rate, interactive, direct-to-the-user communications services for data, voice, facsimile, and video conferencing. The network would provide enhanced very-small-aperture terminal (VSAT) communications services and be capable of handling data rates of 64 kbps through 2.048 Mbps in 64-kbps increments. Efforts have concentrated heavily on the space segment; however, the ground segment has been considered concurrently to ensure cost efficiency and realistic operational constraints. The focus of current space segment developments is a flexible, high-throughput, fault-tolerant onboard information-switching processor (ISP) for a geostationary satellite communications network. The Digital Systems Technology Branch is investigating both circuit and packet architectures for the ISP. Destination-directed, packet-switched architectures for geostationary communications satellites are addressed.

Enhanced isoprene biosynthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by engineering of the native acetyl-CoA and mevalonic acid pathways with a push-pull-restrain strategy.

PubMed

Lv, Xiaomei; Xie, Wenping; Lu, Wenqiang; Guo, Fei; Gu, Jiali; Yu, Hongwei; Ye, Lidan

2014-09-30

To explore the capacity of isoprene production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a rational push-pull-restrain strategy was proposed to engineer the mevalonic acid (MVA) and acetyl-CoA pathways. The strategy can be decomposed into the up-regulation of precursor supply in the acetyl-CoA module and the MVA pathway (push-strategy), increase of the isoprene branch flux (pull-strategy), and down-regulation of the competing pathway (restrain-strategy). Furthermore, to reduce the production cost arising from galactose addition and meanwhile maintain the high expression of Gal promoters, the galactose regulatory network was modulated by Gal80p deletion. Finally, the engineered strain YXM10-ispS-ispS could accumulate up to 37 mg/L isoprene (about 782-fold increase compared to the parental strain) under aerobic conditions with glycerol-sucrose as carbon source. In this way, a new potential platform for isoprene production was established via metabolic engineering of the yeast native pathways. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Activation and inactivation of Pseudomonas stutzeri methylbenzene catabolism pathways mediated by a transposable element

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Bolognese, F.; Di Lecce, C.; Galli, E.

The arrangement of the genes involved in o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene catabolism was investigated in three Pseudomonas stutzeri strains: the wild-type strain OX1, which is able to grow on o-xylene but not on the meta and para isomers; the mutant M1, which grows on m-xylene and p-xylene but is unable to utilize the ortho isomer; and the revertant R1, which can utilize all the three isomers of xylene. A 3-kb insertion sequence (IS) termed ISPs1, which inactivates the m-xylene and p-xylene catabolic pathway in P. stutzeri OX1 and the o-xylene catabolic genes in P. stutzeri M1, was detected. No ISmore » was detected in the corresponding catabolic regions of the P. stutzeri R1 genome. ISPs1 is present in several copies in the genomes of the three strains. It is flanked by 24-bp imperfect inverted repeats, causes the direct duplication of 8 bp in the target DNA, and seems to be related to the ISL3 family.« less

Analysis of the Asbestos Permissible Exposure Level Threshold Standard

DTIC Science & Technology

1991-06-01

Risks from Smoki in. . .. . . .. ... .. 44 4. Is Society Paying Too Much? . . . . . . . . 44 a. Death Rates Compared to Lung Cancer .. 44 C. Conclusions...risk of death. Table 2 compares age-standardized lung cancer death rates (per 100,000 man-years) for cigarette smoking and/or occupational exposure to...Cancer Death Rates for Cigarette Smoking and Asbestos ZZposuze Group Exposed to Smoker Mortality Asbestos Ratio * Control No No 1.00 Asbestos Worker

40 CFR 434.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... control technology (BCT). [Reserved] 434.44 Section 434.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL..., BCT LIMITATIONS AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Alkaline Mine Drainage § 434.44 Effluent... conventional pollutant control technology (BCT). [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 434.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... control technology (BCT). [Reserved] 434.44 Section 434.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL..., BCT LIMITATIONS AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Alkaline Mine Drainage § 434.44 Effluent... conventional pollutant control technology (BCT). [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 458.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false [Reserved] 458.44 Section 458.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.44 [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 458.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false [Reserved] 458.44 Section 458.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.44...

40 CFR 458.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 31 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false [Reserved] 458.44 Section 458.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.44...

40 CFR 458.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false [Reserved] 458.44 Section 458.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS (CONTINUED) CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.44...

40 CFR 458.44 - [Reserved

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false [Reserved] 458.44 Section 458.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS CARBON BLACK MANUFACTURING POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Carbon Black Lamp Process Subcategory § 458.44 [Reserved] ...

Ignition and combustion characteristics of metallized propellants, phase 2

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Mueller, D. C.; Turns, S. R.

1994-01-01

Experimental and analytical investigations focusing on aluminum/hydrocarbon gel droplet secondary atomization and its effects on gel-fueled rocket engine performance are being conducted. A single laser sheet sizing/velocimetry diagnostic technique, which should eliminate sizing bias in the data collection process, has been designed and constructed to overcome limitations of the two-color forward-scatter technique used in previous work. Calibration of this system is in progress and the data acquisition/validation code is being written. Narrow-band measurements of radiant emission, discussed in previous reports, will be used to determine if aluminum ignition has occurred in a gel droplet. A one-dimensional model of a gel-fueled rocket combustion chamber, described in earlier reports, has been exercised in conjunction with a two-dimensional, two-phase nozzle code to predict the performance of an aluminum/hydrocarbon fueled engine. Estimated secondary atomization effects on propellant burnout distance, condensed particle radiation losses to the chamber walls, and nozzle two phase flow losses are also investigated. Calculations indicate that only modest secondary atomization is required to significantly reduce propellant burnout distances, aluminum oxide residual size, and radiation heat losses. Radiation losses equal to approximately 2-13 percent of the energy released during combustion were estimated, depending on secondary atomization intensity. A two-dimensional, two-phase nozzle code was employed to estimate radiation and nozzle two phase flow effects on overall engine performance. Radiation losses yielded a one percent decrease in engine Isp. Results also indicate that secondary atomization may have less effect on two-phase losses than it does on propellant burnout distance and no effect if oxide particle coagulation and shear induced droplet breakup govern oxide particle size. Engine Isp was found to decrease from 337.4 to 293.7 seconds as gel aluminum mass loading was varied from 0-70 wt percent. Engine Isp efficiencies, accounting for radiation and two phase flow effects, on the order of 0.946 were calculated for a 60 wt percent gel, assuming a fragmentation ratio of five.

High resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the calcaneus: age-related changes in trabecular structure and comparison with dual X-ray absorptiometry measurements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ouyang, X.; Selby, K.; Lang, P.; Engelke, K.; Klifa, C.; Fan, B.; Zucconi, F.; Hottya, G.; Chen, M.; Majumdar, S.;

Metallized Gelled Propellants: Oxygen/RP-1/aluminum Rocket Combustion Experiments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Palaszewski, Bryan; Zakany, James S.

1995-01-01

A series of combustion experiments were conducted to measure the specific impulse, Cstar-, and specific-impulse efficiencies of a rocket engine using metallized gelled liquid propellants. These experiments used a small 20- to 40-1bf (89- to 178-N) thrust, modular engine consisting of an injector, igniter, chamber and nozzle. The fuels used were traditional liquid RP-1 and gelled RP-1 with 0-, 5-, and 55-wt% loadings of aluminum and gaseous oxygen was the oxidizer. Ten different injectors were used during the testing: 6 for the baseline 02/RP-1 tests and 4 for the gelled fuel tests which covered a wide range of mixture ratios. At the peak of the Isp versus oxidizer-to-fuel ratio (O/F) data, a range of 93 to 99% Cstar efficiency was reached with ungelled 02/RP-1. A Cstar efficiency range of 75 to 99% was obtained with gelled RP-l (0-wt% RP-1/Al) while the metallized 5-wt% RP-1/Al delivered a Cstar efficiency of 94 to 99% at the peak Isp in the O/F range tested. An 88 to 99% Cstar efficiency was obtained at the peak Isp of the gelled RP1/Al with 55-wt% Al. Specific impulse efficiencies for the 55-wt% RP-1/Al of 67%-83% were obtained at a 2.4:1 expansion ratio. Injector erosion was evident with the 55-wt% testing, while there was little or no erosion seen with the gelled RP-1 with 0- and 5-wt% Al. A protective layer of gelled fuel formed in the firings that minimized the damage to the rocket injector face. This effect may provide a useful technique for engine cooling. These experiments represent a first step in characterizing the performance of and operational issues with gelled RP-1 fuels.

Volumetric evaluation of the rotator cuff musculature in massive rotator cuff tears with pseudoparalysis.

PubMed

Rhee, Yong Girl; Cho, Nam Su; Song, Jong Hoon; Park, Jung Gwan; Kim, Tae Yong

2017-09-01

If the balance of the rotator cuff force couple is disrupted, pseudoparalysis may occur, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. This study investigated the effect of rotator cuff force couple disruption on active range of motion in massive rotator cuff tear (mRCT) by rotator cuff muscle volume analysis. The study included 53 patients with irreparable mRCT: 22 in the nonpseudoparalysis group and 31 in the pseudoparalysis group. The volumes of the subscapularis (SBS), infraspinatus (ISP), and teres minor (TM) muscles were measured using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and the ratios of each muscle volume to the anatomic external rotator (aER) volume were calculated. A control group of 25 individuals with normal rotator cuffs was included. Anterior-to-posterior cuff muscle volume ratio (SBS/ISP + TM) was imbalanced in both mRCT groups (1.383 nonpseudoparalysis and 1.302 pseudoparalysis). Between the 2 groups, the ISP/aER ratio (0.277 vs. 0.249) and the inferior SBS/aER ratio (0.426 vs. 0.390) were significantly decreased in the pseudoparalysis group (P= .022 and P= .040, respectively). However, neither the TM/aER ratio (0.357 vs. 0.376) nor the superior SBS/aER ratio (0.452 vs. 0.424) showed a significant difference between the two groups (P= .749 and P= .068, respectively). If the inferior SBS was torn, a high frequency of pseudoparalysis was noted (81.0%, P= .010). The disruption of transverse force couple was noted in both irreparable mRCT groups, although no significant difference was found between the nonpseudoparalysis and pseudoparalysis groups. ISP and inferior SBS muscle volumes showed a significant decrease in pseudoparalysis group and, therefore, were considered to greatly influence the loss of active motion in mRCT. The TM did not exert significant effect on the incidence of pseudoparalysis. Copyright © 2017 Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery Board of Trustees. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Probiotic Soy Product Supplemented with Isoflavones Improves the Lipid Profile of Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Men: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PubMed Central

Cardoso Umbelino Cavallini, Daniela; Jovenasso Manzoni, Marla Simone; Bedani, Raquel; Roselino, Mariana Nougalli; Celiberto, Larissa Sbaglia; Vendramini, Regina Célia; de Valdez, Graciela Font; Saes Parra Abdalla, Dulcinéia; Aparecida Pinto, Roseli; Rosetto, Daniella; Roberto Valentini, Sandro; Antonio Rossi, Elizeu

2016-01-01

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that specific probiotics affect the host’s metabolism and may influence the cardiovascular disease risk. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isoflavone-supplemented soy product fermented with Enterococcus faecium CRL 183 and Lactobacillus helveticus 416 on cardiovascular risk markers in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects. Design: Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind trial Setting: São Paulo State University in Araraquara, SP, Brazil. Participants: 49 male healthy men with total cholesterol (TC) >5.17 mmol/L and <6.21 mmol/L Intervention: The volunteers have consumed 200 mL of the probiotic soy product (group SP-1010 CFU/day), isoflavone-supplemented probiotic soy product (group ISP–probiotic plus 50 mg of total isoflavones/100 g) or unfermented soy product (group USP-placebo) for 42 days in a randomized, double-blind study. Main outcome measures: Lipid profile and additional cardiovascular biomarkers were analyzed on days 0, 30 and 42. Urine samples (24 h) were collected at baseline and at the end of the experiment so as to determine the isoflavones profile. Results: After 42 days, the ISP consumption led to improved total cholesterol, non-HDL-C (LDL + IDL + VLDL cholesterol fractions) and electronegative LDL concentrations (reduction of 13.8%, 14.7% and 24.2%, respectively, p < 0.05). The ISP and SP have prevented the reduction of HDL-C level after 42 days. The C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels were not improved. The equol production by the ISP group subjects was inversely correlated with electronegative LDL concentration. Conclusions: The results suggest that a regular consumption of this probiotic soy product, supplemented with isoflavones, could contribute to reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases in moderately hypercholesterolemic men, through the an improvement in lipid profile and antioxidant properties. PMID:26797632

A Select Subset of Electron Transport Chain Genes Associated with Optic Atrophy Link Mitochondria to Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans.

PubMed

Knowlton, Wendy M; Hubert, Thomas; Wu, Zilu; Chisholm, Andrew D; Jin, Yishi

2017-01-01

The role of mitochondria within injured neurons is an area of active interest since these organelles are vital for the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Using mechanosensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to test regeneration after neuronal injury in vivo , we surveyed genes related to mitochondrial function for effects on axon regrowth after laser axotomy. Genes involved in mitochondrial transport, calcium uptake, mitophagy, or fission and fusion were largely dispensable for axon regrowth, with the exception of eat-3/Opa1 . Surprisingly, many genes encoding components of the electron transport chain were dispensable for regrowth, except for the iron-sulfur proteins gas-1, nduf-2.2, nduf-7 , and isp-1 , and the putative oxidoreductase rad-8 . In these mutants, axonal development was essentially normal and axons responded normally to injury by forming regenerative growth cones, but were impaired in subsequent axon extension. Overexpression of nduf-2.2 or isp-1 was sufficient to enhance regrowth, suggesting that mitochondrial function is rate-limiting in axon regeneration. Moreover, loss of function in isp-1 reduced the enhanced regeneration caused by either a gain-of-function mutation in the calcium channel EGL-19 or overexpression of the MAP kinase DLK-1. While the cellular function of RAD-8 remains unclear, our genetic analyses place rad-8 in the same pathway as other electron transport genes in axon regeneration. Unexpectedly, rad-8 regrowth defects were suppressed by altered function in the ubiquinone biosynthesis gene clk-1 . Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response via deletion of atfs-1 suppressed the defective regrowth in nduf-2.2 mutants. Together, our data indicate that while axon regeneration is not significantly affected by general dysfunction of cellular respiration, it is sensitive to the proper functioning of a select subset of electron transport chain genes, or to the cellular adaptations used by neurons under conditions of injury.

A Select Subset of Electron Transport Chain Genes Associated with Optic Atrophy Link Mitochondria to Axon Regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans

PubMed Central

Knowlton, Wendy M.; Hubert, Thomas; Wu, Zilu; Chisholm, Andrew D.; Jin, Yishi

2017-01-01

The role of mitochondria within injured neurons is an area of active interest since these organelles are vital for the production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. Using mechanosensory neurons of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to test regeneration after neuronal injury in vivo, we surveyed genes related to mitochondrial function for effects on axon regrowth after laser axotomy. Genes involved in mitochondrial transport, calcium uptake, mitophagy, or fission and fusion were largely dispensable for axon regrowth, with the exception of eat-3/Opa1. Surprisingly, many genes encoding components of the electron transport chain were dispensable for regrowth, except for the iron-sulfur proteins gas-1, nduf-2.2, nduf-7, and isp-1, and the putative oxidoreductase rad-8. In these mutants, axonal development was essentially normal and axons responded normally to injury by forming regenerative growth cones, but were impaired in subsequent axon extension. Overexpression of nduf-2.2 or isp-1 was sufficient to enhance regrowth, suggesting that mitochondrial function is rate-limiting in axon regeneration. Moreover, loss of function in isp-1 reduced the enhanced regeneration caused by either a gain-of-function mutation in the calcium channel EGL-19 or overexpression of the MAP kinase DLK-1. While the cellular function of RAD-8 remains unclear, our genetic analyses place rad-8 in the same pathway as other electron transport genes in axon regeneration. Unexpectedly, rad-8 regrowth defects were suppressed by altered function in the ubiquinone biosynthesis gene clk-1. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response via deletion of atfs-1 suppressed the defective regrowth in nduf-2.2 mutants. Together, our data indicate that while axon regeneration is not significantly affected by general dysfunction of cellular respiration, it is sensitive to the proper functioning of a select subset of electron transport chain genes, or to the cellular adaptations used by neurons under conditions of injury. PMID:28539870

[Isolation and phylogenetic analysis of one actinomycete strain YIM 90022 exhibiting anticancer activity].

PubMed

Chen, Yi-Guang; Li, Wen-Jun; Cui, Xiao-Long; Jiang, Cheng-Lin; Xu, Li-Hua

2006-10-01

One facultative alkaliphilic actinomycete strain YIM 90022 was isolated from hypersaline alkaline soil in Qinghai province, China. An almost-complete 16S rRNA gene sequence (1500 bp) for strain YIM 90022 was obtained. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YIM 90022 was closely related to four members of the genus Nocardiopsis with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.8% (N. exhalans DSM 44407T), 98.5% (N. prasina DSM 43845T), 98.4% (N. metallicus DSM 44598T) and 97.8% (N. listeri DSM 40297T), but represented a distinct phylogenetic lineage. Repetitive element sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) genomic fingerprinting was evaluated on strain YIM 90022 and its closest relatives to investigate their genetic relatedness. The analysis of the rep-PCR genomic fingerprints showed that strain YIM 90022 was distinguishable from its closest relatives. The polyphasic taxonomic data presented in this study, including its morphology, physiological and biochemical characteristics, chemotaxonomy, 16S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis and rep-PCR genomic fingerprinting, supported the view that strain YIM 90022 represented a potential new species of the genus Nocardiopsis. The fermentation broth of strain YIM 90022 strongly inhibited growth of cell series of gastric cancer, lung cancer, mammary cancer, melanoma cancer, renal cancer and uterus cancer. Strain YIM 90022 grew well on most tested media, producing exuberant vegetative hyphae and aerial hyphae. The vegetative hyphae are long and fragmented. Light yellow to deep brown diffusible pigments were produced on ISP 2, ISP 3 and ISP 6. Growth of the strain occurred in the pH range 6.0-12.0, with optimal pH8.5. The NaCl tolerate range was 0-15% (W/V). Cell walls contain meso-diaminopimelic acid and have no diagnostic sugars. Polar lipids are phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine. Major menaquinones are MK-10 (H4, H6). The DNA G + C content is 71.5 mol %.

Behaviour of 4- to 5-year-old nondisabled ELBW children: Outcomes following group-based physiotherapy intervention.

PubMed

Brown, L; Burns, Y R; Watter, P; Gray, P H; Gibbons, K S

2018-03-01

Extreme prematurity or extremely low birth weight (ELBW) can adversely affect behaviour. Nondisabled ELBW children are at risk of behavioural problems, which may become a particular concern after commencement of formal education. This study explored the frequency of behavioural and emotional problems amongst nondisabled ELBW children at 4 to 5 years of age and whether intervention had a positive influence on behaviour. The relationship between behaviour, gender, and other areas of performance at 5 years was explored. Fifty 4-year-old children (born <28 weeks gestation or birth weight <1,000 g) with minimal/mild motor impairment were randomly allocated to intervention (n = 24) or standard care (n = 26). Intervention was 6 group-based physiotherapy weekly sessions and home programme. Standard care was best practice advice. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) for preschool children was completed at baseline and at 1-year post-baseline. Other measures at follow-up included Movement Assessment Battery for Children Second Edition, Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test 5th Edition, and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 4th Edition. The whole cohort improved on CBCL total problems score between baseline (mean 50.0, SD 11.1) and 1-year follow-up (mean 45.2, SD 10.3), p = .004. There were no significant differences between groups over time on CBCL internalizing, externalizing, or total problems scores. The intervention group showed a mean difference in total problems score of -3.8 (CI [1.5, 9.1]) between times, with standard care group values being -4.4 (CI [1.6, 7.1]). Males had higher total problems scores than females (p = .026), although still performed within the "normal" range. CBCL scores did not correlate with other scores. The behaviour of nondisabled ELBW children was within the "normal" range at 4 to 5 years, and both intervention and standard care may have contributed to improved behavioural outcomes. Behaviour was not related to performance in other developmental domains. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

40 CFR 155.44 - Establish schedules for registration review.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 23 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Establish schedules for registration review. 155.44 Section 155.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) PESTICIDE PROGRAMS REGISTRATION STANDARDS AND REGISTRATION REVIEW Registration Review Procedures § 155.44...

40 CFR 434.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... control technology (BCT). [Reserved] 434.44 Section 434.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... BPT, BAT, BCT LIMITATIONS AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Alkaline Mine Drainage § 434.44... of the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT). [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 434.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... control technology (BCT). [Reserved] 434.44 Section 434.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... BPT, BAT, BCT LIMITATIONS AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Alkaline Mine Drainage § 434.44... of the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT). [Reserved] ...

40 CFR 434.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... control technology (BCT). [Reserved] 434.44 Section 434.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL... BPT, BAT, BCT LIMITATIONS AND NEW SOURCE PERFORMANCE STANDARDS Alkaline Mine Drainage § 434.44... of the best conventional pollutant control technology (BCT). [Reserved] ...

44 CFR 13.20 - Standards for financial management systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... attendance records, contract and subgrant award documents, etc. (7) Cash management. Procedures for... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Standards for financial management systems. 13.20 Section 13.20 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT...

44 CFR 13.20 - Standards for financial management systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... attendance records, contract and subgrant award documents, etc. (7) Cash management. Procedures for... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Standards for financial management systems. 13.20 Section 13.20 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT...

44 CFR 13.20 - Standards for financial management systems.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... attendance records, contract and subgrant award documents, etc. (7) Cash management. Procedures for... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Standards for financial management systems. 13.20 Section 13.20 Emergency Management and Assistance FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT...

Mothers' alcohol and other drug problems and their punitiveness toward their children.

PubMed

Miller, B A; Smyth, N J; Mudar, P J

1999-09-01

The relationship between mothers' alcohol or other drug (AOD) problems and their punitiveness toward their children is examined in this study. Women (N = 170) were recruited from five different sources, including clinical interventions and the community. Women's punitiveness toward their children was assessed by three different maternal self-report measures: Conflict Tactics Scale, Parental Punitiveness Scale and Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Women's histories of AOD problems, violent victimization and hostility were assessed using standardized assessment tools. Women were categorized by their AOD problems as follows: current problem (22.4%), past only problem (44.7%) or no problems (32.9%). Results indicate that mothers with current or past AOD problems are more punitive toward their children, controlling for potentially confounding demographic factors. Mothers' histories of partner violence and parental violence also predicted higher levels of mother-to-child punitiveness. However, histories of childhood sexual abuse predicted lower levels of mothers' punitiveness. Hostility served as a predictor of mothers' punitiveness and moderated some of the relationships between their AOD problems and their punitiveness. Findings suggest that women with AOD problems are more likely to be punitive toward their children, but other factors may also contribute to this risk. Treatment and prevention interventions need to be developed to decrease the risk of violent victimization among children whose mothers have alcohol and other drug problems.

Evaluation Selection of Encapsulating Plastics for Ordnance Electronic Assemblies

DTIC Science & Technology

1981-05-01

ISP-100 Dow Two-component urethane (>70D) 10 B635/1- 4BD Uniroyal Two-component urethane (ɟD) 68 4. CIRCUIT ENCAPSULATION 4.1 Introduction This phase...HARRY DIAs ’ND LABORATORIES 3975 MCMM RD ATTN CO/ TD /TSO/DIVISION DIRFXTORS ATTN JERRY KRAMR ATTN RECORD COPY, 81200 CINCINNATI, ON 45245 ATTN HDL LIBRARY

Offense-Defense Theory Analysis of Russian Cyber Capability

DTIC Science & Technology

2015-03-01

Internet and communications technologies IR international relations ISP Internet service provider RBN Russian Business Network Roskomnadzor Federal...Service for Supervision of Communications , Information Technology and Mass Media SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SORM System for Operative...complexity of contributing factors, it may be more meaningful to calculate dyadic , rather than systemic offense-defense balance, and it is valuable to

An Efficient Resource Management System for a Streaming Media Distribution Network

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cahill, Adrian J.; Sreenan, Cormac J.

2006-01-01

This paper examines the design and evaluation of a TV on Demand (TVoD) system, consisting of a globally accessible storage architecture where all TV content broadcast over a period of time is made available for streaming. The proposed architecture consists of idle Internet Service Provider (ISP) servers that can be rented and released dynamically…

76 FR 73582 - Agency Information Collection Activities: Proposed Collection; Comment Request-Community...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-11-29

... percentage of meals reimbursed at the free rate (currently 1.6 times the ISP) and the threshold value of the... household applications for Free or Reduced Price meals. Under the CE Option, families are not required to submit applications for free or reduced-price meals, and schools are required to provide free meals to...

High Performance Computing (HPC) Innovation Service Portal Pilots Cloud Computing (HPC-ISP Pilot Cloud Computing)

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-08-01

5 Figure 4 Architetural diagram of running Blender on Amazon EC2 through Nimbis...classification of streaming data. Example input images (top left). All digit prototypes (cluster centers) found, with size proportional to frequency (top...Figure 4 Architetural diagram of running Blender on Amazon EC2 through Nimbis 1 http

77 FR 40910 - Importer of Controlled Substances Notice of Application; ISP Freetown Fine Chemicals

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-07-11

... substances listed in schedule I or II, which fall under the authority of section 1002(a)(2)(B) of the Act 21...), 8701 Morrissette Drive, Springfield, Virginia 22152; and must be filed no later than August 10, 2012... Filed 7-10-12; 8:45 am] BILLING CODE 4410-09-P ...

78 FR 3060 - Self-Regulatory Organizations; The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Notice; of Filing and Immediate...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-15

... Pilot Options which either adds or removes liquidity.\\7\\ \\4\\ For a detailed description of the ISP, see... immediate effectiveness); and 63628 (January 3, 2011), 76 FR 1201 (January 7, 2011) (NASDAQ- 2010-154.... Common ownership is defined as 75 percent common ownership or control. \\7\\ See the Exchange's Rules at...

Cool and Safe: Multiplicity in Safe Innovation at Unilever

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Penders, Bart

2011-01-01

This article presents the making of a safe innovation: the application of ice structuring protein (ISP) in edible ices. It argues that safety is not the absence of risk but is an active accomplishment; innovations are not "made safe afterward" but "safe innovations are made". Furthermore, there are multiple safeties to be accomplished in the…

30 CFR 44.11 - Contents of petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Contents of petition. 44.11 Section 44.11... ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Initial Procedure for Petitions for Modification § 44.11 Contents of petition. (a) A petition for...

7 CFR 930.44 - Quality control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Quality control. 930.44 Section 930.44 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... Control § 930.44 Quality control. (a) Quality standards. The Board may establish, with the approval of the...

7 CFR 930.44 - Quality control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Quality control. 930.44 Section 930.44 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... Control § 930.44 Quality control. (a) Quality standards. The Board may establish, with the approval of the...

7 CFR 930.44 - Quality control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Quality control. 930.44 Section 930.44 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (Marketing Agreements... Control § 930.44 Quality control. (a) Quality standards. The Board may establish, with the approval of the...

7 CFR 930.44 - Quality control.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 8 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Quality control. 930.44 Section 930.44 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SERVICE (MARKETING AGREEMENTS... Control § 930.44 Quality control. (a) Quality standards. The Board may establish, with the approval of the...

30 CFR 44.29 - Motions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... after the date of service. The administrative law judge may permit oral motions during proceedings. ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Motions. 44.29 Section 44.29 Mineral Resources... RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Hearings § 44.29 Motions...

30 CFR 44.29 - Motions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... after the date of service. The administrative law judge may permit oral motions during proceedings. ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Motions. 44.29 Section 44.29 Mineral Resources... RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Hearings § 44.29 Motions...

30 CFR 44.29 - Motions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... after the date of service. The administrative law judge may permit oral motions during proceedings. ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Motions. 44.29 Section 44.29 Mineral Resources... RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Hearings § 44.29 Motions...

30 CFR 44.29 - Motions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... after the date of service. The administrative law judge may permit oral motions during proceedings. ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Motions. 44.29 Section 44.29 Mineral Resources... RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Hearings § 44.29 Motions...

30 CFR 44.29 - Motions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... after the date of service. The administrative law judge may permit oral motions during proceedings. ... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Motions. 44.29 Section 44.29 Mineral Resources... RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Hearings § 44.29 Motions...

Permutation coding technique for image recognition systems.

PubMed

Kussul, Ernst M; Baidyk, Tatiana N; Wunsch, Donald C; Makeyev, Oleksandr; Martín, Anabel

2006-11-01

A feature extractor and neural classifier for image recognition systems are proposed. The proposed feature extractor is based on the concept of random local descriptors (RLDs). It is followed by the encoder that is based on the permutation coding technique that allows to take into account not only detected features but also the position of each feature on the image and to make the recognition process invariant to small displacements. The combination of RLDs and permutation coding permits us to obtain a sufficiently general description of the image to be recognized. The code generated by the encoder is used as an input data for the neural classifier. Different types of images were used to test the proposed image recognition system. It was tested in the handwritten digit recognition problem, the face recognition problem, and the microobject shape recognition problem. The results of testing are very promising. The error rate for the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) database is 0.44% and for the Olivetti Research Laboratory (ORL) database it is 0.1%.

30 CFR 44.10 - Filing of petition; service.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Filing of petition; service. 44.10 Section 44... ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Initial Procedure for Petitions for Modification § 44.10 Filing of petition; service. A petition for...

29 CFR 1912.44 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 29 Labor 7 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false Definitions. 1912.44 Section 1912.44 Labor Regulations...) ADVISORY COMMITTEES ON STANDARDS Miscellaneous § 1912.44 Definitions. As used in this part 1912, unless the..., the term includes subcommittees to the extent that the conduct of their meetings relates to matters...

30 CFR 44.41 - Summary decision.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Summary decision. 44.41 Section 44.41 Mineral... REQUIREMENTS RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS Summary Decisions § 44.41 Summary decision. (a) No genuine issue of material fact. (1) Where no genuine issue of a...

The implementation of animal welfare standards by Member Countries of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE): analysis of an OIE questionnaire.

PubMed

Stafford, K J; Mellor, D J

2009-12-01

A questionnaire on the status of animal welfare legislation and its implementation was distributed by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) to 172 Member Countries in 2008. Overall, 45% of questionnaires were returned. The response rate varied from 25% in Africa to 69% in Europe. Eighty-seven percent of respondent countries indicated that there was a competent national veterinary authority for animal welfare legislation in their country. In many countries, the authority responsible for the operational implementation of animal welfare legislation appears to be the same as the authority responsible for creating the legislation. Forty-nine (66%) respondents identified a veterinary authority as being responsible for the implementation of animal welfare legislation at a state or provincial level. Most respondent countries indicated that they had legislation covering animal transport (83%), the slaughter of animals for human consumption (91%), the killing of animals for disease control (86%) and dog control (61%). Training courses on animal welfare were available for official veterinarians, private veterinarians, producers and processors in 73%, 44%, 57% and 51% of respondent countries, respectively. Eighty-two percent of respondent countries exported live animals to other countries and 56% of respondent countries indicated that personnel handling animals during transport were aware of OIE standards on animal welfare or other standards. Many European countries require transporters to be trained and certified according to European Union regulations. It was mandatory to stun livestock prior to slaughter in 31% of countries, but in 57% religious exceptions were allowed, and in 8% stunning was not mandatory. The most commonly used method of stunning was mechanical but electrical stunning was also common. It was mandatory to stun livestock prior to killing for disease control in 44% of countries but it was not mandatory in 43%. There was legislation on humane killing in 74% of countries, but in 25% of countries there was no such legislation. The national veterinary authority was responsible for these regulations in most (71%) respondent countries. In 73% of respondent countries the personnel who conducted killing for disease control were generally aware of the domestic legislation for animal welfare. Of all the problems considered, the problem of stray dog management was ranked as 'major' or 'severe' more often than any of the other issues. Killing for disease control was mentioned as a problem by one respondent, but only if services were overwhelmed. In the animal transport section of the questionnaire, long-distance transport was the major issue. Many respondents had no problems with any of these issues.

Performance and Cost Evaluation of Cryogenic Solid Propulsion Systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Adirim, Harry; Lo, Roger; Knecht, Thomas; Reinbold, Georg-Friedrich; Poller, Sascha

2002-01-01

Under the sponsorship of the German Aerospace Center DLR, Cryogenic Solid Propulsion (CSP) is now in its 6th year of R&D. The development proceeds as a joint international university-, small business-, space industry- and professional research effort (Berlin University of Technology / AI: Aerospace Institute, Berlin / Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Russia / ASTRIUM GmbH, Bremen / Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Berghausen). This paper aims at introducing CSP as a novel type of chemical propellant that uses frozen liquids as Oxygen (SOX) or Hydrogen Peroxide (SH2O2) inside of a coherent solid Hydrocarbon (PE, PU or HTPB) matrix in solid rocket motors. Theoretically any conceivable chemical rocket propellant combination (including any environmentally benign ,,green propellant") can be used in solid rocket propellant motors if the definition of solids is not restricted to "solid at ambient temperature". The CSP concept includes all suitable high energy propellant combinations, but is not limited to them. Any liquid or hybrid bipropellant combination is (Isp-wise) superior to any conventional solid propellant formulation. While CSPs do share some of the disadvantages of solid propulsion (e.g. lack of cooling fluid and preset thrust-time function), they definitely share one of their most attractive advantages: the low number of components that is the base for high reliability and low cost of structures. In this respect, CSPs are superior to liquid propellant rocket motors with whom, they share the high Isp performance. High performance, low cost, low pollution CSP technology could bring about a near term improvement for chemical Earth-to-orbit high thrust propulsion. In the long run it could surpass conventional chemical propulsion because it is better suited for applying High Energy Density Matter (HEDM) than any other mode of propulsion. So far, ongoing preliminary analyses have not shown any insuperable problems in areas of concern, such as cooling equipment and its operation during fabrication and launch, neither were there problems with thrust to weight ratio of un-cooled but insulated Cryogenic Solid Motors which ascend into their trajectory while leaving the cooling equipment at the launch pad. In performance calculations for new launchers with CSP-replacements of boosters or existing stages, ARIANE 5 and a 3-stage launcher with CSP - 1st stage into GTO serve as examples. For keeping payload-capacity in the reference orbit constant, the modeling of a rocket system essentially requires a process of iteration, in which the propellant mass is varied as central parameter and - with the help of a CSP mass-model - all other dimensions of the booster are derived from mass models etc. accordingly. The process is repeated until the payload resulting from GTO track-optimization corresponds with that of the model ARIANE 5 in sufficient approximation. Under the assumptions made, the application of cryogenic motors lead to a clear reduction of the launch mass. This is essentially caused by the lower propellant mass and secondary by the reduced structure mass. Finally cost calculations have been made by ASTRIUM and demonstrated the cost saving potential of CSP propulsion. For estimating development, production, ground facilities, and operating cost, the parametric cost modeling tool has been used in combination with Cost Estimating Relationships (CER). Parametric cost models only allow comparative analyses, therefore ARIANE 5 in its current (P1) configuration has been estimated using the same mission model as for the CSP launcher. As conclusion of these cost assessment can be stated, that the utilization of cryogenic solid propulsion could offer a considerable cost savings potential. Academic and industrial cooperation is crucial for the challenging R&D work required. It will take the combined capacities of all experts involved to unlock the promises of clean, high Isp CSP propulsion for chemical Earth-to-orbit transportation in next 10 to 15 years to come.

Review of the use of phytosterols as a detection tool for adulteration of olive oil with hazelnut oil.

PubMed

Azadmard-Damirchi, Sodeif

2010-01-01

Adulteration of virgin olive oil with less expensive oils such as hazelnut oil is a serious problem for quality control of olive oil. Detection of the presence of hazelnut oil in olive oil at low percentages (<20%) is limited with current official standard methods. In this review, various classes of phytosterols in these two oils are assessed as possible markers to detect adulterated olive oil. The composition of 4-desmethyl- and 4-monomethylsterols is similar in both oils, but the 4,4'-dimethylsterols differ. Lupeol and an unknown (lupane skeleton) compound from 4,4'-dimethylsterols are exclusively present in hazelnut oil and can be used as markers via GC-MS monitoring to detect adulteration at levels as low as 2%. The phytosterol classes need to be separated and enriched by a preparative method prior to analysis by GC or GC/MS; these SPE and TLC methods are also described in this review.

30 CFR 44.9 - Posting of petition.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 30 Mineral Resources 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Posting of petition. 44.9 Section 44.9 Mineral... REQUIREMENTS RULES OF PRACTICE FOR PETITIONS FOR MODIFICATION OF MANDATORY SAFETY STANDARDS General § 44.9 Posting of petition. An operator of a mine for which there is no representative of miners shall post a...

7 CFR 51.44 - Disposition of fees.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Disposition of fees. 51.44 Section 51.44 Agriculture..., CERTIFICATION, AND STANDARDS) Regulations 1 Schedule of Fees and Charges at Destination Markets § 51.44... Agricultural Marketing Service. (b) Fees and charges collected pursuant to §§ 51.40 to 51.41 shall be remitted...

Applied Linguistics Project: Student-Led Computer Assisted Research in High School EAL/EAP

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bohát, Róbert; Rödlingová, Beata; Horáková, Nina

2015-01-01

The Applied Linguistics Project (ALP) started at the International School of Prague (ISP) in 2013. Every year, Grade 9 English as an Additional Language (EAL) students identify an area of learning in need of improvement and design a research method followed by data collection and analysis using basic computer software tools or online corpora.…

Universal Service in the Digital Age: The Commercialization and Geography of U.S. Internet Access. Research Brief No. 5.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Council on Library and Information Resources, Washington, DC.

In 1997, the Council on Library and Information Resources (CLIR) supported a project on the geographic spread of the commercial Internet Service Provider (ISP) market. This Research Brief describes some of the principle findings of a report (by Professor Shane Greenstein of the Kellogg Graduate School of Management, Northwestern University) on the…

New Phone System Coming to NCI Campus at Frederick | Poster

Cancer.gov

By Travis Fouche and Trent McKee, Guest Writers Beginning in September, phones at the NCI Campus at Frederick will begin to be replaced, as the project to upgrade the current phone system ramps up. Over the next 16 months, the Information Systems Program (ISP) will be working with Facilities Maintenance and Engineering and Computer & Statistical Services to replace the current

Use of the "Intervention Selection Profile-Social Skills" to Identify Social Skill Acquisition Deficits: A Preliminary Validation Study

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kilgus, Stephen P.; von der Embse, Nathaniel P.; Scott, Katherine; Paxton, Sara

2015-01-01

The purpose of this investigation was to develop and initially validate the "Intervention Selection Profile-Social Skills" (ISP-SS), a novel brief social skills assessment method intended for use at Tier 2. Participants included 54 elementary school teachers and their 243 randomly selected students. Teachers rated students on two rating…

Privacy & Security Notice | Argonne National Laboratory

Science.gov Websites

server logs: The Internet Protocol (IP) address of the domain from which you access the Internet (i.e service to authorized users, to access, obtain, alter, damage, or destroy information, or otherwise to . 123.456.789.012) whether yours individually or provided as a proxy by your Internet Service Provider (ISP), The

Global Optimization of Low-Thrust Interplanetary Trajectories Subject to Operational Constraints

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Englander, Jacob Aldo; Vavrina, Matthew; Hinckley, David

2016-01-01

Low-thrust electric propulsion provides many advantages for mission to difficult targets-Comets and asteroids-Mercury-Outer planets (with sufficient power supply)Low-thrust electric propulsion is characterized by high power requirements but also very high specific impulse (Isp), leading to very good mass fractions. Low-thrust trajectory design is a very different process from chemical trajectory.

Isolation and characterisation of sericin antifreeze peptides and molecular dynamics modelling of their ice-binding interaction.

PubMed

Wu, Jinhong; Rong, Yuzhi; Wang, Zhengwu; Zhou, Yanfu; Wang, Shaoyun; Zhao, Bo

2015-05-01

This study aimed to isolate and characterise a novel sericin antifreeze peptide and investigate its ice-binding molecular mechanism. The thermal hysteresis activity of ice-binding sericin peptides (I-SP) was measured and their activity reached as high as 0.94 °C. A P4 fraction, with high hypothermia protective activity and inhibition activity of ice recrystallisation, was obtained from I-SP, and a purified sericin peptide, named SM-AFP, with the sequence of TTSPTNVSTT and a molecular weight of 1009.50 Da was then isolated from the P4 fraction. Treatment of Lactobacillus delbrueckii Subsp. bulgaricus LB340 LYO with 100 μg/ml synthetic SM-AFP led to 1.4-fold increased survival (p < 0.05). Finally, an SM-AFP/ice binding model was constructed and results of molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the binding of SM-AFP with ice and prevention of ice crystal growth could be attributed to hydrogen bond formation, hydrophobic interaction and non-bond interactions. Sericin peptides could be developed into beneficial cryoprotectants and used in frozen food processing. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Liquefied Bleed for Stability and Efficiency of High Speed Inlets

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saunders, J. David; Davis, David; Barsi, Stephen J.; Deans, Matthew C.; Weir, Lois J.; Sanders, Bobby W.

2014-01-01

A mission analysis code was developed to perform a trade study on the effectiveness of liquefying bleed for the inlet of the first stage of a TSTO vehicle. By liquefying bleed, the vehicle weight (TOGW) could be reduced by 7 to 23%. Numerous simplifying assumptions were made and lessons were learned. Increased accuracy in future analyses can be achieved by: Including a higher fidelity model to capture the effect of rescaling (variable vehicle TOGW). Refining specific thrust and impulse models ( T m a and Isp) to preserve fuel-to-air ratio. Implementing LH2 for T m a and Isp. Correlating baseline design to other mission analyses and correcting vehicle design elements. Implementing angle-of-attack effects on inlet characteristics. Refining aerodynamic performance (to improve L/D ratio at higher Mach numbers). Examining the benefit with partial cooling or densification of the bleed air stream. Incorporating higher fidelity weight estimates for the liquefied bleed system (heat exchange and liquid storage versus bleed duct weights) could be added when more fully developed. Adding trim drag or 6-degree-of-freedom trajectory analysis for higher fidelity. Investigating vehicle optimization for each of the bleed configurations.

Mycelial antineoplastic activity of Agaricus blazei.

PubMed

Bertéli, Míria Benetati Delgado; Umeo, Suzana Harue; Bertéli, André; do Valle, Juliana Silveira; Linde, Giani Andrea; Colauto, Nelson Barros

2014-08-01

Basidiocarp of Agaricus blazei (=Agaricus brasiliensis; =Agaricus subrufescens) is used as teas or capsules due to its antineoplastic effect but there are few reports of using mycelium for this purpose. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antineoplastic activity on sarcoma 180 cells implanted in mice of two forms of preparation of the mycelium from two A. blazei strains grown in culture medium with different concentrations of isolated soy protein. Mycelia were grown in Pontecorvo medium with different concentrations of isolated soybean protein (ISP). Mycelial hot water extract, moistened mycelial powder, hot water extract of green tea, Ifosfamida(®) (ifosfamide drug), and saline solution were administered daily by gavage in mice with sarcoma 180 cells to evaluate antineoplastic activity. It was concluded that antineoplastic activity was the same for both strains, except when used as moistened mycelial powder, which rules out the use of mycelial powder in capsules. Mycelial hot water extract had high antineoplastic activity with lower metabolic demand on the spleen and maintenance of normal blood parameters. Mycelial growth in different ISP concentrations had the same antineoplastic activity. Also the vegetative mycelium was as effective as the basidiocarp for sarcoma 180 tumor inhibition. Green tea was as effective as mycelial hot water extract.

Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes in Overhead Sports Athletes after Rotator Cuff Repair

PubMed Central

Inui, Hiroaki; Ninomiya, Hiroki; Tanaka, Hiroshi; Nobuhara, Katsuya

2017-01-01

Rotator cuff tears in young overhead sports athletes are rare. The pathomechanism causing rotator cuff tears in young overhead athletes is different from that in aged patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate rotator cuff tear characteristics in young overhead sports athletes to reveal the pathomechanism causing these injuries. This study included 25 overhead sports athletes less than 30 years old with atraumatic rotator cuff tears necessitating repair. Rotator cuff tear characteristics were evaluated intraoperatively, including rotator cuff tear shape and injured rotator cuff tendon. Clinical outcome measures were assessed before surgery and at the final follow-up. In this study, 22 patients reported minimal to no shoulder pain and returned to sports without significant complaints at last follow-up. The isolated infraspinatus tendon was most often injured; the incidence rate of the tear at this site was 32% (8 cases). In the deceleration phase of overhead motion, the eccentric contraction force of the ISP (infraspinatus) tendon peaks and the increased load leads to injury at the ISP tendon. The pathomechanism of rotator cuff injuries in young overhead athletes might be not only internal or subacromial impingement, but also these mechanisms. PMID:28702502

Safety and Performance Advantages of Nitrous Oxide Fuel Blends (NOFBX) Propellants for Manned and Unmanned Spaceflight Applications

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Taylor, R.

2012-01-01

Hydrazine, N2H4, is the current workhorse monopropellant in the spacecraft industry. Although widely used since the 1960's, hydrazine is highly toxic and its specific impulse (ISP) performance of ~230s is far lower than bipropellants and solid motors. NOFBX™ monopropellants were originally developed under NASA's Mars Advanced Technology program (2004-2007) for deep space Mars missions. This work focused on characterizing various Nitrous Oxide Fuel Blend (NOFB) monopropellants which exhibited many favorable attributes to include: (1) Mono-propulsion, (2) Isp > 320s, (3) Non-toxic constituents, (4) Non-toxic effluents, (5) Low Cost, (6) High Density Specific Impulse, (7) Non-cryogenic, (8) Wide Storable Temperature Range, (9) Deeply throttlable [between 5 - 100lbs], (10) Self Pressurizing, (11) Wide Range of materials compatibility, along with many, many other benefits. All rocket propellants carry with them a history or stigma associated with either the development or implementation of that propellant and NOFBX™ is no exception. This paper examines the benefits of NOFBX™ propellants while addressing or dispelling a number of critiques N2O based propellants acquired through the decades of rocket propellant testing.

Synergistic use of optical and InSAR data for urban impervious surface mapping: A case study in Hong Kong

USGS Publications Warehouse

Jiang, L.; Liao, M.; Lin, H.; Yang, L.

2009-01-01

A wide range of urban ecosystem studies, including urban hydrology, urban climate, land use planning and watershed resource management, require accurate and up‐to‐date geospatial data of urban impervious surfaces. In this study, the potential of the synergistic use of optical and InSAR data in urban impervious surface mapping at the sub‐pixel level was investigated. A case study in Hong Kong was conducted for this purpose by applying a classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm to SPOT 5 multispectral imagery and ERS‐2 SAR data. Validated by reference data derived from high‐resolution colour‐infrared (CIR) aerial photographs, our results show that the addition of InSAR feature information can improve the estimation of impervious surface percentage (ISP) in comparison with using SPOT imagery alone. The improvement is especially notable in separating urban impervious surface from the vacant land/bare ground, which has been a difficult task in ISP modelling with optical remote sensing data. In addition, the results demonstrate the potential to map urban impervious surface by using InSAR data alone. This allows frequent monitoring of world's cities located in cloud‐prone and rainy areas.

Evaluation of High-Power Solar Electric Propulsion using Advanced Ion, Hall, MPD, and PIT Thrusters for Lunar and Mars Cargo Missions

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Frisbee, Robert H.

2006-01-01

This paper presents the results of mission analyses that expose the advantages and disadvantages of high-power (MWe-class) Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) for Lunar and Mars Cargo missions that would support human exploration of the Moon and Mars. In these analyses, we consider SEP systems using advanced Ion thrusters (the Xenon [Xe] propellant Herakles), Hall thrusters (the Bismuth [Bi] propellant Very High Isp Thruster with Anode Layer [VHITAL], magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters (the Lithium [Li] propellant Advanced Lithium-Fed, Applied-field Lorentz Force Accelerator (ALFA2), and pulsed inductive thruster (PIT) (the Ammonia [NH3] propellant Nuclear-PIT [NuPIT]). The analyses include comparison of the advanced-technology propulsion systems (VHITAL, ALFA2, and NuPIT) relative to state-of-theart Ion (Herakles) propulsion systems and quantify the unique benefits of the various technology options such as high power-per-thruster (and/or high power-per-thruster packaging volume), high specific impulse (Isp), high-efficiency, and tankage mass (e.g., low tankage mass due to the high density of bismuth propellant). This work is based on similar analyses for Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) systems.

Impregnation of β-tricalcium phosphate robocast scaffolds by in situ polymerization.

PubMed

Martínez-Vázquez, Francisco J; Perera, Fidel H; van der Meulen, Inge; Heise, Andreas; Pajares, Antonia; Miranda, Pedro

2013-11-01

Ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and L-lactide (LLA) was performed to impregnate β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds fabricated by robocasting. Concentrated colloidal inks prepared from β-TCP commercial powders were used to fabricate porous structures consisting of a 3D mesh of interpenetrating rods. ε-CL and LLA were in situ polymerized within the ceramic structure by using a lipase and stannous octanoate, respectively, as catalysts. The results show that both the macropores inside the ceramic mesh and the micropores within the ceramic rods are full of polymer in either case. The mechanical properties of scaffolds impregnated by in situ polymerization (ISP) are significantly increased over those of the bare structures, exhibiting similar values than those obtained by other, more aggressive, impregnation methods such as melt-immersion (MI). ISP using enzymatic catalysts requires a reduced processing temperature which could facilitate the incorporation of growth factors and other drugs into the polymer composition, thus enhancing the bioactivity of the composite scaffold. The implications of these results for the optimization of the mechanical and biological performance of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications are discussed. Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Current status of Kampo medicine curricula in all Japanese medical schools

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background There have been a few but not precise surveys of the current status of traditional Japanese Kampo education at medical schools in Japan. Our aim was to identify problems and suggest solutions for a standardized Kampo educational model for all medical schools throughout Japan. Methods We surveyed all 80 medical schools in Japan regarding eight items related to teaching or studying Kampo medicine: (1) the number of class meetings, target school year(s), and type of classes; (2) presence or absence of full-time instructors; (3) curricula contents; (4) textbooks in use; (5) desire for standardized textbooks; (6) faculty development programmes; (7) course contents; and (8) problems to be solved to promote Kampo education. We conducted descriptive analyses without statistics. Results Eighty questionnaires were collected (100%). (1) There were 0 to 25 Kampo class meetings during the 6 years of medical school. At least one Kampo class was conducted at 98% of the schools, ≥4 at 84%, ≥8 at 44%, and ≥16 at 5%. Distribution of classes was 19% and 57% for third- and fourth-year students, respectively. (2) Only 29% of schools employed full-time Kampo medicine instructors. (3) Medicine was taught on the basis of traditional Japanese Kampo medicine by 81% of the schools, Chinese medicine by 19%, and Western medicine by 20%. (4) Textbooks were used by 24%. (5) Seventy-four percent considered using standardized textbooks. (6) Thirty-three percent provided faculty development programmes. (7) Regarding course contents, “characteristics” was selected by 94%, “basic concepts” by 84%, and evidence-based medicine by 64%. (8) Among the problems to be solved promptly, curriculum standardization was selected by 63%, preparation of simple textbooks by 51%, and fostering instructors responsible for Kampo education by 65%. Conclusions Japanese medical schools only offer students a short time to study Kampo medicine, and the impetus to include Kampo medicine in their curricula varies among schools. Future Kampo education at medical schools requires solving several problems, including curriculum standardization. PMID:23122050

CD44 staining of cancer stem-like cells is influenced by down-regulation of CD44 variant isoforms and up-regulation of the standard CD44 isoform in the population of cells that have undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

PubMed

Biddle, Adrian; Gammon, Luke; Fazil, Bilal; Mackenzie, Ian C

2013-01-01

CD44 is commonly used as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in epithelial tumours, and we have previously demonstrated the existence of two different CD44(high) cancer stem-like cell populations in squamous cell carcinoma, one having undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the other maintaining an epithelial phenotype. Alternative splicing of CD44 variant exons generates a great many isoforms, and it is not known which isoforms are expressed on the surface of the two different cancer stem-like cell phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate that cancer stem-like cells with an epithelial phenotype predominantly express isoforms containing the variant exons, whereas the cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition down-regulate these variant isoforms and up-regulate expression of the standard CD44 isoform that contains no variant exons. In addition, we find that enzymatic treatments used to dissociate cells from tissue culture or fresh tumour specimens cause destruction of variant CD44 isoforms at the cell surface whereas expression of the standard CD44 isoform is preserved. This results in enrichment within the CD44(high) population of cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and depletion from the CD44(high) population of cancer stem-like cells that maintain an epithelial phenotype, and therefore greatly effects the characteristics of any cancer stem-like cell population isolated based on expression of CD44. As well as effecting the CD44(high) population, enzymatic treatment also reduces the percentage of the total epithelial cancer cell population staining CD44-positive, with potential implications for studies that aim to use CD44-positive staining as a prognostic indicator. Analyses of the properties of cancer stem-like cells are largely dependent on the ability to accurately identify and assay these populations. It is therefore critical that consideration be given to use of multiple cancer stem-like cell markers and suitable procedures for cell isolation in order that the correct populations are assayed.

Epidemiology of 3825 injuries sustained in six seasons of National Collegiate Athletic Association men's and women's soccer (2009/2010-2014/2015).

PubMed

Roos, Karen G; Wasserman, Erin B; Dalton, Sara L; Gray, Aaron; Djoko, Aristarque; Dompier, Thomas P; Kerr, Zachary Y

2017-07-01

To describe the epidemiology of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) men's and women's soccer injuries during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years. This descriptive epidemiology study used NCAA Injury Surveillance Program (NCAA-ISP) data during the 2009/2010-2014/2015 academic years, from 44 men's and 64 women's soccer programmes (104 and 167 team seasons of data, respectively). Non-time-loss injuries were defined as resulting in <24 h lost from sport. Injury counts, percentages and rates were calculated. Injury rate ratios (RRs) and injury proportion ratios (IPRs) with 95% CIs compared rates and distributions by sex. There were 1554 men's soccer and 2271 women's soccer injuries with injury rates of 8.07/1000 athlete exposures (AE) and 8.44/1000AE, respectively. Injury rates for men and women did not differ in competitions (17.53 vs 17.04/1000AE; RR=1.03; 95% CI 0.94 to 1.13) or practices (5.47 vs 5.69/1000AE; RR=0.96; 95% CI 0.88 to 1.05). In total, 47.2% (n=733) of men's soccer injuries and 47.5% (n=1079) of women's were non-time loss. Most injuries occurred to the lower extremity and were diagnosed as sprains. Women had higher concussion rates (0.59 vs 0.34/1000AE; RR=1.76; 95% CI 1.32 to 2.35) than men. Non-time-loss injuries accounted for nearly half of the injuries in men's and women's soccer. Sex differences were found in competition injuries, specifically for concussion. Further study into the incidence, treatment and outcome of non-time-loss injuries may identify a more accurate burden of these injuries. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/.

Inverse associations between cord vitamin D and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms: A child cohort study.

PubMed

Mossin, Mats H; Aaby, Jens B; Dalgård, Christine; Lykkedegn, Sine; Christesen, Henrik T; Bilenberg, Niels

2017-07-01

To examine the association between cord 25-hydroxyvitamin D 2+3 (25(OH)D) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in toddlers, using Child Behaviour Checklist for ages 1.5-5. In a population-based birth cohort, a Child Behaviour Checklist for ages 1.5-5 questionnaire was returned from parents of 1233 infants with mean age 2.7 (standard deviation 0.6) years. Adjusted associations between cord 25(OH)D and Child Behaviour Checklist-based attention deficit hyperactivity disorder problems were analysed by multiple regression. Results The median cord 25(OH)D was 44.1 (range: 1.5-127.1) nmol/L. Mean attention deficit hyperactivity disorder problem score was 2.7 (standard deviation 2.1). In adjusted analyses, cord 25(OH)D levels >25 nmol/L and >30 nmol/L were associated with lower attention deficit hyperactivity disorder scores compared to levels ⩽25 nmol/L ( p = 0.035) and ⩽30 nmol/L ( p = 0.043), respectively. The adjusted odds of scoring above the 90th percentile on the Child Behaviour Checklist-based attention deficit hyperactivity disorder problem scale decreased by 11% per 10 nmol/L increase in cord 25(OH)D. An inverse association between cord 25(OH)D and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in toddlers was found, suggesting a protective effect of prenatal vitamin D.

40 CFR 503.44 - Operational standard-total hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... hydrocarbons. 503.44 Section 503.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... standard—total hydrocarbons. (a) The total hydrocarbons concentration in the exit gas from a sewage sludge incinerator shall be corrected for zero percent moisture by multiplying the measured total hydrocarbons...

40 CFR 503.44 - Operational standard-total hydrocarbons.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... hydrocarbons. 503.44 Section 503.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED... standard—total hydrocarbons. (a) The total hydrocarbons concentration in the exit gas from a sewage sludge incinerator shall be corrected for zero percent moisture by multiplying the measured total hydrocarbons...

7 CFR 30.44 - Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. 30... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO STOCKS AND STANDARDS Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.44 Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. No group...

7 CFR 30.44 - Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. 30... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO STOCKS AND STANDARDS Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.44 Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. No group...

7 CFR 30.44 - Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. 30... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO STOCKS AND STANDARDS Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.44 Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. No group...

7 CFR 30.44 - Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. 30... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO STOCKS AND STANDARDS Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.44 Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. No group...

7 CFR 30.44 - Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. 30... STANDARD CONTAINER REGULATIONS TOBACCO STOCKS AND STANDARDS Classification of Leaf Tobacco Covering Classes, Types and Groups of Grades § 30.44 Class 9; foreign-grown types other than cigar leaf. No group...

Simultaneous transmission of accurate time, stable frequency, data, and sensor system over one fiber with ITU 100 GHz grid

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Horvath, Tomas; Munster, Petr; Vojtech, Josef; Velc, Radek; Oujezsky, Vaclav

2018-01-01

Optical fiber is the most used medium for current telecommunication networks. Besides data transmissions, special advanced applications like accurate time or stable frequency transmissions are more common, especially in research and education networks. On the other hand, new applications like distributed sensing are in ISP's interest because e.g. such sensing allows new service: protection of fiber infrastructure. Transmission of all applications in a single fiber can be very cost efficient but it is necessary to evaluate possible interaction before real application and deploying the service, especially if standard 100 GHz grid is considered. We performed laboratory measurement of simultaneous transmission of 100 G data based on DP-QPSK modulation format, accurate time, stable frequency and sensing system based on phase sensitive OTDR through two types of optical fibers, G.655 and G.653. These fibers are less common than G.652 fiber but thanks to their slightly higher nonlinear character, there are suitable for simulation of the worst case which can arise in a real network.

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Eken Tuna, Kevin Mayeda, Abraham Hofstetter, Rengin Gok, Gonca Orgulu, Niyazi Turkelli

A recently developed coda magnitude methodology was applied to selected broadband stations in Turkey for the purpose of testing the coda method in a large, laterally complex region. As found in other, albeit smaller regions, coda envelope amplitude measurements are significantly less variable than distance-corrected direct wave measurements (i.e., L{sub g} and surface waves) by roughly a factor 3-to-4. Despite strong lateral crustal heterogeneity in Turkey, they found that the region could be adequately modeled assuming a simple 1-D, radially symmetric path correction. After calibrating the stations ISP, ISKB and MALT for local and regional distances, single-station moment-magnitude estimates (M{submore » W}) derived from the coda spectra were in excellent agreement with those determined from multistation waveform modeling inversions, exhibiting a data standard deviation of 0.17. Though the calibration was validated using large events, the results of the calibration will extend M{sub W} estimates to significantly smaller events which could not otherwise be waveform modeled. The successful application of the method is remarkable considering the significant lateral complexity in Turkey and the simple assumptions used in the coda method.« less

A comparison of hardware description languages. [describing digital systems structure and behavior to a computer

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Shiva, S. G.

1978-01-01

Several high level languages which evolved over the past few years for describing and simulating the structure and behavior of digital systems, on digital computers are assessed. The characteristics of the four prominent languages (CDL, DDL, AHPL, ISP) are summarized. A criterion for selecting a suitable hardware description language for use in an automatic integrated circuit design environment is provided.

Telecommunications: Characteristics and Choices of Internet Users. Report to the Ranking Minority Member, Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Czerwinski, Stanley J.

This study examined the demographic characteristics of Internet users compared with those of the general U.S. population, the characteristics of areas where broadband Internet transport is available and of consumers who selected a broadband transport provider, and the factors influencing consumers' choice of an ISP (Internet service provider) and…

Design and Evaluation for the End-to-End Detection of TCP/IP Header Manipulation

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

Cooperative Association for Internet Data Analysis CDN content delivery network CE congestion encountered CRC cyclic redundancy check CWR congestion...Switzerland was primarily developed as a network neutrality analysis tool to detect when internet service providers (ISPs) were interfering with...maximum 200 words) Understanding, measuring, and debugging IP networks , particularly across administrative domains, is challenging. One aspect of the

A Principled Approach to Managing Routing in Large ISP Networks

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-06-01

giving me valuable feedback on my work . v I owe a special thank you to Ioannis Avramopoulos, Eric Keller, Brian Biskeborn and Michael Schapira for their...Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 5.3.1 Using Morpheus and VROOM to Handle Traffic Engineering . . . . . . . 124...when working at maximum capacity [17]. We argue that, with VROOM , the variations in daily traffic volume can be exploited to reduce power consumption

Making Sense of the Information Seeking Process of Undergraduates in a Specialised University: Revelations from Dialogue Journaling on WhatsApp Messenger

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Krubu, Dorcas Ejemeh; Zinn, Sandy; Hart, Genevieve

2017-01-01

Aim/Purpose: The research work investigated the information seeking process of undergraduates in a specialised university in Nigeria, in the course of a group assignment. Background: Kuhlthau's Information Search Process (ISP) model is used as lens to reveal how students interact with information in the affective, cognitive and physical realms.…

Effect of exposure to contaminated pond sediments on survival, development, and enzyme and blood biomarkers in veined treefrog (Trachycephalus typhonius) tadpoles.

PubMed

Peltzer, Paola M; Lajmanovich, Rafael C; Attademo, Andrés M; Junges, Celina M; Cabagna-Zenklusen, Mariana C; Repetti, María R; Sigrist, María E; Beldoménico, Horacio

2013-12-01

Sediments are important elements of aquatic ecosystems and in general sediments accumulate diverse toxic substances. Amphibians potentially have a greater risk of exposure to contaminants in sediments, and the test of sediments provides first lines of evidences. Sediment outdoor microcosm experiments were conducted to analyze biological endpoints (survival, development, growth, and morphological and organ malformation), enzyme activity (butyrylcholinesterase, BChE; glutathione-S-transferase, GST; and catalase, CAT) and blood biomarkers in veined treefrog Trachycephalus typhonius tadpoles, a widespread neotropical species. Hatching (stage 23) of T. thyphonius was exposed until they reached metamorphosis (stage 46). Sediment tests were performed and four different treatments were used: three ponds (LTPA, ISP, and SSP) influenced by industrial and agricultural activities and a reference treatment from a forest (RFS). Physical and chemical variables and concentration of nutrients, pesticide residues, and metals were determined. One treatment was metal-rich (LPTA) and two were nutrient-rich (ISP and SSP). Sediment treatments had no significant effect on survival; in contrast they had significant sublethal effects on T. typhonius larval development and growth rates, and affected overall size and shape at stage 38. Principally, in LPTA animals were significantly larger than in RFS, exhibiting swollen bodies, tail muscles and tail fin. In addition, metamorphs from LPTA, ISP, and SSP were smaller and showed signs of emaciation by the end of the experiment. Statistical comparisons showed that the proportions of each type of morphological abnormalities (swollen bodies and diamond shape, gut uncoiling, diverted gut, stiff tails, polydactyly, and visceral and hindlimb hemorrhaging) were significantly greater in metal- and nutrient-rich sediment treatments. Moreover, activities of BChE, GST and CAT, as well as and presence of micronuclei, immature, mitotic, anucleated erythrocytes varied significantly among treatments. Our biological effects-based sediment study highlights the use of different biological endpoints and biomarkers on anuran larvae at sites where pond sediment is risky and sediment management should be considered. Finally, the information of those biological endpoints and biomarkers would be useful as a management tool to decide if there are sufficient exposures of tadpoles to suspected pollutants on sediment. © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Design and Synthesis of Selective Estrogen Receptor beta Agonists and Their Pharmacology

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Perera, K. L. Iresha Sampathi

Estrogens (17beta-estradiol, E2) have garnered considerable attention in influencing cognitive process in relation to phases of the menstrual cycle, aging and menopausal symptoms. However, hormone replacement therapy can have deleterious effects leading to breast and endometrial cancer, predominantly mediated by estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) the major isoform present in the mammary gland and uterus. Further evidence supports a dominant role of estrogen receptor-beta (ERbeta) for improved cognitive effects such as enhanced hippocampal signaling and memory consolidation via estrogen activated signaling cascades. Creation of the ERbeta selective ligands is challenging due to high structural similarity of both receptors. Thus far, several ERbeta selective agonists have been developed, however, none of these have made it to clinical use due to their lower selectivity or considerable side effects. The research in this dissertation involved the design of non-steroidal ERbeta selective agonists for hippocampal memory consolidation. The step-wise process to achieve the ultimate goal of this research includes: (1) design and synthesis of (4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl derivatives, (2) in vitro biological evaluation of synthesized compounds to identify highly potent and selective candidates, and (3) in vivo biological evaluation of selected candidates for hippocampal memory consolidation. Several (4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl derivatives were synthesized having structural alterations on both aromatic and cyclohexyl/heptyl ring scaffolds. ERbeta agonist potency was initially evaluated in TR-FRET ERbeta ligand binding assay and compounds having high potency were re-evaluated in functional cell based assays for potency and ERbeta vs. ERalpha selectivity. Two compounds from each series, ISP 163-PK4 and ISP 358-2 were identified as most selective ERbeta agonists. Both compounds revealed high metabolic stability, solubility and no cross reactivity towards other nuclear receptors. In vivo efficiency of ISP 358-2 was evaluated in ovariectomized mice (C57BL/6) with object recognition (OR) and object placement (OP) tasks. The results indicate improved memory consolidation at 100 pg/ hemisphere and 0.5 mg/Kg via DH infusion and IP injection respectively. The information learned from this project serves as a foundation for development of other cycloheptyl/hexyl based ERbeta agonists or antagonists having acceptable pharmacological profiles.

The Solar-Sail Launched Interstellar Probe: Pre-Perihelion Trajectories and Application of Holography

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matloff, Gregory L.

2002-01-01

Design of missions beyond our solar system presents many challenges. Here, we consider certain aspects of the solar-sail launched interstellar probe (ISP), a spacecraft slated for launch in the 2010 time period that is planned to reach the heliopause, at 200 Astronomical Units (AU) from the Sun after a flight of about 20-years duration. The baseline mission under consideration by NASA / JPL has a sail radius of 200 m, a science payload of 25 kg, a spacecraft areal mass thickness of about two grams per square meter and is accelerated out of the solar system at about 14 AU per year after performing a perihelion pass of about 0.25 AU. In current plans, the sail is to be dropped near Jupiter's orbit (5.2 AU from the Sun) on the outbound trajectory leg. One aspect of this study is application of a realistic model of sail thermo-optics to sail kinematics that includes diffuse / specular reflectance and sail roughness. The effects of solar-wind degradation of sail material, based on recent measurements at the NASA MSFC (Marshall Space Flight Center) Space Environment Facility were incorporated in the kinematical model. After setting initial and final conditions for the spacecraft, trajectory was optimized using the provision of variable sail aspect angle. The second phase of the study included consideration of rainbow holography as a medium for a message plaque that would be carried aboard the ISP in the spirit of the message plaques aboard Pioneer 10 /11 and Voyager 1 /2. A prototype holographic message plaque was designed and created by artist C. Bangs with the assistance of Ana Maria Nicholson and Dan Schweitzer of the Center for Holographic Arts in Long Island City, NY. The piece was framed by Simon Liu Inc. of Brooklyn, NY. Concurrent to the creation of the prototype message plaque, we explored the potential of this medium to transmit large amounts of visual information to any extraterrestrial civilization that might detect and intercept ISP. It was also necessary to investigate possible degradation of holograms by the space environment. We developed a new way of characterizing the optical quality of holograms.

Keto-acids in Carbonaceous Meteorites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Cooper, G.; Chang, P. M.; Dugas, A.; Byrd, A.; Chang, P. M.; Washington, N.

2005-01-01

The Murchison and Murray meteorites are the best-characterized carbonaceous meteorites with respect to organic chemistry and are generally used as references for organic compounds in extraterrestrial material. Among the classes of organic compounds found in these meteorites are amino acids, carboxylic acids, hydroxy acids, purines, and pyrimidines. Such compounds, important in contemporary biochemistry, are thought to have been delivered to the early Earth in asteroids and comets and may have played a role in early life and/or the origin of life. Absent among (today's) critically important biological compounds reported in carbonaceous meteorites are keto acids, i.e., pyruvic acid, acetoacetic acid, and higher homologs. These compounds are key intermediates in such critical processes as glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. In this study several individual meteoritic keto acids were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (see figure below). All compounds were identified as their trimethylsilyl (TMS), isopropyl ester (ISP), and tert-butyldimethylsilyl (tBDMS) derivatives. In general, the compounds follow the abiotic synthesis pattern of other known meteorite classes of organic compounds [1,2]: a general decrease in abundance with increasing carbon number within a class of compounds and many, if not all, possible isomers present at a given carbon number. The majority of the shown compounds was positively identified by comparison of their mass spectra to commercially available standards or synthesized standards.

44 CFR 61.11 - Effective date and time of coverage under the Standard Flood Insurance Policy-New Business...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 44 Emergency Management and Assistance 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effective date and time of... RATES § 61.11 Effective date and time of coverage under the Standard Flood Insurance Policy—New Business Applications and Endorsements. (a) During the 13-month period beginning on the effective date of a revised...

CD44 Staining of Cancer Stem-Like Cells Is Influenced by Down-Regulation of CD44 Variant Isoforms and Up-Regulation of the Standard CD44 Isoform in the Population of Cells That Have Undergone Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

PubMed Central

Biddle, Adrian; Gammon, Luke; Fazil, Bilal; Mackenzie, Ian C.

2013-01-01

CD44 is commonly used as a cell surface marker of cancer stem-like cells in epithelial tumours, and we have previously demonstrated the existence of two different CD44high cancer stem-like cell populations in squamous cell carcinoma, one having undergone epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the other maintaining an epithelial phenotype. Alternative splicing of CD44 variant exons generates a great many isoforms, and it is not known which isoforms are expressed on the surface of the two different cancer stem-like cell phenotypes. Here, we demonstrate that cancer stem-like cells with an epithelial phenotype predominantly express isoforms containing the variant exons, whereas the cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition down-regulate these variant isoforms and up-regulate expression of the standard CD44 isoform that contains no variant exons. In addition, we find that enzymatic treatments used to dissociate cells from tissue culture or fresh tumour specimens cause destruction of variant CD44 isoforms at the cell surface whereas expression of the standard CD44 isoform is preserved. This results in enrichment within the CD44high population of cancer stem-like cells that have undergone an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and depletion from the CD44high population of cancer stem-like cells that maintain an epithelial phenotype, and therefore greatly effects the characteristics of any cancer stem-like cell population isolated based on expression of CD44. As well as effecting the CD44high population, enzymatic treatment also reduces the percentage of the total epithelial cancer cell population staining CD44-positive, with potential implications for studies that aim to use CD44-positive staining as a prognostic indicator. Analyses of the properties of cancer stem-like cells are largely dependent on the ability to accurately identify and assay these populations. It is therefore critical that consideration be given to use of multiple cancer stem-like cell markers and suitable procedures for cell isolation in order that the correct populations are assayed. PMID:23437366

40 CFR 435.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Effluent limitations guidelines... control technology (BCT). 435.44 Section 435.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Coastal...

40 CFR 435.44 - Effluent limitations guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Effluent limitations guidelines... control technology (BCT). 435.44 Section 435.44 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS OIL AND GAS EXTRACTION POINT SOURCE CATEGORY Coastal...

Strategy Choice in Solving Arithmetic Word Problems: Are There Differences between Students with Learning Disabilities, G-V Poor Performance, and Typical Achievement Students?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gonzalez, Juan E. Jimenez; Espinel, Ana Isabel Garcia

2002-01-01

A study was designed to test whether there are differences between Spanish children (ages 7-9) with arithmetic learning disabilities (n=60), garden-variety (G-V) poor performance (n=44), and typical children (n=44) in strategy choice when solving arithmetic word problems. No significant differences were found between children with dyscalculia and…

[Analyses of cosmetic sanitary quality in Hunan Province in 2010].

PubMed

Liu, Yanhong; Sun, Zhenqiu; Shi, Jingcheng; Shen, Minxue; Hu, Jingxuan; Lei, Shiyue; Hu, Ming

2012-05-01

To establish a scientific foundation for cosmetic supervision and administration based on the analysis of the sanitary quality of cosmetics in Hunan Province during 2010. According to Cosmetic Sanitary Standards (set by the Ministry of Health, People's Republic of China), 150 random samples of cosmetics in Hunan were assayed both for microbial items (including total plate count, fungus and yeast, fecal coliform, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa) and chemical items (including 17 kinds of prohibited substances and 14 kinds of restricted substances). The total rate of cosmetics failing to meet the standards was 22.0% of the 150 samples; specific rates for failing perfumes, skin care products (eye cream) and deodorant products were, relatively, 70.6%, 60.00%, and 44.4%. Four kinds of prohibited substances, including diethyl phthalate, acrylamide, asbestos and neodymium, as well as 2 kinds of restricted substances, including triclosan and formaldehyde, were found to exceed standards. None of microbial items exceeded standard levels. The sanitary quality control of cosmetics is lax. Administrative departments should not only reinforce their post-production supervision with respect to cosmetics, but also consolidate their control over the process of cosmetic production in order to solve the problem of toxic residues or illegal and intentional adulterations.

High Performance Computing Innovation Service Portal Study (HPC-ISP)

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-04-01

threatened by global competition. It is essential that these suppliers remain competitive and maintain their technological advantage . In this increasingly...place themselves, as well as customers who rely on them, in competitive jeopardy. Despite the potential competitive advantage associated with adopting...computing users into the HPC fold and to enable more entry-level users to exploit HPC more fully for competitive advantage . About half of the surveyed

Conceptual Design, Feasibility and Payoff Analysis of a Third Stage for EELV

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-06-01

the overall vehicle architecture, identifying locations for modification or stage shape. Trade studies of various propellant types (LOX/ LH2 , LOX/RP...or stage shape. Trade studies of various propellant types (LOX/ LH2 , LOX/RP, LOX/methane, hydrazine monopropellant) were included in the analysis...Geostationary transfer orbit Isp = Specific impulse LEO = Low Earth Orbit LOX = Liquid oxygen LH2 = Liquid hydrogen POST = Program to

Active Cyber Defense: Enhancing National Cyber Defense

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-12-01

Prevention System ISP Internet Service Provider IT Information Technology IWM Information Warfare Monitor LOAC Law of Armed Conflict NATO...the Information Warfare Monitor ( IWM ) discovered that GhostNet had infected 1,295 computers in 103 countries. As many as thirty percent of these...By monitoring the computers in Dharamsala and at various Tibetan missions, IWM was able to determine the IP addresses of the servers hosting Gh0st

Department of Defense Technology Transfer (T2) Program

DTIC Science & Technology

2014-04-08

January February (1st Monday) Disposal System Performance Spec Production Representative Articles CARD – Cost Analysis Requirements Description CCE...Supportability Objectives Exit Criteria Met APB MTA FMECA FTA LORA RCM MS B Threshold/objective tradeoffs – Revised Performance Attributes MS C MS A...Evaluation FTA – Failure Tree Analysis IOT&E – Initial Operational Test & Evaluation ISR – In-Service Review ISP – Information Support Plan ITR – Initial

Durability testing of the AJ10-221 490 N high performance (321 sec Isp) engine

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jassowski, D. M.; Rosenberg, S. D.; Schoenman, L.

1993-01-01

The durability of the 490 N AJ10-221 engine is characterized on the basis of data from 93 tests and a total firing life of 6.3 hr. For the three Ir/Re chambers tested, no limiting conditions were encountered in the 43,379 sec and 229 test thermal cycles. A wide range of off nominal operating conditions was successfully demonstrated.