An evolving effective stress approach to anisotropic distortional hardening

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Lester, B. T.; Scherzinger, W. M.

A new yield surface with an evolving effective stress definition is proposed for consistently and efficiently describing anisotropic distortional hardening. Specifically, a new internal state variable is introduced to capture the thermodynamic evolution between different effective stress definitions. The corresponding yield surface and evolution equations of the internal variables are derived from thermodynamic considerations enabling satisfaction of the second law. A closest point projection return mapping algorithm for the proposed model is formulated and implemented for use in finite element analyses. Finally, select constitutive and larger scale boundary value problems are solved to explore the capabilities of the model andmore » examine the impact of distortional hardening on constitutive and structural responses. Importantly, these simulations demonstrate the tractability of the proposed formulation in investigating large-scale problems of interest.« less

Impacts of variability in geomechanical properties on hydrate bearing sediment responses

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lin, J. S.; Uchida, S.; Choi, J. H.; Seol, Y.

2017-12-01

Hydrate bearing sediments (HBS) may become unstable during the gas production operation, or from natural processes such as change in the landform or temperature. The geomechanical modeling is a rational way to assess HBS stability regardless of the process involved. At the present time, such modeling is laced with uncertainties. The uncertainties come from many sources that include the adequacy of a modeling framework to accurately project the response of HBS, the gap in the available field information, and the variability in the laboratory test results from limited samples. For a reasonable stability assessment, the impact of the various uncertainties have to be addressed. This study looks into one particular aspect of the uncertainty, namely, the uncertainty caused by the scatter in the laboratory tests and the ability of a constitutive model to adequately represent them. Specifically this study focuses on the scatter in the results from laboratory tests on high quality pressured core samples from a marine site, and use a critical state constitutive model to represent them. The study investigates how the HBS responses shift when the parameters of the constitutive model are varied to reflect the different aspects of experimental results. Also investigated are impacts on the responses by altering certain formulations of the constitutive model to suit particular sets of results.

Computational Implementation of a Thermodynamically Based Work Potential Model For Progressive Microdamage and Transverse Cracking in Fiber-Reinforced Laminates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Pineda, Evan J.; Waas, Anthony M.; Bednarcyk, Brett A.; Collier, Craig S.

2012-01-01

A continuum-level, dual internal state variable, thermodynamically based, work potential model, Schapery Theory, is used capture the effects of two matrix damage mechanisms in a fiber-reinforced laminated composite: microdamage and transverse cracking. Matrix microdamage accrues primarily in the form of shear microcracks between the fibers of the composite. Whereas, larger transverse matrix cracks typically span the thickness of a lamina and run parallel to the fibers. Schapery Theory uses the energy potential required to advance structural changes, associated with the damage mechanisms, to govern damage growth through a set of internal state variables. These state variables are used to quantify the stiffness degradation resulting from damage growth. The transverse and shear stiffness of the lamina are related to the internal state variables through a set of measurable damage functions. Additionally, the damage variables for a given strain state can be calculated from a set of evolution equations. These evolution equations and damage functions are implemented into the finite element method and used to govern the constitutive response of the material points in the model. Additionally, an axial failure criterion is included in the model. The response of a center-notched, buffer strip-stiffened panel subjected to uniaxial tension is investigated and results are compared to experiment.

A crystallographic model for the tensile and fatigue response for Rene N4 at 982 C

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sheh, M. Y.; Stouffer, D. C.

1990-01-01

An anisotropic constitutive model based on crystallographic slip theory was formulated for nickel-base single-crystal superalloys. The current equations include both drag stress and back stress state variables to model the local inelastic flow. Specially designed experiments have been conducted to evaluate the existence of back stress in single crystals. The results showed that the back stress effect of reverse inelastic flow on the unloading stress is orientation-dependent, and a back stress state variable in the inelastic flow equation is necessary for predicting inelastic behavior. Model correlations and predictions of experimental data are presented for the single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C.

Anisotropic constitutive modeling for nickel base single crystal superalloys using a crystallographic approach

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Stouffer, D. C.; Sheh, M. Y.

1988-01-01

A micromechanical model based on crystallographic slip theory was formulated for nickel-base single crystal superalloys. The current equations include both drag stress and back stress state variables to model the local inelastic flow. Specially designed experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effect of back stress in single crystals. The results showed that (1) the back stress is orientation dependent; and (2) the back stress state variable in the inelastic flow equation is necessary for predicting anelastic behavior of the material. The model also demonstrated improved fatigue predictive capability. Model predictions and experimental data are presented for single crystal superalloy Rene N4 at 982 C.

A constitutive model for magnetostriction based on thermodynamic framework

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ho, Kwangsoo

2016-08-01

This work presents a general framework for the continuum-based formulation of dissipative materials with magneto-mechanical coupling in the viewpoint of irreversible thermodynamics. The thermodynamically consistent model developed for the magnetic hysteresis is extended to include the magnetostrictive effect. The dissipative and hysteretic response of magnetostrictive materials is captured through the introduction of internal state variables. The evolution rate of magnetostrictive strain as well as magnetization is derived from thermodynamic and dissipative potentials in accordance with the general principles of thermodynamics. It is then demonstrated that the constitutive model is competent to describe the magneto-mechanical behavior by comparing simulation results with the experimental data reported in the literature.

Fully Associative, Nonisothermal, Potential-Based Unified Viscoplastic Model for Titanium-Based Matrices

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

2005-01-01

A number of titanium matrix composite (TMC) systems are currently being investigated for high-temperature air frame and propulsion system applications. As a result, numerous computational methodologies for predicting both deformation and life for this class of materials are under development. An integral part of these methodologies is an accurate and computationally efficient constitutive model for the metallic matrix constituent. Furthermore, because these systems are designed to operate at elevated temperatures, the required constitutive models must account for both time-dependent and time-independent deformations. To accomplish this, the NASA Lewis Research Center is employing a recently developed, complete, potential-based framework. This framework, which utilizes internal state variables, was put forth for the derivation of reversible and irreversible constitutive equations. The framework, and consequently the resulting constitutive model, is termed complete because the existence of the total (integrated) form of the Gibbs complementary free energy and complementary dissipation potentials are assumed a priori. The specific forms selected here for both the Gibbs and complementary dissipation potentials result in a fully associative, multiaxial, nonisothermal, unified viscoplastic model with nonlinear kinematic hardening. This model constitutes one of many models in the Generalized Viscoplasticity with Potential Structure (GVIPS) class of inelastic constitutive equations.

A constitutive theory of reacting electrolyte mixtures

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Costa Reis, Martina; Wang, Yongqi; Bono Maurizio Sacchi Bassi, Adalberto

2013-11-01

A constitutive theory of reacting electrolyte mixtures is formulated. The intermolecular interactions among the constituents of the mixture are accounted for through additional freedom degrees to each constituent of the mixture. Balance equations for polar reacting continuum mixtures are accordingly formulated and a proper set of constitutive equations is derived with basis in the Müller-Liu formulation of the second law of thermodynamics. Moreover, the non-equilibrium and equilibrium responses of the reacting mixture are investigated in detail by emphasizing the inner and reactive structures of the medium. From the balance laws and constitutive relations, the effects of molecular structure of constituents upon the fluid flow are studied. It is also demonstrated that the local thermodynamic equilibrium state can be reached without imposing that the set of independent constitutive variables is time independent, neither spatially homogeneous nor null. The resulting constitutive relations presented throughout this work are of relevance to many practical applications, such as swelling of clays, developing of bio and polymeric membranes, and use of electrorheological fluids in industrial processes. The first author acknowledges financial support from National Counsel of Technological and Scientific Development (CNPq) and German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).

Synchronization of chaotic systems involving fractional operators of Liouville-Caputo type with variable-order

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Coronel-Escamilla, A.; Gómez-Aguilar, J. F.; Torres, L.; Escobar-Jiménez, R. F.; Valtierra-Rodríguez, M.

2017-12-01

In this paper, we propose a state-observer-based approach to synchronize variable-order fractional (VOF) chaotic systems. In particular, this work is focused on complete synchronization with a so-called unidirectional master-slave topology. The master is described by a dynamical system in state-space representation whereas the slave is described by a state observer. The slave is composed of a master copy and a correction term which in turn is constituted of an estimation error and an appropriate gain that assures the synchronization. The differential equations of the VOF chaotic system are described by the Liouville-Caputo and Atangana-Baleanu-Caputo derivatives. Numerical simulations involving the synchronization of Rössler oscillators, Chua's systems and multi-scrolls are studied. The simulations show that different chaotic behaviors can be obtained if different smooths functions defined in the interval (0 , 1 ] are used as the variable order of the fractional derivatives. Furthermore, simulations show that the VOF chaotic systems can be synchronized.

Quantitative measure of the variation in fault rheology due to fluid-rock interactions

USGS Publications Warehouse

Blanpied, M.L.; Marone, C.J.; Lockner, D.A.; Byerlee, J.D.; King, D.P.

1998-01-01

We analyze friction data from two published suites of laboratory tests on granite in order to explore and quantify the effects of temperature (T) and pore water pressure (Pp) on the sliding behavior of faults. Rate-stepping sliding tests were performed on laboratory faults in granite containing "gouge" (granite powder), both dry at 23?? to 845??C [Lockner et al., 1986], and wet (Pp = 100 MPa) at 23?? to 600??C [Blanpied et al., 1991, 1995]. Imposed slip velocities (V) ranged from 0.01 to 5.5 ??m/s, and effective normal stresses were near 400 MPa. For dried granite at all temperatures, and wet granite below -300??C, the coefficient of friction (??) shows low sensitivity to V, T, and Pp. For wet granite above -350??, ?? drops rapidly with increasing T and shows a strong, positive rate dependence and protracted strength transients following steps in V, presumably reflecting the activity of a water-aided deformation process. By inverting strength data from velocity stepping tests we determined values for parameters in three formulations of a rate- and state-dependent constitutive law. One or two state variables were used to represent slip history effects. Each velocity step yielded an independent set of values for the nominal friction level, five constitutive parameters (transient parameters a, b1, and b2 and characteristic displacements Dcl and Dc2), and the velocity dependence of steady state friction ?????ss/??? In V = a-b1-b2. Below 250??, data from dry and most wet tests are adequately modeled by using the "slip law" [Ruina, 1983] and one state variable (a = 0.003 to 0.018, b = 0.001 to +0.018, Dc ??? 1 to 20 ??m). Dried tests above 250?? can also be fitted with one state variable. In contrast, wet tests above 350?? require higher direct rate dependence (a = 0.03 to 0.12), plus a second state variable with large, negative amplitude (b2 = -0.03 to -0.14) and large characteristic displacement (Dc2 = 300 to >4000 ??m). Thus the parameters a, b1, and b2 for wet granite show a pronounced change in their temperature dependence in the range 270?? to 350??C, which may reflect a change in underlying deformation mechanism. We quantify the trends in parameter values from 25?? to 600??C by piecewise linear regressions, which provide a straightforward means to incorporate the full constitutive response of granite into numerical models of fault slip. The modeling results suggest that the succeptibility for unstable (stick-slip) sliding is maximized between 90?? and 360??C, in agreement with laboratory observations and consistent with the depth range of earthquakes on mature faults in the continental crust.

[Adolescent daily smoking, negative mood-states and the role of family communication].

PubMed

Martínez-Hernáez, Ángel; Marí-Klose, Marga; Julià, Albert; Escapa, Sandra; Marí-Klose, Pau; DiGiacomo, Susan

2012-01-01

To determine whether negative mood states constitute a risk factor for daily smoking during adolescence, and to specify the role of familial factors in the association between the two variables. Cross-sectional study of a representative sample (second wave, Panel of Families and Childhood) of Catalan adolescents between 14 and 18 years of age. Six logistic regression models were used for girls (n = 1,442) and six for boys (n =1,100) in order to determine whether negative mood states constitute a risk factor for daily cigarette consumption, and to what extent this effect is attributable to familial factors. The prevalence of daily smoking at ages 17-18 is 3.8% for girls and 3.6 for boys. Feelings of sadness constitute a risk factor for daily cigarette consumption (odds ratio [OR] = 1.633), and communication with the father cancels out this effect. Parental pressure is a risk factor for daily smoking in both sexes (girls, OR = 2.064; boys, OR = 1.784). When parental communication is controlled for, this effect is reduced but not canceled out. Living in a reconstituted family is a risk factor for daily cigarette consumption among boys (OR = 2.988). Intergenerational communication decreases the risk of daily tobacco use among adolescents independently of their mood state. Anti-smoking interventions designed in accordance with these findings may be more effective. Copyright © 2011 SESPAS. Published by Elsevier Espana. All rights reserved.

Solid-state greenhouses and their implications for icy satellites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Matson, Dennis L.; Brown, Robert H.

1989-01-01

The 'solid-state greenhouse effect' model constituted by the subsurface solar heating of translucent, high-albedo materials is presently applied to the study of planetary surfaces, with attention to frost and ice surfaces of the solar system's outer satellites. Temperature is computed as a function of depth for an illustrative range of thermal variables, and it is discovered that the surfaces and interiors of such bodies can be warmer than otherwise suspected. Mechanisms are identified through which the modest alteration of surface properties can substantially change the solid-state greenhouse and force an interior temperature adjustment.

Constitutive relations describing creep deformation for multi-axial time-dependent stress states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

McCartney, L. N.

1981-02-01

A THEORY of primary and secondary creep deformation in metals is presented, which is based upon the concept of tensor internal state variables and the principles of continuum mechanics and thermodynamics. The theory is able to account for both multi-axial and time-dependent stress and strain states. The wellknown concepts of elastic, anelastic and plastic strains follow naturally from the theory. Homogeneous stress states are considered in detail and a simplified theory is derived by linearizing with respect to the internal state variables. It is demonstrated that the model can be developed in such a way that multi-axial constant-stress creep data can be presented as a single relationship between an equivalent stress and an equivalent strain. It is shown how the theory may be used to describe the multi-axial deformation of metals which are subjected to constant stress states. The multi-axial strain response to a general cyclic stress state is calculated. For uni-axial stress states, square-wave loading and a thermal fatigue stress cycle are analysed.

Postmodernity, Cultural Pluralism and the Nation-State: Problems of Language Rights, Human Rights, Identity and Power.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rassool, Naz

1998-01-01

Argues that language provides not only a central identity variable but also constitutes a key means by which people can either gain access to power or be excluded from the right to exercise control over their lives. Argues that, if language is materially and culturally rooted, issues of language rights cannot be addressed outside of social policy.…

General Multimechanism Reversible-Irreversible Time-Dependent Constitutive Deformation Model Being Developed

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saleeb, A. F.; Arnold, Steven M.

2001-01-01

Since most advanced material systems (for example metallic-, polymer-, and ceramic-based systems) being currently researched and evaluated are for high-temperature airframe and propulsion system applications, the required constitutive models must account for both reversible and irreversible time-dependent deformations. Furthermore, since an integral part of continuum-based computational methodologies (be they microscale- or macroscale-based) is an accurate and computationally efficient constitutive model to describe the deformation behavior of the materials of interest, extensive research efforts have been made over the years on the phenomenological representations of constitutive material behavior in the inelastic analysis of structures. From a more recent and comprehensive perspective, the NASA Glenn Research Center in conjunction with the University of Akron has emphasized concurrently addressing three important and related areas: that is, 1) Mathematical formulation; 2) Algorithmic developments for updating (integrating) the external (e.g., stress) and internal state variables; 3) Parameter estimation for characterizing the model. This concurrent perspective to constitutive modeling has enabled the overcoming of the two major obstacles to fully utilizing these sophisticated time-dependent (hereditary) constitutive models in practical engineering analysis. These obstacles are: 1) Lack of efficient and robust integration algorithms; 2) Difficulties associated with characterizing the large number of required material parameters, particularly when many of these parameters lack obvious or direct physical interpretations.

The actuation of a biomimetic poly(vinyl alcohol)poly(acrylic acid) gel.

PubMed

Marra, S P; Ramesh, K T; Douglas, A S

2002-02-15

Active polymer gels expand and contract in response to certain environmental stimuli, such as the application of an electric field or a change in the pH level of the surroundings. This ability to achieve large, reversible deformations with no external mechanical loading has generated much interest in the use of these gels as biomimetic actuators and "artificial muscles". In previous work, a thermodynamically consistent finite-elastic constitutive model has been developed to describe the mechanical and actuation behaviours of active polymer gels. The mechanical properties were characterized by a free-energy function, and the model uses an evolving internal variable to describe the actuation state. In this work, an evolution law for the internal variable is determined from free actuation experiments on a poly(vinyl alcohol)poly(acrylic acid) (PVAPAA) gel. The complete finite-elastic/evolution law constitutive model is then used to predict the response of the PVA-PAA gel to isotonic and isometric loading and actuation. The model is shown to give relatively good agreement with experimental results.

Finite element implementation of state variable-based viscoplasticity models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Iskovitz, I.; Chang, T. Y. P.; Saleeb, A. F.

1991-01-01

The implementation of state variable-based viscoplasticity models is made in a general purpose finite element code for structural applications of metals deformed at elevated temperatures. Two constitutive models, Walker's and Robinson's models, are studied in conjunction with two implicit integration methods: the trapezoidal rule with Newton-Raphson iterations and an asymptotic integration algorithm. A comparison is made between the two integration methods, and the latter method appears to be computationally more appealing in terms of numerical accuracy and CPU time. However, in order to make the asymptotic algorithm robust, it is necessary to include a self adaptive scheme with subincremental step control and error checking of the Jacobian matrix at the integration points. Three examples are given to illustrate the numerical aspects of the integration methods tested.

Markov state modeling of sliding friction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Pellegrini, F.; Landes, François P.; Laio, A.; Prestipino, S.; Tosatti, E.

2016-11-01

Markov state modeling (MSM) has recently emerged as one of the key techniques for the discovery of collective variables and the analysis of rare events in molecular simulations. In particular in biochemistry this approach is successfully exploited to find the metastable states of complex systems and their evolution in thermal equilibrium, including rare events, such as a protein undergoing folding. The physics of sliding friction and its atomistic simulations under external forces constitute a nonequilibrium field where relevant variables are in principle unknown and where a proper theory describing violent and rare events such as stick slip is still lacking. Here we show that MSM can be extended to the study of nonequilibrium phenomena and in particular friction. The approach is benchmarked on the Frenkel-Kontorova model, used here as a test system whose properties are well established. We demonstrate that the method allows the least prejudiced identification of a minimal basis of natural microscopic variables necessary for the description of the forced dynamics of sliding, through their probabilistic evolution. The steps necessary for the application to realistic frictional systems are highlighted.

Robust Integration Schemes for Generalized Viscoplasticity with Internal-State Variables

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saleeb, Atef F.; Li, W.; Wilt, Thomas E.

1997-01-01

The scope of the work in this presentation focuses on the development of algorithms for the integration of rate dependent constitutive equations. In view of their robustness; i.e., their superior stability and convergence properties for isotropic and anisotropic coupled viscoplastic-damage models, implicit integration schemes have been selected. This is the simplest in its class and is one of the most widely used implicit integrators at present.

A stochastic global identification framework for aerospace structures operating under varying flight states

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kopsaftopoulos, Fotis; Nardari, Raphael; Li, Yu-Hung; Chang, Fu-Kuo

2018-01-01

In this work, a novel data-based stochastic "global" identification framework is introduced for aerospace structures operating under varying flight states and uncertainty. In this context, the term "global" refers to the identification of a model that is capable of representing the structure under any admissible flight state based on data recorded from a sample of these states. The proposed framework is based on stochastic time-series models for representing the structural dynamics and aeroelastic response under multiple flight states, with each state characterized by several variables, such as the airspeed, angle of attack, altitude and temperature, forming a flight state vector. The method's cornerstone lies in the new class of Vector-dependent Functionally Pooled (VFP) models which allow the explicit analytical inclusion of the flight state vector into the model parameters and, hence, system dynamics. This is achieved via the use of functional data pooling techniques for optimally treating - as a single entity - the data records corresponding to the various flight states. In this proof-of-concept study the flight state vector is defined by two variables, namely the airspeed and angle of attack of the vehicle. The experimental evaluation and assessment is based on a prototype bio-inspired self-sensing composite wing that is subjected to a series of wind tunnel experiments under multiple flight states. Distributed micro-sensors in the form of stretchable sensor networks are embedded in the composite layup of the wing in order to provide the sensing capabilities. Experimental data collected from piezoelectric sensors are employed for the identification of a stochastic global VFP model via appropriate parameter estimation and model structure selection methods. The estimated VFP model parameters constitute two-dimensional functions of the flight state vector defined by the airspeed and angle of attack. The identified model is able to successfully represent the wing's aeroelastic response under the admissible flight states via a minimum number of estimated parameters compared to standard identification approaches. The obtained results demonstrate the high accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed global identification framework, thus constituting a first step towards the next generation of "fly-by-feel" aerospace vehicles with state awareness capabilities.

Essential Medicines in National Constitutions: Progress Since 2008.

PubMed

Katrina Perehudoff, S; Toebes, Brigit; Hogerzeil, Hans

2016-06-01

A constitutional guarantee of access to essential medicines has been identified as an important indicator of government commitment to the progressive realization of the right to the highest attainable standard of health. The objective of this study was to evaluate provisions on access to essential medicines in national constitutions, to identify comprehensive examples of constitutional text on medicines that can be used as a model for other countries, and to evaluate the evolution of constitutional medicines-related rights since 2008. Relevant articles were selected from an inventory of constitutional texts from WHO member states. References to states' legal obligations under international human rights law were evaluated. Twenty-two constitutions worldwide now oblige governments to protect and/or to fulfill accessibility of, availability of, and/or quality of medicines. Since 2008, state responsibilities to fulfill access to essential medicines have expanded in five constitutions, been maintained in four constitutions, and have regressed in one constitution. Government commitments to essential medicines are an important foundation of health system equity and are included increasingly in state constitutions.

The roles of time and displacement in velocity-dependent volumetric strain of fault zones

USGS Publications Warehouse

Beeler, N.M.; Tullis, T.E.

1997-01-01

The relationship between measured friction??A and volumetric strain during frictional sliding was determined using a rate and state variable dependent friction constitutive equation, a common work balance relating friction and volume change, and two types of experimental faults: initially bare surfaces of Westerly granite and rock surfaces separated by a 1 mm layer of < 90 ??m Westerly granite gouge. The constitutive equation is the sum of a constant term representing the nominal resistance to sliding and two smaller terms: a rate dependent term representing the shear viscosity of the fault surface (direct effect), and a term which represents variations in the area of contact (evolution effect). The work balance relationship requires that ??A differs from the frictional resistance that leads to shear heating by the derivative of fault normal displacement with respect shear displacement, d??n ld??s. An implication of this relationship is that the rate dependence of d??n ld??s contributes to the rate dependence of ??A. Experiments show changes in sliding velocity lead to changes in both fault strength and volume. Analysis of data with the rate and state equations combined with the work balance relationship preclude the conventional interpretation of the direct effect in the rate and state variable constitutive equations. Consideration of a model bare surface fault consisting of an undeformable indentor sliding on a deformable surface reveals a serious flaw in the work balance relationship if volume change is time-dependent. For the model, at zero slip rate indentation creep under the normal load leads to time-dependent strengthening of the fault surface but, according to the work balance relationship, no work is done because compaction or dilatancy can only be induced by shearing. Additional tests on initially bare surfaces and gouges show that fault normal strain in experiments is time-dependent, consistent with the model. This time-dependent fault normal strain, which is not accounted for in the work balance relationship, explains the inconsistency between the constitutive equations and the work balance. For initially bare surface faults, all rate dependence of volume change is due to time dependence. Similar results are found for gouge. We conclude that ??A reflects the frictional resistance that results in shear heating, and no correction needs to be made for the volume changes. The result that time-dependent volume changes do not contribute to ??A is a general result and extends beyond these experiments, the simple indentor model and particular constitutive equations used to illustrate the principle.

A critical re-evaluation of the regression model specification in the US D1 EQ-5D value function

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background The EQ-5D is a generic health-related quality of life instrument (five dimensions with three levels, 243 health states), used extensively in cost-utility/cost-effectiveness analyses. EQ-5D health states are assigned values on a scale anchored in perfect health (1) and death (0). The dominant procedure for defining values for EQ-5D health states involves regression modeling. These regression models have typically included a constant term, interpreted as the utility loss associated with any movement away from perfect health. The authors of the United States EQ-5D valuation study replaced this constant with a variable, D1, which corresponds to the number of impaired dimensions beyond the first. The aim of this study was to illustrate how the use of the D1 variable in place of a constant is problematic. Methods We compared the original D1 regression model with a mathematically equivalent model with a constant term. Comparisons included implications for the magnitude and statistical significance of the coefficients, multicollinearity (variance inflation factors, or VIFs), number of calculation steps needed to determine tariff values, and consequences for tariff interpretation. Results Using the D1 variable in place of a constant shifted all dummy variable coefficients away from zero by the value of the constant, greatly increased the multicollinearity of the model (maximum VIF of 113.2 vs. 21.2), and increased the mean number of calculation steps required to determine health state values. Discussion Using the D1 variable in place of a constant constitutes an unnecessary complication of the model, obscures the fact that at least two of the main effect dummy variables are statistically nonsignificant, and complicates and biases interpretation of the tariff algorithm. PMID:22244261

A critical re-evaluation of the regression model specification in the US D1 EQ-5D value function.

PubMed

Rand-Hendriksen, Kim; Augestad, Liv A; Dahl, Fredrik A

2012-01-13

The EQ-5D is a generic health-related quality of life instrument (five dimensions with three levels, 243 health states), used extensively in cost-utility/cost-effectiveness analyses. EQ-5D health states are assigned values on a scale anchored in perfect health (1) and death (0).The dominant procedure for defining values for EQ-5D health states involves regression modeling. These regression models have typically included a constant term, interpreted as the utility loss associated with any movement away from perfect health. The authors of the United States EQ-5D valuation study replaced this constant with a variable, D1, which corresponds to the number of impaired dimensions beyond the first. The aim of this study was to illustrate how the use of the D1 variable in place of a constant is problematic. We compared the original D1 regression model with a mathematically equivalent model with a constant term. Comparisons included implications for the magnitude and statistical significance of the coefficients, multicollinearity (variance inflation factors, or VIFs), number of calculation steps needed to determine tariff values, and consequences for tariff interpretation. Using the D1 variable in place of a constant shifted all dummy variable coefficients away from zero by the value of the constant, greatly increased the multicollinearity of the model (maximum VIF of 113.2 vs. 21.2), and increased the mean number of calculation steps required to determine health state values. Using the D1 variable in place of a constant constitutes an unnecessary complication of the model, obscures the fact that at least two of the main effect dummy variables are statistically nonsignificant, and complicates and biases interpretation of the tariff algorithm.

Scaling cosmology with variable dark-energy equation of state

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Castro, David R.; Velten, Hermano; Zimdahl, Winfried, E-mail: drodriguez-ufes@hotmail.com, E-mail: velten@physik.uni-bielefeld.de, E-mail: winfried.zimdahl@pq.cnpq.br

2012-06-01

Interactions between dark matter and dark energy which result in a power-law behavior (with respect to the cosmic scale factor) of the ratio between the energy densities of the dark components (thus generalizing the ΛCDM model) have been considered as an attempt to alleviate the cosmic coincidence problem phenomenologically. We generalize this approach by allowing for a variable equation of state for the dark energy within the CPL-parametrization. Based on analytic solutions for the Hubble rate and using the Constitution and Union2 SNIa sets, we present a statistical analysis and classify different interacting and non-interacting models according to the Akaikemore » (AIC) and the Bayesian (BIC) information criteria. We do not find noticeable evidence for an alleviation of the coincidence problem with the mentioned type of interaction.« less

20 CFR 416.2070 - Mandatory supplementation: State compliance not applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-04-01

... beginning in January 1974 shall not be applicable in the case of any State where: (a) State constitution. The State constitution limits expenditures that may be paid as public assistance to, or on behalf of... appropriate State official) has, prior to July 1, 1973, made a finding that the State constitution of such...

20 CFR 416.2070 - Mandatory supplementation: State compliance not applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-04-01

... beginning in January 1974 shall not be applicable in the case of any State where: (a) State constitution. The State constitution limits expenditures that may be paid as public assistance to, or on behalf of... appropriate State official) has, prior to July 1, 1973, made a finding that the State constitution of such...

20 CFR 416.2070 - Mandatory supplementation: State compliance not applicable.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-04-01

... beginning in January 1974 shall not be applicable in the case of any State where: (a) State constitution. The State constitution limits expenditures that may be paid as public assistance to, or on behalf of... appropriate State official) has, prior to July 1, 1973, made a finding that the State constitution of such...

Implementing the Equal Access Act and State Constitutional Provisions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bjorklun, Eugene C.

1992-01-01

Examines the issue of whether implementation of the Equal Access Act would violate the constitutions of some states that require a stricter separation of church and state than the federal Constitution. (MLF)

Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law

USGS Publications Warehouse

Wennerberg, Leif; Sharp, Robert V.

1997-01-01

Afterslip data from the Superstition Hills fault in southern California, a creep event on the same fault, the modified Omori law, and cumulative moments from aftershocks of the 1957 Aleutian Islands earthquake all indicate that the original formulation by Dieterich (1981) [Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 24, 103–120] for friction evolution is more appropriate for systems far from instability than the commonly used approximation developed by Ruina (1983) [Slip instability and state variable friction laws. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359–10370] to study instability. The mathematical framework we use to test the friction models is a one-dimensional, massless spring-slider under the simplifying assumption, proposed by Scholz (1990) [The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press] and used by Marone et al. (1991) [On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 8441–8452], that the state variable takes on its velocity-dependent steady-state value throughout motion in response to a step in stress. This assumption removes explicit state-variable dependence from the model, obviating the need to consider state-variable evolution equations. Anti-derivatives of the modified Omori law fit our data very well and are very good approximate solutions to our model equations. A plausible friction model with Omori-law solutions used by Wesson (1988) [Dynamics of fault creep. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8929–8951] to model fault creep and generalized by Rice (1983) [Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl. Geophys. 121, 443–475] to a rate-and-state variable friction model yields exactly Omori's law with exponents greater than 1, but yields unstable solutions for Omori exponents less than 1. We estimate from the Dieterich formulation the dimensionless parameter a∗ which is equal to the product of the nominal coefficient of friction and the more commonly reported friction parameter a. We find that a∗ is typically positive, qualitatively consistent with laboratory observations, although our observations are considerably larger than laboratory values. However, we also find good model fits for a∗ < 0 when data correspond to Omori exponents less than 1. A modification of the stability analysis by Rice and Ruina (1983) [Stability of steady frictional slipping. J. Appl. Mech. 50, 343–349] indicates that a∗ < 0 is not a consequence of our assumption regarding state-variable evolution. A consistent interpretation of a∗ < 0 in terms of laboratory models appears to be that the data are from later portions of processes better characterized by two-state-variable friction models. a∗ < 0 is explained by assuming that our data cannot resolve the co-seismic evolution of a short-length-scale state variable to a velocity-weakening state; our parameterization leads to an apparent negative instantaneous viscosity. We estimate the largest critical slip distance associated with afterslip to be ∼1–10 cm, consistent with other estimates for near-surface materials. We assume that our observed large values for a∗ reflect the fact that our model ignores the geometrical complexities of three-dimensional stresses in fractured crustal materials around a fault zone with frictional stresses that vary on a fault surface. Our one-dimensional model parameters reflect spatially averaged, bulk, stress and frictional properties of a fault zone, where we clearly cannot specify the details of the averaging process. Our analysis of Omori's law suggests that bulk-frictional properties of a fault zone are well described by our simple laboratory-based models, but they would need to change during the seismic cycle for a mainshock instability to recur, unless a mainshock-aftershock sequence were characterized by a process similar to the arrested instabilities possible in two-state-variable systems.

Bulk-friction modeling of afterslip and the modified Omori law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wennerberg, Leif; Sharp, Robert V.

1997-08-01

Afterslip data from the Superstition Hills fault in southern California, a creep event on the same fault, the modified Omori law, and cumulative moments from aftershocks of the 1957 Aleutian Islands earthquake all indicate that the original formulation by Dieterich (1981) [Constitutive properties of faults with simulated gouge. AGU, Geophys. Monogr. 24, 103-120] for friction evolution is more appropriate for systems far from instability than the commonly used approximation developed by Ruina (1983) [Slip instability and state variable friction laws. J. Geophys. Res. 88, 10359-10370] to study instability. The mathematical framework we use to test the friction models is a one-dimensional, massless spring-slider under the simplifying assumption, proposed by Scholz (1990) [The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting. Cambridge University Press] and used by Marone et al. (1991) [On the mechanics of earthquake afterslip. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 8441-8452], that the state variable takes on its velocity-dependent steady-state value throughout motion in response to a step in stress. This assumption removes explicit state-variable dependence from the model, obviating the need to consider state-variable evolution equations. Anti-derivatives of the modified Omori law fit our data very well and are very good approximate solutions to our model equations. A plausible friction model with Omori-law solutions used by Wesson (1988) [Dynamics of fault creep. J. Geophys. Res. 93, 8929-8951] to model fault creep and generalized by Rice (1983) [Constitutive relations for fault slip and earthquake instabilities. Pure Appl. Geophys. 121, 443-475] to a rate-and-state variable friction model yields exactly Omori's law with exponents greater than 1, but yields unstable solutions for Omori exponents less than 1. We estimate from the Dieterich formulation the dimensionless parameter a∗ which is equal to the product of the nominal coefficient of friction and the more commonly reported friction parameter a. We find that a∗ is typically positive, qualitatively consistent with laboratory observations, although our observations are considerably larger than laboratory values. However, we also find good model fits for a∗ < 0 when data correspond to Omori exponents less than 1. A modification of the stability analysis by Rice and Ruina (1983) [Stability of steady frictional slipping. J. Appl. Mech. 50, 343-349] indicates that a∗ < 0 is not a consequence of our assumption regarding state-variable evolution. A consistent interpretation of a∗ < 0 in terms of laboratory models appears to be that the data are from later portions of processes better characterized by two-state-variable friction models. a∗ < 0 is explained by assuming that our data cannot resolve the co-seismic evolution of a short-length-scale state variable to a velocity-weakening state; our parameterization leads to an apparent negative instantaneous viscosity. We estimate the largest critical slip distance associated with afterslip to be ˜1-10 cm, consistent with other estimates for near-surface materials. We assume that our observed large values for a∗ reflect the fact that our model ignores the geometrical complexities of three-dimensional stresses in fractured crustal materials around a fault zone with frictional stresses that vary on a fault surface. Our one-dimensional model parameters reflect spatially averaged, bulk, stress and frictional properties of a fault zone, where we clearly cannot specify the details of the averaging process. Our analysis of Omori's law suggests that bulk-frictional properties of a fault zone are well described by our simple laboratory-based models, but they would need to change during the seismic cycle for a mainshock instability to recur, unless a mainshock-aftershock sequence were characterized by a process similar to the arrested instabilities possible in two-state-variable systems.

GVIPS Models and Software

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arnold, Steven M.; Gendy, Atef; Saleeb, Atef F.; Mark, John; Wilt, Thomas E.

2007-01-01

Two reports discuss, respectively, (1) the generalized viscoplasticity with potential structure (GVIPS) class of mathematical models and (2) the Constitutive Material Parameter Estimator (COMPARE) computer program. GVIPS models are constructed within a thermodynamics- and potential-based theoretical framework, wherein one uses internal state variables and derives constitutive equations for both the reversible (elastic) and the irreversible (viscoplastic) behaviors of materials. Because of the underlying potential structure, GVIPS models not only capture a variety of material behaviors but also are very computationally efficient. COMPARE comprises (1) an analysis core and (2) a C++-language subprogram that implements a Windows-based graphical user interface (GUI) for controlling the core. The GUI relieves the user of the sometimes tedious task of preparing data for the analysis core, freeing the user to concentrate on the task of fitting experimental data and ultimately obtaining a set of material parameters. The analysis core consists of three modules: one for GVIPS material models, an analysis module containing a specialized finite-element solution algorithm, and an optimization module. COMPARE solves the problem of finding GVIPS material parameters in the manner of a design-optimization problem in which the parameters are the design variables.

A unified dislocation density-dependent physical-based constitutive model for cold metal forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schacht, K.; Motaman, A. H.; Prahl, U.; Bleck, W.

2017-10-01

Dislocation-density-dependent physical-based constitutive models of metal plasticity while are computationally efficient and history-dependent, can accurately account for varying process parameters such as strain, strain rate and temperature; different loading modes such as continuous deformation, creep and relaxation; microscopic metallurgical processes; and varying chemical composition within an alloy family. Since these models are founded on essential phenomena dominating the deformation, they have a larger range of usability and validity. Also, they are suitable for manufacturing chain simulations since they can efficiently compute the cumulative effect of the various manufacturing processes by following the material state through the entire manufacturing chain and also interpass periods and give a realistic prediction of the material behavior and final product properties. In the physical-based constitutive model of cold metal plasticity introduced in this study, physical processes influencing cold and warm plastic deformation in polycrystalline metals are described using physical/metallurgical internal variables such as dislocation density and effective grain size. The evolution of these internal variables are calculated using adequate equations that describe the physical processes dominating the material behavior during cold plastic deformation. For validation, the model is numerically implemented in general implicit isotropic elasto-viscoplasticity algorithm as a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT) in ABAQUS/Standard and used for finite element simulation of upsetting tests and a complete cold forging cycle of case hardenable MnCr steel family.

Phenomenological model for coupled multi-axial piezoelectricity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Wei, Yuchen; Pellegrino, Sergio

2018-03-01

A quantitative calibration of an existing phenomenological model for polycrystalline ferroelectric ceramics is presented. The model relies on remnant strain and polarization as independent variables. Innovative experimental and numerical model identification procedures are developed for the characterization of the coupled electro-mechanical, multi-axial nonlinear constitutive law. Experiments were conducted on thin PZT-5A4E plates subjected to cross-thickness electric field. Unimorph structures with different thickness ratios between PZT-5A4E plate and substrate were tested, to subject the piezo plates to coupled electro-mechanical fields. Material state histories in electric field-strain-polarization space and stress-strain-polarization space were recorded. An optimization procedure is employed for the determination of the model parameters, and the calibrated constitutive law predicts both the uncoupled and coupled experimental observations accurately.

Controls on Earthquake Rupture and Triggering Mechanisms in Subduction Zones

DTIC Science & Technology

2010-06-01

weaken the fault [Wibber- ley and Shimamoto, 2005]. Song and Simons [2003] infer that strongly negative TPGA values correlate with increases in the...and Y. Hu (2006), Accretionary prisms in subduction earthquake cycles: The theory of dynamic Coulomb wedge, J. Geophys. Res., 111, B06410, doi:10.1029...modified Coulomb stress function, γ is a state variable, and A is a fault constitutive parameter. We assume that the normal stress σ remains constant, and

The Predictive Brain State: Asynchrony in Disorders of Attention?

PubMed Central

Ghajar, Jamshid; Ivry, Richard B.

2015-01-01

It is postulated that a key function of attention in goal-oriented behavior is to reduce performance variability by generating anticipatory neural activity that can be synchronized with expected sensory information. A network encompassing the prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and cerebellum may be critical in the maintenance and timing of such predictive neural activity. Dysfunction of this temporal process may constitute a fundamental defect in attention, causing working memory problems, distractibility, and decreased awareness. PMID:19074688

Experimental validation of plastic constitutive hardening relationship based upon the direction of the Net Burgers Density Vector

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sarac, Abdulhamit; Kysar, Jeffrey W.

2018-02-01

We present a new methodology for experimental validation of single crystal plasticity constitutive relationships based upon spatially resolved measurements of the direction of the Net Burgers Density Vector, which we refer to as the β-field. The β-variable contains information about the active slip systems as well as the ratios of the Geometrically Necessary Dislocation (GND) densities on the active slip systems. We demonstrate the methodology by comparing single crystal plasticity finite element simulations of plane strain wedge indentations into face-centered cubic nickel to detailed experimental measurements of the β-field. We employ the classical Peirce-Asaro-Needleman (PAN) hardening model in this study due to the straightforward physical interpretation of its constitutive parameters that include latent hardening ratio, initial hardening modulus and the saturation stress. The saturation stress and the initial hardening modulus have relatively large influence on the β-variable compared to the latent hardening ratio. A change in the initial hardening modulus leads to a shift in the boundaries of plastic slip sectors with the plastically deforming region. As the saturation strength varies, both the magnitude of the β-variable and the boundaries of the plastic slip sectors change. We thus demonstrate that the β-variable is sensitive to changes in the constitutive parameters making the variable suitable for validation purposes. We identify a set of constitutive parameters that are consistent with the β-field obtained from the experiment.

Computing the structural influence matrix for biological systems.

PubMed

Giordano, Giulia; Cuba Samaniego, Christian; Franco, Elisa; Blanchini, Franco

2016-06-01

We consider the problem of identifying structural influences of external inputs on steady-state outputs in a biological network model. We speak of a structural influence if, upon a perturbation due to a constant input, the ensuing variation of the steady-state output value has the same sign as the input (positive influence), the opposite sign (negative influence), or is zero (perfect adaptation), for any feasible choice of the model parameters. All these signs and zeros can constitute a structural influence matrix, whose (i, j) entry indicates the sign of steady-state influence of the jth system variable on the ith variable (the output caused by an external persistent input applied to the jth variable). Each entry is structurally determinate if the sign does not depend on the choice of the parameters, but is indeterminate otherwise. In principle, determining the influence matrix requires exhaustive testing of the system steady-state behaviour in the widest range of parameter values. Here we show that, in a broad class of biological networks, the influence matrix can be evaluated with an algorithm that tests the system steady-state behaviour only at a finite number of points. This algorithm also allows us to assess the structural effect of any perturbation, such as variations of relevant parameters. Our method is applied to nontrivial models of biochemical reaction networks and population dynamics drawn from the literature, providing a parameter-free insight into the system dynamics.

Hybrid entanglement between a trapped ion and a mirror

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Corrêa, Clóvis; Vidiella-Barranco, A.

2018-05-01

We present a scheme for cavity-assisted generation of hybrid entanglement between a moving mirror belonging to an optomechanical cavity and a single trapped ion located inside a second cavity. Due to radiation pressure, it is possible to entangle the states of the moving mirror and the corresponding cavity field. Also, by tuning the second cavity field with the internal degrees of freedom of the ion, an entangled state of the cavity field/ion can be independently generated. The fields leaking from each cavity may be then combined in a beam splitter, and following the detection of the outgoing photons by conveniently placed photodetectors, we show that it is possible to generate entangled states of the moving mirror and the single trapped ion's center-of-mass vibration. In our scheme the generated states are hybrid entangled states, in the sense that they are constituted by discrete (Fock) states and continuous variable (coherent) states.

Essential Medicines in National Constitutions

PubMed Central

Toebes, Brigit; Hogerzeil, Hans

2016-01-01

Abstract A constitutional guarantee of access to essential medicines has been identified as an important indicator of government commitment to the progressive realization of the right to the highest attainable standard of health. The objective of this study was to evaluate provisions on access to essential medicines in national constitutions, to identify comprehensive examples of constitutional text on medicines that can be used as a model for other countries, and to evaluate the evolution of constitutional medicines-related rights since 2008. Relevant articles were selected from an inventory of constitutional texts from WHO member states. References to states’ legal obligations under international human rights law were evaluated. Twenty-two constitutions worldwide now oblige governments to protect and/or to fulfill accessibility of, availability of, and/or quality of medicines. Since 2008, state responsibilities to fulfill access to essential medicines have expanded in five constitutions, been maintained in four constitutions, and have regressed in one constitution. Government commitments to essential medicines are an important foundation of health system equity and are included increasingly in state constitutions. PMID:27781006

Integrating Faith-Based Organizations into State-Funded Pre-K Programs: Resolving Constitutional Conflict. Pre-K Policy Brief Series

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goldman, Dan; Boylan, Ellen

2010-01-01

This policy brief addresses federal and state constitutional issues that arise when faith-based organizations participate in state prekindergarten (pre-k) programs and recommends safeguards to ensure that public funding of those programs complies with constitutional principles respecting the separation of church and state and freedom of religion.…

A Damage-Dependent Finite Element Analysis for Fiber-Reinforced Composite Laminates

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Coats, Timothy W.; Harris, Charles E.

1998-01-01

A progressive damage methodology has been developed to predict damage growth and residual strength of fiber-reinforced composite structure with through penetrations such as a slit. The methodology consists of a damage-dependent constitutive relationship based on continuum damage mechanics. Damage is modeled using volume averaged strain-like quantities known as internal state variables and is represented in the equilibrium equations as damage induced force vectors instead of the usual degradation and modification of the global stiffness matrix.

Viscous constitutive relations of solid-liquid composites in terms of grain boundary contiguity: 1. Grain boundary diffusion control model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Takei, Yasuko; Holtzman, Benjamin K.

2009-06-01

Viscous constitutive relations of partially molten rocks deforming in the regime of grain boundary (GB) diffusion creep are derived theoretically on the basis of microstructural processes at the grain scale. The viscous constitutive relation developed in this study is based on contiguity as an internal state variable, which enables us to take into account the detailed effects of grain-scale melt distribution observed in experiments. Compared to the elasticities derived previously for the same microstructural model, the viscosities are much more sensitive to the presence of melt and variations in contiguity. As explored in this series of three companion papers, this "contiguity" model predicts that a very small amount of melt (ϕ < 0.01) significantly reduces the bulk and shear viscosities. Furthermore, a large anisotropy in viscosity is produced by anisotropy in contiguity, which occurs in deforming partially molten rocks. These results have important implications for deformation and melt extraction at small melt fractions, as well as for shear-induced melt segregation. The viscous and elastic constitutive relations derived in terms of contiguity bridge microscopic grain-scale and macroscopic continuum properties. These constitutive relations are essential for investigating melt migration dynamics in a forward sense on the basis of the basic equations of two-phase dynamics and in an inverse sense on the basis of seismological observations.

State Constitutional Commitment to Health and Health Care and Population Health Outcomes: Evidence From Historical US Data

PubMed Central

2015-01-01

Objectives. I investigated whether the introduction of health and health care provisions in US state constitutions can make health systems more equitable and improve health outcomes by urging state policymakers and administrative agencies to uphold their human rights obligations at state level. Methods. I constructed a panel of infant mortality rates from 50 US states over the period 1929 through 2000 to examine their association with the timing and details of introducing a constitutional right to health and health care provisions. Results. The introduction of a stronger constitutional commitment that obligates state legislature to provide health care was associated with a subsequent reduction in the infant mortality rate of approximately 7.8%. The introduction of provisions explicitly targeting the poor was also associated with a reduction in the infant mortality rate of 6.5%. These health benefits are primarily evident in non-White populations. Conclusions. This empirical result supports Elizabeth Leonard’s view that although state constitutional rights have been poorly enforced through the judiciary, a constitutional expression of health care duties has fueled the political and social process, ultimately allowing states to identify the best way to address citizens’ health inequality concerns. PMID:25905857

State constitutional commitment to health and health care and population health outcomes: evidence from historical US data.

PubMed

Matsuura, Hiroaki

2015-07-01

I investigated whether the introduction of health and health care provisions in US state constitutions can make health systems more equitable and improve health outcomes by urging state policymakers and administrative agencies to uphold their human rights obligations at state level. I constructed a panel of infant mortality rates from 50 US states over the period 1929 through 2000 to examine their association with the timing and details of introducing a constitutional right to health and health care provisions. The introduction of a stronger constitutional commitment that obligates state legislature to provide health care was associated with a subsequent reduction in the infant mortality rate of approximately 7.8%. The introduction of provisions explicitly targeting the poor was also associated with a reduction in the infant mortality rate of 6.5%. These health benefits are primarily evident in non-White populations. This empirical result supports Elizabeth Leonard's view that although state constitutional rights have been poorly enforced through the judiciary, a constitutional expression of health care duties has fueled the political and social process, ultimately allowing states to identify the best way to address citizens' health inequality concerns.

The Separation of Church and State. Exploring the Constitution Series.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McWhirter, Darien A.

This textbook on the separation of church and state continues the "Exploring the Constitution Series," which introduces important areas of constitutional law. Intended to serve either as a reference work, a supplement to a standard textbook, or as the textbook for a course, this volume covers the constitutional issues of prayer in public…

Resolution and Letter to Congress from the Constitutional Convention

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Potter, Lee Ann

2005-01-01

This article explores the drafting of the United States Constitution. The United States Constitution is the longest-lasting written national constitution in the world. Its four parchment pages serve as the blueprint for a government under which more than 290 million Americans live. It holds great significance for the American people and for others…

Modeling of the flow behavior of SAE 8620H combing microstructure evolution in hot forming

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Fu, Xiaobin; Wang, Baoyu; Tang, Xuefeng

2017-10-01

With the development of net-shape forming technology, hot forming process is widely applied to manufacturing gear parts, during which, materials suffer severe plastic distortion and microstructure changes continually. In this paper, to understand and model the flow behavior and microstructure evolution, SAE 8620H, a widely used gear steel, is selected as the object and the flow behavior and microstructure evolution are observed by an isothermal hot compression tests at 1273-1373 K with a strain rate of 0.1-10 s-1. Depending on the results of the compression test, a set of internal-state-variable based unified constitutive equations is put forward to describe the flow behavior and microstructure evaluation of SAE 8620H. Moreover, the evaluation of the dislocation density and the fraction of dynamic recrystallization based on the theory of thermal activation is modeled and reincorporated into the constitutive law. The material parameters in the constitutive model are calculated based on the measured flow stress and dynamic recrystallization fraction. The predicted flow stress under different deformation conditions has a good agreement with the measured results.

Funding Florida's Schools: Adequacy, Costs, and the State Constitution. Policy Brief.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harris, Douglas N.

2004-01-01

In 1998, Florida voters passed a unique amendment to the state constitution requiring the state to make "adequate provision...for a uniform, efficient, safe, secure, and high quality system of free public schools." This brief examines how Florida courts are likely to interpret this constitutional amendment and whether Florida's funding system will…

Materials with periodic internal structure: Computation based on homogenization and comparison with experiment

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Jansson, S.; Leckie, F. A.; Onat, E. T.; Ranaweera, M. P.

1990-01-01

The combination of thermal and mechanical loading expected in practice means that constitutive equations of metal matrix composites must be developed which deal with time-independent and time-dependent irreversible deformation. Also, the internal state of composites is extremely complicated which underlines the need to formulate macroscopic constitutive equations with a limited number of state variables which represent the internal state at the micro level. One available method for calculating the macro properties of composites in terms of the distribution and properties of the constituent materials is the method of homogenization whose formulation is based on the periodicity of the substructure of the composite. A homogenization procedure was developed which lends itself to the use of the finite element procedure. The efficiency of these procedures, to determine the macroscopic properties of a composite system from its constituent properties, was demonstrated utilizing an aluminum plate perforated by directionally oriented slits. The selection of this problem is based on the fact that, extensive experimental results exist, the macroscopic response is highly anisotropic, and that the slits provide very high stress gradients which severely test the effectiveness of the computational procedures. Furthermore, both elastic and plastic properties were investigated so that the application to practical systems with inelastic deformation should be able to proceed without difficulty. The effectiveness of the procedures was rigorously checked against experimental results and with the predictions of approximate calculations. Using the computational results it is illustrated how macroscopic constitutive equations can be expressed in forms of the elastic and limit load behavior.

A multiscale coupled finite-element and phase-field framework to modeling stressed grain growth in polycrystalline thin films

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Jamshidian, M., E-mail: jamshidian@cc.iut.ac.ir; Institute of Structural Mechanics, Bauhaus-University Weimar, Marienstrasse 15, 99423 Weimar; Thamburaja, P., E-mail: prakash.thamburaja@gmail.com

A previously-developed finite-deformation- and crystal-elasticity-based constitutive theory for stressed grain growth in cubic polycrystalline bodies has been augmented to include a description of excess surface energy and grain-growth stagnation mechanisms through the use of surface effect state variables in a thermodynamically-consistent manner. The constitutive theory was also implemented into a multiscale coupled finite-element and phase-field computational framework. With the material parameters in the constitutive theory suitably calibrated, our three-dimensional numerical simulations show that the constitutive model is able to accurately predict the experimentally-determined evolution of crystallographic texture and grain size statistics in polycrystalline copper thin films deposited on polyimide substratemore » and annealed at high-homologous temperatures. In particular, our numerical analyses show that the broad texture transition observed in the annealing experiments of polycrystalline thin films is caused by grain growth stagnation mechanisms. - Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Developing a theory for stressed grain growth in polycrystalline thin films. • Implementation into a multiscale coupled finite-element and phase-field framework. • Quantitative reproduction of the experimental grain growth data by simulations. • Revealing the cause of texture transition to be due to the stagnation mechanisms.« less

Constitution of the State of Illinois and United States: Study Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Illinois State Office of Education, Springfield.

The study guide, intended for adults wishing to obtain a General Educational Development (GED) certificate in Illinois, discusses the U.S. Constitution, the Illinois Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and rules for displaying the U.S. flag. The objective is to aid adults in passing the constitution component of the GED examination.…

Central role of the observable electric potential in transport equations.

PubMed

Garrido, J; Compañ, V; López, M L

2001-07-01

Nonequilibrium systems are usually studied in the framework of transport equations that involve the true electric potential (TEP), a nonobservable variable. Nevertheless another electric potential, the observable electric potential (OEP), may be defined to construct a useful set of transport equations. In this paper several basic characteristics of the OEP are deduced and emphasized: (i) the OEP distribution depends on thermodynamic state of the solution, (ii) the observable equations have a reference value for all other transport equations, (iii) the bridge that connects the OEP with a certain TEP is usually defined by the ion activity coefficient, (iv) the electric charge density is a nonobservable variable, and (v) the OEP formulation constitutes a natural model for studying the fluxes in membrane systems.

Fluctuation relation based continuum model for thermoviscoplasticity in metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Roy Chowdhury, Shubhankar; Roy, Debasish; Reddy, J. N.; Srinivasa, Arun

2016-11-01

A continuum plasticity model for metals is presented from considerations of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Of specific interest is the application of a fluctuation relation that subsumes the second law of thermodynamics en route to deriving the evolution equations for the internal state variables. The modelling itself is accomplished in a two-temperature framework that appears naturally by considering the thermodynamic system to be composed of two weakly interacting subsystems, viz. a kinetic vibrational subsystem corresponding to the atomic lattice vibrations and a configurational subsystem of the slower degrees of freedom describing the motion of defects in a plastically deforming metal. An apparently physical nature of the present model derives upon considering the dislocation density, which characterizes the configurational subsystem, as a state variable. Unlike the usual constitutive modelling aided by the second law of thermodynamics that merely provides a guideline to select the admissible (though possibly non-unique) processes, the present formalism strictly determines the process or the evolution equations for the thermodynamic states while including the effect of fluctuations. The continuum model accommodates finite deformation and describes plastic deformation in a yield-free setup. The theory here is essentially limited to face-centered cubic metals modelled with a single dislocation density as the internal variable. Limited numerical simulations are presented with validation against relevant experimental data.

Smooth muscle contraction: mechanochemical formulation for homogeneous finite strains.

PubMed

Stålhand, J; Klarbring, A; Holzapfel, G A

2008-01-01

Chemical kinetics of smooth muscle contraction affect mechanical properties of organs that function under finite strains. In an effort to gain further insight into organ physiology, we formulate a mechanochemical finite strain model by considering the interaction between mechanical and biochemical components of cell function during activation. We propose a new constitutive framework and use a mechanochemical device that consists of two parallel elements: (i) spring for the cell stiffness; (ii) contractile element for the sarcomere. We use a multiplicative decomposition of cell elongation into filament contraction and cross-bridge deformation, and suggest that the free energy be a function of stretches, four variables (free unphosphorylated myosin, phosphorylated cross-bridges, phosphorylated and dephosphorylated cross-bridges attached to actin), chemical state variable driven by Ca2+-concentration, and temperature. The derived constitutive laws are thermodynamically consistent. Assuming isothermal conditions, we specialize the mechanical phase such that we recover the linear model of Yang et al. [2003a. The myogenic response in isolated rat cerebrovascular arteries: smooth muscle cell. Med. Eng. Phys. 25, 691-709]. The chemical phase is also specialized so that the linearized chemical evolution law leads to the four-state model of Hai and Murphy [1988. Cross-bridge phosphorylation and regulation of latch state in smooth muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 254, C99-C106]. One numerical example shows typical mechanochemical effects and the efficiency of the proposed approach. We discuss related parameter identification, and illustrate the dependence of muscle contraction (Ca2+-concentration) on active stress and related stretch. Mechanochemical models of this kind serve the mathematical basis for analyzing coupled processes such as the dependency of tissue properties on the chemical kinetics of smooth muscle.

A Model to Couple Flow, Thermal and Reactive Chemical Transport, and Geo-mechanics in Variably Saturated Media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Yeh, G. T.; Tsai, C. H.

2015-12-01

This paper presents the development of a THMC (thermal-hydrology-mechanics-chemistry) process model in variably saturated media. The governing equations for variably saturated flow and reactive chemical transport are obtained based on the mass conservation principle of species transport supplemented with Darcy's law, constraint of species concentration, equation of states, and constitutive law of K-S-P (Conductivity-Degree of Saturation-Capillary Pressure). The thermal transport equation is obtained based on the conservation of energy. The geo-mechanic displacement is obtained based on the assumption of equilibrium. Conventionally, these equations have been implicitly coupled via the calculations of secondary variables based on primary variables. The mechanisms of coupling have not been obvious. In this paper, governing equations are explicitly coupled for all primary variables. The coupling is accomplished via the storage coefficients, transporting velocities, and conduction-dispersion-diffusion coefficient tensor; one set each for every primary variable. With this new system of equations, the coupling mechanisms become clear. Physical interpretations of every term in the coupled equations will be discussed. Examples will be employed to demonstrate the intuition and superiority of these explicit coupling approaches. Keywords: Variably Saturated Flow, Thermal Transport, Geo-mechanics, Reactive Transport.

Suggestion of new possibilities in approaching individual variability in appetite through constitutional typology: a pilot study

PubMed Central

2012-01-01

Background Appetite is intricately connected to eating behaviors and shows a high individual variability. In an attempt to approach the problem of gut hormone profiles, appetite, and eating behaviors at the individual level, we have adopted a constitutional typing system widely used in traditional East-Asian medicine, the Sasang constitutional typology, in order to determine the individual variations in appetite, eating behavior, and weight change. Methods This pilot study was designed to investigate the variability of appetite among individuals by tracking the gut hormone patterns across different constitutional types. Pre- and post-prandial concentrations of anorectic (peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)) and orexigenic (active ghrelin) gut hormones were measured in healthy, normal-weight (18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <23 kg/m2) male subjects aged 20–35 (Soyang (SY) (n = 9), Taeeum (TE) (n = 9), and Soeum (SE) (n = 10) constitutional types). Results Significant differences were found only in the PYY concentrations across the three groups (p = 0.031). The PYY concentration peaked at 30-min post-prandial in the SE group and was significantly higher compared to the other two groups (p = 0.004). The GLP-1 concentration peaked at 15-min post-prandial in the SE group (not significant). The ghrelin levels at 30-min pre-prandial were relatively lower in the TE group compared to the other groups (not significant). Conclusions In conclusion, although with weak statistical power, meaningful gut hormone patterns specific to each constitutional type were discovered in this pilot study, which could offer a new method of approaching the problem of appetite and eating behavior from the angle of individual variability in appetite. PMID:22889232

Students' Constitutional Right to a Sound Basic Education: New York State's Unfinished Agenda. Part 1. A Roadmap to Constitutional Compliance Ten Years after "CFE v. State"

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rebell, Michael A.; Wolff, Jessica R.

2016-01-01

Ten years have passed since New York's highest court ruled in the landmark school-funding and educational-rights case, "Campaign for Fiscal Equity (CFE) v. State of New York," that the state was violating students' constitutional right to the "opportunity for a sound basic education" and ordered significant reforms of the…

Private Higher Education and the Constitutions; Constitutionality of State Aid to Private Higher Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Thomas, Ann Van Wynen; Thomas, A. J., Jr.

This report discusses the constitutionality of state aid to church-related institutions of higher education. The introduction deals with the important role that private institutions play in the total system of higher education, the seriousness of their financial plight, and the necessity for increased state aid to these institutions. Sections 2…

Advanced Ceramic Technology for Space Applications at NASA MSFC

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Alim, Mohammad A.

2003-01-01

The ceramic processing technology using conventional methods is applied to the making of the state-of-the-art ceramics known as smart ceramics or intelligent ceramics or electroceramics. The sol-gel and wet chemical processing routes are excluded in this investigation considering economic aspect and proportionate benefit of the resulting product. The use of ceramic ingredients in making coatings or devices employing vacuum coating unit is also excluded in this investigation. Based on the present information it is anticipated that the conventional processing methods provide identical performing ceramics when compared to that processed by the chemical routes. This is possible when sintering temperature, heating and cooling ramps, peak temperature (sintering temperature), soak-time (hold-time), etc. are considered as variable parameters. In addition, optional calcination step prior to the sintering operation remains as a vital variable parameter. These variable parameters constitute a sintering profile to obtain a sintered product. Also it is possible to obtain identical products for more than one sintering profile attributing to the calcination step in conjunction with the variables of the sintering profile. Overall, the state-of-the-art ceramic technology is evaluated for potential thermal and electrical insulation coatings, microelectronics and integrated circuits, discrete and integrated devices, etc. applications in the space program.

[Indices of 24-hour monitoring of arterial blood pressure in patients with neurogenic syncope and patients with chronic constitution- dependent hypotension].

PubMed

Musaeva, Z A; Khapaev, B A; Fedotova, A V; Oknin, V Iu

1999-01-01

Clinical-psychologic study, spectral analysis of heart rate variability, 24-h monitoring of arterial pressure (AP) were performed in 20 patients with chronic constitutional arterial hypotension and in 18 patients with neurogenic syncopal states. Both groups were characterised by considerable manifestations of the syndrome of autonomic dystonia, by emotional-personal disorders that correlated with elevated level of slow-waves of the second order in heart rhythms' spectrum. That testified activation of supersegmental sympathetic-adrenal systems. Disorders in sympathetic-parasympathetic correlations were specific in each group. In patients with arterial hypotension disorder of circadian rhythm was observed in the form of superfluous decrease of diastolic AP during sleep. Circadian rhythms in patients with neurogenic syncopes have parameters characteristic for normals showing a preverved chronobiologic AP regulation. A role of the alterations revealed in pathogenesis of arterial hypotensionis discussed.

Computational Simulation of the High Strain Rate Tensile Response of Polymer Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Robert K.

2002-01-01

A research program is underway to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. Under these types of loading conditions, the material response can be highly strain rate dependent and nonlinear. State variable constitutive equations based on a viscoplasticity approach have been developed to model the deformation of the polymer matrix. The constitutive equations are then combined with a mechanics of materials based micromechanics model which utilizes fiber substructuring to predict the effective mechanical and thermal response of the composite. To verify the analytical model, tensile stress-strain curves are predicted for a representative composite over strain rates ranging from around 1 x 10(exp -5)/sec to approximately 400/sec. The analytical predictions compare favorably to experimentally obtained values both qualitatively and quantitatively. Effective elastic and thermal constants are predicted for another composite, and compared to finite element results.

Large Engine Technology (LET) Short Haul Civil Tiltrotor Contingency Power Materials Knowledge and Lifing Methodologies

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Spring, Samuel D.

2006-01-01

This report documents the results of an experimental program conducted on two advanced metallic alloy systems (Rene' 142 directionally solidified alloy (DS) and Rene' N6 single crystal alloy) and the characterization of two distinct internal state variable inelastic constitutive models. The long term objective of the study was to develop a computational life prediction methodology that can integrate the obtained material data. A specialized test matrix for characterizing advanced unified viscoplastic models was specified and conducted. This matrix included strain controlled tensile tests with intermittent relaxtion test with 2 hr hold times, constant stress creep tests, stepped creep tests, mixed creep and plasticity tests, cyclic temperature creep tests and tests in which temperature overloads were present to simulate actual operation conditions for validation of the models. The selected internal state variable models where shown to be capable of representing the material behavior exhibited by the experimental results; however the program ended prior to final validation of the models.

Border Security: A Journey Without a Destination

DTIC Science & Technology

2013-12-01

states and the federal government are, to a significant extent, defined by the United States Constitution and relevant case law .”77 Historically...government can invoke the “supremacy clause” of the Constitution , which can preempt state law . The federal government cited the supremacy clause in their...local governments have all defined what constitutes a secure border differently, which makes the measurement of success or failure virtually

Experimental quantum key distribution with source flaws

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Feihu; Wei, Kejin; Sajeed, Shihan; Kaiser, Sarah; Sun, Shihai; Tang, Zhiyuan; Qian, Li; Makarov, Vadim; Lo, Hoi-Kwong

2015-09-01

Decoy-state quantum key distribution (QKD) is a standard technique in current quantum cryptographic implementations. Unfortunately, existing experiments have two important drawbacks: the state preparation is assumed to be perfect without errors and the employed security proofs do not fully consider the finite-key effects for general attacks. These two drawbacks mean that existing experiments are not guaranteed to be proven to be secure in practice. Here, we perform an experiment that shows secure QKD with imperfect state preparations over long distances and achieves rigorous finite-key security bounds for decoy-state QKD against coherent attacks in the universally composable framework. We quantify the source flaws experimentally and demonstrate a QKD implementation that is tolerant to channel loss despite the source flaws. Our implementation considers more real-world problems than most previous experiments, and our theory can be applied to general discrete-variable QKD systems. These features constitute a step towards secure QKD with imperfect devices.

An internal variable constitutive model for the large deformation of metals at high temperatures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Brown, Stuart; Anand, Lallit

1988-01-01

The advent of large deformation finite element methodologies is beginning to permit the numerical simulation of hot working processes whose design until recently has been based on prior industrial experience. Proper application of such finite element techniques requires realistic constitutive equations which more accurately model material behavior during hot working. A simple constitutive model for hot working is the single scalar internal variable model for isotropic thermal elastoplasticity proposed by Anand. The model is recalled and the specific scalar functions, for the equivalent plastic strain rate and the evolution equation for the internal variable, presented are slight modifications of those proposed by Anand. The modified functions are better able to represent high temperature material behavior. The monotonic constant true strain rate and strain rate jump compression experiments on a 2 percent silicon iron is briefly described. The model is implemented in the general purpose finite element program ABAQUS.

Study of a Vocal Feature Selection Method and Vocal Properties for Discriminating Four Constitution Types

PubMed Central

Kim, Keun Ho; Ku, Boncho; Kang, Namsik; Kim, Young-Su; Jang, Jun-Su; Kim, Jong Yeol

2012-01-01

The voice has been used to classify the four constitution types, and to recognize a subject's health condition by extracting meaningful physical quantities, in traditional Korean medicine. In this paper, we propose a method of selecting the reliable variables from various voice features, such as frequency derivative features, frequency band ratios, and intensity, from vowels and a sentence. Further, we suggest a process to extract independent variables by eliminating explanatory variables and reducing their correlation and remove outlying data to enable reliable discriminant analysis. Moreover, the suitable division of data for analysis, according to the gender and age of subjects, is discussed. Finally, the vocal features are applied to a discriminant analysis to classify each constitution type. This method of voice classification can be widely used in the u-Healthcare system of personalized medicine and for improving diagnostic accuracy. PMID:22529874

Recent Education Finance Litigation. State Education Funding Systems Ruled Constitutionally Deficient in Tennessee, Alabama, Massachusetts, North Dakota, and Arizona. State Systems Upheld in Nebraska, Minnesota, Florida, Oregon, and New York.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maiden, Jeffrey

Constitutional challenges to state statutory schema for distributing education dollars to local school districts has provided a study course of litigation in state court systems since the early 1970s. This paper is an analysis of 10 of these cases, which were ruled upon in the first half of the 1990s. The focus is on constitutional deficiency and…

Prediction of dendrite arm spacings in unsteady-and steady-state heat flow of unidirectionally solidified binary alloys

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bouchard, Dominique; Kirkaldy, John S.

1997-08-01

Various theoretical dendrite and cell spacing formulas have been tested against experimental data obtained in unsteady- and steady-state heat flow conditions. An iterative assessment strategy satisfactorily overcomes the circumstances that certain constitutive parameters are inadequately established and/or highly variable and that many of the data sets, in terms of gradients, velocities, and/or cooling rates, are unreliable. The accessed unsteady- and steady-state observations on near-terminal binary alloys for primary and secondary spacings were first examined within conventional power law representations, the deduced exponents and confidence limits for each alloy being tabularly recorded. Through this analysis, it became clear that to achieve predictive generality the many constitutive parameters must be included in a rational way, this being achievable only through extant or new theoretical formulations. However, in the case of primary spacings, all formulas, including our own, failed within the unsteady heat flow algorithm while performing adequately within their steady-state context. An earlier untested, heuristically derived steady-state formula after modification, λ _1 = 120 ( {{16X_0^{{1/2}} G_0 (\\varepsilon σ )T_M D}/{(1 - k)mΔ H G R}} )^{{1/2}} ultimately proved its utility in the unsteady regime, and so it is recommended for purposes of predictions for general terminal alloys. For secondary spacings, a Mullins and Sekerka type formula proved from the start to be adequate in both unsteady- and steady-state heat flows, and so it recommends itself in calibrated form, λ _2 = 12π ( {{4σ }/{X_0 (1 - k)^2 Δ H}( {D/R} )^2 } )^{{1/3}}

Hydrological states and the resilience of deltaic forested wetlands

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Keim, R.; Allen, S. T.

2017-12-01

The flooding regime constitutes a set of chronic disturbances that are largely responsible for ecosystem structure. However, disturbances do not always constitute stresses to plants that survive because of adaptations to flooded conditions. We examine baldcypress-water tupelo forested wetlands in the delta of the Mississippi River as a case study in mechanisms by which hydrologic change shapes wetland ecosystem change, supported by experimental evidence from remote sensing, tree-ring and other field studies, and meta-analysis across the literature. Decreased hydrologic variability caused by water control structures has reduced the frequency of flood events that increase growth of baldcypress and favor its establishment by reducing competition from other species. Hydrologic modifications that lead to semi-permanent, stagnant flooding constitute semi-permanent disturbance that prevents regeneration of any trees, reduces growth of established trees, and reduces stand density by causing mortality of some trees. However, baldcypress trees in low-density stands appear to be generally adapted for long-term survival in stagnant conditions. Thus, initial decreases in stand density after impoundment do not necessarily portend continued conversion away from forest because reduced inter-tree competition is a negative feedback on mortality. Overall, a natural hydrologic regime with high variability in riverine flooding favors denser stands with greater diversity of tree species, and the present, controlled hydrologic regime that has largely eliminated riverine flooding favors open stands. Sea-level rise will increase salinity that quickly leads to forest conversion to marsh, but will also increase stagnant, freshwater flooding further inland. These drivers of hydrologic change reduce carbon assimilation by forests, both by reduced stand-level productivity and decreased forested area.

From "Conflict" to "Constitutional Question": Transformations in Early American Public Discourse.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zarefsky, David; Gallagher, Victoria J.

1990-01-01

Suggests that the United States Constitution contains nearly universal concepts but also ambiguities which trigger conflicts. Describes the evolution of the document through its framing and through controversy surrounding the Alien and Sedition Acts, state nullification of federal action, and secession. Concludes that the Constitution provides a…

Non-Religion-Based State Constitutional Challenges to Educational Voucher and Tax Credit Programs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Green, Preston C., III

2016-01-01

This article provides an overview of non-religion-based state constitutional challenges to educational voucher and tax credit/scholarship programs. The first section discusses litigation examining whether education voucher programs violate constitutional provisions requiring the legislature to provide an efficient system of public schools. The…

The U.S. Constitution in Today's World.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, John J.

A comparative study of constitutions and governments in world history is a key to deeper understanding of the U.S. Constitution. While many countries have constitutions, the United States is among a minority of nations in today's world that has a constitutional government. Many nations' constitutions truly guarantee few protections of individual…

A Constitutive Model for the Inelastic Multiaxial Cyclic Response of a Nickel Base Superalloy Rene 80. Ph.D. Thesis. Final Report

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Ramaswamy, V. G.

1986-01-01

The objective was to develop unified constitutive equations which can model a variety of nonlinear material phenomena observed in Rene 80 at elevated temperatures. A constitutive model was developed based on back stress and drag stress. The tensorial back stress was used to model directional effects; whereas, the scalar drag stress was used to model isotropic effects and cyclic hardening or softening. A flow equation and evolution equations for the state variables were developed in multiaxial form. Procedures were developed to generate the material parameters. The model predicted very well the monotonic tensile, cyclic, creep, and stress relaxation behavior of Rene 80 at 982 C. The model was then extended to 871, 760, and 538 C. It was shown that strain rate dependent behavior at high temperatures and strain rate independent behavior at the lower temperatures could be predicted very well. A large number of monotonic tensile, creep, stress relation, and cyclic experiments were predicted. The multiaxial capabilities of the model were verified extensively for combined tension/torsion experiments. The prediction of the model agreed very well for proportional, nonproportional, and pure shear cyclic loading conditions at 982 and 871 C.

Incorporation of Mean Stress Effects into the Micromechanical Analysis of the High Strain Rate Response of Polymer Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Robert K.; Roberts, Gary D.; Gilat, Amos

2002-01-01

The results presented here are part of an ongoing research program, to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. A micromechanics approach is employed in this work, in which state variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified to model the deformation of the polymer matrix, and a strength of materials based micromechanics method is used to predict the effective response of the composite. In the analysis of the inelastic deformation of the polymer matrix, the definitions of the effective stress and effective inelastic strain have been modified in order to account for the effect of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers. Two representative polymers, a toughened epoxy and a brittle epoxy, are characterized through the use of data from tensile and shear tests across a variety of strain rates. Results computed by using the developed constitutive equations correlate well with data generated via experiments. The procedure used to incorporate the constitutive equations within a micromechanics method is presented, and sample calculations of the deformation response of a composite for various fiber orientations and strain rates are discussed.

Being an American: Citizenship and the Constitution Today. A Discussion Program. Abridged Unit 4. The Constitution: Let's Talk about It.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, Washington, DC.

This unit examines the responsibilities of being a U.S. citizen. It surveys the need for the participation of all citizens in the governing of the United States. Lessons explain that while the United States Constitution does not require the people of the United States to be good citizens, citizens need to work hard in order to stay free. The unit…

Tales of Two Cities: Canon Law and Constitutional Law at the Crossroads.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gaffney, Edward M., Jr.

1999-01-01

Explores six court cases in which the court addressed the permissibility of aid to higher education under the federal constitution. While state court interpretations may shift because of "Ex Corde Ecclesiae," the Papal constitution on higher education, it is seen as unlikely that federal or state taxing authorities will revoke…

The Religious Student in Public Education: Resolving a Constitutional Dilemma.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Toms, Robert L.; Whitehead, John W.

1978-01-01

Author contends that student religious clubs have a constitutional right to exist in the public schools, because such meetings are within the scope of the First and Fourteenth Amendments of the United States Constitution. Landmark Supreme Court church-state decisions are cited. Available from Emory University School of Law, 1722 North Decatur…

45 CFR 2400.43 - Required courses of graduate study.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-10-01

... study. (a) To be acceptable to the Foundation, those courses related to the Constitution referred to in... study of topics directly related to the United States Constitution. More than 12 semester hours or their... minimum of 12 semester hours or their credit hour equivalent of study of the United States Constitution...

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to give citizens of the United States the right to propose amendments to the Constitution by an initiative process.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hoekstra, Peter [R-MI-2

2010-01-21

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Low adolescent self-esteem leads to multiple interpersonal problems: a test a social-adaptation theory.

PubMed

Kahle, L R; Kulka, R A; Klingel, D M

1980-09-01

This article reports the results of a study that annually monitored the self-esteem and interpersonal problems of over 100 boys during their sophomore, junior, and senior years of high school. Cross-lagged panel correlation differences show that low self-esteem leads to interpersonal problems in all three time lags when multiple interpersonal problems constitute the dependent variable but not when single interpersonal problem criteria constitute the dependent variable. These results are interpreted as supporting social-adaptation theory rather than self-perception theory. Implications for the conceptual status of personality variables as causal antecedents and for the assessment of individual differences are discussed.

Power steering: The politics of utility privatization in India

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kale, Sunila Sharatkumar

In this dissertation I offer an explanation for why Indian states are undertaking economic liberalization at different rates, focusing on reforms to the electricity sector. In the period between 1991 and 2003, India's states restructured their electricity systems to vastly different degrees. The dissertation evaluates three variables that feature prominently in the literature on economic policy change: ideological predilections of governing elites, external pressures like those coming from international financial institutions, and state-society interactions. I argue that it is the last explanation, focusing on the degree to which the potential "losers" from reform dominate state politics---that most compellingly accounts for the unevenness in state-level reforms. In my work, I lay greater analytic weight on the role of rural actors than much of the existing literature on the political economy of market reforms. The primary independent variable that explains this variation in reform outcomes is the organization and political strength of societal actors in each state, particularly rural and industrial constituencies, and middle class interests. In some parts of India, the advent of Green Revolution technologies in the late 1960s meant that farmers---chiefly larger landowners---became the primary beneficiaries of extensive development subsidies, including those for electricity. During India's period of economic liberalization in the 1990s, these beneficiaries constituted the main opponents of privatization, which today threatens to change the rules of the game by allocating resources according to market logics. Given these dynamics, where farm sectors are large or well-organized, reform has not proceeded. In the absence of rural political clout, state elites elected to privatize in order to satisfy industrial and urban constituents and signal the state's openness to private capital inflows. By comparing outcomes across states within the single country of India, the research design can control for some variables that are proposed as determinative of government policy, like electoral institutions and macroeconomic shock. I have selected cases to both capture variation of the dependent variable and control for other plausible explanations, such as ideology, financial crisis, and external pressure.

[Detection of constitutional types of EEG using the orthogonal decomposition method].

PubMed

Kuznetsova, S M; Kudritskaia, O V

1987-01-01

The authors present an algorithm of investigation into the processes of brain bioelectrical activity with the help of an orthogonal decomposition device intended for the identification of constitutional types of EEGs. The method has helped to effectively solve the task of the diagnosis of constitutional types of EEGs, which are determined by a variable degree of hereditary predisposition for longevity or cerebral stroke.

Federal Textbook on Citizenship. Our Constitution and Government: Lessons on the Constitution and Government of the United States for Use in the Public Schools by Candidates for Citizenship. Revised Edition.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seckler-Hudson, Catheryn

Designed especially for the use of the foreign-born who are preparing themselves for their naturalization examinations as applicants for United States citizenship, this textbook contains thirty lessons which tell about the government in the United States and about the kind of Constitution upon which it is founded. The text of each of the thirty…

The Constitutional Amendment Process

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Chism, Kahlil

2005-01-01

This article discusses the constitutional amendment process. Although the process is not described in great detail, Article V of the United States Constitution allows for and provides instruction on amending the Constitution. While the amendment process currently consists of six steps, the Constitution is nevertheless quite difficult to change.…

Probabilistic lifetime strength of aerospace materials via computational simulation

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Boyce, Lola; Keating, Jerome P.; Lovelace, Thomas B.; Bast, Callie C.

1991-01-01

The results of a second year effort of a research program are presented. The research included development of methodology that provides probabilistic lifetime strength of aerospace materials via computational simulation. A probabilistic phenomenological constitutive relationship, in the form of a randomized multifactor interaction equation, is postulated for strength degradation of structural components of aerospace propulsion systems subjected to a number of effects of primitive variables. These primitive variables often originate in the environment and may include stress from loading, temperature, chemical, or radiation attack. This multifactor interaction constitutive equation is included in the computer program, PROMISS. Also included in the research is the development of methodology to calibrate the constitutive equation using actual experimental materials data together with the multiple linear regression of that data.

36 CFR 1206.41 - What is a state historical records advisory board and how is it constituted?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... records advisory board and how is it constituted? 1206.41 Section 1206.41 Parks, Forests, and Public... how is it constituted? (a) Responsibilities. The Board is the central advisory body for historical... Board engages in planning; it develops, revises, and submits to the Commission a state plan including...

The "American" (North American) Model of Constitutional Review: Historical Background and Early Development

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Klishas, Andrey A.

2016-01-01

The paper explores the impact of the continental system exerted on the constitutional and political evolution of both the United States and individual states and tries to characterize the development of constitutional review phenomenon within the framework of the continental legal system and the Anglo-Saxon legal system. The research stands on the…

New York and the Union: Contributions to the American Constitutional Experience.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Schechter, Stephen L., Ed.; Bernstein, Richard B., Ed.

This book provides a detailed account of the role of the state of New York in the history and development of the United States Constitution. The document consists of some 68 essays, in addition to a foreword, editors' introduction, and chronology of bicentennial dates. Part 1, "Origins of Constitutionalism in New York," addresses such…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States allowing the States to call a limited convention solely for the purposes of considering whether to propose a specific amendment to the Constitution.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Minnick, Walter [D-ID-1

2010-07-30

House - 09/20/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

We the People: Law-Related Lessons on Teaching the Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Constitutional Rights Foundation, Chicago, IL.

The Unites States Constitution and the Bill of Rights set forth the basic principles of the U.S. democratic constitutional order. It is from these documents that the fundamental political concepts of the United States are derived. The program presented here was developed for junior high school students and is intended to combat the apathy toward…

3 CFR 8766 - Proclamation 8766 of December 8, 2011. Bill of Rights Day, 2011

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... Proclamation On December 15, 1791, the United States adopted the Bill of Rights, enshrining in our Constitution... promise of enumerated rights enabled the ratification of the Constitution without fear that a more... vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim December 15, 2011...

We the People: Indiana and the United States Constitution. Lectures in Observance of the Bicentennial of the Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Furlong, Partick J.; And Others

These lectures, presented in observance of the U.S. Constitution bicentennial celebration, consider selected constitutionally significant law cases that occurred in Indiana. These cases are representative of U.S. constitutional development and of the relationship of Indiana to the U.S. Constitution. Patrick Furlong, in "The South Bend…

Constitutional Rights of Children. Prepared for the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, by the American Law Division, Congressional Research Service of the Library of Congress.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Library of Congress, Washington, DC. Congressional Research Service.

This paper reviews the rights of children as defined by the Constitution of the United States and summarizes a series of Supreme Court decisions which have defined the protections afforded to children by the Constitution. A short historical overview of the legal status of children is provided as background for the report. It is suggested that the…

Vegetation change, malnutrition and violence in the Horn of Africa

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Rowhani, P.; Degomme, O.; Linderman, M.; Guha-Sapir, D.; Lambin, E.

2008-12-01

In certain circumstances, climate change in association with a broad range of social factors may increase the risk of famines and subsequently, violent conflict. The impacts of climate change on society will be experienced both through changes in mean conditions over long time periods and through increases in extreme events. Recent studies have shown the historical effects of long term climate change on societies and the importance of short term climatic triggers on armed conflict. However, most of these studies are at the state level ignoring local conditions. Here we use detailed information extracted from wide-swath satellite data (MODIS) to analyze the impact of climate variability change on malnutrition and violent conflict. More specifically, we perform multivariate logistic regression analysis in order to explain the geographical distribution of malnutrition and conflict in the Horn of Africa on a sub-national level. This region, constituted by several unstable and poor states, has been affected by droughts, floods, famines, and violence in the past few years. Three commonly used nutrition and mortality indicators are used to characterize the health situation (CE-DAT database). To map violence we use the georeferenced Armed Conflicts dataset developed by the Center for the Study of Civil War. Explanatory variables include several socio-economic variables and environmental variables characterizing land degradation, vegetation activity, and interannual variability in land-surface conditions. First results show that interannual variability in land-surface conditions is associated with malnutrition but not with armed conflict. Furthermore, land degradation seems not to be associated with either malnutrition or armed conflict.

Assessment of the relationship of government spending on social assistance programs with Brazilian macroeconomic variables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

de Senna, Viviane; Souza, Adriano Mendonça

2016-11-01

Since the 1988 Federal Constitution social assistance has become a duty of the State and a right to everyone, guaranteeing the population a dignified life. To ensure these rights federal government has created programs that can supply the main needs of people in extreme poverty. Among the programs that provide social assistance to the population, the best known are the ;Bolsa Família; Program - PBF and the Continuous Cash Benefit - Continuous Cash Benefit - BPC. This research's main purpose is to analyze the relationship between the main macroeconomic variables and the Federal government spending on social welfare policy in the period from January 2004 to August 2014. The used methodologies are the Vector auto regression model - VAR and Error Correction Vector - VEC. The conclusion, was that there is a meaningful relationship between macroeconomic variables and social assistance programs. This indicates that if the government takes a more abrupt resolution in changing the existing programs it will result in fluctuations in the main macroeconomic variables interfering with the stability of Brazilian domestic economy up to twelve months.

Examination of cortisol and state anxiety at an academic setting with and without oral presentation.

PubMed

Merz, Christian Josef; Wolf, Oliver Tobias

2015-01-01

Holding oral presentations in a university course is perceived as stressful and can increase stress hormone concentrations and state anxiety. In such a naturalistic setting, further attention should be paid to the relationship between psychological and hormonal measures of acute stress, as well as women's intake of hormonal contraceptives as a potential moderating variable. In the present study, 76 healthy students gave saliva samples before and after their oral presentations in a university course as well as on a second, control day in the same course without giving an oral presentation. Anticipatory state anxiety was rated on both days. Cortisol concentrations as well as state anxiety were substantially higher on the presentation relative to the control day. During the oral presentation, an increase in cortisol concentrations was observed, whereas a decrease occurred on the control day. Nearly the same picture emerged for both variables when looking at men, women taking hormonal contraceptives and free-cycling women separately. A positive correlation was found between the change in anticipatory state anxiety in the presentation compared to the control day and cortisol concentrations before and after the oral presentation. Concluding, oral presentations constitute a potent stressor and do not seem to be substantially different between men, free-cycling women and women taking hormonal contraceptives. Future studies may want to explore changes associated with specific menstrual cycle phases and with specific hormonal contraceptives.

Odontology as a forensic science, the North American experience.

PubMed

Barsley, Robert E

2010-09-10

This chapter discusses the North American situation, primarily that of the United States judicial system. The United States was established as neither a monarchy nor a theocracy. An unofficial motto of the country has always been - the rule of laws, not of men (or deities). The primary source of law in the United States is the US Constitution. However, each of the 50 states has as its primary source of law a state constitution. In order to become a state, that constitution must conform to US Constitution. In the United States the US Congress, consisting of duly elected Representatives and Senators from the 50 states draft and pass Acts that establish (or direct to be established by officers of the Executive Branch following prescribed administrative procedures) federal law. Each state too, has its own legislative bodies and process for making law. Each state also has its own system of courts. In order to discuss the role of the odontologist within these systems, a primer on how these systems function and interact is crucial. This article discusses the functioning of those systems in relation to the practice of forensic odontology. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

The Constitutionality of School Choice in New Hampshire

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Douglas, Charles G., III; Komer, Richard D.

2004-01-01

Does a "school choice" program, under which state funds are disbursed on a neutral basis to parents in the form of a voucher to defray the cost of sending their children to a school of their choice, run afoul of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, or of the New Hampshire Constitution? No. A…

Constitutional Law Fundamentals of the State Administration of the Social Sphere in the Republic of Kazakhstan

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khamzin, Amangeldy Sh.; Khamzina, Zhanna A.; Oryntayev, Zhambyl K.; Alshurazova, Raushan A.; Sherimkulova, Gulbanu D.; Yermukhametova, Saulegul R.

2016-01-01

The study deals with a comprehensive analysis of constitutional fundamentals of state administration of the social sphere in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The content of the constitutional law social sphere institution is unfolded by means of the inter-sectoral analysis of legal regulations of which it consists and the inter-disciplinary study of…

An Analysis of First Amendment Jurisprudence on the Supreme Court Case of Locke v. Davey

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Herzog, Alexander John

2010-01-01

Scholarship programs authored by state legislatures may conflict with a state's constitution. In the case of "Locke v. Davey" 540 U.S. 807 (2003), Joshua Davey challenged the State of Washington's withdrawal of his Promise Scholarship claiming violation of his First Amendment rights under the United States Constitution. This…

Heart rate variability analysis as an index of emotion regulation processes: interest of the Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI).

PubMed

De Jonckheere, J; Rommel, D; Nandrino, J L; Jeanne, M; Logier, R

2012-01-01

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) variations are strongly influence by emotion regulation processes. Indeed, emotional stimuli are at the origin of an activation of the ANS and the way an individual pass from a state of alert in the case of emotional situation to a state of calm is closely coupled with the ANS flexibility. We have previously described and developed an Analgesia Nociception Index (ANI) for real time pain measurement during surgical procedure under general anesthesia. This index, based on heart rate variability analysis, constitutes a measure of parasympathetic tone and can be used in several other environments. In this paper, we hypothesized that such an index could be used as a tool to investigate the processes of emotional regulation of a human subject. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed ANI's response to a negative emotional stimulus. This analysis showed that the index decreases during the emotion induction phase and returns to its baseline after 2 minutes. This result confirms that ANI could be a good indicator of parasympathetic changes in emotional situation.

Exposure to the metabolic inhibitor sodium azide induces stress protein expression and thermotolerance in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

PubMed Central

Massie, Michelle R.; Lapoczka, Elizabeth M.; Boggs, Kristy D.; Stine, Karen E.; White, Glenn E.

2003-01-01

Historically, sodium azide has been used to anesthetize the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; however, the mechanism by which it survives this exposure is not understood. In this study, we report that exposure of wild-type C elegans to 10 mM sodium azide for up to 90 minutes confers thermotolerance (defined as significantly increased survival probability [SP] at 37°C) on the animal. In addition, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed enhanced Hsp70 expression, whereas Western blot analysis revealed the induction of Hsp16. We also tested the only known C elegans Hsp mutant daf-21 (codes for Hsp90), which constitutively enters the stress-resistant state known as the dauer larvae. Daf-21 mutants also acquire sodium azide–induced thermotolerance, whereas 3 non-Hsp, constitutive dauer-forming mutants exhibited a variable response to azide exposure. We conclude that the ability of C elegans to survive exposure to azide is associated with the induction of at least 2 stress proteins. PMID:12820649

New Ultrasonic Controller and Characterization System for Low Temperature Drying Process Intensification

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Andrés, R. R.; Blanco, A.; Acosta, V. M.; Riera, E.; Martínez, I.; Pinto, A.

Process intensification constitutes a high interesting and promising industrial area. It aims to modify conventional processes or develop new technologies in order to reduce energy needs, increase yields and improve product quality. It has been demonstrated by this research group (CSIC) that power ultrasound have a great potential in food drying processes. The effects associated with the application of power ultrasound can enhance heat and mass transfer and may constitute a way for process intensification. The objective of this work has been the design and development of a new ultrasonic system for the power characterization of piezoelectric plate-transducers, as excitation, monitoring, analysis, control and characterization of their nonlinear response. For this purpose, the system proposes a new, efficient and economic approach that separates the effect of different parameters of the process like excitation, medium and transducer parameters and variables (voltage, current, frequency, impedance, vibration velocity, acoustic pressure and temperature) by observing the electrical, mechanical, acoustical and thermal behavior, and controlling the vibrational state.

Constitutional Law--State Action--Hiring and Promotion Practices of Private University Receiving Public Funds Held State Action--Braden v. University of Pittsburgh.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New York University Law Review, 1977

1977-01-01

In Braden vs University of Pittsburgh, a female professor filed suit against the University alleging sex discrimination in employment practices. The professor alleged that the school, which received state funds, was, in effect, a state actor and subject to constitutional restraints. This case and two relevant state action cases are discussed. (JMD)

[The right to health. Constitutional dimensions].

PubMed

Pestalozza, C

2007-09-01

A fundamental "right to health" is expressly guaranteed by the constitutions of several Bundesländer, but unknown to the German Federal Constitution. Instead the Federal Constitutional Court has - especially on the basis of related human rights - developed the obligation of the State to protect everybody's life and physical integrity, which in some respects comes near to a "right to health". The State's autonomy in financial matters, the scarcity of its financial resources and the individual's natural responsibility for his own health though advise against exaggerated hopes set in a "right to health".

Constitutive Behavior and Finite Element Analysis of FRP Composite and Concrete Members.

PubMed

Ann, Ki Yong; Cho, Chang-Geun

2013-09-10

The present study concerns compressive and flexural constitutive models incorporated into an isoparametric beam finite element scheme for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and concrete composites, using their multi-axial constitutive behavior. The constitutive behavior of concrete was treated in triaxial stress states as an orthotropic hypoelasticity-based formulation to determine the confinement effect of concrete from a three-dimensional failure surface in triaxial stress states. The constitutive behavior of the FRP composite was formulated from the two-dimensional classical lamination theory. To predict the flexural behavior of circular cross-section with FRP sheet and concrete composite, a layered discretization of cross-sections was incorporated into nonlinear isoparametric beam finite elements. The predicted constitutive behavior was validated by a comparison to available experimental results in the compressive and flexural beam loading test.

Implementation of an Associative Flow Rule Including Hydrostatic Stress Effects Into the High Strain Rate Deformation Analysis of Polymer Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Robert K.; Roberts, Gary D.; Gilat, Amos

2003-01-01

A previously developed analytical formulation has been modified in order to more accurately account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses on the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymer matrix composites. State variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified in order to model the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymeric materials. To account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers, the classical J2 plasticity theory definitions of effective stress and effective inelastic strain, along with the equations used to compute the components of the inelastic strain rate tensor, are appropriately modified. To verify the revised formulation, the shear and tensile deformation of two representative polymers are computed across a wide range of strain rates. Results computed using the developed constitutive equations correlate well with experimental data. The polymer constitutive equations are implemented within a strength of materials based micromechanics method to predict the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymer matrix composites. The composite mechanics are verified by analyzing the deformation of a representative polymer matrix composite for several fiber orientation angles across a variety of strain rates. The computed values compare well to experimentally obtained results.

Theoretical Issues of the Constitutional Regulation Mechanism

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zhussupova, Guldaray B.; Zhailyaubayev, Rassul T.; Ukin, Symbat K.; Shunayeva, Sylu M.; Nurmagambetov, Rachit G.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this research is to define the concept of "constitutional regulation mechanism." The definition of the concept of "constitutional regulation mechanism" will give jurists and legislators a theoretical framework for developing legal sciences, such as the constitutional law and the theory of state and law. The…

CIVIL RIGHTS AND MINORITIES.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

HARTMAN, PAUL

A MAJOR INTENT OF THE CONSTITUTION AND ITS AMENDMENTS, TO GUARANTEE EQUAL RIGHTS TO ALL CITIZENS REGARDLESS OF RACE, CREED, OR COLOR, HAS BEEN REINFORCED BY THE CIVIL RIGHTS STATUTES OF MANY STATES. IN SOME STATES SUCH LAWS HAVE BEEN ON RECORD FOR THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY. IN OTHER STATES THE SAME CONSTITUTIONAL INTENT HAS BEEN DENIED BY…

Constitutional Obligations for Public Education: 50-State Review

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Parker, Emily

2016-01-01

Within the constitution of each of the 50 states, there is language that mandates the creation of a public education system. The authority for public education falls to states because of a 1973 Supreme Court case which determined that the federal government has no responsibility to provide systems of public education. These constitutional…

Close view of the south facade on Constitution Avenue to ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Close view of the south facade on Constitution Avenue to show main entrance - United States Department of Justice, Constitution Avenue between Ninth & Tenth Streets, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

An Angle of Vision: Black Women and the United States Constitution, 1787-1987.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hine, Darlene Clark

1988-01-01

Analyzes how Black women fought for and won basic citizenship rights in the United States. Cites examples which show how the struggle of Black women helped to transform the U.S. Constitution. (Author/BSR)

Constitutive Behavior and Finite Element Analysis of FRP Composite and Concrete Members

PubMed Central

Ann, Ki Yong; Cho, Chang-Geun

2013-01-01

The present study concerns compressive and flexural constitutive models incorporated into an isoparametric beam finite element scheme for fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) and concrete composites, using their multi-axial constitutive behavior. The constitutive behavior of concrete was treated in triaxial stress states as an orthotropic hypoelasticity-based formulation to determine the confinement effect of concrete from a three-dimensional failure surface in triaxial stress states. The constitutive behavior of the FRP composite was formulated from the two-dimensional classical lamination theory. To predict the flexural behavior of circular cross-section with FRP sheet and concrete composite, a layered discretization of cross-sections was incorporated into nonlinear isoparametric beam finite elements. The predicted constitutive behavior was validated by a comparison to available experimental results in the compressive and flexural beam loading test. PMID:28788312

Assessing Educational Environments.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

New Directions for Testing and Measurement, 1980

1980-01-01

Educational environment data derived from classroom settings strongly suggest the positive contribution that climate variables can make in accounting for learning performance. Such measures are not only related to productivity but may constitute criterion variables in and of themselves. (Author)

This Constitution: A Bicentennial Chronicle.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

This Constitution, 1986

1986-01-01

Providing a link between constitutional scholars and the planners of school and public programs observing the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, this series of the Bicentennial Chronicles features articles that provide a link between scholars of the Constitution and the people who will be planning programs for the public and for the…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to provide that Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the number of persons in each State who are citizens of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Miller, Candice S. [R-MI-10

2009-01-07

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Sensing and Tactile Artificial Muscles from Reactive Materials

PubMed Central

Conzuelo, Laura Valero; Arias-Pardilla, Joaquín; Cauich-Rodríguez, Juan V.; Smit, Mascha Afra; Otero, Toribio Fernández

2010-01-01

Films of conducting polymers can be oxidized and reduced in a reversible way. Any intermediate oxidation state determines an electrochemical equilibrium. Chemical or physical variables acting on the film may modify the equilibrium potential, so that the film acts as a sensor of the variable. The working potential of polypyrrole/DBSA (Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid) films, oxidized or reduced under constant currents, changes as a function of the working conditions: electrolyte concentration, temperature or mechanical stress. During oxidation, the reactive material is a sensor of the ambient, the consumed electrical energy being the sensing magnitude. Devices based on any of the electrochemical properties of conducting polymers must act simultaneously as sensors of the working conditions. Artificial muscles, as electrochemical actuators constituted by reactive materials, respond to the ambient conditions during actuation. In this way, they can be used as actuators, sensing the surrounding conditions during actuation. Actuating and sensing signals are simultaneously included by the same two connecting wires. PMID:22319265

Well-balanced high-order solver for blood flow in networks of vessels with variable properties.

PubMed

Müller, Lucas O; Toro, Eleuterio F

2013-12-01

We present a well-balanced, high-order non-linear numerical scheme for solving a hyperbolic system that models one-dimensional flow in blood vessels with variable mechanical and geometrical properties along their length. Using a suitable set of test problems with exact solution, we rigorously assess the performance of the scheme. In particular, we assess the well-balanced property and the effective order of accuracy through an empirical convergence rate study. Schemes of up to fifth order of accuracy in both space and time are implemented and assessed. The numerical methodology is then extended to realistic networks of elastic vessels and is validated against published state-of-the-art numerical solutions and experimental measurements. It is envisaged that the present scheme will constitute the building block for a closed, global model for the human circulation system involving arteries, veins, capillaries and cerebrospinal fluid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A systematic multiscale modeling and experimental approach to protect grain boundaries in magnesium alloys from corrosion

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Horstemeyer, Mark R.; Chaudhuri, Santanu

2015-09-30

A multiscale modeling Internal State Variable (ISV) constitutive model was developed that captures the fundamental structure-property relationships. The macroscale ISV model used lower length scale simulations (Butler-Volmer and Electronics Structures results) in order to inform the ISVs at the macroscale. The chemomechanical ISV model was calibrated and validated from experiments with magnesium (Mg) alloys that were investigated under corrosive environments coupled with experimental electrochemical studies. Because the ISV chemomechanical model is physically based, it can be used for other material systems to predict corrosion behavior. As such, others can use the chemomechanical model for analyzing corrosion effects on their designs.

Complex-Spectrum Magnetic Environment enhances and/or modifies Bioeffects of Hypokinetic Stress Condition: an Animal Study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Temuriantz, N. A.; Martinyuk, V. S.; Ptitsyna, N. G.; Villoresi, G.; Iucci, N.; Tyasto, M. I.; Dorman, L. I.

During last decades it was shown by many authors that ultra-low and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields ULF 0-10 Hz ELF 10-1000 Hz may produce biological effects and consequently may be a possible source for health problems Spaceflight electric and magnetic environments are characterized by complex combination of static and time-varying components in ULF-ELF range and by high variability The objective of this study was to investigate the possible influence of such magnetic fields on rats to understand the pathway regarding functional state of cardiovascular system Magnetic field MF pattern with variable complex spectra in 0-150 Hz frequency range was simulated using 3-axial Helmholtz coils and special computer-based equipment The effect of the real world MF exposure on rats was also tested in combination with hypokinetic stress condition which is typical for spaceflights It was revealed that variable complex-spectrum MF acts as a weak or moderate stress-like factor which amplifies and or modifies the functional shifts caused by other stress-factors The value and direction of the functional shifts caused by MF exposure significantly depend on gender individual-typological constitutional features and also on the physiological state norm stress of organism Our results support the idea that variable complex-spectrum MF action involves sympathetic activation overload in cholesterol transport in blood and also secretor activation of tissue basophyls mast cells that can influence the regional haemodynamics These

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to give States the right to repeal Federal laws and regulations when ratified by the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Bishop, Rob [R-UT-1

2010-11-30

House - 12/20/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Fault stability under conditions of variable normal stress

USGS Publications Warehouse

Dieterich, J.H.; Linker, M.F.

1992-01-01

The stability of fault slip under conditions of varying normal stress is modelled as a spring and slider system with rate- and state-dependent friction. Coupling of normal stress to shear stress is achieved by inclining the spring at an angle, ??, to the sliding surface. Linear analysis yields two conditions for unstable slip. The first, of a type previously identified for constant normal stress systems, results in instability if stiffness is below a critical value. Critical stiffness depends on normal stress, constitutive parameters, characteristic sliding distance and the spring angle. Instability of the first type is possible only for velocity-weakening friction. The second condition yields instability if spring angle ?? <-cot-1??ss, where ??ss is steady-state sliding friction. The second condition can arise under conditions of velocity strengthening or weakening. Stability fields for finite perturbations are investigated by numerical simulation. -Authors

In severely suicidal young adults, hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation constitute a single syndrome.

PubMed

Shahar, Golan; Bareket, Liad; Rudd, M David; Joiner, Thomas E

2006-07-01

Despite voluminous research on the role of hopelessness and depression in suicidality, a systematic examination of various causal models pertaining to these variables is conspicuous in its absence. The directions of relationships between the three variables were examined by means of a prospective-longitudinal, cross-lagged, three-wave design in a severely suicidal young adults. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses revealed synchronous, but not longitudinal, associations between hopelessness, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. In severely suicidal young adults, the three clinical constructs appear to constitute a single depressive syndrome.

Multiple Deficits in ADHD: Executive Dysfunction, Delay Aversion, Reaction Time Variability, and Emotional Deficits

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sjowall, Douglas; Roth, Linda; Lindqvist, Sofia; Thorell, Lisa B.

2013-01-01

Background: The notion that ADHD constitutes a heterogeneous disorder is well accepted. However, this study contributes with new important knowledge by examining independent effects of a large range of neuropsychological deficits. In addition, the study investigated whether deficits in emotional functioning constitute a dissociable component of…

A Journalist's Guide to the Free Press.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ingelhart, Louis

1996-01-01

Summarizes the content of the federal constitution and various state constitutions regarding freedom of the press. Examines certain borderline issues, including actions and expressions, pornography, defamation, libel, and copyrighted material. States that regulation of unprotected material must be reasonable, specific, and clear. Discusses what…

Finance.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rossmiller, Richard A.

Two constitutional issues continued to dominate litigation related to school finance during 1977. Questions concerning the spending of public funds for the benefit of students attending private schools (for example, Wolman v. Walter) continued to arise in both state and federal courts. Also, cases involving the constitutionality of state school…

Probabilistic graphs as a conceptual and computational tool in hydrology and water management

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Schoups, Gerrit

2014-05-01

Originally developed in the fields of machine learning and artificial intelligence, probabilistic graphs constitute a general framework for modeling complex systems in the presence of uncertainty. The framework consists of three components: 1. Representation of the model as a graph (or network), with nodes depicting random variables in the model (e.g. parameters, states, etc), which are joined together by factors. Factors are local probabilistic or deterministic relations between subsets of variables, which, when multiplied together, yield the joint distribution over all variables. 2. Consistent use of probability theory for quantifying uncertainty, relying on basic rules of probability for assimilating data into the model and expressing unknown variables as a function of observations (via the posterior distribution). 3. Efficient, distributed approximation of the posterior distribution using general-purpose algorithms that exploit model structure encoded in the graph. These attributes make probabilistic graphs potentially useful as a conceptual and computational tool in hydrology and water management (and beyond). Conceptually, they can provide a common framework for existing and new probabilistic modeling approaches (e.g. by drawing inspiration from other fields of application), while computationally they can make probabilistic inference feasible in larger hydrological models. The presentation explores, via examples, some of these benefits.

Nonlinear waves in solids with slow dynamics: an internal-variable model.

PubMed

Berjamin, H; Favrie, N; Lombard, B; Chiavassa, G

2017-05-01

In heterogeneous solids such as rocks and concrete, the speed of sound diminishes with the strain amplitude of a dynamic loading (softening). This decrease, known as 'slow dynamics', occurs at time scales larger than the period of the forcing. Also, hysteresis is observed in the steady-state response. The phenomenological model by Vakhnenko et al. (2004 Phys. Rev. E 70, 015602. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.015602)) is based on a variable that describes the softening of the material. However, this model is one dimensional and it is not thermodynamically admissible. In the present article, a three-dimensional model is derived in the framework of the finite-strain theory. An internal variable that describes the softening of the material is introduced, as well as an expression of the specific internal energy. A mechanical constitutive law is deduced from the Clausius-Duhem inequality. Moreover, a family of evolution equations for the internal variable is proposed. Here, an evolution equation with one relaxation time is chosen. By construction, this new model of the continuum is thermodynamically admissible and dissipative (inelastic). In the case of small uniaxial deformations, it is shown analytically that the model reproduces qualitatively the main features of real experiments.

Expressing the sense of the House of Representatives that judicial determinations regarding the meaning of the Constitution of the United States should not be based on judgments, laws, or pronouncements of foreign institutions unless such foreign judgments, laws, or pronouncements inform an understanding of the original meaning of the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Goodlatte, Bob [R-VA-6

2009-05-21

House - 08/19/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Dynamic stability and bifurcation analysis in fractional thermodynamics

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Béda, Péter B.

2018-02-01

In mechanics, viscoelasticity was the first field of applications in studying geomaterials. Further possibilities arise in spatial non-locality. Non-local materials were already studied in the 1960s by several authors as a part of continuum mechanics and are still in focus of interest because of the rising importance of materials with internal micro- and nano-structure. When material instability gained more interest, non-local behavior appeared in a different aspect. The problem was concerned to numerical analysis, because then instability zones exhibited singular properties for local constitutive equations. In dynamic stability analysis, mathematical aspects of non-locality were studied by using the theory of dynamic systems. There the basic set of equations describing the behavior of continua was transformed to an abstract dynamic system consisting of differential operators acting on the perturbation field variables. Such functions should satisfy homogeneous boundary conditions and act as indicators of stability of a selected state of the body under consideration. Dynamic systems approach results in conditions for cases, when the differential operators have critical eigenvalues of zero real parts (dynamic stability or instability conditions). When the critical eigenvalues have non-trivial eigenspace, the way of loss of stability is classified as a typical (or generic) bifurcation. Our experiences show that material non-locality and the generic nature of bifurcation at instability are connected, and the basic functions of the non-trivial eigenspace can be used to determine internal length quantities of non-local mechanics. Fractional calculus is already successfully used in thermo-elasticity. In the paper, non-locality is introduced via fractional strain into the constitutive relations of various conventional types. Then, by defining dynamic systems, stability and bifurcation are studied for states of thermo-mechanical solids. Stability conditions and genericity conditions are presented for constitutive relations under consideration.

Experimental identification and mathematical modeling of viscoplastic material behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Haupt, P.; Lion, A.

1995-03-01

Uniaxial torsion and biaxial torsion-tension experiments on thin-walled tubes were carried out to investigate the viscoplastic behavior of stainless steel XCrNi18.9. A series of monotonic tests under strain and stress control shows nonlinear rate dependence and suggests the existence of equilibrium states, which are asymptotically approached during relaxation and creep processes. Strain controlled cyclic experiments display various hardening and softening phenomena that depend on strain amplitude and mean strain. All experiments indicate that the equilibrium states within the material depend on the history of the input process, whereas the history-dependence of the relaxation and creep behavior appears less significant. From the experiments the design of a constitutive model of viscoplasticity is motivated: The basic assumption is a decomposition of the total stress into an equilibrium stress and a non-equilibrium overstress: At constant strain, the overstress relaxes to zero, where the relaxation time depends on the overstress in order to account for the nonlinear rate-dependence. The equilibrium stress is assumed to be a rate independent functional of the total strain history. Classical plasticity is utilized with a kinematic hardening rule of the Armstrong-Frederick type. In order to incorporate the amplitude-dependent hardening and softening behavior, a generalized arc length representation is applied [14]. The introduction of an additional kinematic hardening variable facilitates consideration of additional hardening effects resulting from the non-radiality of the input process. Apart from the common yield and loading criterion of classical plasticity, the proposed constitutive model does not contain any further distinction of different cases. The experimental data are sufficient to identify the material parameters of the constitutive model. The results of the identification procedure demonstrate the ability of the model to represent the observed phenomena with satisfactory approximation.

Feasibility of assessing health state by detecting redox state of human body based on Chinese medicine constitution.

PubMed

Li, Ling-Ru; Wang, Qi; Wang, Ji; Wang, Qian-Fei; Yang, Ling-Ling; Zheng, Lu-Yu; Zhang, Yan

2016-08-01

This article discussed the feasibility of assessing health state by detecting redox state of human body. Firstly, the balance of redox state is the basis of homeostasis, and the balance ability of redox can reflflect health state of human body. Secondly, the redox state of human body is a sensitive index of multiple risk factors of health such as age, external environment and psychological factors. It participates in the occurrence and development of multiple diseases involving metabolic diseases and nervous system diseases, and can serve as a cut-in point for treatment of these diseases. Detecting the redox state of high risk people is signifificantly important for early detection and treatment of disease. The blood plasma and urine could be selected to detect, which is convenient. It is pointed that the indexes not only involve oxidation product and antioxidant enzyme but also redox couple. Chinese medicine constitution reflflects the state of body itself and the ability of adapting to external environment, which is consistent with the connotation of health. It is found that there are nine basic types of constitution in Chinese population, which provides a theoretical basis of health preservation, preventive treatment of disease and personalized treatment. With the combination of redox state detection and the Chinese medicine constitution theory, the heath state can be systemically assessed by conducting large-scale epidemiological survey with classifified detection on redox state of human body.

A legal primer for the obesity prevention movement.

PubMed

Mermin, Seth E; Graff, Samantha K

2009-10-01

Public health advocates and scientists working on obesity prevention policy face challenges in balancing legal rights, individual freedom, and societal health goals. In particular, the US Constitution and the 50 state constitutions place limits on the ability of government to act, even in the best interests of the public. To help policymakers avoid crossing constitutional boundaries, we distilled the legal concepts most relevant to formulating policies aimed at preventing obesity: police power; allocation of power among federal, state, and local governments; freedom of speech; property rights; privacy; equal protection; and contract rights. The goal is to allow policymakers to avoid potential constitutional problems in the formation of obesity prevention policy.

An Irreversible Constitutive Law for Modeling the Delamination Process using Interface Elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goyal, Vinay K.; Johnson, Eric R.; Davila, Carlos G.; Jaunky, Navin; Ambur, Damodar (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

An irreversible constitutive law is postulated for the formulation of interface elements to predict initiation and progression of delamination in composite structures. An exponential function is used for the constitutive law such that it satisfies a multi-axial stress criterion for the onset of delamination, and satisfies a mixed mode fracture criterion for the progression of delamination. A damage parameter is included to prevent the restoration of the previous cohesive state between the interfacial surfaces. To demonstrate the irreversibility capability of the constitutive law, steady-state crack growth is simulated for quasi-static loading-unloading cycle of various fracture test specimens.

An Irreversible Constitutive Law for Modeling the Delamination Process Using Interface Elements

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goyal, Vinay K.; Johnson, Eric R.; Davila, Carlos G.; Jaunky, Navin; Bushnell, Dennis M. (Technical Monitor)

2002-01-01

An irreversible constitutive law is postulated for the formulation of interface elements to predict initiation and progression of delamination in composite structures. An exponential function is used for the constitutive law such that it satisfies a multi-axial stress criterion for the onset of delamination, and satisfies a mixed mode fracture criterion for the progression of delamination. A damage parameter is included to prevent the restoration of the previous cohesive state between the interfacial surfaces. To demonstrate the irreversibility capability of the constitutive law, steady-state crack growth is simulated for quasi-static loading-unloading cycle of various fracture test specimens.

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to taxing the people of the United States progressively.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Simulation of Thermo-viscoplastic Behaviors for AISI 4140 Steel

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Li, Hong-Bin; Feng, Yun-Li

2016-04-01

The thermo-viscoplastic behaviors of AISI 4140 steel are investigated over wide ranges of strain rate and deformation temperature by isothermal compression tests. Based on the experimental results, a unified viscoplastic constitutive model is proposed to describe the hot compressive deformation behaviors of the studied steel. In order to reasonably evaluate the work hardening behaviors, a strain hardening material constant (h0) is expressed as a function of deformation temperature and strain rate in the proposed constitutive model. Also, the sensitivity of initial value of internal variable s to the deformation temperature is discussed. Furthermore, it is found that the initial value of internal variable s can be expressed as a linear function of deformation temperature. Comparisons between the measured and predicted results confirm that the proposed constitutive model can give an accurate and precise estimate of the inelastic stress-strain relationships for the studied high-strength steel.

Judicial Review: State Supreme Judicial Views on Balancing Civil Liberties and Public Safety/Security Measures during the Global War on Terror

DTIC Science & Technology

2009-03-01

and state constitutions designed to maintain freedom from coercive governmental actions .3 Research shows that when a government constrains liberties... actions including all habeas corpus petitions made pursuant to the United States Constitution. Author unknown, “Comparing Federal and State Court...Terrorist Information (Master’s Thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, March 2006), 12. 5 enforcement and intelligence actions taken

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to prohibit the President from entering into a treaty or other international agreement that would provide for the United States to adopt as legal tender in the United States a currency issued by an entity other than the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Bachmann, Michele [R-MN-6

2009-03-25

House - 04/27/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Development of the Constitution. Grade 5 Model Lesson for Standard 5.7. California History-Social Science Course Models.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Zachlod, Michelle, Ed.

California State Standard 5.7 is delineated in the following manner: "Students describe the people and events associated with the development of the U.S. Constitution and analyze the Constitution's significance as the foundation of the American republic." Students answer six questions about the Constitution and present suggestions for…

The United States Constitution: A Non-Trivial Pursuit. Fifty-Three Radio Scripts.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mead, Walter B.

These 53 radio scripts present the history of the founding and ratification of the U.S. Constitution. Each script is designed to fit within a 2 to 2-1/2 minute time-frame. The titles are: "Introduction to Series" (Promotional Segment); "Did You Know: Our Present Constitution Is Our Second Constitution?"; "The First…

36 CFR 1280.2 - What property is under the control of the Archivist of the United States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... the building; (2) On the 7th Street, 9th Street, and Constitution Avenue, NW, sides of the building... sidewalks and other grounds, the steps leading up to the Constitution Avenue entrance, the Constitution Avenue entrance, and the portico area between the steps and the Constitution Avenue entrance. (3) The...

Algorithms for Discovery of Multiple Markov Boundaries

PubMed Central

Statnikov, Alexander; Lytkin, Nikita I.; Lemeire, Jan; Aliferis, Constantin F.

2013-01-01

Algorithms for Markov boundary discovery from data constitute an important recent development in machine learning, primarily because they offer a principled solution to the variable/feature selection problem and give insight on local causal structure. Over the last decade many sound algorithms have been proposed to identify a single Markov boundary of the response variable. Even though faithful distributions and, more broadly, distributions that satisfy the intersection property always have a single Markov boundary, other distributions/data sets may have multiple Markov boundaries of the response variable. The latter distributions/data sets are common in practical data-analytic applications, and there are several reasons why it is important to induce multiple Markov boundaries from such data. However, there are currently no sound and efficient algorithms that can accomplish this task. This paper describes a family of algorithms TIE* that can discover all Markov boundaries in a distribution. The broad applicability as well as efficiency of the new algorithmic family is demonstrated in an extensive benchmarking study that involved comparison with 26 state-of-the-art algorithms/variants in 15 data sets from a diversity of application domains. PMID:25285052

Voices.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Insights on Law & Society, 2000

2000-01-01

Provides viewpoints on whether the constitutional amendment process needs to be changed or not: (1) "When in Doubt, Do Nothing" (R. B. Bernstein); (2) "Citizens for the Constitution" (Erwin Chemerinsky); (3) "Constitutional Proposals from the States" (John Kincaid); and (4) "I Have a Better Way" (Gregory D.…

Biological risk factors for deep vein trombosis.

PubMed

Vayá, Amparo; Mira, Yolanda; Martínez, Marcial; Villa, Piedad; Ferrando, Fernando; Estellés, Amparo; Corella, Dolores; Aznar, Justo

2002-01-01

Hypercoagulable states due either to inherited or acquired thrombotic risk factors are only present in approximately half of cases of DVT, but the causes in the other half, remain unknown. The importance of biological risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypofibrinolysis and hemorheological alterations in the pathogenesis of DVT has not been well established. In order to ascertain whether the above mentioned biological factors are associated with DVT and could constitute independent risk factors, we carried out a case-control study in 109 first DVT patients in whom inherited or acquired thrombophilic risk factors had been ruled out and 121 healthy controls age (42+/-15 years) and sex matched. From all the biological variables analyzed (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, fibrinogen, erythrocyte aggregation, hematocrit, plasma viscosity and PAI-1) only fibrinogen concentration reached a statistically significant difference on the comparison of means (290+/-73 mg/dl in cases vs 268+/-58 mg/dl in controls, p<0.05). After this continuous variables were dichotomized according to our reference values, the percentage of cases with cholesterolemia >220 mg/dl, hematocrit >45% and fibrinogen >300 mg/dl was higher in cases than in controls: 38% vs 22%; p<0.01; 43% vs 27%; p<0.05; 36% vs 23%; p<0.05, respectively. The percentage of cases with PAI-1 values >30 ng/ml, 37% vs 25% was borderline significant; p=0.055. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that cholesterolemia >220 mg/dl and fibrinogen >300 mg/dl constitute independent predictors of venous thrombotic risk. The adjusted OR's were 2.03 (95% CI; 1.12-3.70) for cholesterolemia and 1.94 (95% CI; 1.07-3.55) for fibrinogen. When these two variables combined DVT risk rose about fourfold (3.96; p<0.05). Our results suggest that hypercholesterolemia and hyperfibrinogenemia should be added to the list of known DVT risk factors and we recommend adopting measures to decrease these variables in the population with a high risk of DVT.

Genetic and phenotypic variability for constitutive oleoresin flow in loblolly pine

Treesearch

James H. Roberds; Brian L. Strom; F.P. Hain

2003-01-01

In loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., flow of oleoresin at penetration sites is considered to be a major component of defense against attack by the southern pine beetle (SPB) Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm. Trees with copious amounts of constitutive or preformed oleoresin appear to be most able to prevent or impede colonization by this...

Strain Rate Dependant Material Model for Orthotropic Metals

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vignjevic, Rade

2016-08-01

In manufacturing processes anisotropic metals are often exposed to the loading with high strain rates in the range from 102 s-1 to 106 s-1 (e.g. stamping, cold spraying and explosive forming). These types of loading often involve generation and propagation of shock waves within the material. The material behaviour under such a complex loading needs to be accurately modelled, in order to optimise the manufacturing process and achieve appropriate properties of the manufactured component. The presented research is related to development and validation of a thermodynamically consistent physically based constitutive model for metals under high rate loading. The model is capable of modelling damage, failure and formation and propagation of shock waves in anisotropic metals. The model has two main parts: the strength part which defines the material response to shear deformation and an equation of state (EOS) which defines the material response to isotropic volumetric deformation [1]. The constitutive model was implemented into the transient nonlinear finite element code DYNA3D [2] and our in house SPH code. Limited model validation was performed by simulating a number of high velocity material characterisation and validation impact tests. The new damage model was developed in the framework of configurational continuum mechanics and irreversible thermodynamics with internal state variables. The use of the multiplicative decomposition of deformation gradient makes the model applicable to arbitrary plastic and damage deformations. To account for the physical mechanisms of failure, the concept of thermally activated damage initially proposed by Tuller and Bucher [3], Klepaczko [4] was adopted as the basis for the new damage evolution model. This makes the proposed damage/failure model compatible with the Mechanical Threshold Strength (MTS) model Follansbee and Kocks [5], 1988; Chen and Gray [6] which was used to control evolution of flow stress during plastic deformation. In addition the constitutive model is coupled with a vector shock equation of state which allows for modelling of shock wave propagation in orthotropic the material. Parameters for the new constitutive model are typically derived on the basis of the tensile tests (performed over a range of temperatures and strain rates), plate impact tests and Taylor anvil tests. The model was applied to simulate explosively driven fragmentation, blast loading and cold spraying impacts.

Fuzzy logic applied to prospecting for areas for installation of wood panel industries.

PubMed

Dos Santos, Alexandre Rosa; Paterlini, Ewerthon Mattos; Fiedler, Nilton Cesar; Ribeiro, Carlos Antonio Alvares Soares; Lorenzon, Alexandre Simões; Domingues, Getulio Fonseca; Marcatti, Gustavo Eduardo; de Castro, Nero Lemos Martins; Teixeira, Thaisa Ribeiro; Dos Santos, Gleissy Mary Amaral Dino Alves; Juvanhol, Ronie Silva; Branco, Elvis Ricardo Figueira; Mota, Pedro Henrique Santos; da Silva, Lilianne Gomes; Pirovani, Daiani Bernardo; de Jesus, Waldir Cintra; Santos, Ana Carolina de Albuquerque; Leite, Helio Garcia; Iwakiri, Setsuo

2017-05-15

Prospecting for suitable areas for forestry operations, where the objective is a reduction in production and transportation costs, as well as the maximization of profits and available resources, constitutes an optimization problem. However, fuzzy logic is an alternative method for solving this problem. In the context of prospecting for suitable areas for the installation of wood panel industries, we propose applying fuzzy logic analysis for simulating the planting of different species and eucalyptus hybrids in Espírito Santo State, Brazil. The necessary methodological steps for this study are as follows: a) agriclimatological zoning of different species and eucalyptus hybrids; b) the selection of the vector variables; c) the application of the Euclidean distance to the vector variables; d) the application of fuzzy logic to matrix variables of the Euclidean distance; and e) the application of overlap fuzzy logic to locate areas for installation of wood panel industries. Among all the species and hybrids, Corymbia citriodora showed the highest percentage values for the combined very good and good classes, with 8.60%, followed by Eucalyptus grandis with 8.52%, Eucalyptus urophylla with 8.35% and Urograndis with 8.34%. The fuzzy logic analysis afforded flexibility in prospecting for suitable areas for the installation of wood panel industries in the Espírito Santo State can bring great economic and social benefits to the local population with the generation of jobs, income, tax revenues and GDP increase for the State and municipalities involved. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other areas and agricultural crops. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bifurcated helical core equilibrium states in tokamaks

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cooper, W. A.; Chapman, I. T.; Schmitz, O.; Turnbull, A. D.; Tobias, B. J.; Lazarus, E. A.; Turco, F.; Lanctot, M. J.; Evans, T. E.; Graves, J. P.; Brunetti, D.; Pfefferlé, D.; Reimerdes, H.; Sauter, O.; Halpern, F. D.; Tran, T. M.; Coda, S.; Duval, B. P.; Labit, B.; Pochelon, A.; Turnyanskiy, M. R.; Lao, L.; Luce, T. C.; Buttery, R.; Ferron, J. R.; Hollmann, E. M.; Petty, C. C.; van Zeeland, M.; Fenstermacher, M. E.; Hanson, J. M.; Lütjens, H.

2013-07-01

Tokamaks with weak to moderate reversed central shear in which the minimum inverse rotational transform (safety factor) qmin is in the neighbourhood of unity can trigger bifurcated magnetohydrodynamic equilibrium states, one of which is similar to a saturated ideal internal kink mode. Peaked prescribed pressure profiles reproduce the ‘snake’ structures observed in many tokamaks which has led to a novel explanation of the snake as a bifurcated equilibrium state. Snake equilibrium structures are computed in simulations of the tokamak à configuration variable (TCV), DIII-D and mega amp spherical torus (MAST) tokamaks. The internal helical deformations only weakly modulate the plasma-vacuum interface which is more sensitive to ripple and resonant magnetic perturbations. On the other hand, the external perturbations do not alter the helical core deformation in a significant manner. The confinement of fast particles in MAST simulations deteriorate with the amplitude of the helical core distortion. These three-dimensional bifurcated solutions constitute a paradigm shift that motivates the applications of tools developed for stellarator research in tokamak physics investigations.

Decadal trend of precipitation and temperature patterns and impacts on snow-related variables in a semiarid region, Sierra Nevada, Spain.

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

José Pérez-Palazón, María; Pimentel, Rafael; Herrero, Javier; José Polo, María

2016-04-01

In the current context of global change, mountainous areas constitute singular locations in which these changes can be traced. Early detection of significant shifts of snow state variables in semiarid regions can help assess climate variability impacts and future snow dynamics in northern latitudes. The Sierra Nevada mountain range, in southern Spain, is a representative example of snow areas in Mediterranean-climate regions and both monitoring and modelling efforts have been performed to assess this variability and its significant scales. This work presents a decadal trend analysis throughout the 50-yr period 1960-2010 performed on some snow-related variables over Sierra Nevada, in Spain, which is included in the global climate change observatories network around the world. The study area comprises 4583 km2 distributed throughout the five head basins influenced by these mountains, with altitude values ranging from 140 to 3479 m.a.s.l., just 40 km from the Mediterranean coastline. Meteorological variables obtained from 44 weather stations from the National Meteorological Agency were studied and further used as input to the distributed hydrological model WiMMed (Polo et al., 2010), operational at the study area, to obtain selected snow variables. Decadal trends were obtained, together with their statistical significance, over the following variables, averaged over the whole study area: (1) annual precipitation; (2) annual snowfall; annual (3) mean, (4) maximum and (5) minimum daily temperature; annual (6) mean and (7) maximum daily fraction of snow covered areas; (8) annual number of days with snow cover; (9) mean and (10) maximum daily snow water equivalent; (11) annual number of extreme precipitation events; and (12) mean intensity of the annual extreme precipitation events. These variables were also studied over each of the five regions associated to each basin in the range. Globally decreasing decadal trends were obtained for all the meteorological variables, with the exception of the average annual mean and maximum daily temperature. In the case of the snow-related variables, no significant trends are observed at this time scale; nonetheless, a global decreasing rate is predominant in most of the variables. The torrential events are more frequent in the last decades of the study period, with an apparently increasing associated dispersion. This study constitutes a first sound analysis of the long-term observed trends of the snow regime in this area under the context of increasing temperature and decreasing precipitation regimes. The results highlight the complexity of non-linearity in environmental processes in Mediterranean regions, and point out to a significant shift in the precipitation and temperature regime, and thus on the snow-affected hydrological variables in the study area.

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding the right of citizens of the United States to health care of equal high quality.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Ohio's School Finance System: Constitutional or Unconstitutional?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Bulach, Clete

Since June 1979, when the Ohio Supreme Court declared Ohio's finance system constitutional, that system has continued to deteriorate, as evidenced by the number of districts borrowing from the school loan fund. Moreover, the supreme courts of four other states have recently declared their state financing systems unconstitutional. This paper…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving Congress power to prohibit the physical desecration of the flag of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Emerson, Jo Ann [R-MO-8

2009-04-30

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding presidential election voting rights for residents of all United States territories and commonwealths.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Christensen, Donna M. [D-VI-At Large

2009-01-06

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to give citizens of the United States the right to recall elected officials.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hoekstra, Peter [R-MI-2

2010-01-21

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

School Boards and the U.S. Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hollister, Charles A.

As public agencies created by State legislative mandate, school districts and the officers thereof are obligated to abide by several provisions of the United States Constitution. School boards can reduce many of the sources of current student unrest by complying with these provisions. Courts have held that under the Fourteenth Amendment school…

Finite element implementation of a thermo-damage-viscoelastic constitutive model for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene composite propellant

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Xu, Jinsheng; Han, Long; Zheng, Jian; Chen, Xiong; Zhou, Changsheng

2017-11-01

A thermo-damage-viscoelastic model for hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite propellant with consideration for the effect of temperature was implemented in ABAQUS. The damage evolution law of the model has the same form as the crack growth equation for viscoelastic materials, and only a single damage variable S is considered. The HTPB propellant was considered as an isotropic material, and the deviatoric and volumetric strain-stress relations are decoupled and described by the bulk and shear relaxation moduli, respectively. The stress update equations were expressed by the principal stresses σ_{ii}R and the rotation tensor M, the Jacobian matrix in the global coordinate system J_{ijkl} was obtained according to the fourth-order tensor transformation rules. Two models having complex stress states were used to verify the accuracy of the constitutive model. The test results showed good agreement with the strain responses of characteristic points measured by a contactless optical deformation test system, which illustrates that the thermo-damage-viscoelastic model perform well at describing the mechanical properties of an HTPB propellant.

Indiana Studies: Hoosier History, Government, and People. Unit II: Constitutional Crisis and Change.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Barger, Harry D.; And Others

The three chapters in Unit 2 of a six-unit series on Indiana state history designed to be taught in Indiana secondary schools chronicle the need for rewriting the Constitution of 1816, the events of the Constitutional Convention of 1850-51, and the details of the new constitution. Chapter 1 explains the reasons that Hoosiers wanted a new…

36 CFR § 1280.2 - What property is under the control of the Archivist of the United States?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... the building; (2) On the 7th Street, 9th Street, and Constitution Avenue, NW, sides of the building... sidewalks and other grounds, the steps leading up to the Constitution Avenue entrance, the Constitution Avenue entrance, and the portico area between the steps and the Constitution Avenue entrance. (3) The...

A comparison of two above-ground biomass estimation techniques integrating satellite-based remotely sensed data and ground data for tropical and semiarid forests in Puerto Rico

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iiames, J. S.; Riegel, J.; Lunetta, R.

2013-12-01

Two above-ground forest biomass estimation techniques were evaluated for the United States Territory of Puerto Rico using predictor variables acquired from satellite based remotely sensed data and ground data from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Inventory Analysis (FIA) program. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated above-ground forest biomass implementing methodology first posited by the Woods Hole Research Center developed for conterminous United States (National Biomass and Carbon Dataset [NBCD2000]). For EPA's effort, spatial predictor layers for above-ground biomass estimation included derived products from the U.S. Geologic Survey (USGS) National Land Cover Dataset 2001 (NLCD) (landcover and canopy density), the USGS Gap Analysis Program (forest type classification), the USGS National Elevation Dataset, and the NASA Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (tree heights). In contrast, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) biomass product integrated FIA ground-based data with a suite of geospatial predictor variables including: (1) the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS)-derived image composites and percent tree cover; (2) NLCD land cover proportions; (3) topographic variables; (4) monthly and annual climate parameters; and (5) other ancillary variables. Correlations between both data sets were made at variable watershed scales to test level of agreement. Notice: This work is done in support of EPA's Sustainable Healthy Communities Research Program. The U.S EPA funded and conducted the research described in this paper. Although this work was reviewed by the EPA and has been approved for publication, it may not necessarily reflect official Agency policy. Mention of any trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.

Constituting children's bodily integrity.

PubMed

Hill, B Jessie

2015-04-01

Children have a constitutional right to bodily integrity. Courts do not hesitate to vindicate that right when children are abused by state actors. Moreover, in at least some cases, a child's right to bodily integrity applies within the family, giving the child the right to avoid unwanted physical intrusions regardless of the parents' wishes. Nonetheless, the scope of this right vis-à-vis the parents is unclear; the extent to which it applies beyond the narrow context of abortion and contraception has been almost entirely unexplored and untheorized. This Article is the first in the legal literature to analyze the constitutional right of minors to bodily integrity within the family by spanning traditionally disparate doctrinal categories such as abortion rights; corporal punishment; medical decisionmaking; and nontherapeutic physical interventions such as tattooing, piercing, and circumcision. However, the constitutional right of minors to bodily integrity raises complex philosophical questions concerning the proper relationship between family and state, as well as difficult doctrinal and theoretical issues concerning the ever-murky idea of state action. This Article canvasses those issues with the ultimate goal of delineating a constitutional right of bodily security and autonomy for children.

A Legal Primer for the Obesity Prevention Movement

PubMed Central

Mermin, Seth E.

2009-01-01

Public health advocates and scientists working on obesity prevention policy face challenges in balancing legal rights, individual freedom, and societal health goals. In particular, the US Constitution and the 50 state constitutions place limits on the ability of government to act, even in the best interests of the public. To help policymakers avoid crossing constitutional boundaries, we distilled the legal concepts most relevant to formulating policies aimed at preventing obesity: police power; allocation of power among federal, state, and local governments; freedom of speech; property rights; privacy; equal protection; and contract rights. The goal is to allow policymakers to avoid potential constitutional problems in the formation of obesity prevention policy. PMID:19696384

Modification of the Integrated Sasang Constitutional Diagnostic Model

PubMed Central

Nam, Jiho

2017-01-01

In 2012, the Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine proposed an objective and comprehensive physical diagnostic model to address quantification problems in the existing Sasang constitutional diagnostic method. However, certain issues have been raised regarding a revision of the proposed diagnostic model. In this paper, we propose various methodological approaches to address the problems of the previous diagnostic model. Firstly, more useful variables are selected in each component. Secondly, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator is used to reduce multicollinearity without the modification of explanatory variables. Thirdly, proportions of SC types and age are considered to construct individual diagnostic models and classify the training set and the test set for reflecting the characteristics of the entire dataset. Finally, an integrated model is constructed with explanatory variables of individual diagnosis models. The proposed integrated diagnostic model significantly improves the sensitivities for both the male SY type (36.4% → 62.0%) and the female SE type (43.7% → 64.5%), which were areas of limitation of the previous integrated diagnostic model. The ideas of these new algorithms are expected to contribute not only to the scientific development of Sasang constitutional medicine in Korea but also to that of other diagnostic methods for traditional medicine. PMID:29317897

Studies conducted as a search for physical mechanisms relating solar variability and the troposphere

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wu, S. T. (Editor)

1981-01-01

Chains of causative mechanisms that are hypothesized to relate solar variability to the behavior of the Earth's lower atmosphere were assessed. Solar variations believed most likely to constitute the forcing functions in hypothesized solar terrestrial atmosphere chain, changes in the Earth's atmospheric electrical characteristics due to solar variability, and the observed variations in atmospheric behavior that are influenced by solar variability were also examined.

TEDS-M 2008 User Guide for the International Database. Supplement 3: Variables Derived from the Educator and Future Teacher Data

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brese, Falk, Ed.

2012-01-01

This supplement contains documentation on all the derived variables contained in the TEDS-M educator and future teacher data files. These derived variables were used to report data in the TEDS-M international reports. The variables that constitute the scales and indices are made available as part of the TEDS-M International Database to be used in…

3 CFR 8418 - Proclamation 8418 of September 16, 2009. Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, Constitution Week...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... beacon of hope for Americans and those who seek new lives in the United States. Every day, we welcome new... can better our country and breathe life into the freedoms established in the Constitution. The right...

Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of the shear-transformation-zone model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Luo, Alan M.; Ã-ttinger, Hans Christian

2014-02-01

The shear-transformation-zone (STZ) model has been applied numerous times to describe the plastic deformation of different types of amorphous systems. We formulate this model within the general equation for nonequilibrium reversible-irreversible coupling (GENERIC) framework, thereby clarifying the thermodynamic structure of the constitutive equations and guaranteeing thermodynamic consistency. We propose natural, physically motivated forms for the building blocks of the GENERIC, which combine to produce a closed set of time evolution equations for the state variables, valid for any choice of free energy. We demonstrate an application of the new GENERIC-based model by choosing a simple form of the free energy. In addition, we present some numerical results and contrast those with the original STZ equations.

Simulation of Delamination Propagation in Composites Under High-Cycle Fatigue by Means of Cohesive-Zone Models

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Turon, Albert; Costa, Josep; Camanho, Pedro P.; Davila, Carlos G.

2006-01-01

A damage model for the simulation of delamination propagation under high-cycle fatigue loading is proposed. The basis for the formulation is a cohesive law that links fracture and damage mechanics to establish the evolution of the damage variable in terms of the crack growth rate dA/dN. The damage state is obtained as a function of the loading conditions as well as the experimentally-determined coefficients of the Paris Law crack propagation rates for the material. It is shown that by using the constitutive fatigue damage model in a structural analysis, experimental results can be reproduced without the need of additional model-specific curve-fitting parameters.

Tetrasomy and pentasomy of the X chromosome.

PubMed

Schoubben, Edith; Decaestecker, Karin; Quaegebeur, Koen; Danneels, Lode; Mortier, Geert; Cornette, Luc

2011-10-01

We describe a newborn girl with a life-threatening laryngomalacia and extreme hypotonia. Genetic analysis revealed the very rare genetic condition mosaicism of 48,XXXX and 49,XXXXX (50/50). We here state that the degree of early hypotonia constitutes an important early prognostic feature in this syndrome. The timely insertion of a gastrostomy is warranted in order to prevent aspiration. A karyotype is mandatory in female newborns with moderate to severe hypotonia in order to exclude polyploid mosaicism of the X chromosome. An 'overall prognosis' for 48,XXXX and 49,XXXXX girls is difficult to provide towards parents in line with a well-known, substantial variability in outcome for all polysomy X infants.

Micromechanical modeling of damage growth in titanium based metal-matrix composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Sherwood, James A.; Quimby, Howard M.

1994-01-01

The thermomechanical behavior of continuous-fiber reinforced titanium based metal-matrix composites (MMC) is studied using the finite element method. A thermoviscoplastic unified state variable constitutive theory is employed to capture inelastic and strain-rate sensitive behavior in the Timetal-21s matrix. The SCS-6 fibers are modeled as thermoplastic. The effects of residual stresses generated during the consolidation process on the tensile response of the composites are investigated. Unidirectional and cross-ply geometries are considered. Differences between the tensile responses in composites with perfectly bonded and completely debonded fiber/matrix interfaces are discussed. Model simulations for the completely debonded-interface condition are shown to correlate well with experimental results.

NV centers in 3 C ,4 H , and 6 H silicon carbide: A variable platform for solid-state qubits and nanosensors

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

von Bardeleben, H. J.; Cantin, J. L.; Csóré, A.; Gali, A.; Rauls, E.; Gerstmann, U.

2016-09-01

The outstanding magneto-optical properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond have stimulated the search for similar systems. We show here that NV triplet centers can also be generated in all the main SiC polytypes. We have identified by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy and first-principles calculations the axial NV- pairs in 3 C ,4 H , and 6 H SiC, showing polytype and lattice site-specific magnetic and optical properties. We demonstrate very efficient room-temperature spin polarization of the ground state upon near infrared optical excitation for the NV center in 3 C SiC and axial NV centers in the hexagonal (4 H ,6 H ) polytypes; the signals of basal pairs are much lower in intensity. Axial NV centers in hexagonal SiC polytypes and thus constitute unidirectional ensembles which may be useful in nanosensing applications.

State autonomy, policy paralysis: paradoxes of institutions and culture in the French health care system.

PubMed

Rochaix, Lise; Wilsford, David

2005-01-01

In this article, we assess the recent performance of the French state at containing costs in health care using political science concepts such as path dependency and incentives, which are central to an economic approach. The article focuses on institutional capacities and cultural immobilism and attempts to lay bare the tensions at play in seizing (or not) opportunities for structural change. In particular, we attempt to delineate what constitutes real change in this policy arena (big reforms versus the accumulation of many small policy movements) and to understand the variables at play in the coming together of conjunctures that provide for the big, as well as the underlying structures that allow the accumulation of the small. Except in cases of favorable conjuncture, the analysis bodes very ill for nonincremental reform and, indeed, for significant change over the long term.

Verification of low-Mach number combustion codes using the method of manufactured solutions

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shunn, Lee; Ham, Frank; Knupp, Patrick; Moin, Parviz

2007-11-01

Many computational combustion models rely on tabulated constitutive relations to close the system of equations. As these reactive state-equations are typically multi-dimensional and highly non-linear, their implications on the convergence and accuracy of simulation codes are not well understood. In this presentation, the effects of tabulated state-relationships on the computational performance of low-Mach number combustion codes are explored using the method of manufactured solutions (MMS). Several MMS examples are developed and applied, progressing from simple one-dimensional configurations to problems involving higher dimensionality and solution-complexity. The manufactured solutions are implemented in two multi-physics hydrodynamics codes: CDP developed at Stanford University and FUEGO developed at Sandia National Laboratories. In addition to verifying the order-of-accuracy of the codes, the MMS problems help highlight certain robustness issues in existing variable-density flow-solvers. Strategies to overcome these issues are briefly discussed.

Trusted to the Rulers of the People Alone: A Legal Analysis of the Constitutionality of Removing Locally Elected School Board Members in Georgia

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Collier Good, Cayanna

2013-01-01

This dissertation explored the constitutionality of a Georgia law, under both the Georgia Constitution and the United States Constitution, which allows for the removal of elected school board members based on threatened loss of district accreditation. The problem is that elected board members are being removed from office based on district…

Limits to anaerobic energy and cytosolic concentration in the living cell.

PubMed

Paglietti, A

2015-01-01

For many physical systems at any given temperature, the set of all states where the system's free energy reaches its largest value can be determined from the system's constitutive equations of internal energy and entropy, once a state of that set is known. Such an approach is fraught with complications when applied to a living cell, because the cell's cytosol contains thousands of solutes, and thus thousands of state variables, which makes determination of its state impractical. We show here that, when looking for the maximum energy that the cytosol can store and release, detailed information on cytosol composition is redundant. Compatibility with cell's life requires that a single variable that represents the overall concentration of cytosol solutes must fall between defined limits, which can be determined by dehydrating and overhydrating the cell to its maximum capacity. The same limits are shown to determine, in particular, the maximum amount of free energy that a cell can supply in fast anaerobic processes, starting from any given initial state. For a typical skeletal muscle in normal physiological conditions this energy, i.e., the maximum anaerobic capacity to do work, is calculated to be about 960 J per kg of muscular mass. Such energy decreases as the overall concentration of solutes in the cytosol is increased. Similar results apply to any kind of cell. They provide an essential tool to understand and control the macroscopic response of single cells and multicellular cellular tissues alike. The applications include sport physiology, cell aging, disease produced cell damage, drug absorption capacity, to mention the most obvious ones.

Limits to anaerobic energy and cytosolic concentration in the living cell

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Paglietti, A.

2015-11-01

For many physical systems at any given temperature, the set of all states where the system's free energy reaches its largest value can be determined from the system's constitutive equations of internal energy and entropy, once a state of that set is known. Such an approach is fraught with complications when applied to a living cell, because the cell's cytosol contains thousands of solutes, and thus thousands of state variables, which makes determination of its state impractical. We show here that, when looking for the maximum energy that the cytosol can store and release, detailed information on cytosol composition is redundant. Compatibility with cell's life requires that a single variable that represents the overall concentration of cytosol solutes must fall between defined limits, which can be determined by dehydrating and overhydrating the cell to its maximum capacity. The same limits are shown to determine, in particular, the maximum amount of free energy that a cell can supply in fast anaerobic processes, starting from any given initial state. For a typical skeletal muscle in normal physiological conditions this energy, i.e., the maximum anaerobic capacity to do work, is calculated to be about 960 J per kg of muscular mass. Such energy decreases as the overall concentration of solutes in the cytosol is increased. Similar results apply to any kind of cell. They provide an essential tool to understand and control the macroscopic response of single cells and multicellular cellular tissues alike. The applications include sport physiology, cell aging, disease produced cell damage, drug absorption capacity, to mention the most obvious ones.

76 FR 12887 - Foreign-Trade Zones in the United States

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2011-03-09

... Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 2111, Washington, DC 20230. All comments received are a part of the public.... Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 2111, Washington, DC 20230. Written public..., International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1401 Constitution Avenue, NW., Room 2111...

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding the right of all citizens of the United States to a public education of equal high quality.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States permitting Congress and the States to regulate the expenditure of funds by corporations engaging in political speech.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Edwards, Donna F. [D-MD-4

2010-02-02

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

29 CFR 1903.2 - Posting of notice; availability of the Act, regulations and applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... has an approved poster informing employees of their protections and obligations as defined in § 1952.10 of this chapter, such poster, when posted by employers covered by the State plan, shall constitute...) Reproductions or facsimiles of such Federal or State posters shall constitute compliance with the posting...

29 CFR 1903.2 - Posting of notice; availability of the Act, regulations and applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... has an approved poster informing employees of their protections and obligations as defined in § 1952.10 of this chapter, such poster, when posted by employers covered by the State plan, shall constitute...) Reproductions or facsimiles of such Federal or State posters shall constitute compliance with the posting...

29 CFR 1903.2 - Posting of notice; availability of the Act, regulations and applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... has an approved poster informing employees of their protections and obligations as defined in § 1952.10 of this chapter, such poster, when posted by employers covered by the State plan, shall constitute...) Reproductions or facsimiles of such Federal or State posters shall constitute compliance with the posting...

29 CFR 1903.2 - Posting of notice; availability of the Act, regulations and applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... has an approved poster informing employees of their protections and obligations as defined in § 1952.10 of this chapter, such poster, when posted by employers covered by the State plan, shall constitute...) Reproductions or facsimiles of such Federal or State posters shall constitute compliance with the posting...

29 CFR 1903.2 - Posting of notice; availability of the Act, regulations and applicable standards.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... has an approved poster informing employees of their protections and obligations as defined in § 1952.10 of this chapter, such poster, when posted by employers covered by the State plan, shall constitute...) Reproductions or facsimiles of such Federal or State posters shall constitute compliance with the posting...

Bill of Rights in Tribal Constitutions. [First Draft].

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rusco, Elmer R.

Because Native American societies are held by United States courts to possess rights of self-government where these rights have not been explicitly withdrawn, the constitutions of 280 Native American governments in the United States (exclusive of 219 in Alaska) were examined as they existed in September 1981 to determine the extent and character…

Teaching about Judicial Review. ERIC Digest.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, John J.

Judicial review is a fundamental facet of constitutional government in the United States. Invented during the founding of the United States, judicial review has spread to most constitutional democracies of the world. This digest discusses: (1) the concept of judicial review; (2) the origin of this concept; (3) the uses of this concept in U.S.…

The Law and Catholic Schools: Approaching the New Millennium.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shaughnessy, Mary Angela

The laws affecting education in the United States today can generally be classified according to four categories: (1) Constitutional law (both state and federal); (2) statutes and regulations; (3) common law principles; and (4) contract law. Students and teachers in private schools are not protected by federal Constitutional law because they are…

The Constitution of the United States (Adapted). For Use in EMR Classes.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Miller, Louise A.

This special instructional handbook presents a unit of study on the United States Constitution for educable mentally retarded students at the secondary level. The adapted material explains the structure of the national government, and is designed to promote citizenship and patriotic values. Preliminary information includes a glossary of new words,…

The English Language Amendment. Hearing before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary. Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, Second Session on S.J. Res. 167, a Joint Resolution Proposing an Amendment to the Constitution of the United States with Respect to the English Language.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

The transcripts of the hearings on Senate Joint Resolution 167, proposing an amendment to the United States Constitution with regard to establishment of English as the country's official language includes: the statements of three committee members (Senators Orrin G. Hatch, Jeremiah Denton, and Dennis DeConcini); the text of the proposed…

Nonlinear Constitutive Relations for High Temperature Application, 1984

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1985-01-01

Nonlinear constitutive relations for high temperature applications were discussed. The state of the art in nonlinear constitutive modeling of high temperature materials was reviewed and the need for future research and development efforts in this area was identified. Considerable research efforts are urgently needed in the development of nonlinear constitutive relations for high temperature applications prompted by recent advances in high temperature materials technology and new demands on material and component performance. Topics discussed include: constitutive modeling, numerical methods, material testing, and structural applications.

Clinic for Women, Inc. v. Brizzi.

PubMed

2004-01-01

Court Decision: 814 North Eastern Reporter, 2d Series 1042; 2004 Sep 17 (date of decision). The Court of Appeals of Indiana held that a clinic's suit to enjoin the enforcement of an Indiana abortion law stated a valid claim with respect to violation of the state constitutional right to privacy, and also held that the abortion law did not violate the state constitutional right to freedom of speech. The Clinic for Women challenged the constitutionality of the law's informed consent and "two-trip" requirements. A lower court dismissed the suit for failure to state a claim. The Indiana Court of Appeals held that Indiana recognizes a right to privacy and remanded the case to a lower court to decide whether the "two trip requirement" materially burdened a woman's right to privacy. The Clinic claimed that the abortion law's informed consent requirement violated a constitutional right to freedom of speech because it compelled physicians to speak the state's message. The appellate court first found that the right to freedom of speech includes a right to refrain from speaking, also known as a right against compelled speech. Because the statute's informed consent requirement bore a reasonable and substantial relation to the legitimate state interest of promoting the health, safety, and welfare of women seeking an abortion, the requirement was a reasonable exercise of the state's police power and therefore did not violate the right to free speech.

Constitutive law for the densification of fused silica with applications in polishing and microgrinding

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Lambropoulos, John C.; Fang, Tong; Xu, Su; Gracewski, Sheryl M.

1995-09-01

We discuss a constitutive model describing the permanent densification of fused silica under large applied pressures and shear stresses. The constitutive law is assumed to be rate- independent, and uses a yield function coupling hydrostatic pressure and shear stress, a flow rule describing the evolution of permanent strains after initial densification, and a hardening rule describing the dependence of the incremental densification on the levels of applied stresses. The constitutive law accounts for multiaxial states of stress, since during polishing and grinding operations complex stress states occur in a thin surface layer due to the action of abrasive particles. Due to frictional and other abrasive forces, large shear stresses are present near the surface during manufacturing. We apply the constitutive law in estimating the extent of the densified layer during the mechanical interaction of an abrasive grain and a flat surface.

Revised Constitution and Bylaws of the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, South Dakota.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe, Inc., SD.

As stated in the Preamble, the Sisseton-Wahpeton Sioux Tribe has established this "Revised Constitution and Bylaws" in order to "form a better tribal government, exercise tribal rights and responsibilities and promote the welfare of the people". This "Revised Constitution" consists of 11 Articles which are identified…

The Constitution and Citizenship Education.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Shoemaker, Rebecca S.

The paper takes the position that the study and understanding of the United States Constitution should be a critical part of citizenship education, especially as its Bicentennial approaches. Several factors suggest that the Constitution has become the most durable document of its kind in history, and that its teaching should be centered in both…

Access to Tax Exempt Bonds by Religious Higher Education Institutions.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Mawdsley, Ralph D.

1991-01-01

The Virginia Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the issuance of tax exempt bonds to a religiously affiliated university violated both state and federal constitutions. Reviews the court decision, analyzes the constitutional issues, and contends that court actions intruded beyond the permissible boundaries of constitutional neutrality. (38…

University of Minnesota Constitutional Autonomy. A Legal Analysis.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McKnight, Deborah K.

This discussion of the special legal status of the University of Minnesota, known as constitutional autonomy, defines this status, states the rationale for the principle, and describes the relevant territorial act and constitutional provision. The main part of the legal analysis examines Minnesota court cases which addressed the issue of the…

Elevation view of one of the doorways on the Constitution ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Elevation view of one of the doorways on the Constitution Avenue side of the building; the door is flanked by monumental neoclassical urns carved from granite - United States Department of Commerce, Bounded by Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and E streets and Constitution Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Perspective view of the south elevation; this facade faces Constitution ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

Perspective view of the south elevation; this facade faces Constitution Avenue and is nineteen bays long with twelve single columns and two sets of paired columns - United States Department of Commerce, Bounded by Fourteenth, Fifteenth, and E streets and Constitution Avenue, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

The New Wild West: Military Support in Border Security Operations

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-08

military service members from being used to enforce the laws of the United States unless expressly authorized by the United States Constitution or the...cartels constitute a significant threat to United States national security that cannot be defeated or deterred by law enforcement methods alone in order...Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law , no person shall be subject to any penalty for

The Semantic Processing of Motion Verbs: Coercion or Underspecification?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lukassek, Julia; Pryslopska, Anna; Hörnig, Robin; Maienborn, Claudia

2017-01-01

Underspecification and coercion are two prominent interpretive mechanisms to account for meaning variability beyond compositionality. While there is plentiful evidence that natural language meaning constitution exploits both mechanisms, it is an open issue whether a concrete phenomenon of meaning variability is an instance of underspecification or…

Validation of a New Elastoplastic Constitutive Model Dedicated to the Cyclic Behaviour of Brittle Rock Materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cerfontaine, B.; Charlier, R.; Collin, F.; Taiebat, M.

2017-10-01

Old mines or caverns may be used as reservoirs for fuel/gas storage or in the context of large-scale energy storage. In the first case, oil or gas is stored on annual basis. In the second case pressure due to water or compressed air varies on a daily basis or even faster. In both cases a cyclic loading on the cavern's/mine's walls must be considered for the design. The complexity of rockwork geometries or coupling with water flow requires finite element modelling and then a suitable constitutive law for the rock behaviour modelling. This paper presents and validates the formulation of a new constitutive law able to represent the inherently cyclic behaviour of rocks at low confinement. The main features of the behaviour evidenced by experiments in the literature depict a progressive degradation and strain of the material with the number of cycles. A constitutive law based on a boundary surface concept is developed. It represents the brittle failure of the material as well as its progressive degradation. Kinematic hardening of the yield surface allows the modelling of cycles. Isotropic softening on the cohesion variable leads to the progressive degradation of the rock strength. A limit surface is introduced and has a lower opening than the bounding surface. This surface describes the peak strength of the material and allows the modelling of a brittle behaviour. In addition a fatigue limit is introduced such that no cohesion degradation occurs if the stress state lies inside this surface. The model is validated against three different rock materials and types of experiments. Parameters of the constitutive laws are calibrated against uniaxial tests on Lorano marble, triaxial test on a sandstone and damage-controlled test on Lac du Bonnet granite. The model is shown to reproduce correctly experimental results, especially the evolution of strain with number of cycles.

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to abolishing personal income, estate, and gift taxes and prohibiting the United States Government from engaging in business in competition with its citizens.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Paul, Ron [R-TX-14

2009-04-30

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to give citizens of the United States the right to enact and repeal laws by voting on legislation in a national election.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hoekstra, Peter [R-MI-2

2010-01-21

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

School Finance Reform in the "Live Free or Die" State: Personal, Legal, and Policy Responses to "Claremont School District v. Governor."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

DeMitchell, Todd A.; Krysiak, Barbara H.

1999-01-01

Summarizes background and aftermath of 1993 and 1997 New Hampshire Supreme Court unconstitutionality rulings against the state education finance system. Highlights "Claremont II," discussing initial responses, the Rubens constitutional amendment, the governor's ABC Plan, the bipartisan constitutional amendment, the 1998 governor race,…

Fundamental Laws of the State: The Spanish Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ministerio de Informacion y Turismo, Madrid (Spain).

This political document is introduced by the head of the Spanish State, His Excellency Don Francisco Franco Bahamonde in a speech given on 22 November 1966 to the session of the Spanish Cores. The speech outlines in general terms the political and philosophical ideals of His Excellency. The Constitution is presented in several sections including:…

Guidance on Constitutionally Protected Prayer in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, February 7, 2003.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Paige, Rod

A letter from Rod Paige, United States Secretary of Education, introduces a booklet which provides guidance to state educational agencies (SEAs), local educational agencies (LEAs), and the public on constitutionally protected prayer in U.S. public elementary and secondary schools. The guidance also sets forth and explains the responsibilities of…

Jonathan Dayton: Soldier-Statesmen of the Constitution. A Bicentennial Series No. 19.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Army Center of Military History, Washington, DC.

Jonathan Dayton's practical approach to government evolved out of his military experiences during the Revolutionary War, and he became a supporter for the equal representation of the small states. This booklet on Dayton is one in a series on Revolutionary War soldiers who signed the United States Constitution. It covers his early life, his…

Constitutional Debates on Freedom of Religion: A Documentary History. Primary Documents in American History and Contemporary Issues.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, John J., Ed.; Long, Gerald P., Ed.

Debates over the separation or accommodation of religion and government have divided the United States since its founding. This collection of over 70 primary documents represents the ideas and issues on the interpretation of the United States Constitution's First Amendment clauses pertaining to establishment and free exercise of religion. The…

Teaching "United States v. Windsor": The Defense of Marriage Act and Its Constitutional Implications

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Ciocchetti, Corey

2014-01-01

This article represents background material that can be used e along with the "United States v. Windsor" case to teach Constitutional Law (particularly federalism, due process, and equal protection) and the legal debate surrounding same-sex marriage in America. Professors may assign it as background reading before or after a…

Nonlinear waves in solids with slow dynamics: an internal-variable model

PubMed Central

Berjamin, H.; Favrie, N.; Chiavassa, G.

2017-01-01

In heterogeneous solids such as rocks and concrete, the speed of sound diminishes with the strain amplitude of a dynamic loading (softening). This decrease, known as ‘slow dynamics’, occurs at time scales larger than the period of the forcing. Also, hysteresis is observed in the steady-state response. The phenomenological model by Vakhnenko et al. (2004 Phys. Rev. E 70, 015602. (doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.015602)) is based on a variable that describes the softening of the material. However, this model is one dimensional and it is not thermodynamically admissible. In the present article, a three-dimensional model is derived in the framework of the finite-strain theory. An internal variable that describes the softening of the material is introduced, as well as an expression of the specific internal energy. A mechanical constitutive law is deduced from the Clausius–Duhem inequality. Moreover, a family of evolution equations for the internal variable is proposed. Here, an evolution equation with one relaxation time is chosen. By construction, this new model of the continuum is thermodynamically admissible and dissipative (inelastic). In the case of small uniaxial deformations, it is shown analytically that the model reproduces qualitatively the main features of real experiments. PMID:28588408

Analytical Round Robin for Elastic-Plastic Analysis of Surface Cracked Plates: Phase I Results

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Wells, D. N.; Allen, P. A.

2012-01-01

An analytical round robin for the elastic-plastic analysis of surface cracks in flat plates was conducted with 15 participants. Experimental results from a surface crack tension test in 2219-T8 aluminum plate provided the basis for the inter-laboratory study (ILS). The study proceeded in a blind fashion given that the analysis methodology was not specified to the participants, and key experimental results were withheld. This approach allowed the ILS to serve as a current measure of the state of the art for elastic-plastic fracture mechanics analysis. The analytical results and the associated methodologies were collected for comparison, and sources of variability were studied and isolated. The results of the study revealed that the J-integral analysis methodology using the domain integral method is robust, providing reliable J-integral values without being overly sensitive to modeling details. General modeling choices such as analysis code, model size (mesh density), crack tip meshing, or boundary conditions, were not found to be sources of significant variability. For analyses controlled only by far-field boundary conditions, the greatest source of variability in the J-integral assessment is introduced through the constitutive model. This variability can be substantially reduced by using crack mouth opening displacements to anchor the assessment. Conclusions provide recommendations for analysis standardization.

Afro-derived Brazilian populations: male genetic constitution estimated by Y-chromosomes STRs and AluYAP element polymorphisms.

PubMed

Ribeiro, Guilherme Galvarros Bueno Lobo; De Lima, Reginaldo Ramos; Wiezel, Cláudia Emília Vieira; Ferreira, Luzitano Brandão; Sousa, Sandra Mara Bispo; Rocha, Dulce Maria Sucena; Canas, Maria do Carmo Tomitão; Nardelli-Costa, Juliana; Klautau-Guimarães, Maria De Nazaré; Simões, Aguinaldo Luiz; Oliveira, Silviene Fabiana

2009-01-01

The genetic constitution of Afro-derived Brazilian populations is barely studied. To improve that knowledge, we investigated the AluYAP element and five Y-chromosome STRs (DYS19, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) to estimate ethnic male contribution in the constitution of four Brazilian quilombos remnants: Mocambo, Rio das Rãs, Kalunga, and Riacho de Sacutiaba. Results indicated significant differences among communities, corroborating historical information about the Brazilian settlement. We concluded that besides African contribution, there was a great European participation in the constitution of these four populations and that observed haplotype variability could be explained by gene flow to quilombos remnants and mutational events in microsatellites (STRs). (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

A General Reversible Hereditary Constitutive Model. Part 1; Theoretical Developments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Saleeb, A. F.; Arnold, S. M.

1997-01-01

Using an internal-variable formalism as a starting point, we describe the viscoelastic extension of a previously-developed viscoplasticity formulation of the complete potential structure type. It is mainly motivated by experimental evidence for the presence of rate/time effects in the so-called quasilinear, reversible, material response range. Several possible generalizations are described, in the general format of hereditary-integral representations for non-equilibrium, stress-type, state variables, both for isotropic as well as anisotropic materials. In particular, thorough discussions are given on the important issues of thermodynamic admissibility requirements for such general descriptions, resulting in a set of explicit mathematical constraints on the associated kernel (relaxation and creep compliance) functions. In addition, a number of explicit, integrated forms are derived, under stress and strain control to facilitate the parametric and qualitative response characteristic studies reported here, as well as to help identify critical factors in the actual experimental characterizations from test data that will be reported in Part II.

Thought Speed, Mood, and the Experience of Mental Motion.

PubMed

Pronin, Emily; Jacobs, Elana

2008-11-01

This article presents a theoretical account relating thought speed to mood and psychological experience. Thought sequences that occur at a fast speed generally induce more positive affect than do those that occur slowly. Thought speed constitutes one aspect of mental motion. Another aspect involves thought variability, or the degree to which thoughts in a sequence either vary widely from or revolve closely around a theme. Thought sequences possessing more motion (occurring fast and varying widely) generally produce more positive affect than do sequences possessing little motion (occurring slowly and repetitively). When speed and variability oppose each other, such that one is low and the other is high, predictable psychological states also emerge. For example, whereas slow, repetitive thinking can prompt dejection, fast, repetitive thinking can prompt anxiety. This distinction is related to the fact that fast thinking involves greater actual and felt energy than slow thinking does. Effects of mental motion occur independent of the specific content of thought. Their consequences for mood and energy hold psychotherapeutic relevance. © 2008 Association for Psychological Science.

Physician assisted suicide and the Supreme Court: putting the constitutional claim to rest.

PubMed Central

Mariner, W K

1997-01-01

Like the debate about many controversial questions of ethics and medical care in America, public debate about physician assisted suicide became focused on questions of constitutional law. On June 26, 1997, the United States Supreme Court unanimously rejected any constitutional right of terminally ill patients to physician assisted suicide. An analysis of the Court's reasoning reveals that its decisions resolved only a narrow constitutional question that affects relatively few people--mentally competent, terminally ill patients who wish to hasten their imminent deaths by having a physician prescribe medication that they intend to use to commit suicide. Although suicide is not a crime, states remain free to prohibit assisted suicide. One consequence of the Court's decisions may be renewed debate on state laws. A more productive result would be to address the broader public health concerns that gave rise to support for physician assisted suicide--inadequate care for the terminally ill and prevention of suicide. PMID:9431307

Anatomy of an error: a bidirectional state model of task engagement/disengagement and attention-related errors.

PubMed

Allan Cheyne, J; Solman, Grayden J F; Carriere, Jonathan S A; Smilek, Daniel

2009-04-01

We present arguments and evidence for a three-state attentional model of task engagement/disengagement. The model postulates three states of mind-wandering: occurrent task inattention, generic task inattention, and response disengagement. We hypothesize that all three states are both causes and consequences of task performance outcomes and apply across a variety of experimental and real-world tasks. We apply this model to the analysis of a widely used GO/NOGO task, the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). We identify three performance characteristics of the SART that map onto the three states of the model: RT variability, anticipations, and omissions. Predictions based on the model are tested, and largely corroborated, via regression and lag-sequential analyses of both successful and unsuccessful withholding on NOGO trials as well as self-reported mind-wandering and everyday cognitive errors. The results revealed theoretically consistent temporal associations among the state indicators and between these and SART errors as well as with self-report measures. Lag analysis was consistent with the hypotheses that temporal transitions among states are often extremely abrupt and that the association between mind-wandering and performance is bidirectional. The bidirectional effects suggest that errors constitute important occasions for reactive mind-wandering. The model also enables concrete phenomenological, behavioral, and physiological predictions for future research.

Individualism-Collectivism: Links to Occupational Plans and Work Values

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hartung, Paul J.; Fouad, Nadya A.; Leong, Frederick T. L.; Hardin, Erin E.

2010-01-01

Individualism-collectivism (IC) constitutes a cultural variable thought to influence a wide variety of variables including career planning and decision making. To examine this possibility, college students (216 women, 106 men, 64% racial-ethnic minorities) responded to measures of IC, occupational plans, and work values. Multivariate analysis of…

The United States and the Indian Constitution.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Weil, Jonathan S.

India, a huge land with the second largest population in the world, socially and economically poor, and culturally and linguistically diverse, became the largest democracy in the world on November 26, 1949 with the adoption of the Indian Constitution. The goals of that constitution are: (1) the achievement of national unity and stability; (2) the…

The Impact of the Equal Rights Amendment. Part 1. Hearings before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, Ninety-Eighth Congress, First and Second Sessions (May 26, September 13, November 1, 1983; January 24, February 21, March 20, April 23, and May 23, 1984).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U.S., Washington, DC. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

Presented are eight congressional hearings on a joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for women and men. The hearings focus on a constitutional overview; the impact of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) on private and parochial education, military law and policy, abortion policy,…

Presidential Signing Statements: Constitutional and Institutional Implications

DTIC Science & Technology

2007-04-13

Association (ABA) recently publishing a report declaring that these instruments are “contrary to the rule of law and our constitutional separation of powers ” when...Force on Presidential Signing Statements and the Separation of Powers Doctrine at p. 5 (August 2006). Presidential Signing Statements: Constitutional...constitutional separation of powers ” when they “claim the authority or state the intention to disregard or decline to enforce all or part of a law...or to

Teaching about the Constitution: Relationships between Teachers' Subject Matter Knowledge, Pedagogic Beliefs and Instructional Decision Making regarding Selection of Content, Materials, and Activities. Summary of Research Findings.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hyland, John T.

Importance of the Constitution as the supreme law of the land and the reported failure of the United States youth to have been genuinely educated about the Constitution raises questions regarding teaching. One concerns what teachers know about the Constitution and the other is what they believe about teaching. This study investigates these…

Unified Static and Dynamic Recrystallization Model for the Minerals of Earth's Mantle Using Internal State Variable Model

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cho, H. E.; Horstemeyer, M. F.; Baumgardner, J. R.

2017-12-01

In this study, we present an internal state variable (ISV) constitutive model developed to model static and dynamic recrystallization and grain size progression in a unified manner. This method accurately captures temperature, pressure and strain rate effect on the recrystallization and grain size. Because this ISV approach treats dislocation density, volume fraction of recrystallization and grain size as internal variables, this model can simultaneously track their history during the deformation with unprecedented realism. Based on this deformation history, this method can capture realistic mechanical properties such as stress-strain behavior in the relationship of microstructure-mechanical property. Also, both the transient grain size during the deformation and the steady-state grain size of dynamic recrystallization can be predicted from the history variable of recrystallization volume fraction. Furthermore, because this model has a capability to simultaneously handle plasticity and creep behaviors (unified creep-plasticity), the mechanisms (static recovery (or diffusion creep), dynamic recovery (or dislocation creep) and hardening) related to dislocation dynamics can also be captured. To model these comprehensive mechanical behaviors, the mathematical formulation of this model includes elasticity to evaluate yield stress, work hardening in treating plasticity, creep, as well as the unified recrystallization and grain size progression. Because pressure sensitivity is especially important for the mantle minerals, we developed a yield function combining Drucker-Prager shear failure and von Mises yield surfaces to model the pressure dependent yield stress, while using pressure dependent work hardening and creep terms. Using these formulations, we calibrated against experimental data of the minerals acquired from the literature. Additionally, we also calibrated experimental data for metals to show the general applicability of our model. Understanding of realistic mantle dynamics can only be acquired once the various deformation regimes and mechanisms are comprehensively modeled. The results of this study demonstrate that this ISV model is a good modeling candidate to help reveal the realistic dynamics of the Earth's mantle.

A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables. Part II - Validation and localization analysis

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Das, Arghya; Tengattini, Alessandro; Nguyen, Giang D.; Viggiani, Gioacchino; Hall, Stephen A.; Einav, Itai

2014-10-01

We study the mechanical failure of cemented granular materials (e.g., sandstones) using a constitutive model based on breakage mechanics for grain crushing and damage mechanics for cement fracture. The theoretical aspects of this model are presented in Part I: Tengattini et al. (2014), A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables, Part I - Theory (Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 10.1016/j.jmps.2014.05.021). In this Part II we investigate the constitutive and structural responses of cemented granular materials through analyses of Boundary Value Problems (BVPs). The multiple failure mechanisms captured by the proposed model enable the behavior of cemented granular rocks to be well reproduced for a wide range of confining pressures. Furthermore, through comparison of the model predictions and experimental data, the micromechanical basis of the model provides improved understanding of failure mechanisms of cemented granular materials. In particular, we show that grain crushing is the predominant inelastic deformation mechanism under high pressures while cement failure is the relevant mechanism at low pressures. Over an intermediate pressure regime a mixed mode of failure mechanisms is observed. Furthermore, the micromechanical roots of the model allow the effects on localized deformation modes of various initial microstructures to be studied. The results obtained from both the constitutive responses and BVP solutions indicate that the proposed approach and model provide a promising basis for future theoretical studies on cemented granular materials.

We the Students: Supreme Court Cases for and about Students.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Raskin, Jamin B.

This casebook intends to show young people that their rights, their way of life, and indeed sometimes their very life, can depend on one remarkable document, the Constitution of the United States. The casebook is about the United States Constitution and how the Supreme Court and lower courts have interpreted it to govern the lives of U.S. public…

Constitutional Law--State Action--Golden v. Biscayne Bay Yacht Club: Preventing Discrimination by Private Clubs

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, Michael W.

1976-01-01

Although the Supreme Court has refrained from answering whether the membership policies of private clubs can be attacked on state action grounds, the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals held in the affirmative in Golden v. Biscayne Bay Yacht Club. It ruled that leasing publicly owned bay bottom land to a yacht club constituted sufficient state…

A viscoelastic higher-order beam finite element

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Johnson, Arthur R.; Tressler, Alexander

1996-01-01

A viscoelastic internal variable constitutive theory is applied to a higher-order elastic beam theory and finite element formulation. The behavior of the viscous material in the beam is approximately modeled as a Maxwell solid. The finite element formulation requires additional sets of nodal variables for each relaxation time constant needed by the Maxwell solid. Recent developments in modeling viscoelastic material behavior with strain variables that are conjugate to the elastic strain measures are combined with advances in modeling through-the-thickness stresses and strains in thick beams. The result is a viscous thick-beam finite element that possesses superior characteristics for transient analysis since its nodal viscous forces are not linearly dependent an the nodal velocities, which is the case when damping matrices are used. Instead, the nodal viscous forces are directly dependent on the material's relaxation spectrum and the history of the nodal variables through a differential form of the constitutive law for a Maxwell solid. The thick beam quasistatic analysis is explored herein as a first step towards developing more complex viscoelastic models for thick plates and shells, and for dynamic analyses. The internal variable constitutive theory is derived directly from the Boltzmann superposition theorem. The mechanical strains and the conjugate internal strains are shown to be related through a system of first-order, ordinary differential equations. The total time-dependent stress is the superposition of its elastic and viscous components. Equations of motion for the solid are derived from the virtual work principle using the total time-dependent stress. Numerical examples for the problems of relaxation, creep, and cyclic creep are carried out for a beam made from an orthotropic Maxwell solid.

Multicomponent, Multiphase Thermodynamics of Swelling Porous Media With Electroquasistatics. 1. Macroscale Field Equations

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-08-08

entropy inequality with independent variables consistent with several natural systems and apply the resulting constitutive theory near equi- librium...1973. [3] L. S. Bennethum and J. H. Cushman. Multiscale , hybrid mixture theory for swelling systems - I: Balance laws. International Journal of...Engineering Science, 34(2):125–145, 1996. [4] L. S. Bennethum and J. H. Cushman. Multiscale , hybrid mixture theory for swelling systems - II: Constitutive

Realized niche shift associated with the Eurasian charophyte Nitellopsis obtusa becoming invasive in North America

PubMed Central

Escobar, Luis E.; Qiao, Huijie; Phelps, Nicholas B. D.; Wagner, Carli K.; Larkin, Daniel J.

2016-01-01

Nitellopsis obtusa (starry stonewort) is a dioecious green alga native to Europe and Asia that has emerged as an aquatic invasive species in North America. Nitellopsis obtusa is rare across large portions of its native range, but has spread rapidly in northern-tier lakes in the United States, where it can interfere with recreation and may displace native species. Little is known about the invasion ecology of N. obtusa, making it difficult to forecast future expansion. Using ecological niche modeling we investigated environmental variables associated with invasion risk. We used species records, climate data, and remotely sensed environmental variables to characterize the species’ multidimensional distribution. We found that N. obtusa is exploiting novel ecological niche space in its introduced range, which may help explain its invasiveness. While the fundamental niche of N. obtusa may be stable, there appears to have been a shift in its realized niche associated with invasion in North America. Large portions of the United States are predicted to constitute highly suitable habitat for N. obtusa. Our results can inform early detection and rapid response efforts targeting N. obtusa and provide testable estimates of the physiological tolerances of this species as a baseline for future empirical research. PMID:27363541

Diversity of the Arthropod edaphic fauna in preserved and managed with pasture areas in Teresina-Piauí-Brazil.

PubMed

Luz, R A; Fontes, L S; Cardoso, S R S; Lima, E F B

2013-08-01

The soil fauna plays an important function over the processes of organic matter decomposition, nutrient cycling, ground aeration and fertility. Thus, studies on the composition and structure of such communities are important, considering moreover the lack of information in different regions of Brazil and mainly related to the state of Piauí. This study aimed to evaluate the density and diversity of the soil arthropod fauna in a Cerrado area in preservation conditions and in a pasture area. Both are situated in the city of Teresina, capital of the state of Piauí. Pitfall traps were used for sampling. Five stations with four traps were placed in each area. The traps were constituted by a 500 mL plastic cup containing a preserving solution made with 70% alcohol and 40% formalin. The traps were weekly changed by occasion of the collections. Eight samples were performed in the period between March and April 2007. The results were evaluated using the following variables: number of orders, number of families, total of species and total number of individuals. Evaluation of the Diversity Index and Similarity Coefficient were also performed. As result, the variables and diversity indices were slightly higher in the preserved area. However, the similarity coefficient showed only 10% similarity between both areas.

Strain Rate Sensitivity of Epoxy Resin in Tensile and Shear Loading

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Gilat, Amos; Goldberg, Robert K.; Roberts, Gary D.

2005-01-01

The mechanical response of E-862 and PR-520 resins is investigated in tensile and shear loadings. At both types of loading the resins are tested at strain rates of about 5x10(exp 5), 2, and 450 to 700 /s. In addition, dynamic shear modulus tests are carried out at various frequencies and temperatures, and tensile stress relaxation tests are conducted at room temperature. The results show that the toughened PR-520 resin can carry higher stresses than the untoughened E-862 resin. Strain rate has a significant effect on the response of both resins. In shear both resins show a ductile response with maximum stress that is increasing with strain rate. In tension a ductile response is observed at low strain rate (approx. 5x10(exp 5) /s), and brittle response is observed at the medium and high strain rates (2, and 700 /s). The hydrostatic component of the stress in the tensile tests causes premature failure in the E-862 resin. Localized deformation develops in the PR-520 resin when loaded in shear. An internal state variable constitutive model is proposed for modeling the response of the resins. The model includes a state variable that accounts for the effect of the hydrostatic component of the stress on the deformation.

Spatio-temporal dynamics of an active, polar, viscoelastic ring.

PubMed

Marcq, Philippe

2014-04-01

Constitutive equations for a one-dimensional, active, polar, viscoelastic liquid are derived by treating the strain field as a slow hydrodynamic variable. Taking into account the couplings between strain and polarity allowed by symmetry, the hydrodynamics of an active, polar, viscoelastic body include an evolution equation for the polarity field that generalizes the damped Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. Beyond thresholds of the active coupling coefficients between the polarity and the stress or the strain rate, bifurcations of the homogeneous state lead first to stationary waves, then to propagating waves of the strain, stress and polarity fields. I argue that these results are relevant to living matter, and may explain rotating actomyosin rings in cells and mechanical waves in epithelial cell monolayers.

Matrix cracking in laminated composites under monotonic and cyclic loadings

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Allen, David H.; Lee, Jong-Won

1991-01-01

An analytical model based on the internal state variable (ISV) concept and the strain energy method is proposed for characterizing the monotonic and cyclic response of laminated composites containing matrix cracks. A modified constitution is formulated for angle-ply laminates under general in-plane mechanical loading and constant temperature change. A monotonic matrix cracking criterion is developed for predicting the crack density in cross-ply laminates as a function of the applied laminate axial stress. An initial formulation for a cyclic matrix cracking criterion for cross-ply laminates is also discussed. For the monotonic loading case, a number of experimental data and well-known models are compared with the present study for validating the practical applicability of the ISV approach.

Teaching the Bill of Rights. A Guide for Upper Elementary and Middle School Teachers.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Lindquist, Tarry L.; And Others

To celebrate the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution, this curriculum illustrates the concepts of the Constitution and Bill of Rights through events and issues of the Pacific Northwest. The eight units of the curriculum include constitutional visions, the trial of Hershel C. Lyon: an environmental dilemma, comparison of rights around…

78 FR 29779 - Labor Affairs Council of the United States-Colombia Trade Promotion Agreement; Notice of Public...

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2013-05-21

..., ILAB, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW., Room S-5303, Washington, DC 20210; phone... Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20210. Exact room information will be provided upon arrival. FOR... Labor Affairs, U.S. Department of Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW., Room S-5303, Washington, DC 20210...

Public health law and disaster medicine: understanding the legal environment.

PubMed

Gionis, Thomas A; Wecht, Cyril; Marshall, Lewis W

2007-01-01

Disaster medicine specialists, policy makers, and the public often feel frustrated when they encounter the complex legal framework that surrounds public health emergencies and disasters. Such a framework is particularly difficult to understand when one considers that the federal government has no express powers over public health or disaster management. In fact, under the US Constitution, the states, rather than the federal government, possess public health governance. Although public health sovereignty formally resides within the states, and notwithstanding the federal government's lack of express constitutional powers over public health crises and disaster management, the federal government has gradually taken on a greater leadership role in managing public health emergencies. In order to clarify the state and federal responsibilities surrounding public health emergencies and disasters, this article explores necessary and pertinent legal topics. These topics include public health duties, public health disasters, state sovereignty, governmental coercion, de facto constitutional empowerment, separation of powers, limited powers, federalism, state police powers, general and federal declarations of emergencies, the Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA), and public health and national security.

Whole-Genome Screening of Newborns? The Constitutional Boundaries of State Newborn Screening Programs

PubMed Central

King, Jaime S.; Smith, Monica E.

2016-01-01

State newborn screening (NBS) programs routinely screen nearly all of the 4 million newborns in the United States each year for ~30 primary conditions and a number of secondary conditions. NBS could be on the cusp of an unprecedented expansion as a result of advances in whole-genome sequencing (WGS). As WGS becomes cheaper and easier and as our knowledge and understanding of human genetics expand, the question of whether WGS has a role to play in state NBS programs becomes increasingly relevant and complex. As geneticists and state public health officials begin to contemplate the technical and procedural details of whether WGS could benefit existing NBS programs, this is an opportune time to revisit the legal framework of state NBS programs. In this article, we examine the constitutional underpinnings of state-mandated NBS and explore the range of current state statutes and regulations that govern the programs. We consider the legal refinements that will be needed to keep state NBS programs within constitutional bounds, focusing on 2 areas of concern: consent procedures and the criteria used to select new conditions for NBS panels. We conclude by providing options for states to consider when contemplating the use of WGS for NBS. PMID:26729704

Bayesian Model Comparison for the Order Restricted RC Association Model

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Iliopoulos, G.; Kateri, M.; Ntzoufras, I.

2009-01-01

Association models constitute an attractive alternative to the usual log-linear models for modeling the dependence between classification variables. They impose special structure on the underlying association by assigning scores on the levels of each classification variable, which can be fixed or parametric. Under the general row-column (RC)…

Intraspecific variation in aphid resistance and constitutive phenolics exhibited by the wild blueberry Vaccinium darrowi.

PubMed

Ranger, C M; Singh, A P; Johnson-Cicalese, J; Polavarapu, S; Vorsa, N

2007-04-01

Illinoia pepperi (MacGillivray) infests cultivated highbush blueberries, Vaccinium corymbosum L., in the Northeastern United States. Allopatric resistance to I. pepperi was examined in Vaccinium darrowi Camp, which evolved in the absence of I. pepperi in the Southeastern U.S. V. corymbosum cv. "Elliott", was used as a susceptible control. Between population variability in I. pepperi resistance was assessed by measuring length of the prereproductive period, fecundity, and survivorship on 14 V. darrowi accessions representing 11 discrete wild populations. Length of I. pepperi's prereproductive period and survivorship were not significantly affected. However, differences were detected in fecundity and the intrinsic rate of increase (r ( m )). Within population variability in resistance was measured by confining first instars to 24 accessions from a single wild population of V. darrowi (NJ88-06). Significant differences in the mean total number of aphids occurring after 20 d were only detected between 2 of the 24 V. darrowi accessions. A greater degree of diversity in I. pepperi resistance exists between populations of V. darrowi compared to within a population. Constitutive leaf and stem polyphenolics were identified by HPLC-MS and quantified from 14 of the V. darrowi accessions. The accessions varied in concentrations of five phenolic acids and seven flavonol glycosides, but a correlation was not found between individual or total phenolics and aphid performance. Overall, screening within and between populations of V. darrowi identified promising sources of aphid resistance, but phenolic acid and flavonol glycoside profiles did not predict resistance levels. The mechanism of resistance remains to be identified.

Multiscale Simulation of Microbe Structure and Dynamics

PubMed Central

Joshi, Harshad; Singharoy, Abhishek; Sereda, Yuriy V.; Cheluvaraja, Srinath C.; Ortoleva, Peter J.

2012-01-01

A multiscale mathematical and computational approach is developed that captures the hierarchical organization of a microbe. It is found that a natural perspective for understanding a microbe is in terms of a hierarchy of variables at various levels of resolution. This hierarchy starts with the N -atom description and terminates with order parameters characterizing a whole microbe. This conceptual framework is used to guide the analysis of the Liouville equation for the probability density of the positions and momenta of the N atoms constituting the microbe and its environment. Using multiscale mathematical techniques, we derive equations for the co-evolution of the order parameters and the probability density of the N-atom state. This approach yields a rigorous way to transfer information between variables on different space-time scales. It elucidates the interplay between equilibrium and far-from-equilibrium processes underlying microbial behavior. It also provides framework for using coarse-grained nanocharacterization data to guide microbial simulation. It enables a methodical search for free-energy minimizing structures, many of which are typically supported by the set of macromolecules and membranes constituting a given microbe. This suite of capabilities provides a natural framework for arriving at a fundamental understanding of microbial behavior, the analysis of nanocharacterization data, and the computer-aided design of nanostructures for biotechnical and medical purposes. Selected features of the methodology are demonstrated using our multiscale bionanosystem simulator DeductiveMultiscaleSimulator. Systems used to demonstrate the approach are structural transitions in the cowpea chlorotic mosaic virus, RNA of satellite tobacco mosaic virus, virus-like particles related to human papillomavirus, and iron-binding protein lactoferrin. PMID:21802438

Sensor fault diagnosis of singular delayed LPV systems with inexact parameters: an uncertain system approach

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hassanabadi, Amir Hossein; Shafiee, Masoud; Puig, Vicenc

2018-01-01

In this paper, sensor fault diagnosis of a singular delayed linear parameter varying (LPV) system is considered. In the considered system, the model matrices are dependent on some parameters which are real-time measurable. The case of inexact parameter measurements is considered which is close to real situations. Fault diagnosis in this system is achieved via fault estimation. For this purpose, an augmented system is created by including sensor faults as additional system states. Then, an unknown input observer (UIO) is designed which estimates both the system states and the faults in the presence of measurement noise, disturbances and uncertainty induced by inexact measured parameters. Error dynamics and the original system constitute an uncertain system due to inconsistencies between real and measured values of the parameters. Then, the robust estimation of the system states and the faults are achieved with H∞ performance and formulated with a set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). The designed UIO is also applicable for fault diagnosis of singular delayed LPV systems with unmeasurable scheduling variables. The efficiency of the proposed approach is illustrated with an example.

Bicentennial of the United States Constitution: A Resource Guide. Supplement II: 1989. The Establishment of the Federal Government and National Defense.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Office of the Special Assistant for the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution (Army), Washington, DC.

The Department of the Army has been chosen to be the executive agent for the Department of Defense (DOD) programs celebrating the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution. The DOD commemorative focus is fourfold: (1) to demonstrate the role and relationships of the military in national government; (2) to provide educational and historical…

Constitutional War Powers: The Functional Relevance of the War Powers Debate

DTIC Science & Technology

2005-01-01

other mutual security organizations on Constitutional war powers? Congressman Vito Marcantonio (American Labor Party-New York...John F . Kennedy, President of the United States, News Conference 43 at State Department Auditorium, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1962, <http...its pursuit of legitimization would come from that of the next five Presidents. 51 Mitchell v. Laird, 488 F .2d 611 (1973

From the Civil War to 9/11: Democracy and the Right to a Fair Trial

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marcus, Alan S.

2011-01-01

In the United States, the right to a fair trial is protected by the Constitution. The ideal of justice is a critical underpinning of the democracy. However, while the United States is a model of an honorable and just court system most of the time, our constitutional rights are occasionally stretched or broken. The rationale is often national…

Affidavit and Flyers from the Chinese Boycott Case. The Constitution Community: The Development of the Industrial United States (1870-1900).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Greene, Mary Frances

Under Article I, Section 8, Clause 4, of the United States Constitution, the U.S. Congress is granted the power to "establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization." With passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882, Congress exercised this authority, denying the rights of citizenship to all Chinese immigrants. The Chinese Boycott Case…

Federal Textbook on Citizenship. Our Constitution and Government: Lessons on the Constitution and Government of the United States for Use in the Public Schools by Candidates for Citizenship.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Seckler-Hudson, Catheryn

Thirty lessons, including 60 illustrations of maps and charts, provide a study framework for candidates preparing for their naturalization examinations as applicants for U. S. citizenship. Representative government is described in terms of group associations, comparing family, community, church, school, city, state, and national organization. The…

Effects of doping impurity and growth orientation on dislocation generation in GaAs crystals grown from the melt: A qualitative finite-element study

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zhu, X. A.; Tsai, C. T.

2000-09-01

Dislocations in gallium arsenide (GaAs) crystals are generated by excessive thermal stresses induced during the crystal growth process. The presence of dislocations has adverse effects on the performance and reliability of the GaAs-based devices. It is well known that dislocation density can be significantly reduced by doping impurity atoms into a GaAs crystal during its growth process. A viscoplastic constitutive equation that couples the microscopic dislocation density with the macroscopic plastic deformation is employed in a crystallographic finite element model for calculating the dislocation density generated in the GaAs crystal during its growth process. The dislocation density is considered as an internal state variable and the drag stress caused by doping impurity is included in this constitutive equation. A GaAs crystal grown by the vertical Bridgman process is adopted as an example to study the influences of doping impurity and growth orientation on dislocation generation. The calculated results show that doping impurity can significantly reduce the dislocation density generated in the crystal. The level of reduction is also influenced by the growth orientation during the crystal growth process.

Variability in PAH-DNA adduct measurements in peripheral mononuclear cells: implications for quantitative cancer risk assessment.

PubMed

Dickey, C; Santella, R M; Hattis, D; Tang, D; Hsu, Y; Cooper, T; Young, T L; Perera, F P

1997-10-01

Biomarkers such as DNA adducts have significant potential to improve quantitative risk assessment by characterizing individual differences in metabolism of genotoxins and DNA repair and accounting for some of the factors that could affect interindividual variation in cancer risk. Inherent uncertainty in laboratory measurements and within-person variability of DNA adduct levels over time are putatively unrelated to cancer risk and should be subtracted from observed variation to better estimate interindividual variability of response to carcinogen exposure. A total of 41 volunteers, both smokers and nonsmokers, were asked to provide a peripheral blood sample every 3 weeks for several months in order to specifically assess intraindividual variability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adduct levels. The intraindividual variance in PAH-DNA adduct levels, together with measurement uncertainty (laboratory variability and unaccounted for differences in exposure), constituted roughly 30% of the overall variance. An estimated 70% of the total variance was contributed by interindividual variability and is probably representative of the true biologic variability of response to carcinogenic exposure in lymphocytes. The estimated interindividual variability in DNA damage after subtracting intraindividual variability and measurement uncertainty was 24-fold. Inter-individual variance was higher (52-fold) in persons who constitutively lack the Glutathione S-Transferase M1 (GSTM1) gene which is important in the detoxification pathway of PAH. Risk assessment models that do not consider the variability of susceptibility to DNA damage following carcinogen exposure may underestimate risks to the general population, especially for those people who are most vulnerable.

The Constitution and the Independent Sector. Working Papers. Proceedings of the Spring Research Forum (New York, New York, March 19-20, 1987).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Independent Sector, Washington, DC.

A collection of 33 working papers for presentation at a research forum on the Constitution and the independent sector is presented. Thirteen sections cover: (1) the Constitution--"The Metapolitical Role of Voluntary Organizations in the United States" (Hall), "The Evolution of the Law of Nonprofit Organizations" (Hansmann); (2)…

3 CFR 8562 - Proclamation 8562 of September 16, 2010. Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, Constitution Week...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... times of prosperity and peace, and guiding us through the depths of internal conflict and war. Because... 3 The President 1 2011-01-01 2011-01-01 false Proclamation 8562 of September 16, 2010..., Constitution Week, 2010By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation The summer of 1787 was a...

3 CFR 8714 - Proclamation 8714 of September 16, 2011. Constitution Day and Citizenship Day, Constitution Week...

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

..., keeping our leaders true to America’s highest ideals and guaranteeing the fundamental rights that make our... America’s promise to citizens of every race, gender, and creed. Americans are defined not by bloodlines or..., Constitution Week, 2011By the President of the United States of America A Proclamation In the summer of 1787...

Reaffirming Diversity: A Legal Analysis of the University of Michigan Affirmative Action Cases. A Joint Statement of Constitutional Law Scholars.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Harvard Civil Rights Project, Cambridge, MA.

On June 23, 2003, the United States Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of race-conscious admissions policies designed to promote diversity in higher education. The Grutter versus Bollinger decision upheld the University of Michigan Law School race-conscious admissions policy as constitutional. However, in Gratz versus Bollinger, it held…

Constitutional Law: Right of Privacy--Possession of Marijuana

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Rohrer, David E.

1976-01-01

The Alaska Supreme Court in Ravin v. State accepted the defendant's contention that the prohibition of possession of marihuana infringed on his constitutional right to privacy. The significance of the case is discussed. (LBH)

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Neugebauer, Randy [R-TX-19

2010-05-26

House - 07/26/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

A size-dependent constitutive model of bulk metallic glasses in the supercooled liquid region

PubMed Central

Yao, Di; Deng, Lei; Zhang, Mao; Wang, Xinyun; Tang, Na; Li, Jianjun

2015-01-01

Size effect is of great importance in micro forming processes. In this paper, micro cylinder compression was conducted to investigate the deformation behavior of bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) in supercooled liquid region with different deformation variables including sample size, temperature and strain rate. It was found that the elastic and plastic behaviors of BMGs have a strong dependence on the sample size. The free volume and defect concentration were introduced to explain the size effect. In order to demonstrate the influence of deformation variables on steady stress, elastic modulus and overshoot phenomenon, four size-dependent factors were proposed to construct a size-dependent constitutive model based on the Maxwell-pulse type model previously presented by the authors according to viscosity theory and free volume model. The proposed constitutive model was then adopted in finite element method simulations, and validated by comparing the micro cylinder compression and micro double cup extrusion experimental data with the numerical results. Furthermore, the model provides a new approach to understanding the size-dependent plastic deformation behavior of BMGs. PMID:25626690

Draft of the U.S. Constitution (August 1787) and Schedule of the Compensation of the Senate of the United States (March 1791)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hussey, Michael; Greenhut, Stephanie

2011-01-01

This article features two documents which can serve as a starting point for a lesson on public service while students debate the amount of pay that public servants should receive. These are: (1) the printed draft of the Constitution showing George Washington's handwritten corrections that eliminated state payments and included the phrase "to be…

The Civil War as Photographed by Mathew Brady. The Constitution Community: Civil War and Reconstruction (1850-1870).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Perry, Douglas

Many historians call the Civil War the central event in U.S. history. The formation of the U.S. Constitution corrected the autonomy of individual states that the Articles of Confederation did not harness. The young country struggled for 75 years to find a graceful balance between the power of the federal government and that of the states. The…

Statement before the Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, on the Operations of the United States Commission on Civil Rights.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Anderson, William J.

This report presents the findings of an investigation and audit of certain aspects of the operations of the United States Commission on Civil Rights commissioned by the Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Civil and Constitutional Rights. First, each allegation made against the Commission is briefly outlined and then findings are discussed…

Fetal pain, abortion, viability, and the Constitution.

PubMed

Cohen, I Glenn; Sayeed, Sadath

2011-01-01

In early 2010, the Nebraska state legislature passed a new abortion restricting law asserting a new, compelling state interest in preventing fetal pain. In this article, we review existing constitutional abortion doctrine and note difficulties presented by persistent legal attention to a socially derived viability construct. We then offer a substantive biological, ethical, and legal critique of the new fetal pain rationale. © 2011 American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics, Inc.

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to abolish the Electoral College and provide for the direct election of the President and Vice President by the popular vote of all citizens of the United States regardless of place of residence.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing the "Doris 'Granny D' Haddock Amendment of 2010" to the Constitution of the United States regarding the authority of Congress and the States to regulate the spending and activities of corporations with regard to political campaigns and campaigns for election for public office.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hodes, Paul W. [D-NH-2

2010-04-14

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The role of ENSO in understanding changes in Colombia's annual malaria burden by region, 1960–2006

PubMed Central

Mantilla, Gilma; Oliveros, Hugo; Barnston, Anthony G

2009-01-01

Background Malaria remains a serious problem in Colombia. The number of malaria cases is governed by multiple climatic and non-climatic factors. Malaria control policies, and climate controls such as rainfall and temperature variations associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have been associated with malaria case numbers. Using historical climate data and annual malaria case number data from 1960 to 2006, statistical models are developed to isolate the effects of climate in each of Colombia's five contrasting geographical regions. Methods Because year to year climate variability associated with ENSO causes interannual variability in malaria case numbers, while changes in population and institutional control policy result in more gradual trends, the chosen predictors in the models are annual indices of the ENSO state (sea surface temperature [SST] in the tropical Pacific Ocean) and time reference indices keyed to two major malaria trends during the study period. Two models were used: a Poisson and a Negative Binomial regression model. Two ENSO indices, two time reference indices, and one dummy variable are chosen as candidate predictors. The analysis was conducted using the five geographical regions to match the similar aggregation used by the National Institute of Health for its official reports. Results The Negative Binomial regression model is found better suited to the malaria cases in Colombia. Both the trend variables and the ENSO measures are significant predictors of malaria case numbers in Colombia as a whole, and in two of the five regions. A one degree Celsius change in SST (indicating a weak to moderate ENSO event) is seen to translate to an approximate 20% increase in malaria cases, holding other variables constant. Conclusion Regional differentiation in the role of ENSO in understanding changes in Colombia's annual malaria burden during 1960–2006 was found, constituting a new approach to use ENSO as a significant predictor of the malaria cases in Colombia. These results naturally point to additional needed work: (1) refining the regional and seasonal dependence of climate on the ENSO state, and of malaria on the climate variables; (2) incorporating ENSO-related climate variability into dynamic malaria models. PMID:19133152

The Blessings of Liberty. User's Guide.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

American Historical Association, Washington, DC.

The story of the United States Constitution is told in 12 posters: "The Blessings of Liberty"; "The Articles of Confederation"; "A 'Less Perfect' Union, 1781-1788"; "The Constitutional Convention"; "The Founders' Achievement"; "The Anti-Federalist Argument"; "Ratification";…

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Bright, Bobby [D-AL-2

2010-03-02

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Goodlatte, Bob [R-VA-6

2009-01-06

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Terry, Lee [R-NE-2

2010-06-16

House - 07/26/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Buchanan, Vern [R-FL-13

2009-04-22

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Actions Speak Louder than Words: A Behavioral Analysis of 183 Individuals Convicted for Terrorist Offenses in the United States from 1995 to 2012.

PubMed

Horgan, John; Shortland, Neil; Abbasciano, Suzzette; Walsh, Shaun

2016-09-01

Involvement in terrorism has traditionally been discussed in relatively simplistic ways with little effort spent on developing a deeper understanding of what involvement actually entails, and how it differs from person to person. In this paper, we present the results of a three-year project focused on 183 individuals associated with the global jihadist movement who were convicted in the United States, for terrorist offenses, between 1995 and 2012. These data were developed by a large-scale, open-source data collection activity that involved a coding dictionary of more than 120 variables. We identify and explore the diversity of behaviors that constitute involvement in terrorism. We also compare lone actors and those who acted as part of a group, finding that lone actors differed from group-based actors in key demographic attributes and were more likely to be involved in attack execution behaviors. Implications for counterterrorism are then discussed. © 2016 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Internal and forced eddy variability in the Labrador Sea

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Bracco, A.; Luo, H.; Zhong, Y.; Lilly, J.

2009-04-01

Water mass transformation in the Labrador Sea, widely believed to be one of the key regions in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), now appears to be strongly impacted by vortex dynamics of the unstable boundary current. Large interannual variations in both eddy shedding and buoyancy transport from the boundary current have been observed but not explained, and are apparently sensitive to the state of the inflowing current. Heat and salinity fluxes associated with the eddies drive ventilation changes not accounted for by changes in local surface forcing, particularly during occasional years of extreme eddy activity, and constitute a predominant source of "internal" oceanic variability. The nature of this variable eddy-driven restratification is one of the outstanding questions along the northern transformation pathway. Here we investigate the eddy generation mechanism and the associated buoyancy fluxes by combining realistic and idealized numerical modeling, data analysis, and theory. Theory, supported by idealized experiments, provides criteria to test hypotheses as to the vortex formation process (by baroclinic instability linked to the bottom topography). Ensembles of numerical experiments with a high-resolution regional model (ROMS) allow for quantifying the sensitivity of eddy generation and property transport to variations in local and external forcing parameters. For the first time, we reproduce with a numerical simulation the observed interannual variability in the eddy kinetic energy in the convective region of the Labrador Basin and along the West Greenland Current.

Address of the Honorable Edwin Meese III, Attorney General of the United States, at the American Studies Center Bicentennial Program.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Meese, Edwin, III

There has been a renaissance of scholarship during the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution. Continued implementation of the Constitution requires that its text, its structure, and its principles be widely known and respectfully understood. U.S. citizens need to respect the Constitution as it was understood by those who framed it. Underlying the…

Towards thermomechanics of fractal media

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ostoja-Starzewski, Martin

2007-11-01

Hans Ziegler’s thermomechanics [1,2,3], established half a century ago, is extended to fractal media on the basis of a recently introduced continuum mechanics due to Tarasov [14,15]. Employing the concept of internal (kinematic) variables and internal stresses, as well as the quasiconservative and dissipative stresses, a field form of the second law of thermodynamics is derived. In contradistinction to the conventional Clausius Duhem inequality, it involves generalized rates of strain and internal variables. Upon introducing a dissipation function and postulating the thermodynamic orthogonality on any lengthscale, constitutive laws of elastic-dissipative fractal media naturally involving generalized derivatives of strain and stress can then be derived. This is illustrated on a model viscoelastic material. Also generalized to fractal bodies is the Hill condition necessary for homogenization of their constitutive responses.

A thermomechanical constitutive model for cemented granular materials with quantifiable internal variables. Part I-Theory

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Tengattini, Alessandro; Das, Arghya; Nguyen, Giang D.; Viggiani, Gioacchino; Hall, Stephen A.; Einav, Itai

2014-10-01

This is the first of two papers introducing a novel thermomechanical continuum constitutive model for cemented granular materials. Here, we establish the theoretical foundations of the model, and highlight its novelties. At the limit of no cement, the model is fully consistent with the original Breakage Mechanics model. An essential ingredient of the model is the use of measurable and micro-mechanics based internal variables, describing the evolution of the dominant inelastic processes. This imposes a link between the macroscopic mechanical behavior and the statistically averaged evolution of the microstructure. As a consequence this model requires only a few physically identifiable parameters, including those of the original breakage model and new ones describing the cement: its volume fraction, its critical damage energy and bulk stiffness, and the cohesion.

Toward the Computational Representation of Individual Cultural, Cognitive, and Physiological State: The Sensor Shooter Simulation

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

RAYBOURN,ELAINE M.; FORSYTHE,JAMES C.

2001-08-01

This report documents an exploratory FY 00 LDRD project that sought to demonstrate the first steps toward a realistic computational representation of the variability encountered in individual human behavior. Realism, as conceptualized in this project, required that the human representation address the underlying psychological, cultural, physiological, and environmental stressors. The present report outlines the researchers' approach to representing cognitive, cultural, and physiological variability of an individual in an ambiguous situation while faced with a high-consequence decision that would greatly impact subsequent events. The present project was framed around a sensor-shooter scenario as a soldier interacts with an unexpected target (twomore » young Iraqi girls). A software model of the ''Sensor Shooter'' scenario from Desert Storm was developed in which the framework consisted of a computational instantiation of Recognition Primed Decision Making in the context of a Naturalistic Decision Making model [1]. Recognition Primed Decision Making was augmented with an underlying foundation based on our current understanding of human neurophysiology and its relationship to human cognitive processes. While the Gulf War scenario that constitutes the framework for the Sensor Shooter prototype is highly specific, the human decision architecture and the subsequent simulation are applicable to other problems similar in concept, intensity, and degree of uncertainty. The goal was to provide initial steps toward a computational representation of human variability in cultural, cognitive, and physiological state in order to attain a better understanding of the full depth of human decision-making processes in the context of ambiguity, novelty, and heightened arousal.« less

Public health and the Australian Constitution.

PubMed

Reynolds, C

1995-06-01

The powers vested in the Commonwealth Government by the Constitution contain the basis of much public health law in Australia. Yet this is not often recognised; public health law is generally, and historically, seen as the states' responsibility. This article surveys the broad range of constitutional powers that the Commonwealth Government can rely upon to make public health laws. It considers areas of power specified in the Constitution, such as those with respect to external affairs and corporations. Decisions of the High Court have interpreted the various heads of power very broadly and have significantly enhanced the potential of the Commonwealth to pass detailed and far-reaching public health law. To this fact must be added the taxation arrangements in Australia and, with these, the very extensive control that the Commonwealth can exercise through its monopoly of major taxation sources. Its power to make financial arrangements can tie dependent states into specific policies (including public health policies) as a condition of the grants made to them. However, these broad powers may be limited in some important respects: the High Court is increasingly identifying rights and freedoms in the Constitution that may increasingly bring both state and Commonwealth public health law under challenge. Despite this possibility, the Commonwealth may prove to be our most significant source of public health law, and public health policy makers should recognise the full potential of its power to make such laws.

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to Congressional succession.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Rohrabacher, Dana [R-CA-46

2009-05-20

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to marriage.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Broun, Paul C. [R-GA-10

2009-05-07

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to marriage.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Lungren, Daniel E. [R-CA-3

2009-03-04

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to control spending.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hensarling, Jeb [R-TX-5

2010-03-03

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to parental rights.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hoekstra, Peter [R-MI-2

2009-03-31

House - 04/27/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Compensation for noise damaged property.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1974-01-01

The U.S. Constitution and the constitution of every state, except North Carolina, requires "just compensation" to be made for property taken by eminent domain. Courts both in Virginia and elsewhere have taken a very narrow view of this requirement wh...

The Constitutionality of the K-12 Funding System in Illinois, Volume I: Legal Issues. MacArthur/Spencer Series Number 3.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Franklin, David L.; And Others

This is volume I of a two-volume study of the constitutionality of the K-12 funding system in Illinois. In this volume, seven steps are presented in the issues and outcomes of the major judicial challenges to systems of state aid to public schools. The first chapter looks at the history of state aid litigation up to the time California became the…

Parental Refusal of Childhood Vaccines and Medical Neglect Laws.

PubMed

Parasidis, Efthimios; Opel, Douglas J

2017-01-01

To examine the relation of vaccine refusal and medical neglect under child welfare laws. We used the Westlaw legal database to search court opinions from 1905 to 2016 and identified cases in which vaccine refusal was the sole or a primary reason in a neglect proceeding. We also delineated if religious or philosophical exemptions from required school immunizations were available at the time of adjudication. Our search yielded 9 cases from 5 states. Most courts (7 of 9) considered vaccine refusal to constitute neglect. In the 4 cases decided in jurisdictions that permitted religious exemptions, courts either found that vaccine refusal did not constitute neglect or considered it neglect only in the absence of a sincere religious objection to vaccination. Some states have a legal precedent for considering parental vaccine refusal as medical neglect, but this is based on a small number of cases. Each state should clarify whether, under its laws, vaccine refusal constitutes medical neglect.

A mechanics framework for a progressive failure methodology for laminated composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Harris, Charles E.; Allen, David H.; Lo, David C.

1989-01-01

A laminate strength and life prediction methodology has been postulated for laminated composites which accounts for the progressive development of microstructural damage to structural failure. A damage dependent constitutive model predicts the stress redistribution in an average sense that accompanies damage development in laminates. Each mode of microstructural damage is represented by a second-order tensor valued internal state variable which is a strain like quantity. The mechanics framework together with the global-local strategy for predicting laminate strength and life is presented in the paper. The kinematic effects of damage are represented by effective engineering moduli in the global analysis and the results of the global analysis provide the boundary conditions for the local ply level stress analysis. Damage evolution laws are based on experimental results.

42 CFR 436.403 - State residence.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... individual and the individual's family would constitute arranging or making a State placement. However, the... adoptive parent(s) move into another State. (k) Continued Medicaid for institutionalized recipients. An...

Mechanics of deformations in terms of scalar variables

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ryabov, Valeriy A.

2017-05-01

Theory of particle and continuous mechanics is developed which allows a treatment of pure deformation in terms of the set of variables "coordinate-momentum-force" instead of the standard treatment in terms of tensor-valued variables "strain-stress." This approach is quite natural for a microscopic description of atomic system, according to which only pointwise forces caused by the stress act to atoms making a body deform. The new concept starts from affine transformation of spatial to material coordinates in terms of the stretch tensor or its analogs. Thus, three principal stretches and three angles related to their orientation form a set of six scalar variables to describe deformation. Instead of volume-dependent potential used in the standard theory, which requires conditions of equilibrium for surface and body forces acting to a volume element, a potential dependent on scalar variables is introduced. A consistent introduction of generalized force associated with this potential becomes possible if a deformed body is considered to be confined on the surface of torus having six genuine dimensions. Strain, constitutive equations and other fundamental laws of the continuum and particle mechanics may be neatly rewritten in terms of scalar variables. Giving a new presentation for finite deformation new approach provides a full treatment of hyperelasticity including anisotropic case. Derived equations of motion generate a new kind of thermodynamical ensemble in terms of constant tension forces. In this ensemble, six internal deformation forces proportional to the components of Irving-Kirkwood stress are controlled by applied external forces. In thermodynamical limit, instead of the pressure and volume as state variables, this ensemble employs deformation force measured in kelvin unit and stretch ratio.

Characteristics of shear damage for 60Sn-40Pb solder material

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Fang, H.E.; Chow, C.L.; Wei, Y.

This paper presents an investigation of the development of a continuum damage model capable of accurately analyzing shear damage in 60Sn-40Pb solder material. Based on the theory of damage mechanics, an internal state variable known as the damage variable is introduced to characterize material degradation caused by the change of material microstructures under load. A damage surface in stress space is proposed to quantify damage initiation and its successive expanding surfaces to represent damage hardening. With the aid of irreversible thermodynamics, the damage-coupled constitutive equations and the damage evolution equations are established. A failure criterion is proposed based on themore » accumulation of overall damage in the material. The damage model is implemented in a general purpose finite element program ABAQUS through its user-defined material subroutine UMAT. The program is applied to predict shear deformation in a notched specimen. The predicted failure mode and maximum load agree well with those measured experimentally. The effect of finite element meshing on the numerical results is also examined and discussed.« less

Canadian Constitutional Guarantee of "Liberty" as It Affects Education and Children.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Khan, Anwar N.

1993-01-01

The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution stipulates that no person is to be deprived of liberty without due process of law. Examines the Canadian courts' interpretations of "liberty" as it applies to education and children. (MLF)

The Rights of Aliens

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Gordon, Charles

1978-01-01

Aliens have considerable rights and benefits in the United States. They are entitled to the protections of the Constitution. However, the nature of the Constitutional protections may vary with the alien's status, as a permanent resident or as a temporary or irregular resident. (NQ)

The Anatomy of a Constitutional Tort.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Horner, Jeffrey J.

1988-01-01

Given state law barriers to recovery for the negligence of public officials, redress is often sought in federal courts. Discusses the concept of "constitutional tort" and analyzes the various components and the elements that must be satisfied before recovery is allowed. (MLF)

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to authorize the line item veto.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Platts, Todd Russell [R-PA-19

2009-01-08

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States regarding the right to vote.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to voluntary school prayer.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Emerson, Jo Ann [R-MO-8

2009-01-07

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to balance the Federal budget.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Broun, Paul C. [R-GA-10

2010-01-27

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Analytical Modeling of the High Strain Rate Deformation of Polymer Matrix Composites

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Goldberg, Robert K.; Roberts, Gary D.; Gilat, Amos

2003-01-01

The results presented here are part of an ongoing research program to develop strain rate dependent deformation and failure models for the analysis of polymer matrix composites subject to high strain rate impact loads. State variable constitutive equations originally developed for metals have been modified in order to model the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymeric matrix materials. To account for the effects of hydrostatic stresses, which are significant in polymers, the classical 5 plasticity theory definitions of effective stress and effective plastic strain are modified by applying variations of the Drucker-Prager yield criterion. To verify the revised formulation, the shear and tensile deformation of a representative toughened epoxy is analyzed across a wide range of strain rates (from quasi-static to high strain rates) and the results are compared to experimentally obtained values. For the analyzed polymers, both the tensile and shear stress-strain curves computed using the analytical model correlate well with values obtained through experimental tests. The polymer constitutive equations are implemented within a strength of materials based micromechanics method to predict the nonlinear, strain rate dependent deformation of polymer matrix composites. In the micromechanics, the unit cell is divided up into a number of independently analyzed slices, and laminate theory is then applied to obtain the effective deformation of the unit cell. The composite mechanics are verified by analyzing the deformation of a representative polymer matrix composite (composed using the representative polymer analyzed for the correlation of the polymer constitutive equations) for several fiber orientation angles across a variety of strain rates. The computed values compare favorably to experimentally obtained results.

The Effect of High-pressure Densification on Ballistic-penetration Resistance of a Soda-lime Glass

DTIC Science & Technology

2011-01-01

equation of state and the strength constitutive laws of an existing material model for glass. This was fol- lowed by a set of transient non-linear... of irreversible densification. These relations are next used to upgrade the equation of state and the strength constitutive laws of an existing...its effect on the conti- nuum-level pressure versus degree- of -compression (the negative of volumetric strain) relation, also known as the

Potential Activities of Freshwater Exo- and Endo-Acting Extracellular Peptidases in East Tennessee and the Pocono Mountains.

PubMed

Mullen, Lauren; Boerrigter, Kim; Ferriero, Nicholas; Rosalsky, Jeff; Barrett, Abigail van Buren; Murray, Patrick J; Steen, Andrew D

2018-01-01

Proteins constitute a particularly bioavailable subset of organic carbon and nitrogen in aquatic environments but must be hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes prior to being metabolized by microorganisms. Activities of extracellular peptidases (protein-degrading enzymes) have frequently been assayed in freshwater systems, but such studies have been limited to substrates for a single enzyme [leucyl aminopeptidase (Leu-AP)] out of more than 300 biochemically recognized peptidases. Here, we report kinetic measurements of extracellular hydrolysis of five substrates in 28 freshwater bodies in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in the Pocono Mountains (PA, United States) and near Knoxville (TN, United States), between 2013 and 2016. The assays putatively test for four aminopeptidases (arginyl aminopeptidase, glyclyl aminopeptidase, Leu-AP, and pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase), which cleave N -terminal amino acids from proteins, and trypsin, an endopeptidase, which cleaves proteins mid-chain. Aminopeptidase and the trypsin-like activity were observed in all water bodies, indicating that a diverse set of peptidases is typical in freshwater. However, ratios of peptidase activities were variable among sites: aminopeptidases dominated at some sites and trypsin-like activity at others. At a given site, the ratios remained fairly consistent over time, indicating that they are driven by ecological factors. Studies in which only Leu-AP activity is measured may underestimate the total peptidolytic capacity of an environment, due to the variable contribution of endopeptidases.

Potential Activities of Freshwater Exo- and Endo-Acting Extracellular Peptidases in East Tennessee and the Pocono Mountains

PubMed Central

Mullen, Lauren; Boerrigter, Kim; Ferriero, Nicholas; Rosalsky, Jeff; Barrett, Abigail van Buren; Murray, Patrick J.; Steen, Andrew D.

2018-01-01

Proteins constitute a particularly bioavailable subset of organic carbon and nitrogen in aquatic environments but must be hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes prior to being metabolized by microorganisms. Activities of extracellular peptidases (protein-degrading enzymes) have frequently been assayed in freshwater systems, but such studies have been limited to substrates for a single enzyme [leucyl aminopeptidase (Leu-AP)] out of more than 300 biochemically recognized peptidases. Here, we report kinetic measurements of extracellular hydrolysis of five substrates in 28 freshwater bodies in the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area in the Pocono Mountains (PA, United States) and near Knoxville (TN, United States), between 2013 and 2016. The assays putatively test for four aminopeptidases (arginyl aminopeptidase, glyclyl aminopeptidase, Leu-AP, and pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase), which cleave N-terminal amino acids from proteins, and trypsin, an endopeptidase, which cleaves proteins mid-chain. Aminopeptidase and the trypsin-like activity were observed in all water bodies, indicating that a diverse set of peptidases is typical in freshwater. However, ratios of peptidase activities were variable among sites: aminopeptidases dominated at some sites and trypsin-like activity at others. At a given site, the ratios remained fairly consistent over time, indicating that they are driven by ecological factors. Studies in which only Leu-AP activity is measured may underestimate the total peptidolytic capacity of an environment, due to the variable contribution of endopeptidases. PMID:29559961

Estrellas variables en campos de cúmulos abiertos galácticos detectadas en el relevamiento VVV

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Palma, T.; Dékany, I.; Clariá, J. J.; Minniti, D.; Alonso-García, J. A.; Ramírez Alegría, S.; Bonatto, C.

2016-08-01

The present project constitutes a massive search for variable stars in the field of open clusters projected on highly reddened regions of the galactic disk and bulge. This search is being performed using -, - and -band observations of the near-infrared variability Survey Vista variables in the Via Lactea. We present the first results obtained in four open clusters projected on the Galactic bulge. The new variables discovered in the current work, 182 in total, are classified on the basis of their light curves and their locations in the corresponding color-magnitude diagrams. Among the newly discovered variable stars, Cepheids, RR Lyrae, Scuti, eclipsing binaries and other types have been found.

8 CFR 1244.18 - Issuance of charging documents; detention.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... seek such a waiver in deportation or exclusion proceedings. The charging document shall constitute... JUSTICE IMMIGRATION REGULATIONS TEMPORARY PROTECTED STATUS FOR NATIONALS OF DESIGNATED STATES § 1244.18... of deportation or exclusion against an alien granted Temporary Protected Status shall constitute a...

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to protect the rights of crime victims.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Stupak, Bart [D-MI-1

2009-07-09

House - 08/19/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the sixteenth article of amendment.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. King, Steve [R-IA-5

2009-01-08

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The American Civil-Military Relationship: A Delicate Balance

DTIC Science & Technology

2008-01-01

important Constitutional safeguards consistent with the separation of powers . The power to control appropriations to the national military...existence of a functional Constitution system prevented the emerging standing army from wresting control of the United States through the separation of powers . A

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to equal rights for men and women.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Maloney, Carolyn B. [D-NY-14

2009-07-21

House - 10/19/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to equality of rights and reproductive rights.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

A Proposal for a Civics Study Program

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Marcus, Stuart Paul; Richman, Paul Jeffrey

1978-01-01

Two high school students recommend a civics study program which would include (1) a required course on governmental structure, responsibilities, and the U.S. Constitution, and (2) elective courses on crime, juvenile delinquency, state and local government, and history of constitutional law. (AV)

Invictus: Five Advocacy Presentations on Educational Fiscal Policy in Illinois Including Material Relating to the Attempt To Establish Education as a Fundamental Constitutional Right in 1992.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hickrod, George Alan Karnes Wallis; Pruyne, Gwen, Ed.

This monograph contains five presentations delivered during the course of an attempt made in November 1992 to amend the state constitution of Illinois in such a way as to make education a fundamental constitutional right. The effort failed to garner the 60 percent of the vote required to pass the amendment. These presentations made a strong…

Charters, Constitutions and By-Laws of the Indian Tribes of North America; Part III: The Southwest (Apache--Mohave). Occasional Publications in Anthropology Ethnology Series No. 4.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Fay, George E., Comp.

The Museum of Anthropology of the University of Northern Colorado (formerly known as Colorado State College) has assembled a large number of Indian tribal charters, constitutions, and by-laws to be reproduced as a series of publications. Included in this volume are the amended charter and constitution of the Jicarilla Apache Tribe, Dulce, New…

Geophysics and Nanosciences: Nano to Micro to Meso to Macro Scale Swelling Soils

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cushman, J.

2003-04-01

We use statistical mechanical simulations of nanoporous materials to motivate a choice of independent constitutive variables for a multiscale mixture theory of swelling soils. A video will illustrate the structural behavior of fluids in nanopores when they are adsorbed from a bulk phase vapor to form capillaries on the nanoscale. These simulations suggest that when a swelling soil is very dry, the full strain tensor for the liquid phase should be included in the list of independent variables in any mixture theory. We use this information to develop a three-scale (micro, meso, macro) mixture theory for swelling soils. For a simplified case, we present the underlying multiscale field equations and constitutive theory, solve the resultant well posed system numerically, and present some graphical results for a drying and shrinking body.

Microplastic bases for constitutive characterization of aluminum alloys and their correlation to sheet formability

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Diak, Bradley James

Forming limit predictions that incorporate crystal plasticity models still cannot adequately predict the deformation performance of polycrystalline materials. The reason for the limitation in predictive power is that the constitutive equations used to connect to the atomic scale assume an affine deformation which do not have a physical basis, but give general trends. This study was undertaken to better elucidate the microplastic process and how it manifests itself phenomenologically. In this endeavour, the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress was identified as one parameter that greatly affects the forming limit. Hence, an attempt was made to properly define and measure the strain rate sensitivity according to the dictates of thermodynamics. The thermodynamics of systems can delineate the evolution of the state of a material if the state variables can be characterized and measured. Inevitably, these variables must be determined at constant structure. Using the theory of thermally activated flow, where the movement of dislocations past obstacles is the rate controlling step, the mechanical testing techniques have been designed to statistically assess the dynamic evolution of the microstructure by controlling the temperature, T, and strain rate, dotvarepsilon, and measuring the stress, sigma, mean slip distance, lambda, and mean slip velocity, dotlambda, to define sigma=f(lambda,dotlambda, T). The apparent activation volume, which characterizes the obstacle resistance of strain centres, is determined at constant structure by applying the strain rate change technique. Strain rate sensitivity data are compared to the Cottrell-Stokes relation, and the Haasen plot is used to separate the different contributions to the flow stress. Using these precise measurements at interrupted segments of strain, the evolution of a microstructure during plastic flow can be monitored. By this examination of different rate controlling obstacles, the microstructural parameters which correlate to formability were assessed. Detailed experimental evidence is given for different aluminum alloys containing mainly fast or slow diffusing solute species, transition precipitates, dispersed particles, and/or dislocation debris. These systems of Al-Fe, Al-Cr, Al-Cu, Al-Mg, and Al-Mg-Si, all displayed unique dislocation-defect interactions which could be elucidated by the current theory of thermally activated flow.

Structural heterogeneity of the μ-opioid receptor’s conformational ensemble in the apo state

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Sena, Diniz M.; Cong, Xiaojing; Giorgetti, Alejandro; Kless, Achim; Carloni, Paolo

2017-04-01

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest and most pharmaceutically relevant family of membrane proteins. Here, fully unbiased, enhanced sampling simulations of a constitutively active mutant (CAM) of a class A GPCR, the μ-opioid receptor (μOR), demonstrates repeated transitions between the inactive (IS) and active-like (AS-L) states. The interconversion features typical activation/inactivation patterns involving established conformational rearrangements of conserved residues. By contrast, wild-type μOR remains in IS during the same course of simulation, consistent with the low basal activity of the protein. The simulations point to an important role of residue W2936.48 at the “toggle switch” in the mutation-induced constitutive activation. Such role has been already observed for other CAMs of class A GPCRs. We also find a significantly populated intermediate state, rather similar to IS. Based on the remarkable accord between simulations and experiments, we suggest here that this state, which has escaped so far experimental characterization, might constitute an early step in the activation process of the apo μOR CAM.

Definitions of state variables and state space for brain-computer interface : Part 2. Extraction and classification of feature vectors.

PubMed

Freeman, Walter J

2007-06-01

The hypothesis is proposed that the central dynamics of the action-perception cycle has five steps: emergence from an existing macroscopic brain state of a pattern that predicts a future goal state; selection of a mesoscopic frame for action control; execution of a limb trajectory by microscopic spike activity; modification of microscopic cortical spike activity by sensory inputs; construction of mesoscopic perceptual patterns; and integration of a new macroscopic brain state. The basis is the circular causality between microscopic entities (neurons) and the mesoscopic and macroscopic entities (populations) self-organized by axosynaptic interactions. Self-organization of neural activity is bidirectional in all cortices. Upwardly the organization of mesoscopic percepts from microscopic spike input predominates in primary sensory areas. Downwardly the organization of spike outputs that direct specific limb movements is by mesoscopic fields constituting plans to achieve predicted goals. The mesoscopic fields in sensory and motor cortices emerge as frames within macroscopic activity. Part 1 describes the action-perception cycle and its derivative reflex arc qualitatively. Part 2 describes the perceptual limb of the arc from microscopic MSA to mesoscopic wave packets, and from these to macroscopic EEG and global ECoG fields that express experience-dependent knowledge in successive states. These macroscopic states are conceived to embed and control mesoscopic frames in premotor and motor cortices that are observed in local ECoG and LFP of frontoparietal areas. The fields sampled by ECoG and LFP are conceived as local patterns of neural activity in which trajectories of multiple spike activities (MSA) emerge that control limb movements. Mesoscopic frames are located by use of the analytic signal from the Hilbert transform after band pass filtering. The state variables in frames are measured to construct feature vectors by which to describe and classify frame patterns. Evidence is cited to justify use of linear analysis. The aim of the review is to enable researchers to conceive and identify goal-oriented states in brain activity for use as commands, in order to relegate the details of execution to adaptive control devices outside the brain.

Characterization of Nonlinear Rate Dependent Response of Shape Memory Polymers

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Volk, Brent; Lagoudas, Dimitris C.; Chen, Yi-Chao; Whitley, Karen S.

2007-01-01

Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) are a class of polymers, which can undergo deformation in a flexible state at elevated temperatures, and when cooled below the glass transition temperature, while retaining their deformed shape, will enter and remain in a rigid state. Upon heating above the glass transition temperature, the shape memory polymer will return to its original, unaltered shape. SMPs have been reported to recover strains of over 400%. It is important to understand the stress and strain recovery behavior of SMPs to better develop constitutive models which predict material behavior. Initial modeling efforts did not account for large deformations beyond 25% strain. However, a model under current development is capable of describing large deformations of the material. This model considers the coexisting active (rubber) and frozen (glass) phases of the polymer, as well as the transitions between the material phases. The constitutive equations at the continuum level are established with internal state variables to describe the microstructural changes associated with the phase transitions. For small deformations, the model reduces to a linear model that agrees with those reported in the literature. Thermomechanical characterization is necessary for the development, calibration, and validation of a constitutive model. The experimental data reported in this paper will assist in model development by providing a better understanding of the stress and strain recovery behavior of the material. This paper presents the testing techniques used to characterize the thermomechanical material properties of a shape memory polymer (SMP) and also presents the resulting data. An innovative visual-photographic apparatus, known as a Vision Image Correlation (VIC) system was used to measure the strain. The details of this technique will also be presented in this paper. A series of tensile tests were performed on specimens such that strain levels of 10, 25, 50, and 100% were applied to the material while it was above its glass transition temperature. After deforming the material to a specified applied strain, the material was then cooled to below the glass transition temperature (Tg) while retaining the deformed shape. Finally, the specimen was heated again to above the transition temperature, and the resulting shape recovery profile was measured. Results show that strain recovery occurs at a nonlinear rate with respect to time. Results also indicate that the ratio of recoverable strain/applied strain increases as the applied strain increases.

The Constitutional Heritage.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Baxter, Maurice

Changing political, social, economic, and intellectual conditions over the past two hundred years have demanded innovation and adjustment of legal doctrine, thus giving the United States Constitution a character which the framers of the document could not have predicted. Historically, one must not only understand developments since 1787 but also…

Constitutional Due Process and Educational Administration.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Uerling, Donald F.

1985-01-01

Discusses substantive and procedural due process as required by the United States Constitution and interpreted by the Supreme Court, with particular reference to situations arising in educational environments. Covers interests protected by due process requirements, the procedures required, and some special considerations that may apply. (PGD)

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving Congress power to regulate campaign contributions for Federal elections.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Schrader, Kurt [D-OR-5

2010-05-13

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment the Constitution of the United States respecting the right to a clean, safe, and sustainable environment.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States respecting the right to decent, safe, sanitary, and affordable housing.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States authorizing regulation of any expenditure in connection to an election.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Deutch, Theodore E. [D-FL-19

2010-09-29

House - 12/20/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States respecting the right to full employment and balanced growth.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Jackson, Jesse L., Jr. [D-IL-2

2009-03-03

House - 03/16/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Ecological parameters of the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B population of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in a visceral leishmaniasis area in São Paulo state, Brazil.

PubMed

Galvis-Ovallos, Fredy; Casanova, Claudio; Sevá, Anaiá da Paixão; Galati, Eunice Aparecida Bianchi

2017-05-30

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important public health challenge in Brazil because of the high number of human and canine cases reported annually. Leishmania infantum is the etiological agent of VL and Lutzomyia longipalpis is its main vector. However, evidence suggests that this taxon constitutes a species complex. In Sao Paulo state, there are two populations of Lu. longipalpis, each secreting distinct pheromones, (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B and Cembrene 1; both have been associated with different patterns of VL transmission. The aim of the present study was to investigate the temporal distribution and natural infection of the (S)-9-methylgermacrene-B population of the Lu. longipalpis complex in a highly VL endemic area of Sao Paulo state to obtain information that may contribute to the surveillance of this zoonosis and to the planning of preventive and control measures. The study was carried out in Panorama municipality, Sao Paulo State. Captures were made during 24 months in seven domiciles. The relation between sand fly abundance and climatic variables, temperature and humidity, was analyzed and natural infection by Leishmania spp. in sand fly females was investigated by nested PCR. A total of 4120 sand flies, with predominance of Lu. longipalpis (97.2%) were captured. The highest averages of sand flies/night/trap occurred in the rainy season (November-March) and a positive, significant correlation between sand fly abundance and the temperature and humidity 20 days before the capture days was found. Leishmania infantum DNA was detected in three out of 250 pools of females analyzed, giving an estimated minimum infection rate of 1.2%. The identification of the climatic association between the high abundance of the vector in this highly endemic VL focus constitutes a fundamental point for evaluating future vector and dog control measures and this information increases the data of VL foci in Sao Paulo state that could contribute to the public health authorities in planning prevention and control measures. The identification of natural infection by Le. infantum in Lu. longipalpis specimens reinforces the importance of entomological surveillance activities in this municipality.

Analysis of tablet compaction. I. Characterization of mechanical behavior of powder and powder/tooling friction.

PubMed

Cunningham, J C; Sinka, I C; Zavaliangos, A

2004-08-01

In this first of two articles on the modeling of tablet compaction, the experimental inputs related to the constitutive model of the powder and the powder/tooling friction are determined. The continuum-based analysis of tableting makes use of an elasto-plastic model, which incorporates the elements of yield, plastic flow potential, and hardening, to describe the mechanical behavior of microcrystalline cellulose over the range of densities experienced during tableting. Specifically, a modified Drucker-Prager/cap plasticity model, which includes material parameters such as cohesion, internal friction, and hydrostatic yield pressure that evolve with the internal state variable relative density, was applied. Linear elasticity is assumed with the elastic parameters, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio dependent on the relative density. The calibration techniques were developed based on a series of simple mechanical tests including diametrical compression, simple compression, and die compaction using an instrumented die. The friction behavior is measured using an instrumented die and the experimental data are analyzed using the method of differential slices. The constitutive model and frictional properties are essential experimental inputs to the finite element-based model described in the companion article. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 93:2022-2039, 2004

Intelligent design is not science, U.S. judge rules

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Zielinski, Sarah

A Pennsylvania school district may not mandate the teaching of ‘intelligent design’ because the concept is not science and cannot be uncoupled from its religious roots in creationism, a U.S. federal judge ruled on 20 December.U.S. District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that the Dover, Pa., school board's policy on intelligent design violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which forbids the government from establishing a state religion, and also violates the Pennsylvania state constitution.

Recognizing the importance of the property rights granted by the United States Constitution; affirming the duty of each Member of this body to support and defend such rights; and asserting that no public body should unlawfully obtain the property of any citizen of the United States for the benefit of another private citizen or corporation.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Broun, Paul C. [R-GA-10

2009-09-17

House - 10/19/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Ecological conservation through aesthetic landscape planning: a case study of the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway.

PubMed

Hale, Brack W; Steen-Adams, Michelle M; Predick, Katie; Fisher, Nick

2005-04-01

A consequence of expanding residential development into rural areas is the potential alteration of ecological communities. Certain novel land-use policies seek practical solutions by accommodating social needs for housing while conserving biodiversity. This study investigates whether regulations designed to protect the aesthetic characteristics of a river corridor simultaneously mitigate negative effects of development on avian biodiversity, despite the absence of explicit conservation objectives. Using housing data from the US Census (1990 and 2000) and the Audubon Christmas Bird Count (1987-2000), we examined changes in housing density, avian communities, and the relationship between these two variables in a location that has adopted aesthetic landscape planning, the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway. We found that overall species diversity increased in the Riverway, but remained constant in reference areas, although the relative increase in housing density in the two areas did not differ. We also found that omnivore populations decreased in the Riverway and increased in reference sites. On the whole, our study provides preliminary evidence that aesthetic landscape planning, such as employed in the Lower Wisconsin State Riverway, might constitute a politically viable approach to conserve ecological resources.

Proconsuls and CINCs from the Roman Republic to the Republic of the United States of America: Lessons for the Pax Americana

DTIC Science & Technology

2001-05-01

find the best that foreign lands had to offer in constitutional theory. They found separation of powers within a mixed constitution. 60 The Greek...many of the Founding Fathers indeed knew Polybius, especially his passages on the Roman Constitution, and the separation of powers .”61 The separation ...lead 60 Marshall D. Lloyd, "Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers ." Database on

Abortion legislation, maternal healthcare, fertility, female literacy, sanitation, violence against women and maternal deaths: a natural experiment in 32 Mexican states

PubMed Central

Koch, Elard; Chireau, Monique; Pliego, Fernando; Stanford, Joseph; Haddad, Sebastian; Calhoun, Byron; Aracena, Paula; Bravo, Miguel; Gatica, Sebastián; Thorp, John

2015-01-01

Objective To test whether there is an association between abortion legislation and maternal mortality outcomes after controlling for other factors thought to influence maternal health. Design Population-based natural experiment. Setting and data sources Official maternal mortality data from 32 federal states of Mexico between 2002 and 2011. Main outcomes Maternal mortality ratio (MMR), MMR with any abortive outcome (MMRAO) and induced abortion mortality ratio (iAMR). Independent variables Abortion legislation grouped as less (n=18) or more permissive (n=14); constitutional amendment protecting the unborn (n=17); skilled attendance at birth; all-abortion hospitalisation ratio; low birth weight rate; contraceptive use; total fertility rates (TFR); clean water; sanitation; female literacy rate and intimate-partner violence. Main results Over the 10-year period, states with less permissive abortion legislation exhibited lower MMR (38.3 vs 49.6; p<0.001), MMRAO (2.7 vs 3.7; p<0.001) and iAMR (0.9 vs 1.7; p<0.001) than more permissive states. Multivariate regression models estimating effect sizes (β-coefficients) for mortality outcomes showed independent associations (p values between 0.001 and 0.055) with female literacy (β=−0.061 to −1.100), skilled attendance at birth (β=−0.032 to −0.427), low birth weight (β=0.149 to 2.166), all-abortion hospitalisation ratio (β=−0.566 to −0.962), clean water (β=−0.048 to −0.730), sanitation (β=−0.052 to −0.758) and intimate-partner violence (β=0.085 to 0.755). TFR showed an inverse association with MMR (β=−14.329) and MMRAO (β=−1.750) and a direct association with iAMR (β=1.383). Altogether, these factors accounted for (R2) 51–88% of the variance among states in overall mortality rates. No statistically independent effect was observed for abortion legislation, constitutional amendment or other covariates. Conclusions Although less permissive states exhibited consistently lower maternal mortality rates, this finding was not explained by abortion legislation itself. Rather, these differences were explained by other independent factors, which appeared to have a more favourable distribution in these states. PMID:25712817

Advancing Equity through ESSA: Strategies for State Leaders

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Wiener, Ross; Goldstein, Marisa; Gonzales, Danielle

2016-01-01

With the implementation of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), states have a new opportunity to lead on educational equity. Public education is fundamentally a state responsibility that is explicitly addressed by each state's constitution, and states provide the largest share of funding for public schools, which positions states to ensure…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States concerning the election of the Members of the House of Representatives.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Larson, John B. [D-CT-1

2009-05-05

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

20 CFR 658.418 - Decision of the State hearing official.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-04-01

... consider the validity or constitutionality of JS regulations or of the Federal statutes under which they... Labor, room N2101, 200 Constitution Avenue, NW., Washington, DC, 20210. The notification to the... the Regional Administrator. The notice shall give the address of the Regional Administrator. Federal...

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to permit the penalty of death for the rape of a child.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Gohmert, Louie [R-TX-1

2009-05-07

House - 06/12/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

"Woman's Place" in the Constitution: The Supreme Court and Gender Discrimination

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Levin, Betsy

1975-01-01

Article discussed the Supreme Court's response to constitutional attacks from state and federal laws on women's rights, the judicial treatment of racially-based discrimination versus that of gender-based discrimination, and the most recent Supreme Court decisions on gender-based discrimination. (Author/RK)

Take Advantage of Constitution Day

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McCune, Bonnie F.

2008-01-01

The announcement of the mandate for Constitution and Citizenship Day shortly before September, 2005, probably led to groans of dismay. Not another "must-do" for teachers and schools already stressed by federal and state requirements for standardized tests, increasingly rigid curricula, and scrutiny from the public and officials. But the…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of years Representatives and Senators may serve.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Price, Tom [R-GA-6

2009-12-14

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

49 CFR 350.111 - What constitutes traffic enforcement for the purpose of the MCSAP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS COMMERCIAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM General § 350.111 What constitutes... State or local officials, including the stopping of vehicles operating on highways, streets, or roads...

49 CFR 350.111 - What constitutes traffic enforcement for the purpose of the MCSAP?

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-10-01

... (Continued) FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ADMINISTRATION, DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY REGULATIONS COMMERCIAL MOTOR CARRIER SAFETY ASSISTANCE PROGRAM General § 350.111 What constitutes... State or local officials, including the stopping of vehicles operating on highways, streets, or roads...

Prediction of Process-Induced Distortions in L-Shaped Composite Profiles Using Path-Dependent Constitutive Law

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Ding, Anxin; Li, Shuxin; Wang, Jihui; Ni, Aiqing; Sun, Liangliang; Chang, Lei

2016-10-01

In this paper, the corner spring-in angles of AS4/8552 L-shaped composite profiles with different thicknesses are predicted using path-dependent constitutive law with the consideration of material properties variation due to phase change during curing. The prediction accuracy mainly depends on the properties in the rubbery and glassy states obtained by homogenization method rather than experimental measurements. Both analytical and finite element (FE) homogenization methods are applied to predict the overall properties of AS4/8552 composite. The effect of fiber volume fraction on the properties is investigated for both rubbery and glassy states using both methods. And the predicted results are compared with experimental measurements for the glassy state. Good agreement is achieved between the predicted results and available experimental data, showing the reliability of the homogenization method. Furthermore, the corner spring-in angles of L-shaped composite profiles are measured experimentally and the reliability of path-dependent constitutive law is validated as well as the properties prediction by FE homogenization method.

Legal approaches to promoting parental compliance with childhood immunization recommendations.

PubMed

Weithorn, Lois A; Reiss, Dorit Rubinstein

2018-01-10

Rates of vaccine-preventable diseases have increased in the United States in recent years, largely due to parental refusals of recommended childhood immunizations. Empirical studies have demonstrated a relationship between nonvaccination rates and permissive state vaccine exemption policies, indicating that legal reforms may promote higher immunization rates. This article reviews relevant data and considers the legal landscape. It analyzes federal and state Constitutional law, concluding that religious and personal belief exemptions to school-entry vaccine mandates are not constitutionally required. It identifies public health, bioethical, and policy considerations relevant to the choice among legal approaches employed by states to promote parental compliance. The article describes a range of legal tools that may help promote parental cooperation with immunization recommendations.

Women of the State of Minnesota v. Gomez.

PubMed

1995-12-15

The Minnesota Supreme Court held unconstitutional a state law which restricted state Medicaid funding for abortions to cases where the abortion was a medical necessity, defined as a pregnancy that threatens the life of the mother in the opinion of two physicians; where the pregnancy was the product of criminal misconduct and the incident was reported to law enforcement authorities within 48 hours of the incident; or where the pregnancy was the result of incest that was reported to a valid law enforcement agency for investigation prior to the abortion procedure. The court held that Minnesota's state constitution provided broader privacy rights than the U.S. Constitution and that it protected both the right to an abortion and the right to the decision to abort.

Non-Abelian fractional topological insulators in three spatial dimensions from coupled wires

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Iadecola, Thomas; Neupert, Titus; Chamon, Claudio; Mudry, Christopher

The study of topological order in three spatial dimensions constitutes a major frontier in theoretical condensed matter physics. Recently, substantial progress has been made in constructing (3+1)-dimensional Abelian topological states of matter from arrays of coupled quantum wires. In this talk, I will illustrate how wire constructions based on non-Abelian bosonization can be used to build and characterize non-Abelian symmetry-enriched topological phases in three dimensions. In particular, I will describe a family of states of matter, constructed in this way, that constitute a natural non-Abelian generalization of strongly correlated three dimensional fractional topological insulators. These states of matter support strongly interacting symmetry-protected gapless surface states, and host non-Abelian pointlike and linelike excitations in the bulk.

A regularized auxiliary particle filtering approach for system state estimation and battery life prediction

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liu, Jie; Wang, Wilson; Ma, Fai

2011-07-01

System current state estimation (or condition monitoring) and future state prediction (or failure prognostics) constitute the core elements of condition-based maintenance programs. For complex systems whose internal state variables are either inaccessible to sensors or hard to measure under normal operational conditions, inference has to be made from indirect measurements using approaches such as Bayesian learning. In recent years, the auxiliary particle filter (APF) has gained popularity in Bayesian state estimation; the APF technique, however, has some potential limitations in real-world applications. For example, the diversity of the particles may deteriorate when the process noise is small, and the variance of the importance weights could become extremely large when the likelihood varies dramatically over the prior. To tackle these problems, a regularized auxiliary particle filter (RAPF) is developed in this paper for system state estimation and forecasting. This RAPF aims to improve the performance of the APF through two innovative steps: (1) regularize the approximating empirical density and redraw samples from a continuous distribution so as to diversify the particles; and (2) smooth out the rather diffused proposals by a rejection/resampling approach so as to improve the robustness of particle filtering. The effectiveness of the proposed RAPF technique is evaluated through simulations of a nonlinear/non-Gaussian benchmark model for state estimation. It is also implemented for a real application in the remaining useful life (RUL) prediction of lithium-ion batteries.

The role of curvature in the slowing down acceleration scenario

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Cárdenas, Víctor H.; Rivera, Marco

2012-04-01

We introduce the curvature Ωk as a new free parameter in the Bayesian analysis using SNIa, BAO and CMB data, in a model with variable equation of state parameter w(z). We compare the results using both the Constitution and Union 2 data sets, and also study possible low redshift transitions in the deceleration parameter q(z). We found that, incorporating Ωk in the analysis, it is possible to make all the three observational probes consistent using both SNIa data sets. Our results support dark energy evolution at small redshift, and show that the tension between small and large redshift probes is ameliorated. However, although the tension decreases, it is still not possible to find a consensus set of parameters that fit all the three data set using the Chevalier-Polarski-Linder CPL parametrization.

THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY

PubMed Central

NOVO, Shênia Patrícia Corrêa; LELES, Daniela; BIANUCCI, Raffaella; ARAUJO, Adauto

2016-01-01

Species of the genus Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) are causative agents of leishmaniasis, a complex disease with variable clinical spectrum and epidemiological diversity, constituting, in some countries, a serious public health problem. The origin and evolution of leishmaniasis has been under discussion regarding some clinical and parasitological aspects. After the introduction of paleoparasitology, molecular methods and immunodiagnostic techniques have been applied allowing the recovery of parasite remains, as well as the diagnosis of past infections in humans and other hosts. The dating of archaeological samples has allowed the parasitological analysis in time and space. This manuscript presents the state of the art of leishmaniasis and prospects related to paleoparasitology studies and their contribution to the evolutionary and phylogenetic clarification of parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, and the leishmaniasis caused by them. PMID:27253747

Solving differential equations with unknown constitutive relations as recurrent neural networks

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Hagge, Tobias J.; Stinis, Panagiotis; Yeung, Enoch H.

We solve a system of ordinary differential equations with an unknown functional form of a sink (reaction rate) term. We assume that the measurements (time series) of state variables are partially available, and use a recurrent neural network to “learn” the reaction rate from this data. This is achieved by including discretized ordinary differential equations as part of a recurrent neural network training problem. We extend TensorFlow’s recurrent neural network architecture to create a simple but scalable and effective solver for the unknown functions, and apply it to a fedbatch bioreactor simulation problem. Use of techniques from recent deep learningmore » literature enables training of functions with behavior manifesting over thousands of time steps. Our networks are structurally similar to recurrent neural networks, but differ in purpose, and require modified training strategies.« less

The prevention of thalassemia.

PubMed

Cao, Antonio; Kan, Yuet Wai

2013-02-01

The thalassemias are among the most common inherited diseases worldwide, affecting individuals originating from the Mediterranean area, Middle East, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. As the diseases require long-term care, prevention of the homozygous state constitutes a major armament in the management. This article discusses the major prevention programs that are set up in many countries in Europe, Asia, and Australia, often drawing from the experience in Sardinia. These comprehensive programs involve carrier detections, molecular diagnostics, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Variability of clinical severity can be attributable to interactions with α-thalassemia and mutations that increase fetal productions. Special methods that are currently quite expensive and not widely applicable are preimplantation and preconception diagnosis. The recent successful studies of fetal DNA in maternal plasma may allow future prenatal diagnosis that is noninvasive for the fetus.

The Prevention of Thalassemia

PubMed Central

Cao, Antonio; Kan, Yuet Wai

2013-01-01

The thalassemias are among the most common inherited diseases worldwide, affecting individuals originating from the Mediterranean area, Middle East, Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. As the diseases require long-term care, prevention of the homozygous state constitutes a major armament in the management. This article discusses the major prevention programs that are set up in many countries in Europe, Asia, and Australia, often drawing from the experience in Sardinia. These comprehensive programs involve carrier detections, molecular diagnostics, genetic counseling, and prenatal diagnosis. Variability of clinical severity can be attributable to interactions with α-thalassemia and mutations that increase fetal productions. Special methods taht are currently quite expensive and not widely applicable are preimplantation and preconception diagnosis. The recent successful studies of fetal DNA in maternal plasma may allow future prenatal diagnosis that is noninvasive for the fetus. PMID:23378598

Jet activity in the symbiotic variable R Aquarii

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Michalitsianos, A. G.; Hollis, J. M.; Kafatos, M.

1986-01-01

Low-resolution ultraviolet spectra of the R Aquarii jet have been obtained with the International Ultraviolet Explorer (IUE). The most recent IUE observations indicate the ionization state of the jet is increasing. Subarcsecond, Very Large Array observations of R Aquarii have resolved the radio-continuum structure into discrete parcels of emission that are extended and nearly collinear. R Aquarii provides evidence that indicates stellar jet activity is not unique to objects associated with high-energy emission processes alone. Rather, the nature of the aligned radio-optical features that comprise the R Aquarii jet indicate that directional mass expulsion, in the form of discrete-collimated ejecta, probably reflect a general, underlying, physical process associated with a wide variety of peculiar stellar objects. As such, the R Aquarii jet constitutes a prototype for jet activity in composite or peculiar emission stars.

A silver lining to higher prices at the pump? Gasoline prices and teen driving behaviors.

PubMed

Sen, Bisakha; Patidar, Nitish; Thomas, Sheikilya

2014-01-01

Existing literature shows negative relationships between gasoline price and motor vehicle crashes, particularly among teens. This paper extends that literature by evaluating the relationship between gasoline price and self-reported risky driving among teens. Observational study using multivariate empirical analysis, using pooled data from the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, waves 2003-2009. Secondary data from survey administered in private and public high schools across the United States. Students in grades 9 through 12, surveyed biennially from 2003 to 2009 (n = 58,749). Outcomes are (self-reported) driving without seatbelts, driving after consuming alcohol, and moderate physical activity (like walking or bicycling). State-level retail gasoline prices constitute the main predictor variable. Multivariate logistic models are estimated for the full sample, as well as by gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Individual characteristics, state unemployment, and state driving policies are controlled for. Standard errors are clustered at the state level. Results are reported in form of risk differences. Higher gasoline prices are negatively and significantly associated with driving without seatbelts. Associations are particularly strong for males and minorities. There are fewer statistical associations between gasoline prices and driving after drinking. Higher gasoline prices are positively associated with more moderate physical activity. Higher gasoline prices are associated with less risky driving behaviors among teens, and they may be associated with more active forms of transportation, like walking and bicycling. The study limitations are discussed.

29 CFR 780.210 - The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE TO AGRICULTURE, PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AND RELATED SUBJECTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Agriculture as It Relates to Specific Situations Hatchery Operations § 780.210 The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.” As stated in § 780.127, the typical hatchery...

29 CFR 780.210 - The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE TO AGRICULTURE, PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AND RELATED SUBJECTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Agriculture as It Relates to Specific Situations Hatchery Operations § 780.210 The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.” As stated in § 780.127, the typical hatchery...

29 CFR 780.210 - The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE TO AGRICULTURE, PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AND RELATED SUBJECTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Agriculture as It Relates to Specific Situations Hatchery Operations § 780.210 The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.” As stated in § 780.127, the typical hatchery...

29 CFR 780.210 - The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-07-01

... EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE TO AGRICULTURE, PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AND RELATED SUBJECTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Agriculture as It Relates to Specific Situations Hatchery Operations § 780.210 The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.” As stated in § 780.127, the typical hatchery...

29 CFR 780.210 - The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.”

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-07-01

... EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE TO AGRICULTURE, PROCESSING OF AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, AND RELATED SUBJECTS UNDER THE FAIR LABOR STANDARDS ACT Agriculture as It Relates to Specific Situations Hatchery Operations § 780.210 The typical hatchery operations constitute “agriculture.” As stated in § 780.127, the typical hatchery...

Legal Rights of the Criminally Accused.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Texas Young Lawyers Association, Austin.

A brief review of the federal constitutional provisions and equivalent Texas Constitutional provisions for the criminally accused is provided in question and answer form. First Amendment rights related to such matters as freedom of the press, rights of students, picketing, distributing leaflets, state licensing, and obscenity are considered in the…

Constitution 200: A Bicentennial Collection of Essays.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Hepburn, Mary A., Ed.; And Others

Constitutional essays which formed the basis of public assemblies throughout three states are compiled in this book. The first three essays consider the U.S. government principles of federalism, judicial review, and the separation of powers. Michael L. Benedict proposes that the question of ultimate sovereignty has been answered differently by…

Vouchers--A Legal Draw. A Response to Benjamin Dowling-Sendor.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Underwood, Julie

1999-01-01

A court-approved Milwaukee voucher program permits up to 15% of the city's public schoolchildren to attend private/religious schools at state expense. This represents no victory for vouchers. Although the Wisconsin Supreme Court found vouchers constitutional, it may not believe they are valid under the federal constitution. (MLH)

American Grand Strategy: A Critical Analysis of the Historical Strategy to Balance Liberty and Order

DTIC Science & Technology

2012-06-15

synthesis of European Whig and Enlightenment thinkers.‖ It is certainly true that the Founding Fathers frequently cited Montesquieu, Blackstone and...Montesquieu nor Blackstone had even been born. 35 The first two constitutions that formed the foundations for the state constitutions were ―covenants

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of consecutive terms that a Member of Congress may serve.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Platts, Todd Russell [R-PA-19

2009-01-08

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to limit the number of consecutive terms that a Member of Congress may serve.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Hall, Ralph M. [R-TX-4

2010-01-21

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The "Great National Discussion"; The Discourse of Politics in 1787.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Kramnick, Isaac

1988-01-01

The "great national discussion" of 1787 involved deliberations, writings, debates, and speeches concerning the newly created U.S. Constitution. Both the framers and the critics of the Constitution utilized philosophies of: (1) republicanism; (2) Lockean liberalism; (3) work-ethic Protestantism; and (4) state-centered theories of power…

View looking west from the Justice Department Building to the ...

Library of Congress Historic Buildings Survey, Historic Engineering Record, Historic Landscapes Survey

View looking west from the Justice Department Building to the Departmental Auditorium; note the uninterrupted cornice line along Constitution Avenue (this view is similar to HABS No. DC-809-1 (ct)) - United States Department of Justice, Constitution Avenue between Ninth & Tenth Streets, Northwest, Washington, District of Columbia, DC

Reaffirming the commitment of the House of Representatives to safeguard and uphold the 10th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Rooney, Thomas J. [R-FL-16

2010-01-12

House - 06/15/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing a balanced budget amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Rep. Goodlatte, Bob [R-VA-6

2011-01-05

Senate - 11/30/2011 Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 112-512. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status Failed HouseHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

[Body composition and constitution: a constitutional syndrome (1st of 2 parts)].

PubMed

Terán Díaz, E

1999-04-01

Constitutional syndrome alters body constitution modifying (usually decreasing) two of its dimensions--weight and perimeters--by changing the composition of one, several or every body levels. Apart of the cause, the basic physiopathological process that characterizes this new syndrome is the amino acid mobilization from the muscle (proteolysis). As soon as fat loss has no consequence to the organism, proteolysis reduces the muscle mass and life is in danger. Actually, there is no effective treatment to improve the nitrogen balance by medication or hormones in speed catabolic states but it can also approach us to more proper therapeutics for these so frequent processes in clinic.

Examination of the PISA 2009 Reading Skills and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Use Skills of Turkish Students

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Acar, Tülin

2015-01-01

The aim of this paper is to determine relation between PISA Reading Skills and ICT use skills of Turkish students. In this study are four variables such as joy/like Reading, use of Libraries, Online Reading and Plausible value in reading which are dealt with as indications of reading skills. It constitutes six variables such as attitude towards…

[Behavior of predictive variables of exacerbations of the COPD in the neumological hospital of Cuba.

PubMed

León Valdivies, Yusbiel José; Sánchez de la Osa, Reinaldo B; Garcia Silvera, Eberto; Machado Molina, Delfina; Oses Herrera, Liliana

2017-01-01

The use of predictive variables of exacerbations of the COPD is not a practice generalized in our environment, for what we cannot characterize the exacerbating patient neither to design strategies for its integral handling. There was carried out a prospective descriptive study to correlate in patient with diagnosis of COPD from the Neumologic Hospital of Cuba, with the objective of determining the association between clinical, functional variables and imagenological and the exacerbations frequency a year. The population was constituted for patients with clinical diagnosis of COPD and the sample for those patients with confirmed diagnosis that they completed the inclusion approaches. The correlation among the variables was carried out by means of the Coefficient of Correlation of Pearson with an interval of Trust of 95% and the test t student with a significance level (p) smaller than 0.05. 81.82% of the very serious patients are exacerbating with emphysema. 75% of the patients with index of the lung artery / aorta have more than two exacerbations a year. 84.61% of the patient exacerbating presented degree four of the dyspnea. The half pressure of the lung artery next to the VEF1 constituted the best exacerbations predictors in the group of studied patients.

Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards

PubMed Central

Heinrich, Sonja K.; Hofer, Heribert; Courtiol, Alexandre; Melzheimer, Jörg; Dehnhard, Martin; Czirják, Gábor Á.; Wachter, Bettina

2017-01-01

As a textbook case for the importance of genetics in conservation, absence of genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to endanger species viability, since it is considered crucial for pathogen resistance. An alternative view of the immune system inspired by life history theory posits that a strong response should evolve in other components of the immune system if there is little variation in the MHC. In contrast to the leopard (Panthera pardus), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has a relatively low genetic variability at the MHC, yet free-ranging cheetahs are healthy. By comparing the functional competence of the humoral immune system of both species in sympatric populations in Namibia, we demonstrate that cheetahs have a higher constitutive innate but lower induced innate and adaptive immunity than leopards. We conclude (1) immunocompetence of cheetahs is higher than previously thought; (2) studying both innate and adaptive components of immune systems will enrich conservation science. PMID:28333126

Cheetahs have a stronger constitutive innate immunity than leopards.

PubMed

Heinrich, Sonja K; Hofer, Heribert; Courtiol, Alexandre; Melzheimer, Jörg; Dehnhard, Martin; Czirják, Gábor Á; Wachter, Bettina

2017-03-23

As a textbook case for the importance of genetics in conservation, absence of genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is thought to endanger species viability, since it is considered crucial for pathogen resistance. An alternative view of the immune system inspired by life history theory posits that a strong response should evolve in other components of the immune system if there is little variation in the MHC. In contrast to the leopard (Panthera pardus), the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has a relatively low genetic variability at the MHC, yet free-ranging cheetahs are healthy. By comparing the functional competence of the humoral immune system of both species in sympatric populations in Namibia, we demonstrate that cheetahs have a higher constitutive innate but lower induced innate and adaptive immunity than leopards. We conclude (1) immunocompetence of cheetahs is higher than previously thought; (2) studying both innate and adaptive components of immune systems will enrich conservation science.

Nonlinear Constitutive Relations for High Temperature Applications, 1986

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

1988-01-01

The purpose of the symposium was to review the state-of-the-art in nonlinear constitutive modeling of high temperature materials for aeronautics applications and to identify the need for future research and development efforts in this area. Through this symposium, it was recognized that considerable research efforts are urgently needed in the development of nonlinear constitutive relations for high temperature applications. In the aerospace industry this need is further prompted by recent advances in high temperature materials technology and new demands on material and component performance.

Predicting Sasang Constitution Using Body-Shape Information

PubMed Central

Jang, Eunsu; Do, Jun-Hyeong; Jin, HeeJeong; Park, KiHyun; Ku, Boncho; Lee, Siwoo; Kim, Jong Yeol

2012-01-01

Objectives. Body measurement plays a pivotal role not only in the diagnosis of disease but also in the classification of typology. Sasang constitutional medicine, which is one of the forms of Traditional Korean Medicine, is considered to be strongly associated with body shape. We attempted to determine whether a Sasang constitutional analytic tool based on body shape information (SCAT-B) could predict Sasang constitution (SC). Methods. After surveying 23 Oriental medical clinics, 2,677 subjects were recruited and body shape information was collected. The SCAT-Bs for males and females were developed using multinomial logistic regression. Stepwise forward-variable selection was applied using the score statistic and Wald's test. Results. The predictive rates of the SCAT-B for Tae-eumin (TE), Soeumin (SE), and Soyangin (SY) types in males and females were 80.2%, 56.9%, and 37.7% (males) and 69.3%, 38.9%, and 50.0% (females) in the training set and were 74%, 70.1%, and 35% (males), and 67.4%, 66.3%, and 53.7% (females) in the test set, respectively. Higher constitutional probability scores showed a trend for association with higher predictability. Conclusions. This study shows that the Sasang constitutional analytic tool, which is based on body shape information, may be relatively highly predictive of TE type but may be less predictive when used for SY type. PMID:22792124

Characterization of Depleted-Uranium Strength and Damage Behavior

DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)

Gray, III, George T.; Chen, Shuh-Rong; Bronkhorst, Curt A.

2012-12-17

The intent of this report is to document the status of our knowledge of the mechanical and damage behavior of Depleted Uranium(DU hereafter). This report briefly summaries the motivation of the experimental and modeling research conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory(LANL) on DU since the early 1980’s and thereafter the current experimental data quantifying the strength and damage behavior of DU as a function of a number of experimental variables including processing, strain rate, temperature, stress state, and shock prestraining. The effect of shock prestraining on the structure-property response of DU is described and the effect on post-shock mechanical behaviormore » of DU is discussed. The constitutive experimental data utilized to support the derivation of two constitutive strength (plasticity) models, the Preston-Tonks-Wallace (PTW) and Mechanical Threshold Stress (MTS) models, for both annealed and shock prestrained DU are detailed and the Taylor cylinder validation tests and finite-element modeling (FEM) utilized to validate these strength models is discussed. The similarities and differences in the PTW and MTS model descriptions for DU are discussed for both the annealed and shock prestrained conditions. Quasi-static tensile data as a function of triaxial constraint and spallation test data are described. An appendix additionally briefly describes low-pressure equation-of-state data for DU utilized to support the spallation experiments. The constitutive behavior of DU screw/bolt material is presented. The response of DU subjected to dynamic tensile extrusion testing as a function of temperature is also described. This integrated experimental technique is planned to provide an additional validation test in the future. The damage data as a function of triaxiality, tensile and spallation data, is thereafter utilized to support derivation of the Tensile Plasticity (TEPLA) damage model and simulations for comparison to the DU spallation data are presented. Finally, a discussion of future needs in the area of needed DU strength and damage research at LANL is presented to support the development of physically-based predictive strength and damage modeling capability.« less

[Women, gender, and the Constitution].

PubMed

1993-12-01

Although all the constitutions of Latin America directly or indirectly acknowledge the juridical equality of the sexes, these patriarchal societies continue to maintain institutional power in male hands and to neutralize legal actions favoring women. International instruments such as the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, approved by the UN in 1979, have given a firmer basis to policies and actions to improve the status of women. Obstacles to full equality of Latin American women are rooted in economic and sociopolitical factors, but lack of true political will also plays a significant role. A number of new laws in the past several years as well as the new Constitution have improved the legal position of Colombian women. The new Constitution recognizes fundamental rights that may be claimed directly before a judge, and social, economic, and collective rights requiring legislative development. Article 43 of the new Constitution states that women will not be subjected to any form of discrimination. Another norm states that women will enjoy special assistance and protection before and after childbirth, in recognition of the social functions of maternity. Article 43 also states that women who are heads of households will receive special assistance, but the corresponding regulations have not yet been promulgated. The mechanism of tutelage has become an important recourse that has been used in several cases in which fundamental rights of women have been violated or threatened because of their sex. The order of tutelage has been used in cases of adolescents expelled from school for pregnancy and of abused wives, as well as to force recognition of the social and economic contributions of housework.

7 CFR 246.16 - Distribution of funds.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... government purchases, as published by the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the Department of Commerce, for the... State agency's stability, residual and operational adjustment funds shall constitute the State agency's... contiguous states and the District of Columbia when the State agency can document that economic conditions...

The development of methods for the prediction of primary creep behavior in metals

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Zerwekh, R. P.

1978-01-01

The applicability of a thermodynamic constitutive theory of deformation to the prediction of primary creep and creep strain relaxation behavior in metals is examined. Constitutive equations derived from the theory are subjected to a parametric analysis in order to determine the influence of several parameters on the curve forms generated by the equations. A computer program is developed which enables the solution of a generalized constitutive equation using experimental data as input. Several metals were tested to form a data base of primary creep and relaxation behavior. The extent to which these materials conformed to the constitutive equation showed wide variability, with the alloy Ti-6Al-4V exhibiting the most consistent results. Accordingly, most of the analysis is concentrated upon data from that alloy, although creep and relaxation data from all the materials tested are presented. Experimental methods are outlined as well as some variations in methods of analysis. Various theoretical and practical implications of the work are discussed.

[Construction and validation of a socio-environmental vulnerability index for monitoring and management of natural disasters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil].

PubMed

Guimarães, Raphael Mendonça; Mazoto, Maíra Lopes; Martins, Raphael Nascimento; do Carmo, Cleber Nascimento; Asmus, Carmen Ildes Fróes

2014-10-01

Floods account for approximately 40% of natural disasters that occur around the world and they are therefore considered a major public health problem. While floods constitute a global problem, data from the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction showed that almost all of the deaths or individuals affected are concentrated in developing countries. It is assumed that, although they have natural causes, the consequences of floods also involve social issues. To try to predict such vulnerability in the occurrence of natural disasters, a social and environmental index that shows the degree of vulnerability of a location was developed in this paper. This index was developed using multivariate analysis involving factor analysis and demographic, social and environmental variables. The index was applied in the municipalities of the state of Rio de Janeiro and compared with the official figures of the Civil Defense Unit. The results found suggest that the proposed index meets the expectation of predicting the vulnerability of the local population.

Commission on Bicentennial of Constitution of United States. Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Compensation and Employee Benefits and the Subcommittee on Census and Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress. First Session. (December 5, 1985).

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Congress of the U. S., Washington, DC. House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service.

This publication reports on the joint hearing to consider H.R. 3559 which would amend the charter of the Commission on the Bicentennial of the United States Constitution (Public Law 98-101) by authorizing the Commission to license use of their official emblem, lifting the cap on the number of publicly paid staff, exempting privately paid staff…

Doe v. Director of Department of Social Services.

PubMed

1991-02-19

The Michigan Court of Appeals ruled that the state is obligated to fund abortions for women eligible for Medicaid if it intends to fund childbirth expenses for those women. Otherwise, the court said, the state would be effectively depriving its poorest citizens of access to a constitutionally protected right and rewarding those who choose not to exercise the right by paying for their childbirth expenses. Equal benefit and equal protection clauses of the Michigan constitution provide greater protection than the federal equal protection clause alone, the court held.

Political legitimacy and European monetary union: contracts, constitutionalism and the normative logic of two-level games

PubMed Central

Bellamy, Richard; Weale, Albert

2015-01-01

ABSTRACT The crisis of the euro area has severely tested the political authority of the European Union (EU). The crisis raises questions of normative legitimacy both because the EU is a normative order and because the construction of economic and monetary union (EMU) rested upon a theory that stressed the normative value of the depoliticization of money. However, this theory neglected the normative logic of the two-level game implicit in EMU. It also neglected the need for an impartial and publically acceptable constitutional order to acknowledge reasonable disagreements. By contrast, we contend that any reconstruction of the EU's economic constitution has to pay attention to reconciling a European monetary order with the legitimacy of member state governance. The EU requires a two-level contract to meet this standard. Member states must treat each other as equals and be representative of and accountable to their citizens on an equitable basis. These criteria entail that the EU's political legitimacy requires a form of demoicracy that we call ‘republican intergovernmentalism’. Only rules that could be acceptable as the product of a political constitution among the peoples of Europe can ultimately meet the required standards of political legitimacy. Such a political constitution could be brought about through empowering national parliaments in EU decision-making. PMID:26924935

Political legitimacy and European monetary union: contracts, constitutionalism and the normative logic of two-level games.

PubMed

Bellamy, Richard; Weale, Albert

2015-02-07

The crisis of the euro area has severely tested the political authority of the European Union (EU). The crisis raises questions of normative legitimacy both because the EU is a normative order and because the construction of economic and monetary union (EMU) rested upon a theory that stressed the normative value of the depoliticization of money. However, this theory neglected the normative logic of the two-level game implicit in EMU. It also neglected the need for an impartial and publically acceptable constitutional order to acknowledge reasonable disagreements. By contrast, we contend that any reconstruction of the EU's economic constitution has to pay attention to reconciling a European monetary order with the legitimacy of member state governance. The EU requires a two-level contract to meet this standard. Member states must treat each other as equals and be representative of and accountable to their citizens on an equitable basis. These criteria entail that the EU's political legitimacy requires a form of demoi cracy that we call 'republican intergovernmentalism'. Only rules that could be acceptable as the product of a political constitution among the peoples of Europe can ultimately meet the required standards of political legitimacy. Such a political constitution could be brought about through empowering national parliaments in EU decision-making.

Describing the Elephant: Structure and Function in Multivariate Data.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

McDonald, Roderick P.

1986-01-01

There is a unity underlying the diversity of models for the analysis of multivariate data. Essentially, they constitute a family of models, most generally nonlinear, for structural/functional relations between variables drawn from a behavior domain. (Author)

"Color-Blind" Racism.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Carr, Leslie G.

Examining race relations in the United States from a historical perspective, this book explains how the constitution is racist and how color blindness is actually a racist ideology. It is argued that Justice Harlan, in his dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson, meant that the constitution and the law must remain blind to the existence of race…

A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relative to balancing the budget.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. McConnell, Mitch [R-KY

2011-06-29

Senate - 11/30/2011 Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 112-512. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

What Types of Policies Are Required for a Constitutionally Sound, Efficient Educational System of Common Schools?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

La Brecque, Richard

This paper clarifies core concepts in a Kentucky judge's decision that the State General Assembly has failed to provide an efficient system of common schools. Connecting "efficiency" of educational systems to "equality of educational opportunity," the paper argues that the realization of a constitutionally sound, efficient…

A joint resolution proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States requiring that the Federal budget be balanced.

THOMAS, 112th Congress

Sen. Lee, Mike [R-UT

2011-02-03

Senate - 11/30/2011 Committee on the Judiciary Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights. Hearings held. With printed Hearing: S.Hrg. 112-512. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The Role of Empirical Research in Informing Debates about the Constitutionality of School Choice

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Saiger, Aaron

2006-01-01

Federal constitutional law currently permits choice programs that include religious schools only if they provide parents with "genuine and independent choice"; as the leading federal case demonstrates, whether this test is satisfied is an interesting and difficult empirical question. State doctrine regarding establishment of religion can be…

8 CFR 316.11 - Attachment to the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-01-01

... disposition towards the good order and happiness. 316.11 Section 316.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF... the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness. (a) General. An... favorably disposed toward the good order and happiness of the United States. Attachment implies a depth of...

8 CFR 316.11 - Attachment to the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... disposition towards the good order and happiness. 316.11 Section 316.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF... the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness. (a) General. An... favorably disposed toward the good order and happiness of the United States. Attachment implies a depth of...

8 CFR 316.11 - Attachment to the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... disposition towards the good order and happiness. 316.11 Section 316.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF... the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness. (a) General. An... favorably disposed toward the good order and happiness of the United States. Attachment implies a depth of...

8 CFR 316.11 - Attachment to the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... disposition towards the good order and happiness. 316.11 Section 316.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF... the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness. (a) General. An... favorably disposed toward the good order and happiness of the United States. Attachment implies a depth of...

8 CFR 316.11 - Attachment to the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... disposition towards the good order and happiness. 316.11 Section 316.11 Aliens and Nationality DEPARTMENT OF... the Constitution; favorable disposition towards the good order and happiness. (a) General. An... favorably disposed toward the good order and happiness of the United States. Attachment implies a depth of...

An Alien's Constitutional Right to Loan, Scholarship and Tuition Benefits at State Supported Colleges and Universities.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maxwell, Janette Fenn

1979-01-01

Ways in which various statutes discriminate against nonimmigrant alien students are discussed, with the constitutional doctrines of equal protection, due process, and federal preemption considered. California's tuition statute is analyzed. Available from Calif Western Law R, 350 Cedar St, San Diego, CA 92101, $1.50. (MSE)

30 CFR 882.13 - Liens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... increase in the fair market value; except that— (1) A lien must not be placed against the property of a... necessitated the reclamation work. (2) The basis for making a determination of what constitutes a significant increase in market value or what factual situation constitutes a waiver of lien will be made by OSM, State...

30 CFR 882.13 - Liens.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... increase in the fair market value; except that— (1) A lien must not be placed against the property of a... necessitated the reclamation work. (2) The basis for making a determination of what constitutes a significant increase in market value or what factual situation constitutes a waiver of lien will be made by OSM, State...

Why Did the Founding Fathers Write the Constitution of the United States?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Singer, Alan

1987-01-01

Presents a mock dialogue among Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and Abigail Adams that questions whether the Founding Fathers wrote the U.S. Constitution as defenders of hard-won liberty or as self-serving aristocrats whose sole interest was in preserving their own economic and political positions. (BSR)

Can Morality be Separated from Religion in the Teaching of Values?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Nucci, Larry; Junker, Linda

The author argues that morality can be taught in public schools without retreating into moral relativism and without compromising our cultural and constitutional principles of freedom of speech and the separation of church and state. The paper draws from philosophy and psychological theory to illustrate that concepts of the moral constitute a…

A Compilation of Laws Pertaining to Indians. State of Maine, July 1976.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maine State Dept. of Indian Affairs, Augusta.

Compiled from the Maine Revised Statutes of 1964, the Constitution of Maine, and the current Resolves and Private and Special Laws, this document constitutes an update to a previous publication (January 1974), correcting errors and adding amendments through 1976. This compilation of laws pertaining to American Indians includes statutes on the…

A Compilation of Laws Pertaining to Indians. State of Maine, January 1974.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Maine State Dept. of Indian Affairs, Augusta.

Compiled from the Maine Revised Statutes of 1964 (including amendments through 1973), the Constitution of Maine, and the current Resolves and Private and Special Laws, this compilation of laws pertaining to American Indians includes statutes relative to the following: (1) Constitution of Maine (bond issues; guaranteed loans for Indian housing;…

Defining and Quantifying Potentially Discriminatory Questions in Employment Interviewing.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Springston, Jeffery K.; Keyton, Joann

A study determined what constitutes an illegal pre-employment question, reviewed current laws and literature on the subject, and determined the prevalence of illegal questions asked by organizations. Except in the case of specific statutory law, there is no precise way to define what constitutes an illegal question; however, state and federal…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution to provide for a balanced budget for the United States Government and for greater accountability in the enactment of tax legislation.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Emerson, Jo Ann [R-MO-8

2009-01-07

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Steady-state heat conduction in quiescent fluids: Incompleteness of the Navier-Stokes-Fourier equations

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Brenner, Howard

2011-10-01

Linear irreversible thermodynamic principles are used to demonstrate, by counterexample, the existence of a fundamental incompleteness in the basic pre-constitutive mass, momentum, and energy equations governing fluid mechanics and transport phenomena in continua. The demonstration is effected by addressing the elementary case of steady-state heat conduction (and transport processes in general) occurring in quiescent fluids. The counterexample questions the universal assumption of equality of the four physically different velocities entering into the basic pre-constitutive mass, momentum, and energy conservation equations. Explicitly, it is argued that such equality is an implicit constitutive assumption rather than an established empirical fact of unquestioned authority. Such equality, if indeed true, would require formal proof of its validity, currently absent from the literature. In fact, our counterexample shows the assumption of equality to be false. As the current set of pre-constitutive conservation equations appearing in textbooks are regarded as applicable both to continua and noncontinua (e.g., rarefied gases), our elementary counterexample negating belief in the equality of all four velocities impacts on all aspects of fluid mechanics and transport processes, continua and noncontinua alike.

A hidden markov model derived structural alphabet for proteins.

PubMed

Camproux, A C; Gautier, R; Tufféry, P

2004-06-04

Understanding and predicting protein structures depends on the complexity and the accuracy of the models used to represent them. We have set up a hidden Markov model that discretizes protein backbone conformation as series of overlapping fragments (states) of four residues length. This approach learns simultaneously the geometry of the states and their connections. We obtain, using a statistical criterion, an optimal systematic decomposition of the conformational variability of the protein peptidic chain in 27 states with strong connection logic. This result is stable over different protein sets. Our model fits well the previous knowledge related to protein architecture organisation and seems able to grab some subtle details of protein organisation, such as helix sub-level organisation schemes. Taking into account the dependence between the states results in a description of local protein structure of low complexity. On an average, the model makes use of only 8.3 states among 27 to describe each position of a protein structure. Although we use short fragments, the learning process on entire protein conformations captures the logic of the assembly on a larger scale. Using such a model, the structure of proteins can be reconstructed with an average accuracy close to 1.1A root-mean-square deviation and for a complexity of only 3. Finally, we also observe that sequence specificity increases with the number of states of the structural alphabet. Such models can constitute a very relevant approach to the analysis of protein architecture in particular for protein structure prediction.

77 FR 27669 - Modifications to Definition of United States Property

Federal Register 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014

2012-05-11

... Modifications to Definition of United States Property AGENCY: Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Treasury. ACTION... contracts. The temporary regulations provide that certain obligations of United States persons arising from... derivatives clearing organization or clearing agency do not constitute United States property. The text of the...

12 CFR 390.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... the Interlocks Act and does not represent a true commonality of interest between the depository... members of his or her immediate family, whose shares are necessary to constitute the group owns a nominal... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 390.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... the Interlocks Act and does not represent a true commonality of interest between the depository... members of his or her immediate family, whose shares are necessary to constitute the group owns a nominal... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 390.401 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... the Interlocks Act and does not represent a true commonality of interest between the depository... members of his or her immediate family, whose shares are necessary to constitute the group owns a nominal... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 563f.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... interest between the depository organizations. In making this determination, the OTS considers, among other... constitute the group owns a nominal percentage of the shares of one of the organizations and the percentage... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 563f.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... interest between the depository organizations. In making this determination, the OTS considers, among other... constitute the group owns a nominal percentage of the shares of one of the organizations and the percentage... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 563f.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... interest between the depository organizations. In making this determination, the OTS considers, among other... constitute the group owns a nominal percentage of the shares of one of the organizations and the percentage... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

12 CFR 563f.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... interest between the depository organizations. In making this determination, the OTS considers, among other... constitute the group owns a nominal percentage of the shares of one of the organizations and the percentage... United States branch or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any State or...

Influence of constitutive phenolic compounds on the response of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) leaves to infection by Plasmopara viticola.

PubMed

Latouche, Gwendal; Bellow, Sébastien; Poutaraud, Anne; Meyer, Sylvie; Cerovic, Zoran G

2013-01-01

Flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids are known to contribute to plant resistance against pathogens, but there are few reports on the implication of flavonols in the resistance of grapevine against Plasmopara viticola, and none on the involvement of hydroxycinnamic acids. In order to analyze the effect of flavonols on P. viticola infection, variable amounts of flavonols were induced by different light conditions in otherwise phenologically identical leaves. Differences in content of leaf hydroxycinnamic acids were induced at the same time. A non-invasive monitoring of flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids was performed with Dualex leaf-clip optical sensors. Whatever the light condition, there were no significant changes in flavonol or in hydroxycinnamic acid contents for control and inoculated leaves during the development of P. viticola until 6 days after inoculation. The violet-blue autofluorescence of stilbenes, the main phytoalexins of grapevine that accumulate in inoculated leaves, was used as an indicator of infection by P. viticola. The implication of leaf constitutive flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids in the defence of Vitis vinifera against P. viticola could be investigated in vivo thanks to this indicator. The increase in stilbene violet-blue autofluorescence started earlier for leaves with low flavonol content than for leaves with higher content, suggesting that constitutive flavonols are able to slow down the infection by P. viticola. On the contrary, constitutive hydroxycinnamic acids did not seem to play a role in defence against P. viticola. The non-destructive nature of the methods used alleviates the major problem of destructive experiments: the large variability in leaf phenolic contents.

A finite deformation viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model for self-healing materials

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Shahsavari, H.; Naghdabadi, R.; Baghani, M.; Sohrabpour, S.

2016-12-01

In this paper, employing the Hencky strain, viscoelastic-viscoplastic response of self-healing materials is investigated. Considering the irreversible thermodynamics and using the effective configuration in the Continuum Damage-Healing Mechanics (CDHM), a phenomenological finite strain viscoelastic-viscoplastic constitutive model is presented. Considering finite viscoelastic and viscoplastic deformations, total deformation gradient is multiplicatively decomposed into viscoelastic and viscoplastic parts. Due to mathematical advantages and physical meaning of Hencky strain, this measure of strain is employed in the constitutive model development. In this regard, defining the damage and healing variables and employing the strain equivalence hypothesis, the strain tensor is determined in the effective configuration. Satisfying the Clausius-Duhem inequality, the evolution equations are introduced for the viscoelastic and viscoplastic strains. The damage and healing variables also evolve according to two different prescribed functions. To employ the proposed model in different loading conditions, the model is discretized in the semi-implicit form. Material parameters of the model are identified employing experimental tests on asphalt mixes available in the literature. Finally, capability of the model is demonstrated comparing the model predictions in the creep-recovery and repeated creep-recovery with the experimental results available in the literature and a good agreement between predicted and test results is revealed.

Tae-Eum Type as an Independent Risk Factor for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

PubMed Central

Lee, Seung Ku; Yoon, Dae Wui; Yi, Hyeryeon; Lee, Si Woo; Kim, Jong Yeol; Shin, Chol

2013-01-01

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is prevalent and associated with several kinds of chronic diseases. There has been evidence that a specific type of Sasang constitution is a risk factor for metabolic and cardiovascular diseases that can be found in patients with OSA, but there are no studies that address the association between the Sasang constitution type (SCT) and OSA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between the SCT and OSA. A total of 652 participants were included. All participants were examined for demographic information, medical history, and completed an interviewer-administered questionnaire on life style and sleep-related variables. Biochemical analyses were performed to determine the glucose and lipid profiles. An objective recording of OSA was done with an unattended home PSG using an Embla portable device. The apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and oxygen desaturation index (ODI) were significantly higher in the Tae-eum (TE) type as compared to the So-eum (SE) and the So-yang (SY) types. Even after adjusting for confounding variables, the TE type still had a 2.34-fold (95% CI, 1.11–4.94; P = 0.0262) increased risk for OSA. This population-based cohort study found that the TE constitutional type is an independent risk factor for the development of OSA. PMID:23554836

Electrodynamics of ionospheric weather over low latitudes

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Abdu, Mangalathayil Ali

2016-12-01

The dynamic state of the ionosphere at low latitudes is largely controlled by electric fields originating from dynamo actions by atmospheric waves propagating from below and the solar wind-magnetosphere interaction from above. These electric fields cause structuring of the ionosphere in wide ranging spatial and temporal scales that impact on space-based communication and navigation systems constituting an important segment of our technology-based day-to-day lives. The largest of the ionosphere structures, the equatorial ionization anomaly, with global maximum of plasma densities can cause propagation delays on the GNSS signals. The sunset electrodynamics is responsible for the generation of plasma bubble wide spectrum irregularities that can cause scintillation or even disruptions of satellite communication/navigation signals. Driven basically by upward propagating tides, these electric fields can suffer significant modulations from perturbation winds due to gravity waves, planetary/Kelvin waves, and non-migrating tides, as recent observational and modeling results have demonstrated. The changing state of the plasma distribution arising from these highly variable electric fields constitutes an important component of the ionospheric weather disturbances. Another, often dominating, component arises from solar disturbances when coronal mass ejection (CME) interaction with the earth's magnetosphere results in energy transport to low latitudes in the form of storm time prompt penetration electric fields and thermospheric disturbance winds. As a result, drastic modifications can occur in the form of layer restructuring (Es-, F3 layers etc.), large total electron content (TEC) enhancements, equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) latitudinal expansion/contraction, anomalous polarization electric fields/vertical drifts, enhanced growth/suppression of plasma structuring, etc. A brief review of our current understanding of the ionospheric weather variations and the electrodynamic processes underlying them and some outstanding questions will be presented in this paper.

Analyzing the User Behavior toward Electronic Commerce Stimuli.

PubMed

Lorenzo-Romero, Carlota; Alarcón-Del-Amo, María-Del-Carmen; Gómez-Borja, Miguel-Ángel

2016-01-01

Based on the Stimulus-Organism-Response paradigm this research analyzes the main differences between the effects of two types of web technologies: Verbal web technology (i.e., navigational structure as utilitarian stimulus) versus non-verbal web technology (music and presentation of products as hedonic stimuli). Specific webmosphere stimuli have not been examined yet as separate variables and their impact on internal and behavioral responses seems unknown. Therefore, the objective of this research consists in analyzing the impact of these web technologies -which constitute the web atmosphere or webmosphere of a website- on shopping human behavior (i.e., users' internal states -affective, cognitive, and satisfaction- and behavioral responses - approach responses, and real shopping outcomes-) within the retail online store created by computer, taking into account some mediator variables (i.e., involvement, atmospheric responsiveness, and perceived risk). A 2 ("free" versus "hierarchical" navigational structure) × 2 ("on" versus "off" music) × 2 ("moving" versus "static" images) between-subjects computer experimental design is used to test empirically this research. In addition, an integrated methodology was developed allowing the simulation, tracking and recording of virtual user behavior within an online shopping environment. As main conclusion, this study suggests that the positive responses of online consumers might increase when they are allowed to freely navigate the online stores and their experience is enriched by animate gifts and music background. The effect caused by mediator variables modifies relatively the final shopping human behavior.

Periodontal Status and Some Variables among Pregnant Women in a Nigeria Tertiary Institution.

PubMed

Onigbinde, Oo; Sorunke, Me; Braimoh, Mo; Adeniyi, Ao

2014-11-01

Gingival changes during pregnancy have been well-documented. The prevalence of gingivitis in pregnant women has reportedly ranged from 30% to 100%. Increase in both the rate of estrogen metabolism and synthesis of prostaglandins by the gingiva contributed to the gingival changes observed during pregnancy. In effect increased prevalence of dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis and tooth mobility may be encountered in pregnancy. The purpose of the study was to determine the association of some variables and the periodontal status in a sample of pregnant women attending the Ante Natal Clinic (ANC) of Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH), Ikeja, Lagos. Women at various stages of pregnancy, attending the ANC of LASUTH, constituted the target population. The questionnaire was administered on each patient followed by dental examinations. Periodontal status was assessed using the community periodontal index (CPI) of treatment needs. Oral hygiene status was evaluated according to Green and Vermilion simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The association between the CPI scores; OHI-S scores and variables such as trimester and dental visits were statistically significant. This study indicated that the gestational age of pregnancy and dental visits have a definite impact on the periodontal status. Oral health education should be included as an integral part of antenatal care to increase the women awareness. This would improve the mothers' dental care-seeking behavior.

Poleward energy transport: is the standard definition physically relevant at all time scales?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, Minyi; Czaja, Arnaud; Graversen, Rune; Tailleux, Remi

2018-03-01

Poleward energy transport in the atmosphere and oceans constitutes an important branch of the global energy budget, and its role in the climate system has been the subject of many studies. In the atmosphere, the transport is affected by "eddies" and large scale meridional cells, both with zero net mass transport across latitude circles, but also partly by processes associated with a net transport of mass across latitude circles. The latter must cease to operate in steady state, but they may be significant when time variability of the heat budget is considered. Indeed, examination of reanalysis data on short (daily to monthly) timescales shows that mass variations on these timescales result in surprisingly large fluctuations (in excess of 10^{15} W = 1 PW) in the poleward heat transport. These fluctuations are referred to as "extensive", for they primarily alter the mass integrated energy of the region considered, but not its averaged value. It is suggested that extensive fluctuations mask more meaningful climate signals present in the heat transport variability on monthly and interannual timescales, and a new formulation is proposed to isolate the latter. This new formulation is applied successfully to reanalysis data and climate model simulations.

Intonation and emotion: influence of pitch levels and contour type on creating emotions.

PubMed

Rodero, Emma

2011-01-01

Intonation is a vehicle for communication, which sometimes contributes greater meaning than the semantic content of speech itself. This prosodic element lends the message linguistic and paralinguistic meaning, which carries a highly significant communicative value when conveying emotional states. For this reason, this article analyses the use of intonation as an instrument for arousing various sensations in the listener. The aim was to verify which elements of intonation are more decisive to generate a specific sensation. Experimental research is conducted, in which certain pitch patterns (pitch levels and contour type) are assigned different emotions (joy, anxiety, sadness, and calmness) and are then listened to and assessed using a questionnaire with a bipolar scale of opposed pairs, by a sample audience comprising 100 individuals. The main conclusion drawn is that, although both the variables analyzed--pitch level and contour type--are representative of expressing emotions, contour type is more decisive. In all the models analyzed, contour type has been highly significant and constitutes the variable that has been determined as the final component for recognizing various emotions. Copyright © 2011 The Voice Foundation. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.

Poleward Energy Transport: Is the Standard Definition Physically Relevant at All Time Scales?

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Liang, M.; Czaja, A.; Graversen, R.; Tailleux, R.

2017-12-01

Poleward energy transport in the atmosphere and oceans constitutes an important branch of the global energy budget, and its role in the climate system has been the subject of many studies. In the atmosphere, the transport is affected by ''eddies'' and large scale meridional cells, both with zero net mass transport across latitude circles, but also partly by processes associated with a net transport of mass across latitude circles. The latter must cease to operate in steady state, but they may be significant when time variability of the heat budget is considered. Indeed, examination of reanalysis data on short (daily to monthly) timescales shows that mass variations on these timescales result in surprisingly large fluctuations (in excess of 1015W = 1PW) in the poleward heat transport. These fluctuations are referred to as ''extensive'', for they primarily alter the mass integrated energy of the region considered, but not its averaged value. It is suggested that extensive fluctuations mask more meaningful climate signals present in the heat transport variability, and a new formulation is proposed to isolate the latter. This new formulation is applied successfully to reanalysis data and climate model simulations.

Analysis of Sensory/Active Piezoelectric Composite Structures in Thermal Environments

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Lee, Ho-Jun; Saravanos, Dimitris A.

1996-01-01

Although there has been extensive development of analytical methods for modeling the behavior of piezoelectric structures, only a limited amount of research has been performed concerning the implications of thermal effects on both the active and sensory response of smart structures. Thermal effects become important when the piezoelectric structure has to operate in either extremely hot or cold temperature environments. Consequently, the purpose of this paper is to extend the previously developed discrete layer formulation of Saravanos and Heyliger to account for the coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal response in modern smart composite beams. The mechanics accounts for thermal effects which may arise in the elastic and piezoelectric media at the material level through the constitutive equations. The displacements, electric potentials, and temperatures are introduced as state variables, allowing them to be modeled as variable fields through the laminate thickness. This unified representation leads to an inherent capability to model both the active compensation of thermal distortions in smart structures and the resultant sensory voltage when thermal loads are applied. The corresponding finite element formulation is developed and numerical results demonstrate the ability to model both the active and sensory modes of composite beams with heterogeneous plies with attached piezoelectric layers under thermal loadings.

Different techniques of multispectral data analysis for vegetation fraction retrieval

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Kancheva, Rumiana; Georgiev, Georgi

2012-07-01

Vegetation monitoring is one of the most important applications of remote sensing technologies. In respect to farmlands, the assessment of crop condition constitutes the basis of growth, development, and yield processes monitoring. Plant condition is defined by a set of biometric variables, such as density, height, biomass amount, leaf area index, and etc. The canopy cover fraction is closely related to these variables, and is state-indicative of the growth process. At the same time it is a defining factor of the soil-vegetation system spectral signatures. That is why spectral mixtures decomposition is a primary objective in remotely sensed data processing and interpretation, specifically in agricultural applications. The actual usefulness of the applied methods depends on their prediction reliability. The goal of this paper is to present and compare different techniques for quantitative endmember extraction from soil-crop patterns reflectance. These techniques include: linear spectral unmixing, two-dimensional spectra analysis, spectral ratio analysis (vegetation indices), spectral derivative analysis (red edge position), colorimetric analysis (tristimulus values sum, chromaticity coordinates and dominant wavelength). The objective is to reveal their potential, accuracy and robustness for plant fraction estimation from multispectral data. Regression relationships have been established between crop canopy cover and various spectral estimators.

The utility of state parks as a conservation tool for isolated and ephemeral wetlands: A case study from the southern Blue Ridge

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Howard, J. H.; Baldwin, R.; Pitt, A. L.; Baldwin, E. D.

2013-12-01

Biodiversity management has been historically confined to parks and protected areas and these types of formally-protected areas may help to mitigate the effects of climate change and habitat loss by preventing further fragmentation, degradation and the spread of invasive species. Much research has demonstrated the importance of parks and other such protected areas for their ecological, conservational, and socio-cultural benefits. Protected areas constitute ~ 12% of the earth's land surface and are described as an essential core unit for for in situ conservation. State parks provide a type of a priori conservation, allowing areas which are identified as ecologically important within state park boundaries to be more rapidly prioritized for conservation and management. The development of South Carolina's state parks strongly contributed to cultural, social and ecological improvement across the state and we demonstrate that this network of protected areas can also help scientists to better locate, study and conserve cryptic or unprotected habitats. Our goals for this study were to use the SC state park system to 1) examine the structural and functional differences between wetlands located inside versus outside the state park system, and 2) suggest a conservation framework for small wetlands incorporating both state parks and adjacent areas with variable ownership status. At each wetland, we variables at the within-pond and local (5 m buffer around pool) scales. We visited each study wetland (N = 41, park pool = 19, non-park pools = 22) 5 times during both 2010 and 2011; collected water quality data and recorded the presence and activity of mammals, reptiles, amphibians, benthic invertebrates, zooplankton, phytoplankton and benthic algae. We hypothesized that wetlands within state parks would have better water quality and higher species richness compared to non-park wetlands. Our case study revealed that wetlands outside of state parks exhibited less variable depths and were deeper on average than park pools. We found significant differences in total taxonomic richness, invertebrate tolerance values and wetland depth between park and non-park wetlands. We relied heavily on local ecological knowledge (LEK) for identification and information on wetlands within parks. Furthermore, state parks played a vital role in the development of this project and our study was enriched as a result of utilizing state park personnel and their LEK. We were also able to interact with the public during our site visits and this two-way dialogue between scientists and the general public was useful for educating citizens about the importance of isolated/ephemeral wetlands and helped us better understand public perceptions of wetlands. State parks provided a number of study sites, various personnel who were knowledgeable about the locations and dynamics of wetlands and an a priori framework for conservation at the local scale which can help bolster conservation efforts at larger scales. We posit that state parks are an under-utilized but extremely important resource for filling the gaps in conservation.

The Origination Clause, the Affordable Care Act, and Indirect Constitutional Violations.

PubMed

Dysart, Tessa L

2015-01-01

"All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments as on other Bills." U.S. Const. art. I, § 7, cl. 1 (Origination Clause). "As we have often noted, '[c]onstitutional rights would be of little value if they could be . . . indirectly denied.'" United States Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton, 514 U.S. 779, 829 (1995) The Supreme Court's opinion in National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, upholding the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) as a permissible exercise of Congress's taxing power rekindled an old question about the constitutionality of the Act: Was the Act unconstitutional under the Origination Clause? The bill that became the ACA, H.R. 3590, originated in the House as the Service Members Home Ownership Tax Act of 2009. It was gutted by the Senate and replaced with the ACA before being passed and sent back to the House for final passage. The Supreme Court has heard very few cases on the Origination Clause, and Origination Clause challenges have met with little success. Most of these cases have developed over the questions of whether the bill is actually a revenue-raising bill that is constitutionally required to be originate in the House, and, if so, whether the Senate amendments were appropriate. But United States Term Limits v. Thornton provides another angle under which to examine the constitutionality of the ACA: an indirect violation of a constitutional prohibition. In this Article, I will provide an overview of the ACA's passage and analyze it through the lenses of traditional Origination Clause arguments and the Term Limits approach.

Interest of analyses of heart rate variability in the prevention of fatigue states in senior runners.

PubMed

Leti, Thomas; Bricout, Véronique A

2013-01-01

The use of heart rate variability (HRV) in the management of sport training is a practice which tends to spread, especially in order to prevent the occurrence of fatigue states. To estimate the HRV parameters obtained using a heart rate recording, according to different exercise impacts, and to make the link with the appearance of subjective fatigue. Ten senior runners, aged 51±5 years, were each monitored over a period of 12 weeks in different conditions: (i) after a resting period, (ii) after a day with training, (iii) after a day of competition and (iv) after a rest day. They also completed three questionnaires, to assess fatigue (SFMS), profile of mood states (POMS) and quality of sleep. The HRV indices (heart rate, LF (n.u.), HF (n.u.) and LF/HF) were significantly altered with the competitive impact, shifting toward a sympathetic predominance. After rest and recovery nights, the LF (n.u.) increased significantly with the competitive impact (62.1±15.2 and 66.9±11.6 vs. 76.0±10.7; p<0.05 respectively) whereas the HF (n.u.) decreased significantly (37.9±15.2 and 33.1±11.6 vs. 24.0±10.7; p<0.05 respectively). Positive correlations were found between fatigue and frequency domain indices and between fatigue and training impact. Autonomic nervous system modulation-fatigue relationships were significant, suggesting the potential use of HRV in follow-up and control of training. Furthermore, the addition of questionnaires constitutes complementary tools that allow to achieve a greater relevance and accuracy of the athletes' fitness and results. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Efficient evaluation of the material response of tissues reinforced by statistically oriented fibres

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hashlamoun, Kotaybah; Grillo, Alfio; Federico, Salvatore

2016-10-01

For several classes of soft biological tissues, modelling complexity is in part due to the arrangement of the collagen fibres. In general, the arrangement of the fibres can be described by defining, at each point in the tissue, the structure tensor (i.e. the tensor product of the unit vector of the local fibre arrangement by itself) and a probability distribution of orientation. In this approach, assuming that the fibres do not interact with each other, the overall contribution of the collagen fibres to a given mechanical property of the tissue can be estimated by means of an averaging integral of the constitutive function describing the mechanical property at study over the set of all possible directions in space. Except for the particular case of fibre constitutive functions that are polynomial in the transversely isotropic invariants of the deformation, the averaging integral cannot be evaluated directly, in a single calculation because, in general, the integrand depends both on deformation and on fibre orientation in a non-separable way. The problem is thus, in a sense, analogous to that of solving the integral of a function of two variables, which cannot be split up into the product of two functions, each depending only on one of the variables. Although numerical schemes can be used to evaluate the integral at each deformation increment, this is computationally expensive. With the purpose of containing computational costs, this work proposes approximation methods that are based on the direct integrability of polynomial functions and that do not require the step-by-step evaluation of the averaging integrals. Three different methods are proposed: (a) a Taylor expansion of the fibre constitutive function in the transversely isotropic invariants of the deformation; (b) a Taylor expansion of the fibre constitutive function in the structure tensor; (c) for the case of a fibre constitutive function having a polynomial argument, an approximation in which the directional average of the constitutive function is replaced by the constitutive function evaluated at the directional average of the argument. Each of the proposed methods approximates the averaged constitutive function in such a way that it is multiplicatively decomposed into the product of a function of the deformation only and a function of the structure tensors only. In order to assess the accuracy of these methods, we evaluate the constitutive functions of the elastic potential and the Cauchy stress, for a biaxial test, under different conditions, i.e. different fibre distributions and different ratios of the nominal strains in the two directions. The results are then compared against those obtained for an averaging method available in the literature, as well as against the integration made at each increment of deformation.

A practical approach to Sasang constitutional diagnosis using vocal features

PubMed Central

2013-01-01

Background Sasang constitutional medicine (SCM) is a type of tailored medicine that divides human beings into four Sasang constitutional (SC) types. Diagnosis of SC types is crucial to proper treatment in SCM. Voice characteristics have been used as an essential clue for diagnosing SC types. In the past, many studies tried to extract quantitative vocal features to make diagnosis models; however, these studies were flawed by limited data collected from one or a few sites, long recording time, and low accuracy. We propose a practical diagnosis model having only a few variables, which decreases model complexity. This in turn, makes our model appropriate for clinical applications. Methods A total of 2,341 participants’ voice recordings were used in making a SC classification model and to test the generalization ability of the model. Although the voice data consisted of five vowels and two repeated sentences per participant, we used only the sentence part for our study. A total of 21 features were extracted, and an advanced feature selection method—the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)—was applied to reduce the number of variables for classifier learning. A SC classification model was developed using multinomial logistic regression via LASSO. Results We compared the proposed classification model to the previous study, which used both sentences and five vowels from the same patient’s group. The classification accuracies for the test set were 47.9% and 40.4% for male and female, respectively. Our result showed that the proposed method was superior to the previous study in that it required shorter voice recordings, is more applicable to practical use, and had better generalization performance. Conclusions We proposed a practical SC classification method and showed that our model having fewer variables outperformed the model having many variables in the generalization test. We attempted to reduce the number of variables in two ways: 1) the initial number of candidate features was decreased by considering shorter voice recording, and 2) LASSO was introduced for reducing model complexity. The proposed method is suitable for an actual clinical environment. Moreover, we expect it to yield more stable results because of the model’s simplicity. PMID:24200041

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2012 CFR

2012-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

12 CFR 590.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a.... The wording of the federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law...

12 CFR 190.101 - State criminal usury statutes.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-01-01

... constitution or laws of any state expressly limiting the rate or amount of interest, discount points, finance... the Federal statute preempts a state law which deems it a criminal offense to charge interest at a... Federal statute clearly expresses an intent to displace all direct state law restraints on interest. Any...

31 CFR Appendix C to Part 589 - Executive Order 13662

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including the International Emergency Economic... 3, United States Code, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of America, hereby expand the... United States. Accordingly, I hereby order: Section 1. (a) All property and interests in property that...

Campus Prosociality as a Sustainability Indicator

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Waring, Timothy M.; Sullivan, Abigail V.; Stapp, Jared R.

2016-01-01

Purpose: Prosociality may in part determine sustainability behavior. Prior research indicates that pro-environmental behavior correlates with prosocial attitudes, and separately, that prosociality correlates with social support in homes and communities. Therefore, prosociality may constitute a keystone variable linking human well-being with…

Multi-hop teleportation based on W state and EPR pairs

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hai-Tao, Zhan; Xu-Tao, Yu; Pei-Ying, Xiong; Zai-Chen, Zhang

2016-05-01

Multi-hop teleportation has significant value due to long-distance delivery of quantum information. Many studies about multi-hop teleportation are based on Bell pairs, partially entangled pairs or W state. The possibility of multi-hop teleportation constituted by partially entangled pairs relates to the number of nodes. The possibility of multi-hop teleportation constituted by double W states is after n-hop teleportation. In this paper, a multi-hop teleportation scheme based on W state and EPR pairs is presented and proved. The successful possibility of quantum information transmitted hop by hop through intermediate nodes is deduced. The possibility of successful transmission is after n-hop teleportation. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61571105), the Prospective Future Network Project of Jiangsu Province, China (Grant No. BY2013095-1-18), and the Independent Project of State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, China (Grant No. Z201504).

Tobacco industry litigation to deter local public health ordinances: the industry usually loses in court

PubMed Central

Nixon, M; Mahmoud, L; Glantz, S

2004-01-01

Background: The tobacco industry uses claims of state preemption or violations of the US Constitution in litigation to overturn local tobacco control ordinances. Methods: Collection of lawsuits filed or threatened against local governments in the USA; review of previously secret tobacco industry documents; interviews with key informants. Results: The industry is most likely to prevail when a court holds that there is explicit preemption language by the state legislature to exclusively regulate tobacco. The industry has a much weaker record on claims of implied preemption and has lost all challenges brought under equal protection claims in the cases we located. Although the tobacco industry is willing to spend substantial amounts of money on these lawsuits, it never won on constitutional equal protection grounds and lost or dropped 60% (16/27) of the cases it brought claiming implied state preemption. Conclusions: Municipalities should continue to pass ordinances and be prepared to defend them against claims of implied preemption or on constitutional grounds. If the ordinance is properly prepared they will likely prevail. Health advocates should be prepared to assist in this process. PMID:14985600

Factor analysis of some socio-economic and demographic variables for Bangladesh.

PubMed

Islam, S M

1986-01-01

The author carries out an exploratory factor analysis of some socioeconomic and demographic variables for Bangladesh using the classical or common factor approach with the varimax rotation method. The socioeconomic and demographic indicators used in this study include literacy, rate of growth, female employment, economic development, urbanization, population density, childlessness, sex ratio, proportion of women ever married, and fertility. The 18 administrative districts of Bangladesh constitute the unit of analysis. 3 common factors--modernization, fertility, and social progress--are identified in this study to explain the correlations among the set of selected socioeconomic and demographic variables.

State Action Analysis of Tax Expenditures

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brown, Robert Clarke

1977-01-01

Recent judicial treatment of tax expenditures in both state action and establishment clause cases is analyzed and it is argued that tax expenditures and direct expenditures should be treated as constitutional equivalents. (LBH)

On the dual variable of the Cauchy stress tensor in isotropic finite hyperelasticity

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Vallée, Claude; Fortuné, Danielle; Lerintiu, Camelia

2008-11-01

Elastic materials are governed by a constitutive law relating the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor Σ and the right Cauchy-Green strain tensor C=FF. Isotropic elastic materials are the special cases for which the Cauchy stress tensor σ depends solely on the left Cauchy-Green strain tensor B=FF. In this Note we revisit the following property of isotropic hyperelastic materials: if the constitutive law relating Σ and C is derivable from a potential ϕ, then σ and lnB are related by a constitutive law derived from the compound potential ϕ○exp. We give a new and concise proof which is based on an explicit integral formula expressing the derivative of the exponential of a tensor. To cite this article: C. Vallée et al., C. R. Mecanique 336 (2008).

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States relating to limitations on the amounts of contributions and expenditures that may be made in connection with campaigns for election to public office.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Kaptur, Marcy [D-OH-9

2009-01-08

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States to repeal the twenty-second article of amendment, thereby removing the limitation on the number of terms an individual may serve as President.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Serrano, Jose E. [D-NY-16

2009-01-06

House - 02/09/2009 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

The Youngest Minority: Are They Competent to Waive Their Constitutional Rights?

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Brewer, Saundra

Although juveniles are not considered criminals, it has been only in the last decade that they have been accorded the constitutional rights to fairness and due process of law accorded to adults - - basic rights guaranteed by the United States Supreme Court decision in the Miranda case. However, since a large proportion of youthful arrestees are of…

Lessons on the Constitution. Supplements to High School Courses in American History, Government and Civics.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, John J.; Remy, Richard C.

These curriculum materials about various aspects of the United States Constitution are designed as supplements to high school courses in history, civics, and government. They include 60 original lessons for students, accompanied by lesson plans for teachers, and are divided into five chapters. Chapter I, "Documents of Freedom" includes…

29 CFR 1975.2 - Basis of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-07-01

... Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, is derived mainly from the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. (section 2(b), Pub. L. 91-596; U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 3; “United States v. Darby,” 312 U.S. 100.) The reach of the Commerce Clause extends beyond Federal regulation of the channels and...

29 CFR 1975.2 - Basis of authority.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2014 CFR

2014-07-01

... Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970, is derived mainly from the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. (section 2(b), Pub. L. 91-596; U.S. Constitution, Art. I, Sec. 8, Cl. 3; “United States v. Darby,” 312 U.S. 100.) The reach of the Commerce Clause extends beyond Federal regulation of the channels and...

Home-Schools and Interscholastic Sports: Denying Participation Violates United States Constitutional Due Process and Equal Protection Rights. Chalk Talk.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Webb, Derwin L.

1997-01-01

Participation in sports, in some instances, is considered a right which grants students the opportunity to be involved in extracurricular activities. Discusses the potential violation of home-schooled students' constitutional due process and equal protection rights and the pertinent laws regarding students and their ability to participate in…

Celebrate the Constitution: A Guide for Public Programs in the Humanities, 1987-1991.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Federation of State Humanities Councils, Washington, DC.

With the Bicentennial Bookshelf as a foundation stone, communities will be able to stimulate public discourse on the meaning of constitutionalism in the United States through the use of this guide. Guidelines and model programs are provided for initiating reading and discussion programs, conferences, lectures series, and seminars and institutes.…

Subjects of the State within the Russian Federation: Constitutional and Legal Framework

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Tumanov, Dmitriy Yu.; Sakhapov, Rinat R.

2016-01-01

The purpose of this study is to analyze the modern problems of federalism in the Russian Federation. In particular, the article examines the main provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which regulate the legal status of subjects in the Russian Federation, their rights and responsibilities, limits of autonomy and differentiation…

Liberty and Order in Constitutional Government: Ideas and Issues in "The Federalist Papers."

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Patrick, John J.

This publication provides a brief introduction to core ideas of constitutional government in the United State as presented in "The Federalist" by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The first of "The Federalists" papers was written by Hamilton, who joined with Jay and Madison in this series of essays to refute the…

Proposing an amendment to the Constitution of the United States prohibiting corporations and labor organizations from using operating funds for advertisements in connection with any campaign for election for Federal office.

THOMAS, 111th Congress

Rep. Boswell, Leonard L. [D-IA-3

2010-01-21

House - 03/01/2010 Referred to the Subcommittee on the Constitution, Civil Rights, and Civil Liberties. (All Actions) Tracker: This bill has the status IntroducedHere are the steps for Status of Legislation:

No Time for Tea (Grade Level: Elementary Grades, 3-5)

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Social Education, 2005

2005-01-01

Designed for Grades 3-5, this lesson plan aims to let the students learn how the Constitution of the United States provided the framework for the country's democratic form of government. Students will learn how the Constitution provided for representation within the government. A short story about the Boston Tea Party gives the background related…

We the People: A Secondary Level Student Text.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Center for Civic Education, Calabasas, CA.

This curriculum introduces secondary students to the study of constitutional government in the United States. It is designed to provide students with an understanding of how the Constitution came into existence, why it took the form it did, and how it has functioned for the past 200 years. Through the 31 lessons of the text, organized into six…

Constitutive Equation with Varying Parameters for Superplastic Flow Behavior

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Guan, Zhiping; Ren, Mingwen; Jia, Hongjie; Zhao, Po; Ma, Pinkui

2014-03-01

In this study, constitutive equations for superplastic materials with an extra large elongation were investigated through mechanical analysis. From the view of phenomenology, firstly, some traditional empirical constitutive relations were standardized by restricting some strain paths and parameter conditions, and the coefficients in these relations were strictly given new mechanical definitions. Subsequently, a new, general constitutive equation with varying parameters was theoretically deduced based on the general mechanical equation of state. The superplastic tension test data of Zn-5%Al alloy at 340 °C under strain rates, velocities, and loads were employed for building a new constitutive equation and examining its validity. Analysis results indicated that the constitutive equation with varying parameters could characterize superplastic flow behavior in practical superplastic forming with high prediction accuracy and without any restriction of strain path or deformation condition, showing good industrial or scientific interest. On the contrary, those empirical equations have low prediction capabilities due to constant parameters and poor applicability because of the limit of special strain path or parameter conditions based on strict phenomenology.

Evaluation of trace elements in lung samples from coal miners using neutron activation analysis.

PubMed

Saiki, M; Saldiva, P H; Alice, S H

1999-01-01

In this study, instrumental neutron activation analysis was applied to the determination of Sc, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu, Hf, Th, and U in lung samples from miners working in coal mines located in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. These results were compared to those from a control group constituted of healthy individuals. The results showed that the elements determined exhibit considerable intersubject variability within a single group of individuals and the mean values of concentrations in miners' lungs were higher than those of normal individuals. Lung samples presented U concentrations varying from 11 to 890 micrograms/kg. Therefore, for some samples, the contribution of the uranium fission products in the analysis of La, Ce, Nd, and Sm was considered by determining the interference correction factors. The accuracy of the results was evaluated by analyzing certified reference materials.

Characterization of the temperature evolution during high-cycle fatigue of the ULTIMET superalloy: Experiment and theoretical modeling

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Jiang, L.; Wang, H.; Liaw, P. K.; Brooks, C. R.; Klarstrom, D. L.

2001-09-01

High-speed, high-resolution infrared thermography, as a noncontact, full-field, and nondestructive technique, was used to study the temperature variations of a cobalt-based ULTIMET alloy subjected to high-cycle fatigue. During each fatigue cycle, the temperature oscillations, which were due to the thermal-elastic-plastic effects, were observed and related to stress-strain analyses. A constitutive model was developed for predicting the thermal and mechanical responses of the ULTIMET alloy subjected to cyclic deformation. The model was constructed in light of internal-state variables, which were developed to characterize the inelastic strain of the material during cyclic loading. The predicted stress-strain and temperature responses were found to be in good agreement with the experimental results. In addition, the change of temperature during fatigue was employed to reveal the accumulation of fatigue damage, and the measured temperature was utilized as an index for fatigue-life prediction.

Viscoplastic analysis of an experimental cylindrical thrust chamber liner

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Arya, Vinod K.; Arnold, Steven M.

1991-01-01

A viscoplastic stress-strain analysis of an experimental cylindrical thrust chamber is presented. A viscoelastic constitutive model incorporating a single internal state variable that represents kinematic hardening was employed to investigate whether such a viscoplastic model could predict the experimentally observed behavior of the thrust chamber. Two types of loading cycles were considered: a short cycle of 3.5 sec. duration that corresponded to the experiments, and an extended loading cycle of 485.1 sec. duration that is typical of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) operating cycle. The analysis qualitatively replicated the deformation behavior of the component as observed in experiments designed to simulate SSME operating conditions. The analysis also showed that the mode and location in the component may depend on the loading cycle. The results indicate that using viscoplastic models for structural analysis can lead to a more realistic life assessment of thrust chambers.

A study of material damping in large space structures

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Highsmith, A. L.; Allen, D. H.

1989-01-01

A constitutive model was developed for predicting damping as a function of damage in continuous fiber reinforced laminated composites. The damage model is a continuum formulation, and uses internal state variables to quantify damage and its subsequent effect on material response. The model is sensitive to the stacking sequence of the laminate. Given appropriate baseline data from unidirectional material, and damping as a function of damage in one crossply laminate, damage can be predicted as a function of damage in other crossply laminates. Agreement between theory and experiment was quite good. A micromechanics model was also developed for examining the influence of damage on damping. This model explicitly includes crack surfaces. The model provides reasonable predictions of bending stiffness as a function of damage. Damping predictions are not in agreement with the experiment. This is thought to be a result of dissipation mechanisms such as friction, which are not presently included in the analysis.

Stability and complexity of small random linear systems

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Hastings, Harold

2010-03-01

We explore the stability of the small random linear systems, typically involving 10-20 variables, motivated by dynamics of the world trade network and the US and Canadian power grid. This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the US Government. Neither the US Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the US Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the US Government or any agency thereof.

Directional radiance measurements: Challenges in the sampling of landscapes

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Deering, D. W.

1994-01-01

Most earth surfaces, particularly those supporting natural vegetation ecosystems, constitute structurally and spectrally complex surfaces that are distinctly non-Lambertian reflectors. Obtaining meaningful measurements of the directional radiances of landscapes and obtaining estimates of the complete bidirectional reflectance distribution functions of ground targets with complex and variable landscape and radiometric features are challenging tasks. Reasons for the increased interest in directional radiance measurements are presented, and the issues that must be addressed when trying to acquire directional radiances for vegetated land surfaces from different types of remote sensing platforms are discussed. Priority research emphases are suggested, concerning field measurements of directional surface radiances and reflectances for future research. Primarily, emphasis must be given to the acquisition of more complete and directly associated radiometric and biometric parameter data sets that will empower the exploitation of the 'angular dimension' in remote sensing of vegetation through enabling the further development and rigorous validation of state of the art plant canopy models.

Chemiluminescence of peripheral polymorphonuclear leukocytes from adult periodontitis patients.

PubMed

Whyte, G J; Seymour, G J; Cheung, K; Robinson, M F

1989-02-01

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN's) constitute a primary host resistance factor against infection. This study investigated the chemiluminescent (CL) response of peripheral blood PMN's isolated from human subjects with adult periodontitis. 32 subjects were categorized on the basis of age and periodontal disease status into 4 equal groups--young healthy, young diseased, old healthy and old diseased. PMN CL was stimulated using heat-killed, serum-opsonized Fusobacterium nucleatum--a specific periodontopathic gram-negative anaerobe, and Escherichia coli as a gram-negative control organism. The results showed a statistically significant enhancement (p less than 0.05) in the CL response, which was cell associated, in the young diseased subjects. This was not seen in the old subjects (p greater than 0.05), suggesting that in periodontal disease in young subjects the peripheral blood PMNs may be in a metabolically activated state. There was nevertheless a degree of variability between individual subjects within each of the 4 clinical groups.

Data requirements to model creep in 9Cr-1Mo-V steel

NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)

Swindeman, R. W.

1988-01-01

Models for creep behavior are helpful in predicting response of components experiencing stress redistributions due to cyclic loads, and often the analyst would like information that correlates strain rate with history assuming simple hardening rules such as those based on time or strain. On the one hand, much progress has been made in the development of unified constitutive equations that include both hardening and softening through the introduction of state variables whose evolutions are history dependent. Although it is difficult to estimate specific data requirements for general application, there are several simple measurements that can be made in the course of creep testing and results reported in data bases. The issue is whether or not such data could be helpful in developing unified equations, and, if so, how should such data be reported. Data produced on a martensitic 9Cr-1Mo-V-Nb steel were examined with these issues in mind.

Constitution, 16 May 1984.

PubMed

1987-01-01

This document reprints portions of Guinea-Bissau's 1984 Constitution. The Constitution notes that public health efforts would be directed towards prevention as well as the progressive socialization of the health sector. Education is to be strictly linked to productive work and will strengthen an individual's position in the community. The elimination of illiteracy is considered a fundamental task of the state. All citizens are equal before the law, and men and women have equal legal status in all aspects of political, economic, social, and cultural life. The family is protected by the state, and children are equal before the law regardless of their parentage. Foreigners and stateless persons residing in Guinea-Bissau have the same rights and duties as citizens as permitted by law. Citizens have the right to health, and children, youth, and mothers have the right to social protection. All citizens have the right to equal access to educational opportunities.

[Height deficit in school aged children: a multivariate analysis of possible risk factors, Pernambuco-1997].

PubMed

Laurentino, G E C; Arruda, I K G; Raposo, M C F; Batista Filho, M

2005-06-01

The nutritional status and some risk factors in 894 school children (ages 6 to 12) in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil, were analyzed based on the data collected by the Second State Research on Nourishment, Health and Nutrition carried out in 1997. The cutoff point used in the nutritional evaluation was the limit referring to -2 score-Z, being the NCHS the reference standard. The prevalence of stunting in the state was of 16.9%. Rural areas were more affected, reaching 27.1%. Bivariate analysis showed that the low socioeconomic level of the children and their families is associated with the occurrence of stunting. The logistic regression model pointed the variables: residence location, gender, access to treated potable water, low education, and per-capita income as the main determinants in stunting. The conjunct analysis of all the factors that explain the malnutrition found among the school children studied showed that the probability of a school-aged child to present height deficit varied from 1.5 to 60.3% depending on the risk factors taken into account, therefore showing different epidemiological "scenarios." The study also concluded that in the State of Pernambuco the height deficit constitutes a public health problem especially for school children in rural areas, showing two very different epidemiologic realities between urban and rural areas.

Linear quadratic optimization for positive LTI system

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Muhafzan, Yenti, Syafrida Wirma; Zulakmal

2017-05-01

Nowaday the linear quadratic optimization subject to positive linear time invariant (LTI) system constitute an interesting study considering it can become a mathematical model of variety of real problem whose variables have to nonnegative and trajectories generated by these variables must be nonnegative. In this paper we propose a method to generate an optimal control of linear quadratic optimization subject to positive linear time invariant (LTI) system. A sufficient condition that guarantee the existence of such optimal control is discussed.

3 CFR - Delegation of Certain Functions and Authorities

Code of Federal Regulations, 2011 CFR

2011-01-01

... the Constitution and the laws of the United States, including section 301 of title 3, United States... directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.BARACK OBAMATHE WHITE HOUSE, Washington, July...

3 CFR - Delegation of Authority

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... State By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States... 110-457). You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.BARACK...

45 CFR 98.3 - Effect on State law.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... 45 Public Welfare 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Effect on State law. 98.3 Section 98.3 Public... Goals, Purposes and Definitions § 98.3 Effect on State law. (a) Nothing in the Act or this part shall be construed to supersede or modify any provision of a State constitution or State law that prohibits the...

Psychophysiological effects of aging : developing a functional age index for pilots. II., Taxonomy of psychological factors.

DOT National Transportation Integrated Search

1978-04-01

One of the major objectives of gerontological aviation psychology is to determine the psychological variables, functions, abilities, skills, and factors that underlie, constitute or are associated with pilot performance and proficiency. They must be ...

American Academy of Pediatrics v. Van de Kamp.

PubMed

1989-10-12

In 1987, the California legislature passed a bill prohibiting abortions on unemancipated minors unless they obtain parental consent, or unless a court determines them to be sufficiently mature to make their own decision. Health care providers challenged the bill's constitutionality, and obtained a preliminary injunction against its implementation. The state appealed the order. The appellate court held that since the California constitution expressly protects a right to privacy, and since California construes this right to cover abortion, to apply equally to minors and adults, and to afford more protection than the parallel federal right, the state must show some compelling interest to justify its bill. Evidence indicated that the state would not meet this burden, so the trial court properly granted a preliminary injunction.

3 CFR 8842 - Proclamation 8842 of July 20, 2012. Honoring the Victims of the Tragedy in Aurora, Colorado

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... as President of the United States by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, I... of the Federal Government in the District of Columbia and throughout the United States and its...

32 CFR 9.10 - Other.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... MILITARY COMMISSIONS OF CERTAIN NON-UNITED STATES CITIZENS IN THE WAR AGAINST TERRORISM § 9.10 Other. This..., enforceable by any party, against the United States, its departments, agencies, or other entities, its... requirement of the United States Constitution. Section and subsection captions in this document are for...

Assisted suicide ruling is flawed. A federal court decision has potentially grave implications for all healthcare workers.

PubMed

Moses, M F

1994-12-01

Last May a federal judge struck down Washington State's law against assisted suicide on the grounds that it violated the U.S. Constitution. The judge ruled that just as a citizen has a right to refuse life-sustaining medical treatment, so does he or she have a right to request a physician's assistance in committing suicide. The court also concluded that because the decision to end one's life is as intimate and personal as a decision to have an abortion, assisted suicide must also be constitutionally protected. The court is mistaken. A "right" to assisted suicide is described nowhere in the text of the Constitution. Assisted suicide, furthermore, does not occupy a fundamental place in American history and traditions, and therefore cannot be deemed implicit in the constitutional guarantee of due process. Indeed, just the opposite is true: Our history and traditions actively discourage and prohibit assisted suicide. The asserted right to assisted suicide finds no support in cases involving either abortion or termination of medical treatment. Two terms ago, the Supreme Court relied heavily on stare decisis in upholding the abortion right, but there is no line of precedent for a right to assisted suicide. Not all "personal" decisions are constitutionally protected, so the personal nature of suicide does not dispose of the question of its constitutional status. Finally, in equating refusal of medical treatment with suicide, the federal court in Washington State ignores a long line of authority that recognizes a fundamental difference between the two.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Individual variability in the core interthreshold zone as related to body physique, somatotype, and physical constitution.

PubMed

Kakitsuba, Naoshi; Mekjavic, Igor B; Katsuura, Tetsuo

2009-11-01

For evaluating the effect of body physique, somatotype, and physical constitution on individual variability in the core interthreshold zone (CIZ), data from 22 healthy young Japanese male subjects were examined. The experiment was carried out in a climatic chamber in which air temperature was maintained at 20-24 degrees C. The subjects' body physique and the maximum work load were measured. Somatotype was predicted from the Heath-Carter Somatotype method. In addition, factors reflecting physical constitution, for example, susceptibility to heat and cold, and quality of sleep were obtained by questionnaire. The subjects wore a water-perfused suit which was perfused with water at a temperature of 25 degrees C and at a rate of 600 cc/min, and exercised on an ergometer at 50% of their maximum work rate for 10-15 min until their sweating rate increased. They then remained continuously seated without exercise until shivering increased. Rectal temperature (T(re)) and skin temperatures at four sites were monitored by thermistors, and sweating rate was measured at the forehead with a sweat rate monitor. Oxygen uptake was monitored with a gas analyzer. The results showed individual variability in the CIZ. According to the reciprocal cross-inhibition (RCI) theory, thermoafferent information from peripheral and core sensors is activated by T(re), mean skin temperature (T(sk)), and their changes. Since T(sk) was relatively unchanged, the data were selected to eliminate the influence of the core cooling rate on the sensor-to-effector pathway before RCI, and the relationship between the CIZ and the various factors was then analyzed. The results revealed that susceptibility to heat showed a good correlation with the CIZ, indicating that individual awareness of heat may change the CIZ due to thermoregulatory behavior.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical and environmental isolates constitute a single population with high phenotypic diversity

PubMed Central

2014-01-01

Background Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen with a high incidence of hospital infections that represents a threat to immune compromised patients. Genomic studies have shown that, in contrast to other pathogenic bacteria, clinical and environmental isolates do not show particular genomic differences. In addition, genetic variability of all the P. aeruginosa strains whose genomes have been sequenced is extremely low. This low genomic variability might be explained if clinical strains constitute a subpopulation of this bacterial species present in environments that are close to human populations, which preferentially produce virulence associated traits. Results In this work, we sequenced the genomes and performed phenotypic descriptions for four non-human P. aeruginosa isolates collected from a plant, the ocean, a water-spring, and from dolphin stomach. We show that the four strains are phenotypically diverse and that this is not reflected in genomic variability, since their genomes are almost identical. Furthermore, we performed a detailed comparative genomic analysis of the four strains studied in this work with the thirteen previously reported P. aeruginosa genomes by means of describing their core and pan-genomes. Conclusions Contrary to what has been described for other bacteria we have found that the P. aeruginosa core genome is constituted by a high proportion of genes and that its pan-genome is thus relatively small. Considering the high degree of genomic conservation between isolates of P. aeruginosa from diverse environments, including human tissues, some implications for the treatment of infections are discussed. This work also represents a methodological contribution for the genomic study of P. aeruginosa, since we provide a database of the comparison of all the proteins encoded by the seventeen strains analyzed. PMID:24773920

When Colleges Lobby States: The Higher Education/State Government Connection.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Goodall, Leonard E., Ed.

An overview of the process of university participation in state politics is provided, including the way in which a university interacts with the governor's office and the way it competes with other universities and other agencies for budget dollars. The following 23 articles are included: "The Influence of State Constitutional Conventions on the…

29 CFR 1601.13 - Filing; deferrals to State and local agencies.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-07-01

... State and local agencies. The Commission shall endeavor to maintain close communication with the State... deemed to be filed with the Commission as follows: (A) Where the document on its face constitutes a... 29 Labor 4 2010-07-01 2010-07-01 false Filing; deferrals to State and local agencies. 1601.13...

Changing the constitutional landscape for firearms: the US Supreme Court's recent Second Amendment decisions.

PubMed

Vernick, Jon S; Rutkow, Lainie; Webster, Daniel W; Teret, Stephen P

2011-11-01

In 2 recent cases-with important implications for public health practitioners, courts, and researchers-the US Supreme Court changed the landscape for judging the constitutionality of firearm laws under the Constitution's Second Amendment. In District of Columbia v Heller (2008), the court determined for the first time that the Second Amendment grants individuals a personal right to possess handguns in their home. In McDonald v City of Chicago (2010), the court concluded that this right affects the powers of state and local governments. The court identified broad categories of gun laws-other than handgun bans-that remain presumptively valid but did not provide a standard to judge their constitutionality. We discuss ways that researchers can assist decision makers.

Changing the Constitutional Landscape for Firearms: The US Supreme Court's Recent Second Amendment Decisions

PubMed Central

Rutkow, Lainie; Webster, Daniel W.; Teret, Stephen P.

2011-01-01

In 2 recent cases—with important implications for public health practitioners, courts, and researchers—the US Supreme Court changed the landscape for judging the constitutionality of firearm laws under the Constitution's Second Amendment. In District of Columbia v Heller (2008), the court determined for the first time that the Second Amendment grants individuals a personal right to possess handguns in their home. In McDonald v City of Chicago (2010), the court concluded that this right affects the powers of state and local governments. The court identified broad categories of gun laws—other than handgun bans—that remain presumptively valid but did not provide a standard to judge their constitutionality. We discuss ways that researchers can assist decision makers. PMID:21940936

Access to water

NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)

Stein, Robyn; Niklaas, Lindie

This paper will examine the legal implications of the South African Constitutional judgement of Government of the Republic of South Africa and others vs Grootboom and others (2001(1) SA 46 (CC)) in view of the developing debate on socio-economic rights under the constitution on the constitutional right of access to sufficient water. It will look at the manner in which effect is being given to this right at municipal level through the provision of free water and the constitutional implications of an adequate basic minimum level set by the State and local authorities. The paper will also explore the implications of relevant legislation, which enables local authorities to cut off water supplies as well as the implications of the Grootboom decision for communities facing water cut-offs.

End-of-Life Decisions

MedlinePlus

... treatment is protected by the Constitution and case law. However, your state law may define when the living will goes into ... your state does not have a living will law, it is wise to put your wishes about ...

45 CFR 95.631 - Cost identification for purpose of FFP claims.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2010 CFR

2010-10-01

... departmental accounting system, the State agency shall specifically identify what items of costs constitute... the operation of an ADP system shall be identified and assigned by the State agency to funding sources...

State School Finance Litigation: A Background Paper.

ERIC Educational Resources Information Center

Larson, Lisa

In October 1988, 48 suburban and greater Minnesota school districts, representing approximately 20 percent of the state's public elementary and secondary school students, filed a lawsuit claiming that Minnesota's school financing system violates the state's constitutional mandate for equality of educational opportunity. (A ruling in the case is…

12 CFR 196.2 - Definitions.

Code of Federal Regulations, 2013 CFR

2013-01-01

... Interlocks Act and does not represent a true commonality of interest between the depository organizations. In... his or her immediate family, whose shares are necessary to constitute the group owns a nominal... or agency. (q) United States means the United States of America, any state or territory of the United...