Prevalence and public health implications of state laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the United States.

PubMed

Lehman, J Stan; Carr, Meredith H; Nichol, Allison J; Ruisanchez, Alberto; Knight, David W; Langford, Anne E; Gray, Simone C; Mermin, Jonathan H

2014-06-01

For the past three decades, legislative approaches to prevent HIV transmission have been used at the national, state, and local levels. One punitive legislative approach has been enactment of laws that criminalize behaviors associated with HIV exposure (HIV-specific criminal laws). In the USA, HIV-specific criminal laws have largely been shaped by state laws. These laws impose criminal penalties on persons who know they have HIV and subsequently engage in certain behaviors, most commonly sexual activity without prior disclosure of HIV-positive serostatus. These laws have been subject to intense public debate. Using public health law research methods, data from the legal database WestlawNext© were analyzed to describe the prevalence and characteristics of laws that criminalize potential HIV exposure in the 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) and to examine the implications of these laws for public health practice. The first state laws were enacted in 1986; as of 2011 a total of 67 laws had been enacted in 33 states. By 1995, nearly two-thirds of all laws had been enacted; by 2000, 85 % of laws had been enacted; and since 2000, an additional 10 laws have been enacted. Twenty-four states require persons who are aware that they have HIV to disclose their status to sexual partners and 14 states require disclosure to needle-sharing partners. Twenty-five states criminalize one or more behaviors that pose a low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. Nearly two-thirds of states in the USA have legislation that criminalizes potential HIV exposure. Many of these laws criminalize behaviors that pose low or negligible risk for HIV transmission. The majority of laws were passed before studies showed that antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces HIV transmission risk and most laws do not account for HIV prevention measures that reduce transmission risk, such as condom use, ART, or pre-exposure prophylaxis. States with HIV-specific criminal laws are encouraged to use the findings of this paper to re-examine those laws, assess the laws' alignment with current evidence regarding HIV transmission risk, and consider whether the laws are the best vehicle to achieve their intended purposes.

42 CFR 422.378 - Relationship to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Relationship to State law. 422.378 Section 422.378 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES... Relationship to State law. (a) Preemption of State law. Any provisions of State law that relate to the...

State Law Approaches to Facility Regulation of Abortion and Other Office Interventions

PubMed Central

Daniel, Sara; Cloud, Lindsay K.

2018-01-01

Objectives. To compare the prevalence and characteristics of facility laws governing abortion provision specifically (targeted regulation of abortion providers [TRAP] laws); office-based surgeries, procedures, sedation or anesthesia (office interventions) generally (OBS laws); and other procedures specifically. Methods. We conducted cross-sectional legal assessments of state facility laws for office interventions in effect as of August 1, 2016. We coded characteristics for each law and compared characteristics across categories of laws. Results. TRAP laws (n = 55; in 34 states) were more prevalent than OBS laws (n = 25; in 25 states) or laws targeting other procedures (n = 1; in 1 state). TRAP laws often regulated facilities that would not be regulated under OBS laws (e.g., all TRAP laws, but only 2 OBS laws, applied regardless of sedation or anesthesia used). TRAP laws imposed more numerous and more stringent requirements than OBS laws. Conclusions. Many states regulate abortion-providing facilities differently, and more stringently, than facilities providing other office interventions. The Supreme Court’s 2016 decision in Whole Woman’s Health v Hellerstedt casts doubt on the legitimacy of that differential treatment. PMID:29470114

43 CFR 8365.1-7 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false State and local laws. 8365.1-7 Section... and local laws. Except as otherwise provided by Federal law or regulation, State and local laws and... not limited to, State and local laws and ordinances governing: (a) Operation and use of motor vehicles...

12 CFR 202.11 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state law. 202.11 Section 202.11... OPPORTUNITY ACT (REGULATION B) § 202.11 Relation to state law. (a) Inconsistent state laws. Except as otherwise provided in this section, this regulation alters, affects, or preempts only those state laws that...

36 CFR 4.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State law applicable. 4.2... AND TRAFFIC SAFETY § 4.2 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the use of vehicles within a park area are governed by State law. State law...

12 CFR 40.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 40.17 Section 40.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 40.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

36 CFR 1004.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State law applicable. 1004.2... State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the... State law. State law that is now or may later be in effect is adopted and made a part of the regulations...

12 CFR 573.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true Relation to State laws. 573.17 Section 573.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 573.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

17 CFR 160.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Relation to state laws. 160.17... FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 160.17 Relation to state laws. (a) In general... the inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under state law. For purposes of this section, a state...

12 CFR 40.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 40.17 Section 40.17... INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 40.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part.... (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

36 CFR 1004.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State law applicable. 1004.2... State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the... State law. State law that is now or may later be in effect is adopted and made a part of the regulations...

17 CFR 248.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Relation to State laws. 248.17... Information Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 248.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This... inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under State law. For purposes of this section, a State statute, regulation...

20 CFR 617.16 - Applicable State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Applicable State law. 617.16 Section 617.16... law. (a) What law governs. The applicable State law for any individual, for all of the purposes of this part 617, is the State law of the State— (1) In which the individual is entitled to UI (whether or...

20 CFR 617.16 - Applicable State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applicable State law. 617.16 Section 617.16... law. (a) What law governs. The applicable State law for any individual, for all of the purposes of this part 617, is the State law of the State— (1) In which the individual is entitled to UI (whether or...

Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law.

PubMed

Olsen, Cody S; Thomas, Andrea M; Singleton, Michael; Gaichas, Anna M; Smith, Tracy J; Smith, Gary A; Peng, Justin; Bauer, Michael J; Qu, Ming; Yeager, Denise; Kerns, Timothy; Burch, Cynthia; Cook, Lawrence J

2016-12-01

Despite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S. We pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System's General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression. Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443; inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle; 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle; 1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multi-vehicle; 1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle). Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states.

Motorcycle helmet effectiveness in reducing head, face and brain injuries by state and helmet law.

PubMed

Olsen, Cody S; Thomas, Andrea M; Singleton, Michael; Gaichas, Anna M; Smith, Tracy J; Smith, Gary A; Peng, Justin; Bauer, Michael J; Qu, Ming; Yeager, Denise; Kerns, Timothy; Burch, Cynthia; Cook, Lawrence J

Despite evidence that motorcycle helmets reduce morbidity and mortality, helmet laws and rates of helmet use vary by state in the U.S. We pooled data from eleven states: five with universal laws requiring all motorcyclists to wear a helmet, and six with partial laws requiring only a subset of motorcyclists to wear a helmet. Data were combined in the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System's General Use Model and included motorcycle crash records probabilistically linked to emergency department and inpatient discharges for years 2005-2008. Medical outcomes were compared between partial and universal helmet law settings. We estimated adjusted relative risks (RR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for head, facial, traumatic brain, and moderate to severe head/facial injuries associated with helmet use within each helmet law setting using generalized log-binomial regression. Reported helmet use was higher in universal law states (88 % vs. 42 %). Median charges, adjusted for inflation and differences in state-incomes, were higher in partial law states (emergency department $1987 vs. $1443; inpatient $31,506 vs. $25,949). Injuries to the head and face, including traumatic brain injuries, were more common in partial law states. Effectiveness estimates of helmet use were higher in partial law states (adjusted-RR (CI) of head injury: 2.1 (1.9-2.2) partial law single vehicle; 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) universal law single vehicle; 1.8 (1.6-2.0) partial law multi-vehicle; 1.2 (1.1-1.4) universal law multi-vehicle). Medical charges and rates of head, facial, and brain injuries among motorcyclists were lower in universal law states. Helmets were effective in reducing injury in both helmet law settings; lower effectiveness estimates were observed in universal law states.

Transitions in state public health law: comparative analysis of state public health law reform following the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act.

PubMed

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Hodge, James G; Gebbie, Kristine M

2009-03-01

Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health.

12 CFR Appendix C to Part 1030 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Effect on State Laws C Appendix C to Part 1030.... C Appendix C to Part 1030—Effect on State Laws (a) Inconsistent Requirements State law requirements... inconsistency. A state law is inconsistent if it requires a depository institution to make disclosures or take...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

21 CFR 1307.02 - Application of State law and other Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Application of State law and other Federal law... MISCELLANEOUS General Information § 1307.02 Application of State law and other Federal law. Nothing in this... authorized or permitted to do under other Federal laws or obligations under international treaties...

45 CFR 302.70 - Required State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 2 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Required State laws. 302.70 Section 302.70 Public... PLAN REQUIREMENTS § 302.70 Required State laws. (a) Required Laws. The State plan shall provide that... effect laws providing for, and has implemented procedures to improve, program effectiveness: (1...

45 CFR 152.40 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relation to State laws. 152.40 Section 152.40...-EXISTING CONDITION INSURANCE PLAN PROGRAM Relationship to Existing Laws and Programs § 152.40 Relation to State laws. The standards established under this section shall supersede any State law or regulation...

Transitions in State Public Health Law: Comparative Analysis of State Public Health Law Reform Following the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act

PubMed Central

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Gebbie, Kristine M.

2009-01-01

Given the public health importance of law modernization, we undertook a comparative analysis of policy efforts in 4 states (Alaska, South Carolina, Wisconsin, and Nebraska) that have considered public health law reform based on the Turning Point Model State Public Health Act. Through national legislative tracking and state case studies, we investigated how the Turning Point Act's model legal language has been considered for incorporation into state law and analyzed key facilitating and inhibiting factors for public health law reform. Our findings provide the practice community with a research base to facilitate further law reform and inform future scholarship on the role of law as a determinant of the public's health. PMID:19150900

12 CFR 202.11 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... other interested party may request that the Board determine whether a state law is inconsistent with the.... (e) Exemption for state-regulated transactions—(1) Applications. A state may apply to the Board for... OPPORTUNITY ACT (REGULATION B) § 202.11 Relation to state law. (a) Inconsistent state laws. Except as...

21 CFR 1314.10 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Effect on State laws. 1314.10 Section 1314.10 Food... CHEMICAL PRODUCTS General § 1314.10 Effect on State laws. Nothing in this part preempts State law on the same subject matter unless there is a positive conflict between this part and a State law so that the...

12 CFR 229.20 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state law. 229.20 Section 229.20... Availability Policies § 229.20 Relation to state law. (a) In general. Any provision of a law or regulation of...; and (2) Apply to all federally insured banks located within the state. No amendment to a state law or...

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 1026 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Effect on State Laws A Appendix A to Part 1026.... A Appendix A to Part 1026—Effect on State Laws Request for Determination A request for a determination that a state law is inconsistent or that a state law is substantially the same as the Act and...

USDA snack food and beverage standards: how big of a stretch for the states?

PubMed

Chriqui, Jamie F; Piekarz, Elizabeth; Chaloupka, Frank J

2014-06-01

The USDA snack food and beverage standards take effect in school year (SY) 2014-2015. Although the USDA standards will provide nationwide requirements, concerns exist about compliance. This study examined whether existing state laws are aligned with the USDA standards to determine whether some states may be better positioned to facilitate compliance. Codified state statutory and regulatory laws effective for SY 2012-2013 for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia were identified through Boolean keyword searches using the Westlaw and LexisNexis databases. Laws were analyzed for alignment with 18 snack food and beverage provisions contained within the USDA standards. Thirty-eight states had snack food and beverage standards; 33 states' laws exceeded restrictions on foods of minimal nutritional value. Of the 33 states, no states' laws fully met the USDA's standards, 16 states' laws fully met and 10 states' laws partially met at least one USDA provision, and seven states' laws met no USDA provisions. One state's law met 9 of 18 provisions. On average, states met 4 of 18 provisions. States were more likely to meet individual USDA beverage than snack provisions. Implementation and compliance with the USDA standards may be facilitated in states with laws already containing provisions aligned with the USDA standards and may be more difficult in states with fewer or no provisions in alignment, suggesting possible geographic areas for the USDA to target with technical assistance and training efforts and for advocates to work in to facilitate compliance.

State Public Health Enabling Authorities: Results of a Fundamental Activities Assessment Examining Core and Essential Services

PubMed Central

Hoss, Aila; Menon, Akshara; Corso, Liza

2016-01-01

Context Public health enabling authorities establish the legal foundation for financing, organizing, and delivering public health services. State laws vary in terms of the content, depth, and breadth of these fundamental public health activities. Given this variance, the Institute of Medicine has identified state public health laws as an area that requires further examination. To respond to this call for further examination, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public Health Law Program conducted a fundamental activities legal assessment on state public health laws. Objective The goal of the legal assessment was to examine state laws referencing frameworks representing public health department fundamental activities (ie, core and essential services) in an effort to identify, catalog, and describe enabling authorities of state governmental public health systems. Design In 2013, Public Health Law Program staff compiled a list of state statutes and regulations referencing different commonly-recognized public health frameworks of fundamental activities. The legal assessment included state fundamental activities laws available on WestlawNext as of July 2013. The results related to the 10 essential public health services and the 3 core public health functions were confirmed and updated in June 2016. Results Eighteen states reference commonly-recognized frameworks of fundamental activities in their laws. Thirteen states have listed the 10 essential public health services in their laws. Eight of these states have also referenced the 3 core public health functions in their laws. Five states reference only the core public health functions. Conclusions Several states reference fundamental activities in their state laws, particularly through use of the essential services framework. Further work is needed to capture the public health laws and practices of states that may be performing fundamental activities but without reference to a common framework. PMID:27682724

State Public Health Enabling Authorities: Results of a Fundamental Activities Assessment Examining Core and Essential Services.

PubMed

Hoss, Aila; Menon, Akshara; Corso, Liza

2016-01-01

Public health enabling authorities establish the legal foundation for financing, organizing, and delivering public health services. State laws vary in terms of the content, depth, and breadth of these fundamental public health activities. Given this variance, the Institute of Medicine has identified state public health laws as an area that requires further examination. To respond to this call for further examination, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Public Health Law Program conducted a fundamental activities legal assessment on state public health laws. The goal of the legal assessment was to examine state laws referencing frameworks representing public health department fundamental activities (ie, core and essential services) in an effort to identify, catalog, and describe enabling authorities of state governmental public health systems. In 2013, Public Health Law Program staff compiled a list of state statutes and regulations referencing different commonly-recognized public health frameworks of fundamental activities. The legal assessment included state fundamental activities laws available on WestlawNext as of July 2013. The results related to the 10 essential public health services and the 3 core public health functions were confirmed and updated in June 2016. Eighteen states reference commonly-recognized frameworks of fundamental activities in their laws. Thirteen states have listed the 10 essential public health services in their laws. Eight of these states have also referenced the 3 core public health functions in their laws. Five states reference only the core public health functions. Several states reference fundamental activities in their state laws, particularly through use of the essential services framework. Further work is needed to capture the public health laws and practices of states that may be performing fundamental activities but without reference to a common framework.

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

7 CFR 501.14 - Non-Federal law enforcement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 6 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Non-Federal law enforcement. 501.14 Section 501.14...-Federal law enforcement. Research Center special policemen may be deputized by State or local law... State or local law enforcement agency, the facilities or services of such State or local law enforcement...

State Maternity/Parental Leave Laws. Facts on Working Women No. 90-1.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

The status of state maternity/parental leave laws throughout the United States is depicted in eight figures and three tables. Information is reported by state for maternity/parental leave laws, months of available leave, maternity/family illness laws, days of leave for family illness, temporary disability insurance laws, temporary disability…

43 CFR 8365.1-7 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 43 Public Lands: Interior 2 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false State and local laws. 8365.1-7 Section... and local laws. Except as otherwise provided by Federal law or regulation, State and local laws and ordinances shall apply and be enforced by the appropriate State and local authorities. This includes, but is...

12 CFR 716.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to state laws. 716.17 Section 716.17... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 716.17 Relation to state laws. (a... extent of the inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under state law. For purposes of this section, a...

31 CFR 212.9 - Preemption of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance:Treasury 2 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Preemption of State law. 212.9 Section 212.9 Money and Finance: Treasury Regulations Relating to Money and Finance (Continued) FISCAL SERVICE... PAYMENTS § 212.9 Preemption of State law. (a) Inconsistent law preempted. Any State or local government law...

State Indoor Tanning Laws and Adolescent Indoor Tanning

PubMed Central

Guy, Gery P.; Berkowitz, Zahava; Jones, Sherry Everett; O’Malley Olsen, Emily; Miyamoto, Justin N.; Michael, Shannon L.; Saraiya, Mona

2014-01-01

Objectives. Recently, several state indoor tanning laws, including age restrictions, were promulgated to reduce indoor tanning among minors. We examined the effects of these laws on adolescent indoor tanning. Methods. We used nationally representative data from the 2009 and 2011 national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys (n = 31 835). Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the association between state indoor tanning laws and indoor tanning among US high school students. Results. Female students in states with indoor tanning laws were less likely to engage in indoor tanning than those in states without any laws. We observed a stronger association among female students in states with systems access, parental permission, and age restriction laws than among those in states without any laws. We found no significant association among female students in states with only systems access and parental permission laws or among male students. Conclusions. Indoor tanning laws, particularly those including age restrictions, may be effective in reducing indoor tanning among female high school students, for whom rates are the highest. Such reductions have the potential to reduce the health and economic burden of skin cancer. PMID:24524515

An Overview of State Policies Supporting Worksite Health Promotion Programs.

PubMed

VanderVeur, Jennifer; Gilchrist, Siobhan; Matson-Koffman, Dyann

2017-05-01

Worksite health promotion (WHP) programs can reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. State law can encourage employers and employer-provided insurance companies to offer comprehensive WHP programs. This research examines state law authorizing WHP programs. Quantitative content analysis. Worksites or workplaces. United States (and the District of Columbia). State law in effect in 2013 authorizing WHP programs. Frequency and distribution of states with WHP laws. To determine the content of the laws for analysis and coding, we identified 18 policy elements, 12 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Worksite Health ScoreCard (HSC) and 6 additional supportive WHP strategies. We used these strategies as key words to search for laws authorizing WHP programs or select WHP elements. We calculated the number and type of WHP elements for each state with WHP laws and selected two case examples from states with comprehensive WHP laws. Twenty-four states authorized onsite WHP programs, 29 authorized WHP through employer-provided insurance plans, and 18 authorized both. Seven states had a comprehensive WHP strategy, addressing 8 or more of 12 HSC elements. The most common HSC elements were weight management, tobacco cessation, and physical activity. Most states had laws encouraging the adoption of WHP programs. Massachusetts and Maine are implementing comprehensive WHP laws but studies evaluating their health impact are needed.

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 226 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Effect on State Laws A Appendix A to Part 226... TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Pt. 226, App. A Appendix A to Part 226—Effect on State Laws Request for Determination A request for a determination that a State law is inconsistent or that a State law is...

States upgrade to primary enforcement seat belt laws : traffic tech.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

States with primary seat belt enforcement laws consistently : have higher observed daytime seat belt use rates than secondary : law States. Secondary belt law States, on the other : hand, consistently have more motor vehicle fatalities who : were not...

Documenting How States Recently Upgraded to Primary Seat Belt Laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

States with primary seat belt enforcement laws consistently have higher observed daytime belt use rates than : secondary law States. Secondary belt law States, on the other hand, consistently have more occupant fatalities who : were not restrained th...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

36 CFR 327.26 - State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State and local laws. 327.26... § 327.26 State and local laws. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this part or by Federal law or regulation, state and local laws and ordinances shall apply on project lands and waters. This includes, but...

Obtaining patient test results from clinical laboratories: a survey of state law for pharmacists.

PubMed

Witry, Matthew J; Doucette, William R

2009-01-01

To identify states with laws that restrict to whom clinical laboratories may release copies of laboratory test results and to describe how these laws may affect pharmacists' ability to obtain patient laboratory test results. Researchers examined state statutes and administrative codes for all 50 states and the District of Columbia at the University of Iowa Law Library between June and July 2007. Researchers also consulted with lawyers, state Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments officers, and law librarians. Laws relating to the study objective were analyzed. 34 jurisdictions do not restrict the release of laboratory test results, while 17 states have laws that restrict to whom clinical laboratories can send copies of test results. In these states, pharmacists will have to use alternative sources, such as physician offices, to obtain test results. Pharmacists must consider state law before requesting copies of laboratory test results from clinical laboratories. This may be an issue that state pharmacy associations can address to increase pharmacist access to important patient information.

Carrots and sticks: compliance provisions in state competitive food laws-examples for state and local implementation of the updated USDA standards.

PubMed

Gourdet, Camille K; Chriqui, Jamie F; Piekarz, Elizabeth; Dang, Quang; Chaloupka, Frank J

2014-07-01

Competitive foods remain prevalent in schools even though the majority of states' laws have addressed this for several years. Whereas updated federal standards take effect during school year 2014-2015, aspects of competitive food regulation will remain relegated to the states and districts and concerns exist about compliance with the federal standards. This study examined compliance provisions codified into state law that focused on incentives, monetary penalties, or contracts which could provide examples for other jurisdictions. Codified statutory and administrative laws effective as of January 2013 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia were compiled using Boolean searches in Lexis-Nexis and Westlaw. All laws were analyzed by 2 study authors to determine the presence and components of relevant provisions. Eighteen states' laws contained compliance mechanisms including financial and/or programmatic incentives (5 states), contract provisions (11 states), and monetary penalties for noncompliance (7 states). Five states' laws contained a combination of approaches. Compliance measures help to strengthen competitive food laws by providing state agencies with an enforcement mechanism. Enforcing such provisions will help to create healthier school environments. This study will provide useful insight for governments at all levels as they implement competitive food laws. © 2014, American School Health Association.

A baseline understanding of state laws governing e-cigarettes.

PubMed

Gourdet, C K; Chriqui, J F; Chaloupka, F J

2014-07-01

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) have been available for purchase in the USA since 2007, and have grown rapidly in popularity. Currently, there are no federal restrictions on e-cigarettes; therefore, any regulations are under the purview of state and/or local governments. This study examines state laws governing e-cigarettes through youth access restrictions, smoke-free air requirements and/or excise taxation. Codified statutory and administrative laws, attorney general opinions, executive orders, and revenue notices and rulings effective as of 15 November 2013 for all 50 states and the District of Columbia, were compiled using Boolean searches in Lexis-Nexis and Westlaw. All laws were analysed by two study authors to determine the presence and components of relevant provisions. Two categories of laws were identified; (1) explicit e-cigarette laws and (2) laws focused on tobacco-derived and/or nicotine-containing products. Thirty-four states' laws address e-cigarettes either explicitly or as part of language applying to tobacco-derived or nicotine-containing products. Laws explicitly addressing e-cigarettes primarily focus on youth access (22 states) or smoke-free air (12 states); only Minnesota imposes an excise tax on e-cigarettes. Similarly, tobacco-derived or nicotine-containing products are primarily regulated through youth access restrictions (6 states), smoke-free air laws (5 states), or excise taxation (2 states). In the current absence of federal law governing e-cigarettes, more than one-half of the states have taken the initiative to regulate these products. The opportunity exists for the remaining states to incorporate e-cigarette-related restrictions into their pre-existing tobacco control laws. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Laws and Incentives

Science.gov Websites

State Printable Version Share this resource Send a link to Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Laws and Incentives to someone by E-mail Share Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Laws and Incentives on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Laws and Incentives on Twitter Bookmark

A comprehensive review of state laws governing Internet and other delivery sales of cigarettes in the United States.

PubMed

Chriqui, Jamie F; Ribisl, Kurt M; Wallace, Raedell M; Williams, Rebecca S; O'Connor, Jean C; el Arculli, Regina

2008-02-01

All U.S. states regulate face-to-face tobacco sales at retail outlets. However, the recent growth of delivery sales of tobacco products by Internet and mail-order vendors has prompted new state regulations focused on preventing youth access and tax evasion. To date, there are no comprehensive and systematic analyses of these laws. The objectives of this study were to: (a) document the historical enactment of the laws; (b) assess the nature and extent of the laws; and (c) examine the relationship between the presence of laws and state tobacco control policy and other contextual variables. Between 1992 and 2006, 34 states (67%) enacted a relevant law, with 27 states' laws (45%) effective between 2003 and 2006. Five states banned direct-to-consumer shipment of cigarettes. The remaining 29 states' laws included a combination of requirements addressing minimum age/ID, payment issues, shipping, vendor licensure and related issues, tax collection/remittance, and penalties/enforcement. States with delivery sales laws have stronger youth tobacco access policies and state tobacco control environments, as well as higher state cigarette excise tax rates and revenue, past-month cigarette use rates, and perceptions of risk of use by adolescents. This paper provides the policy context for understanding Internet and other cigarette delivery sales laws in the U.S. It also provides a systematic framework for ongoing policy surveillance and will contribute to future analyses of the impact of these laws on successfully reducing youth access to cigarettes and preventing tax evasion.

26 CFR 301.6363-2 - Withdrawal from State agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... from the State agreement. (b) By change in State law. If any law of a State which has entered into a... taxes), and if the Secretary or his delegate determines that as a result of such law the State no longer has a qualified tax, then such change in the State law shall be treated as a notification of...

26 CFR 301.6363-2 - Withdrawal from State agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... from the State agreement. (b) By change in State law. If any law of a State which has entered into a... taxes), and if the Secretary or his delegate determines that as a result of such law the State no longer has a qualified tax, then such change in the State law shall be treated as a notification of...

26 CFR 301.6363-2 - Withdrawal from State agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... from the State agreement. (b) By change in State law. If any law of a State which has entered into a... taxes), and if the Secretary or his delegate determines that as a result of such law the State no longer has a qualified tax, then such change in the State law shall be treated as a notification of...

26 CFR 301.6363-2 - Withdrawal from State agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... from the State agreement. (b) By change in State law. If any law of a State which has entered into a... taxes), and if the Secretary or his delegate determines that as a result of such law the State no longer has a qualified tax, then such change in the State law shall be treated as a notification of...

26 CFR 301.6363-2 - Withdrawal from State agreements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... from the State agreement. (b) By change in State law. If any law of a State which has entered into a... taxes), and if the Secretary or his delegate determines that as a result of such law the State no longer has a qualified tax, then such change in the State law shall be treated as a notification of...

State-level gonorrhea rates and expedited partner therapy laws: insights from time series analyses.

PubMed

Owusu-Edusei, K; Cramer, R; Chesson, H W; Gift, T L; Leichliter, J S

2017-06-01

In this study, we examined state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity and assessed the potential impact of existing expedited partner therapy (EPT) laws in relation to the time that the laws were enacted. Longitudinal study. We obtained state-level monthly gonorrhea morbidity (number of cases/100,000 for males, females and total) from the national surveillance data. We used visual examination (of morbidity trends) and an autoregressive time series model in a panel format with intervention (interrupted time series) analysis to assess the impact of state EPT laws based on the months in which the laws were enacted. For over 84% of the states with EPT laws, the monthly morbidity trends did not show any noticeable decreases on or after the laws were enacted. Although we found statistically significant decreases in gonorrhea morbidity within four of the states with EPT laws (Alaska, Illinois, Minnesota, and Vermont), there were no significant decreases when the decreases in the four states were compared contemporaneously with the decreases in states that do not have the laws. We found no impact (decrease in gonorrhea morbidity) attributable exclusively to the EPT law(s). However, these results do not imply that the EPT laws themselves were not effective (or failed to reduce gonorrhea morbidity), because the effectiveness of the EPT law is dependent on necessary intermediate events/outcomes, including sexually transmitted infection service providers' awareness and practice, as well as acceptance by patients and their partners. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Association between state school nutrition laws and subsequent child obesity.

PubMed

Palakshappa, Deepak; Fiks, Alexander G; Faerber, Jennifer A; Feudtner, Chris

2016-09-01

Many states have enacted laws to improve school nutrition. We tested whether stronger state nutrition laws are associated with subsequently decreased obesity. We conducted a retrospective national multi-year panel data study (analyzed 2014-2016 at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia). The predictors were 2010 laws regarding 9 nutrition categories from the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students, which grades the strength of state laws (none, weak, or strong). The outcome was weight status (healthy weight, overweight, or obese) in elementary, middle, and high school from the 2011/2012 National Survey of Children's Health. We tested the association between the strength of laws and weight using multinomial logistic regression. To further evaluate our main results, we conducted state-level longitudinal analyses testing the association between competitive food and beverage laws on the change in obesity from 2003-2011. In main analyses of 40,177 children ages 10-17years, we found strong state laws restricting the sale of competitive food and beverages in elementary school (OR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48, 0.96) and strong advertising laws across all grades (OR: 0.63; 95% CI: 0.46, 0.86) were associated with reduced odds of obesity. In longitudinal analyses, states with strong competitive food and beverage laws from 2003-2010 had small but significant decreases in obesity, compared to states with no laws. Although further research is needed to determine the causal effect of these laws, this study suggests that strong state laws limiting the sale and advertising of unhealthy foods and beverages in schools are associated with decreased obesity rates. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Current state of US breastfeeding laws.

PubMed

Nguyen, Thu T; Hawkins, Summer Sherburne

2013-07-01

This study systematically examined state-level laws protecting breastfeeding, including their current status and historical development, as well as identified gaps across US states and regions. The National Conference of State Legislatures summarised breastfeeding laws for 50 states and DC as of September 2010, which we updated through May 2011. We then searched LexisNexis and Westlaw to find the full text of laws, recording enactment dates and definitions. Laws were coded into five categories: (1) employers are encouraged or required to provide break time and private space for breastfeeding employees; (2) employers are prohibited from discriminating against breastfeeding employees; (3) breastfeeding is permitted in any public or private location; (4) breastfeeding is exempt from public indecency laws; and (5) breastfeeding women are exempt from jury duty. By May 2011, 1 state had enacted zero breastfeeding laws, 10 had one, 22 had two, 12 had three, 5 had four and 1 state had laws across all five categories. While 92% of states allowed mothers to breastfeed in any location and 57% exempted breastfeeding from indecency laws, 37% of states encouraged or required employers to provide break time and accommodations, 24% offered breastfeeding women exemption from jury duty and 16% prohibited employment discrimination. The Northeast had the highest proportion of states with breastfeeding laws and the Midwest had the lowest. Breastfeeding outside the home is protected to varying degrees depending on where women live; this suggests that many women are not covered by comprehensive laws that promote breastfeeding. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

12 CFR 557.13 - What State laws affecting deposits are not preempted?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... purposes of § 557.11: (1) Contract and commercial law; (2) Tort law; and (3) Criminal law. (b) The OTS will... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false What State laws affecting deposits are not... DEPOSITS Deposit Activities of Federal Savings Associations § 557.13 What State laws affecting deposits are...

7 CFR 3560.5 - State, local or tribal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false State, local or tribal laws. 3560.5 Section 3560.5 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF..., local or tribal laws. Borrowers must comply with all applicable state and local laws, and laws of...

7 CFR 3560.5 - State, local or tribal laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 15 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false State, local or tribal laws. 3560.5 Section 3560.5 Agriculture Regulations of the Department of Agriculture (Continued) RURAL HOUSING SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF..., local or tribal laws. Borrowers must comply with all applicable state and local laws, and laws of...

78 FR 70392 - Notice of Meeting of Advisory Committee on International Law

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-11-25

... Law A meeting of the Department of State's Advisory Committee on International Law will take place on... Law School (Frederick Lawrence Student Conference Center), 2000 H Street NW., Washington, DC. Acting... Director, Advisory Committee on International Law, United States Department of State. [FR Doc. 2013-28232...

29 CFR 530.201 - Conflict with State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false Conflict with State law. 530.201 Section 530.201 Labor... Conflict with State law. No certificate will be issued pursuant to § 530.101 of subpart B above authorizing... State labor standards or health and safety law. ...

29 CFR 530.201 - Conflict with State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Conflict with State law. 530.201 Section 530.201 Labor... Conflict with State law. No certificate will be issued pursuant to § 530.101 of subpart B above authorizing... State labor standards or health and safety law. ...

20 CFR 601.2 - Approval of State unemployment compensation laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Approval of State unemployment compensation... unemployment compensation laws. States may at their option submit their unemployment compensation laws for... Employment and Training Administration (ETA), one copy of the State unemployment compensation law properly...

20 CFR 601.2 - Approval of State unemployment compensation laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Approval of State unemployment compensation... unemployment compensation laws. States may at their option submit their unemployment compensation laws for... Employment and Training Administration (ETA), one copy of the State unemployment compensation law properly...

20 CFR 601.2 - Approval of State unemployment compensation laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Approval of State unemployment compensation... unemployment compensation laws. States may at their option submit their unemployment compensation laws for... Employment and Training Administration (ETA), one copy of the State unemployment compensation law properly...

20 CFR 601.2 - Approval of State unemployment compensation laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Approval of State unemployment compensation... unemployment compensation laws. States may at their option submit their unemployment compensation laws for... Employment and Training Administration (ETA), one copy of the State unemployment compensation law properly...

20 CFR 601.2 - Approval of State unemployment compensation laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Approval of State unemployment compensation... unemployment compensation laws. States may at their option submit their unemployment compensation laws for... Employment and Training Administration (ETA), one copy of the State unemployment compensation law properly...

State Firearm Laws and Interstate Transfer of Guns in the USA, 2006-2016.

PubMed

Collins, Tessa; Greenberg, Rachael; Siegel, Michael; Xuan, Ziming; Rothman, Emily F; Cronin, Shea W; Hemenway, David

2018-06-01

In a cross-sectional, panel study, we examined the relationship between state firearm laws and the extent of interstate transfer of guns, as measured by the percentage of crime guns recovered in a state and traced to an in-state source (as opposed to guns recovered in a state and traced to an out-of-state source). We used 2006-2016 data on state firearm laws obtained from a search of selected state statutes and 2006-2016 crime gun trace data from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. We examined the relationship between state firearm laws and interstate transfer of guns using annual data from all 50 states during the period 2006-2016 and employing a two-way fixed effects model. The primary outcome variable was the percentage of crime guns recovered in a state that could be traced to an original point of purchase within that state as opposed to another state. The main exposure variables were eight specific state firearm laws pertaining to dealer licensing, sales restrictions, background checks, registration, prohibitors for firearm purchase, and straw purchase of guns. Four laws were independently associated with a significantly lower percentage of in-state guns: a waiting period for handgun purchase, permits required for firearm purchase, prohibition of firearm possession by people convicted of a violent misdemeanor, and a requirement for relinquishment of firearms when a person becomes disqualified from owning them. States with a higher number of gun laws had a lower percentage of traced guns to in-state dealers, with each increase of one in the total number of laws associated with a decrease of 1.6 percentage points in the proportion of recovered guns that were traced to an in-state as opposed to an out-of-state source. Based on an examination of the movement patterns of guns across states, the overall observed pattern of gun flow was out of states with weak gun laws and into states with strong gun laws. These findings indicate that certain state firearm laws are associated with a lower percentage of recovered crime guns being traced to an in-state source, suggesting reduced access to guns in states with those laws.

40 CFR 403.4 - State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 29 2011-07-01 2009-07-01 true State or local law. 403.4 Section 403.4... GENERAL PRE-TREAT-MENT REGULATIONS FOR EXIST-ING AND NEW SOURCES OF POLLUTION § 403.4 State or local law... prohibitions, established by State or local law as long as the State or local requirements are not less...

12 CFR 229.41 - Relation to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Relation to State law. 229.41 Section 229.41... Relation to State law. The provisions of this subpart supersede any inconsistent provisions of the U.C.C. as adopted in any state, or of any other state law, but only to the extent of the inconsistency. ...

45 CFR 98.3 - Effect on State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effect on State law. 98.3 Section 98.3 Public... Goals, Purposes and Definitions § 98.3 Effect on State law. (a) Nothing in the Act or this part shall be construed to supersede or modify any provision of a State constitution or State law that prohibits the...

40 CFR 403.4 - State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 28 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true State or local law. 403.4 Section 403.4... GENERAL PRE-TREAT-MENT REGULATIONS FOR EXIST-ING AND NEW SOURCES OF POLLUTION § 403.4 State or local law... prohibitions, established by State or local law as long as the State or local requirements are not less...

20 CFR 625.11 - Provisions of State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable. 625.11 Section 625.11 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE § 625.11 Provisions of State law applicable. The terms and conditions of the State law...

20 CFR 625.11 - Provisions of State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable. 625.11 Section 625.11 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE § 625.11 Provisions of State law applicable. The terms and conditions of the State law...

20 CFR 625.11 - Provisions of State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable. 625.11 Section 625.11 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE § 625.11 Provisions of State law applicable. The terms and conditions of the State law...

20 CFR 625.11 - Provisions of State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable. 625.11 Section 625.11 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE § 625.11 Provisions of State law applicable. The terms and conditions of the State law...

20 CFR 625.11 - Provisions of State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable. 625.11 Section 625.11 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR DISASTER UNEMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE § 625.11 Provisions of State law applicable. The terms and conditions of the State law...

Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999-2010.

PubMed

Bachhuber, Marcus A; Saloner, Brendan; Cunningham, Chinazo O; Barry, Colleen L

2014-10-01

Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for medical cannabis, laws that establish access to medical cannabis may change overdose mortality related to opioid analgesics in states that have enacted them. To determine the association between the presence of state medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality. A time-series analysis was conducted of medical cannabis laws and state-level death certificate data in the United States from 1999 to 2010; all 50 states were included. Presence of a law establishing a medical cannabis program in the state. Age-adjusted opioid analgesic overdose death rate per 100 000 population in each state. Regression models were developed including state and year fixed effects, the presence of 3 different policies regarding opioid analgesics, and the state-specific unemployment rate. Three states (California, Oregon, and Washington) had medical cannabis laws effective prior to 1999. Ten states (Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont) enacted medical cannabis laws between 1999 and 2010. States with medical cannabis laws had a 24.8% lower mean annual opioid overdose mortality rate (95% CI, -37.5% to -9.5%; P = .003) compared with states without medical cannabis laws. Examination of the association between medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in each year after implementation of the law showed that such laws were associated with a lower rate of overdose mortality that generally strengthened over time: year 1 (-19.9%; 95% CI, -30.6% to -7.7%; P = .002), year 2 (-25.2%; 95% CI, -40.6% to -5.9%; P = .01), year 3 (-23.6%; 95% CI, -41.1% to -1.0%; P = .04), year 4 (-20.2%; 95% CI, -33.6% to -4.0%; P = .02), year 5 (-33.7%; 95% CI, -50.9% to -10.4%; P = .008), and year 6 (-33.3%; 95% CI, -44.7% to -19.6%; P < .001). In secondary analyses, the findings remained similar. Medical cannabis laws are associated with significantly lower state-level opioid overdose mortality rates. Further investigation is required to determine how medical cannabis laws may interact with policies aimed at preventing opioid analgesic overdose.

Impact of State Laws That Extend Eligibility for Parents’ Health Insurance Coverage to Young Adults

PubMed Central

Kleinman, Lawrence C.; Starfield, Barbara; Ross, Joseph S.

2012-01-01

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The 2010 Affordable Care Act mandates that health insurance companies make those up to age 26 eligible for their parents’ policies. Thirty-four states previously enacted similar laws. The authors sought to examine the impact on access to care of state laws extending eligibility of parents’ insurance to young adults. METHODS: By using a difference-in-differences analysis, we examined the 2002–2004 and 2008–2009 Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System to compare 3 states enacting laws in 2005 or 2006 with 17 states that have not enacted laws on 4 outcomes: self-reported health insurance coverage, identification of a personal physician/clinician, physical exam from a physician within the past 2 years, and forgoing care in the past year due to cost. RESULTS: For each outcome there was differential improvement among states enacting laws compared with states without laws. Health insurance differentially increased 0.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], −3.8% to 4.2%), from 67.6% to 68.1% pre-post in states enacting laws and from 68.5% to 68.7% in states without. Personal physician/clinician identification differentially increased 0.9% (95% CI −3.1% to 5.0%), from 62.4% to 65.5% in states enacting laws and from 58.0% to 60.2% in states without. Recent physical exams differentially increased significantly 4.6% (95% CI, 0%–9.2%), from 77.3% to 81.2% in states enacting laws and from 76.2% to 75.5% in states without. Forgone care due to cost differentially decreased significantly 3.9% (95% CI, −0.3% to −7.5%), from 20.4% to 18.2% in states enacting laws and from 17.8% to 19.4% in states without. CONCLUSIONS: States that expanded eligibility to parents’ insurance in 2005 or 2006 experienced improvements in access to care among young adults. PMID:22331339

Alternative Fuels Data Center: Federal and State Laws and Incentives

Science.gov Websites

in this section... Search Federal State Local Examples Summary Tables Federal and State Laws and Legislation Find Local Laws and Incentives Find examples of laws and incentives from local governments. For ) Requirements by Year More Laws & Incentives Data | All Maps & Data Case Studies Deploying Clean Buses

Effects of Legislation on Sports-Related Concussion.

PubMed

Concannon, Leah G

2016-05-01

Following the lead of Washington state and passage of the Lystedt Law in 2009, all states now have sports concussion laws designed to help protect youth athletes. This article examines the 3 basic tenets of youth sports concussion laws, challenges in implementation of state laws, and the first measures of success. Some of the major differences among state laws are also discussed. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A Comprehensive Review of State Laws Governing Internet and Other Delivery Sales of Cigarettes in the USA

PubMed Central

Chriqui, Jamie F.; Ribisl, Kurt M.; Wallace, Raedell M.; Williams, Rebecca S.; O’Connor, Jean C.; el Arculli, Regina

2014-01-01

All U.S. states regulate face-to-face tobacco sales at retail outlets. However, the recent growth of delivery sales of tobacco products by Internet and mail order vendors has prompted new state regulations focused on preventing youth access and tax evasion. To date, there are no comprehensive and systematic analyses of these laws. The objectives of this study were to: (1) document the historical enactment of the laws; (2) assess the nature and extent of the laws; and (3) conduct preliminary analyses to examine the relationship between states with laws and other factors that might predict enactment of or be impacted by these laws. Between 1995 and 2006, thirty-four states (67%) enacted a relevant law, with 23 states’ laws (45%) enacted between 2003 and 2006. Four states banned direct-to-consumer shipment of cigarettes. The remaining 30 states’ laws included a combination of requirements addressing minimum age/ID, payment issues, shipping, vendor licensure and related issues, tax collection/remittance, and penalties/enforcement. States with delivery sales laws also have stronger state excise tax rates, youth access to tobacco policies, and state tobacco control environments as well as higher cigarette excise tax revenue, past month cigarette use rates, and perceptions of risk of use by adolescents. This paper provides the policy context for understanding Internet and other cigarette delivery sales laws in the U.S. It also provides a systematic framework for ongoing policy surveillance and will contribute to future analyses of the impact of these laws on successfully reducing youth access to cigarettes and preventing tax evasion. PMID:18236290

State Laws on Emergency Holds for Mental Health Stabilization.

PubMed

Hedman, Leslie C; Petrila, John; Fisher, William H; Swanson, Jeffrey W; Dingman, Deirdre A; Burris, Scott

2016-05-01

Psychiatric emergency hold laws permit involuntary admission to a health care facility of a person with an acute mental illness under certain circumstances. This study documented critical variation in state laws, identified important questions for evaluation research, and created a data set of laws to facilitate the public health law research of emergency hold laws' impact on mental health outcomes. The research team built a 50-state, open-source data set of laws currently governing emergency holds. A protocol and codebook were developed so that the study may be replicated and extended longitudinally, allowing future research to accurately capture changes to current laws. Although every state and the District of Columbia have emergency hold laws, state law varies on the duration of emergency holds, who can initiate an emergency hold, the extent of judicial oversight, and the rights of patients during the hold. The core criterion justifying an involuntary hold is mental illness that results in danger to self or others, but many states have added further specifications. Only 22 states require some form of judicial review of the emergency hold process, and only nine require a judge to certify the commitment before a person is hospitalized. Five states do not guarantee assessment by a qualified mental health professional during the emergency hold. The article highlights variability in state law for emergency holds of persons with acute mental illness. How this variability affects the individual, the treatment system, and law enforcement behavior is unknown. Research is needed to guide policy making and implementation on these issues.

12 CFR 303.15 - Certain limited liability companies deemed incorporated under State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Certain limited liability companies deemed... liability companies deemed incorporated under State law. (a) For purposes of the definition of “State bank... liability company (LLC) under the law of any State is deemed to be “incorporated” under the law of the State...

12 CFR Appendix A to Part 226 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Effect on State Laws A Appendix A to Part 226... (CONTINUED) TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Pt. 226, App. A Appendix A to Part 226—Effect on State Laws Request for Determination A request for a determination that a State law is inconsistent or that a State...

Analysis of the Uniform Accident And Sickness Policy Provision Law: lessons for social work practice, policy, and research.

PubMed

Cochran, Gerald

2010-01-01

The Uniform Accident and Sickness Policy Provision Law (UPPL) is a state statute that allows insurance companies in 26 states to deny claims for accidents and injuries incurred by persons under the influence of drugs or alcohol. Serious repercussions can result for patients and health care professionals as states enforce this law. To examine differences within the laws that might facilitate amendments or reduce insurance companies' ability to deny claims, a content analysis was carried out of each state's UPPL law. Results showed no meaningful differences between each state's laws. These results indicate patients and health professionals share similar risk related to the UPPL regardless of state.

29 CFR 825.702 - Interaction with Federal and State anti-discrimination laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Interaction with Federal and State anti-discrimination laws... Federal and State anti-discrimination laws. (a) Nothing in FMLA modifies or affects any Federal or State law prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, age, or...

6 CFR 27.405 - Review and preemption of State laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Review and preemption of State laws and... CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Other § 27.405 Review and preemption of State laws and...) Review and opinion—(1) Review. The Department may review State laws, administrative actions, or opinions...

21 CFR 1314.10 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Effect on State laws. 1314.10 Section 1314.10 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RETAIL SALE OF SCHEDULED LISTED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS General § 1314.10 Effect on State laws. Nothing in this part preempts State law on the...

17 CFR 30.11 - Applicability of state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Applicability of state law. 30... FUTURES AND FOREIGN OPTIONS TRANSACTIONS § 30.11 Applicability of state law. Pursuant to section 12(e)(2) of the Act, the provisions of any state law, including any rule or regulation thereunder, may be...

12 CFR 226.28 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Effect on State laws. 226.28 Section 226.28... (CONTINUED) TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Miscellaneous § 226.28 Effect on State laws. (a) Inconsistent disclosure requirements. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, State law requirements that...

12 CFR 229.41 - Relation to State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to State law. 229.41 Section 229.41... law. The provisions of this subpart supersede any inconsistent provisions of the U.C.C. as adopted in any state, or of any other state law, but only to the extent of the inconsistency. ...

40 CFR 403.4 - State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State or local law. 403.4 Section 403... law. Nothing in this regulation is intended to affect any Pretreatment Requirements, including any standards or prohibitions, established by State or local law as long as the State or local requirements are...

17 CFR 30.11 - Applicability of state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Applicability of state law. 30... FUTURES AND FOREIGN OPTIONS TRANSACTIONS § 30.11 Applicability of state law. Pursuant to section 12(e)(2) of the Act, the provisions of any state law, including any rule or regulation thereunder, may be...

12 CFR 226.28 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Effect on State laws. 226.28 Section 226.28... TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Miscellaneous § 226.28 Effect on State laws. (a) Inconsistent disclosure requirements. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, State law requirements that are...

12 CFR 1026.28 - Effect on state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 9 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Effect on state laws. 1026.28 Section 1026.28... § 1026.28 Effect on state laws. (a) Inconsistent disclosure requirements. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, state law requirements that are inconsistent with the requirements contained...

17 CFR 30.11 - Applicability of state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Applicability of state law. 30... FUTURES AND FOREIGN OPTIONS TRANSACTIONS § 30.11 Applicability of state law. Pursuant to section 12(e)(2) of the Act, the provisions of any state law, including any rule or regulation thereunder, may be...

28 CFR 104.42 - Applicable state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 2 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicable state law. 104.42 Section 104... OF 2001 Amount of Compensation for Eligible Claimants. § 104.42 Applicable state law. The phrase “to the extent recovery for such loss is allowed under applicable state law,” as used in the statute's...

Sunshine Laws in Higher Education. State Policy Brief

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hearn, James C.

2017-01-01

Public higher education is a major recipient of state funding and resources. As such, public colleges and universities directly respond to state needs for higher education and are required to provide transparency in decision-making, which is codified in state open-meeting and record laws. These laws, often termed "sunshine laws," present…

16 CFR 315.11 - Effect on state and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect on state and local laws. 315.11 Section 315.11 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS CONTACT LENS RULE § 315.11 Effect on state and local laws. (a) State and local laws and regulations that...

36 CFR 8.4 - Federal and State labor laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Federal and State labor laws... State labor laws. A concessioner shall comply with all standards established pursuant to Federal or State labor laws, such as those concerning minimum wages, child labor, hours of work, and safety, that...

21 CFR 1314.10 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2011-04-01 2011-04-01 false Effect on State laws. 1314.10 Section 1314.10 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RETAIL SALE OF SCHEDULED LISTED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS General § 1314.10 Effect on State laws. Nothing in this part preempts State law on the...

21 CFR 1314.10 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 21 Food and Drugs 9 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Effect on State laws. 1314.10 Section 1314.10 Food and Drugs DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE RETAIL SALE OF SCHEDULED LISTED CHEMICAL PRODUCTS General § 1314.10 Effect on State laws. Nothing in this part preempts State law on the...

42 CFR 423.440 - Prohibition of State imposition of premium taxes; relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...; relation to State laws. 423.440 Section 423.440 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM VOLUNTARY MEDICARE PRESCRIPTION DRUG BENEFIT Organization Compliance with State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 423.440 Prohibition of...

76 FR 51119 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-08-17

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 7545] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting The Department of State's Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL) will hold its annual meeting on developments in private international law on Thursday...

Protocol: mixed-methods study to evaluate implementation, enforcement, and outcomes of U.S. state laws intended to curb high-risk opioid prescribing.

PubMed

McGinty, Emma E; Stuart, Elizabeth A; Caleb Alexander, G; Barry, Colleen L; Bicket, Mark C; Rutkow, Lainie

2018-02-26

The U.S. opioid epidemic has been driven by the high volume of opioids prescribed by healthcare providers. U.S. states have recently enacted four types of laws designed to curb high-risk prescribing practices, such as high-dose and long-term opioid prescribing, associated with opioid-related mortality: (1) mandatory Prescription Drug Monitoring Program (PDMP) enrollment laws, which require prescribers to enroll in their state's PDMP, an electronic database of patients' controlled substance prescriptions, (2) mandatory PDMP query laws, which require prescribers to query the PDMP prior to prescribing an opioid, (3) opioid prescribing cap laws, which limit the dose and/or duration of opioid prescriptions, and (4) pill mill laws, which strictly regulate pain clinics to prevent nonmedical opioid prescribing. Some pain experts have expressed concern that these laws could negatively affect pain management among patients with chronic non-cancer pain. This paper describes the protocol for a mixed-methods study analyzing the independent effects of these four types of laws on opioid prescribing patterns and chronic non-cancer pain treatment, accounting for variation in implementation and enforcement of laws across states. Many states have enacted multiple opioid prescribing laws at or around the same time. To overcome this issue, our study focuses on 18 treatment states that each enacted a single law of interest, and no other potentially confounding laws, over a 4-year period (2 years pre-/post-law). Qualitative interviews with key leaders in each of the 18 treatment states will characterize the timing, scope, and strength of each state law's implementation and enforcement. This information will inform the design and interpretation of synthetic control models analyzing the effects of each of the two types of laws on two sets of outcomes: measures of (1) high-risk opioid prescribing and (2) non-opioid treatments for chronic non-cancer pain. Study of mandatory PDMP enrollment, mandatory PDMP query, opioid prescribing cap, and pill mill laws is timely given a dynamic policy environment in which numerous states pass, revise, implement, and enforce varied laws to address opioid prescribing each year. Findings will inform enactment, implementation, and enforcement of these laws in additional states.

Correlates of State Enactment of Elementary School Physical Education Laws

PubMed Central

Monnat, Shannon M.; Lounsbery, Monica A.F.; Smith, Nicole J.

2014-01-01

Objective To describe variation in U.S. state elementary school physical education (PE) policies and to assess associations between state PE policy enactment and education funding, academic achievement, sociodemographic disadvantage, and political characteristics. Methods U.S. state laws regarding school PE time, staffing, curriculum, fitness assessment, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 2012 were classified as strong/specific, weak/nonspecific, or none based on codified law ratings within the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.). Laws were merged with state-level data from multiple sources. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between state characteristics and PE laws (N=51). Results Laws with specific PE and MVPA time requirements and evidence-based curriculum standards were more likely in states with low academic performance and in states with sociodemographically disadvantaged populations. School day length was positively associated with enacting a PE curriculum that referenced evidence-based standards. School funding and political characteristics were not associated with PE laws. Conclusions Limited time and high-stakes testing requirements force schools to prioritize academic programs, posing barriers to state passage of specific PE laws. To facilitate PE policy enactment, it may be necessary to provide evidence of how PE policies can be implemented within existing time and staffing structures. PMID:25230368

State farm-to-school laws influence the availability of fruits and vegetables in school lunches at US public elementary schools.

PubMed

Nicholson, Lisa; Turner, Lindsey; Schneider, Linda; Chriqui, Jamie; Chaloupka, Frank

2014-05-01

State laws and farm-to-school programs (FTSPs) have the potential to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) availability in school meals. This study examined whether FV were more available in public elementary school lunches in states with a law requiring/encouraging FTSPs or with a locally grown-related law, and whether the relationship between state laws and FV availability could be explained by schools opting for FTSPs. A pooled, cross-sectional analysis linked a nationally representative sample of public elementary schools with state laws. A series of multivariate logistic regressions, controlling for school-level demographics were performed according to mediation analysis procedures for dichotomous outcomes. Roughly 50% of schools reported FV availability in school lunches on most days of the week. Schools with the highest FV availability (70.6%) were in states with laws and schools with FTSPs. State laws requiring/encouraging FTSPs were significantly associated with increased FV availability in schools and a significant percentage (13%) of this relationship was mediated by schools having FTSPs. Because state farm-to-school laws are associated with significantly higher FV availability in schools-through FTSPs, as well as independently-enacting more state legislation may facilitate increased FTSP participation by schools and increased FV availability in school meals. © 2014, American School Health Association.

Correlates of state enactment of elementary school physical education laws.

PubMed

Monnat, Shannon M; Lounsbery, Monica A F; Smith, Nicole J

2014-12-01

To describe variation in U.S. state elementary school physical education (PE) policies and to assess associations between state PE policy enactment and education funding, academic achievement, sociodemographic disadvantage, and political characteristics. U.S. state laws regarding school PE time, staffing, curriculum, fitness assessment, and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in 2012 were classified as strong/specific, weak/nonspecific, or none based on codified law ratings within the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.). Laws were merged with state-level data from multiple sources. Logistic regression was used to determine associations between state characteristics and PE laws (N=51). Laws with specific PE and MVPA time requirements and evidence-based curriculum standards were more likely in states with low academic performance and in states with sociodemographically disadvantaged populations. School day length was positively associated with enacting a PE curriculum that referenced evidence-based standards. School funding and political characteristics were not associated with PE laws. Limited time and high-stake testing requirements force schools to prioritize academic programs, posing barriers to state passage of specific PE laws. To facilitate PE policy enactment, it may be necessary to provide evidence on how PE policies can be implemented within existing time and staffing structures. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

27 CFR 31.4 - Relation to State and municipal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... business contrary to the laws of such State or in places prohibited by municipal law; nor shall such... municipal law. 31.4 Section 31.4 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE... State and municipal law. Compliance with the requirements of this part shall not be held to exempt any...

TRAP abortion laws and partisan political party control of state government.

PubMed

Medoff, Marshall H; Dennis, Christopher

2011-01-01

Targeted Regulation of Abortion Providers (or TRAP) laws impose medically unnecessary and burdensome regulations solely on abortion providers in order to make abortion services more expensive and difficult to obtain. Using event history analysis, this article examines the determinants of the enactment of a TRAP law by states over the period 1974–2008. The empirical results find that Republican institutional control of a state's legislative/executive branches is positively associated with a state enacting a TRAP law, while Democratic institutional control is negatively associated with a state enacting a TRAP law. The percentage of a state's population that is Catholic, public anti-abortion attitudes, state political ideology, and the abortion rate in a state are statistically insignificant predictors of a state enacting a TRAP law. The empirical results are consistent with the hypothesis that abortion is a redistributive issue and not a morality issue.

State preemption of local smoke-free laws in government work sites, private work sites, and restaurants - United States, 2005-2009.

PubMed

2010-02-05

Smoke-free policies (i.e., policies that completely eliminate smoking in indoor workplaces and public places) result in health benefits, including preventing heart attacks. Preemptive legislation at the state level prohibits localities from enacting laws that vary from state law or are more stringent. A Healthy People 2010 objective (27-19) is to eliminate state laws that preempt stronger local tobacco control laws. A 2005 CDC review found that little progress was being made toward reducing the number of state laws preempting local smoking restrictions in three indoor settings: government work sites, private-sector work sites, and restaurants. These three settings were selected for analysis because they are settings that often are addressed by state and local smoking restrictions and because they are major settings where nonsmoking workers and patrons are exposed to secondhand smoke. This report updates the previous analysis and summarizes changes that occurred from December 31, 2004, to December 31, 2009, in state laws that preempt local smoke-free laws for the same three settings. During that period, the number of states preempting local smoking restrictions in at least one of these three settings decreased from 19 to 12. In contrast with the 2005 findings, this decrease indicates progress toward achieving the goal of eliminating state laws preempting local smoking restrictions. Further progress could result in additional reductions in secondhand smoke exposure.

The Pattern of Indoor Smoking Restriction Law Transitions, 1970–2009: Laws Are Sticky

PubMed Central

Sanders-Jackson, Ashley; Gonzalez, Mariaelena; Zerbe, Brandon; Song, Anna V.

2013-01-01

Objectives. We examined the pattern of the passage of smoking laws across venues (government and private workplaces, restaurants, bars) and by strength (no law to 100% smoke-free). Methods. We conducted transition analyses of local and state smoking restrictions passed between 1970 and 2009, with data from the Americans for Nonsmokers’ Rights Ordinance Database. Results. Each decade, more laws were enacted, from 18 passed in the 1970s to 3172 in the first decade of this century, when 91% of existing state laws were passed. Most laws passed took states and localities from no law to some level of smoking restriction, and most new local (77%; 5148/6648) and state (73%; 115/158) laws passed in the study period did not change strength. Conclusions. Because these laws are “sticky”—once a law has passed, strength of the law and venues covered do not change often—policymakers and advocates should focus on passing strong laws the first time, rather than settling for less comprehensive laws with the hope of improving them in the future. PMID:23763408

12 CFR 229.20 - Relation to state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Relation to state law. 229.20 Section 229.20... Disclosure of Funds Availability Policies § 229.20 Relation to state law. (a) In general. Any provision of a law or regulation of any state in effect on or before September 1, 1989, that requires funds deposited...

50 CFR 20.72 - Violation of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 8 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Violation of State law. 20.72 Section 20... WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MIGRATORY BIRD HUNTING Federal, State, and Foreign Law § 20.72 Violation of State law. No person shall at any time, by any means or in any manner, take, possess, transport, or...

50 CFR 20.72 - Violation of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 50 Wildlife and Fisheries 9 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Violation of State law. 20.72 Section 20... WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MIGRATORY BIRD HUNTING Federal, State, and Foreign Law § 20.72 Violation of State law. No person shall at any time, by any means or in any manner, take, possess, transport, or...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

22 CFR 92.4 - Authority of notarizing officers of the Department of State under Federal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... Department of State under Federal law. 92.4 Section 92.4 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND... Department of State under Federal law. (a) All notarizing officers are required, when application is made to... authority under Federal law to perform notarial acts except in connection with the authentication of...

78 FR 36816 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-06-19

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8358] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting of the Study Group on Family Law The Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Private International Law, Department of State, hereby gives notice of a public meeting of the...

77 FR 75696 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-12-21

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8131] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting of the Study Group on Family Law The Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Private International Law, Department of State, hereby gives notice of a public meeting of the...

27 CFR 478.58 - State or other law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... business or activity contrary to State or other law. The holder of such a license is not by reason of the... ammunition business or activity in violation of the provisions of any State or other law. Similarly... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false State or other law. 478.58...

State Intimate Partner Violence-Related Firearm Laws and Intimate Partner Homicide Rates in the United States, 1991 to 2015.

PubMed

Díez, Carolina; Kurland, Rachel P; Rothman, Emily F; Bair-Merritt, Megan; Fleegler, Eric; Xuan, Ziming; Galea, Sandro; Ross, Craig S; Kalesan, Bindu; Goss, Kristin A; Siegel, Michael

2017-10-17

To prevent intimate partner homicide (IPH), some states have adopted laws restricting firearm possession by intimate partner violence (IPV) offenders. "Possession" laws prohibit the possession of firearms by these offenders. "Relinquishment" laws prohibit firearm possession and also explicitly require offenders to surrender their firearms. Few studies have assessed the effect of these policies. To study the association between state IPV-related firearm laws and IPH rates over a 25-year period (1991 to 2015). Panel study. United States, 1991 to 2015. Homicides committed by intimate partners, as identified in the Federal Bureau of Investigation's Uniform Crime Reports, Supplementary Homicide Reports. IPV-related firearm laws (predictor) and annual, state-specific, total, and firearm-related IPH rates (outcome). State laws that prohibit persons subject to IPV-related restraining orders from possessing firearms and also require them to relinquish firearms in their possession were associated with 9.7% lower total IPH rates (95% CI, 3.4% to 15.5% reduction) and 14.0% lower firearm-related IPH rates (CI, 5.1% to 22.0% reduction) than in states without these laws. Laws that did not explicitly require relinquishment of firearms were associated with a non-statistically significant 6.6% reduction in IPH rates. The model did not control for variation in implementation of the laws. Causal interpretation is limited by the observational and ecological nature of the analysis. Our findings suggest that state laws restricting firearm possession by persons deemed to be at risk for perpetrating intimate partner abuse may save lives. Laws requiring at-risk persons to surrender firearms already in their possession were associated with lower IPH rates. Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.

Practical Law in Utah. Utah Supplement to "Street Law." Fourth Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Utah State Office of Education, Salt Lake City. Statewide Clearinghouse on Law-Related Education.

This textbook for high school students on law in Utah supplements "Street Law: A Course in Practical Law," a program in law-related education in use across the United States. The introduction explains the meaning of law, how laws are made in Utah, and the functions of the state court system. Following chapters elucidate the branches of…

State-level school competitive food and beverage laws are associated with children’s weight status

PubMed Central

Oh, April; Agurs-Collins, Tanya; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Mâsse, Louise C.; Moser, Richard P.; Perna, Frank

2014-01-01

BACKGROUND This study attempted to determine whether state laws regulating low nutrient, high energy-dense foods and beverages sold outside of the reimbursable school meals program (referred to as ‘competitive foods’) are associated with children’s weight status. METHODS We use the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) database of state codified law(s) relevant to school nutrition. States were classified as having strong, weak, or no competitive food laws in 2005 based on strength and comprehensiveness. Parent-reported height and weight along with demographic, behavioral, family, and household characteristics were obtained from the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health. Bivariate and logistic regression analyses estimated the association between states’ competitive food laws and children’s overweight and obesity status (BMI-for-age ≥ 85th percentile). Children (n=16271) between the ages of 11–14 years with a BMI for age ≥ 5th percentile who attended public school were included. RESULTS Children living in states with weak competitive food laws for middle schools had over a 20% higher odds of being overweight or obese than children living in states with either no or strong school competitive food laws. CONCLUSION State-level school competitive food and beverage laws merit attention with efforts to address the childhood obesity epidemic. Attention to the specificity and requirements of these laws should also be considered. PMID:25117896

Medical Cannabis Laws and Opioid Analgesic Overdose Mortality in the United States, 1999–2010

PubMed Central

Bachhuber, Marcus A.; Saloner, Brendan; Cunningham, Chinazo O.; Barry, Colleen L.

2015-01-01

IMPORTANCE Opioid analgesic overdose mortality continues to rise in the United States, driven by increases in prescribing for chronic pain. Because chronic pain is a major indication for medical cannabis, laws that establish access to medical cannabis may change overdose mortality related to opioid analgesics in states that have enacted them. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between the presence of state medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A time-series analysis was conducted of medical cannabis laws and state-level death certificate data in the United States from 1999 to 2010; all 50 states were included. EXPOSURES Presence of a law establishing a medical cannabis program in the state. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Age-adjusted opioid analgesic overdose death rate per 100 000 population in each state. Regression models were developed including state and year fixed effects, the presence of 3 different policies regarding opioid analgesics, and the state-specific unemployment rate. RESULTS Three states (California, Oregon, and Washington) had medical cannabis laws effective prior to 1999. Ten states (Alaska, Colorado, Hawaii, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Rhode Island, and Vermont) enacted medical cannabis laws between 1999 and 2010. States with medical cannabis laws had a 24.8% lower mean annual opioid overdose mortality rate (95% CI, −37.5% to −9.5%; P = .003) compared with states without medical cannabis laws. Examination of the association between medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in each year after implementation of the law showed that such laws were associated with a lower rate of overdose mortality that generally strengthened over time: year 1 (−19.9%; 95% CI, −30.6% to −7.7%; P = .002), year 2 (−25.2%; 95% CI, −40.6% to −5.9%; P = .01), year 3 (−23.6%; 95% CI, −41.1% to −1.0%; P = .04), year 4 (−20.2%; 95% CI, −33.6% to −4.0%; P = .02), year 5 (−33.7%; 95% CI, −50.9% to −10.4%; P = .008), and year 6 (−33.3%; 95% CI, −44.7% to −19.6%; P < .001). In secondary analyses, the findings remained similar. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Medical cannabis laws are associated with significantly lower state-level opioid overdose mortality rates. Further investigation is required to determine how medical cannabis laws may interact with policies aimed at preventing opioid analgesic overdose. PMID:25154332

The Louisiana State University Law Center's Bijural Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Costonis, John J.

2002-01-01

Describes the bijural program of Louisiana State University Law Center. The program educates all first-degree law students in both the common law and civil law traditions, preparing them for the increasing globalization of legal practice. (EV)

Stuck in Neutral: Stalled Progress in Statewide Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws and Cigarette Excise Taxes, United States, 2000–2014

PubMed Central

King, Brian A.; Babb, Stephen D.

2016-01-01

Introduction Increasing tobacco excise taxes and implementing comprehensive smoke-free laws are two of the most effective population-level strategies to reduce tobacco use, prevent tobacco use initiation, and protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. We examined state laws related to smoke-free buildings and to cigarette excise taxes from 2000 through 2014 to see how implementation of these laws from 2000 through 2009 differs from implementation in more recent years (2010–2014). Methods We used legislative data from LexisNexis, an online legal research database, to examine changes in statewide smoke-free laws and cigarette excise taxes in effect from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2014. A comprehensive smoke-free law was defined as a statewide law prohibiting smoking in all indoor areas of private work sites, restaurants, and bars. Results From 2000 through 2009, 21 states and the District of Columbia implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in work sites, restaurants, and bars. In 2010, 4 states implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws. The last state to implement a comprehensive smoke-free law was North Dakota in 2012, bringing the total number to 26 states and the District of Columbia. From 2000 through 2009, 46 states and the District of Columbia implemented laws increasing their cigarette excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.92. However, from 2010 through 2014, only 14 states and the District of Columbia increased their excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.20. Conclusion The recent stall in progress in enacting and implementing statewide comprehensive smoke-free laws and increasing cigarette excise taxes may undermine tobacco prevention and control efforts in the United States, undercutting efforts to reduce tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, health disparities, and tobacco-related illness and death. PMID:27309417

Stuck in Neutral: Stalled Progress in Statewide Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws and Cigarette Excise Taxes, United States, 2000-2014.

PubMed

Holmes, Carissa Baker; King, Brian A; Babb, Stephen D

2016-06-16

Increasing tobacco excise taxes and implementing comprehensive smoke-free laws are two of the most effective population-level strategies to reduce tobacco use, prevent tobacco use initiation, and protect nonsmokers from secondhand smoke. We examined state laws related to smoke-free buildings and to cigarette excise taxes from 2000 through 2014 to see how implementation of these laws from 2000 through 2009 differs from implementation in more recent years (2010-2014). We used legislative data from LexisNexis, an online legal research database, to examine changes in statewide smoke-free laws and cigarette excise taxes in effect from January 1, 2000, through December 31, 2014. A comprehensive smoke-free law was defined as a statewide law prohibiting smoking in all indoor areas of private work sites, restaurants, and bars. From 2000 through 2009, 21 states and the District of Columbia implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in work sites, restaurants, and bars. In 2010, 4 states implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws. The last state to implement a comprehensive smoke-free law was North Dakota in 2012, bringing the total number to 26 states and the District of Columbia. From 2000 through 2009, 46 states and the District of Columbia implemented laws increasing their cigarette excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.92. However, from 2010 through 2014, only 14 states and the District of Columbia increased their excise tax, which increased the national average state excise tax rate by $0.20. The recent stall in progress in enacting and implementing statewide comprehensive smoke-free laws and increasing cigarette excise taxes may undermine tobacco prevention and control efforts in the United States, undercutting efforts to reduce tobacco use, exposure to secondhand smoke, health disparities, and tobacco-related illness and death.

Policies on worksite lactation support within states and organizations.

PubMed

Abdulloeva, Safina; Eyler, Amy A

2013-09-01

The issue of workplace lactation support has intensified due to the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) amendment of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) obliging employers to provide a reasonable break time for nursing mothers. This objective of this study is to examine organizational policies on worksite lactation support as they relate to the new federal standards in state employees and within large state public and private universities. State laws were collected from National Conference of State Legislators. Policies for state employees and large public and private universities were collected via human resource or personnel administration websites. The policies were coded for content and compared to FLSA requirements. The presence of state law on lactation support and extent to which the organizational policies encompass FSLA were compared with state breastfeeding rates at 6 months. After the ACA became effective in 2010, 33 state organizations, 36 state public universities, and 13 private universities issued the administrative notice and aligned their organizational policies with the federal requirements. Twenty-four states enacted worksite breastfeeding law prior to the 2010 federal law. Nineteen states with enacted worksite breastfeeding state laws also have lactation policies for state employees. States and universities vary in the presence of a formal, written lactation support policy for state employees. There was a significant correlation between State law and 6 months exclusive breastfeeding rates. Future research should investigate whether the federal law serves as stronger catalyst for organizational policies than does state law. Additionally, other policies such as paid maternity leave may also contribute to achieving the desired breastfeeding rates.

Questions to Consider When Creating or Modifying Charter School Laws. ECS Education Policy Analysis

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Aragon, Stephanie

2015-01-01

The first charter school law surfaced in Minnesota in 1991, and since then, 42 additional states, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico have passed laws governing charter schools. Yet still today, the details within those state laws vary significantly, and seven states do not have a law at all. Legislation permitting charter schools was…

State laws and the practice of lay midwifery.

PubMed Central

Butter, I H; Kay, B J

1988-01-01

A national survey was conducted to assess the current status and characteristics of state legislation regulating the practice of lay midwives. As of July 1987, 10 states have prohibitory laws, five states have grandmother clauses authorizing practicing midwives under repealed statutes, five states have enabling laws which are not used, and 10 states explicitly permit lay midwives to practice. In the 21 remaining states, the legal status of midwives is unclear. Much of the enabling legislation restricts midwifery practice often resulting in situations similar to those in states with prohibitory laws. Given the growth of an extensive grassroots movement of lay midwives committed to quality of care, this outcome suggests that 21 states with no legislation may provide better opportunities for midwifery practice than states with enabling laws. PMID:3407812

Bad risk? An overview of laws prohibiting possession of firearms by individuals with a history of treatment for mental illness.

PubMed

Simpson, Joseph R

2007-01-01

For nearly 40 years, federal law has barred certain individuals with a history of mental health treatment from purchasing, receiving, or possessing firearms. State laws are a patchwork of different regulations, some much more inclusive than the federal statute, others that parallel it closely. In some states, such laws are nonexistent. For the past 20 years, it has been possible to petition for relief from the federal prohibition; however, this is not the case with all state laws. The mechanisms for relief under state laws, when present, vary significantly, and not all require the input of a mental health professional or even of any physician. This article provides an overview of federal and state laws, a discussion of implications of these laws for mental health clinicians and forensic practitioners, and suggestions of directions for future research.

State medical marijuana laws: understanding the laws and their limitations.

PubMed

Pacula, Rosalie Liccardo; Chriqui, Jamie F; Reichmann, Deborah A; Terry-McElrath, Yvonne M

2002-01-01

Significant attention has been given to the debate regarding allowances for medical marijuana use since the 1996 California and Arizona ballot initiatives. State medical marijuana allowances, however, have existed since the mid-1970s. Much of the current debate stems from confusion about the various ways states approach the issue. In this paper, we present original legal research on current state medical marijuana laws identifying four different ways states statutorily enable the medical use of marijuana. We discuss the tension these approaches have with federal law as well as their implications regarding real access for patients. In addition, we present information on how a small number of states are trying to deal with the issue of access within the context of their medical marijuana laws, and discuss the implication of various supply approaches on the enforcement of other state marijuana laws.

12 CFR 716.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... if the protection such statute, regulation, order or interpretation affords any consumer is greater... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 716.17 Relation to state laws. (a... extent of the inconsistency. (b) Greater protection under state law. For purposes of this section, a...

78 FR 45051 - Unincorporated Business Entities; Effective Date

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-26

... under State law for certain business activities. In accordance with the law, the effective date of the...) institutions' use of unincorporated business entities (UBEs) organized under State law for certain business... business entities, such as unincorporated business trusts, organized under State law. The final rule does...

12 CFR Appendix C to Part 230 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Effect on State Laws C Appendix C to Part 230... (CONTINUED) TRUTH IN SAVINGS (REGULATION DD) Pt. 230, App. C Appendix C to Part 230—Effect on State Laws (a) Inconsistent Requirements State law requirements that are inconsistent with the requirements of the act and...

State firearm laws, firearm ownership, and safety practices among families of preschool-aged children.

PubMed

Prickett, Kate C; Martin-Storey, Alexa; Crosnoe, Robert

2014-06-01

We investigated how state-level firearms legislation is associated with firearm ownership and storage among families with preschool-aged children. Using 2005 nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n = 8100), we conducted multinomial regression models to examine the associations between state-level firearms legislation generally, child access prevention (CAP) firearms legislation specifically, and parental firearm ownership and storage safety practices. Overall, 8% of families with children aged 4 years living in states with stronger firearm laws and CAP laws owned firearms compared with 24% of families in states with weaker firearm laws and no CAP laws. Storage behaviors of firearm owners differed minimally across legislative contexts. When we controlled for family- and state-level characteristics, we found that firearm legislation and CAP laws interacted to predict ownership and storage behaviors, with unsafe storage least likely among families in states with both CAP laws and stronger firearm legislation. Broader firearm legislation is linked with the efficacy of child-specific legislation in promoting responsible firearm ownership.

Effects of Dram Shop, Responsible Beverage Service Training, and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios.

PubMed

Scherer, Michael; Fell, James C; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B

2015-01-01

In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws-dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales-have had an impact on underage drinking and driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of.08 and.10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption. Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β =.019, p =.018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effect: β =.048, p =.001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p <.001, partial η(2) =.016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340). Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the laws. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved.

Are farm-to-school programs more common in states with farm-to-school-related laws?

PubMed

Schneider, Linda; Chriqui, Jamie; Nicholson, Lisa; Turner, Lindsey; Gourdet, Camille; Chaloupka, Frank

2012-05-01

Farm-to-School programs (FTSPs) connect schools with locally grown food. This article examines whether FTSPs are more common in public elementary schools (ESs) in states with a formal, FTSP law or with a related, locally grown procurement law. A pooled, cross-sectional analysis linked nationally representative samples of 1872 public ESs (across 47 states) for the 2006-2007, 2007-2008, and 2008-2009 school years with state laws effective as of the beginning of September of each year that were collected and analyzed for all states. Multivariate logistic regression models examined the impact of state law on school FTSP participation, controlling for year and school-level race/ethnicity, region, locale, free-reduced lunch participation, and school size. The percentage of schools located in a state with a FTSP-specific law increased from 7.3% to 20.4% over the 3-year period, while the percentage of schools located in a state with a locally grown procurement law was approximately 30% across all years. The percentage of schools with FTSPs has more than tripled over the last 3 years (from 4.9% to 17.7%). After adjusting for all covariates except year, FTSPs were significantly more likely in states with a FTSP-specific law (OR = 2.45, 95% CI = 1.28-4.67); once adjusting for year, the results were marginally significant (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = .91-3.25). School-level FTSPs were not related to state locally grown procurement laws. Although the percentage of schools with FTSPs is relatively small, these programs are becoming more common, particularly in states with FTSP-specific laws. © 2012, American School Health Association.

12 CFR 203.3 - Exempt institutions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... last reported loan data under the state disclosure law. ... DISCLOSURE (REGULATION C) § 203.3 Exempt institutions. (a) Exemption based on state law. (1) A state... Board determines that the institution is subject to a state disclosure law that contains requirements...

16 CFR 313.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 313.17 Section 313... OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 313.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as superseding, altering, or affecting any...

16 CFR 313.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 313.17 Section 313... OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 313.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as superseding, altering, or affecting any...

Removing Firearms From Those Prohibited From Possession by Domestic Violence Restraining Orders: A Survey and Analysis of State Laws.

PubMed

Zeoli, April M; Frattaroli, Shannon; Roskam, Kelly; Herrera, Anastasia K

2017-01-01

Under federal and many state laws, persons under domestic violence restraining orders (DVROs) are prohibited from possession of firearms. Using multiple sources and a Lexis Nexis search, we developed a list of state laws pertaining to the relinquishment or removal of firearms from persons prohibited from possession by DVROs. After downloading the text of each law, we conducted a legal analysis to enumerate provisions of the laws specifying implementation. We found 49 laws in 29 states and Washington, DC. The laws were conceptualized as instructions to the court, the respondent, and law enforcement. We detail the content of each state's law, including such elements as whether it applies to ex parte DVROs; whether certain criteria must be met, such as previous use of a firearm in domestic violence or lack of an employment exemption, before the law can be applied; and whether the application of the law is mandatory. We also detail instructions to the respondent regarding to whom firearms may be relinquished, whether the respondent must seek permission to transfer the firearm to a third party, and the time by which dispossession must occur. Finally, whether law enforcement bears the responsibility for removing the firearm or whether the law gives the court the authority to order a search and seizure for the firearms is discussed. The purpose of the research is to provide an overview of these state laws that can be used by key stakeholders in legislative, judicial, advocacy, or research roles. Implications are discussed.

Do state breastfeeding laws in the USA promote breast feeding?

PubMed

Hawkins, Summer Sherburne; Stern, Ariel Dora; Gillman, Matthew W

2013-03-01

Despite the passage of state laws promoting breast feeding, a formal evaluation has not yet been conducted to test whether and/or what type of laws may increase breast feeding. The enactment of breastfeeding laws in different states in the USA creates a natural experiment. We examined the impact of state breastfeeding laws on breastfeeding initiation and duration as well as on disparities in these infant feeding practices. Using data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System, we conducted differences-in-differences models to examine breastfeeding status before and after the institution of laws between 2000 and 2008 among 326 263 mothers from 32 states in the USA. For each mother, we coded the presence of two types of state breastfeeding laws. Mothers reported whether they ever breast fed or pumped breast milk (breastfeeding initiation) and, if so, how long they continued. We defined breastfeeding duration as continuing to breast feed for ≥4 weeks. Breastfeeding initiation was 1.7 percentage points higher in states with new laws to provide break time and private space for breastfeeding employees (p=0.01), particularly among Hispanic mothers (adjusted coefficient 0.058). While there was no overall effect of laws permitting mothers to breast feed in any location, among Black mothers we observed increases in breastfeeding initiation (adjusted coefficient 0.056). Effects on breastfeeding duration were in the same direction, but slightly weaker. State laws that support breast feeding appear to increase breastfeeding rates. Most of these gains were observed among Hispanic and Black women and women of lower educational attainment suggesting that such state laws may help reduce disparities in breast feeding.

Impact of laws aimed at healthcare-associated infection reduction: a qualitative study.

PubMed

Stone, Patricia W; Pogorzelska-Maziarz, Monika; Reagan, Julie; Merrill, Jacqueline A; Sperber, Brad; Cairns, Catherine; Penn, Matthew; Ramanathan, Tara; Mothershed, Elizabeth; Skillen, Elizabeth

2015-10-01

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are preventable. Globally, laws aimed at reducing HAIs have been implemented. In the USA, these laws are at the federal and state levels. It is not known whether the state interventions are more effective than the federal incentives alone. The aims of this study were to explore the impact federal and state HAI laws have on state departments of health and hospital stakeholders in the USA and to explore similarities and differences in perceptions across states. A qualitative study was conducted. In 2012, we conducted semistructured interviews with key stakeholders from states with and without state-level laws to gain multiple perspectives. Interviews were transcribed and open coding was conducted. Data were analysed using content analysis and collected until theoretical saturation was achieved. Ninety interviews were conducted with stakeholders from 12 states (6 states with laws and 6 states without laws). We found an increase in state-level collaboration. The publicly reported data helped hospitals benchmark and focus leaders on HAI prevention. There were concerns about the publicly reported data (eg, lack of validation and timeliness). Resource needs were also identified. No major differences were expressed by interviewees from states with and without laws. While we could not tease out the impact of specific interventions, increased collaboration between departments of health and their partners is occurring. Harmonisation of HAI definitions and reporting between state and federal laws would minimise reporting burden. Continued monitoring of the progress of HAI prevention is needed. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

The Law and Catholic Schools: Approaching the New Millennium.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaughnessy, Mary Angela

The laws affecting education in the United States today can generally be classified according to four categories: (1) Constitutional law (both state and federal); (2) statutes and regulations; (3) common law principles; and (4) contract law. Students and teachers in private schools are not protected by federal Constitutional law because they are…

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

12 CFR 150.136 - To what extent do state laws apply to my fiduciary operations?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... law; (4) Criminal law; (5) Probate law; and (6) Any other law that the OCC, upon review, finds: (i) Furthers a vital state interest; and (ii) Either has only an incidental effect on fiduciary operations or...

Effects of Dram Shop, Responsible Beverage Service Training, and State Alcohol Control Laws on Underage Drinking Driver Fatal Crash Ratios

PubMed Central

Scherer, Michael; Fell, James C.; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B.

2015-01-01

Objectives In this study, we aimed to determine whether three minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws—dram shop liability, responsible beverage service (RBS) training, and state control of alcohol sales—have had an impact on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes using annual state-level data, and compared states with strong laws to those with weak laws to examine their effect on beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. Methods Using the Fatality Analysis Reporting System, we calculated the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes as our key outcome measure. We used structural equation modeling to evaluate the three MLDA-21 laws. We controlled for covariates known to impact fatal crashes including: 17 additional MLDA-21 laws; administrative license revocation; blood alcohol concentration limits of .08 and .10 for driving; seat belt laws; sobriety checkpoint frequency; unemployment rates; and vehicle miles traveled. Outcome variables, in addition to the fatal crash ratios of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 included state per capita beer consumption. Results Dram shop liability laws were associated with a 2.4% total effect decrease (direct effects: β = .019, p = .018). Similarly, RBS training laws were associated with a 3.6% total effect decrease (direct effects: β = .048, p = .001) in the ratio of drinking to nondrinking drivers under age 21 involved in fatal crashes. There was a significant relationship between dram shop liability law strength and per capita beer consumption, F (4, 1528) = 24.32, p < .001, partial η2 = .016, showing states with strong dram shop liability laws (Mean (M) = 1.276) averaging significantly lower per capita beer consumption than states with weak laws (M = 1.340). Conclusions Dram shop liability laws and RBS laws were both associated with significantly reduced per capita beer consumption and fatal crash ratios. In practical terms, this means that dram shop liability laws are currently associated with saving an estimated 64 lives in the 45 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 6 states adopted the dram shop law, an additional 9 lives could potentially be saved annually. Similarly, RBS training laws are associated with saving an estimated 83 lives in the 37 jurisdictions that currently have the law. If the remaining 14 states adopted these RBS training laws, we estimate that an additional 28 lives could potentially be saved. PMID:26436244

18 CFR 35.27 - Authority of State commissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... under applicable State and Federal law, or (b) Limits the authority of a State commission in accordance with State and Federal law to establish (1) Competitive procedures for the acquisition of electric... distribution of such electric energy to retail consumers for purposes established in accordance with State law...

18 CFR 35.27 - Authority of State commissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... under applicable State and Federal law, or (b) Limits the authority of a State commission in accordance with State and Federal law to establish (1) Competitive procedures for the acquisition of electric... distribution of such electric energy to retail consumers for purposes established in accordance with State law...

18 CFR 35.27 - Authority of State commissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... under applicable State and Federal law, or (b) Limits the authority of a State commission in accordance with State and Federal law to establish (1) Competitive procedures for the acquisition of electric... distribution of such electric energy to retail consumers for purposes established in accordance with State law...

18 CFR 35.27 - Authority of State commissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... under applicable State and Federal law, or (b) Limits the authority of a State commission in accordance with State and Federal law to establish (1) Competitive procedures for the acquisition of electric... distribution of such electric energy to retail consumers for purposes established in accordance with State law...

18 CFR 35.27 - Authority of State commissions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... under applicable State and Federal law, or (b) Limits the authority of a State commission in accordance with State and Federal law to establish (1) Competitive procedures for the acquisition of electric... distribution of such electric energy to retail consumers for purposes established in accordance with State law...

State and Local Comprehensive Smoke-Free Laws for Worksites, Restaurants, and Bars - United States, 2015.

PubMed

Tynan, Michael A; Holmes, Carissa Baker; Promoff, Gabbi; Hallett, Cynthia; Hopkins, Maggie; Frick, Bronson

2016-06-24

Exposure to secondhand smoke from burning tobacco products causes stroke, lung cancer, and coronary heart disease in adults (1,2). Children who are exposed to secondhand smoke are at increased risk for sudden infant death syndrome, acute respiratory infections, middle ear disease, more severe asthma, respiratory symptoms, and slowed lung growth (1,2). Secondhand smoke exposure contributes to approximately 41,000 deaths among nonsmoking adults and 400 deaths in infants each year (2). This report updates a previous CDC report that evaluated state smoke-free laws in effect from 2000-2010 (3), and estimates the proportion of the population protected by comprehensive smoke-free laws. The number of states, including the District of Columbia (DC), with comprehensive smoke-free laws (statutes that prohibit smoking in indoor areas of worksites, restaurants, and bars) increased from zero in 2000 to 26 in 2010 and 27 in 2015. The percentage of the U.S. population that is protected increased from 2.72% in 2000 to 47.8% in 2010 and 49.6% in 2015. Regional disparities remain in the proportions of state populations covered by state or local comprehensive smoke-free policies, as no state in the southeast has a state comprehensive law. In addition, nine of the 24 states that lack state comprehensive smoke-free laws also lack any local comprehensive smoke-free laws. Opportunities exist to accelerate the adoption of smoke-free laws in states that lack local comprehensive smoke-free laws, including those in the south, to protect nonsmokers from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke exposure.

The Impact of State Laws Limiting Malpractice Damage Awards on Health Care Expenditures

PubMed Central

Hellinger, Fred J.; Encinosa, William E.

2006-01-01

Twenty-eight states have laws that limit payments in malpractice cases, and several studies indicate that these laws reduce the frequency and severity of malpractice claims and lower premiums. Moreover, proponents believe that such laws reduce health care expenditures by reducing the practice of defensive medicine. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence about the impact of these laws on the cost of health care. We used multivariate models and relatively recent data to estimate the impact of state tort reform laws that directly limit malpractice damage payments on health care expenditures. Estimates from these models suggest that laws limiting malpractice payments lower state health care expenditures by between 3% and 4%. PMID:16809580

27 CFR 555.62 - State or other law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2013-04-01 2013-04-01 false State or other law. 555.62... other law. A license or permit issued under this part confers no right or privilege to conduct business or operations, including storage, contrary to State or other law. The holder of a license or permit...

17 CFR 160.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Relation to state laws. 160.17... FINANCIAL INFORMATION UNDER TITLE V OF THE GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 160.17 Relation to state laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as superseding...

32 CFR 636.17 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Compliance with State laws. 636.17 Section 636.17 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) LAW... Stewart, Georgia § 636.17 Compliance with State laws. In addition to the requirements of § 634.42 of this...

12 CFR 216.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 2 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 216.17 Section 216.17... CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION (REGULATION P) Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 216.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as superseding, altering, or affecting any...

27 CFR 555.62 - State or other law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false State or other law. 555.62... other law. A license or permit issued under this part confers no right or privilege to conduct business or operations, including storage, contrary to State or other law. The holder of a license or permit...

32 CFR 636.17 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Compliance with State laws. 636.17 Section 636.17 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND... § 636.17 Compliance with State laws. In addition to the requirements of § 634.42 of this subchapter, the...

17 CFR 160.17 - Relation to state laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 2 2014-04-01 2014-04-01 false Relation to state laws. 160.17... OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION UNDER TITLE V OF THE GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 160.17 Relation to state laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as...

12 CFR 332.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 4 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 332.17 Section 332.17... PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 332.17 Relation to State laws. (a) In general. This part shall not be construed as superseding, altering, or affecting any...

State Laws Relating to Michigan Libraries. Reprinted from the Michigan Compiled Laws.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michigan Library, Lansing.

Prepared by the state librarian of Michigan, this compilation of laws is intended to help librarians, government officials, and citizens familarize themselves with the many state statues that affect the operation and development of libraries in Michigan. The document includes excerpts of laws pertaining to public libraries, school libraries,…

27 CFR 555.62 - State or other law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... other law. A license or permit issued under this part confers no right or privilege to conduct business or operations, including storage, contrary to State or other law. The holder of a license or permit... 27 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false State or other law. 555.62...

29 CFR 825.701 - Interaction with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Interaction with State laws. 825.701 Section 825.701 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR OTHER LAWS THE FAMILY... Agreements on Employee Rights Under FMLA § 825.701 Interaction with State laws. (a) Nothing in FMLA...

Mandatory parental involvement in minors' abortions: effects of the laws in Minnesota, Missouri, and Indiana.

PubMed Central

Ellertson, C

1997-01-01

OBJECTIVES: This study examined the effects of parental involvement laws on the birth rate, in-state abortion rate, odds of interstate travel, and odds of late abortion for minors. METHODS: Poisson and logistic regression models fitted to vital records compared the periods before and after the laws were enforced. RESULTS: In each state, the in-state abortion rate for minors fell (relative to the rate for older women) when parental involvement laws took effect. Data offered no empirical support for the proposition that the laws drive up birth rates for minors. Although data were incomplete, the laws appeared to increase the odds of a minor's traveling out of state for her abortion. If one judges from the available data, minors who traveled out of state may have accounted for the entire observed decline in the in-state abortion rate, at least in Missouri. The laws appeared to delay minors' abortions past the eighth week, but probably not into the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS: Several empirical arguments used against and in support of parental involvement laws do not appear to be substantiated. PMID:9279279

Trends in State Charter School Laws: Authorizers, Caps, Performance-Based Closures and Virtual Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Christie, Kathy; Millard, Maria; Thomsen, Jennifer; Wixom, Micah

2014-01-01

Forty-two states and the District of Columbia have enacted charter school legislation. The Education Commission of the States (ECS) analysts reviewed laws in the 50 states in creating an online database that highlights how state charter school laws vary, particularly in how states establish standards and accountability for charter school…

Association between state physical education (PE) requirements and PE participation, physical activity, and body mass index change.

PubMed

Taber, Daniel R; Chriqui, Jamie F; Perna, Frank M; Powell, Lisa M; Slater, Sandy J; Chaloupka, Frank J

2013-11-01

To determine if state physical education (PE) laws are associated with student physical education attendance and physical activity (PA), and whether physical education and competitive food laws, in conjunction, are associated with lower BMI change. State laws regarding physical education time requirements and competitive foods in 2003 and 2006 were classified as strong, weak, or none, based on codified law ratings obtained from the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students. Laws were linked to student data on PE attendance and physical activity (8th grade, Spring 2007) and BMI change (5th-8th grade, 2004-2007), obtained from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study (n=5510 students in 40 states). Girls reported 0.31 more days of activity (95% CI: 0.02, 0.61) and were more likely to attend physical education ≥ 3 days/week (74.1% versus 52.1%, difference=22.0, 95% CI: 2.1, 42.0) if they resided in states with strong physical education laws compared to no physical education laws. Weak physical education laws had modest associations with PE and activity, and there was no evidence that weak laws reduce BMI gain regardless of competitive food laws. Strong physical education laws with specific time requirements may increase physical education attendance and activity in girls. There is insufficient evidence that physical education laws reduce student weight gain. © 2013.

The effect of state laws designed to prevent nonmedical prescription opioid use on overdose deaths and treatment.

PubMed

Popovici, Ioana; Maclean, Johanna Catherine; Hijazi, Bushra; Radakrishnan, Sharmini

2018-02-01

Nonmedical use of prescription opioids has reached epidemic levels in the United States and globally. In response, federal, state, and local governments are taking actions to address substantial increases in prescription opioid addiction and its associated harms. This study examines the effect of two state laws specifically designed to curtail access to prescription opioids to nonmedical users: pain management clinic and doctor shopping laws. We use administrative data on overdose deaths and admissions to specialty substance use disorder treatment coupled with a differences-in-differences design. Our findings suggest that both pain management clinic and doctor shopping laws have the potential to reduce prescription opioid overdose deaths. Moreover, doctor shopping laws appear to reduce prescription opioid treatment admissions. As many states have adopted these laws in recent years, the full effects of the laws may not yet be realized. Future research using more postlaw passage data should reevaluate the effectiveness of these laws. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Laws on Sex Discrimination in Employment. Federal Civil Rights Act, Title VII State Fair Employment Practices Laws, Executive Orders.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Women's Bureau (DOL), Washington, DC.

This report describes the applicable laws regarding sex discrimination in employment. In addition to Federal law and two relevant Executive Orders, the report includes 21 state laws and the District of Columbia's law prohibiting discrimination based on sex. This document is a revision of ED 014 611. (BH)

The association of soda sales tax and school nutrition laws: a concordance of policies.

PubMed

Greathouse, K Leigh; Chriqui, Jamie; Moser, Richard P; Agurs-Collins, Tanya; Perna, Frank M

2014-10-01

The current research examined the association between state disfavoured tax on soda (i.e. the difference between soda sales tax and the tax on food products generally) and a summary score representing the strength of state laws governing competitive beverages (beverages that compete with the beverages in the federally funded school lunch programme) in US schools. The Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (CLASS) summary score reflected the strength of a state's laws restricting competitive beverages sold in school stores, vending machines, school fundraisers and à la carte cafeteria items. Bridging the Gap (BTG) is a nationally recognized research initiative that provided state-level soda tax data. The main study outcome was the states' competitive beverage summary scores for elementary, middle and high school grade levels, as predicted by the states' disfavoured soda tax. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted, adjusting for year and state. Data from BTG and CLASS were used. BTG and CLASS data from all fifty states and the District of Columbia from 2003 to 2010 were used. A higher disfavoured soda sales tax was generally associated with an increased likelihood of having strong school beverage laws across grade levels, and especially when disfavoured soda sales tax was >5 %. These data suggest a concordance between states' soda taxes and laws governing beverages sold in schools. States with high disfavoured sales tax on soda had stronger competitive beverage laws, indicating that the state sales tax environment may be associated with laws governing beverage policy in schools.

National Perspectives on Data Protection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yurow, Jane

1983-01-01

Discussion of different approaches to protecting personal information in Europe and the United States highlights data protection laws and agreements (international transfer of personal data, European laws, United States state and federal laws), United States and European views of privacy protection, national economic and political goals, and…

Differential effectiveness in patient protection laws: what are the causes? An example from the drive-through delivery laws.

PubMed

Dow, William H; Harris, Dean M; Liu, Zhimei

2006-12-01

In the mid-1990s, many states as well as the federal government began to regulate early postpartum hospital discharge. Length-of-stay patterns changed markedly in response, but effects were much greater in some states than others. In particular, laws directly empowering patients appeared more effective than laws requiring providers to follow practice guidelines. In addition, the effectiveness of regulation could potentially be influenced by state environment, such as managed care penetration as well as exposure to media attention and public pressure on the issue, though these factors alone were insufficient to cause general behavior change. Furthermore, the 1996 federal law had little effect beyond state laws, suggesting that it did not provide substantial benefits to women in self-insured plans exempted from state law regulation by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act. Findings from this study could provide lessons for similar patient protection initiatives.

State Board of Education Rules for Handicapped Students (Including Federal Regulations and State Law).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Education Agency, Austin. Div. of Special Education.

The handbook outlines Texas State Board of Education (SBOE) rules regarding the education of handicapped students. A chart format is used to present applicable Federal regulations, state law, and SBOE rules. The following topics are among those considered under clarifications of definitions in federal regulations and state law: handicapped…

Illegal Immigration in the United States: Implications for Rule of Law and National Security

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-02-15

AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION IN THE UNITED STATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR RULE OF LAW AND NATIONAL SECURITY By Paul A...government’s failure to strictly enforce immigration laws presents national security vulnerabilities and is subversive to the rule of law . Without...the rule of law , serious social tensions will occur that impel states and localities to fill the void left by the lack of immigration enforcement. In

State Firearm Laws, Firearm Ownership, and Safety Practices Among Families of Preschool-Aged Children

PubMed Central

Martin-Storey, Alexa; Crosnoe, Robert

2014-01-01

Objectives. We investigated how state-level firearms legislation is associated with firearm ownership and storage among families with preschool-aged children. Methods. Using 2005 nationally representative data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (n = 8100), we conducted multinomial regression models to examine the associations between state-level firearms legislation generally, child access prevention (CAP) firearms legislation specifically, and parental firearm ownership and storage safety practices. Results. Overall, 8% of families with children aged 4 years living in states with stronger firearm laws and CAP laws owned firearms compared with 24% of families in states with weaker firearm laws and no CAP laws. Storage behaviors of firearm owners differed minimally across legislative contexts. When we controlled for family- and state-level characteristics, we found that firearm legislation and CAP laws interacted to predict ownership and storage behaviors, with unsafe storage least likely among families in states with both CAP laws and stronger firearm legislation. Conclusions. Broader firearm legislation is linked with the efficacy of child-specific legislation in promoting responsible firearm ownership. PMID:24825210

20 CFR 650.4 - Review of State law and criteria for review of State compliance.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... criteria for review of State compliance. (a) A State law will satisfy the requirements of § 650.3(a) if it... administratively feasible. (b) A State will be deemed to comply substantially with the State law requirements set forth in § 650.3(a) with respect to first level appeals, the State has issued at least 60 percent of all...

The economic impact of smoke-free laws on restaurants and bars in 9 States.

PubMed

Loomis, Brett R; Shafer, Paul R; van Hasselt, Martijn

2013-08-01

Smoke-free air laws in restaurants and bars protect patrons and workers from involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, but owners often express concern that such laws will harm their businesses. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the association between local smoke-free air laws and economic outcomes in restaurants and bars in 8 states without statewide smoke-free air laws: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. A secondary objective was to examine the economic impact of a 2010 statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar law in North Carolina. Using quarterly data from 2000 through 2010, we estimated dynamic panel data models for employment and sales in restaurants and bars. The models controlled for smoke-free laws, general economic activity, cigarette sales, and seasonality. We included data from 216 smoke-free cities and counties in the analysis. During the study period, only North Carolina had a statewide law banning smoking in restaurants or bars. Separate models were estimated for each state. In West Virginia, smoke-free laws were associated with a significant increase of approximately 1% in restaurant employment. In the remaining 8 states, we found no significant association between smoke-free laws and employment or sales in restaurants and bars. Results suggest that smoke-free laws did not have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in any of the states studied; they provided a small economic benefit in 1 state. On the basis of these findings, we would not expect a statewide smoke-free law in Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, or West Virginia to have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in those states.

The Economic Impact of Smoke-Free Laws on Restaurants and Bars in 9 States

PubMed Central

Shafer, Paul R.; van Hasselt, Martijn

2013-01-01

Introduction Smoke-free air laws in restaurants and bars protect patrons and workers from involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke, but owners often express concern that such laws will harm their businesses. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the association between local smoke-free air laws and economic outcomes in restaurants and bars in 8 states without statewide smoke-free air laws: Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. A secondary objective was to examine the economic impact of a 2010 statewide smoke-free restaurant and bar law in North Carolina. Methods Using quarterly data from 2000 through 2010, we estimated dynamic panel data models for employment and sales in restaurants and bars. The models controlled for smoke-free laws, general economic activity, cigarette sales, and seasonality. We included data from 216 smoke-free cities and counties in the analysis. During the study period, only North Carolina had a statewide law banning smoking in restaurants or bars. Separate models were estimated for each state. Results In West Virginia, smoke-free laws were associated with a significant increase of approximately 1% in restaurant employment. In the remaining 8 states, we found no significant association between smoke-free laws and employment or sales in restaurants and bars. Conclusion Results suggest that smoke-free laws did not have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in any of the states studied; they provided a small economic benefit in 1 state. On the basis of these findings, we would not expect a statewide smoke-free law in Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas, or West Virginia to have an adverse economic impact on restaurants or bars in those states. PMID:23906328

State legislative strategies to improve the supply and distribution of generalist physicians, 1985 to 1992.

PubMed Central

Rivo, M L; Henderson, T M; Jackson, D M

1995-01-01

State laws enacted between 1985 and 1992 were reviewed to examine state involvement in influencing the supply and distribution of generalist physicians. Forty-seven states enacted 238 relevant laws during this period. In 1991 and 1992, 36 states enacted 98 laws, as compared with 1985 and 1986, when 8 states enacted 12 laws. Legislation addressed planning and oversight; financial incentives to institutions, students, and residents; and strategies to enhance the practice environment. A new strategy is to link funding to measureable outcomes, such as the career choices of a state medical school's graduates. Few states devoted resources to evaluate their efforts. PMID:7892929

Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle

Science.gov Websites

Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review on Facebook Tweet about Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Laws and Incentives: 2014 Year in Review

Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter Public School Laws. Eighth Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ziebarth, Todd; Palmer, Louann Bierlein; Schultz, Emily

2017-01-01

This eighth edition of "Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter School Laws" presents the latest activity in charter public school legislation across the country. This year's rankings are the first that measure each state's charter school law against the National Alliance's revised model charter school law, "A New…

50 CFR 84.50 - How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... Federal laws, regulations, and policies? 84.50 Section 84.50 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND... Federal Money § 84.50 How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies? (a... all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. The applicant will need to submit a Statement...

50 CFR 84.50 - How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Federal laws, regulations, and policies? 84.50 Section 84.50 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND... Federal Money § 84.50 How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies? (a... all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. The applicant will need to submit a Statement...

50 CFR 84.50 - How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Federal laws, regulations, and policies? 84.50 Section 84.50 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND... Federal Money § 84.50 How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies? (a... all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. The applicant will need to submit a Statement...

50 CFR 84.50 - How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Federal laws, regulations, and policies? 84.50 Section 84.50 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND... Federal Money § 84.50 How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies? (a... all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. The applicant will need to submit a Statement...

50 CFR 84.50 - How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... Federal laws, regulations, and policies? 84.50 Section 84.50 Wildlife and Fisheries UNITED STATES FISH AND... Federal Money § 84.50 How does a State certify compliance with Federal laws, regulations, and policies? (a... all applicable Federal laws, regulations, and policies. The applicant will need to submit a Statement...

Legal Considerations Regarding Merit Pay Systems.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Twomey, Rosemarie Feuerbach

This paper examines how a merit-pay award may lead to employer liability under the following types of laws: constitutional (federal and state); federal and state statutory law; and the common or case law handed down by the federal and state court judges. First, several court decisions are presented to indicate the status of the law as it is likely…

27 CFR 46.94 - Relation to State and municipal law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... penalty or punishment provided by the laws of any State for carrying on any trade or business within that... a person engaged in business in violation of State law. The stamp is not a Federal permit or license... municipal law. 46.94 Section 46.94 Alcohol, Tobacco Products and Firearms ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO TAX AND TRADE...

23 CFR 1225.3 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... above a specified level. (e) Citations to State law means citations to all sections of the State's law... suspension. (c) BAC means either blood or breath alcohol concentration. (d) BAC per se law means a law that... begun to implement the law. (g) Operating a motor vehicle means driving or being in actual physical...

State Gun Law Environment and Youth Gun Carrying in the United States.

PubMed

Xuan, Ziming; Hemenway, David

2015-11-01

Gun violence and injuries pose a substantial threat to children and youth in the United States. Existing evidence points to the need for interventions and policies for keeping guns out of the hands of children and youth. (1) To examine the association between state gun law environment and youth gun carrying in the United States, and (2) to determine whether adult gun ownership mediates this association. This was a repeated cross-sectional observational study design with 3 years of data on youth gun carrying from US states. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey comprises data of representative samples of students in grades 9 to 12 from biennial years of 2007, 2009, and 2011. We hypothesized that states with more restrictive gun laws have lower rates of youth gun carrying, and this association is mediated by adult gun ownership. State gun law environment as measured by state gun law score. Youth gun carrying was defined as having carried a gun on at least 1 day during the 30 days before the survey. In the fully adjusted model, a 10-point increase in the state gun law score, which represented a more restrictive gun law environment, was associated with a 9% decrease in the odds of youth gun carrying (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.91 [95% CI, 0.86-0.96]). Adult gun ownership mediated the association between state gun law score and youth gun carrying (AOR, 0.94 [ 95% CI, 0.86-1.01], with 29% attenuation of the regression coefficient from -0.09 to -0.07 based on bootstrap resampling). More restrictive overall gun control policies are associated with a reduced likelihood of youth gun carrying. These findings are relevant to gun policy debates about the critical importance of strengthening overall gun law environment to prevent youth gun carrying.

State and district policy influences on district-wide elementary and middle school physical education practices.

PubMed

Chriqui, Jamie F; Eyler, Amy; Carnoske, Cheryl; Slater, Sandy

2013-01-01

To examine the influence of state laws and district policies on district-wide elementary school and middle school practices related to physical education (PE) time and the percentage of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) time during PE. Multivariate, cross-sectional analysis of state laws, district wellness and PE policies, and district PE practices for school year 2010-2011 controlling for district-level urbanicity, region, size, race/ethnicity of students, and socioeconomic status and clustered on state. One hundred ninety-five public school districts located in 42 states. District-level PE coordinators for the included districts who responded to an online survey. Minutes and days of PE per week and percent time spent in MVPA during PE time. District PE coordinators reported significantly less PE time than national standards-82.9 and 189.6 minutes at the elementary school and middle school levels, respectively. Physical education was provided an average of 2.5 and 3.7 days per week, respectively; and the percentage of MVPA time in PE was 64.4% and 65.7%, respectively. At the elementary school level, districts in either states with laws governing PE time or in a state and district with a law/policy reported significantly more days of PE (0.63 and 0.67 additional days, respectively), and districts in states with PE time laws reported 18 more minutes of PE per week. At the middle school level, state laws were associated with 0.73 more days of PE per week. Neither state laws nor district policies were positively associated with percent MVPA time in PE. State laws and district policies can influence district-level PE practices-particularly those governing the frequency and duration of PE-although opportunities exist to strengthen PE-related laws, policies, and practices.

Summary of state speed laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2006-04-01

This summary reports only the status of State statutes or regulations that are concerned with either speed limit or speed-related violations. Local laws are not reported. Unless otherwise indicated, the status of the State laws or regulations reporte...

Summary of state speed laws

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-08-01

This summary reports only the status of State statutes or regulations that are concerned with either speed limit or speed-related violations. Local laws are not reported. Unless otherwise indicated, the status of the State laws or regulations reporte...

Clearing the haze: the complexities and challenges of research on state marijuana laws.

PubMed

Choo, Esther K; Emery, Sherry L

2017-04-01

As states increasingly liberalize marijuana laws, high-quality research is needed that will inform the public and policymakers about the health and societal impact of these laws. However, there are many challenges to studying marijuana policy, including the heterogeneity of the drug and its use, the variability in the laws and their implementation from state to state, the need to capture a wide variety of relevant outcomes, and the poorly understood influence of marijuana commercialization. Furthermore, current instruments generally fail to distinguish between types of users and lack accurate and detailed measures of use. This review provides a background on marijuana laws in the United States and an overview of existing policy research, discusses methodological considerations when planning analysis of state marijuana laws, and highlights specific topics needing further development and investigation. © 2016 New York Academy of Sciences.

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2013-01-01 2012-01-01 true To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2014-01-01 2012-01-01 true To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 6 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

12 CFR 557.11 - To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 5 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false To what extent does Federal law preempt deposit... Federal law preempt deposit-related State laws? (a) Under sections 4(a), 5(a), and 5(b) of the HOLA, 12 U... laws affecting the operations of federal savings associations when appropriate to: (1) Facilitate the...

Impact of California firearms sales laws and dealer regulations on the illegal diversion of guns.

PubMed

Pierce, Glenn L; Braga, Anthony A; Wintemute, Garen J

2015-06-01

The available evidence suggests that more restrictive state firearm sales laws can reduce criminal access to guns. California has firearm-related laws that are more stringent than many other states and regulates its retail firearms dealers to a unique degree. This research seeks to examine the effect of more restrictive state gun laws and regulations on the illegal diversion of guns to criminals. Survival analyses are used to determine whether state firearm sales laws, particularly California's legal context and regulatory regime, impact the distribution of time-to-crime of recovered firearms in that state relative to other US states. USA. 225,392 traced firearms, where the first retail purchasers and the gun possessors were different individuals, recovered by law enforcement agencies between 2003 and 2006. The increased stringency of state-level firearms laws and regulations leads to consistently older firearms being recovered. California was associated with the oldest recovered crime guns compared with guns associated with other states. These patterns persisted regardless of whether firearms were first purchased within the recovery state or in another state. These findings suggest that more restrictive gun sales laws and gun dealer regulations do make it more difficult for criminals to acquire new guns first purchased at retail outlets. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.

Seatbelt usage: is there an association with obesity?

PubMed

Behzad, B; King, D M; Jacobson, S H

2014-09-01

Wearing a seatbelt can prevent motor vehicle crash deaths. While primary seatbelt laws are designed to encourage vehicle passengers to wear seatbelts by allowing law enforcement officers to issue tickets when passengers do not wear seatbelts, discomfort may discourage obese individuals from wearing a seatbelt. The objective of this study is to assess the association between state-level obesity and seatbelt usage rates in the US, and to examine the possible role played by seatbelt laws in these associations. The strength of the association between obesity rates, seatbelt usage, and primary seatbelt laws at the state level is investigated using data from 2006 to 2011. Linear regression analysis is employed. This model estimates that increasing the obesity rate by 1% in a state where a primary seatbelt law (by which law enforcement officers can issue a ticket when seatbelts are not worn) is in effect is associated with a 0.06% decrease in seatbelt usage. However the same percentage of increase in the obesity rate in a state where no primary seatbelt law is in effect is associated with a 0.55% decrease in seatbelt usage. The magnitude of the statistical association between state obesity rates and state-level seatbelt usage is related to the existence of a primary seatbelt law, such that obesity has less impact on seatbelt usage in states where primary seatbelt laws are in effect. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Child passenger safety laws in the United States, 1978-2010: policy diffusion in the absence of strong federal intervention.

PubMed

Bae, Jin Yung; Anderson, Evan; Silver, Diana; Macinko, James

2014-01-01

This article examines the diffusion of U.S. state child passenger safety laws, analyzing over-time changes and inter-state differences in all identifiable features of laws that plausibly influence crash-related morbidity and mortality. The observed trend shows many states' continuing efforts to update their laws to be consistent with latest motor vehicle safety recommendations, with each state modifying their laws on average 6 times over the 30-year period. However, there has been a considerable time lag in knowledge diffusion and policy adoption. Even though empirical evidence supporting the protective effect of child restraint devices was available in the early 1970s, laws requiring their use were not adopted by all 50 states until 1986. For laws requiring minors to be seated in rear seats, the first state law adoption did not occur until two decades after the evidence became publicly available. As of 2010, only 12 states explicitly required the use of booster seats, 9 for infant seats and 6 for toddler seats. There is also great variation among states in defining the child population to be covered by the laws, the vehicle operators subject to compliance, and the penalties resulting from non-compliance. Some states cover only up to 4-year-olds while others cover children up to age 17. As of 2010, states have as many as 14 exemptions, such as those for non-residents, non-parents, commercial vehicles, large vehicles, or vehicles without seatbelts. Factors such as the complexity of the state of the science, the changing nature of guidelines (from age to height/weight-related criteria), and the absence of coordinated federal actions are potential explanations for the observed patterns. The resulting uneven policy landscape among states suggests a strong need for improved communication among state legislators, public health researchers, advocates and concerned citizen groups to promote more efficient and effective policymaking. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

State Law, Policy, and Access to Information: The Case of Mandated Openness in Higher Education

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McLendon, Michael K.; Hearn, James C.

2010-01-01

Background/Context: Every state in the nation has legal requirements, state "sunshine laws," to ensure accountability and fairness in institutions receiving state funds and operating under state authority. These laws have come to significantly influence the ways in which the business of higher education is conducted. Purpose/Objective/Research…

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

42 CFR 422.400 - State licensure requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Organization Compliance With State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 422.400 State licensure requirement. Except in the case of a PSO granted a waiver under subpart H of this part, each MA organization must— (a) Be licensed under State law...

The second laws of quantum thermodynamics.

PubMed

Brandão, Fernando; Horodecki, Michał; Ng, Nelly; Oppenheim, Jonathan; Wehner, Stephanie

2015-03-17

The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies.

The second laws of quantum thermodynamics

PubMed Central

Brandão, Fernando; Horodecki, Michał; Ng, Nelly; Oppenheim, Jonathan; Wehner, Stephanie

2015-01-01

The second law of thermodynamics places constraints on state transformations. It applies to systems composed of many particles, however, we are seeing that one can formulate laws of thermodynamics when only a small number of particles are interacting with a heat bath. Is there a second law of thermodynamics in this regime? Here, we find that for processes which are approximately cyclic, the second law for microscopic systems takes on a different form compared to the macroscopic scale, imposing not just one constraint on state transformations, but an entire family of constraints. We find a family of free energies which generalize the traditional one, and show that they can never increase. The ordinary second law relates to one of these, with the remainder imposing additional constraints on thermodynamic transitions. We find three regimes which determine which family of second laws govern state transitions, depending on how cyclic the process is. In one regime one can cause an apparent violation of the usual second law, through a process of embezzling work from a large system which remains arbitrarily close to its original state. These second laws are relevant for small systems, and also apply to individual macroscopic systems interacting via long-range interactions. By making precise the definition of thermal operations, the laws of thermodynamics are unified in this framework, with the first law defining the class of operations, the zeroth law emerging as an equivalence relation between thermal states, and the remaining laws being monotonicity of our generalized free energies. PMID:25675476

Capturing Heterogeneity in Medical Marijuana Policies: A Taxonomy of Regulatory Regimes Across the United States.

PubMed

Chapman, Susan A; Spetz, Joanne; Lin, Jessica; Chan, Krista; Schmidt, Laura A

2016-07-28

There is considerable movement in the U.S. to legalize use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. Twenty-three U.S. states and the District of Columbia have laws that decriminalize use of marijuana for medicinal purposes. Most prior studies of state medical marijuana laws and their association with overall marijuana use, adolescent use, crime rates, and alcohol traffic fatalities have used a binary coding of whether the state had a medical marijuana law or not. Mixed results from these studies raise the question of whether this method for measuring policy characteristics is adequate. Our objective was to develop a validated taxonomy of medical marijuana laws that will allow researchers to measure variation in aspects of medical marijuana statutes as well as their overall restrictiveness. We used a modified Delphi technique using detailed and validated data about each state's medical marijuana law. Three senior researchers coded elements of the state laws in initiation of use, quantity allowed, regulations around distribution, and overall restrictiveness. We used 2013 data from the U.S. National Survey on Drug Use and Health to assess validity of the taxonomy. Results indicate substantial state-level variation in medical marijuana policies. Validation analysis supported the taxonomy's validity for all four dimensions with the largest effect sizes for the quantity allowed in the state's medical marijuana policy. This analysis demonstrates the potential importance of nondichotomous measurement of medical marijuana laws in studies of their impact. These findings may also be useful to states that are considering medical marijuana laws, to understand the potential impact of characteristics of those laws.

State laws on tobacco control--United States, 1998.

PubMed

Fishman, J A; Allison, H; Knowles, S B; Fishburn, B A; Woollery, T A; Marx, W T; Shelton, D M; Husten, C G; Eriksen, M P

1999-06-25

State laws addressing tobacco use, the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, are summarized. Laws address smoke-free indoor air, minors' access to tobacco products, advertising of tobacco products, and excise taxes on tobacco products. Legislation effective through December 31, 1998. CDC identified laws addressing tobacco control by using an on-line legal research database. CDC's findings were verified with the National Cancer Institute's State Cancer Legislative Database. Since a previous surveillance summary on state tobacco-control laws published in November 1995 (covering legislation effective through June 30, 1995), several states have enacted new restrictions or strengthened existing legislation that addresses smoke-free indoor air, minors' access to tobacco, tobacco advertising, and tobacco taxes. Five states strengthened their smoke-free indoor air legislation. All states and Washington, D.C., continued to prohibit the sale and distribution of tobacco products to minors; however, 21 states expanded minors' access laws by designating enforcement authorities, adding license suspension or revocation for sale to minors, or requiring signage. Since the 1995 report, eight additional states (a total of 19 states and Washington, D.C.) now ban vending machines from areas accessible to minors. Thirteen states restrict advertising of tobacco products, an increase of four states since the 1995 report. Although the number of states that tax cigarettes and smokeless tobacco did not change, 13 states increased excise taxes on cigarettes, and five states increased excise taxes on smokeless tobacco products. The average state excise tax on cigarettes is 38.9 cents per pack, an increase of 7.4 cents compared with the average tax in the 1995 report. State laws addressing tobacco control vary in relation to restrictiveness, enforcement and penalties, preemptions, and exceptions. The data summarizing state tobacco-control laws are available through CDC's State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System; the laws are collected and updated every quarter. The STATE System also contains state-specific data on the prevalence of tobacco use, tobacco-related deaths, and the costs of tobacco use. Information from the STATE System is available for use by policy makers at the state and local levels to plan and implement initiatives to prevent and reduce tobacco use. In addition, CDC is using this information to assess the ongoing impact of tobacco-control programs and policies on tobacco use.

State Security Breach Response Laws: State-by-State Summary Table. Using Data to Improve Education: A Legal Reference Guide to Protecting Student Privacy and Data Security

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Data Quality Campaign, 2011

2011-01-01

Under security breach response laws, businesses--and sometimes state and governmental agencies--are required to inform individuals when the security, confidentiality or integrity of their personal information has been compromised. This resource provides a state-by-state analysis of security breach response laws. [The Data Quality Campaign has…

Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Public Charter School Laws. Ninth Annual Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ziebarth, Todd; Palmer, Louann Bierlein

2018-01-01

This ninth edition of "Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter School Laws" presents the latest activity in charter public school legislation across the country. For the second year in a row, the 2018 rankings measure each state's charter school law against the National Alliance's updated model charter school law, "New…

Administrative license suspension: Does length of suspension matter?

PubMed

Fell, James C; Scherer, Michael

2017-08-18

Administrative license revocation (ALR) laws, which provide that the license of a driver with a blood alcohol concentration at or over the illegal limit is subject to an immediate suspension by the state department of motor vehicles, are an example of a traffic law in which the sanction rapidly follows the offense. The power of ALR laws has been attributed to how swiftly the sanction is applied, but does the length of suspension matter? Our objectives were to (a) determine the relationship of the ALR suspension length to the prevalence of drinking drivers relative to sober drivers in fatal crashes and (b) estimate the extent to which the relationship is associated to the general deterrent effect compared to the specific deterrent effect of the law. Data comparing the impact of ALR law implementation and ALR law suspension periods were analyzed using structural equation modeling techniques on the ratio of drinking drivers to nondrinking drivers in fatal crashes from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). States with an ALR law with a short suspension period (1-30 days) had a significantly lower drinking driver ratio than states with no ALR law. States with a suspension period of 91-180 days had significantly lower ratios than states with shorter suspension periods, while the three states with suspension lengths of 181 days or longer had significantly lower ratios than states with shorter suspension periods. The implementation of any ALR law was associated with a 13.1% decrease in the drinking/nondrinking driver fatal crash ratio but only a 1.8% decrease in the intoxicated/nonintoxicated fatal crash ratio. The ALR laws and suspension lengths had a significant general deterrent effect, but no specific deterrent effect. States might want to keep (or adopt) ALR laws for their general deterrent effects and pursue alternatives for specific deterrent effects. States with short ALR suspension periods should consider lengthening them to 91 days or longer.

77 FR 52784 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-08-30

... International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting The Department of State's Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL) will hold its annual meeting on developments in private international law on Thursday.... Young Faculty Conference Center, George Washington University Law School, 2000 H Street NW., Washington...

Child Passenger Safety Laws in the United States, 1978–2010: Policy Diffusion in the Absence of Strong Federal Intervention

PubMed Central

Bae, Jin Yung; Anderson, Evan; Silver, Diana; Macinko, James

2014-01-01

This article examines the diffusion of U.S. state child passenger safety laws, analyzing over-time changes and inter-state differences in all identifiable features of laws that plausibly influence crash-related morbidity and mortality. The observed trend shows many states’ continuing efforts to update their laws to be consistent with latest motor vehicle safety recommendations, with each state modifying their laws on average 6 times over the 30-year period. However, there has been a considerable time lag in knowledge diffusion and policy adoption. Even though empirical evidence supporting the protective effect of child restraint devices was available in the early 1970s, laws requiring their use were not adopted by all 50 states until 1986. For laws requiring minors to be seated in rear seats, the first state law adoption did not occur until two decades after the evidence became publicly available. As of 2010, only 12 states explicitly required the use of booster seats, 9 for infant seats and 6 for toddler seats. There is also great variation among states in defining the child population to be covered by the laws, the vehicle operators subject to compliance, and the penalties resulting from non-compliance. Some states cover only up to 4-year-olds while others cover children up to age 17. As of 2010, states have as many as 14 exemptions, such as those for non-residents, non-parents, commercial vehicles, large vehicles, or vehicles without seatbelts. Factors such as the complexity of the state of the science, the changing nature of guidelines (from age to height/weight-related criteria), and the absence of coordinated federal actions are potential explanations for the observed patterns. The resulting uneven policy landscape among states suggests a strong need for improved communication among state legislators, public health researchers, advocates and concerned citizen groups to promote more efficient and effective policymaking. PMID:24444836

Sociodemographic Disparities in Local Smoke-Free Law Coverage in 10 States.

PubMed

Huang, Jidong; King, Brian A; Babb, Stephen D; Xu, Xin; Hallett, Cynthia; Hopkins, Maggie

2015-09-01

We assessed sociodemographic disparities in local 100% smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in all indoor areas of nonhospitality worksites, restaurants, and bars in 10 states. We obtained data on local 100% smoke-free laws (US Tobacco Control Laws Database) and subcounty characteristics (2006-2010 American Community Survey) for Alabama, Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. Outcomes included (1) 100% smoke-free law covering restaurants, bars, and workplaces; (2) 100% smoke-free law covering restaurants, bars, or workplaces; and (3) number of venue types covered by 100% smoke-free laws (0-3). Sociodemographics included total population, urban status, percentage racial/ethnic minority, per capita income, percentage with high-school diploma, percentage with blue-collar jobs, and percentage of workers who live and work in the same locality. Across states, localities with less-educated residents, smaller proportions of workers living and working in the same locality, or both generally had lower odds of being covered by 100% smoke-free laws. Coverage varied across states for other sociodemographics. Disparities exist in local smoke-free law coverage. Identifying patterns in coverage can inform state efforts to address related disparities.

Sociodemographic Disparities in Local Smoke-Free Law Coverage in 10 States

PubMed Central

Huang, Jidong; Babb, Stephen D.; Xu, Xin; Hallett, Cynthia; Hopkins, Maggie

2015-01-01

Objectives. We assessed sociodemographic disparities in local 100% smoke-free laws prohibiting smoking in all indoor areas of nonhospitality worksites, restaurants, and bars in 10 states. Methods. We obtained data on local 100% smoke-free laws (US Tobacco Control Laws Database) and subcounty characteristics (2006–2010 American Community Survey) for Alabama, Alaska, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, North Dakota, South Carolina, Texas, and West Virginia. Outcomes included (1) 100% smoke-free law covering restaurants, bars, and workplaces; (2) 100% smoke-free law covering restaurants, bars, or workplaces; and (3) number of venue types covered by 100% smoke-free laws (0–3). Sociodemographics included total population, urban status, percentage racial/ethnic minority, per capita income, percentage with high-school diploma, percentage with blue-collar jobs, and percentage of workers who live and work in the same locality. Results. Across states, localities with less-educated residents, smaller proportions of workers living and working in the same locality, or both generally had lower odds of being covered by 100% smoke-free laws. Coverage varied across states for other sociodemographics. Conclusions. Disparities exist in local smoke-free law coverage. Identifying patterns in coverage can inform state efforts to address related disparities. PMID:26180972

belt law

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-03-01

A 2003 study estimated that if all States had primary seat belt laws from 1995 to 2002, over 12,000 lives would have been saved. Failure to implement a primary seat belt law creates a real cost to a States budget for Medicaid and other State medic...

Medical Marijuana Laws May Be Associated With A Decline In The Number Of Prescriptions For Medicaid Enrollees.

PubMed

Bradford, Ashley C; Bradford, W David

2017-05-01

In the past twenty years, twenty-eight states and the District of Columbia have passed some form of medical marijuana law. Using quarterly data on all fee-for-service Medicaid prescriptions in the period 2007-14, we tested the association between those laws and the average number of prescriptions filled by Medicaid beneficiaries. We found that the use of prescription drugs in fee-for-service Medicaid was lower in states with medical marijuana laws than in states without such laws in five of the nine broad clinical areas we studied. If all states had had a medical marijuana law in 2014, we estimated that total savings for fee-for-service Medicaid could have been $1.01 billion. These results are similar to those in a previous study we conducted, regarding the effects of medical marijuana laws on the number of prescriptions within the Medicare population. Together, the studies suggest that in states with such laws, Medicaid and Medicare beneficiaries will fill fewer prescriptions. Project HOPE—The People-to-People Health Foundation, Inc.

The effect of public disclosure laws on biomedical research.

PubMed

Cardon, Andrew D; Bailey, Matthew R; Bennett, B Taylor

2012-05-01

The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and state 'open-records' laws govern access to records in the possession of federal agencies and state entities, such as public universities. Although these laws are intended to promote 'open government' and to assure the existence of an informed citizenry capable of holding government officials accountable for their decisions, an inherent tension exists between the public's access to information and biomedical research institutions' need to ensure the confidentiality of proprietary records and to protect the personal safety of employees. Recognizing these and other conflicts, the federal FOIA and state public-disclosure laws contain express exemptions to protect sensitive information from disclosure. Although some state open-records laws are modeled after the federal FOIA, important differences exist based on the language used by the state law, court interpretations, and exemptions. Two specific types of exemptions are particularly relevant to research facilities: exemptions for research information and exemptions for personal information. Responding to FOIA and state open-records requests requires knowledge of relevant laws and the involvement of all interested parties to facilitate a coordinated and orderly response.

42 CFR 485.707 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... Agencies as Providers of Outpatient Physical Therapy and Speech-Language Pathology Services § 485.707 Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws. The organization and its staff...: Licensure of organization. In any State in which State or applicable local law provides for the licensing of...

New State Forest Practice Laws. A review of state laws and their natural resource data requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, S. B.

1980-01-01

Forest practice regulations can be established by being specified in state law or by being promulgated by some other official body delegated the authority to do so. At the state level, public regulation of private forest practices resulted in many cases, in the enactment of state forest practice laws regulating both private, and in some cases, public landowner activities. These laws aim not only to protect natural environments, but also to encourage continuous productivity of forest lands, to maintain or enhance aesthetic values, and to serve as an implementing mechanism to control water pollution. Profiles of regulations in California, Idaho, Maine, Nevada, New Hampshire, Oregon, and Washington are examined and assessed. Voluntary guidelines in use in 18 states are summarized.

Sexual Orientation in State Hate Crime Laws: Exploring Social Construction and Criminal Law.

PubMed

Valcore, Jace L

2017-09-15

Several studies have described and analyzed the development and diffusion of hate crime laws in the United States, but none specifically examined state-level differences in protected categories. Forty-five of the 50 states have a hate crime statute, but only 30 of those include sexual orientation. In this study the social construction framework is applied to the hate crime policy domain in order to determine whether or not variations in the social and political status of gays and lesbians are associated with the inclusion of sexual orientation in state hate crime laws. Content analysis of daily newspapers in six states revealed that a positive social construction is associated with groups seeking hate crime law protections, and that political influence may also be a key factor.

State cigarette minimum price laws - United States, 2009.

PubMed

2010-04-09

Cigarette price increases reduce the demand for cigarettes and thereby reduce smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption, and youth initiation of smoking. Excise tax increases are the most effective government intervention to increase the price of cigarettes, but cigarette manufacturers use trade discounts, coupons, and other promotions to counteract the effects of these tax increases and appeal to price-sensitive smokers. State cigarette minimum price laws, initiated by states in the 1940s and 1950s to protect tobacco retailers from predatory business practices, typically require a minimum percentage markup to be added to the wholesale and/or retail price. If a statute prohibits trade discounts from the minimum price calculation, these laws have the potential to counteract discounting by cigarette manufacturers. To assess the status of cigarette minimum price laws in the United States, CDC surveyed state statutes and identified those states with minimum price laws in effect as of December 31, 2009. This report summarizes the results of that survey, which determined that 25 states had minimum price laws for cigarettes (median wholesale markup: 4.00%; median retail markup: 8.00%), and seven of those states also expressly prohibited the use of trade discounts in the minimum retail price calculation. Minimum price laws can help prevent trade discounting from eroding the positive effects of state excise tax increases and higher cigarette prices on public health.

Strength of clean indoor air laws and smoking related outcomes in the USA

PubMed Central

McMullen, K; Brownson, R; Luke, D; Chriqui, J

2005-01-01

Objectives: Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is often encountered in the workplace. There have been efforts to apply and enforce state laws limiting workplace smoking. There has been little study of the relative effectiveness of state and/or local laws in affecting both rates of workplace ETS exposure and adult smoking rates. This study investigates these hypotheses, as well as the effect of these laws on youth smoking. Design: This is a secondary data analysis using sources including the Current Population Survey (CPS), Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), and the National Household Survey of Drug Abuse (NHSDA) between the years of 1996 and 1999. Linear regression models were used to investigate the effect of a state's clean indoor air (CIA) law (using a measure of extensiveness) on the overall amount of people who reported working in a smoke-free environment, youth smoking rates and adult smoking rates. Results: The extensiveness of a state's CIA law was found to be a reliable predictor of the percentage of indoor workers who report a smoke-free work environment and the rates of youth smoking. State CIA laws were not conclusively associated with adult smoking rates. Conclusions: The extensiveness of a state's CIA law is strongly associated with a higher percentage of indoor workers reporting a smoke-free work environment. This study did not reveal a similar association between local laws and smoke-free work environments. Youth smoking rates, shown to be related to state CIA laws, may be further affected with more stringent CIA policy. PMID:15735299

Interactional dynamics of same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

PubMed Central

2017-01-01

Understanding how people form opinions and make decisions is a complex phenomenon that depends on both personal practices and interactions. Recent availability of real-world data has enabled quantitative analysis of opinion formation, which illuminates phenomena that impact physical and social sciences. Public policies exemplify complex opinion formation spanning individual and population scales, and a timely example is the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. Here, we seek to understand how this issue captures the relationship between state-laws and Senate representatives subject to geographical and ideological factors. Using distance-based correlations, we study how physical proximity and state-government ideology may be used to extract patterns in state-law adoption and senatorial support of same-sex marriage. Results demonstrate that proximal states have similar opinion dynamics in both state-laws and senators’ opinions, and states with similar state-government ideology have analogous senators’ opinions. Moreover, senators’ opinions drive state-laws with a time lag. Thus, change in opinion not only results from negotiations among individuals, but also reflects inherent spatial and political similarities and temporal delays. We build a social impact model of state-law adoption in light of these results, which predicts the evolution of state-laws legalizing same-sex marriage over the last three decades. PMID:28680669

Interactional dynamics of same-sex marriage legislation in the United States.

PubMed

Roy, Subhradeep; Abaid, Nicole

2017-06-01

Understanding how people form opinions and make decisions is a complex phenomenon that depends on both personal practices and interactions. Recent availability of real-world data has enabled quantitative analysis of opinion formation, which illuminates phenomena that impact physical and social sciences. Public policies exemplify complex opinion formation spanning individual and population scales, and a timely example is the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States. Here, we seek to understand how this issue captures the relationship between state-laws and Senate representatives subject to geographical and ideological factors. Using distance-based correlations, we study how physical proximity and state-government ideology may be used to extract patterns in state-law adoption and senatorial support of same-sex marriage. Results demonstrate that proximal states have similar opinion dynamics in both state-laws and senators' opinions, and states with similar state-government ideology have analogous senators' opinions. Moreover, senators' opinions drive state-laws with a time lag. Thus, change in opinion not only results from negotiations among individuals, but also reflects inherent spatial and political similarities and temporal delays. We build a social impact model of state-law adoption in light of these results, which predicts the evolution of state-laws legalizing same-sex marriage over the last three decades.

State Farm-to-School Laws Influence the Availability of Fruits and Vegetables in School Lunches at US Public Elementary Schools

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nicholson, Lisa; Turner, Lindsey; Schneider, Linda; Chriqui, Jamie; Chaloupka, Frank

2014-01-01

Background: State laws and farm-to-school programs (FTSPs) have the potential to increase fruit and vegetable (FV) availability in school meals. This study examined whether FV were more available in public elementary school lunches in states with a law requiring/encouraging FTSPs or with a locally grown-related law, and whether the relationship…

State Laws Are Associated with School Lunch Duration and Promotion Practices.

PubMed

Turner, Lindsey; Leider, Julien; Piekarz-Porter, Elizabeth; Schwartz, Marlene B; Merlo, Caitlin; Brener, Nancy; Chriqui, Jamie F

2018-03-01

The changes in school meal programs stemming from the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 have expanded interest in strategies that increase student participation in school lunch and reduce plate waste. However, it remains unclear what factors are associated with schools' use of such strategies. This study examines whether state laws are associated with two types of school meal-related practices: (a) using promotional strategies (ie, taste tests, using posters or announcements) and (b) duration of lunch periods. This cross-sectional study utilized the nationally representative 2014 School Health Policies and Practices Study, combined with corresponding state laws gathered by the National Wellness Policy Study. School data were available from 414 public schools in 43 states. Outcome measures included 16 strategies to promote school meals and the amount of time students had to eat lunch after being seated. Multivariate logistic regression and Poisson regression were used to examine associations between state laws and school practices, after accounting for school demographic characteristics. Compared to schools in states with no law about engaging stakeholders in meal programs, schools in states with a law were more likely to conduct taste tests (64% vs 44%, P=0.016), collect suggestions from students (67% vs 50%, P=0.017), and invite family members to a school meal (71% vs 53%, P=0.015). Schools used more promotion strategies in states with a law than in states without a law (mean=10.4 vs 8.8, P=0.003). Schools were more likely to provide students at least 30 minutes to eat lunch after being seated in states with laws that addressed a minimum amount of time for lunch duration (43% vs 27%, P=0.042). State-level policy provisions are associated with school practices. Policy development in more states may support school practices that promote lunch participation and consumption. Copyright © 2018 Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Zero tolerance enforcement varies with laws and practices among U.S. states

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-03-11

All states now have zero tolerance laws prohibiting people younger than 21 from driving with any positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC). Congress made zero tolerance a national standard in 1995, passing a law to withhold highway funds from states...

Separating Batterers and Guns: A Review and Analysis of Gun Removal Laws in 50 States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Frattaroli, Shannon; Vernick, Jon S.

2006-01-01

Firearms play an important role in lethal domestic violence incidents. The authors review state laws regarding two policies to separate batterers from firearms: laws authorizing police to remove firearms when responding to a domestic violence complaint ("police gun removal laws") and laws authorizing courts to order guns removed from batterers…

76 FR 6171 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-03

... International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting on Family Law The Department of State, Office of Legal Adviser, Office of Private International Law would like to give notice of a public meeting to discuss preparations for the upcoming Special Commission of the Hague Conference on Private International Law on the 1980...

76 FR 81525 - Notice of Proposed Withdrawal Extension and Notification of a Public Meeting; Utah

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-12-28

....56 acres of public land from settlement, sale, location, or entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, to protect the Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF). This notice also... laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under the mineral leasing laws, to...

Identifying best practices for "Safe Harbor" legislation to protect child sex trafficking victims: Decriminalization alone is not sufficient.

PubMed

Barnert, Elizabeth S; Abrams, Susan; Azzi, Veronica F; Ryan, Gery; Brook, Robert; Chung, Paul J

2016-01-01

Several states have recently enacted "Safe Harbor" laws to redirect child victims of commercial sexual exploitation and child sex trafficking from the criminal justice system and into the child welfare system. No comprehensive studies of Safe Harbor law implementation exist. The nine state Safe Harbor laws enacted by 2012 were analyzed to guide state legislators, health professionals, law enforcement agents, child welfare providers, and other responders to the commercial sexual exploitation of children on the development and implementation of state Safe Harbor laws. The authors conducted 32 semi-structured interviews with Safe Harbor experts in these states. Participants conveyed that Safe Harbor legislation signified a critical paradigm shift, treating commercially sexually exploited youth not as criminals but as vulnerable children in need of services. However, Safe Harbor legislation varied widely and significant gaps in laws exist. Such laws alone were considered insufficient without adequate funding for necessary services. As a result, many well-meaning providers were going around the Safe Harbor laws by continuing to incarcerate commercially sexually exploited youth in the juvenile justice system regardless of Safe Harbor laws in place. This was done, to act, in their view, in what was the best interest of the victimized children. With imperfect laws and implementation, these findings suggest an important role for local and state responders to act together to protect victims from unnecessary criminalization and potential further traumatization. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Effects of state managed care patient protection laws on physician satisfaction.

PubMed

Sloan, Frank A; Rattliff, John R; Hall, Mark A

2007-10-01

Physician dissatisfaction often drives public policy, and is associated with lower quality of care and disruption of treatment relationships. Physicians expressed strong dissatisfaction with managed care, leading to enactment of patient protection laws. By 2001, almost all states enacted laws to curb alleged abuses of managed care organizations. To date, no studies have examined whether such laws improved physician satisfaction. This article examines whether enactment of these laws improved physician satisfaction, using responses to the Physician Survey component of the Community Tracking Study (CTS), supplemented with data on state statutes/regulations. Career satisfaction increased for both primary care physicians (PCPs) and specialists following enactment of such laws; improvements were limited to early-adopting states. Enactment was associated with improvements in early-adopting states for specialists but not for PCPs on: ability to provide high quality care, clinical freedom, and ability to make clinical decisions in patients' interests without sacrificing physician income.

49 CFR 350.331 - How does a State ensure its laws and regulations are compatible with the FMCSRs and HMRs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

...? (a) A State must review any new law or regulation affecting CMV safety as soon as possible, but in..., regulation, or policy relating to CMV safety that was adopted since the State's last report. (2) A... designated by the Governor, stating that the annual review was performed and that State CMV safety laws...

49 CFR 350.331 - How does a State ensure its laws and regulations are compatible with the FMCSRs and HMRs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

...? (a) A State must review any new law or regulation affecting CMV safety as soon as possible, but in..., regulation, or policy relating to CMV safety that was adopted since the State's last report. (2) A... designated by the Governor, stating that the annual review was performed and that State CMV safety laws...

49 CFR 350.331 - How does a State ensure its laws and regulations are compatible with the FMCSRs and HMRs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

...? (a) A State must review any new law or regulation affecting CMV safety as soon as possible, but in..., regulation, or policy relating to CMV safety that was adopted since the State's last report. (2) A... designated by the Governor, stating that the annual review was performed and that State CMV safety laws...

49 CFR 350.331 - How does a State ensure its laws and regulations are compatible with the FMCSRs and HMRs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

...? (a) A State must review any new law or regulation affecting CMV safety as soon as possible, but in..., regulation, or policy relating to CMV safety that was adopted since the State's last report. (2) A... designated by the Governor, stating that the annual review was performed and that State CMV safety laws...

49 CFR 350.331 - How does a State ensure its laws and regulations are compatible with the FMCSRs and HMRs?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

...? (a) A State must review any new law or regulation affecting CMV safety as soon as possible, but in..., regulation, or policy relating to CMV safety that was adopted since the State's last report. (2) A... designated by the Governor, stating that the annual review was performed and that State CMV safety laws...

Zero tolerance laws for youth : four states' experience

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2000-06-01

This report summarizes a study of zero tolerance drinking driving laws for youth in four states. These laws prohibit driving by persons under 21 at a Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) over .00, .01 or .02 (depending on the state) in contrast to the l...

Assessing the Impact of Twenty Underage Drinking Laws.

PubMed

Fell, James C; Scherer, Michael; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B

2016-03-01

Over the last two decades, many states have adopted several of the 20 laws that aim to control youth access to and possession of alcohol and prevent underage drinking in the United States. However, many of these laws have not been evaluated since their adoption. The objective of this study was to determine which minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws currently have an effect on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes. We updated the effective dates of the 20 MLDA-21 laws examined in this study and used scores of each law's strengths and weaknesses. Our structural equation model included the 20 MLDA-21 laws, impaired driving laws, seat belt safety laws, economic strength, driving exposure, beer consumption, and fatal crash ratios of drinking-to-nondrinking drivers under age 21. Nine MLDA-21 laws were associated with significant decreases in fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: possession of alcohol (-7.7%), purchase of alcohol (-4.2%), use alcohol and lose your license (-7.9%), zero tolerance .02 blood alcohol concentration limit for underage drivers (-2.9%), age of bartender ≥21 (-4.1%), state responsible beverage service program (-3.8%), fake identification support provisions for retailers (-11.9%), dram shop liability (-2.5%), and social host civil liability (-1.7%). Two laws were associated with significant increases in the fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: prohibition of furnishing alcohol to minors (+7.2%) and registration of beer kegs (+9.6%). The nine effective MLDA-21 laws are estimated to be currently saving approximately 1,135 lives annually, yet only five states have enacted all nine laws. If all states adopted these nine effective MLDA-21 laws, it is estimated that an additional 210 lives could be saved every year.

49 CFR 24.208 - Aliens not lawfully present in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Aliens not lawfully present in the United States... Requirements § 24.208 Aliens not lawfully present in the United States. (a) Each person seeking relocation... of an individual, that he or she is either a citizen or national of the United States, or an alien...

49 CFR 24.208 - Aliens not lawfully present in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Aliens not lawfully present in the United States... Requirements § 24.208 Aliens not lawfully present in the United States. (a) Each person seeking relocation... of an individual, that he or she is either a citizen or national of the United States, or an alien...

Teacher Performance Plays Growing Role in Employment Decisions. Teacher Tenure: Trends in State Laws

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomsen, Jennifer

2014-01-01

An increasing number of states are mandating teacher performance be considered in educator employment decisions, including awarding tenure and layoffs, according to a 50-state policy review of teacher tenure laws. Tenure laws have historically granted job protections based on years of employment. The Education Commission of the States (ECS)…

49 CFR 24.208 - Aliens not lawfully present in the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Aliens not lawfully present in the United States... Requirements § 24.208 Aliens not lawfully present in the United States. (a) Each person seeking relocation... of an individual, that he or she is either a citizen or national of the United States, or an alien...

A Child's Right to Human Dignity: Reforming Anti-Bullying Laws in the United States

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Dayton, John; Dupre, Anne Proffitt

2009-01-01

This article presents the findings of research into the bullying laws in the United States. Against the backdrop of international law, it addresses children's rights to protection from bullying in US schools. It includes recommendations for improving anti-bullying legislation based on state anti-bullying legislation in the United States, and…

78 FR 64259 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL)-Online Dispute...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-10-28

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8508] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL)--Online Dispute Resolution (ODR) Study Group The Office of the Assistant Legal Adviser for Private International Law, Department of State, hereby gives notice that the ACPIL ODR Study Group...

22 CFR 92.5 - Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 22 Foreign Relations 1 2012-04-01 2012-04-01 false Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law. 92.5 Section 92.5 Foreign Relations DEPARTMENT OF STATE LEGAL AND RELATED SERVICES NOTARIAL AND RELATED SERVICES Introduction § 92.5 Acceptability of notarial acts under State or territorial law...

42 CFR 422.400 - State licensure requirement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... by Federal Law § 422.400 State licensure requirement. Except in the case of a PSO granted a waiver under subpart H of this part, each MA organization must— (a) Be licensed under State law, or otherwise authorized to operate under State law, as a risk-bearing entity (as defined in § 422.2) eligible to offer...

76 FR 56865 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-14

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice: 7586] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law (ACPIL): Public Meeting on Electronic Commerce The Department of State, Office of Legal Adviser, Office of Private International Law would like to give notice of a public meeting to discuss the...

20 CFR 615.8 - Provisions of State law applicable to claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 20 Employees' Benefits 3 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Provisions of State law applicable to claims. 615.8 Section 615.8 Employees' Benefits EMPLOYMENT AND TRAINING ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR EXTENDED BENEFITS IN THE FEDERAL-STATE UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION PROGRAM § 615.8 Provisions of State law applicable to claims. (a) Particular...

46 CFR 356.27 - Mortgage Trustee requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... and is doing business in the United States; (2) Is authorized under those laws to exercise corporate... or of a State, and is doing business under the laws of the United States or of a State; (ii) Is authorized under those laws to exercise corporate trust powers; (iii) Is qualified under 46 CFR. 356.19(a) to...

12 CFR 7.4001 - Charging interest at rates permitted competing institutions; charging interest to corporate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... bank may lawfully charge the highest rate permitted to be charged by a state-licensed small loan... small loan companies. (c) Effect on state definitions of interest. The Federal definition of the term... the law of that state. If state law permits different interest charges on specified classes of loans...

12 CFR 7.4001 - Charging interest at rates permitted competing institutions; charging interest to corporate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... bank may lawfully charge the highest rate permitted to be charged by a state-licensed small loan... small loan companies. (c) Effect on state definitions of interest. The Federal definition of the term... the law of that state. If state law permits different interest charges on specified classes of loans...

12 CFR 7.4001 - Charging interest at rates permitted competing institutions; charging interest to corporate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... bank may lawfully charge the highest rate permitted to be charged by a state-licensed small loan... small loan companies. (c) Effect on state definitions of interest. The Federal definition of the term... the law of that state. If state law permits different interest charges on specified classes of loans...

12 CFR 7.4001 - Charging interest at rates permitted competing institutions; charging interest to corporate...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... bank may lawfully charge the highest rate permitted to be charged by a state-licensed small loan... small loan companies. (c) Effect on state definitions of interest. The Federal definition of the term... the law of that state. If state law permits different interest charges on specified classes of loans...

Public health law for the collection and reporting of health care-associated infections.

PubMed

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Stone, Patricia W; Gebbie, Kristine M

2008-10-01

State-based laws for reporting of health care-associated infections (HAI) have developed and changed dramatically in recent years, affecting the costs of reporting and impact on infection rates. It is necessary for practitioners of infection control to understand these changing legal frameworks and their application to practice. Employing systematic state-based research, the researchers have documented legislation and administrative regulations for institution-specific HAI reporting, using this information to create a comprehensive resource on state-based laws for mandatory HAI reporting. As of August 27, 2007, 24 states have adopted laws requiring reporting of HAI rates, with an additional 7 states currently considering legislation that would require HAI reporting and 19 states employing detailed regulation in the absence of any current legislative authorization specific to HAI. This study documents (1) which states require reporting of HAI and, if so, whether this is done by legislation or administrative regulation; (2) whether the specific HAIs to be reported are identified in state law or codified generally as "diseases of public health importance," with reporting specified by administrative regulation; and (3) what reporting policies and procedures are detailed in law. Through analysis of the collected information, the researchers have examined the degree to which states have modernized their respective public health laws to approach mandatory reporting by way of general legislation regarding "matters of public health importance" and subsequent detailed administrative regulation to specify those matters.

[Comparison of the legal basis for health prevention and promotion in the school laws of the federal states in Germany].

PubMed

Niehues, C; Höldke, B; Gericke, C A

2006-02-01

Health prevention and promotion in schools are key public health tasks in most countries. This study focuses on the importance given to prevention and promotion of health in law texts through comparatively analysing school laws for the sixteen federal states in Germany. The basis for the analysis are the sixteen federal school laws in Germany. A conceptual framework to analyse the law texts has been developed grouped according to the following categories: aims of literacy and education; development of organization; individual and social health; and security and accident prevention. Examples for second level categories include nutrition, motility, alcohol, violence, and road-traffic accident prevention. Based on a point-system of valuation, a ranking for the federal states was derived in terms of an assessment of the importance of health prevention and promotion in federal states' school laws. Berlin, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern -- three "new" states (i. e. formerly East-German) are leading the ranking. Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg, two states that had been ruled by conservative governments for a long time, had special difficulties to take over new values in their legislation and occupied rank 14 in our ranking. The last place was taken by a state under social-democratic rule -- Nordrhein-Westfalen. However, this law dated from 1952 and a new law has just been passed in August 2005. The comparison of the school laws of the federal states in Germany demonstrates that there has been a substantial amount of change in recent years. In some school laws, the impulses of the Ottawa Charta regarding health prevention can be clearly recognised. In others prevention and promotion of health are only subordinated subjects. As in many other areas of social importance, reorientation is taking place. In particular, federal states who have placed little emphasis on school health will have to renew their corresponding legislation.

Reducing Traumatic Brain Injuries in Youth Sports: Youth Sports Traumatic Brain Injury State Laws, January 2009–December 2012

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Objectives. I sought to describe current state-wide youth sports traumatic brain injury (TBI) laws and their relationship to prevailing scientific understandings of youth sports TBIs, and to facilitate further research by creating an open-source data set of current laws. Methods. I used Westlaw and LexisNexis databases to create a 50-state data set of youth sports TBI laws enacted between January 2009 and December 2012. I collected and coded the text and citations of each law and developed a protocol and codebook to facilitate future research. Results. Forty-four states and Washington, DC, passed youth sports TBI laws between 2009 and 2012. No state’s youth sports TBI law focuses on primary prevention. Instead, such laws focus on (1) increasing coaches’ and parents’ ability to identify and respond to TBIs and (2) reducing the immediate risk of multiple TBIs. Conclusions. Existing youth sports TBI laws were not designed to reduce initial TBIs. Evaluation is required to assess their effectiveness in reducing the risk and consequences of multiple TBIs. Continued research and evaluation of existing laws will be needed to develop a more comprehensive youth TBI-reduction solution. PMID:23678903

Measuring the stringency of states' indoor tanning regulations: instrument development and outcomes.

PubMed

Woodruff, Susan I; Pichon, Latrice C; Hoerster, Katherine D; Forster, Jean L; Gilmer, Todd; Mayer, Joni A

2007-05-01

We sought to describe the development of an instrument to quantify the stringency of state indoor tanning legislation in the United States, and the instrument's psychometric properties. The instrument was then used to rate the stringency of state laws. A 35-item instrument was developed. An overall stringency measure and 9 stringency subscales were developed, including one measuring minors' access to indoor tanning. Stringency measures showed good internal consistency and interrater reliability. In all, 55% of the 50 states and the District of Columbia had any indoor tanning law, and 41% had any law addressing minors' access. Oregon, Illinois, South Carolina, Florida, Indiana, Iowa, and Rhode Island had high overall stringency scores, and Texas and New Hampshire were the most restrictive with regard to minors' access. Measurement of actual enforcement of the laws was not included in this study. The instrument appears to be an easy-to-use, reliable, and valid methodology. Application of the instrument to actual laws showed that, in general, state laws are relatively weak, although there was considerable variability by state.

12 CFR 7.4007 - Deposit-taking.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... Federal law, state laws that obstruct, impair, or condition a national bank's ability to fully exercise... bank may exercise its deposit-taking powers without regard to state law limitations concerning: (i... exercise of national banks' deposit-taking powers: (1) Contracts; (2) Torts; (3) Criminal law; 5 5 But see...

20 CFR 615.5 - Definition of “exhaustee.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... unemployment compensation under the unemployment compensation law of Canada, unless the Canadian agency finally determines that the individual is not entitled to unemployment compensation under the Canadian law for such... applicable State law or any other State law (including regular compensation payable to Federal civilian...

Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of Stressing-Rate State Evolution in Rate-State Friction Laws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bhattacharya, P.; Rubin, A. M.; Bayart, E.; Savage, H. M.; Marone, C.; Beeler, N. M.

2013-12-01

Standard rate and state friction laws fail to explain the full range of observations from laboratory friction experiments. A new state evolution law has been proposed by Nagata et al. (2012) that adds a linear stressing-rate-dependent term to the Dieterich (aging) law, which may provide a remedy. They introduce a parameter c that controls the contribution of the stressing rate to state evolution. We show through analytical approximations that the new law can transition between the responses of the traditional Dieterich (aging) and Ruina (slip) laws in velocity step up/down experiments when the value of c is tuned properly. In particular, for c = 0 the response is pure aging while for finite, non-zero c one observes slip law like behavior for small velocity jumps but aging law like response for larger jumps. The magnitude of the velocity jump required to see this transition between aging and slip behaviour increases as c increases. In the limit of c >> 1 the response to velocity steps becomes purely slip law like. In this limit, numerical simulations show that this law loses its appealing time dependent healing property. An approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo parameter search on data for large magnitude velocity step tests reveals that it is only possible to determine a lower bound on c using datasets that are well explained by the slip law. For a dataset with velocity steps of two orders of magnitude on simulated fault gouge we find this lower bound to be c ≈ 10.0. This is significantly larger than c ≈ 2.0 used by Nagata et al. (2012) to fit their data (mainly bare rock experiments with smaller excursions from steady state than our dataset). Similar parameter estimation exercises on slide hold slide data reveal that none of the state evolution laws considered - Dieterich, Ruina, Kato-Tullis and Nagata - match the relevant features of the data. In particular, even the aging law predicts only the correct rate of healing for long hold times but not the correct amount of healing. For c = 10.0, the Nagata law shows significant slip dependence in healing rate for long hold times which is at odds with the lab data and similar to the slip law response. If one accepts frictional healing observed in the laboratory as a ';proper' analog for fault strengthening over the interseismic period, we conclude that none of the investigated state evolution laws provides a comprehensive and correct constitutive relation.

77 FR 59901 - Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council; Public Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-10-01

... Panel in conjunction with the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission's Law Enforcement Committee. DATES... Panel (LEAP) along with the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission's Law Enforcement Committee (LEC... each of the Gulf States, as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Law...

32 CFR 1903.3 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false State law applicable. 1903.3 Section 1903.3 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CONDUCT ON AGENCY INSTALLATIONS § 1903.3 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by the regulations...

32 CFR 1903.3 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2012-07-01 2012-07-01 false State law applicable. 1903.3 Section 1903.3 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CONDUCT ON AGENCY INSTALLATIONS § 1903.3 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by the regulations...

32 CFR 1903.3 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false State law applicable. 1903.3 Section 1903.3 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CONDUCT ON AGENCY INSTALLATIONS § 1903.3 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by the regulations...

32 CFR 1903.3 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State law applicable. 1903.3 Section 1903.3 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CONDUCT ON AGENCY INSTALLATIONS § 1903.3 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by the regulations...

32 CFR 1903.3 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... 32 National Defense 6 2014-07-01 2014-07-01 false State law applicable. 1903.3 Section 1903.3 National Defense Other Regulations Relating to National Defense CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY CONDUCT ON AGENCY INSTALLATIONS § 1903.3 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by the regulations...

77 FR 56571 - Unincorporated Business Entities

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-09-13

... under State law for certain business activities. For purposes of this proposed rule, a UBE includes... unincorporated business trusts, organized under State law. This rule does not apply to UBEs that one or more... System institutions to organize entities under State law to engage in business activity. However...

42 CFR 422.402 - Federal preemption of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 3 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Federal preemption of State law. 422.402 Section 422.402 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Organization Compliance With State Law and...

Soil erosion and sediment control laws. A review of state laws and their natural resource data requirements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Klein, S. B.

1980-01-01

Twenty states, the District of Columbia, and the Virgin Islands enacted erosion and sediment control legislation during the past decade to provide for the implementation or the strengthening of statewide erosion and sediment control plans for rural and/or urban lands. That legislation and the state programs developed to implement these laws are quoted and reviewed. The natural resource data requirements of each program are also extracted. The legislation includes amendments to conservation district laws, water quality laws, and erosion and sediment control laws. Laws which provides for legislative review of administrative regulations and LANDSAT applications and/or information systems that were involved in implementing or gathering data for a specific soil erosion and sediment control program are summarized as well as principal concerns affecting erosion and sediment control laws.

Library Laws Handbook: State Laws Relating to Michigan Libraries. [Revised Edition].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michigan Library, Lansing.

This document presents excerpts and copies of state laws relating to Michigan libraries. The following are included: Preamble of the Constitution of Michigan of 1963; Legislative Council Act (excerpt); Incompatible Public Offices; Freedom of Information Act; Open Meetings Act; Laws, Documents, and Reports (excerpts); Administrative Procedures Act…

Library Laws Handbook: State Laws Relating to Michigan Libraries.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michigan Library, Lansing.

This document presents excerpts and copies of state laws relating to Michigan libraries. The following are included: the Preamble of the Constitution of Michigan of 1963; Legislative Council Act (excerpt); Incompatible Public Offices; Freedom of Information Act; Open Meetings Act; Laws, Documents, and Reports (excerpts); Administrative Procedures…

32 CFR 634.41 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

...) Commanders will coordinate with the proper civil law enforcement agency before moving Government vehicles... drivers of Government motor vehicles have— (i) Committed serious violations of civil traffic laws. (ii... 32 National Defense 4 2014-07-01 2013-07-01 true Compliance with State laws. 634.41 Section 634.41...

32 CFR 634.41 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

...) Commanders will coordinate with the proper civil law enforcement agency before moving Government vehicles... drivers of Government motor vehicles have— (i) Committed serious violations of civil traffic laws. (ii... 32 National Defense 4 2011-07-01 2011-07-01 false Compliance with State laws. 634.41 Section 634...

32 CFR 634.41 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

...) Commanders will coordinate with the proper civil law enforcement agency before moving Government vehicles... drivers of Government motor vehicles have— (i) Committed serious violations of civil traffic laws. (ii... 32 National Defense 4 2013-07-01 2013-07-01 false Compliance with State laws. 634.41 Section 634...

32 CFR 634.41 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

...) Commanders will coordinate with the proper civil law enforcement agency before moving Government vehicles... drivers of Government motor vehicles have— (i) Committed serious violations of civil traffic laws. (ii... 32 National Defense 4 2012-07-01 2011-07-01 true Compliance with State laws. 634.41 Section 634.41...

Enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws in the United States: a national survey of state and local agencies.

PubMed

Erickson, Darin J; Farbakhsh, Kian; Toomey, Traci L; Lenk, Kathleen M; Jones-Webb, Rhonda; Nelson, Toben F

2015-01-01

Enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws is an important component of efforts to prevent alcohol-involved motor vehicle fatalities. Little is known about the use of drinking-driving enforcement strategies by state and local law enforcement agencies or whether the use of strategies differs by agency and jurisdiction characteristics. We conducted two national surveys, with state patrol agencies (n = 48) and with a sample of local law enforcement agencies (n = 1,082) selected according to state and jurisdiction population size. We examined 3 primary enforcement strategies (sobriety checkpoints, saturation patrols, and enforcement of open container laws) and tested whether use of these strategies differed by jurisdiction and agency characteristics across state and local law enforcement agencies Most state patrol agencies reported conducting sobriety checkpoints (72.9%) and saturation patrols (95.8%), whereas less than half (43.8%) reported enforcing open container laws. In contrast, a lower proportion of local law enforcement agencies reported using these alcohol-impaired driving enforcement strategies (41.5, 62.7, and 41.1%, respectively). Sobriety checkpoint enforcement was more common in states in the dry South region (vs. wet and moderate regions). Among local law enforcement agencies, agencies with a full-time alcohol enforcement officer and agencies located in areas where drinking-driving was perceived to be very common (vs. not/somewhat common) were more likely to conduct multiple types of impaired driving enforcement. Recommended enforcement strategies to detect and prevent alcohol-impaired driving are employed in some jurisdictions and underutilized in others. Future research should explore the relationship of enforcement with drinking and driving behavior and alcohol-involved motor vehicle fatalities.

Enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws in the United States: A national survey of state and local agencies

PubMed Central

Erickson, Darin J.; Farbakhsh, Kian; Toomey, Traci L.; Lenk, Kathleen M.; Jones-Webb, Rhonda; Nelson, Toben F.

2015-01-01

Objectives Enforcement of alcohol-impaired driving laws is an important component of efforts to prevent alcohol-involved motor-vehicle fatalities. Little is known about the use of drinking-driving enforcement strategies by state and local law enforcement agencies or whether the use of strategies differs by agency and jurisdiction characteristics. Methods We conducted two national surveys, with state patrol agencies (n=48) and with a sample of local law enforcement agencies (n=1,082) selected according to state and jurisdiction population size. We examined three primary enforcement strategies (sobriety checkpoints, saturation patrols, and enforcement of open container laws), and tested whether use of these strategies differed by jurisdiction and agency characteristics across state and local law enforcement agencies Results Most state patrol agencies reported conducting sobriety checkpoints (72.9%) and saturation patrols (95.8%), while less than half (43.8%) reported enforcing open container laws. In contrast, a lower proportion of local law enforcement agencies reported using these alcohol-impaired driving enforcement strategies (41.5%; 62.7%; 41.1% respectively). Sobriety checkpoint enforcement was more common in states in the dry South region (vs. wet and moderate regions). Among local law enforcement agencies, agencies with a full-time alcohol enforcement officer and agencies located in areas where drinking-driving was perceived to be very common (vs. not/somewhat common) were more likely to conduct multiple types of impaired driving enforcement. Conclusions Recommended enforcement strategies to detect and prevent alcohol-impaired driving are employed in some jurisdictions and underutilized in others. Future research should explore the relationship of enforcement with drinking and driving behavior and alcohol-involved motor-vehicle fatalities. PMID:25802970

Population Support Before and After the Implementation of Smoke-Free Laws in the United States: Trends From 1992–2007

PubMed Central

Nagelhout, Gera E.; Wolfson, Tanya; Zhuang, Yue-Lin; Gamst, Anthony; Willemsen, Marc C.

2015-01-01

Introduction: Several states implemented comprehensive smoke-free laws in workplaces (14 states), restaurants (17 states), and bars (13 states) between 2002 and 2007. We tested the hypothesis that public support for smoke-free laws increases at a higher rate in states that implemented smoke-free laws between 2002 and 2007 (group A) than in states that implemented smoke-free laws after that time or not at all (group B). The period before the implementation (1992–2001) was also considered. Methods: Data was used from the Current Population Survey (CPS) Tobacco Use Supplements (TUS), which is representative for the U.S. adult population. Respondents were asked whether they thought smoking should not be allowed in indoor work areas, restaurants, and bars and cocktail lounges. Differences in trends were analyzed with binomial mixed effects models. Results: Population support for smoke-free restaurants and bars was higher among group A than among group B before 2002. After 2002, support for smoke-free restaurants and bars increased at a higher rate among group A than among group B. Population support for smoke-free workplaces did not differ between group A and B, and the increase in support for smoke-free workplaces also did not differ between these groups. Conclusions: The positive association between the implementation of smoke-free restaurant and bar laws and the rate of increase in support for these laws partly supported the hypothesis. The implementation of the laws may have caused support to increase, but also states that have higher support may have been more likely to implement smoke-free laws. PMID:25143293

State-level legal preparedness for nuclear and radiological emergencies in the U.S.: a network analysis of state laws and regulations.

PubMed

Guclu, Hasan; Ferrell Bjerke, Elizabeth; Galvan, Jared; Sweeney, Patricia; Potter, Margaret A

2014-01-01

This study explored if and to what extent the laws of U.S. states mirrored the U.S. federal laws for responding to nuclear-radiological emergencies (NREs). Emergency laws from a 12-state sample and the federal government were retrieved and translated into numeric codes representing acting agents, their partner agents, and the purposes of activity in terms of preparedness, response, and recovery. We used network analysis to explore the relationships among agents in terms of legally directed NRE activities. States' legal networks for NREs appear as not highly inclusive, involving an average of 28% of agents among those specified in the federal laws. Certain agents are highly central in NRE networks, so that their capacity and effectiveness might strongly influence an NRE response. State-level lawmakers and planners might consider whether or not greater inclusion of agents, modeled on the federal government laws, would enhance their NRE laws and if more agents should be engaged in planning and policy-making for NRE incidents. Further research should explore if and to what extent legislated NRE directives impose constraints on practical response activities including emergency planning.

12 CFR Appendix C to Part 230 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Effect on State Laws C Appendix C to Part 230... TRUTH IN SAVINGS (REGULATION DD) Pt. 230, App. C Appendix C to Part 230—Effect on State Laws (a... Federal Register and furnished to the party who made the request and to the appropriate state official. (c...

78 FR 55772 - U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-09-11

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8461] U.S. Department of State Advisory Committee on Private International Law: Notice of Annual Meeting The Department of State's Advisory Committee on Private... University Law School, 2000 H Street NW., Washington DC 20052. The program is scheduled to run from 9:00 a.m...

76 FR 10561 - Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council; Public Meetings

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-02-25

... Panel in conjunction with the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission's Law Enforcement Committee... the Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission's Law Enforcement Committee to consider the status of... consists of principal law enforcement officers in each of the Gulf States, as well as the National Oceanic...

75 FR 17988 - Certifications Pursuant to Section 609 of Public Law 101-162

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-04-08

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 6942] Certifications Pursuant to Section 609 of Public Law 101-162 SUMMARY: On March 24, 2010, the Department of State notified Congress that it had withdrawn Mexico's certification under United States Public Law 101-162, Section 609, because Mexico's turtle...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

28 CFR 1100.29 - The roles and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under the Trafficking Victims... and responsibilities of federal law enforcement, immigration, and Department of State officials under... trafficking in persons as early as possible in the investigation and prosecution process, to ensure efforts...

29 CFR 825.701 - Interaction with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT OF 1993 Effect of Other Laws, Employer Practices, and Collective Bargaining... supersedes any provision of State or local law that provides greater family or medical leave rights than those provided by FMLA. The Department of Labor will not, however, enforce State family or medical leave...

29 CFR 825.701 - Interaction with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT OF 1993 Effect of Other Laws, Employer Practices, and Collective Bargaining... supersedes any provision of State or local law that provides greater family or medical leave rights than those provided by FMLA. The Department of Labor will not, however, enforce State family or medical leave...

29 CFR 825.701 - Interaction with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT OF 1993 Effect of Other Laws, Employer Practices, and Collective Bargaining... supersedes any provision of State or local law that provides greater family or medical leave rights than those provided by FMLA. The Department of Labor will not, however, enforce State family or medical leave...

29 CFR 825.701 - Interaction with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT OF 1993 Effect of Other Laws, Employer Practices, and Collective Bargaining... supersedes any provision of State or local law that provides greater family or medical leave rights than those provided by FMLA. The Department of Labor will not, however, enforce State family or medical leave...

25 CFR 273.52 - State school laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... 25 Indians 1 2012-04-01 2011-04-01 true State school laws. 273.52 Section 273.52 Indians BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR INDIAN SELF-DETERMINATION AND EDUCATION ASSISTANCE ACT PROGRAM EDUCATION CONTRACTS UNDER JOHNSON-O'MALLEY ACT General Contract Requirements § 273.52 State school laws. In...

40 CFR 403.4 - State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 30 2013-07-01 2012-07-01 true State or local law. 403.4 Section 403.4 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (CONTINUED) EFFLUENT GUIDELINES AND STANDARDS GENERAL PRETREATMENT REGULATIONS FOR EXISTING AND NEW SOURCES OF POLLUTION § 403.4 State or local law...

40 CFR 35.936-2 - Grantee procurement systems; State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 40 Protection of Environment 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Grantee procurement systems; State or local law. 35.936-2 Section 35.936-2 Protection of Environment ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY GRANTS... rational basis. (c) Preference. State or local laws, ordinances, regulations or procedures which...

7 CFR 766.155 - Conflict with State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 7 Agriculture 7 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Conflict with State law. 766.155 Section 766.155... AGRICULTURE SPECIAL PROGRAMS DIRECT LOAN SERVICING-SPECIAL Homestead Protection Program § 766.155 Conflict with State law. If there is a conflict between a borrower's homestead protection rights and any...

16 CFR 313.17 - Relation to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 16 Commercial Practices 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Relation to State laws. 313.17 Section 313.17 Commercial Practices FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION REGULATIONS UNDER SPECIFIC ACTS OF CONGRESS PRIVACY OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL INFORMATION Relation to Other Laws; Effective Date § 313.17 Relation to State...

17 CFR 30.11 - Applicability of state law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... 17 Commodity and Securities Exchanges 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Applicability of state law. 30.11 Section 30.11 Commodity and Securities Exchanges COMMODITY FUTURES TRADING COMMISSION FOREIGN FUTURES AND FOREIGN OPTIONS TRANSACTIONS § 30.11 Applicability of state law. Pursuant to section 12(e)(2...

36 CFR 1004.2 - State law applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 36 Parks, Forests, and Public Property 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false State law applicable. 1004.2 Section 1004.2 Parks, Forests, and Public Property PRESIDIO TRUST VEHICLES AND TRAFFIC SAFETY § 1004.2 State law applicable. (a) Unless specifically addressed by regulations in this chapter, traffic and the...

Teacher Evaluation: A Case of "Loreful" Leadership

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zirkel, Perry A.

2013-01-01

Educators and the public believe that it is exceedingly difficult to terminate incompetent teachers because of their legal protections in federal civil rights law, state tenure laws, and--even for states that do not have tenure laws-- the procedural and substantive requirements that are specific to performance evaluation in state and local…

42 CFR 2.20 - Relationship to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Relationship to State laws. 2.20 Section 2.20 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CONFIDENTIALITY OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PATIENT RECORDS General Provisions § 2.20 Relationship to State laws...

42 CFR 2.20 - Relationship to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Relationship to State laws. 2.20 Section 2.20 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CONFIDENTIALITY OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PATIENT RECORDS General Provisions § 2.20 Relationship to State laws...

42 CFR 2.20 - Relationship to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Relationship to State laws. 2.20 Section 2.20 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CONFIDENTIALITY OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PATIENT RECORDS General Provisions § 2.20 Relationship to State laws...

42 CFR 2.20 - Relationship to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Relationship to State laws. 2.20 Section 2.20 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CONFIDENTIALITY OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PATIENT RECORDS General Provisions § 2.20 Relationship to State laws...

42 CFR 2.20 - Relationship to State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Relationship to State laws. 2.20 Section 2.20 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GENERAL PROVISIONS CONFIDENTIALITY OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE PATIENT RECORDS General Provisions § 2.20 Relationship to State laws...

42 CFR 423.401 - General requirements for PDP sponsors.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... with State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 423.401 General requirements for PDP sponsors. (a... sponsor is organized and licensed under State law as a risk bearing entity eligible to offer health... otherwise licensed, the sponsor obtains certification from the State that the organization meets a level of...

20 CFR 640.3 - Interpretation of Federal law requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... require that a State law include provision for such methods of administration as will reasonable insure... Security Act to require that, in the administration of a State law, there shall be substantial compliance... benefits. Factors reasonably beyond a State's control may cause its performance to drop below the level of...

42 CFR 485.608 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., State, and local laws and regulations. 485.608 Section 485.608 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION... (CAHs) § 485.608 Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws and...

An Analysis of Pressure Group Activities in the Context of Open Meeting and Public Employee Relations Laws.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cassidy, George W.

1979-01-01

Interest and pressure group activity is analyzed in the context of state public employee relations laws and state "open meeting" laws. Suggests that the courts and state labor relations boards are susceptible receptors of pressure- and interest-group influence. (Author/IRT)

31 CFR 50.24 - Applicability of State law requirements.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 31 Money and Finance: Treasury 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Applicability of State law requirements. 50.24 Section 50.24 Money and Finance: Treasury Office of the Secretary of the Treasury TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM Mandatory Availability § 50.24 Applicability of State law requirements. (a...

State gun safe storage laws and child mortality due to firearms.

PubMed

Cummings, P; Grossman, D C; Rivara, F P; Koepsell, T D

1997-10-01

Since 1989, several states have passed laws that make gun owners criminally liable if someone is injured because a child gains unsupervised access to a gun. These laws are controversial, and their effect on firearm-related injuries is unknown. To determine if state laws that require safe storage of firearms are associated with a reduction in child mortality due to firearms. An ecological study of firearm mortality from 1979 through 1994. All 50 states and the District of Columbia. All children younger than 15 years. Unintentional deaths, suicides, and homicides due to firearms. Laws that make gun owners responsible for storing firearms in a manner that makes them inaccessible to children were in effect for at least 1 year in 12 states from 1990 through 1994. Among children younger than 15 years, unintentional shooting deaths were reduced by 23% (95% confidence interval, 6%-37%) during the years covered by these laws. This estimate was based on within-state comparisons adjusted for national trends in unintentional firearm-related mortality. Gun-related homicide and suicide showed modest declines, but these were not statistically significant. State safe storage laws intended to make firearms less accessible to children appear to prevent unintentional shooting deaths among children younger than 15 years.

Assessing the Impact of Twenty Underage Drinking Laws

PubMed Central

Fell, James C.; Scherer, Michael; Thomas, Sue; Voas, Robert B.

2016-01-01

Objective: Over the last two decades, many states have adopted several of the 20 laws that aim to control youth access to and possession of alcohol and prevent underage drinking in the United States. However, many of these laws have not been evaluated since their adoption. The objective of this study was to determine which minimum legal drinking age 21 (MLDA-21) laws currently have an effect on underage drinking-and-driving fatal crashes. Method: We updated the effective dates of the 20 MLDA-21 laws examined in this study and used scores of each law’s strengths and weaknesses. Our structural equation model included the 20 MLDA-21 laws, impaired driving laws, seat belt safety laws, economic strength, driving exposure, beer consumption, and fatal crash ratios of drinking-to-nondrinking drivers under age 21. Results: Nine MLDA-21 laws were associated with significant decreases in fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: possession of alcohol (-7.7%), purchase of alcohol (-4.2%), use alcohol and lose your license (-7.9%), zero tolerance .02 blood alcohol concentration limit for under-age drivers (-2.9%), age of bartender ≥21 (-4.1%), state responsible beverage service program (-3.8%), fake identification support provisions for retailers (-11.9%), dram shop liability (-2.5%), and social host civil liability (-1.7%). Two laws were associated with significant increases in the fatal crash ratios of underage drinking drivers: prohibition of furnishing alcohol to minors (+7.2%) and registration of beer kegs (+9.6%). Conclusions: The nine effective MLDA-21 laws are estimated to be currently saving approximately 1,135 lives annually, yet only five states have enacted all nine laws. If all states adopted these nine effective MLDA-21 laws, it is estimated that an additional 210 lives could be saved every year. PMID:26997183

Smoke-free laws in bars and restaurants: does support among teens and young adults change after a statewide smoke-free law?

PubMed

Fabian, Lindsey E A; Bernat, Debra H; Lenk, Kathleen M; Shi, Qun; Forster, Jean L

2011-01-01

We assessed changes in levels of support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults before and after implementation of a statewide smoke-free law. We measured support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults aged 16-24 years living in Minnesota (n=2,785) and five comparison states (n=404), up to 12 months before and up to six months after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect in October 2007. We compared changes in support among three subgroups-Minnesota participants who lived with a previous local smoke-free law, Minnesota participants who did not live with a previous local smoke-free law, and participants from the comparison states-before and after Minnesota's statewide smoke-free law went into effect. Support for smoke-free restaurants and bars among participants in Minnesota and comparison states increased after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect. Minnesotans, both those living with and without a previous local smoke-free law, showed similar increases in support for smoke-free restaurants as participants in comparison states. However, Minnesotans living without a previous local law showed larger increases in support for smoke-free bars than both those in comparison states and those living in Minnesota with a previous local smoke-free law. Our study employed a more robust design than similar studies and focused on the teen and young adult population. Our results will help advocates and policy makers demonstrate how public support for smoke-free laws increases following smoke-free legislation, particularly among those who were not previously living with a local smoke-free law.

Temporary Transfer of Firearms From the Home to Prevent Suicide: Legal Obstacles and Recommendations.

PubMed

McCourt, Alexander D; Vernick, Jon S; Betz, Marian E; Brandspigel, Sara; Runyan, Carol W

2017-01-01

The presence of firearms in the home increases the risk of suicide for residents. As a result, clinicians and professional organizations recommend counseling about temporary removal of firearms from the home of potentially suicidal individuals. In some states, however, firearm laws may affect the ability to easily transfer a gun temporarily to reduce suicide risk. In particular, universal background check (UBC) laws-which require a background check whenever a gun is transferred, even by non-gun dealers-may also apply to temporary transfers intended to reduce suicide risk. Clinicians have previously reported that confusion regarding state firearm laws and uncertainty over the legality of a temporary transfer have affected their ability to effectively counsel patients. We summarize the laws of all 50 states and specifically examine the relevant firearm laws of 3 representative states with UBCs and different approaches-Maryland, Colorado, and California. We identify both helpful and problematic aspects of state laws regarding temporary transfer of firearms. We provide recommendations for amending UBC laws to make it easier for clinicians and patients to temporarily transfer firearms.

A Comparative Analysis of Mandated Benefit Laws, 1949–2002

PubMed Central

Laugesen, Miriam J; Paul, Rebecca R; Luft, Harold S; Aubry, Wade; Ganiats, Theodore G

2006-01-01

Objective To understand and compare the trends in mandated benefits laws in the United States. Data Sources/Study Setting Mandated benefit laws enacted in 50 states and the District of Columbia for the period 1949–2002 were compiled from multiple published compendia. Study Design Laws that require private insurers and health plans to cover particular services, types of diseases, or care by specific providers in 50 states and the District of Columbia are compared for the period 1949–2002. Legislation is compared by year, by average and total frequency, by state, by type (provider, health care service, or preventive), and according to whether it requires coverage or an offer of coverage. Data Collection/Extraction Method Data from published tables were entered into a spreadsheet and analyzed using statistical software. Principal Findings A total of 1,471 laws mandated coverage for 76 types of providers and services. The most common type of mandated coverage is for specific health care services (670 laws for 34 different services), followed by laws for services offered by specific professionals and other providers (507 mandated benefits laws for 25 types of providers), and coverage for specific preventive services (295 laws for 17 benefits). On average, a mandated benefit law has been adopted or significantly revised by 19 states, and each state has approximately 29 mandates. Only two benefits (minimum maternity stay and breast reconstruction) are mandated in all 51 jurisdictions and these were also federally mandated benefits. The mean number of total mandated benefit laws adopted or significantly revised per year was 17 per year in the 1970s, 36 per year in the 1980s, 59 per year in the 1990s, and 76 per year between 2000 and 2002. Since 1990, mandate adoption increased substantially, with around 55 percent of all mandated benefit laws enacted between 1990 and 2002. Conclusions There was a large increase in the number of mandated benefits laws during the managed care “backlash” of the 1990s. Many states now use mandated benefits to prescribe not only what services and benefits would be provided but how, where, and when services will be provided. PMID:16704673

42 CFR 403.914 - Preemption of State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... Investment Interests § 403.914 Preemption of State laws. (a) General rule. In the case of a payment or other... controlling disease, injury, disability. (ii) Agencies that conduct oversight activities authorized by law...

42 CFR 403.914 - Preemption of State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... Investment Interests § 403.914 Preemption of State laws. (a) General rule. In the case of a payment or other... controlling disease, injury, disability. (ii) Agencies that conduct oversight activities authorized by law...

Extradition To and From the United States: Overview of the Law and Recent Treaties

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-08-03

articles, or merchandise. b. Offenses relating to willful evasion of taxes and duties. c. Offenses against the laws relating to international ...parlance of international law nations are identified as “states.” In order to avoid confusion, the several states of the United States will be...or footnotes as CRS Report RS22702, An Abridged Sketch of Extradition To and From the United States, by Charles Doyle. Contents Introduction

Supreme Court strikes down Montana's sodomy law.

PubMed

1997-08-08

The Montana Supreme Court struck down the State's sodomy law and ruled that the law violates the State constitutional right to privacy. Until this ruling, all homosexual relations were labeled deviate sexual conduct, punishable by a $50,000 fine and 10 years in prison. No one had been prosecuted under the law since it was enacted in 1973, but its existence placed gay men and lesbians at risk of prosecution. The high court was not persuaded by the State's argument that the sodomy law was permissible because it prevented HIV infection and preserved public morality, largely because the law was enacted a decade before the first case of AIDS was reported in Montana.

How do minimum cigarette price laws affect cigarette prices at the retail level?

PubMed Central

Feighery, E; Ribisl, K; Schleicher, N; Zellers, L; Wellington, N

2005-01-01

Objectives: Half of US states have minimum cigarette price laws that were originally passed to protect small independent retailers from unfair price competition with larger retailers. These laws prohibit cigarettes from being sold below a minimum price that is set by a formula. Many of these laws allow cigarette company promotional incentives offered to retailers, such as buydowns and master-type programmes, to be calculated into the formula. Allowing this provision has the potential to lower the allowable minimum price. This study assesses whether stores in states with minimum price laws have higher cigarette prices and lower rates of retailer participation in cigarette company promotional incentive programmes. Design: Retail cigarette prices and retailer participation in cigarette company incentive programmes in 2001 were compared in eight states with minimum price laws and seven states without them. New York State had the most stringent minimum price law at the time of the study because it excluded promotional incentive programmes in its price setting formula; cigarette prices in New York were compared to all other states included in the study. Results: Cigarette prices were not significantly different in our sample of US states with and without cigarette minimum price laws. Cigarette prices were significantly higher in New York stores than in the 14 other states combined. Conclusions: Most existing minimum cigarette price laws appear to have little impact on the retail price of cigarettes. This may be because they allow the use of promotional programmes, which are used by manufacturers to reduce cigarette prices. New York's strategy to disallow these types of incentive programmes may result in higher minimum cigarette prices, and should also be explored as a potential policy strategy to control cigarette company marketing practices in stores. Strict cigarette minimum price laws may have the potential to reduce cigarette consumption by decreasing demand through increased cigarette prices and reduced promotional activities at retail outlets. PMID:15791016

How do minimum cigarette price laws affect cigarette prices at the retail level?

PubMed

Feighery, E C; Ribisl, K M; Schleicher, N C; Zellers, L; Wellington, N

2005-04-01

Half of US states have minimum cigarette price laws that were originally passed to protect small independent retailers from unfair price competition with larger retailers. These laws prohibit cigarettes from being sold below a minimum price that is set by a formula. Many of these laws allow cigarette company promotional incentives offered to retailers, such as buydowns and master-type programmes, to be calculated into the formula. Allowing this provision has the potential to lower the allowable minimum price. This study assesses whether stores in states with minimum price laws have higher cigarette prices and lower rates of retailer participation in cigarette company promotional incentive programmes. Retail cigarette prices and retailer participation in cigarette company incentive programmes in 2001 were compared in eight states with minimum price laws and seven states without them. New York State had the most stringent minimum price law at the time of the study because it excluded promotional incentive programmes in its price setting formula; cigarette prices in New York were compared to all other states included in the study. Cigarette prices were not significantly different in our sample of US states with and without cigarette minimum price laws. Cigarette prices were significantly higher in New York stores than in the 14 other states combined. Most existing minimum cigarette price laws appear to have little impact on the retail price of cigarettes. This may be because they allow the use of promotional programmes, which are used by manufacturers to reduce cigarette prices. New York's strategy to disallow these types of incentive programmes may result in higher minimum cigarette prices, and should also be explored as a potential policy strategy to control cigarette company marketing practices in stores. Strict cigarette minimum price laws may have the potential to reduce cigarette consumption by decreasing demand through increased cigarette prices and reduced promotional activities at retail outlets.

Public health law for the collection and reporting of health care–associated infections

PubMed Central

Meier, Benjamin Mason; Stone, Patricia W.; Gebbie, Kristine M.

2015-01-01

Background State-based laws for reporting of health care-associated infections (HAI) have developed and changed dramatically in recent years, affecting the costs of reporting and impact on infection rates. It is necessary for practitioners of infection control to understand these changing legal frameworks and their application to practice. Methods Employing systematic state-based research, the researchers have documented legislation and administrative regulations for institution-specific HAI reporting, using this information to create a comprehensive resource on state-based laws for mandatory HAI reporting. Results As of August 27, 2007, 24 states have adopted laws requiring reporting of HAI rates, with an additional 7 states currently considering legislation that would require HAI reporting and 19 states employing detailed regulation in the absence of any current legislative authorization specific to HAI. This study documents (1) which states require reporting of HAI and, if so, whether this is done by legislation or administrative regulation; (2) whether the specific HAIs to be reported are identified in state law or codified generally as “diseases of public health importance,” with reporting specified by administrative regulation; and (3) what reporting policies and procedures are detailed in law. Conclusion Through analysis of the collected information, the researchers have examined the degree to which states have modernized their respective public health laws to approach mandatory reporting by way of general legislation regarding “matters of public health importance” and subsequent detailed administrative regulation to specify those matters. PMID:18926306

Libel and Invasion of Privacy Manual.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Associated Press Managing Editors.

Intended to provide practical suggestions for reporters and editors, this manual presents the basic law of libel and invasion of privacy in the United States. Following an introduction noting that these are general principles of law and do not fully represent the laws of each state, the guide discusses various aspects of libel law: (1) definitions…

15 CFR 265.51 - Penalties-other laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 15 Commerce and Foreign Trade 1 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Penalties-other laws. 265.51 Section..., GAITHERSBURG, MARYLAND, AND BOULDER AND FORT COLLINS, COLORADO Penalties § 265.51 Penalties—other laws. Except with respect to the laws of the State of Maryland and the State of Colorado assimilated by § 265.5 or...

Evaluation of New York state's mandatory occupant restraint law. Volume 4, Enforcement and adjudication of violations of the law

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1987-01-01

This is the final report on analyses of the available 1985 enforcement and adjudication data relating to New York State's Mandatory Occupant Restraint Law. In the first year of the law there were over 30,000 violations that resulted in conviction. Th...

78 FR 45285 - Certifications Pursuant to Section 609 of Public Law 101-162

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-07-26

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Public Notice 8391] Certifications Pursuant to Section 609 of Public Law 101-162 SUMMARY: On May 2, 2013, the Department of State certified, pursuant to Section 609 of Public Law...: (202) 647-5827; email: [email protected] . SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Section 609 of Public Law 101...

42 CFR 482.11 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

..., State and local laws. 482.11 Section 482.11 Public Health CENTERS FOR MEDICARE & MEDICAID SERVICES, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION CONDITIONS OF PARTICIPATION... local laws. (a) The hospital must be in compliance with applicable Federal laws related to the health...

Securities law: the spreading fire of investor claims

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Mouer, R.

All states now have a Blue Skylaw, a statute regulating the sale of securities to persons within that state. These laws define oil and gas interests to be securities and improve regulations upon their sale. The securities laws require that whenever oil and gas interests are sold, the person selling must register the interests and must himself be registered as a securities dealer. There are exemptions from registration under the federal and state laws. These exemptions were discussed. (DP)

Decision-making authority and substance abuse treatment for adolescents: a survey of state laws.

PubMed

Lallemont, Tori; Mastroianni, Anna; Wickizer, Thomas M

2009-04-01

State laws concerning decision-making authority for voluntary inpatient substance abuse (SA) treatment of minors may be a potential barrier to appropriate treatment. We sought to identify and classify relevant laws related to the provision of voluntary inpatient SA treatment to adolescents 12 to 17 years (minors) as an exploratory assessment to improve understanding of how these laws might affect treatment decisions. In summer 2006, we conducted a survey of statutes, regulations, and legal cases in the 50 states and the District of Columbia regarding the authority of parents (or guardians) and minors to make treatment decisions for voluntary inpatient SA treatment. All 50 states have laws applicable to voluntary inpatient SA treatment for adolescents, and the laws vary significantly throughout the nation. If a minor and parent disagree about SA treatment, some states defer to the decision-making authority of the minor, whereas other states defer to the parent. Most significantly, the majority of states fail to specify whether the minor's or the parent's decision will control in the event of a conflict. The lack of clarity in state laws regarding decision-making authority for voluntary inpatient SA treatment of minors may create a potential barrier to treatment for adolescents, especially those with more serious SA problems. This lack of clarity could lead to confusion among parents, adolescents, healthcare professionals, and treatment facilities, and ultimately could result in a failure to treat adolescents in need of medical attention. Policymakers should ensure that state laws clearly specify procedures to enable treatment if a conflict arises between adolescents and parents, including procedures to ensure that the due process rights of adolescents are protected.

36 CFR 241.1 - Cooperation in wildlife protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... hereafter may be, lawfully appointed deputy game wardens under the laws of any State, will serve in such capacity with full power to enforce the State laws and regulations relating to fur-bearing and game animals, birds, and fish. Such officials will serve as State deputy game wardens without additional pay, except...

36 CFR 241.1 - Cooperation in wildlife protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... hereafter may be, lawfully appointed deputy game wardens under the laws of any State, will serve in such capacity with full power to enforce the State laws and regulations relating to fur-bearing and game animals, birds, and fish. Such officials will serve as State deputy game wardens without additional pay, except...

36 CFR 241.1 - Cooperation in wildlife protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... hereafter may be, lawfully appointed deputy game wardens under the laws of any State, will serve in such capacity with full power to enforce the State laws and regulations relating to fur-bearing and game animals, birds, and fish. Such officials will serve as State deputy game wardens without additional pay, except...

36 CFR 241.1 - Cooperation in wildlife protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... hereafter may be, lawfully appointed deputy game wardens under the laws of any State, will serve in such capacity with full power to enforce the State laws and regulations relating to fur-bearing and game animals, birds, and fish. Such officials will serve as State deputy game wardens without additional pay, except...

36 CFR 241.1 - Cooperation in wildlife protection.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... hereafter may be, lawfully appointed deputy game wardens under the laws of any State, will serve in such capacity with full power to enforce the State laws and regulations relating to fur-bearing and game animals, birds, and fish. Such officials will serve as State deputy game wardens without additional pay, except...

6 CFR 27.405 - Review and preemption of State laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2013-01-01 2013-01-01 false Review and preemption of State laws and regulations. 27.405 Section 27.405 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Other § 27.405 Review and preemption of State laws and...

6 CFR 27.405 - Review and preemption of State laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2012-01-01 2012-01-01 false Review and preemption of State laws and regulations. 27.405 Section 27.405 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Other § 27.405 Review and preemption of State laws and...

6 CFR 27.405 - Review and preemption of State laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Review and preemption of State laws and regulations. 27.405 Section 27.405 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Other § 27.405 Review and preemption of State laws and...

6 CFR 27.405 - Review and preemption of State laws and regulations.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... 6 Domestic Security 1 2014-01-01 2014-01-01 false Review and preemption of State laws and regulations. 27.405 Section 27.405 Domestic Security DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CHEMICAL FACILITY ANTI-TERRORISM STANDARDS Other § 27.405 Review and preemption of State laws and...

Library Law Handbook: State Laws Relating to Michigan Libraries. 1993 Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Michigan Library, Lansing.

This document is a compilation of state laws relating to Michigan libraries, intended as a tool for library managers and as an expression of continued commitment to strengthening library services throughout the state. It reprints legislation directly related to libraries of all levels, including: library networks; regional libraries: district…

Estimated minimum savings to the medicaid budget in Florida by implementing a primary seat belt law

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-03-01

A 2003 study estimated that if all States had primary laws from 1995 to 2002, over 12,000 lives would have been saved. Failure to implement a primary belt law creates a real cost to a States budget for Medicaid and other State medical expenditures...

Estimated minimum savings to the Medicaid budget in Arkansas by implementing a primary seat belt law

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-03-01

A 2003 study estimated that if all States had primary laws from 1995 to 2002, over 12,000 lives would have been saved. Failure to implement a primary belt law creates a real cost to a States budget for Medicaid and other State medical expenditures...

Estimated minimum savings to the Medicaid budget in Missouri by implementing a primary seat belt law

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2007-03-01

A 2003 study estimated that if all States had primary laws from 1995 to 2002, over 12,000 lives would have been saved. Failure to implement a primary belt law creates a real cost to a States budget for Medicaid and other State medical expenditures...

29 CFR 530.201 - Conflict with State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 29 Labor 3 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Conflict with State law. 530.201 Section 530.201 Labor Regulations Relating to Labor (Continued) WAGE AND HOUR DIVISION, DEPARTMENT OF LABOR REGULATIONS EMPLOYMENT... Conflict with State law. No certificate will be issued pursuant to § 530.101 of subpart B above authorizing...

12 CFR 226.28 - Effect on State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect on State laws. 226.28 Section 226.28... TRUTH IN LENDING (REGULATION Z) Miscellaneous § 226.28 Effect on State laws. (a) Inconsistent disclosure...), or chapter 3 (Credit Advertising) of the act and the implementing provisions of this regulation are...

49 CFR 27.17 - Effect of State or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effect of State or local law. 27.17 Section 27.17 Transportation Office of the Secretary of Transportation NONDISCRIMINATION ON THE BASIS OF DISABILITY IN PROGRAMS OR ACTIVITIES RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE General § 27.17 Effect of State or local law...

45 CFR 1232.8 - Effect of state or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE General Provisions § 1232.8 Effect of state or local law. The obligation to comply with... 45 Public Welfare 4 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effect of state or local law. 1232.8 Section 1232.8 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND...

45 CFR 1232.8 - Effect of state or local law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE General Provisions § 1232.8 Effect of state or local law. The obligation to comply with... 45 Public Welfare 4 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Effect of state or local law. 1232.8 Section 1232.8 Public Welfare Regulations Relating to Public Welfare (Continued) CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND...

42 CFR 491.4 - Compliance with Federal, State and local laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 42 Public Health 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Compliance with Federal, State and local laws. 491... HUMAN SERVICES (CONTINUED) STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATION CERTIFICATION OF CERTAIN HEALTH FACILITIES Rural... Federal, State and local laws. The rural health clinic or FQHC and its staff are in compliance with...

Predictor laws for pictorial flight displays

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Grunwald, A. J.

1985-01-01

Two predictor laws are formulated and analyzed: (1) a circular path law based on constant accelerations perpendicular to the path and (2) a predictor law based on state transition matrix computations. It is shown that for both methods the predictor provides the essential lead zeros for the path-following task. However, in contrast to the circular path law, the state transition matrix law furnishes the system with additional zeros that entirely cancel out the higher-frequency poles of the vehicle dynamics. On the other hand, the circular path law yields a zero steady-state error in following a curved trajectory with a constant radius. A combined predictor law is suggested that utilizes the advantages of both methods. A simple analysis shows that the optimal prediction time mainly depends on the level of precision required in the path-following task, and guidelines for determining the optimal prediction time are given.

End-of-Life Decisions

MedlinePlus

... treatment is protected by the Constitution and case law. However, your state law may define when the living will goes into ... your state does not have a living will law, it is wise to put your wishes about ...

The Association Between State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Statewide Suicide Rates.

PubMed

Anestis, Michael D; Khazem, Lauren R; Law, Keyne C; Houtsma, Claire; LeTard, Rachel; Moberg, Fallon; Martin, Rachel

2015-10-01

We examined the impact of 3 state laws (permit to purchase a handgun, registration of handguns, license to own a handgun) on suicide rates. We used 2010 data from publicly available databases and state legislatures to assess the relationships between our predictors and outcomes. Results largely indicated that states with any of these laws in place exhibited lower overall suicide rates and suicide by firearms rates and that a smaller proportion of suicides in such states resulted from firearms. Furthermore, results indicated that laws requiring registration and license had significant indirect effects through the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms. The latter results imply that such laws are associated with fewer suicide attempts overall, a tendency for those who attempt to use less-lethal means, or both. Exploratory longitudinal analyses indicated a decrease in overall suicide rates immediately following implementation of laws requiring a license to own a handgun. The results are thus supportive of the potential of handgun legislation to have an impact on suicide rates.

Comprehensive smoke-free laws--50 largest U.S. cities, 2000 and 2012.

PubMed

2012-11-16

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure causes heart disease and lung cancer in nonsmoking adults and several health conditions in children. Only completely eliminating smoking in indoor spaces fully protects nonsmokers from SHS. State and local laws can provide this protection in enclosed workplaces and public places by completely eliminating smoking in these settings. CDC considers a smoke-free law to be comprehensive if it prohibits smoking in all indoor areas of private workplaces, restaurants, and bars, with no exceptions. In response to growing evidence on the health effects of SHS, communities and states have increasingly adopted comprehensive smoke-free (CSF) laws in recent years. To assess trends in protecting the population from SHS exposure, CDC and the American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation (ANRF) compared coverage by local or state CSF laws in the 50 largest U.S. cities as of December 31, 2000, and October 5, 2012. The analysis focused on smoking restrictions in the 50 largest cities because these cities represent an important indicator of nationwide trends in local and state policy and because they are home to an estimated 47 million persons, or nearly 15% of the U.S. population. The analysis found that the number of these cities covered by local and/or state CSF laws increased from one city (2%) in 2000 to 30 cities (60%) in 2012. A total of 20 cities (40%) were not covered by a CSF law at either the local or state level in 2012, although 14 of these cities had 100% smoke-free provisions in place at the local or state level in at least one of the three settings considered. The results of this analysis indicate that substantial progress has been achieved during 2000-2012 in implementing CSF laws in the 50 largest U.S. cities. However, gaps in coverage, especially in the southern United States and in states with laws that preempt local smoking restrictions, are contributing to disparities in SHS protections.

The impact of the Patient Self-Determination Act's requirement that states describe law concerning patients' rights.

PubMed

Teno, Joan M; Sabatino, Charles; Parisier, Lauren; Rouse, Fenella; Lynn, Joanne

1993-01-01

As of December 1991, the Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA) mandated that health care institutions which receive funding from Medicare or Medicaid provide written information about persons' rights to participate in medical decision-making and formulate advance directives. The PSDA required each state "...acting through a State agency, association, or other private nonprofit entity develop a written description of the law of the State (whether statutory or as recognized by the courts of the State) concerning advance directives that would be distributed by providers or organizations under the requirements of [the Act]." This mandate allowed each state considerable flexibility in its approach to the process of writing the state description and to its content. In 1990, the American Bar Association's Commission on Legal Problems of the Elderly prepared and distributed the Patient Self Determination Act: State Law Guide to assist each state in preparing its written description of state law. In follow-up to the distribution of this guide, we conducted a telephone survey with a representative from each state (including the District of Columbia) about each state's process for writing the state law description. This paper presents an evaluation of the process used by the states and of the documents they produced.

The effect of internal possession laws on underage drinking among high school students: a 12-state analysis.

PubMed

Disney, Lynn D; LaVallee, Robin A; Yi, Hsiao-Ye

2013-06-01

We assessed the effect of internal possession (IP) laws, which allow law enforcement to charge underage drinkers with alcohol possession if they have ingested alcohol, on underage drinking behaviors. We examined Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data from 12 states with IP laws and with YRBS data before and after each law's implementation. We used logistic regression models with fixed effects for state to assess the effects of IP laws on drinking and binge drinking among high school students. Implementation of IP laws is associated with reductions in the odds of past-month drinking. This reduction was bigger among male than among female adolescents (27% vs 15%) and only significant among younger students aged 14 and 15 years (15% and 11%, respectively). Male adolescents also reported a significant reduction (24%) in the odds of past-month binge drinking under IP laws. These findings suggest that IP laws are effective in reducing underage drinking, particularly among younger adolescents.

Governmental efforts to improve quality of care for nursing home residents and to protect them from mistreatment: a survey of federal and state laws.

PubMed

Gittler, Josephine

2008-10-01

There are many federal and state laws addressing, directly and indirectly, the quality of care provided to nursing home residents and the protection of residents from mistreatment. They include: (a) state laws that govern the licensing of nursing homes, (b) federal laws that govern the certification of nursing homes for participation in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, (c) elder abuse laws prohibiting mistreatment of older adults in nursing homes and other settings, (d) health care fraud abuse laws that are increasingly being used to combat the provision of substandard care to Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries in nursing homes, and (e) laws that have established long-term care ombudsman programs to promote the health, safety, well-being, and rights of nursing home residents. While these laws are generally viewed as having improved the care and treatment of nursing home residents, much remains to be done, particularly with respect to the implementation of these laws.

Blinking in quantum dots: The origin of the grey state and power law statistics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ye, Mao; Searson, Peter C.

2011-09-01

Quantum dot (QD) blinking is characterized by switching between an “on” state and an “off” state, and a power-law distribution of on and off times with exponents from 1.0 to 2.0. The origin of blinking behavior in QDs, however, has remained a mystery. Here we describe an energy-band model for QDs that captures the full range of blinking behavior reported in the literature and provides new insight into features such as the gray state, the power-law distribution of on and off times, and the power-law exponents.

What Can Parents Do? A Review of State Laws Regarding Decision Making for Adolescent Drug Abuse and Mental Health Treatment

PubMed Central

Kerwin, MaryLouise E.; Kirby, Kimberly C.; Speziali, Dominic; Duggan, Morgan; Mellitz, Cynthia; Versek, Brian; McNamara, Ashley

2013-01-01

This study examined US state laws regarding parental and adolescent decision-making for substance use and mental health inpatient and outpatient treatment. State statues for requiring parental consent favored mental health over drug abuse treatment and inpatient over outpatient modalities. Parental consent was sufficient in 53%–61% of the states for inpatient treatment, but only for 39% – 46% of the states for outpatient treatment. State laws favored the rights of minors to access drug treatment without parental consent, and to do so at a younger age than for mental health treatment. Implications for how these laws may impact parents seeking help for their children are discussed. PMID:25870511

50 CFR 20.72 - Violation of State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... export any migratory bird, or any part, nest, or egg of any such bird, in violation of any applicable law... WILDLIFE AND PLANTS (CONTINUED) MIGRATORY BIRD HUNTING Federal, State, and Foreign Law § 20.72 Violation of...

State Right to Refuse Medication Laws and Procedures: Impact on Homicide and Suicide.

PubMed

Edwards, Griffin

2016-09-01

As part of the expansive overhaul of the mental health system that occurred in the latter half of the 20th Century, many states passed laws that allow, under certain conditions, voluntary and involuntarily committed patients to refuse medication. While some predicted the consequences of these laws would be dire, the effect on violent behavior remains untested. The aim is to decipher any differences state right to refuse medication laws may have on violence. Using the homicide rate of every US state between 1972 and 2001 (N = 1,479), and the suicide rate between 1981 and 2001 (N = 1,071). The study compares the difference in homicide/suicide rates before and after a law change to that same difference in a set of control states to estimate the effect of laws aimed at extending the right to refuse medication to both voluntary and involuntarily committed mental health patients. Laws designed to allow voluntarily committed patients to refuse medication are associated with a 0.8 increase in homicides per 100,000 of the state population while laws dictating an involuntarily committed patient's right to request refusal of medication are negative but statistically insignificant using standard t test. Laws designed to allow voluntarily committed patients to refuse medication have no statistically significant effect on suicides while laws dictating an involuntarily committed patient's right to request refusal of medication, specifically when the request is reviewed by independent mental health professionals, are associated with a statistically significant reduction in suicides. Allowing voluntarily committed patients to refuse medication may entice some to enter in-patient facilities, but the brief and optional exposure to medication and their side effects may actually discourage treatment and increase violence.

Demographic profile of states with human cloning laws: morality policy meets political economy.

PubMed

Stabile, Bonnie

2007-03-01

This analysis seeks to identify factors that may shape the policy stance - whether restrictive or permissive - that each state in the United States with a human cloning law in place takes toward human therapeutic cloning. The investigation also considers if cloning policy is more the product of morality politics or political economy. Results show that among states with human cloning policies in place, those with a greater biotechnological capacity, more permissive abortion laws, fewer Evangelical Protestants, and higher political liberalism rankings are more likely to have permissive cloning laws. A higher Roman Catholic population is strongly associated with permissive cloning laws, rather than restrictive cloning laws as originally supposed. Factors with morality policy and economic bases were both found to be associated with cloning policy outcomes. Results suggest that morality policies, though distinct in some ways, do share determinants with public policies based on political economy.

Parental consent for abortion: impact of the Massachusetts law.

PubMed Central

Cartoof, V G; Klerman, L V

1986-01-01

This study assessed the impact of Massachusetts' parental consent law, which requires unmarried women under age 18 to obtain parental or judicial consent before having an abortion. Data were analyzed on monthly totals of abortions and births to Massachusetts minors prior to and following the April 1981 implementation of the law. Findings indicate that half as many minors obtained abortions in the state during the 20 months after the law went into effect as had done so previously. More than 1,800 minors residing in Massachusetts traveled to five surrounding states during these 20 months to avoid the statute's mandates. This group accounts for the reduction in in-state abortions. A small number of minors (50 to 100) bore children rather than aborting during 1982, perhaps because of the law. Findings suggest that this state's parental consent law had little effect on adolescent's pregnancy-resolution behavior. PMID:3953915

The Association of State Law to Physical Education Time Allocation in US Public Schools

PubMed Central

Oh, April; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Mâsse, Louise C.; Atienza, Audie A.; Nebeling, Linda; Agurs-Collins, Tanya; Moser, Richard P.; Dodd, Kevin W.

2012-01-01

Objectives. We examined whether public schools in states with specific and stringent physical education (PE) laws, as assessed by the Physical Education–Related State Policy Classification System (PERSPCS), available on the Classification of Laws Associated with School Students (C.L.A.S.S.) Web site, reported more weekly PE time in the most recent School Health Policies and Programs Survey (SHPPS). Methods. Schools (n = 410) were grouped by their state’s PERSPCS time requirement scores (none, nonspecific requirement, or specific requirement). Average weekly school-level PE was calculated using the SHPPS-reported PE minutes. Weighted analyses determined if PE minutes/week differed by PERSPCS group. Results. Schools in states with specific requirement laws averaged over 27 and 60 more PE minutes/week at the elementary and middle school levels, respectively, compared with schools within states with nonspecific laws and over 40 and 60 more PE minutes per week, respectively, compared with elementary and middle schools in states with no laws. High school results were nonsignificant. Conclusions. Public health guidelines recommend at least 60 minutes of daily physical activity for children, and PE may further this goal. Strong codified law with specific time requirements for PE may be an important tool contributing toward adequate PE time and daily physical activity recommendations. PMID:22594746

Do state laws concerning homosexuals reflect the preeminence of conservative-liberal individual differences?

PubMed

McCann, Stewart J H

2011-01-01

The present study was conducted to determine whether individual-level correlates of sexual prejudice (i.e., conservatism-liberalism, religious fundamentalism, educational levels, urbanism, income, and living in the South) are predictive at the state level of laws restricting homosexual behaviors and desires. Criterion 1 was a multifaceted index of state laws concerning gay men and lesbians; Criterion 2 was an index of state laws regarding same-sex partnerships. Multiple regression strategies showed that state conservatism-liberalism, as determined from the responses of 141,798 individuals aggregated at the state level (Erikson, Wright, & McIver, 1993), was the prime state-level predictor of both criteria. For Criterion 1, only Southern state status accounted for additional variance (4.2%) above the 54.8% already accounted for by conservatism-liberalism. For Criterion 2, no other variables accounted for variance beyond the 44.6% accounted for by state conservatism-liberalism.

Stopping for School Buses. Traffic Laws Commentary Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Yaw, E. Eugene

The degree of uniformity among State laws requiring drivers to stop for school buses receiving or discharging children is not such that drivers could reasonably be expected to know these laws. Because of the wide variation of State laws and the inherent vulnerability of school children and of any vehicle stopping on a highway, there can be no…

78 FR 3913 - Public Land Order No. 7807: Withdrawal of Public Lands for the Camp Michael Monsoor Mountain...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-01-17

..., location, and entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, for a period of... Training Facility. This withdrawal also transfers administrative jurisdiction of the lands to the... entry under the general land laws, including the United States mining laws, but not from leasing under...

The Education of Law Librarians in the United States from the Library School Perspective

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Jaeger, Paul T.; Gorham, Ursula

2017-01-01

In the United States, the occupation of law librarianship has existed longer than the American Library Association, and law librarians have their own professional organization that is now more than 100 years old. Throughout this history, however, the related issues of degree requirements and education standards for law librarians have been…

U.S. State and Federal Laws Targeting Distracted Driving

PubMed Central

Catherine Chase, J.D.

2014-01-01

Distracted driving has burgeoned with the proliferation of cell phones, global positioning systems and other in-vehicle and personal electronic devices. Annually more than 3,300 people are killed and an additional 400,000 are injured in the United States in distracted driving crashes. The United States (U.S.) federal and state governments have responded to this public health problem with policies and laws; however, a more comprehensive and more effective approach is still needed. Some restrictions on the use of electronic devices while driving by federal employees and some voluntary guidelines and recommendations have been issued. Public opinion polls show support for addressing the issue of distracted driving with state laws. The majority of states have laws banning text messaging while driving and prohibiting the use of an electronic device by teenage or novice drivers. Some states prohibit all drivers from using a hand-held cellphone. Currently no state has a total ban on the use of personal electronic devices while driving. Successful past traffic safety campaigns changing driver behavior have demonstrated the necessity to adopt a “three Es” approach of Enactment of a law, Education of the public about the law, and rigorous Enforcement of the law. Experience reveals that this approach, along with future federal regulation of in-vehicle electronic devices and the employment of technology to limit the use of electronic devices while driving, is needed to alter personal behavior in order to reduce distractions and keep drivers focused on the driving task. PMID:24776229

U.s. State and federal laws targeting distracted driving.

PubMed

Catherine Chase, J D

2014-01-01

Distracted driving has burgeoned with the proliferation of cell phones, global positioning systems and other in-vehicle and personal electronic devices. Annually more than 3,300 people are killed and an additional 400,000 are injured in the United States in distracted driving crashes. The United States (U.S.) federal and state governments have responded to this public health problem with policies and laws; however, a more comprehensive and more effective approach is still needed. Some restrictions on the use of electronic devices while driving by federal employees and some voluntary guidelines and recommendations have been issued. Public opinion polls show support for addressing the issue of distracted driving with state laws. The majority of states have laws banning text messaging while driving and prohibiting the use of an electronic device by teenage or novice drivers. Some states prohibit all drivers from using a hand-held cellphone. Currently no state has a total ban on the use of personal electronic devices while driving. Successful past traffic safety campaigns changing driver behavior have demonstrated the necessity to adopt a "three Es" approach of Enactment of a law, Education of the public about the law, and rigorous Enforcement of the law. Experience reveals that this approach, along with future federal regulation of in-vehicle electronic devices and the employment of technology to limit the use of electronic devices while driving, is needed to alter personal behavior in order to reduce distractions and keep drivers focused on the driving task.

Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter School Laws. Seventh Edition

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ziebarth, Todd

2016-01-01

This seventh edition of "Measuring up to the Model: A Ranking of State Charter School Laws" presents the latest activity in charter public school legislation across the country. Some highlights include: (1) significant activity regarding potential enabling legislation in several of the states without charter public school laws, (2)…

75 FR 53731 - Delegation From the Secretary of Certain Certification Functions in Maritime Law Enforcement to...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2010-09-01

... DEPARTMENT OF STATE [Delegation of Authority 332] Delegation From the Secretary of Certain Certification Functions in Maritime Law Enforcement to the Assistant Secretary for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs By virtue of the authority vested in the Secretary of State, including the authority of section 1 of the State Department...

28 CFR 1.4 - Offenses against the laws of possessions or territories of the United States.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 28 Judicial Administration 1 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Offenses against the laws of possessions or territories of the United States. 1.4 Section 1.4 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY § 1.4 Offenses against the laws of possessions or territories of the United States...

Federal and State Employment Laws. Module Number 11. Work Experience Program Modules. Coordination Techniques Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kidney, John

This self-instructional module, the eleventh in a series of 16 on techniques for coordinating work experience programs, deals with federal and state employment laws. Addressed in the module are federal and state employment laws pertaining to minimum wage for student learners, minimum wage for full-time students, unemployment insurance, child labor…

State laws regarding prenatal syphilis screening in the United States.

PubMed

Hollier, Lisa M; Hill, James; Sheffield, Jeanne S; Wendel, George D

2003-10-01

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and pattern of state laws or regulations regarding prenatal syphilis serologic screening in the United States in 2001. We surveyed the United States for existing laws and regulations regarding serologic screening for syphilis during pregnancy. Testing was compared with 2000 state rates of syphilis in women and newborn infants, with states that had syphilis high morbidity areas, and with national 2000 and 2010 objectives for rates of syphilis. Forty-six of the 50 states (90%) and the District of Columbia have laws regarding antenatal syphilis screening. Thirty-four of the 46 statutes (76%) mandate one prenatal test, usually at the first prenatal visit or early in pregnancy. Twelve laws (26%) include third-trimester testing for all or high-risk women. The presence of high morbidity areas, incidence of early syphilis in women, and rates of congenital syphilis are associated with increasing frequency of legislated antepartum screening. Only 90% of states have statutes that require antepartum syphilis screening, and there is variation in the content of the statutes about the number and timing of tests. States with a heavy burden of infectious syphilis in women tend to require more prenatal testing.

Odontology as a forensic science, the North American experience.

PubMed

Barsley, Robert E

2010-09-10

This chapter discusses the North American situation, primarily that of the United States judicial system. The United States was established as neither a monarchy nor a theocracy. An unofficial motto of the country has always been - the rule of laws, not of men (or deities). The primary source of law in the United States is the US Constitution. However, each of the 50 states has as its primary source of law a state constitution. In order to become a state, that constitution must conform to US Constitution. In the United States the US Congress, consisting of duly elected Representatives and Senators from the 50 states draft and pass Acts that establish (or direct to be established by officers of the Executive Branch following prescribed administrative procedures) federal law. Each state too, has its own legislative bodies and process for making law. Each state also has its own system of courts. In order to discuss the role of the odontologist within these systems, a primer on how these systems function and interact is crucial. This article discusses the functioning of those systems in relation to the practice of forensic odontology. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

7 CFR 3550.6 - State law or State supplement.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... AGRICULTURE DIRECT SINGLE FAMILY HOUSING LOANS AND GRANTS General § 3550.6 State law or State supplement..., construction, or environmental policies. Supplemental guidance may be issued in the case of any conflict or...

Healthier Fundraising in U. S. Elementary Schools: Associations between Policies at the State, District, and School Levels

PubMed Central

Turner, Lindsey; Chriqui, Jamie F.; Chaloupka, Frank J.

2012-01-01

Objectives We examined whether state laws and district policies pertaining to nutritional restrictions on school fundraisers were associated with school policies as reported by administrators in a nationally-representative sample of United States public elementary schools. Methods We gathered data on school-level fundraising policies via a mail-back survey during the 2009–10 and 2010–11 school years. Surveys were received from 1,278 public elementary schools (response rate = 60.9%). Data were also gathered on corresponding school district policies and state laws. After removing cases with missing data, the sample size for analysis was 1,215 schools. Results After controlling for school characteristics, school policies were consistently associated with state laws and district policies, both those pertaining to fundraising generally, as well as specific restrictions on the sale of candy and soda in fundraisers (all Odds Ratios >2.0 and Ps<.05). However, even where district policies and state laws required fundraising restrictions, school policies were not uniformly present; school policies were also in place at only 55.8% of these schools, but were more common at schools in the West (77.1%) and at majority-Latino schools (71.4%), indicating uneven school-level implementation of district policy and state law. Conclusions District policies and state laws were associated with a higher prevalence of elementary school-level fundraising policies, but many schools that were subject to district policies and state laws did not have school-level restrictions in place, suggesting the need for further attention to factors hindering policy implementation in schools. PMID:23166788

Healthier fundraising in U. S. elementary schools: associations between policies at the state, district, and school levels.

PubMed

Turner, Lindsey; Chriqui, Jamie F; Chaloupka, Frank J

2012-01-01

We examined whether state laws and district policies pertaining to nutritional restrictions on school fundraisers were associated with school policies as reported by administrators in a nationally-representative sample of United States public elementary schools. We gathered data on school-level fundraising policies via a mail-back survey during the 2009-10 and 2010-11 school years. Surveys were received from 1,278 public elementary schools (response rate = 60.9%). Data were also gathered on corresponding school district policies and state laws. After removing cases with missing data, the sample size for analysis was 1,215 schools. After controlling for school characteristics, school policies were consistently associated with state laws and district policies, both those pertaining to fundraising generally, as well as specific restrictions on the sale of candy and soda in fundraisers (all Odds Ratios >2.0 and Ps<.05). However, even where district policies and state laws required fundraising restrictions, school policies were not uniformly present; school policies were also in place at only 55.8% of these schools, but were more common at schools in the West (77.1%) and at majority-Latino schools (71.4%), indicating uneven school-level implementation of district policy and state law. District policies and state laws were associated with a higher prevalence of elementary school-level fundraising policies, but many schools that were subject to district policies and state laws did not have school-level restrictions in place, suggesting the need for further attention to factors hindering policy implementation in schools.

Challenging and Preventing Policies That Prohibit Local Civil Rights Protections for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer People.

PubMed

Pomeranz, Jennifer L

2018-01-01

Discrimination causes health inequities for stigmatized groups. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) individuals, in particular, are at significantly increased risk for disparate health outcomes when they reside in states that fail to extend equal protections to them or that actively deprive equal rights to them. Several states and the federal government have proposed or enacted laws that permit residents to discriminate against LGBTQ individuals. One such law, Arkansas's Intrastate Commerce Improvement Act of 2015, preempts or prohibits local governments from enacting civil rights protections for LGBTQ individuals that are also lacking at the state level. State laws such as Arkansas's undermine local control, damage the economy, and create injustices that harm LGBTQ people. I set forth 2 constitutional arguments to challenge such laws, and I provide information to help advocates support evidence-based policymaking and prevent the passage of similar laws in their states.

Easiness of Legal Access to Concealed Firearm Permits and Homicide Rates in the United States.

PubMed

Siegel, Michael; Xuan, Ziming; Ross, Craig S; Galea, Sandro; Kalesan, Bindu; Fleegler, Eric; Goss, Kristin A

2017-12-01

To examine the relation of "shall-issue" laws, in which permits must be issued if requisite criteria are met; "may-issue" laws, which give law enforcement officials wide discretion over whether to issue concealed firearm carry permits or not; and homicide rates. We compared homicide rates in shall-issue and may-issue states and total, firearm, nonfirearm, handgun, and long-gun homicide rates in all 50 states during the 25-year period of 1991 to 2015. We included year and state fixed effects and numerous state-level factors in the analysis. Shall-issue laws were significantly associated with 6.5% higher total homicide rates, 8.6% higher firearm homicide rates, and 10.6% higher handgun homicide rates, but were not significantly associated with long-gun or nonfirearm homicide. Shall-issue laws are associated with significantly higher rates of total, firearm-related, and handgun-related homicide.

Effect of the accountable care act of 2010 on clinical trial insurance coverage.

PubMed

Kircher, Sheetal M; Benson, Al B; Farber, Matthew; Nimeiri, Halla S

2012-02-10

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) of 2010 implemented dramatic changes in our health care system. The new law requires that insurers and health plans provide coverage for individuals participating in clinical trials. Currently, there are states that already have laws or agreements requiring clinical trial coverage, but there remain deficiencies that will need to be addressed to achieve compliance with the new law. State mandates were reviewed to determine current laws and agreements. The ACA was reviewed to outline its provisions, and these were compared with current mandates to identify deficiencies. Eighteen states meet the requirements set forth by the ACA either through a state law or agreement; 33 states do not meet the requirements. Of these 33 states, 15 do not have any existing laws or agreements in place regarding clinical trials. In states that have deficient policies in place, the most common deficiency is the lack of phase I coverage. The second most common deficiency in policy is coverage of only therapeutic studies. Most states currently do not meet the requirements of the ACA and will be required to make changes by 2014. The implications of the ACA with regard to insurance coverage of clinical trials remain unclear as implementation of the legislation unfolds. State governments can take steps to ensure insurance coverage by creating and expanding agreements with insurance companies.

The impact of state safe routes to school-related laws on active travel to school policies and practices in U.S. elementary schools.

PubMed

Chriqui, Jamie F; Taber, Daniel R; Slater, Sandy J; Turner, Lindsey; Lowrey, Kerri McGowan; Chaloupka, Frank J

2012-01-01

This study examined the relationship between state laws requiring minimum bussing distances, hazardous route exemptions, sidewalks, crossing guards, speed zones, and traffic control measures around schools and active travel to school (ATS) policies/practices in nationally representative samples of U.S. public elementary schools between 2007-2009. The state laws and school data were compiled through primary legal research and annual mail-back surveys of principals, respectively. Multivariate logistic and zero-inflated poisson regression indicated that all state law categories (except for sidewalks) relate to ATS. These laws should be considered in addition to formal safe routes to school programs as possible influences on ATS. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Weaker gun state laws are associated with higher rates of suicide secondary to firearms.

PubMed

Alban, Rodrigo F; Nuño, Miriam; Ko, Ara; Barmparas, Galinos; Lewis, Azaria V; Margulies, Daniel R

2018-01-01

Firearm-related suicides comprise over two-thirds of gun-related violence in the United States, and gun laws and policies remain under scrutiny, with many advocating for revision of the regulatory map for lawful gun ownership, aiming at restricting access and distribution of these weapons. However, the quantitative relationship between how strict gun laws are and the incidence of firearm violence with their associated mortality is largely unknown. We therefore, sought to explore the impact of firearm law patterns among states on the incidence and outcomes of firearm-related suicide attempts, utilizing established objective criteria. The National Inpatient Sample for the years 1998-2011 was queried for all firearm-related suicides. Discharge facilities were stratified into five categories (A, B, C, D, and F, with A representing states with the most strict and F representing states with the least strict laws) based on the Brady Campaign to prevent Gun Violence that assigns scorecards for every state. The primary outcomes were suicide attempts and in-hospital mortality per 100,000 populations by Brady state grade. During the 14-year study period, 34,994 subjects met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 42.0 years and 80.1% were male. A handgun was utilized by 51.8% of patients. The overall mortality was 33.3%. Overall, 22.0% had reported psychoses and 19.3% reported depression. After adjusting for confounding factors and using group A as reference, there were higher adjusted odds for suicide attempts for patients admitted in group C, D, and F category states (1.73, 2.09, and 1.65, respectively, all P < 0.001). Firearm-related suicide attempt injuries are more common in states with less strict gun laws, and these injuries tend to be associated with a higher mortality. Efforts aimed at nationwide standardization of firearm state laws are warranted, particularly for young adults and suicide-prone populations. III. Trauma Outcomes study. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Marketing and alcohol-related traffic fatalities: impact of alcohol advertising targeting minors.

PubMed

Smith, Ryan C; Geller, E Scott

2009-10-01

Alcohol-related youth traffic fatalities continue as a major public-health concern. While state and federal laws can be useful in tackling this problem, the efficacy of many laws has not been empirically demonstrated. We examined the impact of state laws prohibiting alcohol advertising to target minors. Using statistics obtained from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), youth alcohol-related, single-vehicle, driver traffic fatalities were compared by state as a function of whether the state has a law prohibiting alcohol advertising that targets minors. Overall, states possessing this law experienced 32.9% fewer of the above specified traffic fatalities. DISCUSSION AND IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The results suggest that not only are youth drinking rates affected by alcohol advertisements targeting youth, but also drink-driving behaviors. Indeed, we estimate that if this type of legislation were adopted in the 26 states that do not prohibit targeting of minors with alcohol advertising, then 400 youth lives could be saved annually.

State laws restricting driver use of mobile communications devices distracted-driving provisions, 1992-2010.

PubMed

Ibrahim, Jennifer K; Anderson, Evan D; Burris, Scott C; Wagenaar, Alexander C

2011-06-01

State laws limiting the use of mobile communications devices (MCDs) by drivers are being enacted at an accelerating pace. Public health law research is needed to test various legislative models and guide future legal innovation. To define the current state of the law, facilitate new multi-state evaluations, and demonstrate the utility of systematic, scientific legal research methods to improve public health services research. Westlaw and Lexis-Nexis were used to create a 50-state, open-source data set of laws restricting the use of any form of MCD while operating a motor vehicle that were in effect between January 1, 1992, and November 1, 2010. Using an iterative process, the search protocol included the following terms: cellphone, cell phone, cellular phone, wireless telephone, mobile telephone, text, hands-free, cell! and text! The text and citations of each law were collected and coded across 22 variables, and a protocol and code book were developed to facilitate future public use of the data set. Thirty-nine states and the District of Columbia have at least one form of restriction on the use of MCDs in effect. The laws vary in the types of communication activities and categories of driver regulated, as well as enforcement mechanisms and punishments. No state completely bans use of MCDs by all drivers. State distracted-driving policy is diverging from evidence on the risks of MCD use by drivers. An updatable data set of laws is now available to researchers conducting multistate evaluations of the impact of laws regulating MCDs by drivers. If this data set is shown to be useful for this public health problem, similar rigorously developed and regularly updated data sets might be developed for other public health issues that are subject to legislative interventions. Copyright © 2011 American Journal of Preventive Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

A trend analysis of traffic law enforcement in the United States

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-06-01

This project assessed traffic law enforcement trends in eleven jurisdictions (State of California; San Diego, California; Douglas County, Colorado; State of Delaware; State of Florida; Orange County, Florida; Seminole County, Florida; Palos Heights, ...

A trend analysis of traffic law enforcement in the United States

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2001-04-01

This project assessed traffic law enforcement trends in eleven jurisdictions (State of California; San Diego, California; Douglas County, Colorado; State of Delaware; State of Florida; Orange County, Florida; Seminole County, Florida; Palos Heights, ...

Breast Reconstruction

MedlinePlus

... to some church and government insurance plans. State laws Many states require all health insurance providers (including ... out which services are covered by your state's laws and your health plan. Transportation, lodging, child care ...

24 CFR 81.92 - Law governing rights and obligations of United States, Federal Reserve Banks, and GSEs; rights of...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... CORPORATION (FREDDIE MAC) Book-Entry Procedures § 81.92 Law governing rights and obligations of United States... 24 Housing and Urban Development 1 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 false Law governing rights and..., Federal Reserve Banks, and GSEs; Law governing other interests. 81.92 Section 81.92 Housing and Urban...

A Compilation of Laws Pertaining to Indians. State of Maine.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maine State Dept. of Indian Affairs, Augusta.

The document is a compilation of laws pertaining to the American Indians in the state of Maine. These laws are compiled from: (1) the Maine Revised Statutes of 1964 and amendments through 1972; (2) the Constitution of Maine; and (3) the current resolves and private and special laws. Major topics are: education, elections, fish and game, forestry,…

The Costs and Benefits of Openness: Sunshine Laws and Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Braman, Sandra; Cleveland, Harlan

The way that "open meeting laws" are working in the governance of U.S. higher education is discussed, based on a study of sunshine laws of 50 states and a survey of case law and attorneys' opinions. In-depth interviews were also conducted with individuals from six states identified as representing a range of openness. From most open to…

Alternative Fuels Data Center: State Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle

Science.gov Websites

reduction (2 laws and regulations, 1 state incentive), and other (1 law/regulation) Figure 1. * Because an incentive, law, or regulation may apply to more than one technology type, adding the totals results in ), acquisition/fuel use (9), air quality/emissions (1), and other (13) Figure 3.* Because a law or regulation may

Navigating State and Federal Student Privacy Laws to Design Educationally Sound Parental Notice Policies

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baker, Thomas R.

2008-01-01

This chapter describes the relationship between federal student privacy laws and state privacy laws, and identifies the changes in the federal law over the last ten years affecting disclosure to parents of college students. Recent litigation on health emergencies is outlined and the limited rights of college students not yet eighteen years of age…

Federal supports for state oral health plans.

PubMed

Edelstein, Burton L

2012-01-01

The past decade has witnessed both a proliferation of state oral health plans that include very specific proposals for action and an emergence of federal laws that include support for oral health. This paper provides an overview of state oral health priorities for action as reflected in 40 oral health plans that were developed independently by states. It examines four federal laws - the 2002 Safety Net Improvement Act, the 2009 CHIP Reauthorization Act, the 2009 economic stimulus law, and the 2010 health reform law - to identify opportunities for alignment with action steps proposed in state plans. This analysis identifies 23 categories of activity proposed by states in their action plans and determines that all but six of these activities are now supported by one or more of these four federal laws. State activities undertaken through grants provided under the 2002 Safety Net Improvement Act are analyzed as an example of how states can leverage federal legislation to advance their oral health plans. The paper concludes with consideration of the steps needed for states to promote their oral health plans by leveraging the full capacity of federal legislation. © 2012 American Association of Public Health Dentistry.

12 CFR Appendix C to Part 230 - Effect on State Laws

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... 12 Banks and Banking 3 2010-01-01 2010-01-01 false Effect on State Laws C Appendix C to Part 230 Banks and Banking FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM (CONTINUED) BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM TRUTH IN SAVINGS (REGULATION DD) Pt. 230, App. C Appendix C to Part 230—Effect on State Laws (a...

49 CFR 350.341 - What specific variances from the FMCSRs are allowed for State laws and regulations governing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... allowed for State laws and regulations governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in... governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in intrastate commerce and not subject to Federal jurisdiction? (a) A State may exempt a CMV from all or part of its laws or regulations applicable to intrastate...

49 CFR 350.341 - What specific variances from the FMCSRs are allowed for State laws and regulations governing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

... allowed for State laws and regulations governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in... governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in intrastate commerce and not subject to Federal jurisdiction? (a) A State may exempt a CMV from all or part of its laws or regulations applicable to intrastate...

49 CFR 350.341 - What specific variances from the FMCSRs are allowed for State laws and regulations governing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-10-01

... allowed for State laws and regulations governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in... governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in intrastate commerce and not subject to Federal jurisdiction? (a) A State may exempt a CMV from all or part of its laws or regulations applicable to intrastate...

49 CFR 350.341 - What specific variances from the FMCSRs are allowed for State laws and regulations governing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... allowed for State laws and regulations governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in... governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in intrastate commerce and not subject to Federal jurisdiction? (a) A State may exempt a CMV from all or part of its laws or regulations applicable to intrastate...

49 CFR 350.341 - What specific variances from the FMCSRs are allowed for State laws and regulations governing...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... allowed for State laws and regulations governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in... governing motor carriers, CMV drivers, and CMVs engaged in intrastate commerce and not subject to Federal jurisdiction? (a) A State may exempt a CMV from all or part of its laws or regulations applicable to intrastate...

42 CFR 418.116 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws and regulations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

..., State, and local laws and regulations related to the health and safety of patients. 418.116 Section 418... related to the health and safety of patients. The hospice and its staff must operate and furnish services... health and safety of patients. If State or local law provides for licensing of hospices, the hospice must...

42 CFR 418.116 - Condition of participation: Compliance with Federal, State, and local laws and regulations...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-10-01

..., State, and local laws and regulations related to the health and safety of patients. 418.116 Section 418... related to the health and safety of patients. The hospice and its staff must operate and furnish services... health and safety of patients. If State or local law provides for licensing of hospices, the hospice must...

26 CFR 44.4422-1 - Doing business in violation of Federal or State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-04-01

... in nowise authorizes the carrying on of any business in violation of a law of the United States or... 26 Internal Revenue 16 2010-04-01 2010-04-01 true Doing business in violation of Federal or State law. 44.4422-1 Section 44.4422-1 Internal Revenue INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE TREASURY...

Statutory Requirements of Teacher Contract Laws: A Comparison of the 50 States' Continuing Contract and Teacher Tenure Laws.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gorkom, Kris Van

This publication summarizes and compares legal provisions covering teacher tenure and contracts for each of the 50 states. The report is organized in three sections. Section 1 presents a summary comparison of the provisions of Washington's teacher contract law with corresponding statutory requirements of the other 49 states. Section 2 identifies…

49 CFR 350.335 - What are the consequences if my State has laws or regulations incompatible with the Federal...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 49 Transportation 5 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false What are the consequences if my State has laws or regulations incompatible with the Federal regulations? 350.335 Section 350.335 Transportation Other... Funding § 350.335 What are the consequences if my State has laws or regulations incompatible with the...

Smoke-free law associated with higher-than-expected taxable retail sales for bars and taverns in Washington State.

PubMed

Boles, Myde; Dilley, Julia; Maher, Julie E; Boysun, Michael J; Reid, Terry

2010-07-01

Continued progress in implementing smoke-free laws throughout the United States would benefit from documenting positive economic effects, particularly for the hospitality industry. This study describes changes in sales revenue in bars and taverns since December 2005, when a statewide smoke-free law in Washington State went into effect. Using 24 quarters of inflation-adjusted taxable retail sales data from 2002 through 2007, we fitted a regression model to estimate the effect of the smoke-free law on sales revenue, controlling for seasonality and other economic factors. We found no immediate change in bar revenues in the first quarter of 2006, but taxable retail sales grew significantly through the fourth quarter of 2007. In the 2 years after the smoke-free law was implemented, sales revenues were $105.5 million higher than expected for bars and taverns in Washington State. The higher-than-expected revenue from taxable sales in bars and taverns after the implementation of smoke-free laws in Washington State provided extra funds to the state general fund. Potential increases in revenue in other jurisdictions that implement smoke-free indoor air policies could provide funds to benefit residents of those jurisdictions.

The effect of verified pediatric trauma centers, state laws and crash characteristics on time trends in adolescent motor vehicle fatalities, 1999-2015.

PubMed

Notrica, David M; Sayrs, Lois W; Krishna, Nidhi

2018-05-15

Motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) are a leading cause of adolescent death from trauma. A recent study found ACS verified pediatric trauma centers (vPTC) were inversely correlated with pediatric mortality, but the analysis was limited to a single year. This study assesses the contribution of vPTCs, crash characteristics, and state driver laws on 15 to 17 years old MVC mortality for all 50 states from 1999-2015. Prospective data on motor vehicle fatalities, crash characteristics, state driving laws, and ACS verified trauma centers were collected from publically available sources for 50 U.S. states from 1999-2015. A mixed fixed/random effects multivariate regression model was fitted to assess the relative contribution of crash characteristics, state laws and vPTCs while controlling for state variation and time trends. The final regression model included driver and crash characteristics, verified trauma centers, and state laws. Camera laws ([B=-0.57[P<0.001]) were associated with a 57% decrease in the rate of change in adolescent crude fatalities. The lagged Level 1 vPTC crude rate (B=-0.12[P<.001]) was protective and contributed independently to a 12% decline in the rate of change in teen fatalities over the time period. Seat belt laws (B=-0.15[P<0.001]), GDL passenger restrictions (B=-0.07[P<0.001]), GDL learner permit period (B=-0.04[P<0.002]), non-deployed airbag (B=-0.003[P<0.001]), Hispanic heritage (B=-0.003[P<0.05]), were protective. Increased risk of fatality was associated with mini-van (B=0.01[P<0.001]), speed>90mph (B=0.004[P<0.001]), rural roads (B=0.002[P<0.002], unknown seat belt compliance (B=0.004[P<0.001]) and dry road surface (B=0.005[P<0.001]). State camera laws during the study time frame are associated with a 57% decrease in the rate of change in adolescent crude fatalities; vPTCs during the study time period reduced overall rate of change in the crude fatality rate by 12%. State laws, restrictions on teenage passengers and longer learner's permit periods, and seat belt laws are associated with significant decreases the crude teen mortality rate. Level III, Prospective.

The Association Between State Laws Regulating Handgun Ownership and Statewide Suicide Rates

PubMed Central

Khazem, Lauren R.; Law, Keyne C.; Houtsma, Claire; LeTard, Rachel; Moberg, Fallon; Martin, Rachel

2015-01-01

Objectives. We examined the impact of 3 state laws (permit to purchase a handgun, registration of handguns, license to own a handgun) on suicide rates. Methods. We used 2010 data from publicly available databases and state legislatures to assess the relationships between our predictors and outcomes. Results. Results largely indicated that states with any of these laws in place exhibited lower overall suicide rates and suicide by firearms rates and that a smaller proportion of suicides in such states resulted from firearms. Furthermore, results indicated that laws requiring registration and license had significant indirect effects through the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms. The latter results imply that such laws are associated with fewer suicide attempts overall, a tendency for those who attempt to use less-lethal means, or both. Exploratory longitudinal analyses indicated a decrease in overall suicide rates immediately following implementation of laws requiring a license to own a handgun. Conclusions. The results are thus supportive of the potential of handgun legislation to have an impact on suicide rates. PMID:25880944

Privacy of genetic information: a review of the laws in the United States.

PubMed

Fuller, B; Ip, M

2001-01-01

This paper examines the privacy of genetic information and the laws in the United States designed to protect genetic privacy. While all 50 states have laws protecting the privacy of health information, there are many states that have additional laws that carve out additional protections specifically for genetic information. The majority of the individual states have enacted legislation to protect individuals from discrimination on the basis of genetic information, and most of this legislation also has provisions to protect the privacy of genetic information. On the Federal level, there has been no antidiscrimination or genetic privacy legislation. Secretary Donna Shalala of the Department of Health and Human Services has issued proposed regulations to protect the privacy of individually identifiable health information. These regulations encompass individually identifiable health information and do not make specific provisions for genetic information. The variety of laws regarding genetic privacy, some found in statutes to protect health information and some found in statutes to prevent genetic discrimination, presents challenges to those charged with administering and executing these laws.

Handgun Legislation and Changes in Statewide Overall Suicide Rates.

PubMed

Anestis, Michael D; Anestis, Joye C; Butterworth, Sarah E

2017-04-01

To examine the extent to which 4 laws regulating handgun ownership were associated with statewide suicide rate changes. To test between-group differences in statewide suicide rate changes between 2013 and 2014 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia with and without specific laws, we ran analyses of covariance. We found significant differences in suicide rate changes from 2013 to 2014 in states with mandatory waiting periods and universal background checks relative to states without such laws. States with both laws differed significantly from those with neither. No significant differences in rate changes were noted for open carry restrictions or gun lock requirements. Some state laws regulating aspects of handgun acquisition may be associated with lower statewide suicide rates. Laws regulating handgun storage and carrying practices may have a smaller effect, highlighting that legislation is likely most useful when its focus is on preventing gun ownership rather than regulating use and storage of guns already acquired. Public Health Implications. The findings add to the increasing evidence in support of a public health approach to the prevention of suicide via firearms, focusing on waiting periods and background checks.

Law, Ethics, and Conversations between Physicians and Patients about Firearms in the Home.

PubMed

McCourt, Alexander D; Vernick, Jon S

2018-01-01

Firearms in the home pose a risk to household members, including homicide, suicide, and unintentional deaths. Medical societies urge clinicians to counsel patients about those risks as part of sound medical practice. Depending on the circumstances, clinicians might recommend safe firearm storage, temporary removal of the firearm from the home, or other measures. Certain state firearm laws, however, might present legal and ethical challenges for physicians who counsel patients about guns in the home. Specifically, we discuss state background check laws for gun transfers, safe gun storage laws, and laws forbidding physicians from engaging in certain firearm-related conversations with their patients. Medical professionals should be aware of these and other state gun laws but should offer anticipatory guidance when clinically appropriate. © 2018 American Medical Association. All Rights Reserved.

The Effect of Internal Possession Laws on Underage Drinking Among High School Students: A 12-State Analysis

PubMed Central

Disney, Lynn D.; Yi, Hsiao-ye

2013-01-01

Objectives. We assessed the effect of internal possession (IP) laws, which allow law enforcement to charge underage drinkers with alcohol possession if they have ingested alcohol, on underage drinking behaviors. Methods. We examined Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data from 12 states with IP laws and with YRBS data before and after each law’s implementation. We used logistic regression models with fixed effects for state to assess the effects of IP laws on drinking and binge drinking among high school students. Results. Implementation of IP laws is associated with reductions in the odds of past-month drinking. This reduction was bigger among male than among female adolescents (27% vs 15%) and only significant among younger students aged 14 and 15 years (15% and 11%, respectively). Male adolescents also reported a significant reduction (24%) in the odds of past-month binge drinking under IP laws. Conclusions. These findings suggest that IP laws are effective in reducing underage drinking, particularly among younger adolescents. PMID:23597385

Suicide Rates and State Laws Regulating Access and Exposure to Handguns

PubMed Central

Anestis, Joye C.

2015-01-01

Objectives. Using previous research, we examined the impact of 4 handgun laws (waiting periods, universal background checks, gun locks, and open carrying regulations) on suicide rates. Methods. We used publicly available databases to collect information on statewide laws, suicide rates, and demographic characteristics for 2013. Results. Each law was associated with significantly lower firearm suicide rates and the proportion of suicides resulting from firearms. In addition, each law, except for that which required a waiting period, was associated with a lower overall suicide rate. Follow-up analyses showed a significant indirect effect on overall suicide rates through the proportion of suicides by firearms, indicating that the reduced overall suicide rate was attributable to fewer suicide attempts, fewer handguns in the home, suicide attempts using less lethal means, or a combination of these factors. States that implemented any of these laws saw a decreased suicide rate in subsequent years, whereas the only state that repealed 1 of these laws saw an increased suicide rate. Conclusions. Our results were supportive of a potentially vital role in suicide prevention for state legislation that limits access and exposure to handguns. PMID:26270305

Safety belt laws and disparities in safety belt use among US high-school drivers.

PubMed

García-España, J Felipe; Winston, Flaura K; Durbin, Dennis R

2012-06-01

We compared reported safety belt use, for both drivers and passengers, among teenagers with learner's permits, provisional licenses, and unrestricted licenses in states with primary or secondary enforcement of safety belt laws. Our data source was the 2006 National Young Driver Survey, which included a national representative sample of 3126 high-school drivers. We used multivariate, log-linear regression analyses to assess associations between safety belt laws and belt use. Teenaged drivers were 12% less likely to wear a safety belt as drivers and 15% less likely to wear one as passengers in states with a secondary safety belt law than in states with a primary law. The apparent reduction in belt use among teenagers as they progressed from learner to unrestricted license holder occurred in only secondary enforcement states. Groups reporting particularly low use included African American drivers, rural residents, academically challenged students, and those driving pickup trucks. The results provided further evidence for enactment of primary enforcement provisions in safety belt laws because primary laws are associated with higher safety belt use rates and lower crash-related injuries and mortality.

28 CFR 65.81 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE... administration of the immigration laws of the United States and in meeting urgent demands arising from the... characteristics that effective administration of the immigration laws of the United States is beyond the existing...

28 CFR 65.81 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE... administration of the immigration laws of the United States and in meeting urgent demands arising from the... characteristics that effective administration of the immigration laws of the United States is beyond the existing...

28 CFR 65.81 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE... administration of the immigration laws of the United States and in meeting urgent demands arising from the... characteristics that effective administration of the immigration laws of the United States is beyond the existing...

28 CFR 65.41 - Review of State applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Section 65.41 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT.... The Act provides the basis for review and approval or disapproval of state applications. Federal law... of the Federal law enforcement community (e.g., equipment, training, information, or personnel) shall...

28 CFR 65.41 - Review of State applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Section 65.41 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT.... The Act provides the basis for review and approval or disapproval of state applications. Federal law... of the Federal law enforcement community (e.g., equipment, training, information, or personnel) shall...

28 CFR 65.41 - Review of State applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Section 65.41 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT.... The Act provides the basis for review and approval or disapproval of state applications. Federal law... of the Federal law enforcement community (e.g., equipment, training, information, or personnel) shall...

28 CFR 65.41 - Review of State applications.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Section 65.41 Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT.... The Act provides the basis for review and approval or disapproval of state applications. Federal law... of the Federal law enforcement community (e.g., equipment, training, information, or personnel) shall...

28 CFR 65.81 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE... administration of the immigration laws of the United States and in meeting urgent demands arising from the... characteristics that effective administration of the immigration laws of the United States is beyond the existing...

28 CFR 65.81 - General definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Judicial Administration DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE (CONTINUED) EMERGENCY FEDERAL LAW ENFORCEMENT ASSISTANCE... administration of the immigration laws of the United States and in meeting urgent demands arising from the... characteristics that effective administration of the immigration laws of the United States is beyond the existing...

Spillover effects of state mandated benefit laws: the case of outpatient breast cancer surgery.

PubMed

Bian, John; Lipscomb, Joseph; Mello, Michelle M

This paper examines the "spillover effects" of state laws that mandate inpatient coverage for breast cancer surgery. It looks at outpatient utilization of two types of breast cancer surgery among Medicare fee-for-service patients, who are exempt from state regulation. Using data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results cancer registries and Medicare claims, we performed difference-in-differences analyses of patients in nine states from 1993 to 2002. The analyses show that state laws had a significant impact on only the likelihood of outpatient mastectomy, which was reduced by five percentage points. Such a spillover effect may diminish the expected impact of federal coverage laws for inpatient breast cancer surgery, which have been proposed to achieve similar ends.

Safe-haven laws focus on abandoned newborns and their mothers.

PubMed

Kunkel, Katherine A

2007-10-01

In the United States, 47 states have safe-haven laws that allow a mother to relinquish her newborn infant at a hospital emergency department or a manned fire station and maintain her anonymity. In addition to anonymity, immunity from prosecution is given to the mother, provided the relinquished newborn is unharmed and meets the age specified by the state's law. This article describes safe-haven laws and how they developed, barriers to successful use, nursing implications, and the nurse's role in increasing public awareness and influencing legislative policy.

42 CFR 422.404 - State premium taxes prohibited.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... (CONTINUED) MEDICARE PROGRAM (CONTINUED) MEDICARE ADVANTAGE PROGRAM Organization Compliance With State Law and Preemption by Federal Law § 422.404 State premium taxes prohibited. (a) Basic rule. No premium tax...

Do hospital chief executive officers extract rents from Certificate of Need laws?

PubMed

Eichmann, Traci L; Santerre, Rexford E

2011-01-01

Prior research suggests that Certificate of Need (CON) laws reduce competition in the hospital services industry. As a result, this study empirically investigates if not-for-profit hospital chief executive officers (CEOs) are able to extract rents from CON laws in the form of higher compensation. A sample of 256 not-for-profit hospital CEOs in states with and without CON laws and data for 2007 are used in the empirical analysis. The study considers the endogenous nature of a CON law and allows such a law to indirectly affect CEO compensation through its impact on the number of hospitals and beds. The multiple regression results indicate that special and public interests both motivate the decision of a state to maintain a CON law. CON laws are shown to reduce the number of beds at the typical hospital by 12 percent, on average, and the number of hospitals per 100,000 persons by 48 percent. These reductions ultimately lead urban hospital CEOs in states with CON laws to extract economic rents of $91,000 annually.

Diagnostic imaging rates for head injury in the ED and states' medical malpractice tort reforms.

PubMed

Smith-Bindman, Rebecca; McCulloch, Charles E; Ding, Alexander; Ding, Alex; Quale, Christopher; Chu, Philip W

2011-07-01

Physicians' fears of being sued may lead to defensive medical practices, such as ordering nonindicated medical imaging. We investigated the association between states' medical malpractice tort reforms and neurologic imaging rates for patients seen in the emergency department with mild head trauma. We assessed neurologic imaging among a national sample of 8588 women residing in 10 US states evaluated in an emergency setting for head injury between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 2001. We assessed the odds of imaging as it varied by the enactment of medical liability reform laws. The medical liability reform laws were significantly associated with the likelihood of imaging. States with laws that limited monetary damages (odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.99), mandated periodic award payments (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.43-0.97), or specified collateral source offset rules (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.96) had an approximately 40% lower odds of imaging, whereas states that had laws that limited attorney's contingency fees had significantly higher odds of imaging (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.99-2.4), compared to states without these laws. When we used a summation of the number of laws in place, the greater the number of laws, the lower the odds of imaging. In the multivariate analysis, after adjusting for individual and community factors, the total number of laws remained significantly associated with the odds of imaging, and the effect of the individual laws was attenuated, but not eliminated. The tort reforms we examined were associated with the propensity to obtain neurologic imaging. If these results are confirmed in larger studies, tort reform might mitigate defensive medical practices. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Assessment of State Perinatal Hepatitis B Prevention Laws.

PubMed

Culp, Lindsay A; Caucci, Lisa; Fenlon, Nancy E; Lindley, Megan C; Nelson, Noele P; Murphy, Trudy V

2016-12-01

Identifying pregnant women with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection for post-exposure prophylaxis of their infants is critical to preventing mother-to-child transmission of HBV infection. HBV infection in infancy results in premature death from chronic liver disease or cancer in 25% of affected infants. Universal screening of pregnant women for HBV infection is the standard of care, and in many states is supported by laws for screening and reporting these infections to public health. No recent assessment of state screening and reporting laws for HBV infection has been published. In 2014, the authors analyzed laws current through December 31, 2013 from U.S. jurisdictions (50 states and the District of Columbia) related to HBV infection and hepatitis B surface antigen screening and reporting requirements generally and for pregnant women specifically. All states require reporting of cases of HBV infection. Twenty-six states require pregnant women to be screened. Thirty-three states require public health reporting of HBV infections in pregnant women, but only 12 states require reporting pregnancy status of women with HBV infection. This assessment revealed significant variability in laws related to screening and reporting of HBV infection among pregnant women in the U.S. Implementing comprehensive HBV infection screening and reporting laws for pregnant women may facilitate identifying HBV-infected pregnant women and preventing HBV infection in their infants. Published by Elsevier Inc.

Smoke-Free Laws in Bars and Restaurants: Does Support Among Teens and Young Adults Change After a Statewide Smoke-Free Law?

PubMed Central

Fabian, Lindsey E. A.; Bernat, Debra H.; Lenk, Kathleen M.; Shi, Qun; Forster, Jean L.

2011-01-01

Objective We assessed changes in levels of support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults before and after implementation of a statewide smoke-free law. Methods We measured support for smoke-free bars and restaurants among teens and young adults aged 16–24 years living in Minnesota (n=2,785) and five comparison states (n=404), up to 12 months before and up to six months after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect in October 2007. We compared changes in support among three subgroups—Minnesota participants who lived with a previous local smoke-free law, Minnesota participants who did not live with a previous local smoke-free law, and participants from the comparison states—before and after Minnesota's statewide smoke-free law went into effect. Results Support for smoke-free restaurants and bars among participants in Minnesota and comparison states increased after Minnesota's smoke-free law went into effect. Minnesotans, both those living with and without a previous local smoke-free law, showed similar increases in support for smoke-free restaurants as participants in comparison states. However, Minnesotans living without a previous local law showed larger increases in support for smoke-free bars than both those in comparison states and those living in Minnesota with a previous local smoke-free law. Conclusions Our study employed a more robust design than similar studies and focused on the teen and young adult population. Our results will help advocates and policy makers demonstrate how public support for smoke-free laws increases following smoke-free legislation, particularly among those who were not previously living with a local smoke-free law. PMID:21886327

Do Blue Laws Save Lives? The Effect of Sunday Alcohol Sales Bans on Fatal Vehicle Accidents

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lovenheim, Michael F.; Steefel, Daniel P.

2011-01-01

This paper analyzes the effect of state-level Sunday alcohol sales restrictions ("blue laws") on fatal vehicle accidents, which is an important parameter in assessing the desirability of these laws. Using a panel data set of all fatal vehicle accidents in the U.S. between 1990 and 2009 combined with 15 state repeals of blue laws, we show that…

New Hampshire Allows Law Students to Demonstrate Court Skills in Lieu of Bar Exam

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mangan, Katherine

2008-01-01

When New Hampshire's 13 newest lawyers were sworn in to the state bar in May, the ceremony took place a day before they actually graduated from law school. This speedy swearing-in as officers of the court was part of an unorthodox program at the state's only law school, Franklin Pierce Law Center. And while their classmates and thousands of other…

Your Legal Guide to Marriage and Other Relationships. You and the Law Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Bar Association, Chicago, IL. Public Education Div.

With marriage laws in a state of flux, it is difficult to give unqualified answers to many of the serious and important questions people ask about law and marriage. To a great extent, each state is sovereign in the laws affecting marriage. Courts are playing an active role in defining and changing the legal consequences of marriage and other…

On Common Ground: Jost's (1897) Law of Forgetting and Ribot's (1881) Law of Retrograde Amnesia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wixted, John T.

2004-01-01

T. Ribot's (1881) law of retrograde amnesia states that brain damage impairs recently formed memories to a greater extent than older memories, which is generally taken to imply that memories need time to consolidate. A. Jost's (1897) law of forgetting states that if 2 memories are of the same strength but different ages, the older will decay more…

Extradition To and From the United States: Overview of the Law and Recent Treaties

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-03-17

goods, articles, or merchandise. b. Offenses relating to willful evasion of taxes and duties. c. Offenses against the laws relating to international ...Extradition To and From the United States: Overview of the Law and Recent Treaties Congressional Research Service 1 Introduction ...intricate extradition procedures has been attributed to the predominance of this simple principle of international law.6

Authority of Pharmacists to Administer Human Papillomavirus Vaccine: Alignment of State Laws With Age-Level Recommendations.

PubMed

Dingman, Deirdre A; Schmit, Cason D

One strategy to increase the uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among adolescents is through the use of pharmacists. Our objectives were to (1) use a publicly available database to describe the statutory and regulatory authority of pharmacists to administer the HPV vaccine in the United States and (2) discuss how the current status of laws may influence achievement of the Healthy People 2020 goal of 80% HPV vaccination rate for teenagers aged 13-15. Using information from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Public Health Law Program database, we identified state laws in effect as of January 1, 2016, giving pharmacists authority to administer vaccines. We used a standardized analysis algorithm to determine whether states' laws (1) authorized pharmacists to administer HPV vaccine, (2) required third-party authorization for pharmacist administration, and (3) restricted HPV vaccine administration by pharmacists to certain patient age groups. Of 50 states and the District of Columbia, 40 had laws expressly granting pharmacists authority to administer HPV vaccine to patients, but only 22 had laws that authorized pharmacists to vaccinate preadolescents aged 11 or 12 (ie, the CDC-recommended age group). Pharmacists were granted prescriptive authority by 5 states, and they were given authority pursuant to general (non-patient-specific) third-party authorization (eg, a licensed health care provider) by 32 states or patient-specific third-party authorization by 3 states. Most states permitted pharmacists to administer HPV vaccines only to boys and girls older than 11 or 12, which may hinder achievement of the Healthy People 2020 goal for HPV vaccination. Efforts should be made to strengthen the role of pharmacists in addressing this public health issue.

Smoke-free laws and direct democracy initiatives on smoking bans in Germany: a systematic review and quantitative assessment.

PubMed

Kohler, Stefan; Minkner, Philipp

2014-01-03

Germany's 16 states regulate smoking differently within health protection principles laid down in the federal law. All state smoke-free laws in Germany have undergone at least one change since taking effect. We systematically review federal and state laws regulating smoking, as well as petitions, popular initiatives and referenda that aimed at changing statutory smoking bans. Data generated through the systematic review were correlated with state smoking rates. The protection from the dangers of secondhand smoke is the primary motive for smoking bans in Germany. The first smoke-free laws affecting smoking in pubs, restaurants and several other public places were introduced in 2007. In 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled in a leading decision on the smoke-free laws of two states that some common smoking ban exemptions of the introduced smoke-free laws violate the basic right to freely exercise a profession and mandated revisions. All states but Bavaria and Saarland, whose smoking bans were more and less comprehensive than those judged by the constitutional court, respectively, needed to change the smoking ban exemptions to reconcile their smoke-free laws with the constitution. Direct democracy initiatives to change smoking bans were only successful in Bavaria in 2010, but a total of 15 initiatives by citizens' or interest groups attempted to influence non-smokers protection legislation through direct democratic procedures. Early ratification of a smoking ban in a federal state correlates with a higher reduction in the smoking rate from 2005 to 2009 (Spearman's ρ = 0.51, p = 0.04). The federal government structure and direct democratic participation in smoke-free legislation in Germany has produced a diversity of local smoking bans and exemptions.

Smoke-Free Laws and Direct Democracy Initiatives on Smoking Bans in Germany: A Systematic Review and Quantitative Assessment

PubMed Central

Kohler, Stefan; Minkner, Philipp

2014-01-01

Background: Germany’s 16 states regulate smoking differently within health protection principles laid down in the federal law. All state smoke-free laws in Germany have undergone at least one change since taking effect. Methods: We systematically review federal and state laws regulating smoking, as well as petitions, popular initiatives and referenda that aimed at changing statutory smoking bans. Data generated through the systematic review were correlated with state smoking rates. Results: The protection from the dangers of secondhand smoke is the primary motive for smoking bans in Germany. The first smoke-free laws affecting smoking in pubs, restaurants and several other public places were introduced in 2007. In 2008, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany ruled in a leading decision on the smoke-free laws of two states that some common smoking ban exemptions of the introduced smoke-free laws violate the basic right to freely exercise a profession and mandated revisions. All states but Bavaria and Saarland, whose smoking bans were more and less comprehensive than those judged by the constitutional court, respectively, needed to change the smoking ban exemptions to reconcile their smoke-free laws with the constitution. Direct democracy initiatives to change smoking bans were only successful in Bavaria in 2010, but a total of 15 initiatives by citizens’ or interest groups attempted to influence non-smokers protection legislation through direct democratic procedures. Early ratification of a smoking ban in a federal state correlates with a higher reduction in the smoking rate from 2005 to 2009 (Spearman’s ρ = 0.51, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The federal government structure and direct democratic participation in smoke-free legislation in Germany has produced a diversity of local smoking bans and exemptions. PMID:24394216

A State-by-State Analysis of Laws Dealing With Driving Under the Influence of Drugs

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2009-12-01

This study reviewed each State statute regarding drug-impaired driving as of December 2008. There : is a high degree of variability across the States in the ways they approach drug-impaired driving. : Current laws in many States contain provisions ma...

Drug Per Se Laws: A Review of their Use in States

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2010-07-01

This report summarizes a study of the implementation of drug per se laws in 15 States. These laws generally make it an : impaired-driving offense to drive with a measurable amount of certain drugs in ones system. The specific prohibited : drugs va...

Determining the Relationship of Primary Seat Belt Laws to Minority Ticketing

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

2011-09-01

Racial profiling is often raised as an issue when States change their seat belt law from secondary enforcement (i.e., stop only for some other violation) to primary enforcement (i.e., stop for an observed belt law violation alone). Thirteen States ma...

The Costs and Benefits of Openness: Sunshine Laws and Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Cleveland, Harlan

1985-01-01

The costs and benefits of openness for governance of higher education are analyzed through a survey of state sunshine laws, relevant case law, state attorney generals' opinions, and interviews with a cross-section of individuals representing the range of openness. (MSE)

76 FR 55619 - Performance Measurement for Special Postal Services

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-09-08

..., Corporate & Postal Business Law, United States Postal Service to Shoshana M. Grove, Secretary, Postal... & Postal Business Law, United States Postal Service. III. Background of Postal Service Proposals A...), Public Law 109-435, 120 Stat. 3198 (2006). The proposed rules described herein would establish reporting...

32 CFR 636.17 - Compliance with State laws.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... 32 National Defense 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 true Compliance with State laws. 636.17 Section 636.17 National Defense Department of Defense (Continued) DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY (CONTINUED) LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL INVESTIGATIONS MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC SUPERVISION (SPECIFIC INSTALLATIONS) Fort Stewart, Georgia...

Child passenger safety: potential impact of the Washington State booster seat law on childcare centers

PubMed Central

Chang, B; Ebel, B; Rivara, F

2002-01-01

Objectives: To examine factors associated with compliance and with perceived readiness for the new Washington State booster seat law, and to identify perceived barriers to compliance among licensed childcare centers. Design/methods: Surveys were mailed to a random sample of 550 licensed childcare centers in Washington State, approximately nine months before the law was to go into effect. Results: Only 18% of centers reported being compliant with the law at the time of the survey. Factors associated with current compliance included awareness and knowledge of the law, and being comfortable asking staff and parents to use booster seats. A lack of center-owned booster seats was associated with a lower likelihood of compliance. Only 43% of centers had already started preparing for the law, and only 48% believed they would definitely be ready in time. Conclusion: This study suggests that Washington State childcare centers need support and assistance to increase their knowledge of booster seats and reduce the financial costs of compliance. PMID:12460963

41 CFR 101-8.304 - Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect of employment opportunities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... REGULATIONS GENERAL 8-NONDISCRIMINATION IN PROGRAMS RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.304 Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect... alleviated by the existence of any State or local law or other requirement that, on the basis of handicap...

41 CFR 101-8.304 - Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect of employment opportunities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... REGULATIONS GENERAL 8-NONDISCRIMINATION IN PROGRAMS RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.304 Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect... alleviated by the existence of any State or local law or other requirement that, on the basis of handicap...

41 CFR 101-8.304 - Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect of employment opportunities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... REGULATIONS GENERAL 8-NONDISCRIMINATION IN PROGRAMS RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.304 Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect... alleviated by the existence of any State or local law or other requirement that, on the basis of handicap...

41 CFR 101-8.304 - Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect of employment opportunities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... REGULATIONS GENERAL 8-NONDISCRIMINATION IN PROGRAMS RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.304 Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect... alleviated by the existence of any State or local law or other requirement that, on the basis of handicap...

41 CFR 101-8.304 - Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect of employment opportunities.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... REGULATIONS GENERAL 8-NONDISCRIMINATION IN PROGRAMS RECEIVING FEDERAL FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE 8.3-Discrimination Prohibited on the Basis of Handicap § 101-8.304 Effect of State or local law or other requirements and effect... alleviated by the existence of any State or local law or other requirement that, on the basis of handicap...

CPR Instruction in U.S. High Schools: What Is the State in the Nation?

PubMed

Brown, Lorrel E; Lynes, Carlos; Carroll, Travis; Halperin, Henry

2017-11-28

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training in high schools is required by law in the majority of U.S. states. However, laws differ from state to state, and it is unknown how this legislation is being enacted. The authors sent a cross-sectional, closed survey to educational superintendents in 32 states with CPR laws in June 2016. The authors subsequently performed direct examination and categorization of CPR legislation in 39 states (several states passed legislation as of September 2017). Survey results indicated differing practices with regard to CPR instruction in areas such as course content (63% perform automated external defibrillator training), instructor (47% used CPR-certified teachers/coaches, 30% used other CPR-certified instructors, 11% used noncertified teachers/coaches), and method (7% followed American Red Cross methods, 55% followed American Heart Association methods). CPR laws differ, although almost all (97%) require hands-on training. Although hands-on practice during CPR instruction in high school is required by law in the majority of U.S. states, there is currently no standardized method of implementation. Copyright © 2017 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Association between youth-focused firearm laws and youth suicides.

PubMed

Webster, Daniel W; Vernick, Jon S; Zeoli, April M; Manganello, Jennifer A

2004-08-04

Firearms are used in approximately half of all youth suicides. Many state and federal laws include age-specific restrictions on the purchase, possession, or storage of firearms; however, the association between these laws and suicides among youth has not been carefully examined. To evaluate the association between youth-focused firearm laws and suicides among youth. Quasi-experimental design with annual state-level data on suicide rates among US youth aged 14 through 20 years, for the period 1976-2001. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate the association between state and federal youth-focused firearm laws mandating a minimum age for the purchase or possession of handguns and state child access prevention (CAP) laws requiring safe storage of firearms on suicide rates among youth. Association between youth-focused state and federal firearm laws and rates of firearm, nonfirearm, and total suicides among US youth aged 14 to 17 and 18 through 20 years. There were 63 954 suicides among youth aged 14 through 20 years during the 1976-2001 study period, 39 655 (62%) of which were committed with firearms. Minimum purchase-age and possession-age laws were not associated with statistically significant reductions in suicide rates among youth aged 14 through 20 years. State CAP laws were associated with an 8.3% decrease (rate ratio [RR], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-0.98) in suicide rates among 14- to 17-year-olds. The annual rate of suicide in this age group in states with CAP laws was 5.97 per 100 000 population rather than the projected 6.51. This association was also statistically significant for firearm suicides (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96) but not for nonfirearm suicides (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.91-1.10). CAP laws were also associated with a significant reduction in suicides among youth aged 18 through 20 years (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.85-0.93); however, the association was similar for firearm suicides (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.82-0.92) and nonfirearm suicides (RR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.85-0.98). There is evidence that CAP laws are associated with a modest reduction in suicide rates among youth aged 14 to 17 years. As currently implemented, minimum age restrictions for the purchase and possession of firearms do not appear to reduce overall rates of suicide among youth.

An Analysis of the Massachusetts Healthcare Law.

PubMed

Stephens, James H; Ledlow, Gerald R; Sach, Michael V; Reagan, Julie K

2017-01-01

Healthcare in the United States has been one topic of the debates and discussion in the country for many years. The challenge for affordable, accessible, and quality healthcare for most Americans has been on the agenda of federal and state legislatures. There is probably no other state that has drawn as much individual attention regarding this challenge as the state of Massachusetts. While researching the topic for this article, it was discovered that financial and political perspectives on the success or failure of the healthcare model in Massachusetts vary depending on the aspect of the system being discussed. In this article the authors give a brief history and description of the Massachusetts Healthcare Law, explanation of how the law is financed, identification of the targeted populations in Massachusetts for which the law provides coverage, demonstration of the actual benefit coverage provided by the law, and review of the impact of the law on healthcare providers such as physicians and hospitals. In addition, there are explanations about the impact of the law on health insurance companies, discussion of changes in healthcare premiums, explanation of costs to the state for the new program, reviews of the impact on the health of the insured, and finally, projections on the changes that healthcare facilities will need to make to maintain fiscal viability as a result of this program.

The impact of Massachusetts' smoke-free workplace laws on acute myocardial infarction deaths.

PubMed

Dove, Melanie S; Dockery, Douglas W; Mittleman, Murray A; Schwartz, Joel; Sullivan, Eileen M; Keithly, Lois; Land, Thomas

2010-11-01

We examined the rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) deaths in Massachusetts before and after the implementation of a comprehensive smoke-free workplace law in July 2004. We used Poisson regression models to examine the impact of the state law in cities and towns with and without previous local smoking bans and the effect of the local laws for the period of 1999 through 2006. The AMI mortality rate decreased by 7.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.3%, 11.4%) after implementation of the state law. The state ban had an impact in cities and towns with no prior local smoking ban (9.2% decrease; P < .001) but not cities and towns with a prior local smoking ban. However, there was a nonsignificant 4.9% (95% CI = -5.0%, 13.9%) decrease associated with the local smoking ban that preceded the effect of the state ban. The effect of the state ban was modest (-1.6%) in the first 12 months after implementation but much larger after the first 12 months (-18.6%; P < .001). Comprehensive statewide smoke-free workplace laws in Massachusetts were associated with an estimated 270 fewer AMI deaths per year. These results add to the evidence suggesting that smoke-free air laws are associated with lower rates of AMI.

Reducing tobacco use and access through strengthened minimum price laws.

PubMed

McLaughlin, Ian; Pearson, Anne; Laird-Metke, Elisa; Ribisl, Kurt

2014-10-01

Higher prices reduce consumption and initiation of tobacco products. A minimum price law that establishes a high statutory minimum price and prohibits the industry's discounting tactics for tobacco products is a promising pricing strategy as an alternative to excise tax increases. Although some states have adopted minimum price laws on the basis of statutorily defined price "markups" over the invoice price, existing state laws have been largely ineffective at increasing the retail price. We analyzed 3 new variations of minimum price laws that hold great potential for raising tobacco prices and reducing consumption: (1) a flat rate minimum price law similar to a recent enactment in New York City, (2) an enhanced markup law, and (3) a law that incorporates both elements.

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...

28 CFR 20.24 - State laws on privacy and security.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... Local Criminal History Record Information Systems § 20.24 State laws on privacy and security. Where a State originating criminal history record information provides for sealing or purging thereof, nothing...